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MicroKORG	microKORG XL	The microKORG XL also includes a waveshaper (uncommon in most synthesizers) which will morph the current waveform into an approximation of the waveform desired, resulting in a harsh sound. The waveshaper also includes a third oscillator (Sub oscillator.) Additional improvements include: Polyphony increased up to eight notes Vocoder increased to 16 bands, but still supports the 4 note polyphony USB connector for MIDI over USB operation "Split" and "Multi" added to Voice modes The option to use ten scales, including one defined by the user.
MicroKORG	microKORG XL	"Analog Tune" simulates the pitch instability and oscillator “drift” that was characteristic of vintage analog synthesizers
MicroKORG	Korg RK-100S	In 2014, Korg announced the RK-100S keytar, which is essentially a 37-key "keytar" version of the 'microKORG XL+', with many external differences and only two internal differences. On the inside, it sports the same exact features as the 'MicroKorg XL+', except it has 200 program storage instead of 128, and allowing for the long ribbon controller to serve as a modulation source. Externally the RK-100S is radically different, it lacks the ability to edit programs from the unit. Editing may only be done via a control app available for Mac and PC, and if one is daring enough, it is technically possible to create ones own editor using the available MIDI messages chart. 'MicroKORG XL' and 'XL+' patches may be downloaded into the unit one-by-one or en-masse, allowing patch editing to be done on a 'microKORG XL+'.
MicroKORG	Korg RK-100S	Notable external differences of the RK-100S Lacks the XLR mic input and dual quarter-inch mono output jacks of 'microKORG XL+', instead featuring a stereo 1/4" TRS jack and mono 1/8" audio input jack, switchable between three gain levels (Line, Mic1, Mic2) Adds a short and long ribbon controller, and buttons that toggle the behavior of the ribbons (e.g. between modulation of pitch or frequency, although other things can be modulated) Sports a 37-key keyboard of "mini" keys as on the MS 20 Mini; these are larger than microKORG'S keys but much thinner than traditional keys Has five banks of "favorites" selectable with five LED-backlit buttons; these buttons serve as a level meter for output volume during normal performance A multipurpose up/down lever switch used for selecting between programs, banks, adjusting tempo, etc.
MicroKORG	Korg RK-100S	Wooden body with very fragile glossy lacquer paint that is very easy to chip or crack should the unit bump into anything hard Double the battery life for a set of 4 alkaline AA batteries (8 hours instead of 4 on the microKORG XL+), according to Korg's documentation.Even though the RK-100S is not marketed as a microKORG, the fact that its synthesis engine is identical makes it ideal for microKORG users wishing to perform live without needing to have a keyboard stand restricting their movement around a stage.
MicroKORG	Competing products	The MicroKORG was released during the same period as several similar products: Alesis Micron Novation KS Series / Novation Xio-Synth (Discontinued) Dave Smith Evolver Akai MiniakThe microKORG shared several features with the earlier discontinued Quasimidi Sirius, in particular a built-in vocoder. Although the Sirius used distinctively unique analog modeling - sample playback hybrid synthesis.
Leica CL (Typ 7323)	Leica CL (Typ 7323)	The Leica CL is an APS-C mirrorless system camera announced by Leica Camera AG in November, 2017.The CL is a member of Leica's L-mount family of cameras, which began with the discontinued T/TL, and is currently shared with the TL2 and SL cameras. It shares the same sensor as the TL2, and is primarily differentiated from its sister model by its user interface, which focuses on physical controls as opposed to touchscreen, and presence of an integrated viewfinder.
Potion	Potion	A potion is a liquid "that contains medicine, poison, or something that is supposed to have magic powers.” It derives from the Latin word potio which refers to a drink or the act of drinking. The term philtre is also used, often specifically for a love potion, a potion that is supposed to create feelings of love or attraction in the one who drinks it.
Potion	Potion	Throughout history there have been several types of potions for a range of purposes. Reasons for taking potions ranged from curing an illness, to securing immortality to trying to induce love. These potions, while often ineffective or poisonous, occasionally had some degree of medicinal success depending on what they sought to fix and the type and amount of ingredients used. Some popular ingredients used in potions across history include Spanish fly, nightshade plants, cannabis, and opium.During the 17th to 19th century, it was common in Europe to see peddlers offering potions for ailments ranging from heartbreak to the plague. These were eventually dismissed as quackery. Prostitutes, courtesans, enchanters and midwives were also known to distribute potions.
Potion	Etymology	The word potion has its origins in the Latin word potus, an irregular past participle of potare, meaning "to drink.” This evolved to the word potionem (nominative potio) meaning either "a potion, a drinking” or a "poisonous draught, magic potion." In Ancient Greek, the word for both drugs and potions was “pharmaka” or “pharmakon.” In the 12th century, the French had the word pocion, meaning "potion," "draught," or "medicine". By the 13th century, this word became pocioun, referring to either a medicinal drink, or a dose of liquid medicine (or poison).
Potion	Etymology	The word "potion" is also cognate with the Spanish words pocion with the same meaning, and ponzoña, meaning "poison"; The word pozione was originally the same word for both "poison" and "potion" in Italian, but by the early 15th century in Italy, potion began to be known specifically as a magical or enchanted drink.
Potion	Administrators of potions	The practice of administering potions has had a long history of being illegalised. Despite these laws, there have been several different administrators of potions across history.
Potion	Administrators of potions	Quacks Quacks or charlatans are people who sell "medical methods that do not work and are only intended to make money". In Europe in the 15th century it was also common to see long-distance peddlers, who sold supposedly magical healing potions and elixirs. During the Great Plague of London in the 17th century, quacks sold many fake potions promising either cures or immunity. Because pills looked less trustworthy to the public, potions were often the top sellers of quacks. These potions often included bizarre ingredients such as floral pomanders and the smoke of fragrant woods. The well known Wessex quack Vilbert was known to sell love potions made of pigeon hearts. By the 18th century in England, it was common for middle class households to stock potions that claimed to solve a variety of ailments. Quackery grew to its height in the 19th century.
Potion	Administrators of potions	Pharmacists In 18th- and 19th-century Britain, pharmacies or apothecaries were often a cheaper, more accessible option for medical treatment than doctors. Potions distributed by chemists for illnesses were often derived from herbs and plants, and based on old beliefs and remedies.Prior to the Pharmacy Act 1868 anybody could become a pharmacist or chemist. Since the practice was unregulated, potions were often made from scratch.Potions were additionally used to cure illness in livestock. One potion found in a 19th-century pharmacist's recipe book was to be used for "lambs of about 7 years old" and contains chalk, pomegranate and opium.
Potion	Administrators of potions	The role of women in distributing potions There was a strict hierarchy in the medical community of Europe during the 12th to 15th centuries. Male doctors were the most respected and paid followed by female apothecaries, barber-surgeons and surgeons. Women were often the main way that individuals who could not afford doctors or apothecaries could gain medical treatment Potions, in addition to calming teas or soup, were a common homemade treatment made by women. When unable to go to a female house member, early modern people would often go to the wise women of their village. Wise women (who were often supposed witches) were knowledgeable in health care and could administer potions, lotions or salves in addition to performing prayers or chants. This was often free of charge or significantly less expensive than the potions of apothecaries.The limited jobs available to women during the 17th to 18th century in Europe often involved a knowledge of potions as an additional way to gain a financial income. Jobs that often involved the selling of love potions included prostitutes, courtesans, enchanters and midwives. These practices varied by region. In Rome, up until the period of the civil wars, the only physicians were drug-sellers, enchanters and midwives. In Greece, retired courtesans often both created potions and worked as midwives. Prostitutes in Europe were often expected to be an expert in magic and administer love potions.
Potion	Administrators of potions	Self-administration In the Middle Ages and the early modern period using potions to induce sterility and abortion was widely practiced in Europe. The majority of abortive potions were made using emmenagogue herbs (herbs used to stimulate menstruation) which were intended to cause a period and end a pregnancy. Additionally abortive potions could also be prepared by infusion of a herb or tree. The willow tree was a common ingredient in these potions, as it was fabled to cause sterility. Several key theological and legal literature of the time condemned this practice, including Visigothic law and the Church.Many herbal potions containing emmenagogues did not contain abortifacients (substances that induce abortion) and were instead used to cure amenorrhoea (a lack of period). There are several different types of literature in the humoral tradition that propose the use of herbal potions or suppositories to provoke menstruation.
Potion	Famous potion makers	Giulia Tofana and Gironima Spana Giulia Tofana (1581-1651) was an Italian poisoner, known as the inventor of the famous poison Aqua Tofana. Born in Sicily, she invented and started to sell the poison in Palermo in Sicily. She later established herself in Rome, where she continued the business, specialising in selling to women in abusive marriages who wanted to become widows. She died peacefully in 1651 and left the business to her stepdaughter Gironima Spana, who expanded it to a substantial business in the 1650s. The organization was exposed in 1659 and resulted in the famous Spana Prosecution, which became a subject of sensationalistic mythologization for centuries.
Potion	Famous potion makers	Paula de Eguiluz Paula de Eguiluz was born into slavery in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic in the 17th century. Within the area in which she lived, sickness and disease ravaged the towns and major cities. Paula de Eguiluz decided to research and find her own cures to these maladies. Because of this, she is widely known for being involved in health care and healing.
Potion	Famous potion makers	Once her healing and health care practice took off, she started to sell potions and serums to clients. de Eguiluz's business attracted a following and slowly got her into a bit of trouble. Due to Paula's healing accomplishments, she was arrested approximately 3 times. During these inquisitions, she was forced to tell the jury that she performed witchcraft. In response to these false confessions, she was imprisoned and whipped several times. Catherine Monvoisin Catherine Monvoisin, better known to some as La Voisin, was born within the year 1640 in France. Catherine Monvoisin married Antoine Monvoisin who was a jeweler in Paris. His business plummeted and Catherine had to find work in order for her and her family to survive. She had a knack for reading people very accurately coupled with chiromancy and utilized her skills in order to make money. La Voisin would read people's horoscopes and perform abortions, but she also sold potions and poisons to her clients. Her work quickly became well known throughout France and people would quickly become her clients. Around the year 1665, her fortune telling was questioned by Saint Vincent de Paul's Order, but she was quick to dismiss the allegations of witchcraft. Catherine would then begin making potions whether it be for love, murder, or everyday life. Her love potion consisted of bones, the teeth of moles, human blood, Spanish fly beetles, and even small amounts of human remains. Her predecessor and major influence was Giulia Tofana. On March 12, 1679, Catherine was arrested Notre- Dame Bonne- Nouvelle due to a string of incidents involving her and her potions. She confessed her crimes of murder and told authorities a majority of everything they needed to know about the people she knowingly murdered. On February 22, 1680, La Voisin was sentenced to a public death wherein she was to be burned as the stake for witchcraft.
Potion	Famous potion makers	Jacqueline Felicie Jacqueline Felice de Almania was tried in Italy in 1322 for the unlicensed practice of medicine. She was mainly accused of doing a learned male physicians job and accepting a fee. This job involved “examining urine by its physical appearance; touching the body; and prescribing potions, digestives, and laxatives.” Eight witnesses testified to her medical experience and wisdom. However, as she had not attended university, her knowledge was dismissed. Jacqueline Felice was then found guilty and fined and excommunicated from the church.
Potion	Popular types of potions	Emotions such as anger, fear and sadness are universal and as such potions have been created across history and cultures in response to these human emotions.
Potion	Popular types of potions	Love potion Love potions have been used throughout history and cultures. Scandinavians often used love-philtres, which is documented in the Norse poem The Lay of Gudrun.In 17th-century Cartagena, Afro-Mexican curer (curanderos/as) and other Indigenous healers could gain an income and status from selling spells and love potions to women trying to secure men and financial stability. These love potions were sold to women of all social classes, who often wished to gain sexual agency.
Potion	Popular types of potions	Restorative potion Confectio Alchermes In the early 9th century, Arab physician Yuhanna ̄ Ibn Masawaih used the dye kermes to create a potion called Confectio Alchermes. The potion was “intended for the caliph and his court and not for commoners.” The potion was intended to cure heart palpitations, restore strength and cure madness and depression.During the Renaissance in Europe, Confectio Alchermes was used widely. Recipes for the potion appeared in the work of the popular English apothecary Nicholas Culpeper and the official pharmacopoeia handbooks of London and Amsterdam. Queen Elizabeth's French ambassador was even treated with the remedy; however, the recipe was altered to include a "unicorn’s horn" (possibly a ground-up narwhal tusk) in addition to the traditional ingredients. The ingredients for the potion mainly included ambergris, cinnamon, aloes, gold leaf, musk, pulverized lapis lazuli, and white pearls.
Potion	Popular types of potions	St Paul's potion St Paul's potion was intended to cure epilepsy, catalepsy and stomach problems. Many ingredients used in the potion had medicinal value. According to Toni Mount the list of ingredients included “liquorice, sage, willow, roses, fennel, cinnamon, ginger, cloves, cormorant blood, mandrake, dragon’s blood and three kinds of pepper”.Many of these ingredients still have medicinal value in the 21st century. Liquorice can be used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Sage can help memory and improve blood flow to the brain. Willow contains salicylic acid, which is a component of aspirin. Fennel, cinnamon and ginger are all carminatives, which help relieve gas in the intestines. The cormorant blood adds iron to treat anemia. If used in small doses, Mandrake is a good sleeping draught (though in large doses Mandrake can be poisonous.) Dragon's blood refers to the bright red resin of the tree Dracaena draco. According to Toni Mount “it has antiseptic, antibiotic, anti-viral and wound-healing properties, and it is still used in some parts of the world to treat dysentery.” Immortality potion Creating a potion for immortality, was a common pursuit of alchemists throughout history. The Elixir of Life is a famous potion that aimed to create eternal youth. During the Chinese dynasties, this elixir of life was often recreated and drunk by emperors, nobles and officials. In India, there is a myth of the potion amrita, a drink of immortality made out of nectar.
Potion	Popular types of potions	Psychedelic potions Ayahuasca Ayahuasca, is a hallucinogenic plant-based potion used in many parts of the world. It was first created by indigenous South Americans from the Amazon basin as a spiritual medicine. The potion was often administered by a shaman during a ceremony. The potion contains the boiled stems of the ayahuasca vine and leaves from the chacruna plant. Chacruna contains dimethyltryptamine (also known as DMT), a psychedelic drug. The potion caused users to vomit or 'purge' and induced hallucinations.
Potion	Folklore	Potions or mixtures are common within many of local mythologies. In particular, references to love potions are common in many cultures. Yusufzai witches, for example, would bathe a recently deceased leatherworker and sell the water to those seeking a male partner; this practice is said to exist in a modified form in modern times.
Potion	Famous potions in literature	Potions have played a critical role in many pieces of literature. Shakespeare wrote potions into many of his plays including a love potion in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, poison in Hamlet, and Juliet takes a potion to fake her death in Romeo and Juliet.In the Harry Potter series, potions also play a main role. The students are required to attend potion classes and knowledge of potions often becomes a factor for many of the characters.
Potion	Famous potions in literature	In the fairytale "The Little Mermaid" by Hans Christian Andersen, the Little Mermaid wishes to become human and have an immortal soul. She visits the Sea Witch who sells her a potion, in exchange for which she cuts out the Little Mermaid's tongue. The Sea Witch makes the potion using her own blood that she cuts from her breast. She warns the Little Mermaid that it will feel as if she had been cut with a sword when her fin becomes legs, that she will never be able to become a mermaid again, and risks turning into seafoam and not having an immortal soul if she fails to win the Prince's love. The Little Mermaid decides to take the potion which successfully turns her into a human so that she can try to win the love of the Prince and an immortal soul.In the novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Henry Jekyll creates a potion that transforms him into an evil version of himself called Edward Hyde. Dr. Jekyll does not explain how he created this potion because he felt his “discoveries were incomplete,” he only indicates that it requires a “particular salt.” He uses the potion successfully to go back and forth between his normal self, Dr. Jekyll, and his evil self, Mr. Hyde.
Potion	Popular ingredients used in potions	Solanaceous plants In the 11th century, plants belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae were often used as an ingredients in the potions - aphrodisiac or otherwise - and flying ointments of witches. The specific nightshades used in such concoctions were usually tropane alkaloid-containing species belonging to the Old World tribes Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae. These potions were known as pharmaka diabolika ("devilish drugs").
Potion	Popular ingredients used in potions	The root of Mandragora officinarum, the celebrated mandrake, fabled in legend to shriek when uprooted, was often used to prepare sleeping potions, although it could prove poisonous in excess, due to its tropane alkaloid content.M. officinarum is native to the Mediterranean region. Administered in small doses mandrake root has been used in folk medicine as an analgesic, an aphrodisiac and a remedy for infertility. Larger doses act as an entheogen of the deliriant class, having the potential to cause profound confusion and dysphoria characterised by realistic hallucinations of an unpleasant character.
Potion	Popular ingredients used in potions	Classical and Renaissance authors have left certain accounts of the use of the plant by witches in the preparation of potions intended variously to excite love, cause insanity or even kill. Scopolamine, a toxic, deliriant alkaloid present in (and named after) Scopolia carniolica and also present in Mandragora, Hyoscyamus and other Solanaceae, was used by the infamous Dr. Crippen to kill his wife.
Potion	Popular ingredients used in potions	Spanish fly In ancient Greece, the Spanish fly (also known as cantharides) was crushed with herbs and used in love potions. It was believed to be effective due to the bodily warmth that resulted from ingesting it. However, this was actually a result of inflammation from toxins in the tissues of the beetle. Ferdinand II of Aragon drank many potions and elixir contains the Spanish fly.
Potion	Popular ingredients used in potions	Cochineal Cochineal, another type of dye, replaced kermes as an ingredient in Confectio Alchermes in the 17th and 18th century. Cochineal was also heavily used as an ingredient in potions for jaundice. Jaundice potions were a mix of Cochineal, cream of tartar and Venetian soap and patients were directed to take it three times a day.
Potion	Popular ingredients used in potions	Cannabis and opium Opium and cannabis has been used in potions throughout human history. Potions containing cannabis and/or opium were particularly popular in Arabia, Persia, and Muslim India after the arrival of the drugs around the 9th century. Cannabis and opium were a common ingredient used in potions and tinctures sold by apothecaries in 19th-century Europe, as the ingredients made patients feel better, and the addictive nature of the drug meant it sold well. Nepenthes pharmakon is a famous type of magical potion recorded in Homer's Odyssey, intended to cure sorrow. Pharmakon was the word for medicine in Ancient Greek. The potion was recreated in the 18th century, and contains both the plant nepenthe and opium.
Academic grading in Portugal	Academic grading in Portugal	In Portuguese middle-schools, a five-point grading scale is used, where: 5 (very good or excellent) is the best possible grade (90-100%), 4 (good) (70-89%), 3 (satisfactory) indicates "average" performance (50-69%), 2 (unsatisfactory) (20-49%), 1 (poor) is the lowest possible grade (0-19%).In high-schools and universities, a 20-point grading scale is used. When it is the case of the final grade of an academic degree, each grade is assigned a qualitative mark by degree:
GPAC Project on Advanced Content	GPAC Project on Advanced Content	GPAC Project on Advanced Content (GPAC, a recursive acronym) is an implementation of the MPEG-4 Systems standard written in ANSI C. GPAC provides tools for media playback, vector graphics and 3D rendering, MPEG-4 authoring and distribution.GPAC provides three sets of tools based on a core library called libgpac: A multimedia player, cross-platform command-line based MP4Client or with a GUI Osmo4 A multimedia packager, MP4Box Some server tools, around multiplexing and streaming (under development).GPAC is cross-platform. It is written in (almost 100% ANSI) C for portability reasons, attempting to keep the memory footprint as low as possible. It is currently running under Windows, Linux, Solaris, Windows CE (SmartPhone, PocketPC 2002/2003), iOS, Android, Embedded Linux (familiar 8, GPE) and recent Symbian OS systems.
GPAC Project on Advanced Content	GPAC Project on Advanced Content	The project is intended for a wide audience ranging from end-users or content creators with development skills who want to experiment the new standards for interactive technologies or want to convert files for mobile devices, to developers who need players and/or server for multimedia streaming applications. The GPAC framework is being developed at École nationale supérieure des télécommunications (ENST) as part of research work on digital media.
GPAC Project on Advanced Content	History and standards	GPAC was founded in New York City in 1999. In 2003, it became an open-source project, with the initial goal of developing from scratch, in ANSI C, clean software compliant with the MPEG-4 Systems standard, as a small and flexible alternative to the MPEG-4 reference software.In parallel, the project has evolved and now supports many other multimedia standards, with support for X3D, W3C SVG Tiny 1.2, and OMA/3GPP/ISMA and MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) features. 3D support is available on embedded platforms through OpenGL-ES. The MPEG-DASH feature can be used to reconstruct .mp4 files from videos streamed and cached in this format (e.g., YouTube). Various research projects used or use GPAC.Since 2013, GPAC Licensing has offered business support and closed-source licenses.
GPAC Project on Advanced Content	Multimedia content features	Packaging GPAC features encoders and multiplexers, publishing and content distribution tools for MP4 files and many tools for scene descriptions (BIFS/VRML/X3D converters, SWF/BIFS, SVG/BIFS, etc....). MP4Box provides all these tools in a single command-line application, albeit with extremely arcane syntax. Current supported features are: MP4/3GP Conversion from MP3, AVI, MPEG-2 TS, MPEG-PS, AAC, H263, H264, AMR, and many others, 3GPP DIMS Packaging from SVG tiny 1.2 files, File layout: fragmentation or interleaving, and cleaning, File hinting for RTP/RTSP and QTSS/DSS servers (MPEG-4/ISMA/3GP/ 3GP2 files), File splitting by size or time, extraction from file and file concatenation, XML information dumping for MP4 and RTP hint tracks, Media Track extractions, ISMA E&A encryption and decryption, 3GPP timed text tools (SUB/SRT/TTXT/TeXML), VobSub import/export, BIFS codec and scene conversion between MP4, BT and XMT-A, LASeR codec and scene conversion between MP4, SAF, SVG and XSR (XML LASeR), XML scene statistics for BIFS scene (BT, XMT-A and MP4), Conversion to and from BT, XMT-A, WRL, X3D and X3DV with support for gzip.
GPAC Project on Advanced Content	Multimedia content features	A syntax that ensures that simple operations, i.e. concatenating 3 files into one new one, are not simple.
GPAC Project on Advanced Content	Multimedia content features	Playing GPAC supports many protocols and standards, among which: BIFS scenes (2D, 3D and mixed 2D/3D scenes), VRML 2.0 (VRML97) scenes (without GEO or NURBS extensions), X3D scenes (not complete) in X3D (XML) and X3DV (VRML) formats, SVG Tiny 1.2 scenes (including packaged in 3GP DIMS files), LASeR and SAF (partial) support, Progressive loading/rendering of SVG, X3D and XMT files, HTTP reading of all scene descriptions, GZIP supported for all textual formats of MPEG4/X3D/VRML/SVG, MP4 and 3GPP file reading (local & http), MP3 and AAC files (local & http) and HTTP streaming (ShoutCast/ICEcast radios), Most common media codecs for image, audio and video, Most common media containers, 3GPP Timed Text / MPEG-4 Streaming Text, MPEG-2 TS demultiplexer (local/UDP/RTP) with DVB support (Linux only), Streaming support through RTP/RTCP (unicast and multicast) and RTSP/SDP, Plugins for Mozilla (osmozilla, Win32 and Linux) and Internet Explorer (GPAX, Win32 and PPC 2003).
GPAC Project on Advanced Content	Multimedia content features	Streaming As of version 0.4.5, GPAC has some experimental server-side and streaming tools: MP4/3GP file RTP streamer (unicast and multicast), RTP streamer with service timeslicing (DVB-H) simulation, MPEG-2 TS broadcaster using MP4/3GP files or RTP streams as inputs, BIFS RTP broadcaster tool performing live encoding and RandomAccessPoints generation.
GPAC Project on Advanced Content	Contributors	The project is hosted at ENST, a leading French engineering school also known as Télécom Paris. Current main contributors of GPAC are: Jean Le Feuvre Cyril Concolato Romain Bouqueau Jérôme Gorin.Other (current or past) contributors from ENST are: Pierre Souchay Jean-Claude Moissinac Jean-Claude Dufourd Benoit Pellan Philippe de Cuetos.Additionally, GPAC is used at ENST for pedagogical purposes. Students regularly participate in the development of the project.
AKR1	AKR1	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 (AKR1) is a family of aldo-keto reductase enzymes that is involved in steroid metabolism. It includes the AKR1C and AKR1D subgroups, which respectively consist of AKR1C1–AKR1C4 and AKR1D1. Together with short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases (SDRs), these enzymes catalyze oxidoreductions, act on the C3, C5, C11, C17 and C20 positions of steroids, and function as 3α-HSD, 3β-HSDs, 5β-reductases, 11β-HSDs, 17β-HSDs, and 20α-HSDs, respectively. The AKR1C enzymes act as 3-, 17- and 20-ketosteroid reductases, while AKR1D1 acts as the sole 5β-reductase in humans.
AKR1	Members	AKR1A1; AKR1B1; AKR1B10; AKR1C1; AKR1C2; AKR1C3; AKR1C4; AKR1D1; Others
Conductor of an abelian variety	Conductor of an abelian variety	In mathematics, in Diophantine geometry, the conductor of an abelian variety defined over a local or global field F is a measure of how "bad" the bad reduction at some prime is. It is connected to the ramification in the field generated by the torsion points.
Conductor of an abelian variety	Definition	For an abelian variety A defined over a field F as above, with ring of integers R, consider the Néron model of A, which is a 'best possible' model of A defined over R. This model may be represented as a scheme over Spec(R)(cf. spectrum of a ring) for which the generic fibre constructed by means of the morphism Spec(F) → Spec(R)gives back A. Let A0 denote the open subgroup scheme of the Néron model whose fibres are the connected components. For a maximal ideal P of R with residue field k, A0k is a group variety over k, hence an extension of an abelian variety by a linear group. This linear group is an extension of a torus by a unipotent group. Let uP be the dimension of the unipotent group and tP the dimension of the torus. The order of the conductor at P is fP=2uP+tP+δP, where δP∈N is a measure of wild ramification. When F is a number field, the conductor ideal of A is given by f=∏PPfP.
Conductor of an abelian variety	Properties	A has good reduction at P if and only if uP=tP=0 (which implies fP=δP=0 ). A has semistable reduction if and only if uP=0 (then again δP=0 ). If A acquires semistable reduction over a Galois extension of F of degree prime to p, the residue characteristic at P, then δP = 0. If p>2d+1 , where d is the dimension of A, then δP=0 If p≤2d+1 and F is a finite extension of Qp of ramification degree e(F/Qp) , there is an upper bound expressed in terms of the function Lp(n) , which is defined as follows:Write n=∑k≥0ckpk with 0≤ck<p and set Lp(n)=∑k≥0kckpk . Then (∗)fP≤2d+e(F/Qp)(p⌊2dp−1⌋+(p−1)Lp(⌊2dp−1⌋)). Further, for every d,p,e with p≤2d+1 there is a field F/Qp with e(F/Qp)=e and an abelian variety A/F of dimension d so that (∗) is an equality.
John Carbon	John Carbon	John A. Carbon is a professor emeritus of molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
John Carbon	Biography	He earned his B.S. degree in chemistry in 1952 at the University of Illinois, and his Ph.D. degree in biochemistry in 1955 from Northwestern University. He did basic research developing new anticancer drugs at Abbott Laboratories (North Chicago, IL) for 12 years (1956-1968). He joined the faculty of the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1968, and became professor emeritus in 1999. His research contributions include elucidation of the mechanism of genetic missense suppression in bacteria, the development of techniques to make genomic libraries using recombinant DNA, techniques for using yeast for DNA cloning, characterization of centromere DNA, and construction of the first artificial chromosomes. Many of his later research contributions were carried out in collaboration with his wife, Professor Louise B. Clarke. He was elected to membership in the United States National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986. Carbon was among the founding scientific advisors of the Amgen Corporation. An endowed chair in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at UC Santa Barbara was named for Carbon. The chair is currently held by Jamey Marth.Carbon and Louise Clarke, his wife, published the Carbon-Clarke equation in 1976, used for calculating the number of clones required when constructing a clone library to ensure a given probability (usually > 99% is desired) of containing any sequence, given the size of the genome and the average size of a clone.
Live event support	Live event support	Live event support includes staging, scenery, mechanicals, sound, lighting, video, special effects, transport, packaging, communications, costume and makeup for live performance events including theater, music, dance, and opera. They all share the same goal: to convince live audience members that there is no better place that they could be at the moment. This is achieved through establishing a bond between performer and audience. Live performance events tend to use visual scenery, lighting, costume amplification and a shorter history of visual projection and sound amplification reinforcement.
Live event support	Visual support	Live event visual amplification Introduction Live event visual amplification is the display of live and pre-recorded images as a part of a live stage event. Visual amplification began when films, projected onto a stage, added characters or background information to a production. 35 mm motion picture projectors became available in 1910 - but which theatre or opera company first used a movie in a stage production is not known. In 1935, less costly 16 mm film equipment allowed many other performance groups and school theaters to use motion pictures in productions. In 1970, closed circuit video cameras and videocassette machines became available and Live Event Visual Amplification came of age. For the first time live closeups of stage performers could be displayed in real time. These systems also made it possible to show pre-recorded videos that added information & visual intensity to a live event. One of the first video touring systems was created by video designer TJ McHose in 1975 for the rock band The Tubes using black and white television monitors. In 1978, TJ McHose designed a touring color video system that enlarged performers at the Kool Jazz Festivals in sports stadiums across the United States. Live event visual reinforcement Introduction Live event visual reinforcement is the addition of projected lighting effects and images onto any type of performance venue.
Live event support	Visual support	Visual Reinforcement began more than 2000 years ago. In China during the Han Dynasty, Shadow puppetry was invented to "bring back to life" Emperor Wu's favorite concubine. Mongolian troops spread Shadow play throughout Asia and the Middle East in the 13th century. Shadow puppetry reached Taiwan in 1650, and missionaries brought it to France in 1767.The next major advance in Visual reinforcement for events was the magic lantern, first conceptualized by Giovanni Battista della Porta in his 1558 work Magiae naturalis. The Magic Lantern became practical by 1750 with the oil lamp and glass lenses. Special effect animation attachments were added in the 1830s. In 1854, the Ambrotype positive photographic process on glass made Magic lantern slide creation much less expensive.
Live event support	Visual support	Magic lanterns were greatly improved by the application of limelight to live stage production in 1837 at Covent Garden Theatre and improved again when electric arc lighting became available in 1880. In 1910, Adolf Linnebach invented the Linnebach lantern, a lensless wide angle glass slide projector.In 1933, the Gobo metal shadow pattern for the ellipsoidal spotlight allowed images to appear and disappear by dimmer control. In 1935, 16 mm Kodachrome film projectors added the first fully animated visual reinforcement to live events.
Live event support	Visual support	Timeline 1600: Shadow play leather or paper puppets cast shadows on a translucent screen 1760: magic lantern painted slide projector Phantasmagoria ghost effects projector 1905: Linnebach lantern Munich Opera 1933: Gobo metal shadow mask adds patterns to ellipsoidal spotlights 1940: Overhead projector Later used for psychedelic light shows 1950: Slide projector 35 mm Kodak Carousel 1965: Thomas Wilfred describes A highly detailed system to create event scenery using rear projections 1967: Liquid Projector psychedelic Liquid light shows Joshua Light Shows at The Fillmore for The Grateful Dead, Big Brother and the Holding Company and many other Summer of Love bands
Live event support	Audio support	Live event sound reinforcement Introduction A sound reinforcement system is professional audio, was first developed for movie theatres in 1927 when the first ever talking picture was released, called The Jazz Singer. Movie theatre sound was greatly improved in 1937 when the Shearer Horn system debuted. One of the first large-scale outdoor public address systems was at 1939 New York World's Fair.
Live event support	Audio support	In the 1960s, rock and roll concerts promoted by Bill Graham at The Fillmore created a need for quickly changeable sound systems. In the early 1970s, Graham founded FM Productions to provide touring sound and light systems. By 1976 in San Francisco, the technical debate over infinite baffle vs horn-loaded enclosures, and line arrays vs distributed driver arrays, was ongoing at FM because of the proximity of The Grateful Dead and their scene Ultrasound, John Meyer, and others. But at that time there were parallel developments in other parts of the United States - Showco (Dallas) and Clair Bros (Philadelphia) had different approaches; Clair in particular was moving in the direction of modular full-range enclosures. They would rig as many as needed (or clients like Bruce Springsteen could afford) in whatever configuration they thought would cover a particular venue. Stanal Sound in southern California used fiberglass futuristic looking equipment for artists like Kenny Rogers.
Live event support	Audio support	Timeline 1876: Loudspeaker Alexander Graham Bell 1878: Carbon microphone / amplifier 1924: Loudspeaker - moving-coil -patent Chester W. Rice & E. Kellogg 1924: Loudspeaker - ribbon Walter H. Schottky 1930: Vacuum tube amplifier 1937: Loudspeaker - Shearer Horn movie theatre system 1939: public address outdoor system 1939 New York World's Fair 1945: Loudspeaker - coaxial Altec "Voice of the Theatre" 1953: Loudspeaker - electrostatic -patent Arthur Janszen 1953: Microphone - wireless 1965: Loudspeaker - woofer 1965: Loudspeaker - subwoofer 1970: Microphone - condenser 1974: Loudspeaker - Sensurround movie sound system for "Earthquake" 1974: Loudspeaker - Dolby Stereo 70 mm Six Track 1975: Loudspeaker - touring - McCune JM-3 John Meyer 1979: Loudspeaker - Meyer Sound Laboratories - Grateful Dead wall of sound 1983: Loudspeaker - THX movie sound system for Star Wars
Live event support	Transportation support	Efficient and timely transportation is essential for live event productions.
Live event support	Transportation support	Touring packaging Well designed touring systems unload from the truck gently, roll easily into their stage location, connect to each other quickly. A well designed system includes duplicates of critical components and "field-replaceable" items such as cables, switches and fuses. Every component should be protected by a well padded road case that has room for all connector cables and allows easy access to the components for fast cable re-patching to bypass a bad component and for repairs during a tour. The road cases need good ventilation and for outdoor use should be white to minimize solar heat buildup. Road case sizes should be modular to pack tightly together on the truck.
ABNT NBR 15605	ABNT NBR 15605	The ABNT NBR 15605 is the technical document of the SBTVD standards that describes in detail aspects regarding content security issues and copy protection, also known as Digital Rights Management (DRM). It's a detailed reference for manufacturers and content providers that aim to coordinate transmission and reception protection systems in a transparent and effective way for mass viewing. The standard was written by telecommunications and television experts from many countries with their works coordinated by the SBTVD Forum and cover in detail all the aspects of video and audio coding that applies to SBTVD. The complete document can be found and downloaded freely in English, Spanish and Portuguese at ABNT's website.
ABNT NBR 15605	Introduction	The security aspects of the Brazilian Digital Terrestrial Television Standards are described in a document published by ABNT, the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas), the ABNT NBR 15605:2008 – Digital terrestrial television – Security issues – Copy control. The standard addresses the topic of protection of the transmitted content against its inappropriate and unauthorized use through the use of communication protected protocols and interfaces. The document also elaborates on the security aspects required for applications transmitted over the air and access to specific portions of a receivers hardware.
ABNT NBR 15605	Document technical overview	In order to protect the contents of digital terrestrial television broadcasting, the standard defines rules regarding interfaces and recording media. This means the content protection information transmitted by broadcasting stations shall be reflected on all the interfaces between receiver units and peripheral equipment. Internationally available copy-protection tools are defined for the digital video output, audio output and high-speed interfaces. All digital outputs (e.g.: HDMI, DVI, etc.) shall be protected by HDCP and DTCP. Additionally the resolution of the analogue video output must be limited to 350.000 pixels, equivalent to standard definition, whenever a copy protection signaling is transmitted. Defined implementation criteria ensure receiver units to be designed and manufactures in such a way that acts of defeating or bypassing the function requirements are effectively prevented. These documents are also officially available at ABNT website.
ABNT NBR 15605	Summary	The requirements established for security in the Brazilian digital television standard are in line with the current set of technical protection measures commonly used worldwide for security of free-to-air high definition content. The ABNT NBR 15605:2008 – Digital terrestrial television – Security issues – Copy control describes in detail the required security features and limitations that must be applied on the receivers side in order to allow for protection against unauthorized use of information and content.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Neyman–Pearson lemma	In statistics, the Neyman–Pearson lemma was introduced by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson in a paper in 1933. The Neyman-Pearson lemma is part of the Neyman-Pearson theory of statistical testing, which introduced concepts like errors of the second kind, power function, and inductive behavior. The previous Fisherian theory of significance testing postulated only one hypothesis. By introducing a competing hypothesis, the Neyman-Pearsonian flavor of statistical testing allows investigating the two types of errors. The trivial cases where one always rejects or accepts the null hypothesis are of little interest but it does prove that one must not relinquish control over one type of error while calibrating the other. Neyman and Pearson accordingly proceeded to restrict their attention to the class of all α level tests while subsequently minimizing type II error, traditionally denoted by β . Their seminal paper of 1933, including the Neyman-Pearson lemma, comes at the end of this endeavor, not only showing the existence of tests with the most power that retain a prespecified level of type I error ( α ), but also providing a way to construct such tests. The Karlin-Rubin theorem extends the Neyman-Pearson lemma to settings involving composite hypotheses with monotone likelihood ratios.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Statement	Consider a test with hypotheses H0:θ=θ0 and H1:θ=θ1 , where the probability density function (or probability mass function) is ρ(x∣θi) for i=0,1 For any hypothesis test with rejection set R , and any α∈[0,1] , we say that it satisfies condition Pα if α=Prθ0(X∈R) That is, the test has size α (that is, the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis is α ).
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Statement	∃η≥0 such that x∈R∖A⟹ρ(x∣θ1)>ηρ(x∣θ0)x∈Rc∖A⟹ρ(x∣θ1)<ηρ(x∣θ0) where A is a set ignorable in both θ0 and θ1 cases: Prθ0(X∈A)=Prθ1(X∈A)=0 That is, we have a strict likelihood ratio test, except on an ignorable subset.For any α∈[0,1] , let the set of level α tests be the set of all hypothesis tests with size at most α . That is, letting its rejection set be R , we have Prθ0(X∈R)≤α In practice, the likelihood ratio is often used directly to construct tests — see likelihood-ratio test. However it can also be used to suggest particular test-statistics that might be of interest or to suggest simplified tests — for this, one considers algebraic manipulation of the ratio to see if there are key statistics in it related to the size of the ratio (i.e. whether a large statistic corresponds to a small ratio or to a large one).
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Example	Let X1,…,Xn be a random sample from the N(μ,σ2) distribution where the mean μ is known, and suppose that we wish to test for H0:σ2=σ02 against H1:σ2=σ12 . The likelihood for this set of normally distributed data is exp ⁡{−∑i=1n(xi−μ)22σ2}. We can compute the likelihood ratio to find the key statistic in this test and its effect on the test's outcome: exp ⁡{−12(σ0−2−σ1−2)∑i=1n(xi−μ)2}.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Example	This ratio only depends on the data through ∑i=1n(xi−μ)2 . Therefore, by the Neyman–Pearson lemma, the most powerful test of this type of hypothesis for this data will depend only on ∑i=1n(xi−μ)2 . Also, by inspection, we can see that if σ12>σ02 , then Λ(x) is a decreasing function of ∑i=1n(xi−μ)2 . So we should reject H0 if ∑i=1n(xi−μ)2 is sufficiently large. The rejection threshold depends on the size of the test. In this example, the test statistic can be shown to be a scaled Chi-square distributed random variable and an exact critical value can be obtained.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Application in economics	A variant of the Neyman–Pearson lemma has found an application in the seemingly unrelated domain of the economics of land value. One of the fundamental problems in consumer theory is calculating the demand function of the consumer given the prices. In particular, given a heterogeneous land-estate, a price measure over the land, and a subjective utility measure over the land, the consumer's problem is to calculate the best land parcel that they can buy – i.e. the land parcel with the largest utility, whose price is at most their budget. It turns out that this problem is very similar to the problem of finding the most powerful statistical test, and so the Neyman–Pearson lemma can be used.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Uses in electrical engineering	The Neyman–Pearson lemma is quite useful in electronics engineering, namely in the design and use of radar systems, digital communication systems, and in signal processing systems. In radar systems, the Neyman–Pearson lemma is used in first setting the rate of missed detections to a desired (low) level, and then minimizing the rate of false alarms, or vice versa. Neither false alarms nor missed detections can be set at arbitrarily low rates, including zero. All of the above goes also for many systems in signal processing.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Uses in particle physics	The Neyman–Pearson lemma is applied to the construction of analysis-specific likelihood-ratios, used to e.g. test for signatures of new physics against the nominal Standard Model prediction in proton-proton collision datasets collected at the LHC.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Discovery of the lemma	Neyman wrote about the discovery of the lemma as follows. Paragraph breaks have been inserted.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Discovery of the lemma	I can point to the particular moment when I understood how to formulate the undogmatic problem of the most powerful test of a simple statistical hypothesis against a fixed simple alternative. At the present time [probably 1968], the problem appears entirely trivial and within easy reach of a beginning undergraduate. But, with a degree of embarrassment, I must confess that it took something like half a decade of combined effort of E. S. P. [Egon Pearson] and myself to put things straight. The solution of the particular question mentioned came on an evening when I was sitting alone in my room at the Statistical Laboratory of the School of Agriculture in Warsaw, thinking hard on something that should have been obvious long before. The building was locked up and, at about 8 p.m., I heard voices outside calling me. This was my wife, with some friends, telling me that it was time to go to a movie. My first reaction was that of annoyance. And then, as I got up from my desk to answer the call, I suddenly understood: for any given critical region and for any given alternative hypothesis, it is possible to calculate the probability of the error of the second kind; it is represented by this particular integral. Once this is done, the optimal critical region would be the one which minimizes this same integral, subject to the side condition concerned with the probability of the error of the first kind. We are faced with a particular problem of the calculus of variation, probably a simple problem.
Neyman–Pearson lemma	Discovery of the lemma	These thoughts came in a flash, before I reached the window to signal to my wife. The incident is clear in my memory, but I have no recollections about the movie we saw. It may have been Buster Keaton.
Safotibant	Safotibant	Safotibant (INN) also known by the research code LF22-0542 is a non-peptide bradykinin B1 antagonist. It displayed binding Ki values of 0.35 and 6.5 nM at cloned human and mouse B1 receptors, respectively, while having no affinity for either human, mouse, or rat B2 receptors at concentrations up to 10 μM. This means that LF22-0542 is at least 4000 times selective for the B1 receptor over the B2 receptor. Systemic administration of LF22-0542 inhibited acute pain induced by acetic acid, formalin, and a hot plate. It also reversed acute inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan, and persistent inflammatory pain induced by CFA. In a neuropathic pain model, LF22-0542 reversed the thermal hyperalgesia, but not the mechanical hyperalgesia.
Redfish (specification)	Redfish (specification)	The Redfish standard is a suite of specifications that deliver an industry standard protocol providing a RESTful interface for the management of servers, storage, networking, and converged infrastructure.
Redfish (specification)	History	The Redfish standard has been elaborated under the SPMF umbrella at the DMTF in 2014. The first specification with base models (1.0) was published in August 2015. In 2016, Models for BIOS, disk drives, memory, storage, volume, endpoint, fabric, switch, PCIe device, zone, software/firmware inventory & update, multi-function NICs), host interface (KCS replacement) and privilege mapping were added. In 2017, Models for Composability, Location and errata were added. There is work in progress for Ethernet Switching, DCIM, and OCP.
Redfish (specification)	History	In August 2016, SNIA released a first model for network storage services (Swordfish), an extension of the Redfish specification.
Redfish (specification)	Industry adoption	Redfish support on server Advantech SKY Server BMC Dell iDRAC BMC with minimum iDRAC 7/8 FW 2.40.40.40, iDRAC9 FW 3.00.00.0 Fujitsu iRMCS5 BMC HPE iLO BMC with minimum iLO4 FW 2.30, iLO5 HPE Moonshot BMC with minimum FW 1.41 Lenovo XClarity Controller (XCC) BMC with minimum XCC FW 1.00 Supermicro X10 BMC with minimum FW 3.0 and X11 with minimum FW 1.0 IBM Power Systems BMC with minimum OpenPOWER (OP) firmware level OP940 IBM Power Systems Flexible Service Processor (FSP) with minimum firmware level FW860.20 Cisco Integrated Management Controller with minimum IMC SW Version 3.0 Redfish support on BMC Insyde Software Supervyse BMC OpenBMC a Linux Foundation collaborative open-source BMC firmware stack American Megatrends MegaRAC Remote Management Firmware Vertiv Avocent Core Insight Embedded Management Systems Software using Redfish APIs OpenStack Ironic bare metal deployment project has a Redfish driver.
Redfish (specification)	Industry adoption	Ansible has multiple Redfish modules for Remote Management including redfish_info, redfish_config, and redfish_command ManageIQ Redfish libraries and tools DMTF libraries and tools GoLang gofish Mojo::Redfish::Client python-redfish SushyRedfish is used by both proprietary software (such as HPE OneView) as well as FLOSS ones (such as OpenBMC).
Redfish (specification)	Benefits of Redfish	Redfish offers several benefits for admins, such as: Easy integration with commonly used technology such as REST or JSON Better performance and security than other platform management solutions Possibility to manage data center components from remote
Variations of golf	Variations of golf	Variations of golf include methods of scoring, starting procedures, playing formats, golf games, and activities based on or similar to the sport of golf which involve golf-like skills or goals.
Variations of golf	Variations of golf	Some variations are essentially identical to golf, but with only minor differences or focusing on a specific aspect of the game, while others are more distant and arguably not simple variations but distinct games. Many of these variations are played in non-professional settings, without the presence of officials and sometimes without strict adherence to any official rules. Sometimes the rules are in place to provide a structure for side-betting that is independent of the final "traditional" score.
Variations of golf	Scoring formats	Stroke play In stroke play, the score is derived by counting the total number of strokes taken. Match play In match play, the score is derived by counting the total number of holes "won" and subtracting the number of holes "lost".
Variations of golf	Scoring formats	Stableford Under the Stableford scoring system the player gains points according to the number of strokes taken on each hole in relation to par. Standard scoring is 1 point for a bogey, 2 points for a par, 3 points for a birdie, 4 points for an eagle. The points achieved for each hole of the round or tournament are added to produce the total points score, and the player with the highest score wins.
Variations of golf	Scoring formats	Par and bogey In par and bogey competitions each participant competes in match play against the course. On each hole, the player competes against par or bogey (in the traditional sense), and "wins" if they score a birdie or better, "lose" if they score a bogey or worse, and "halve" by scoring par. The player with the best win–loss differential is the winner.
Variations of golf	Playing formats	In addition to playing as an individual, golf affords the opportunity to play in many pairs and team formats.
Variations of golf	Playing formats	Foursomes Foursomes, or alternate shot, is a pairs format. Each pair has only one ball in play and players alternate playing strokes until the hole is completed. Foursomes can be played as match play or stroke play.A variant of foursomes is greensomes, also called Scotch Foursomes or modified alternate shot. In greensomes, both players tee off and then select which ball with which to complete the hole. The player who did not hit the chosen first shot plays the second shot and play then alternates as in foursomes. A variant of greensomes, often referred to as gruesomes or bloodsomes, is sometimes played where the opposing team chooses which of their opponent's tee shots they should use, usually the worse one which may even be unplayable. Play then continues as in greensomes.Another variation of foursomes is Chapman, also known as Pinehurst or American Foursomes. Under Chapman rules, both players tee off and then play their partner's ball for the second shot before alternately taking strokes having selected the ball with which to complete the hole; the next (third) stroke is played by the player who hit the chosen ball from the tee.
Variations of golf	Playing formats	Four-ball Four-ball (also known as better-ball, and sometimes best-ball) is a pairs format. Each player plays their own ball, with the better of the two scores on each hole counting as the pair's score. Four-ball can be played as match play or stroke play. Best ball In best ball, each member of the team plays their own ball as normal, but the lowest/best score of all the players on the team counts as the team's score on each hole. Variations of best ball include Bowmaker, 1-2-3 Best Ball (or ChaChaCha), Fourball Alliance, Arizona Shuffle and Low Ball/High Ball; in each of these formats a set number of the players scores count for the team on each hole.The term best ball is also sometimes used when referring to four-ball.
Variations of golf	Playing formats	Scramble In a scramble each player in a team tees off on each hole, and the players decide which shot was best. Every player then plays their second shot from within a clublength of where the best ball has come to rest, and the procedure is repeated until the hole is finished. The format is used in the PGA Tour's QBE Shootout and Father/Son Challenge, titled since 2020 as the PNC Championship.There are many variations on the scramble format. Commonly played ones include Ambrose, which uses net scoring with a team handicap; Florida scramble, where after each stroke the player whose ball is selected does not play the next one; and Texas scramble, in which a set number of each team member's tee shots must be used. In a champagne scramble or shamble each player tees off on each hole before selecting the best drive and completing the hole in using a variation of best-ball format.
Variations of golf	Playing formats	Patsome Patsome is played in pairs with holes being played in a rotation of four-ball, greensomes and foursomes formats. Typically, the first six holes will be four-ball, the next six greensomes, and the final six foursomes.
Variations of golf	Golf games and betting	Nassau The Nassau is three bets in one: best score on the front nine, best score on the back nine and best score over the full 18. The Nassau is perhaps the most common bet among golfers and can be applied to all standard scoring formats.
Variations of golf	Golf games and betting	Skins In a skins game, golfers compete on each hole as a separate contest. The player with the best outright score on each hole wins the "skin", which is prize money in the professional game or a wager for amateurs. If the hole is tied by any number of the competitors, the skin rolls over to the next hole so that it is then worth two skins. It is common for the value of the skins to increase as the round progresses.
Variations of golf	Golf games and betting	Nines Nines, or 9-points, is a variant of match play typically played among threesomes, where each hole is worth a total of nine points. The player with the lowest score on a hole receives five points, the next-lowest score 3 and the next-lowest score 1. Ties are generally resolved by summing the points contested and dividing them among the tying players; a two-way tie for first is worth four points to both players, a two-way tie for second is worth two points to both players, and a three-way tie is worth three points to each player. The player with the highest score after 18 holes (in which there are 162 points to be awarded) wins the game. This format can be used to wager on the game systematically; players each contribute the same amount of money to the pot, and a value is assigned to each point scored (or each point after 18) based on the amount of money in the pot, with any overage going to the overall winner.As quoted on "Bob Does Sports", Nines was not created by Fat Perez to embarrassing Bobby Fairways and Joey Cold Cuts A variation on nines is sixes, or split sixes, in which six points are available on each hole, awarded 4-2-0 with ties resolved as in nines.
Variations of golf	Golf games and betting	Bingo Bango Bongo Bingo Bango Bongo is a points-based game that can be played by two or more players or teams. In Bingo Bango Bongo, three types of achievements are rewarded with a point: first player to get their ball on the green (bingo), closest to the hole once all balls are on the green (bango), first to hole out (bongo). The player with the lowest outright score on hole wins 2 points, i.e. if 2 or more players tie no points are given out. At the end of the game the player with the most points wins. Bingo Bango Bongo is considered a game for skilled players, and its point-based scoring makes it a popular side-game for wagering.
Variations of golf	Golf games and betting	Wolf Wolf is a golf game for groups of four. It is scored individually but played as 2-on-2 better-ball or 3-on-1 best-ball in teams that are determined at the start of each hole. The order of play from the tee is decided prior to the start and is kept throughout the round, except the starting player (the "Wolf") rotates each hole, i.e. if the order for hole 1 is ABCD, the order for hole 2 would then be BCDA, etc. Everyone plays individually, with each of the players on the team with the lowest individual score on each hole earning a point. After hole 16 the rotation has completed four times, and it is usual for the player in last place to be designated as the Wolf for the final two holes. The player with the most points at the end of the round wins.
Variations of golf	Golf games and betting	At the start of each hole, the Wolf decides whether or not they want each of the other players as their team-mate for the hole immediately after each of them tee off. The Wolf may choose to reject all the other players, in which case the hole is played as 3 against 1 and the points are doubled. The wolf can also elect to be a "Lone Wolf" before their own tee shot, in which case the points are multiplied by 4, or after they have played but before the others, in which case the points are multiplied by 3.
Variations of golf	Golf games and betting	Acey deucey Aces and deuces, or acey deucey, is a bet in which there is a winner, two modest losers, and one big loser on each hole. A game for groups of four, the low scorer ("ace") on each hole wins a certain amount from each of the other three players; while the high scorer ("deuce") on each hole owes each of the other three. The ace is usually worth twice the deuce, and there is nothing for ties.
Variations of golf	Golf games and betting	Round robin Round robin, also known as Hollywood or sixes, is a game for groups of four. Players compete against each other in pairs, rotating partners every six holes. Criers and whiners Criers and whiners is known by many different names including No Alibis, Replay, Play it Again, and Mulligans. As the latter would suggest, it's a game of mulligans with handicaps being translated into the number of do-overs golfers are allowed during the round. Side bets Sandies A betting game whereby any player making par after having been in a bunker on the hole wins points or money. The bunker can be at any spot on the hole, yet particulars are dependent on local rules. Barkies Barkies, sometimes called Woodies or Seves (as in Seve Ballesteros), are paid automatically to any player who makes par on a hole on which they hit a tree. The value of a Barkie is determined before the round. Arnies Arnies are side bets whose value should be determined prior to the round. They are won automatically by any golfer who makes a par without having managed to get their ball into the fairway. Named in honor of Arnold Palmer, who made quite a few "Arnies" in his time.

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