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Emphasis (typography)	Recommendations and requirements	Linguistics professor Larry Trask stated that "It is possible to write an entire word or phrase in capital letters in order to emphasize it", but adds that "On the whole, though, it is preferable to express emphasis, not with capital letters, but with italics." Many university researchers and academic journal editors advise not to use italics, or other approaches to emphasizing a word, unless essential, for example the Modern Language Association "discourages the use of italics in academic prose to emphasize or point, because they are unnecessary—most often, the unadorned words do the job without typographic assistance". Although emphasis is useful in speech, and so has a place in informal or journalistic writing, in academic traditions it is often suggested that italics are only used where there is a danger of misunderstanding the meaning of the sentence, and even in that case that rewriting the sentence is preferable; in formal writing the reader is expected to interpret and understand the text themselves, without the assumption that the precise intended interpretation of the author is correct. Italics are principally used in academic writing for texts that have been referenced, and for foreign language words. Similarly capitals and underlining have particular meanings, and are rarely used in formal writing for emphasis.
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus	Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus	Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus or NPSLE refers to the neurological and psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. SLE is a disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own cells and tissues. It can affect various organs or systems of the body. It is estimated that over half of people with SLE have neuropsychiatric involvement.
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus	Classification	The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) has outlined 19 syndromes that are seen in NPSLE. These syndromes encompass disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems: Each of the 19 syndromes are also stand-alone diagnoses, which can occur with or without lupus.
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus	Classification	The majority of cases involve the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. The most common CNS syndromes are headache and mood disorder.Though neuropsychiatric lupus is sometimes referred to as "CNS lupus", it can also affect the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Between 10-15% of people with NPSLE have PNS involvement. Mononeuropathy and polyneuropathy are the most common PNS syndromes.
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus	Classification	Other syndromes Some neurological syndromes outside of the ACR classification may also be considered NPSLE manifestations. These include neuromyelitis optica, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, small fiber neuropathy, and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome.
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus	Pathogenesis	There are several possible mechanisms that underlie the nervous system manifestations of lupus. Specific syndromes may be vasculopathic, autoantibody-mediated, or inflammatory in nature. There is evidence that the blood–brain barrier, which protects the central nervous system, is compromised in patients with NPSLE. As a result of this, autoantibodies are able to infiltrate the CNS and cause damage.
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus	Diagnosis	For diagnosis of NPSLE, it must be determined whether neuropsychiatric symptoms are indeed caused by SLE, whether they constitute a separate comorbid condition, or whether they are an adverse effect of disease treatment. In addition, onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms may happen prior to the diagnosis of lupus. Due to the lack of uniform diagnostic standards, statistics about NPSLE vary widely.Tests which aid in diagnosis include MRI, electrophysiological studies, psychiatric evaluation, and autoantibody tests.
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus	Treatment	Management of neuropsychiatric lupus is similar to the management of neuropsychiatric disease in patients without lupus. Treatment depends on the underlying causes of a patient’s disease, and may include immunosuppressants, anticoagulants, and symptomatic therapy.
DiFMDA	DiFMDA	Difluoromethylenedioxyamphetamine (DiFMDA) is a substituted derivative of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), which was developed by Daniel Trachsel and coworkers, along with the corresponding fluorinated derivatives of MDMA, MDEA, BDB and MBDB, with the aim of finding a non-neurotoxic drug able to be used as a less harmful substitute for entactogenic drugs such as MDMA. Since a major route of the normal metabolism of these compounds is scission of the methylenedioxy ring, producing neurotoxic metabolites such as alpha-methyldopamine, it was hoped that the difluoromethylenedioxy bioisostere would show increased metabolic stability and less toxicity.These compounds have not yet been tested in animals to verify whether they show similar pharmacological activity to the non-fluorinated parent compounds, although in vitro binding studies show DiFMDA to have a SERT affinity in between that of MDA and MDMA. It is also now generally accepted that MDMA neurotoxicity results from a variety of different causes and is not solely due to accumulation of alpha-methyldopamine, making it unclear how much less neurotoxic DiFMDA and related drugs would be in practice.
GLCCI1	GLCCI1	Glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLCCI1 gene.
Chromosome engineering	Chromosome engineering	Chromosome engineering is "the controlled generation of chromosomal deletions, inversions, or translocations with defined endpoints." By combining chromosomal translocation, chromosomal inversion, and chromosomal deletion, chromosome engineering has been shown to identify the underlying genes that cause certain diseases in mice. In coming years, it is very likely that chromosomal engineering will be able to do the same identification for diseases in humans, as well as all other organisms.
Chromosome engineering	Experiments of Chromosome Engineering	In an experiment pertaining to chromosome engineering that was conducted in 2006, it was found that chromosome engineering can be effectively used as a method of identifying the causes of genetic disorders such as the continuous gene and aneuploidy syndromes. The experiment was conducted by infecting mice with the human disease, ES, to see the effectiveness of chromosomal engineering in the gene identification of those diseases. After much experimenting, it was found that manipulating chromosomes, or chromosome engineering, is an excellent and efficient method of determining underlying genes in genetic orders and diseases.In the future, chromosome engineering will experiment in removing more common disorders such as asthma, diabetes, and cancer. If it can be recognized by the medical community as effective and safe, it should be able to be used regularly in the near future.
Silver tetrafluoroborate	Silver tetrafluoroborate	Silver tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgBF4. It is a white solid that dissolves in polar organic solvents as well as water. In its solid state, the Ag+ centers are bound to fluoride.
Silver tetrafluoroborate	Preparation	Silver tetrafluoroborate is prepared by the reaction between boron trifluoride and silver oxide in the presence of benzene.
Silver tetrafluoroborate	Laboratory uses	In the inorganic and organometallic chemistry laboratory, silver tetrafluoroborate, sometimes referred to "silver BF-4", is a useful reagent. In dichloromethane, silver tetrafluoroborate is a moderately strong oxidant. Similar to silver hexafluorophosphate, it is commonly used to replace halide anions or ligands with the weakly coordinating tetrafluoroborate anions. The abstraction of the halide is driven by the precipitation of the appropriate silver halide.
Maxalding	Maxalding	Maxalding is an exercise system of muscle control using a form of isometrics. Books and pamphlets teaching the system were first published in 1909 and continued until Maxalding ceased to trade in the late 1970s.
Maxalding	System	The Maxalding system, like the "dynamic tension" system of Charles Atlas and those of others, did not use weights. Where the other systems concentrated on muscle development, Maxalding went one stage further and taught muscle control. The methods taught had been around since the early 1900s and indeed many of the photos used in the instruction leaflets, even those sold in the 1970s, date from that period. Some exercises of Maxalding, involving isolating the muscles of the abdominal region, are similar to the yoga exercise of nauli.
Maxalding	Founders	Maxalding (originally called Maxaldo) was a name created from those of the founders, Maxick (Max Sick) and Monte Saldo (Alfred Montague Woollaston), and first came into being in 1909.
Maxalding	Founders	Maxick was an Austrian strongman. He was born in Bregenz in Austria on 28 June 1882, and moved to Britain in 1909, where he met Saldo. He died in Buenos Aires on 10 May 1961 after a wrist-wrestling match. The Maxalding principles are based mainly on exercises and techniques which appeared in his book Muscle Control, written in 1911. Saldo was apprenticed to Eugen Sandow in 1897. He took his stage name at the turn of the 20th century while touring Europe demonstrating strength and gymnastics. He was also an artist's model and in 1914 published a book called How to Pose. He provided the financial means of promoting Maxick's methods and starting the Maxalding postal course. His son F. H. C. Woollaston took over, using the professional name of Courtlandt Saldo. He carried on the business until sometime in the late 1970s. Courtlandt Saldo died in 1983 at the age of 72.
Finished goods	Finished goods	Finished goods are goods that have completed the manufacturing process but have not yet been sold or distributed to the end user.
Finished goods	Manufacturing	Manufacturing has three classes of inventory: Raw material Work in process Finished goodsA good purchased as a "raw material" goes into the manufacture of a product. A good only partially completed during the manufacturing process is called "work in process". When the good is completed as to manufacturing but not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it is called a "finished good".This is the last stage for the processing of goods. The goods are ready to be consumed or distributed.
Finished goods	Manufacturing	There is no processing required in term of the goods after this stage by the seller. Though there maybe instance that seller finished goods become buyer’s raw materials Finished goods is a relative term. In a Supply chain management flow, the finished goods of a supplier can constitute the raw material of a buyer.
Announcement chime	Announcement chime	An announcement chime is a sound similar to chimes, which is played before or after a manual or automated message to let people know when the announcement begins or ends.
Announcement chime	Description	Announcement chimes are sounds of chimes or similar instruments, which are played before or after a manual or automated announced message. The sound may be created from various methods, including striking chimes, playing an analog recording, or sounding a digital chime. Used before an announcement, the chime alerts that there is a forthcoming statement. When played after an announcement, the sound of the chime denotes the end of the statement.
Announcement chime	Use in transport	Air At airports, chimes (usually three or four-tone) play before an automated announcement is said to inform people of the next flight to depart. On aeroplanes, a two-tone chime plays before a safety announcement (e.g., for fastening seatbelts, etc.) or a crew call. Rail United Kingdom At most stations managed by the train operating companies (TOCs) Great Western Railway and South Western Railway, as well as additionally at most stations now managed by Elizabeth line, but were formerly managed by GWR, and at Carlisle, Llandaf, Shrewsbury and Atherstone, a two-tone chime is played before any automated announcement is made.
Announcement chime	Use in transport	In the latter part of the British Rail era, stations with manual announcements were fitted with three or four-tone bell chimes. They still remain this way at Bolton. However, even with KeTech automated announcements being fitted across the north in the 2010s and across the west in the 2000s, some stations such as Plymouth (until around 2013 when it was replaced by an Atos installation), some stations retained the chime (such as East Didsbury and Morpeth), however, all chimes at Northern stations with automated announcements had been removed by 2019.
Announcement chime	Use in transport	On most trains, a short two-tone chime is played before an announcement.
Arborite	Arborite	Arborite is the leading Canadian manufacturer of high-pressure decorative plastic laminates (HPL). Best known as a counter top surfacing material, this laminate is a durable decorative veneer applied to cabinetry, furniture, and other horizontal and vertical surfaces. The original Arborite material was developed in 1942 by the Howard Smith Paper Company as an innovative way to utilize waste by-products of the Canadian papermaking industry, and to this day any laminate used for the same purpose is commonly referred to in Canada by the trade name Arborite.
Arborite	What is laminate? (HPL)	Laminate is a material made by bonding layers of material or materials. Laminate, in technical terminology, is referred to as High Pressure Laminate (HPL) or even more accurately as High Pressure Decorative Plastic Laminate since there are also industrial high pressure laminates which are not decorative.The decorative high pressure laminates in our homes and offices, etc. consist of sheets of paper that have been coated or impregnated with two types of resin, stacked on top of each other and placed into a press where they are cooked at a minimum of 265 degrees F. at a pressure of approximately 1,200 pounds per square inch (psi) for about an hour. Under this pressure and heat the resins flow, transforming the stack and the resins into a single sheet of homogeneous composite material. "Plastic" laminate is a misleading term because the material is approximately 70% paper and 30% polymer (phenolic and melamine) resin.
Arborite	History	The Howard Smith Paper Company was founded in 1912 by C. Howard Smith (1873 – 1931) in an abandoned cotton mill in Beauharnois, Québec, Canada on the shores of Lake St. Louis. By 1914, this one-machine mill was in high production, churning out rag paper. In 1916, Howard Smith acquired the newsprint business of Edwin Crabtree in Crabtree Mills, Quebec, and by 1919, they had also purchased the Toronto Paper Company Limited of Cornwall, Ontario. Over the next 20 years, Howard Smith would acquire an additional four paper companies in various locations across Canada, and expand the operations at each of the facilities.Howard Smith Paper Company was committed to the conservation of Canada's forests and the sustainability of their source material. In 1937, for their 25th anniversary, the company published a history called "25 Years of Progress"; in it, President Harold Crabtree's mission statement states, "Our aim, primarily, is that of serving the Canadian trade with quality papers at fair prices, conserving the forest wealth of Canada, from which we draw our raw materials, not only to the end that our vast operations may be served for the immediate future, but that future generations, too, may have the same privileges and enjoyment of these forests as ourselves."Edmund Howard Smith, the son of C. Howard and Alice Young Day, followed his father in the family business. He was born and raised in Montreal, Québec and trained as an industrialist at McGill University. After graduation, he worked his way up in his father's company, from a business clerk to president of the Howard Smith Paper Company in 1946. Both Edmund Howard and his father held the position of President of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association at various points in their careers.Edmund was convinced that waste from the paper making process could be transformed into a useful product in its own right. He began working with fellow McGill graduate Dr. George Tomlinson II, the chief of research and development at Howard Smith Paper; his father, Dr. George Tomlinson Sr, had previously been in the same position at Howard Smith and while there had patented the ingenious Tomlinson recovery boiler. For four years, these two young men spearheaded experiments to develop a process for separating and extracting lignin from kraft black liquor, a by-product of paper making; in 1946 Smith and Tomlinson were awarded a patent for the resulting material, which they named "Arborite". Though it is not recorded how they arrived at that name, likely is because ‘arbor’ is the Latin word for tree, and the fact that the parent company was a paper manufacturer concerned about the welfare of the Canadian forests from which their trees were sourced.
Arborite	History	Production presses were established and a company was formed. Edmund Howard Smith went on to become Arborite's first president, with George Tomlinson Jr. as his chief engineer. Arborite was the first commercial decorative melamine laminate. The manufacturing facility was opened in 1948 in LaSalle, Quebec, where it still is to this day. By early 1949, Arborite was being advertised as the "only all-Canadian" laminate on the market, available in 35 "solid colors, as well as a series of five colored fabric designs, two tones of "marble" and a wide variety of simulated wood grains."
Arborite	Residential	Arborite was originally marketed not to design or construction firms, but directly to housewives looking for a "modern surfacing material". One of the new material's first marketing platforms was the popular Chatelaine ladies’ home magazine, where it was touted as being "tested and approved by the Chatelaine Institute".By the early 1950s, Arborite was available in more than 60 colors and patterns, mostly solid colors and wood grains. In 1954, Western Woods built 10 trend houses across Canada, representing the epitome in modern design and materials. Arborite was chosen for kitchen and bathroom surfaces in many of these model homes. 1958 saw the introduction of new lines of pastel Glitter and Metallic Tone laminates, closely followed by Stardust (a random breakup pattern) and Fantasy (abstract mid-century stars). Woodgrain patterns at this time included Sliced Walnut, Fawn English Walnut and Blond Persian Walnut.By 1962, Arborite had branched into the United Kingdom. This is from Design magazine in 1965: "Arborite decorative laminates only appeared in Britain in 1960, but already they have radically effected the decorative laminates scene here. The company established its name with its woodgrains and marbles, and has recently launched the most comprehensive plain colour range on the British market, as well as issuing an architectural manual."Then, in 1963, came one of the most pivotal changes in the history of the company. Howard Smith Paper Mills Ltd. was acquired by Domtar Inc, one of the largest manufacturing enterprises in Canada at the time; Arborite was now a division of Domtar Construction materials.
Arborite	Residential	In the merger, Dr. George Tomlinson II was retained by Domtar as the Director of Research. He went on to have an over-thirty-year history with the company, and won the TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry) medal in 1969 for his outstanding contributions to lignin chemistry and pulping technology. By the 1980s, Dr. Tomlinson was semi-retired but was still an advisor/consultant for Domtar, publishing articles and books about the effects of acid rain on the forests of North America—still concerned about environmental responsibility in the paper industry.
Arborite	Commercial	The 1970s saw a shift in marketing, from the residential market to a more corporate focus. Arborite was advertised as "An excellent choice for architects, designers and furniture manufacturers alike." Over 140 patterns and colors were available at this point, including East Indian Teak and Black Leather, with "new Metallic and Fabric laminates". Many of the 52 solid colors could be seen as epitomizing the decade, from Bitter Lemon and Dusty Olive, to Pale Avocado and Minton Blue. Application locations of Arborite laminate included McGill University, high-end hotels, corporate offices and private, architect-designed residences, and Canadian Pacific rail car interiors.
Myriad Colors Phantom World	Myriad Colors Phantom World	Myriad Colors Phantom World (無彩限のファントム・ワールド, Musaigen no Fantomu Wārudo) is a Japanese fantasy light novel series written by Sōichirō Hatano and illustrated by Shirabi. The series, set in the future Kamigyo ward, an accidental release of an unstable virus caused an epidemic that alters the human brain, leading to the creation of the beings called “phantoms”. An anime television adaptation by Kyoto Animation aired from January to March 2016. It is licensed by Crunchyroll outside of Asia.
Myriad Colors Phantom World	Plot	In the near future, the accidental release of an experimental virus causes an outbreak that changes the brain chemistry of every person in the world, allowing them to perceive extra-dimensional beings called "Phantoms". In addition, some children born after the outbreak have developed special powers that allow them to battle and seal Phantoms. Even though the vast majority of phantoms are harmless, many of these gifted children are placed in clubs, schools, and organizations dedicated to dealing with Phantoms that prove to be nuisances or threats to humanity. The story revolves around Haruhiko Ichijo and his friends in the Phantom-hunting Club of Hosea Academy, a private school for children with special abilities to seal Phantoms, and their everyday life and struggles, dealing with Phantoms.
Myriad Colors Phantom World	Characters	Haruhiko Ichijo (一条晴彦, Ichijō Haruhiko) Voiced by: Hiro Shimono, Omi Minami (child) (Japanese); Micah Solusod, Apphia Yu (child) (English) A first-year high school student and the main character. His special ability is called The Book of Thoth, which consists of sealing or summoning Phantoms by drawing them in a sketchbook. Due to the library in his house, he has a lot of knowledge about numerous different subjects, but many times his facts are seen as useless by his teammates. His parents are separated but he hopes for them to be reunited as a family again. In the anime, most of the episodes begin with Haruhiko giving a brief explanation about certain topics.Mai Kawakami (川神舞, Kawakami Mai) Voiced by: Sumire Uesaka (Japanese); Amber Lee Connors (English) A second-year high school student, Haruhiko's senior and original partner. She specializes in close combat. Her special ability is called Spirit of the Five Elements, which consists of channeling elemental powers through her body, such as fire from her heart, earth from her spleen, metal from her lungs, water from her kidneys, and wood from her armpit. Mai has been known by Haruhiko to be hot-headed and violent ever since she was a child. She seems to harbor feelings for Haruhiko.Reina Izumi (和泉玲奈, Izumi Reina) Voiced by: Saori Hayami (Japanese); Natalie Hoover (English) A first-year high school student and a new member of Haruhiko's team. Her special ability is called Phantom Eater, an unusual power that allows her to seal Phantoms by consuming them. She has also been trained in basic self-defense, as seen when she assaults Haruhiko when he touches her. She has a large appetite and constantly struggles with getting enough money to eat, despite coming from a wealthy household. She has an older sister who ran away from home due to their parents being very strict as well as having a strong dislike towards Phantoms. She strongly admires Mai who she claims to resemble her older sister. She later develops feelings for Haruhiko.Koito Minase (水無瀬小糸, Minase Koito) Voiced by: Maaya Uchida (Japanese); Jeannie Tirado (English) A newly transferred student who is always wearing headphones. Her special ability is a powerful sound attack using her voice, which can stun or seal Phantoms. This first manifested when she was in elementary school when a Phantom attacked the rabbits that she was assigned to care for in the schoolyard. She managed to seal the Phantom with her special ability, but in the process damaged a large portion of the school. This caused her friends and even her parents to fear her and she eventually developed the anti-social personality that she has today. She tends to use a lot of sugar in her drinks. She is hinted to have feelings for Haruhiko.Ruru (ルル) Voiced by: Azusa Tadokoro (Japanese); Jad Saxton (English) A friendly Phantom in the form of a small fairy. She always follows Haruhiko and enjoys making fun of him and the other characters. This character is original to the anime. Her full name is Rururaruri Rurararirararururirirari Rirararururararururararirari.Kurumi Kumamakura (熊枕久瑠美, Kumamakura Kurumi) Voiced by: Misaki Kuno (Japanese); Tia Ballard (English) An anime-original character, she is a shy fourth-grade student from the primary school division of Hosea Academy who looks up to Haruhiko's group. She always carries a teddy bear named Albrecht (named after Albert the Bear) and has a very strong affinity with bears as almost everything associated with her has "bear" ("kuma") in its name, including the animal itself, her birthplace (Kumamoto Prefecture), her favorite food (bear claw) and even her surname (Kumamakura). Her special ability enlarges Albrecht's size considerably and allows him to move on his own and fight. Like Koito, Kurumi's ability manifested at a very young age. She's quite fond of Haruhiko.Shosuke Morohashi (諸橋翔介, Morohashi Shōsuke) Voiced by: Daisuke Sakaguchi (Japanese); Dallas Reid (English) Haruhiko's friend and classmate who is usually envious of him because all of his teammates are beautiful girls.Arisu Himeno (姫野アリス, Himeno Arisu) Voiced by: Kikuko Inoue (Japanese); Carli Mosier (English) Haruhiko's teacher, who's responsible for assigning jobs to students with powers in order to deal with troublesome Phantoms in exchange for a reward.
Myriad Colors Phantom World	Media	Novel The light novel was written by Sōichirō Hatano and illustrated by Shirabi. It was published by Kyoto Animation's novel imprint KA Esuma Bunko on 20 December 2013. The book received an honorable mention in the novel category of the fourth Kyoto Animation Award on 5 April 2013. Previous works to be featured in the awards have received anime adaptations. A second novel was released on 30 October 2015. A third novel was released on 11 February 2016.
Myriad Colors Phantom World	Media	Anime An anime television series aired between 7 January and 31 March 2016 on ABC Asahi, Tokyo MX, TV Aichi, and BS11. The series was directed by Tatsuya Ishihara and written by Fumihiko Shimo, with animation produced by Kyoto Animation. Kazumi Ikeda handled the series' character designs, and also served as the chief animation director. Shinpei Sawa provided the designs for the Phantoms. The series' music was composed by Effy. Additionally, Ryuuta Nakagami served as director of photography; Mikiko Watanabe was the series' art director; Kana Miyata provided the color key; Hiroshi Karata was in charge of accessories planning; and Yota Tsuruoka was the sound director. The opening theme song is "Naked Dive" by Screen Mode, while the ending theme is "Junshin Always" (純真Always, "Innocence Always") by Azusa Tadokoro. The anime was released on seven Blu-ray and DVD compilation volumes containing two episodes and one picture drama each between 6 April and 5 October 2016. An original video animation was bundled with the seventh volume. Funimation released the series in North America on home video, and Madman Entertainment distributes the title in Australia and New Zealand on behalf of Funimation.
Myriad Colors Phantom World	Reception	Jonah Welland of CBR.com writes in November 2022 that the series has received poor criticism as it was "generic". He also described that the elements of the series had felt "half-baked and rushed, lacking the usual creativity the studio is known for." This led to Kyoto Animation to produce Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid and Violet Evergarden.
Structural chemistry	Structural chemistry	Structural chemistry is a part of chemistry and deals with spatial structures of molecules (in the gaseous, liquid or solid state) and solids (with extended structures that cannot be subdivided into molecules).The main tasks are: The formulation of general laws for structure-property relationships; and The derivation of general rules on how the chemical and physical properties of the constituents of matter determine the resulting structures (e.g. the relationship between the electron configuration of the crystal building blocks and the symmetry of the resulting crystal lattice).For structure elucidation a range of different methods are used. One has to distinguish between methods that elucidate solely the connectivity between atoms (constitution) and such that provide precise three dimensional information such as atom coordinates, bond lengths and angles and torsional angles. The latter methods include (mainly): for the gaseous state: gas electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy for the liquid state: NMR spectroscopy (note, obtaining precise structural information from liquids and solutions is still rather difficult compared to gases and crystalline solids) for the solid state: X-ray, electron and neutron diffractionTo identify connectivity and the presence of functional groups a variety of methods of molecular spectroscopy and solid state spectroscopy can be used.
The point (ice hockey)	The point (ice hockey)	The point is a term in ice hockey to indicate a position inside the opposition's blue line along the edges of the rink.
The point (ice hockey)	Description	A player in the opponent's end zone at the junction of the blue line with the boards is said to be at the point. Usually the players at the two points are the defencemen. On the power play the players playing at these positions are always known as the points, though one of the positions is sometimes played by a forward.
The point (ice hockey)	Description	The point's responsibilities include attempting to keep the puck in the offensive zone when the defensive team attempts to clear (see also Offside (ice hockey)), receiving a pass from the forwards to allow the play to reset, and taking slapshots at the goal, hoping to score, create a rebound or a deflection. On the power play, one of the players playing the point is typically the "quarterback" - that is, the one who controls (through passing) where the puck goes, and also takes many shots.
The point (ice hockey)	Description	Given the difficulty of scoring directly from the point due to the distance to the goal, goals scored from the point are typically either on screens, or are tipped goals.
The point (ice hockey)	Point and cover point	In the early years of ice hockey, the two defencemen were known as the "point" and "cover-point" players. The term the point may have been derived from that early terminology. The point played further back, while the cover-point was allowed more latitude to roam forward.
CDMF	CDMF	In cryptography, CDMF (Commercial Data Masking Facility) is an algorithm developed at IBM in 1992 to reduce the security strength of the 56-bit DES cipher to that of 40-bit encryption, at the time a requirement of U.S. restrictions on export of cryptography. Rather than a separate cipher from DES, CDMF constitutes a key generation algorithm, called key shortening. It is one of the cryptographic algorithms supported by S-HTTP.
CDMF	Algorithm	Like DES, CDMF accepts a 64-bit input key, but not all bits are used. The algorithm consists of the following steps: Clear bits 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 (ignoring these bits as DES does). XOR the result with its encryption under DES using the key 0xC408B0540BA1E0AE. Clear bits 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 64. Encrypt the result under DES using the key 0xEF2C041CE6382FE6.The resulting 64-bit data is to be used as a DES key. Due to step 3, a brute force attack needs to test only 240 possible keys.
Hostal	Hostal	A hostal is a type of lodging very common in Spain and Hispanic America. Hostals tend to be cheaper than hotels. They normally have a bar, restaurant or cafeteria where drinks and food are sold to guests and locals alike. Accommodations typically include private bedrooms, and sometimes apartments, available for either short or long term rent. Linens and towels are usually provided, unless it is a long term apartment rental in which case the guest is considered a resident and does not receive cleaning and other services. Guests sometimes share a common bathroom, but a number of rooms with en suite bathrooms may also be available. Hostals are common in Spain and are also found in Mexico, Central and South America and California. They are often family-run, independent businesses, with a strong involvement with the local community. Hostal-residencias are the same as hostales, but generally without a cafetería or other place where guests can eat.
Hostal	Difference from hostels	Though the word hostal is similar to hostel, the two words refer to different types of accommodation. Hostels refers to properties that offer shared accommodation, typically in dormitories, while hostal refers to a type of family-run pension typically common only in Spain and a few other Spanish-speaking countries.
Hostal	Difference from hostels	In Mexico, hostal is just the Spanish word for hostel: A cheap hotel-like accommodation that will normally have one or two dormitory rooms with bunk beds and a few individual or shared with other rooms. They are ideal for backpackers, youth, and those with little funds for accommodations. Some regular hotels will however add the word hostal to their names to try to increase business.
Hostal	Difference from hostels	Hostals are classified from one to three stars, contrary from hostels, which are not classified under the star rating, and from hotels which are classified from one to five stars.
Palette (video game)	Palette (video game)	Palette (パレット, Paretto) is a psychological horror adventure game that was made with RPG Tsukūru 95 by Nishida Yoshitaka (西田好孝). The game was highly acclaimed in the Fourth ASCII Entertainment Software Contest, awarded a Grand Prix of 10,000,000 yen, which resulted in remaking the game for PlayStation by Enterbrain. That version, entitled Forget me not -Palette-, saw the release on April 26, 2001 exclusively in Japan.
Palette (video game)	Gameplay	In Palette, the player controls Dr. Shianosu B. Shian (シアノス・B・シアン), a renowned psychologist specializing in memory, and his patient, an amnesiac girl known only as "B.D." Communicating using the telephone in Shian's office, Shian guides B.D. as she explores a maze-like dreamscape of her traumatic memories. At first, each memory is missing crucial details, which are filled in as B.D. investigates the memory. As B.D. fills in her memories, new paths open in the dreamscape, allowing her to explore new memories.
Palette (video game)	Gameplay	Some fragments of her memory are in hidden in the dreamscape and must be taken to the correct one. With each of these pieces B.D. discovers, the maximum length of a gauge on the right of the screen is increased by one. This gauge essentially represents her mental health. As she travels down paths of her memory and breaks down barriers, it decreases. If it reaches zero, she gets a painful headache and the telephone call ends. When Shian redials B.D., she must restart the journey from the first room, but the details in her memories she fills in, the fragments she collects, and the maximum length of her gauge are permanent.
Palette (video game)	Gameplay	There are also circles of light in the dreamscape that recover B.D.'s gauge when she steps into them. These will usually only appear if her gauge is low enough, so in some cases the player must find a way to intentionally damage B.D. so that the circle will appear, allowing her to heal and make further progress. Some rooms also have hidden passageways that the player can discover.
Palette (video game)	Gameplay	The other character, Dr. Shian, is trapped in his office, but can use his library and other objects in the room to gain new information about topics that B.D. remembers.
Palette (video game)	Plot	Shian is closing down his office for the night when a mysterious figure asks for his help. When Shian refuses, they shoot through his office door. Shian complies with the figure and is instructed to help B.D. over the telephone.
Palette (video game)	Plot	B.D. is initially completely incapable of remembering anything at all. She doesn't know her own name, where she lives, the names of her family, or even if she has any family. She can't even remember her own face. She slowly begins to recall some details, but they are scattered across all periods of her life, and it is difficult to connect them logically or gain much meaning from them.
Palette (video game)	Plot	Each memory is related to a traumatic moment of her life, which B.D. associates with the color red. The first memories seen are the last chronologically, and appear to be of a violent murder taking place in B.D.'s home. Earlier memories depict scenes from her young childhood, then of her life with a series of caretakers. B.D. slowly begins to be able to differentiate these caretakers, but still can't remember their names or faces. One of them, a woman with a red silhouette, is present in the murder memory.
Palette (video game)	Plot	Even before losing her memory, B.D. struggled with horrible loneliness. Many of her memories are scenes of her isolated and alone. B.D. is very introspective, and often thinks about how many of the details in her memories (an empty birdcage, a lone apple separated from the rest, a toy telephone that can't call anyone, a clothing store display of a happy family of mannequins) ironically reflect on herself.
Palette (video game)	Plot	Slowly B.D. and Shian begin to piece together fragments of her traumatic past. Two families, each horribly murdered, each with only the father and youngest daughter surviving. A strange city called Zebul (ゼブル). A drug that causes amnesia, and a society dedicated to the elimination of crime. Perhaps most interesting is a medical term, "Born of Disorder", which is abbreviated to B.D.
Palette (video game)	Plot	As they make progress, Shian finds books containing relevant information, books that he can't remember ever owning. Slowly, he begins to find other details from B.D.'s dreams in his office. Scratches on his wall, a newspaper from a company that doesn't exist, and a music box. The more B.D. fills in the gaps in her memory, the more real her dreams feel, and the less real Shian's office feels. At one point, Shian discovers that his telephone line has been cut, but he is still able to call and help B.D. despite this.
Palette (video game)	Plot	The two finally discover one of B.D.'s happy memories for the first time. It's her favorite television show, about a genius psychologist who goes on exciting adventures and helps people recover their memories. That psychologist's name is also Shianosu B. Shian, and the two both have the same face.
Palette (video game)	Plot	The mysterious figure enters Shian's office, and it is revealed that the entire room is imaginary. The whole time B.D. has been pretending to be Shian as a way to deal with her trauma. She's been pretending to call herself on her toy telephone, and the room is full of details from her dreams because it is her room. The mysterious figure is revealed to be the same woman as the red silhouette, who worked for the anti-crime society that originally took away B.D.'s memories, which she has now betrayed. That society is now hunting both of them down; the woman for her betrayal, and B.D. because they believe she is destined to be a criminal, as well as for knowing too many of the society's secrets. Rather than give herself up and either have her memories taken away again or killed, B.D. resolves to run away with the woman. B.D. recovers one last memory, a truly happy moment of being held by her parents as a baby.
Palette (video game)	Plot	Shian shares some closing thoughts with the audience, saying that all memories are worth keeping. A painful memory is just as important as the color red on a palette.
Potential theory	Potential theory	In mathematics and mathematical physics, potential theory is the study of harmonic functions. The term "potential theory" was coined in 19th-century physics when it was realized that two fundamental forces of nature known at the time, namely gravity and the electrostatic force, could be modeled using functions called the gravitational potential and electrostatic potential, both of which satisfy Poisson's equation—or in the vacuum, Laplace's equation.
Potential theory	Potential theory	There is considerable overlap between potential theory and the theory of Poisson's equation to the extent that it is impossible to draw a distinction between these two fields. The difference is more one of emphasis than subject matter and rests on the following distinction: potential theory focuses on the properties of the functions as opposed to the properties of the equation. For example, a result about the singularities of harmonic functions would be said to belong to potential theory whilst a result on how the solution depends on the boundary data would be said to belong to the theory of the Laplace equation. This is not a hard and fast distinction, and in practice there is considerable overlap between the two fields, with methods and results from one being used in the other.
Potential theory	Potential theory	Modern potential theory is also intimately connected with probability and the theory of Markov chains. In the continuous case, this is closely related to analytic theory. In the finite state space case, this connection can be introduced by introducing an electrical network on the state space, with resistance between points inversely proportional to transition probabilities and densities proportional to potentials. Even in the finite case, the analogue I-K of the Laplacian in potential theory has its own maximum principle, uniqueness principle, balance principle, and others.
Potential theory	Symmetry	A useful starting point and organizing principle in the study of harmonic functions is a consideration of the symmetries of the Laplace equation. Although it is not a symmetry in the usual sense of the term, we can start with the observation that the Laplace equation is linear. This means that the fundamental object of study in potential theory is a linear space of functions. This observation will prove especially important when we consider function space approaches to the subject in a later section.
Potential theory	Symmetry	As for symmetry in the usual sense of the term, we may start with the theorem that the symmetries of the n -dimensional Laplace equation are exactly the conformal symmetries of the n -dimensional Euclidean space. This fact has several implications. First of all, one can consider harmonic functions which transform under irreducible representations of the conformal group or of its subgroups (such as the group of rotations or translations). Proceeding in this fashion, one systematically obtains the solutions of the Laplace equation which arise from separation of variables such as spherical harmonic solutions and Fourier series. By taking linear superpositions of these solutions, one can produce large classes of harmonic functions which can be shown to be dense in the space of all harmonic functions under suitable topologies.
Potential theory	Symmetry	Second, one can use conformal symmetry to understand such classical tricks and techniques for generating harmonic functions as the Kelvin transform and the method of images. Third, one can use conformal transforms to map harmonic functions in one domain to harmonic functions in another domain. The most common instance of such a construction is to relate harmonic functions on a disk to harmonic functions on a half-plane.
Potential theory	Symmetry	Fourth, one can use conformal symmetry to extend harmonic functions to harmonic functions on conformally flat Riemannian manifolds. Perhaps the simplest such extension is to consider a harmonic function defined on the whole of Rn (with the possible exception of a discrete set of singular points) as a harmonic function on the n -dimensional sphere. More complicated situations can also happen. For instance, one can obtain a higher-dimensional analog of Riemann surface theory by expressing a multi-valued harmonic function as a single-valued function on a branched cover of Rn or one can regard harmonic functions which are invariant under a discrete subgroup of the conformal group as functions on a multiply connected manifold or orbifold.
Potential theory	Two dimensions	From the fact that the group of conformal transforms is infinite-dimensional in two dimensions and finite-dimensional for more than two dimensions, one can surmise that potential theory in two dimensions is different from potential theory in other dimensions. This is correct and, in fact, when one realizes that any two-dimensional harmonic function is the real part of a complex analytic function, one sees that the subject of two-dimensional potential theory is substantially the same as that of complex analysis. For this reason, when speaking of potential theory, one focuses attention on theorems which hold in three or more dimensions. In this connection, a surprising fact is that many results and concepts originally discovered in complex analysis (such as Schwarz's theorem, Morera's theorem, the Weierstrass-Casorati theorem, Laurent series, and the classification of singularities as removable, poles and essential singularities) generalize to results on harmonic functions in any dimension. By considering which theorems of complex analysis are special cases of theorems of potential theory in any dimension, one can obtain a feel for exactly what is special about complex analysis in two dimensions and what is simply the two-dimensional instance of more general results.
Potential theory	Local behavior	An important topic in potential theory is the study of the local behavior of harmonic functions. Perhaps the most fundamental theorem about local behavior is the regularity theorem for Laplace's equation, which states that harmonic functions are analytic. There are results which describe the local structure of level sets of harmonic functions. There is Bôcher's theorem, which characterizes the behavior of isolated singularities of positive harmonic functions. As alluded to in the last section, one can classify the isolated singularities of harmonic functions as removable singularities, poles, and essential singularities.
Potential theory	Inequalities	A fruitful approach to the study of harmonic functions is the consideration of inequalities they satisfy. Perhaps the most basic such inequality, from which most other inequalities may be derived, is the maximum principle. Another important result is Liouville's theorem, which states the only bounded harmonic functions defined on the whole of Rn are, in fact, constant functions. In addition to these basic inequalities, one has Harnack's inequality, which states that positive harmonic functions on bounded domains are roughly constant.
Potential theory	Inequalities	One important use of these inequalities is to prove convergence of families of harmonic functions or sub-harmonic functions, see Harnack's theorem. These convergence theorems are used to prove the existence of harmonic functions with particular properties.
Potential theory	Spaces of harmonic functions	Since the Laplace equation is linear, the set of harmonic functions defined on a given domain is, in fact, a vector space. By defining suitable norms and/or inner products, one can exhibit sets of harmonic functions which form Hilbert or Banach spaces. In this fashion, one obtains such spaces as the Hardy space, Bloch space, Bergman space and Sobolev space.
General surgery	General surgery	General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on alimentary canal and abdominal contents including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland. They also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft tissue, trauma, peripheral artery disease and hernias and perform endoscopic as such as gastroscopy, colonoscopy and laparoscopic procedures.
General surgery	Scope	General surgeons may sub-specialize into one or more of the following disciplines: Trauma surgery In many parts of the world including North America, Australia and the United Kingdom, the overall responsibility for trauma care falls under the auspices of general surgery. Some general surgeons obtain advanced training in this field (most commonly surgical critical care) and specialty certification surgical critical care. General surgeons must be able to deal initially with almost any surgical emergency. Often, they are the first port of call to critically ill or gravely injured patients, and must perform a variety of procedures to stabilize such patients, such as thoracostomy, cricothyroidotomy, compartment fasciotomies and emergency laparotomy or thoracotomy to stanch bleeding. They are also called upon to staff surgical intensive care units or trauma intensive care units.All general surgeons are trained in emergency surgery. Bleeding, infections, bowel obstructions and organ perforations are the main problems they deal with. Cholecystectomy, the surgical removal of the gallbladder, is one of the most common surgical procedures done worldwide. This is most often done electively, but the gallbladder can become acutely inflamed and require an emergency operation. Infections and rupture of the appendix and small bowel obstructions are other common emergencies.
General surgery	Scope	Laparoscopic surgery This is a relatively new specialty dealing with minimal access techniques using cameras and small instruments inserted through 3- to 15-mm incisions. Robotic surgery is now evolving from this concept (see below). Gallbladders, appendices, and colons can all be removed with this technique. Hernias are also able to be repaired laparoscopically. Bariatric surgery can be performed laparoscopically and there a benefits of doing so to reduce wound complications in obese patients. General surgeons that are trained today are expected to be proficient in laparoscopic procedures.
General surgery	Scope	Colorectal surgery General surgeons treat a wide variety of major and minor colon and rectal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), diverticulitis, colon and rectal cancer, gastrointestinal bleeding and hemorrhoids. Breast surgery General surgeons perform a majority of all non-cosmetic breast surgery from lumpectomy to mastectomy, especially pertaining to the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Vascular surgery General surgeons can perform vascular surgery if they receive special training and certification in vascular surgery. Otherwise, these procedures are typically performed by vascular surgery specialists. However, general surgeons are capable of treating minor vascular disorders.
General surgery	Scope	Endocrine surgery General surgeons are trained to remove all or part of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck and the adrenal glands just above each kidney in the abdomen. In many communities, they are the only surgeon trained to do this. In communities that have a number of subspecialists, other subspecialty surgeons may assume responsibility for these procedures.
General surgery	Scope	Transplant surgery Responsible for all aspects of pre-operative, operative, and post-operative care of abdominal organ transplant patients. Transplanted organs include liver, kidney, pancreas, and more rarely small bowel.
General surgery	Scope	Surgical oncology Surgical oncologist refers to a general surgical oncologist (a specialty of a general surgeon), but thoracic surgical oncologists, gynecologist and so forth can all be considered surgeons who specialize in treating cancer patients. The importance of training surgeons who sub-specialize in cancer surgery lies in evidence, supported by a number of clinical trials, that outcomes in surgical cancer care are positively associated to surgeon volume (i.e., the more cancer cases a surgeon treats, the more proficient he or she becomes, and his or her patients experience improved survival rates as a result). This is another controversial point, but it is generally accepted, even as common sense, that a surgeon who performs a given operation more often, will achieve superior results when compared with a surgeon who rarely performs the same procedure. This is particularly true of complex cancer resections such as pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer, and gastrectomy with extended (D2) lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. Surgical oncology is generally a 2-year fellowship following completion of a general surgery residency (5–7 years).
General surgery	Scope	Cardiothoracic surgery Most cardiothoracic surgeons in the U.S. (D.O. or M.D.) first complete a general surgery residency (typically 5–7 years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship (typically 2–3 years). However, new programmes are currently offering cardiothoracic surgery as a residency (6–8 years). Pediatric surgery Pediatric surgery is a subspecialty of general surgery. Pediatric surgeons do surgery on patients under age 18. Pediatric surgery is 5–7 years of residency and a 2-3 year fellowship.
General surgery	Trends	In the 2000s, minimally invasive surgery became more prevalent. Considerable enthusiasm has been built around robot-assisted surgery (also known as robotic surgery), despite a lack of data suggesting it has significant benefits that justify its cost.
General surgery	Training	In Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States general surgery is a five to seven year residency and follows completion of medical school, either MD, MBBS, MBChB, or DO degrees. In Australia and New Zealand, a residency leads to eligibility for Fellowship of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. In Canada, residency leads to eligibility for certification by and Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, while in the United States, completion of a residency in general surgery leads to eligibility for board certification by the American Board of Surgery or the American Osteopathic Board of Surgery which is also required upon completion of training for a general surgeon to have operating privileges at most hospitals in the United States.
General surgery	Training	In the United Kingdom, surgical trainees enter training after five years of medical school and two years of the Foundation Programme. During the two to three-year core training programme, doctors will sit the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) examination. On award of the MRCS examination, surgeons may hold the title 'Mister' or 'Miss/Ms./Mrs' rather than doctor. This is a tradition dating back hundreds of years in the United Kingdom from when only physicians attended medical school and surgeons did not, but were rather associated with barbers in the Barber Surgeon's Guild. The tradition is also present in many Commonwealth countries including New Zealand and some states of Australia. Trainees will then go onto Higher Surgical Training (HST), lasting a further five to six years. During this time they may choose to subspecialise. Before the end of HST, the examination of Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) must be taken in general surgery plus the subspeciality. Upon completion of training, the surgeon will become a consultant surgeon and will be eligible for entry on the GMC Specialist Register and may work both in the NHS and independent sector as a consultant general surgeon. The implementation of the European Working Time Directive limited UK surgical residents to a 48-hour working week. The introduction of a sub-consultant grade to enable those who have recently received a UK Certificate of Completion of Training may be necessary.
Chorale setting	Chorale setting	Chorale settings refer to a wide variety of musical compositions, almost entirely of Protestant origin, which use a chorale as their basis. A chorale is a simple melody, often based on Gregorian chant, written for congregations to sing hymns. Chorale settings can be vocal, instrumental, or both.
Chorale setting	Chorale setting	Although the bulk of them are German in origin, and predominantly baroque in style, chorale settings span many countries and musical periods. At their simplest and most common, chorale settings are plain chordal harmonisations with little or no localised ornamentation—typically one chord for each note of the chorale, although quicker passing and neighbour notes are almost never harmonised with a separate chord.
Chorale setting	Chorale setting	The Protestant Reformation resulted in a significant change in musical practice in northern Europe. Plainchant, associated with the Catholic Church, was largely replaced with choral music sung in the vernacular language—usually German—and the corresponding musical forms from Catholic countries, such as the motet, were replaced with forms that used as their basis the chorales instead of the plainsong from which much of the motet repertory was derived.
Chorale setting	Chorale setting	Not only the musical forms, but the individual tunes of the Catholic Church were replaced by reformers, although there was often a close relation between the original and the replacement. Composers, including Martin Luther himself, both composed new tunes for the German chorale texts and adapted specific plainchant melodies. These chorales were set musically in an extraordinary number of ways, from the time of the Protestant Reformation to the present day.
Chorale setting	Chorale setting	Chorale settings are of the following principal types: Chorale cantata Chorale canzona (usually called a Chorale ricercare) Chorale concerto Chorale fantasia Chorale fugue Chorale mass Chorale monody Chorale motet Chorale partita (usually interchangeable with chorale variations) Chorale prelude Chorale ricercare Chorale variations (usually interchangeable with chorale partita)Boundaries between different items on this list can be vague, especially in the early Baroque. Some of these forms are exclusively instrumental (such as the chorale prelude, chorale fugue, chorale fantasia, chorale partita or variations, and chorale ricercare/canzona) while the others are a cappella vocal (some chorale motets) or for voices and instruments (chorale cantata, chorale concerto, chorale mass, chorale monody, some chorale motets). Many of the instrumental forms are almost exclusively for organ, the single most important liturgical instrument in Protestant church music from the Reformation until recent times. These organ settings can be called organ chorales.Some of these forms continue to be used by composers up to the present day, particularly the chorale prelude and the chorale mass.
Accarezzevole	Accarezzevole	Accarezzevole Italian: [akkaretˈtseːvole] (listen) (Italian: "Caressingly") is a music term that is marked on sheet music to indicate that a piece is to be played in an expressive and caressing manner. Alexander Scriabin was one of the first composers to use this term in his music.
Sonotone 1010	Sonotone 1010	The Sonotone 1010 hearing aid was introduced on 29 December 1952. It was the first commercial product to use transistors, which had been invented five years earlier in 1947.It was a hybrid design, using two miniature vacuum tubes as input stages and a single transistor as the output stage; this was required because the transistors at the time produced too much electrical noise. Even using one transistor considerably extended battery life, lowering the operating cost of the unit. As transistors improved, this model was replaced by all-transistor hearing aids.The Sonotone company had its headquarters in New York City and was established in 1929. The company was bought by various other companies and was no longer in business by 2005.
Modality (theology)	Modality (theology)	Modality, in Protestant and Catholic Christian theology, is the structure and organization of the local or universal church. In Catholic theology, the modality is the universal Catholic church. In Protestant theology, the modality is variously described as either the universal church (that is, all believers) or the local church. By contrast, parachurch organizations are sodalities. These include missionary organizations and Christian charities not linked to specific churches. Some theologians consider denominations, schools of theology, and other multi-congregational sodalities. Catholic sodalities include orders, monasteries and convents.
Modality (theology)	The modality versus sodality parachurch dispute	In some Christian circles, particularly among non-denominational evangelicals, there is conflict over whether parachurch, including Christian not-for-profit organizations are a biblical model for ministry. A minority of pastors and theologians assert that only the modality is a valid model for ministry, and they typically equate modality with the local church structure. Central to the dispute is whether the missionary travels of Paul the Apostle should be categorized as an expression of modality or sodality.
Modality (theology)	The modality versus sodality parachurch dispute	A practical consideration in the modality/sodality dispute is that certain Christian efforts, like translating the Bible into different languages, are difficult to organize and fund solely by local congregations in the absence of parachurch organizations. Ralph D. Winter of the US Center for World Mission has argued that modes of modality and sodality are both necessary and will be most effective if they are supportive of one another.
Interval order	Interval order	In mathematics, especially order theory, the interval order for a collection of intervals on the real line is the partial order corresponding to their left-to-right precedence relation—one interval, I1, being considered less than another, I2, if I1 is completely to the left of I2.

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