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Variations of golf
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Starting procedures
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Competition format and organization sometimes necessitate variations on the usual starting procedure, where everyone begins from the first tee and plays all holes in order though to the eighteenth, in order for the course to accommodate all competitors effectively.
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Variations of golf
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Starting procedures
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Two-tee start Some 18-hole courses are configured in loops, usually of 9 holes, that start and end close to the clubhouse which facilitate two or more starting points. In large field tournaments, especially on professional tours before the field is reduced by a cut, a two tee start is commonplace with the field being split between starting on the first tee and the tenth tee (sometimes the ninth or eleventh depending on proximity to the clubhouse).
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Variations of golf
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Starting procedures
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Shotgun start Shotgun starts are mainly used for amateur tournament or society play, and allows all players to start and finish their round at roughly the same time. In this variant, each of the playing groups starts their game simultaneously on a different hole, for example a group starting on hole 5 will play through to the 18th hole and continue with hole 1, ending their round on hole 4.
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Variations of golf
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Golf based games
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Golf based games may be minor adaptations of the sport, games focused on a specific skill, or hybrid games that integrate skill-sets and equipment from other sports or games. The term indoor golf encompasses a wide array of different golf related activities, including simulators and various practice facilities. Some games that retain most characteristics of golf but with some specific adaptations. For example, pitch and putt is played on courses made up of very short holes; hickory golf eschews much modern technology; beach golf and snow golf are played on very different surfaces to a normal golf course; park golf uses a special club, plastic resin ball and course; urban golf does not use a traditional golf course; and speed golf is simply golf against the clock, but played with a limited number of clubs.
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Variations of golf
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Golf based games
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Activities that focus on a single aspect of golf include miniature golf which is a putting-based game, long drive where players compete to hit the ball the farthest, target golf where points are awarded corresponding to proximity to a target, and clock golf in which players putt to a single hole from each of 12 points arranged in a circle.
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Variations of golf
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Golf based games
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Games based on golf but using items other than clubs and a golf ball, often incorporating skills from other activities, include disc golf, footgolf, fungo golf, codeball, dart golf, GolfCross, Sholf and Swingolf.
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Phreaking box
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Phreaking box
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A phreaking box is a device used by phone phreaks to perform various functions normally reserved for operators and other telephone company employees.
Most phreaking boxes are named after colors, due to folklore surrounding the earliest boxes which suggested that the first ones of each kind were housed in a box or casing of that color. However, very few physical specimens of phreaking boxes are actually the color for which they are named.
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Phreaking box
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Phreaking box
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Most phreaking boxes are electronic devices which interface directly with a telephone line and manipulate the line or the greater system in some way through either by generating audible tones that invoke switching functions (for example, a blue box), or by manipulating the electrical characteristics of the line to disrupt normal line function (for example, a black box). However a few boxes can use mechanical or acoustic methods - for example, it is possible to use a pair of properly tuned whistles as a red box.
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Phreaking box
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List of phreaking box types
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This is not a comprehensive list. Many text files online describe various "boxes" in a long list of colors, some of which are fictional (parodies or concepts which never worked), minor variants of boxes already listed or aftermarket versions of features (line in use indicators, 'hold' and 'conference' buttons) commonly included in standard multi-line phones.
This list of boxes does not include wiretapping "bugs", pirate broadcasting apparatus or exploits involving computer security.
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Safe bottle lamp
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Safe bottle lamp
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The Safe bottle lamp, called sudeepa or sudipa for good lamp, is a safer kerosene lamp designed by Wijaya Godakumbura of Sri Lanka. The safety comes from heavier glass, a secure screw-on metal lid, and two flat sides which prevent it from rolling if knocked over.
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Safe bottle lamp
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History
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As surgeon Dr. Godakumbura saw many burn cases caused by kerosene lamp fires. Over 1 million homes in Sri Lanka do not have electricity, and rely on kerosene lamps for illumination, often improvised lamps made from bottles. These tall lamps tip easily, and when they do, the wick holder often falls out and starts a sudden, intense fire. Often the fuel falls on a nearby person, setting them ablaze and resulting in severe burns, often fatal.
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Safe bottle lamp
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History
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In 1992, Dr. Godakumbura set out to design a new lamp that was both safer, and inexpensive enough to be affordable by the impoverished Sri Lankans at risk for these fires. The resulting lamp is a small, flattened sphere, which resists tipping and rolling. It is made of thick glass to resist breaking, and has a screw-on metal cap that holds the wick in place and prevents spilling.
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Safe bottle lamp
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History
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In 1993, with contributions from numerous sources, including science fiction writer and Sri Lanka resident Arthur C. Clarke, and the Canadian High Commission, the lamp was put into production.
Available for a cost of less than US$0.25 each, over half a million of the new lamps have been sold, and Dr. Godakumbura hopes to continue producing the new lamps until use of improvised lamps drops to a small percentage of lamp use in Sri Lanka.
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Safe bottle lamp
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The Foundation
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Having received a Rolex Award for Enterprise in 1998, Dr. Godakumbura established the Safe Bottle Lamp Foundation (SBLF), a non-profit organization. The Foundation is governed by a board of directors and employs two full-time staff .
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Safe bottle lamp
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The Foundation
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In addition to the Rolex Award, the foundation and Dr. Godakumbura have received a range of other local and international awards and grants. Among these are a Lindbergh Foundation Grant and a BBC World Challenge Award. The project has been featured in many international publications such as TIME, Newsweek, Science and Nature, National Geographic and La Figaro.Dr. Godakumbura has represented the foundation in many international conferences on burn and accident prevention as a speaker or as a participant. The foundation and the Sudeepa lamp have been promoted as a replicable solution for other developing countries where accidental burns due to unsafe lamps is prevalent.
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Internet Invention
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Internet Invention
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Internet Invention is a book by Gregory Ulmer. The book describes Ulmer's definition of "electracy" (as opposed to orality or literacy) and leads readers through activities that ask them to examine their interactions with four discourses, which Ulmer labels career, family, entertainment, and community.
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Internet Invention
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Mystory
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"To approach knowledge from the side of not knowing what it is, from the side of one who is learning, not from that of one who already knows, is mystory."—Gregory Ulmer, Teletheory Mystory is the name of a new pedagogical genre created by Ulmer in his book Teletheory. It was a response to a suggestion by Hayden White that if the concept of history had been invented in the twentieth century rather than the nineteenth, it would be quite different. The idea was that if people had begun serious study of the past in the twentieth century rather than the nineteenth, the result would be quite different from what it is today.
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Internet Invention
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Mystory
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Mystory is Ulmer's new approach towards learning in general. A mystory itself is a website created by the student that explores the four discourses (career, family, entertainment, and community) and then has the students find links between the various discourses to gain a new understanding of how they think. The final synthesis of these ideas is represented by a self-created emblem that represents the student, their history, and their method of thinking.
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Internet Invention
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Mystory
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The final product of the mystory is to have a new approach to learning that allows them to learn better than they would by following the standard methods of learning usually propagated within colleges and universities. By learning to learn based on themselves and their own culture rather than the culture of the school, the students gain a deeper understanding of what they're learning. In addition, this new vantage point towards knowledge aids in thinking about problems and issues in society, which is part of the EmerAgency concept.
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Internet Invention
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Mystory
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The idea behind the mystory comes from Ulmer's attempt to create electracy and the EmerAgency. The mystory site allows for students to re-evaluate their ways of thinking and then apply that to situations and ideas that the EmerAgency would deal with.
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Internet Invention
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EmerAgency
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When Gregory Ulmer announced to his father and uncle that he was changing his major in college from economics and political science to English, they were astonished, believing that such a degree would have no practical value. However, Ulmer contends that no issue in the world can be solved without considering the human aspect of it. The EmerAgency is Ulmer's real life study of whether English can help to solve issues by considering them in light of humanity. He believes that this can be done through electracy, and if so, he posits that there is practical value in the field of English.
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Internet Invention
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EmerAgency
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The EmerAgency is composed of those individuals who are building a widesite based on the exercises in Internet Invention. Through application in those individuals’ widesites, Ulmer is building the EmerAgency, which he describes as being “a conceptual consulting agency.” Because the EmerAgency was created to build a mass of consultants who are all working on this same question, the members of the EmerAgency take on the slogan, “Problems B Us."
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Internet Invention
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Style
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Internet Invention is roughly divided into four sections, each one covering one of the four discourses. Each chapter is further divided into smaller topics that loosely build upon each other with a series of concepts, examples, and exercises for the reader. Keeping in line with the concept of electracy, Ulmer borrows concepts and terms from many different sources to describe his ideas, although the background information describing these terms is often kept to a bare minimum or absent. Likewise, the examples he offers to illustrate the concepts are taken from many different writers and outside sources. Apart from the handful of images that appear on the title pages of major sections of the book, Internet Invention contains no images, despite the interplay between images and text being a major focus in the book and the concept of electracy itself.
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Internet Invention
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Style
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Ulmer's prose is complex, and the sheer number of specialized terms and prerequisite knowledge required to understand all of the concepts offered within make Internet Invention more accessible to those who have adequate knowledge of rhetoric and writing. The book is laid out in a way that makes it ideal for study in a class or for individual reading.
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Internet Invention
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Postmodern Influences
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In Internet Invention, Ulmer draws heavily on a number of theorists who are considered postmodern or poststructuralist. Specifically, Jacques Derrida’s work is referenced throughout the book, and Derrida plays a central role in Ulmer's own Mystory, as it takes shape throughout the book. In some senses, Internet Invention is at least in part an attempt to apply several Derridean ideas to the field of communication and technology. To this extent, the book is a successor to one of Ulmer's earlier works, Applied Grammatology, his 1985 book that attempts to frame a practical pedagogy based largely on Derrida's Of Grammatology.
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Internet Invention
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Postmodern Influences
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Another central figure is Roland Barthes, particularly in context of Barthes discussion of the photographic image. Barthes's concepts of the studium and the punctum figure heavily in Ulmer's description of the mechanism by which images are read.
Other significant postmodern figures whom Ulmer references include Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Algirdas Greimas, Terry Eagleton, Gilles Deleuze, and Giorgio Agamben.
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Internet Invention
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Postmodern Influences
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Internet Invention goes beyond simply using references to specific authors who fall under the umbrella of postmodernism. Both the concepts and the presentation of the book owe much to postmodern thought. Ulmer's thought and presentation throughout the work relies on highly idiosyncratic juxtaposition of concepts as well as the use of extended excerpts from other texts worked into each chapter, resulting in a type of verbal collage.
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Internet Invention
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Postmodern Influences
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Reviewers have seen Ulmer's use of postmodern theory and style in Internet Invention as both a strong point of the work as well as a potential liability, particularly for use among undergraduate students unfamiliar with the figures and concepts he draws on. In reviewing Internet Invention for Enculturation, Jenny Edbauer writes: “Users will necessarily find Internet Invention’s language dis/re/orienting, for electracy itself is a reorientation of literacy . . . Though I hope Internet Invention is indeed the first of a new generation of writing texts, as Michael Salvo’s blurb says on the back cover, I fear that its squeals, stammers, and uncoordinated leaps will scare away many instructors.” Chidsey Dickson, in a review for Kairos, suggests that a cross-referenced glossary would be a valuable addition given the wide array of names, terms, and concepts used in the book.At the same time, the book has also been praised as an excellent example of making key concepts of postmodernity relevant and practical. Julie Kearney, in her review of the book for Computers and Composition Online, states that: “Ulmer tackles the complexities of the cutting edge theory and practice of electronic discourse from a detailed, innovative, and intelligent perspective.”
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Grimshaw (chess)
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A Grimshaw is a device found in chess problems in which two pieces arriving on a particular square mutually interfere with each other. It is named after the 19th-century problem composer Walter Grimshaw. The Grimshaw is one of the most common devices found in directmates.
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Examples with description
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The theme can be understood by reference to the displayed example by A. G. Corrias (published in Good Companion, 1917).
A. G. Corrias example The problem is a mate in two (White must move first and checkmate Black in two moves against any defense). The key is 1.Qb1, which threatens 2.Qb7#. Black has three ways to defend against this.
One is to play 1...c3, giving his king a new flight square at c4, but this unguards d3, allowing White to mate with 2.Qd3#.It is the other two black defenses, however, which show the Grimshaw theme.
Black can play 1...Bb2, thus cutting off the white queen's path to b7. However, the bishop on b2 interferes with the a2 rook and stops it moving along the rank - this allows White to play 2.Qh1# (after a different black move, this would not be possible because of 2...Rg2, blocking the check).
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Examples with description
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Black can instead play 1...Rb2, cutting off the white queen with the rook rather than the bishop. However, just as the bishop on b2 interferes with the rook, so the rook on b2 interferes with the bishop, allowing White to play 2.Qf5# (a mate not otherwise possible, because of 2...Be5, blocking the check).It is this mutual interference between two black pieces on the one square (in this case, a rook and a bishop on b2) that constitutes a Grimshaw.
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Examples with description
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Second Example The key in the puzzle on the right is 1. Qd2. This move has no threat, but it leaves black in zugzwang: Black must either move one of his bishops or rooks, or move a pawn. However, any bishop or rook move must unguard one of the squares of d5, d6, d7 or d8, allowing White to mate on d5, d6 or d7 with the queen, and d8 with the knight. The lines are: 1. Qd2! 1... Bxd2 2. Nd8# 1... Rb7 2. Qd5# (2... Bxd5 not possible) 1... Rc6 2. Qd5# (2... Bxd5 not possible) 1... Bb6 2. Qd6# (2... Rxd6 not possible; 2... exd6 not possible due to pin) 1... Bc6 2. Qd6# (2... Rxd6 not possible; 2... exd6 not possible due to pin) 1... Bb7 2. Qd7# (2... Rxd7 not possible) 1... Bc7 2. Qd7# (2... Rxd7 not possible) 1... Rb6 2. Nd8# (2... Bxd8 not possible) 1... Rc7 2. Nd8# (2... Bxd8 not possible) 1... e3 2. Bf5# 1... f3 2. Qxh6# 1... h5 2. Ng5#
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Grimshaws involving pawns
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The pieces involved in Grimshaws are usually rook and bishop, as in the previous example, although Grimshaws involving pawns are also seen, as in this mate in two example by Frank Janet (published in the St.Louis Globe Democrat, 1916): The key is 1.Qd7, threatening 2.Qf5#. As in the previous example, Black can defend by cutting White's queen off from its intended destination square, but two of these defences have fatal flaws in that they interfere with other pieces: 1...Be6 interferes with the pawn on e7, allowing 2.Qxc7# (2...e5 would be possible were the bishop not on e6) and 1...e6 interferes with the bishop, allowing 2.Qxa4# (2...Bc4 would be possible were the pawn not on e6). It is this mutual interference between bishop and pawn on e6 which constitutes the pawn Grimshaw. There are several other non-thematic black defences in this problem — see below for them all.
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Grimshaws involving pawns
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1.Qd7 (threatening 2.Qf5#) 1...Be6 2.Qxc7# 1...e6 2.Qxa4# 1...Ne6 2.Nd5# 1...Ra5 2.Qd4# 1...Nxe3 2.fxe3# 1...Ng3 2.fxg3#
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Multiple Grimshaws
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Sometimes, multiple Grimshaws can be combined in one problem. Here are two examples by Lev Ilych Loshinsky each with three Grimshaws.
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Multiple Grimshaws
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First example This was first published in L'Italia Scacchistica, 1930. It is a mate in two. The key is 1.Rb1, with the threat 2.d4#. Each of Black's defences produces a Grimshaw interference which stops him from capturing White's mating piece. Black's defences, with White's replies, are: 1...Re6 2.Nd7# (2...Bxd7 not possible) 1...Be6 2.Bd6# (2...Rxd6 not possible) 1...Rg4 2.Ne6# (2...Bxe6 not possible) 1...Bg4 2.Bg1# (2...Rxg1 not possible) 1...Rb2 2.Qxc3# (2...Bxc3 not possible) 1...Bb2 2.Qf2# (2...Rxf2 not possible)There is one other black defence: 1...Rd6 leading to the simple recapture 2.Bxd6# (this is essentially the same mate as that which follows 1...Be6).
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Multiple Grimshaws
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Second example This second Loshinsky example, also a mate in two, is from Tijdschrift v.d. Nederlandse Schaakbond, 1930, and is one of the most famous of all chess problems. It is a complete block (if White could pass his first move, then he could reply to every black move with a mate), and White's key, 1.Bb3, holds this block, making no threat, but putting Black in zugzwang. Black has six defences leading to three Grimshaws, one of them a pawn Grimshaw: 1...Rb7 2.Rc6# (2...Bxc6 not possible) 1...Bb7 2.Re7# (2...Rxe7 not possible) 1...Rg7 2.Qe5# (2...Bxe5 not possible) 1...Bg7 2.Qxf7# (2...Rxf7 not possible) 1...Bf6 2.Qg4# (2...f5 not possible) 1...f6 2.Qe4# (2...Be5 not possible)After other black moves, White can play one of the above moves to mate; the three exceptions are 1...f5, taking away that square from the king and allowed 2.Qd6# and two recaptures: 1...Rxc7 2.Nxc7# and 1...Bxd4 2.Nxd4#.
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Grimshaw (chess)
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Novotny
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A close relative of the Grimshaw is the Novotny, which is essentially a Grimshaw brought about by a white sacrifice on a square where it can be captured by two different black pieces – whichever black piece captures the white piece, it interferes with the other.
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Data stream clustering
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Data stream clustering
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In computer science, data stream clustering is defined as the clustering of data that arrive continuously such as telephone records, multimedia data, financial transactions etc. Data stream clustering is usually studied as a streaming algorithm and the objective is, given a sequence of points, to construct a good clustering of the stream, using a small amount of memory and time.
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Data stream clustering
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History
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Data stream clustering has recently attracted attention for emerging applications that involve large amounts of streaming data. For clustering, k-means is a widely used heuristic but alternate algorithms have also been developed such as k-medoids, CURE and the popular BIRCH. For data streams, one of the first results appeared in 1980 but the model was formalized in 1998.
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Data stream clustering
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Definition
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The problem of data stream clustering is defined as: Input: a sequence of n points in metric space and an integer k.Output: k centers in the set of the n points so as to minimize the sum of distances from data points to their closest cluster centers.
This is the streaming version of the k-median problem.
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Data stream clustering
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Algorithms
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STREAM STREAM is an algorithm for clustering data streams described by Guha, Mishra, Motwani and O'Callaghan which achieves a constant factor approximation for the k-Median problem in a single pass and using small space.
To understand STREAM, the first step is to show that clustering can take place in small space (not caring about the number of passes). Small-Space is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that divides the data, S, into ℓ pieces, clusters each one of them (using k-means) and then clusters the centers obtained.
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Data stream clustering
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Algorithms
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Algorithm Small-Space(S) Where, if in Step 2 we run a bicriteria (a,b) -approximation algorithm which outputs at most ak medians with cost at most b times the optimum k-Median solution and in Step 4 we run a c-approximation algorithm then the approximation factor of Small-Space() algorithm is 2c(1+2b)+2b . We can also generalize Small-Space so that it recursively calls itself i times on a successively smaller set of weighted centers and achieves a constant factor approximation to the k-median problem.
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Data stream clustering
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Algorithms
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The problem with the Small-Space is that the number of subsets ℓ that we partition S into is limited, since it has to store in memory the intermediate medians in X. So, if M is the size of memory, we need to partition S into ℓ subsets such that each subset fits in memory, ( n/ℓ ) and so that the weighted ℓk centers also fit in memory, ℓk<M . But such an ℓ may not always exist.
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Data stream clustering
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Algorithms
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The STREAM algorithm solves the problem of storing intermediate medians and achieves better running time and space requirements. The algorithm works as follows: Other algorithms Other well-known algorithms used for data stream clustering are: BIRCH: builds a hierarchical data structure to incrementally cluster the incoming points using the available memory and minimizing the amount of I/O required. The complexity of the algorithm is O(N) since one pass suffices to get a good clustering (though, results can be improved by allowing several passes).
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Data stream clustering
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Algorithms
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COBWEB: is an incremental clustering technique that keeps a hierarchical clustering model in the form of a classification tree. For each new point COBWEB descends the tree, updates the nodes along the way and looks for the best node to put the point on (using a category utility function).
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Data stream clustering
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Algorithms
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C2ICM: builds a flat partitioning clustering structure by selecting some objects as cluster seeds/initiators and a non-seed is assigned to the seed that provides the highest coverage, addition of new objects can introduce new seeds and falsify some existing old seeds, during incremental clustering new objects and the members of the falsified clusters are assigned to one of the existing new/old seeds.
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Data stream clustering
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Algorithms
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CluStream: uses micro-clusters that are temporal extensions of BIRCH cluster feature vector, so that it can decide if a micro-cluster can be newly created, merged or forgotten based in the analysis of the squared and linear sum of the current micro-clusters data-points and timestamps, and then at any point in time one can generate macro-clusters by clustering these micro-clustering using an offline clustering algorithm like K-Means, thus producing a final clustering result.
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Walking on water
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Walking on water
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Walking on water is an example of a superhuman task associated with some cultures. It may refer to: A Japanese myth about ninja, thought to be associated with Mizugumo.
Jesus walking on water, in the Christian gospels Animal locomotion on the water surfaceWalk on the Water, Walk on Water or Walking on Water may also refer to:
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Walking on water
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Film and television
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Summer's End (film) or Walk on Water, 1999 film Walk on Water (film), 2004 Israeli film Walking on Water (2002 film), Australian film Walking on Water (2018 film), documentary film "Walk on Water" (Grey's Anatomy), 2007 episode of Grey's Anatomy
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Walking on water
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Music
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Walk on Water (band), a Swedish contemporary Christian music band Albums Walk on the Water (album), a 1980 album by Gerry Mulligan Walk on Water (Jerry Harrison album) (1990) Walk on Water (Katrina and the Waves album) (1997) Walk on Water (UFO album) (1995) Songs "Walk on the Water", a 1968 song by Creedence Clearwater Revival on the band's eponymous album Walk on the Water (song), a 2009 song by Britt Nicole "Walk on Water" (Aerosmith song) (1994) "Walk on Water" (Basshunter song) (2009) "Walk on Water" (Eddie Money song) (1988) "Walk on Water" (Eminem song) (2017) "Walk on Water" (Ira Losco song) (2016) "Walk on Water" (Thirty Seconds to Mars song) (2017) "Walk on Water", a 1972 song by Neil Diamond from Moods "Walk on Water", a 1990 song by Dio from Lock Up the Wolves "Walk on Water", a 1995 song by Audio Adrenaline from Bloom "Walk on Water", a 1996 song by Ozzy Osbourne from the Beavis and Butt-Head Do America soundtrack "Walk on Water", a 2000 song by Milk Inc. from Land Of The Living "Walk on Water", a 2017 song by ASAP Mob from Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy "Walk on Water", a 2015 song by Kat Dahlia from My Garden
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Male chest reconstruction
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Male chest reconstruction
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Male chest reconstruction refers to any of various surgical procedures to masculinise the chest by removing breast tissue or altering the nipples and areolae. Male chest reconstruction may be performed in cases of gynecomastia and gender dysphoria. Transmasculine people may pursue chest reconstruction, also known as top surgery, as part of transitioning.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Male chest reconstruction
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The removal of breast tissue in male chest reconstruction is a type of mastectomy called a subcutaneous (under the skin) mastectomy. This type of mastectomy removes tissue from inside the breast (subcutaneous tissue), as well as excess skin. The surgeon then contours the chest into a masculine shape, altering the size and position of the areolae and nipples as needed. People who were assigned female at birth who may identify as genderqueer, non binary, agender, or somewhere else within the gender nonconforming umbrella or spectrum, may opt to forgo nipple grafts, with the intent of having a completely blank, flat chest, or, to have them tattooed on at a later date. Some patients may also request specific shapes for the nipples that will be reattached, such as hearts or stars; some surgeons may have no qualms with providing this service, while others may feel less skilled or experienced in creating 'non binary' top surgery chests.
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Male chest reconstruction
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History
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In 1942, British physician and author Michael Dillon underwent a chest masculinizing mastectomy as part of his transition to male. This would be among the first of Dillon's 13 gender-affirming surgeries. All were performed by Harold Gillies, a New Zealand plastic surgeon, who is sometimes referred to as "the father of modern plastic surgery." It is possible this was the first top surgery performed.
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Male chest reconstruction
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History
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In the mid-1970s, Chicago surgeon Dr. Michael Brownstein (having graduated from UCSF) opened a plastic surgery practise in San Francisco. In 1978, Dr. Michael Brownstein conducted his first chest reconstructive surgery under the request of a FTM identified as "John L." The surgery was successful, and shortly thereafter, "FTMs were 'flocking to him,' including some who had not had any so-called gender counseling." Brownstein continued to provide the plastic surgery until Paul Walker contacted him, stating that he was violating the Standards of Care. Following this, Brownstein requested referrals from trans patients and Brownstein became known for his "outstanding results." Brownstein became a "world renowned" surgeon, with patients including Lou Sullivan in 1980 and Chaz Bono in 2009. Brownstein retired in 2013, "after 35 years of serving the transgender and gender-non-conforming communities."Canadian actor Elliot Page underwent the surgery circa March 2021; he stated, "It has completely transformed my life... [It's] not only life-changing but lifesaving."
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Male chest reconstruction
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Patients
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Male chest reconstruction surgery candidates desire a flat chest that appears masculine. These candidates may include cisgender men with gynecomastia; transgender men who are medically transitioning and have chest dysphoria; and non-binary people with breasts. All of the above listed may experience chest dysphoria and a desire to masculinize its size or shape.Gynecomastia is a common breast deformity that can occur in cisgender men, which may require surgical intervention. Causes of gynecomastia may vary but may include drug side effects or genetics.People assigned female at birth who are transitioning to male, masculine, or non-binary genders may experience gender dysphoria caused by their chest and/or gender euphoria after the surgical recovery.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Procedures
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Inverted "T" A transverse inframammary incision with free nipple areolar grafts may be one approach. If there is too much blousing of the skin, the alternatives are to extend the incision laterally (chasing a dog ear) or to make a vertical midline incision (inverted T).The areola is trimmed to a pre-agreed-upon diameter and the nipple sectioned with a pie-shaped excision and reconstituted. There may be varying sensory loss because of nerve disruption.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Procedures
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Double incision One of the most common male chest reconstructive procedures, double incision involves an incision above and below the breast mass, the removal of the fatty and glandular tissue, and the closure of the skin. This method leaves scars under the pectoral muscles, stretching from the underarms to the medial pectoral.Double incision is usually accompanied by free nipple grafts to make male-looking nipples. The areola and nipple is removed from the breast tissue, cutting away along the circumference and removing the top layer of flesh from the rest of the tissue. After the chest has been reconstructed, the nipples are grafted on in the appropriate male position. The areolae are often sized down as well as the nipples themselves, as female areolae are often larger in circumference and the nipples protrude farther.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Procedures
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Nipple grafts are generally associated with double incision style chest reconstruction, but may be used in any reconstruction procedure if necessary.
With nipple grafts comes the possibility of rejection. In such cases, the nipple is often tattooed back on cosmetically or further surgical procedures may be applied.
Some sensation will usually return to the grafted nipples over time. However, the procedure severs the nerves that go into the nipple-areola and there is a substantial likelihood for loss of sensation.
Keyhole To remove the glandular and fatty tissue which constitute the breast mass and the added skin that drapes the mass, there are three basic approaches.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Procedures
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For petite breasts, such as an A or a small B, a peri-areolar incision can be done. That is a circular incision around the areola, combined with an inner circular incision to remove some of the excess areola. Drawing the skin into the center will result in some puckering, but this often smooths out with time. There will be significant tension on the scar line, and to prevent spreading of the scar, a permanent fixation suture is needed. Leaving outer dermis (raw skin) underneath the marginalized areola helps in its survival.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Procedures
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The keyhole incision (i.e., skeleton key) augments the periareolar incision further by making a vertical closure underneath (lollipop), which results after the unwanted skin is pulled in from side to side and the excess is removed.An anchor incision adds to that a transverse incision usually in the infra mammary fold to further remove excessive skin. Draping or blousing is not desirable. This is reserved for much larger breasts or topographically a larger surface area as seen in women with postpartum breast atrophy.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Procedures
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The nipple areolar complex may be supported by a pedicle which has the advantage of leaving some sensation and blood supply intact, but can have the disadvantage when the pedicle has sufficient bulk not to provide the flat look most FTM patients desire.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Procedures
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"Dog ear" Occasionally, the side limbs may be quite long, and the expression doctors use is "chasing a dog ear" into the axilla (or underarm). A dog ear may occur when the skin at the edge or corner of an incision 'flows over,' when there is too much gathering, usually at an angle greater than 30 degrees. This usually becomes more apparent after several months of healing, and can be caused by things like weight gain (excess skin or fat changing the shape in areas like torso, hips, stomach, or buttocks, may also occur along the incision line), or due to 'poor surgical planning and execution.' Using a curved incision can reduce the chances of dog ears developing because it requires less gathering of skin to be done, but some patients dislike the appearance of the curved scar as it can mimic the appearance of breasts.
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Male chest reconstruction
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Procedures
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Not uncommonly, a surgeon may revise the incision lines after 3 or more months of settling shows some residual problem areas. Other revisions may include changing 'slight irregularities,' such as reshaping of the nipple that may have stretched 'out of shape' due to too much upper arm/over the head arm movement, or general 'overextension' during the healing process (which may also cause asymmetry), bulges or puckering (typically along incision lines), failed nipple graphs (which may result in one or both nipples 'failing' to 'take' to the patient's healing chest, or scarring patterns a patient may not be happy with.
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Angiopoietin 1
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Angiopoietin 1
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Angiopoietin 1 is a type of angiopoietin and is encoded by the gene ANGPT1.
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Angiopoietin 1
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Angiopoietin 1
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Angiopoietins are proteins with important roles in vascular development and angiogenesis. All angiopoietins bind with similar affinity to an endothelial cell-specific tyrosine-protein kinase receptor. The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted glycoprotein that activates the receptor by inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. It plays a critical role in mediating reciprocal interactions between the endothelium and surrounding matrix and mesenchyme. The protein also contributes to blood vessel maturation and stability, and may be involved in early development of the heart. During pregnancy, angiopoietins act complementary to the VEGF system and contribute to endothelial cell survival and the remodeling of vessels. Few studies have examined the role of angiopoietins in human pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
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Angiopoietin 1
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Angiopoietin 1
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A knockout model of ANGPT1 was introduced in mice embryos. Results showed that embryos began to appear abnormal by day 11 and were dead by day 12.5 of pregnancy. The embryos showed prominent defects in endocardial and myocardial development as well as a less complex vascular network.
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Angiopoietin 1
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Interactions
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Angiopoietin 1 has been shown to interact with TEK tyrosine kinase.
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Angiopoietin 1
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Placental Malaria
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Recently, studies in malaria-endemic areas suggest that placental malaria (PM) may be associated with a dysregulation in angiopoietins. Increased levels of angiopoietin-1 appear to be associated with a decrease in placental weight and placental barrier thickness in women infected with Plasmodium (the causative agent of malaria). In a mouse model of PM, Plasmodium infection of pregnant mice led to decreased angiopoietin-1, increased angiopoietin-2, and an elevated ratio of angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 in the placenta. This suggests that angiopoietin levels could be clinically significant biomarkers to identify mothers infected with PM.
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Fidget spinner
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Fidget spinner
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A fidget spinner is a toy that consists of a ball bearing in the center of a multi-lobed (typically three) flat structure made from metal or plastic designed to spin along its axis with pressure. Fidget spinners became trending toys in 2017, although similar devices had been invented as early as 1993.The toy has been promoted as helping people who have trouble focusing or those who may need to fidget to relieve nervous energy, anxiety, or psychological stress. There are claims that a fidget spinner can help calm down people who have anxiety or neurodivergences, such as ADHD and autism, though peer reviewed studies for this notion are lacking.A spinner consists of a round, flat central bearing (usually a ball bearing) that allows the arms connected to it to rotate; around this central axis, there are usually three weighted arms, but their number varies depending on the model. They can be rotated for up to several minutes, depending on the model.
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Fidget spinner
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Development
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In October 2017, inspired by the Fidget Cube Kickstarter campaign, Allan Maman used his Byram Hills High School's 3-D printers to make Fidget360 with the help of his physics teacher, Eric Savino and worked with Cooper Weiss to promote the toy.In an interview appearing on 4 May 2017 on NPR, Scott McCoskery described how he invented a metal spinning device, Torqbar, in 2014 to cope with his own fidgeting in IT meetings and conference calls. In response to requests from an online community, he began selling the device online.
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Fidget spinner
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Popularity and usage
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With the rapid increase in the popularity of fidget spinners in 2017, many children and teenagers began using them in school, and some schools also reported that students were trading and selling the spinner toys.As a result of their frequent use by children at school, many school districts banned the toy. Some teachers argued that the spinners distracted students from their schoolwork. According to a survey conducted by Alexi Roy and published in May 2017, 32% of the largest 200 American public and private high schools had banned spinners on campus.When fidget spinners rose in popularity in 2017, many publications in the popular press discussed the marketing claims made about them for people with ADHD, autism, or anxiety. However, there has not been research proving this notion. They quickly fell in popularity and sales after peaking in May 2017.
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Fidget spinner
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Patent status
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As of 2017, the patent status of the various fidget spinners on the market was unclear. Catherine Hettinger, a chemical engineer by training, was initially credited by some news stories as having been the inventor of the fidget spinner, including by media outlets such as The Guardian, The New York Times, and the New York Post. Hettinger filed a patent application for a "spinning toy" in 1993 and a patent was issued, but Hettinger allowed the patent to lapse in 2005 after she could not find a commercial partner. However, a May 2017 Bloomberg News article showed that Hettinger was not the inventor of the fidget spinner, and Hettinger agreed.
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Subparhelic circle
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Subparhelic circle
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The subparhelic circle is a rare halo, an optical phenomenon, located below the horizon. It passes through both the subsun (below the Sun) and the antisolar point (opposite to the Sun). The subparhelic circle is the subhorizon counterpart to the parhelic circle, located above the horizon.
Located on the subparhelic circle are several relatively rare optical phenomena: the subsun, the subparhelia, the 120° subparhelia, Liljequist subparhelia, the diffuse arcs, and the Parry antisolar arcs.On the accompanying photo centred at the antisolar point, the subparhelic circle appears as a gently curved horizontal line intercepted by anthelic arcs.
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Fotemustine
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Fotemustine
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Fotemustine is a nitrosourea alkylating agent used in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. It is available in Europe but has not been approved by the United States FDA. A study has shown that fotemustine produces improved response rates and but does not increase survival (over dacarbazine in the treatment of disseminated cutaneous melanoma. Median survival was 7.3 months with fotemustine versus 5.6 months with DTIC (P=.067). There was also toxicity prevalence in fotemustine arm. The main toxicity was grade 3 to 4 neutropenia (51% with fotemustine v 5% with DTIC) and thrombocytopenia (43% v 6%, respectively).
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Lindiwe Sibanda Majele (born 1963) is a Zimbabwean professor, scientist, policy advocate and influencer on food systems. She currently serves as director and chair of the ARUA Centre of Excellence in Sustainable Food Systems (ARUA-SFS) at the University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa as well as founder and managing director of Linds Agricultural Services Pvt Ltd. in Harare, Zimbabwe. She is currently a board member of Nestlé where she is also a member of the Sustainability Committee.
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Life
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Prof Lindiwe Majele Sibanda is a food systems scientist, policy advocate and trusted key influencer on food systems. She has over 25 years of trans-disciplinary work experience in agriculture and rural development, public and private sector policy reforms and management, 15 of them having been at senior level in the academic, scientific, private and public institutions. She is a renowned preeminent technical leader and diplomat. Globally, Prof Lindiwe Majele Sibanda is a recognized leader and has served as trustee and adviser to numerous international food security related initiatives. She is a serving member of the SDG Target by 2030 Champions 12.3, co-Chair of the Global Alliance of Climate-Smart Agriculture, member of the World Vegetable Board, and a commissioner for the EAT-Lancet report on Sustainable Healthy Food Systems. Previously, she has served as a member of the United Nations (UN) Committee for Policy Development (CDP), and the African Union Commission (AUC) Leadership Council; university professor in agriculture, animal sciences and veterinary sciences and is a regular guest lecturer at several universities. She is a recipient of numerous awards for her contribution towards agriculture and food security in Africa; including the, Science Diplomacy Award by the Government of South Africa (2015); FARA Award for Exemplary leadership (2014); and Yara 2013 Prize Laureate; (2013). She holds a BSc Degree Animal Production First Class Honours from the University of Alexandria in Egypt and MSc and PhD, University of Reading, UK. She is currently Director and Chairwoman, African Research Universities Alliance Centre of Excellence in Sustainable Food Systems (ARUA-SFS)
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Awards
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Science Diplomacy Award by the Government of South Africa (2015); https://www.fanrpan.org/archive/documents/d01934/ Forum for FARA Award for Exemplary leadership (2014); https://www.weforum.org/people/lindiwe-majele-sibanda Yara 2013 Prize Laureate; (2013) https://www.weforum.org/people/lindiwe-majele-sibanda Food Tank recognition as one of the women working to change the food system in honor of International Women’s day, https://champions123.org/person/lindiwemajele-sibanda Nominated as Global citizen (2012) Nominated as Global citizen https://www.fanrpan.org/archive/documents/d01426/
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Mandates
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CGIAR System Board as a voting Board Member 3 year term (2021) Nestle Board of Directors (2021) Advisory Board Member of Infinite Foods.
AGRA VP for Country Support, Policy and Delivery (2017)
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Mandates: Not for profit
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World Vegetable Centre Board of Directors https://avrdc.org/new-members-appointed-in-2018-to-worldvegetable-center-board-of-directors/ ILRI board chair (2012) https://newsarchive.ilri.org/index.php/archives/9996 Board member and Chair of the nominations committee, World Vegetable Board.
Serving member, Champions UN-SDG 12.3, accelerating progress toward reducing food loss and waste towards achieving SDG Target 12.3 by 2030.
Co-Chair, UN-Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture (GACSA).
Presidential advisory council member on Agriculture in Zimbabwe.
Deputy Chair of Council for the National University of Science and Technology (NUST).
Presidential advisory council member. She is currently serving as one of the presidential advisory council members on Agriculture in Zimbabwe International Advisory Panel Member, Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM).
2020 Food Planet Prize: Jury Member Cornell University–Nature Sustainability expert panel on “Innovations to build sustainable, equitable, inclusive food value chains”, through Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability’s food security working group, with the journal Nature Sustainability and its sister journal, Nature Food.
Advisory board member of the ARUA UKRI GCRF- Partnership Programme for Capacity building in Food Security for Africa (CaBFoodS-Africa) hosted by the University of Pretoria, in collaboration with the University of Nairobi, and the University of Ghana, Legon.
Deputy Chairperson of the Iam4Byo Fighting Covid-19 Trust responsible for communications, public relations and research coalition.
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Publications
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2020. Socio-technical Innovation Bundles for Agri-food Systems Transformation, Report of the International Expert Panel on Innovations to Build Sustainable, Equitable, Inclusive Food Value Chains. Barrett, Christopher B., Tim Benton, Jessica Fanzo, Mario Herrero, Rebecca J. Nelson, Elizabeth Bageant, Edward Buckler, Karen Cooper, Isabella Culotta, Shenggen Fan, Rikin Gandhi, Steven James, Mark Kahn, Laté Lawson-Lartego, Jiali Liu, Quinn Marshall, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Alexander Mathys, Cynthia Mathys, Veronica Mazariegos-Anastassiou, Alesha (Black) Miller, Kamakhya Misra, Andrew G. Mude, Jianbo Shen, Lindiwe Majele Sibanda, Claire Song, Roy Steiner, Philip Thornton, and Stephen Wood. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability and Springer Nature, 2020 2020. Men’s nutrition knowledge is important for women’s and children’s nutrition in Ethiopia. Ambikapathi R, Passarelli S, Madzorera I, et al. Matern Child Nutr. 2021;17e13062.
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Publications
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2020. A Chicken Production Intervention and Additional Nutrition Behavior Change Component Increased Child Growth in Ethiopia: A Cluster-Randomized Trial Simone Passarelli, Ramya Ambikapathi, Nilupa S Gunaratna, Isabel Madzorera, Chelsey R Canavan, Abdallah R Noor, Amare Worku, Yemane Berhane, Semira Abdelmenan, Simbarashe Sibanda, Bertha Munthali, Tshilidzi Madzivhandila, Lindiwe M Sibanda, Kumlachew Geremew, Tadelle Dessie, Solomon Abegaz, Getnet Assefa, Christopher Sudfeld, Margaret McConnell, Kirsten Davison, Wafaie Fawzi The Journal of Nutrition, nxaa181. 2018 EAT Lancet report with Johan Rockström and Walter Willett. Healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Food in the Anthropocene. Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T, Vermeulen S, Garnett T, Tilman D, DeClerck F, Wood A, Jonell M, Clark M, Gordon LJ, Fanzo J, Hawkes C, Zurayk R, Rivera JA, De Vries W, Majele Sibanda L, Afshin A, Chaudhary A, Herrero M, Agustina R, Branca F, Lartey A, Fan S, Crona B, Fox E, Bignet V, Troell M, Lindahl T, Singh S, Cornell SE, Srinath Reddy K, Narain S, Nishtar S, Murray CJL. Lancet. PMID 30660336.
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Publications
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2018. Sustainable and Equitable Increases in Fruit and Vegetable Productivity and Consumption are Needed to Achieve Global Nutrition Security. Position Paper resulting from a workshop organized by the Aspen Global Change Institute and hosted at the Keystone Policy Center July 30 – August 3, 2018 https://www.agci.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/lib/publications/AGCI-FV-Position-Paper.pdf Sibanda, L. M and Mwamakamba, S.N. (2016) Africa’s Rainbow Revolution: Feeding a Continent and the World in a Changing Climate. Solutions, May–June 2016 in press. https://thesolutionsjournal.com/2016/06/17/africas-rainbow-revolution-feeding-continent-world-changing-climate/ Johan Rockstro ̈m, John Williams, Gretchen Daily, Andrew Noble, Nathanial Matthews, Line Gordon, Hanna Wetterstrand, Fabrice DeClerck, Mihir Shah, Pasquale Steduto, Charlotte de Fraiture, Nuhu Hatibu, Olcay Unver, Jeremy Bird, Lindiwe Sibanda, Jimmy Smith. 2016 .Sustainable intensification of agriculture for human prosperity and global sustainability. Springerlink.com Editor in Chief for FANRPAN’s AgriDeal Magazine (2015). Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA). Vol 3, ISSN 2304-8824 Douglas J. Merrey and Lindiwe Sibanda. 2014. Options for Policy Reforms to Enhance the Development Impact of Public and Private Investments in Smallholder Agricultural Water Management. FANRPAN Zinyengere N., Crespo O., Hachigonta S. Sibanda L. (2013). Climate Change Adaptation in Southern Africa: Linking science studies and policy decisions to drive evidence-based action. FANRPAN Policy Brief Issue 1 Volume XIII February 2013.
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Publications
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Hachigonta, S; Nelson, G.C; Thomas, T.S; Sibanda, L.M (2013) Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change, A comprehensive analysis. Published by International Food Policy Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-89629-208-6 Hachigonta, Sepo; Nelson, Gerald C.; Thomas, Timothy S. and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. Overview. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 1 pp. 1–23. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127787 Mugabe, Francis T.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hachigonta, Sepo and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. Zimbabwe. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 10 pp. 289–323. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127792 Manyatsi, Absalom M.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Masarirambi, Michael T.; Hachigonta, Sepo and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. Swaziland. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 8 pp. 213–253. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127793 Johnston, Peter; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hachigonta, Sepo and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. South Africa. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 7 pp. 175–212. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127786 Maure, Genito A.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hachigonta, Sepo and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. Mozambique. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 6 pp. 147–173. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127789 Kanyanga, Joseph; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hachigonta, Sepo and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. Zambia. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 9 pp. 255–287. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127790 Saka, John D.K.; Sibale, Pickford; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hachigonta, Sepo and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. Malawi. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 5 pp. 111–146. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127791 Gwimbi, Patrick; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hachigonta, Sepo and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. Lesotho. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 4 pp. 71–109. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127788 Zhou, Peter P.; Simbini, Tichakunda; Ramokgotlwane, Gorata; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hachigonta, Sepo and Sibanda, Lindiwe M. 2013. Botswana. In Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis. Chapter 3 pp. 41–70. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/127785 Editor in Chief for FANRPAN’s AgriDeal Magazine (2013). The River between. Vol 2, ISSN 2304-8824 Zinyengere, N Crespo, O, Hachigonta, S and Sibanda, L.M (2013). Climate Change Adaptation in Southern Africa: Linking science studies and policy decisions to drive evidence-based action. FANRPAN Policy Brief, Issue no. 1: Volume XIII Sullivan A, Mumba A, Hachigonta,S Connolly, M and Sibanda L.M (2013). Appropriate Climate Smart Technologies for Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. FANRPAN Policy Brief, Issue no. 2: Volume XIIIEditor in chief for FANRPAN’s Agri Deal Magazine (2012). Women Warming Africa Vol 1, ISSN 2304-8824 Sullivan, A, Mwamakamba, S, Mumba A, Hachigonta S and Sibanda L.M (2012). Climate Smart Agriculture: More Than Technologies Are Needed to Move Smallholder Farmers toward Resilient and Sustainable Livelihoods. FANRPAN Policy Brief Issue no. 2: Volume XIII Sullivan, A. and SIBANDA, L.M (2010). Vulnerable Populations, Unreliable Water and Low Water Productivity: A Role for Institutions in the Limpopo Basin. Published in: Water International, Vol. 35, Issue 5 September 2010, pages 545 - 572 SIBANDA, L.M and Ndema, S. (2008). The Global Food Crisis: Who are the Architects of our Livelihoods? FANRPAN Policy Brief Series 01/8 August 2008.
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Publications
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SIBANDA, L.M (2008). African Think Tanks and Policy Dialogues: Time to Start Talking Again. In: Global Future: The global food price crisis: ensuring food security for all. No. 3, 2008. A World Vision Journal of Human Development.
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Publications
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SIBANDA, L.M (2007). Food Agriculture and Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) and its Evolving Partnership with the CGIAR. Alignment and Collective Action Updates. A quarterly newsletter on the CGIAR’s institutional and partnership innovations for greater impact in eastern and southern Africa. August 2007, Vol. 1:3 pg 2 SIBANDA, L.M, Kalibwani, F and Kureya, T. (2006). Silent Hunger: Policy Options for Effective Response to the Impact of HIV and AIDS on Agriculture and Food Security in the SADC Region. FANRPAN, 2006.
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Lindiwe Majele Sibanda
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Publications
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MERREY D.J and SIBANDA, L.M (2006). From Rain fed Poverty to Irrigated Prosperity: Expanding Micro-Agricultural Water Management in Sub-Saharan Africa.
SIBANDA, L. M., BRYANT, M. J. and NDLOVU, L. R. (2000). Live weight and Body Condition Score Changes of Female Matebele Goats During their Breeding Cycle in a Semi- Arid Environment under Traditional Management. Small Ruminant Research, 35: 271 – 275.
SIBANDA, L. M., NDLOVU, L. R. and BRYANT, M. J. (1999). Effects of a Low Plane of Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Performance of MatebeleDoes and their kids. Small Ruminant Research, 32: 234-250.
SIBANDA, L.M., SIMELA, L. (1997). Carcass characteristics of the marketed Matebele goat from south-western Zimbabwe. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00182-5 SIBANDA, L.M., BRYANT, M.J., NDLOVU, L.R. (1997). Factors Affecting the Growth and Survival of Goat Kids in a Semi-Arid Environment under Smallholder Management. Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa, 3: 27-33.
SIBANDA, L.M., NDLOVU, L.R., BRYANT, M. J. (1997). Reproductive Performance of Matebele Goats in a Semi-Arid Environment under Smallholder Management. Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa, 3: 35-42.
SIBANDA, L.M., NDLOVU, L.R. and BRYANT, M.J. (1997). Effects of Feeding Varying Amounts of a Grain-Forage Diet during Late Pregnancy and Lactation on the Performance of Matebele Goats. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge), 128: 469-477.
SIBANDA, L.M., SIMELA, L. (1997). Milk production, processing and marketing to improve the nutrition and income generating capacity of rural households in Zimbabwe NDLOVU, L.R. and SIBANDA, L.M. (1996). The Potential of Dolichos Lablab and Acacia tortilis Pods in Smallholder Feeding Systems for Goat Kids in Semi-Arid Areas of Southern Africa. Small Ruminant Research, 21:273-276.
SIBANDA, L.M, NDLOVU L. R., BRYANT M. J. (1997). Factors Affecting the Growth and Survival of MatebeleGoat Kids in a Semi-Arid Environment under Smallholder Management. In: Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa, Vol. 3, Nos. 1 & 2.
NDLOVU, L. R., SIBANDA, H.M., SIBANDA, L.M. and HOVE, E. (1995). Nutritive Value of Indigenous BrowsableTree Species in a Semi-Arid Area of Zimbabwe. IVthInternationalSymposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores. Clermont-Ferrand, France, 11–15 September 1995.
SIBANDA, L.M., BRYANT, M.J. and NDLOVU, L.R. (1993). Litter Size in the Matebele Goat and its Effect on Productivity. Animal Production, 56:440.
NDLOVU, L.R. and SIBANDA, L.M. (1993). Management Strategies for Minimizing Environmental Constraints to Small ruminant Production in Semi-Arid Areas of Southern Africa. In: Animal Production in Developing Countries. (Gill, M., Owen, E., Pollott, G.E. and Lawrence, T.L.J., Editors). British Society of Animal Production, Occasional Publication No. 16 pp 178.
SIBANDA, L.M., BRYANT, M.J. and NDLOVU, L.R. (1993). The Effect of Kidding Season on Productivity of Indigenous Matebele Goats of Zimbabwe. In: Animal Production in Developing Countries. (Gill, M., Owen, E., Pollott, G.E. and Lawrence, T.L.J. Editors). British Society of Animal Production Occasional Publication No. 16 pp 184–185.
NDLOVU, L. R. and SIBANDA, L.M. (1993). Improving the Productivity of Indigenous Goats in Zimbabwe. In: Improving Productivity of Indigenous Livestock using Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and other Techniques. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. pp 177–189.
NDLOVU, L. R. and SIBANDA, L.M. (1993). Management Strategies for Minimizing Environmental Constraints to Small Ruminant Production in Semi-Arid Areas of Southern Africa. In: Animal Production in Developing Countries. Occasional Publication No. 16. (M. Gill, E. Owen, G.E. Pollot and T.L.J. Lawrence eds.) British Society of Animal Production. pp 178.
SIBANDA, L.M., BRYANT, M.J. and NDLOVU, L.R. (1992). Responses of Matebele Goats of Zimbabwe to Feeding Level: Lactation. Animal Production 54 (3) 472.
SIBANDA, L.M., NDLOVU, L. R. and BRYANT, M.J. (1992). Experiences in Adapting Previously Free-Ranging Traditionally Managed Matebele Goats of Zimbabwe to Individual Stall Feeding. In: Small Ruminant Research and Development in Africa (Rey, B., Lebbie, S.H. and Reynolds, L. eds) pp 345–354. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
NDLOVU, L. R. and SIBANDA, L.M. (1991). Management Strategies for Minimizing Environmental Constraints to Small Ruminant Production in Semi-Arid Areas of Southern Africa. British Society of Animal Production Occasional Meeting, Kent, 2–4 September 1991.
SIBANDA, L.M. and NDLOVU, L. R. (1991). Productivity of Indigenous Matebele Goats of Zimbabwe under Traditional Management. British Society of Animal Production Occasional Meeting, Kent, 2–4 September 1991.
NDLOVU, L. R. and SIBANDA, L.M. (1991). Improving the Nutritional Status of Smallholder Livestock in Agro-Silvicultural Systems in Semi-Arid Southern Africa. In: Isotopes and Related Techniques in Animal Production and Health. International Atomic Agency, Vienna, pp 201–209.
SIBANDA, L.M., NDLOVU, L. R. and BRYANT, M.J. (1992). Veld Hay and Lucerne as Feed for Indigenous Matebele Does Kidding During the Dry Season. In: Complementarity of feed resources in African livestock production. (Stares, J.E.S., Said, A.N. and Kategile, J.A. eds). ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp 205–214
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Virucide
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Virucide
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A virucide (alternatively spelled viricide or named biocidal agent or known as microbicides or biocides) is any physical or chemical agent that deactivates or destroys viruses. The substances are not only virucidal but can be also bactericidal, fungicidal, sporicidal or tuberculocidal.Virucides are to be used outside the human body, and as such fall into the category of disinfectants (applied not to the human body) and antiseptics (applied to the surface of skin) for those safe enough. Overall, the notion of virucide differs from an antiviral drug such as Aciclovir, which inhibits the proliferation of the virus inside the body.CDC's Disinfection and Sterilization list of Chemical Disinfectants mentions and discusses substances such as: Alcohol, Chlorine and chlorine compounds, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodophors, Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), Peracetic acid, Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, Phenolics, Quaternary ammonium compounds, with different, but usually potent microbicidal activity. Other inactivating agents such as UV, Metals, Ozone, etc. exist.
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Virucide
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Definitions
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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a virucide is "An agent that kills viruses to make them noninfective."According to a definition by Robert Koch Institute Germany and further institutions, virucide means effective against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.Due to the complexity of the subject, in Germany, Robert-Koch-Institute introduced sub-definitions such as "limited virucidal" or "limited virucidal plus" (translated from German) to differentiate its meaning further.Note that the meaning of Virus inactivation or Viral clearance is specific for the medical process industry, i. e. to remove HIV from blood.
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Virucide
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Functioning
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Different substances have interactions between microbicides and viruses such as: Alteration of the viral envelope Structural alteration Alteration of viral markers or Alteration of the viral genomeThe exact mechanisms, for example of Iodine (PVP-I) are still not clear, but it is targeting the bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of electron transport, DNA denaturation or disruptive effects on the virus membrane.
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Virucide
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Registration
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The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administers a regulatory framework for disinfectants and sterilants. To earn virucidal registration, extensive data on harder-to-kill viruses demonstrating long-lasting virucidal efficacy need to be provided.
Regulations Europe: Biocide products regulation EN 528/2012 Testing EN 14476:2019 (suspensions test) EN 16777:2018 (surfaces test) EN 1500 (hand rub test) ISO 18184:2019 (textile products) ISO 21702:2019 (plastics and non-porous surfaces) Other related tests A specific protocol for hand-hygiene testing has been researched and established by microbiologist Prof. Graham Ayliffe.
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Virucide
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Safety
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Virucides are not intended for use inside the body, and most are disinfectants that are not intended for use on the surface of the body. Most substances are toxic. None of the listed substances replaces vaccination or antiviral drugs, if available. Virucides are usually labeled with instructions for safe, effective use. The correct use and scope of disinfectants is very important.Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (Quaternary ammonium compounds) exist, and over-use "can have a negative impact on your customers' septic systems."Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load, however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane".According to Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft, medical practitioners recommend that disinfectants are gentler on the skin compared to soap-washing. The disinfected hands should then also be creamed to support the regeneration of the skin barrier. Skin care does not reduce the antiseptic effect of the alcoholic disinfectants.The "explosive" use of antibacterial cleansers has led the CDC to monitor substances in adults.On April 5, 2021, a Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials mentions that "Cleaning with household cleaners containing soap or detergent will physically remove germs from surfaces. This process does not necessarily kill germs, but reduces the risk of infection by removing them. Disinfecting uses a chemical product, which is a process that kills the germs on the surfaces. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread. Disinfection is only recommended in indoor settings — schools and homes — where there has been a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 within the last 24 hours. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread."The CDC issued a special report "Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention" due to the increased number of calls to poison centers regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, concluding that "Public messaging should continue to emphasize evidence-based, safe cleaning and disinfection practices to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households, including hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces."CDC provides a Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities.
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Virucide
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Microbicidal activity
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Each mentioned item in the list has different microbicidal activity, i. e. some viruses can be more or less resistant. For example, Poliovirus is resistant to H2O2, even after a contact time of 10 minutes however 7.5% H2O2 takes 30 minutes to inactivate 99.9% of Poliovirus. Generally, hydrogen peroxide is considered as potent virucide in appropriate concentrations, specifically in other forms such as gaseous.Another example is Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), which is found to be effective against herpes simplex virus or SARS-CoV-2, and other viruses, but coxsackievirus and polio was rather resistant or less sensitive to inactivation.
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Virucide
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Microbicidal activity
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SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, former US President Donald Trump delivered a very dangerous message to the public on the use of disinfectants, which was immediately rejected and refuted by health professionals. In essence, and as mentioned above, virucides are usually toxic depending on concentrations, mixture, etc., and can be deadly not just to viruses, but also if inside a human or animal body or on surface of body.With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2 e. g. on surfaces, as mouth-washes, hand-washing, etc.
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Virucide
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Microbicidal activity
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A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute.A 2020 systematic review on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mouth-washes concludes, that they don't have an effect on virucidal activity, recommending that "dental care protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic should be revised." Additional research with relation to the Coronavirus virucidal efficacy is on-going.Various information and overview of light-based strategies (UV-C and other types of light sources; see also Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation) to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are available.As systematic review of 16 studies by Cochrane on Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays concludes that "there is currently no evidence relating to the benefits and risks of patients with COVID‐19 using antimicrobial mouthwashes or nasal sprays." SARS-CoV Treatment of SARS-CoV for 2 min with Isodine (PVP-I) is found to strongly reduce the virus infectivity.
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Virucide
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Research
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The International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC) is one of the major umbrella organizations for education, research and development in the area of therapy of infections. Its members are national organizations, currently 86 and over 50,000 individual members.
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Virucide
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List of virucides
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Note that many of the substances, if sold commercially, are usually combinations and mixtures with varying molecular contents. Also note that most products have a limited viricide efficacy. A specific test-protocol is applied. The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists. Other factors such as stability of the concentrate, application concentration, exposure time, timing of the solution, hydrogen ion concentration (pH value), temperature, etc. play an certain role for the effectivity of a virucide.EPA is providing a public listing called "List N" General substance listing of active component or compound 1-Docosanol Alcohols: Ethanol Isopropyl alcohol n-propanol Benzalkonium chlorides, e.g.
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Virucide
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List of virucides
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Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-16) Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C14 60%, C16 30%, C12 5%, C18 5%) Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-14) Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-18) Bleach (Sodium hypochlorite)Sodium hypochlorite washes Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Hand washing (see also Surfactants) Hand washing is a mechanical process of removing germs and viruses, and chemicals.
Hand washing with e. g. ethanol added to a hand disinfectant shows virucidal effects, but caution is given (small children) and it is not recommended over "proper hand washing".
Hand gels are often found to not comply with EN 1500 standards to meet antimicrobial efficacy.
Prof. Graham Ayliffe's hand-cleaning and disinfection technique is promoted nowadays by the WHO and is similar to German standard DIN EN 1500 (hygienic hand disinfection).
Hydrogen peroxide Oral rinse (see Cochrane systematic review in case of SARS-CoV-2) Chlorhexidine (CHX) - mainly against enveloped viruses.
Dequalinium Povidone-iodine (Isodine, PVP-I),High potency for virucidal activity has been observed against viruses of significant global concern, including hepatitis A and influenza, as well as the Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome and Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses.
Application types and names: Isodine, Scrub, Isodine Nodo Fresh Surfactants Soap Triton X-100 Example products Betadine products and medical variants by Avrio Health (part of Purdue Pharma)Ingredients: Povidon-iodine etc.
As of June 2021, not recommended by manufacturer to "kill" coronaviruses.
Bleach products: Clorox Cyosan Zonrox Bleach Henkel products: biff Hygiene Total Ingredients: Benzalkonium chloride and Formic acid Tested against SARS-CoV-2 according to producer statement on website.
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Virucide
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List of virucides
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Bref Power Bakterien & Schimmel Purex Heitmann Hygiene & Care products: Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5Ingredients: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Hygiene Spray Ingredients: Ethanol, 2-propanol According to manufacturer is effective against SARS-CoV-2 Listerine Ingredients: Alcohol, sodium fluoride, essential oils (specifically in case of management of inflammatory periodontal diseases) Unknown or limited virucidal activity Lysol Ingredient: Benzalkonium chloride Some of the products having been tested against SARS-CoV-2.
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Virucide
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List of virucides
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Sterillium Ingredients: 1-Propanol, 2-Propanol and Mecetronium ethylsulfate By former Bode Chemie, now Hartmann AG, one of Germany's major health-care brands available in 50 countries, and according to website "the world's most scientifically researched hand disinfectant with approximately 60 scientific publications in trade journals in 2015." Other substances, drugs, proteins, therapeutics, research-level topics Antimicrobial peptides Auriclosene (NVC-422) - see also Keratoconjunctivitis Bacteriocin Chlorine dioxide Copper alloys CLR01 (Molecular tweezers) found to inhibit Ebola, Zika or possibly SARS-CoV-2 Cyanovirin-N General so called "Drug repurposing" for example in case of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Griffithsin Interferon Nanomedicines "Novel Anti-Infectives" research by Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Peracetic acid Scytovirin Urumin Agricultural, veterinary V-Bind Virkon Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TuYV) resistant products, such as Bayer AG's DK Excited
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