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Design for All (in ICT) Examples of good practice Design_for_All_(in_ICT) > Examples of good practice Controls of the elevator provide visual and audible feedback to the user so that people with different sensory abilities can operate the elevator without assistance. Blind people profit from tactile keys. Braille labeling is located besides the keys so that they are not accidentally pushed while reading them.
Ising spin model Basic properties and history Ising_lattice > Basic properties and history The most studied case of the Ising model is the translation-invariant ferromagnetic zero-field model on a d-dimensional lattice, namely, Λ = Zd, Jij = 1, h = 0.
Abrasion (mechanical) Summary Abrasion_(mechanical) Abrasion is the process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. It can be intentionally imposed in a controlled process using an abrasive. Abrasion can be an undesirable effect of exposure to normal use or exposure to the elements.
Cache prefetching Hardware vs. software cache prefetching Cache_prefetching > Hardware vs. software cache prefetching Cache prefetching can be accomplished either by hardware or by software. Hardware based prefetching is typically accomplished by having a dedicated hardware mechanism in the processor that watches the stream of instructions or data being requested by the executing program, recognizes the next few elements that the program might need based on this stream and prefetches into the processor's cache. Software based prefetching is typically accomplished by having the compiler analyze the code and insert additional "prefetch" instructions in the program during compilation itself.
Chlormethine Side effects and toxicity Chlormethine > Side effects and toxicity Pneumonia may develop and prove fatal.Skin exposure mainly causes erythema (redness) and vesication (blistering) at first, but absorption through the skin causes systemic toxicity. In cases where more than 25% of the skin is affected, fatal exposure is likely to have occurred.Though ingestion is uncommon, if mechlorethamine is swallowed it causes severe chemical burns to the gastrointestinal tract and concomitant nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hemorrhage.Long-term effects of acute or chronic chlormethine exposure are caused by damage to the immune system. White blood cell counts drop, increasing the risk of infection, and red blood cell and platelet counts may also drop due to bone marrow damage.
Aging process Evolution of ageing Ageing > Biological basis > Evolution of ageing Life span, like other phenotypes, is selected for in evolution. Traits that benefit early survival and reproduction will be selected for even if they contribute to an earlier death. Such a genetic effect is called the antagonistic pleiotropy effect when referring to a gene (pleiotropy signifying the gene has a double function – enabling reproduction at a young age but costing the organism life expectancy in old age) and is called the disposable soma effect when referring to an entire genetic programme (the organism diverting limited resources from maintenance to reproduction). The biological mechanisms which regulate lifespan probably evolved with the first multicellular organisms more than a billion years ago. However, even single-celled organisms such as yeast have been used as models in ageing, hence ageing has its biological roots much earlier than multi-cellularity.
Animal models of Parkinson's disease MPTP Animal_models_of_Parkinson's_disease > Neurotoxin models > MPTP MPTP enters astrocytes and is metabolized to MPP+ before being released. Once released into the extracellular space, MPP+ is taken up into the neuron by DAT and is stored in vesicles by the up take of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2). In the neuron, MPP+ inhibits the function of complex 1 of electron transport chain, which decreases ATP production and releases ROS.
Group structure Health Group_structure > Health The social groups people are involved with in the workplace directly affect their health. No matter where they work or what the occupation is, feeling a sense of belonging in a peer group is a key to overall success. Part of this is the responsibility of the leader (manager, supervisor, etc.). If the leader helps everyone feel a sense of belonging within the group, it can help boost morale and productivity.
List of algorithms Theory of computation and automata Graph_algorithm > Computer science > Theory of computation and automata Hopcroft's algorithm, Moore's algorithm, and Brzozowski's algorithm: algorithms for minimizing the number of states in a deterministic finite automaton Powerset construction: algorithm to convert nondeterministic automaton to deterministic automaton. Tarski–Kuratowski algorithm: a non-deterministic algorithm which provides an upper bound for the complexity of formulas in the arithmetical hierarchy and analytical hierarchy
Quantum artificial intelligence Classical learning applied to quantum problems Quantum_Machine_Learning > Classical learning applied to quantum problems The term "quantum machine learning" sometimes refers to classical machine learning performed on data from quantum systems. A basic example of this is quantum state tomography, where a quantum state is learned from measurement. Other applications include learning Hamiltonians and automatically generating quantum experiments.
Base unit of measurement Background Base_unit_of_measurement > Background In the language of measurement, physical quantities are quantifiable aspects of the world, such as time, distance, velocity, mass, temperature, energy, and weight, and units are used to describe their magnitude or quantity. Many of these quantities are related to each other by various physical laws, and as a result the units of a quantities can be generally be expressed as a product of powers of other units; for example, momentum is mass multiplied by velocity, while velocity is distance divided by time. These relationships are discussed in dimensional analysis. Those that can be expressed in this fashion in terms of the base units are called derived units.
Molecular modification The type of group Molecular_modification > Modification for water solubility > The type of group The incorporation of acidic residues into a lead structure is less likely to change the type of activity, but it can result in the analogue exhibiting haemolytic properties. Furthermore, the introduction of an aromatic acid group usually results in anti-inflammatory activity, whilst carboxylic acids with an alpha functional group may act as chelating agents. Basic water solubilizing groups have a tendency to change the mode of action, since bases often interfere with neurotransmitters and biological processes involving amines. However, their incorporation does mean that the analogue can be formulated as a wide variety of acid salts. Non-ionizable groups do not have the disadvantages of acidic and basic groups.
Bloom filter Chemical structure searching Bloom_filters > Extensions and applications > Chemical structure searching The original Daylight fingerprints could be used for both similarity and screening purposes. Many other fingerprint types, like the popular ECFP2, can be used for similarity but not for screening because they include local environmental characteristics that introduce false negatives when used as a screen. Even if these are constructed with the same mechanism, these are not Bloom filters because they cannot be used to filter.
Formula Hybrid Autocross event Formula_Hybrid > Competition events > Autocross event The objective of the competition is to set the fastest time from the starting point and the ending point of the circuit. As with Formula SAE, the course is marked with orange traffic cones. Hitting a cone incurs a 2 sec penalty, while failure to follow the course results in a 20 sec penalty.
Cache inclusion policy Exclusive Policy Cache_inclusion_policy > Exclusive Policy It will be a miss in both L1 and L2 and hence the block is brought into L1 from the main memory as shown in (b). Now, again the processor issues a read Y request which is a miss in both L1 and L2. So, block Y is placed in L1 as shown in (c). If block X has to be evicted from L1, then it is removed from L1 and placed in L2 as shown in (d). An example of exclusive cache is AMD Opteron with 512 KB (per core) L2 cache, exclusive of L1.
The Evolution of Beauty Contents The_Evolution_of_Beauty > Contents Prum indicates that Darwin recognizing difficulties in the theory of natural selection advanced the view that sexual selection is an additional force in evolution and presented this argument in The Descent of Man. Alfred Russel Wallace, St. George Mivart and other early evolutionists helped to elevate natural selection as the only force in evolution and delegated sexual selection to a subsidiary role.
Data (computer science) Characteristics Data_(computer_science) > Characteristics Executable files contain programs; all other files are also data files. However, executable files may also contain data used by the program which is built into the program. In particular, some executable files have a data segment, which nominally contains constants and initial values for variables, both of which can be considered data.
Relativistic quantum field theory Feynman diagram Quantum_fields > Principles > Feynman diagram : 98 In realistic applications, the scattering amplitude of a certain interaction or the decay rate of a particle can be computed from the S-matrix, which itself can be found using the Feynman diagram method. : 102–115 Feynman diagrams devoid of "loops" are called tree-level diagrams, which describe the lowest-order interaction processes; those containing n loops are referred to as n-loop diagrams, which describe higher-order contributions, or radiative corrections, to the interaction. : 44 Lines whose end points are vertices can be thought of as the propagation of virtual particles. : 31
Binary polyhedral group The seven remaining point groups Point_groups_in_three_dimensions > The seven remaining point groups The remaining point groups are said to be of very high or polyhedral symmetry because they have more than one rotation axis of order greater than 2. Here, Cn denotes an axis of rotation through 360°/n and Sn denotes an axis of improper rotation through the same. On successive lines are the orbifold notation, the Coxeter notation and Coxeter diagram, and the Hermann–Mauguin notation (full, and abbreviated if different) and the order (number of elements) of the symmetry group. The groups are: The continuous groups related to these groups are: ∞∞, K, or SO(3), all possible rotations. ∞∞m, Kh, or O(3), all possible rotations and reflections.As noted above for the infinite isometry groups, any physical object having K symmetry will also have Kh symmetry.
Resistors in parallel Carbon composition Resistors_in_series > Fixed resistors > Carbon composition The resistive element in carbon composition resistors is made from a mixture of finely powdered carbon and an insulating material, usually ceramic. A resin holds the mixture together. The resistance is determined by the ratio of the fill material (the powdered ceramic) to the carbon.
Polar coordinates system Summary 2D_polar_angle In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction. The reference point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system) is called the pole, and the ray from the pole in the reference direction is the polar axis. The distance from the pole is called the radial coordinate, radial distance or simply radius, and the angle is called the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth. Angles in polar notation are generally expressed in either degrees or radians (2π rad being equal to 360°).
Covalent radius Summary Covalent_radius Rotational spectroscopy can also give extremely accurate values of bond lengths. For homonuclear A–A bonds, Linus Pauling took the covalent radius to be half the single-bond length in the element, e.g. R(H–H, in H2) = 74.14 pm so rcov(H) = 37.07 pm: in practice, it is usual to obtain an average value from a variety of covalent compounds, although the difference is usually small. Sanderson has published a recent set of non-polar covalent radii for the main-group elements, but the availability of large collections of bond lengths, which are more transferable, from the Cambridge Crystallographic Database has rendered covalent radii obsolete in many situations.
Cantilever beam In bridges, towers, and buildings Cantilever_beam > In bridges, towers, and buildings Many box girder bridges are built segmentally, or in short pieces. This type of construction lends itself well to balanced cantilever construction where the bridge is built in both directions from a single support.
Biomechanics Sports biomechanics Biomechanics > Subfields > Sports biomechanics In sports biomechanics, the laws of mechanics are applied to human movement in order to gain a greater understanding of athletic performance and to reduce sport injuries as well. It focuses on the application of the scientific principles of mechanical physics to understand movements of action of human bodies and sports implements such as cricket bat, hockey stick and javelin etc. Elements of mechanical engineering (e.g., strain gauges), electrical engineering (e.g., digital filtering), computer science (e.g., numerical methods), gait analysis (e.g., force platforms), and clinical neurophysiology (e.g., surface EMG) are common methods used in sports biomechanics.Biomechanics in sports can be stated as the muscular, joint and skeletal actions of the body during the execution of a given task, skill and/or technique. Proper understanding of biomechanics relating to sports skill has the greatest implications on: sport's performance, rehabilitation and injury prevention, along with sport mastery. As noted by Doctor Michael Yessis, one could say that best athlete is the one that executes his or her skill the best.
Intermittency Summary Intermittency It is also seen in the irregular alternation between turbulent and non-turbulent fluid that appear in turbulent jets and other turbulent free shear flows. In pipe flow and other wall bounded shear flows, there are intermittent puffs that are central to the process of transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Intermittent behavior has also been experimentally demonstrated in circuit oscillators and chemical reactions.
Blood clotting cascade Role in immune system Fibrin_generation > Physiology > Role in immune system The coagulation system overlaps with the immune system. Coagulation can physically trap invading microbes in blood clots. Also, some products of the coagulation system can contribute to the innate immune system by their ability to increase vascular permeability and act as chemotactic agents for phagocytic cells. In addition, some of the products of the coagulation system are directly antimicrobial.
Numerical-value equation A more complex example: energy of a vibrating wire Numerical-value_equation > Examples > A more complex example: energy of a vibrating wire At what critical velocity will this occur? Sorting out the guessed variables is not so easy as before. But dimensional analysis can be a powerful aid in understanding problems like this, and is usually the very first tool to be applied to complex problems where the underlying equations and constraints are poorly understood. In such cases, the answer may depend on a dimensionless number such as the Reynolds number, which may be interpreted by dimensional analysis.
Basis vector Proof that every vector space has a basis Vector_basis > Proof that every vector space has a basis This set is an element of X, that is, it is a linearly independent subset of V (because w is not in the span of Lmax, and Lmax is independent). As Lmax ⊆ Lw, and Lmax ≠ Lw (because Lw contains the vector w that is not contained in Lmax), this contradicts the maximality of Lmax. Thus this shows that Lmax spans V. Hence Lmax is linearly independent and spans V. It is thus a basis of V, and this proves that every vector space has a basis.
Meselson effect Meselson effect Meselson_effect > Research > Meselson effect Instead the alleles share a last common allelic ancestor at or just preceding the loss of meiotic recombination. A striking example of this effect was described in bdelloid rotifers, in which the two alleles of the lea gene have diverged into two different genes which work together to preserve the organism during periods of dehydration. The Meselson effect should cause entire copies of an organism's genome to diverge from each other, effectively reducing all anciently asexual organisms to a haploid state, in a process similar to the diploidization following whole genome duplication. However, gene conversion, a form of recombination common in asexual organisms, may prevent the Meselson effect from occurring in young asexual organisms and may limit the effect in Bdelloid rotifers. Moreover, a number of putative examples of the Meselson effect remain controversial because other biological process, such as hybridation, can mimic the Meselson effect.
UPGMA Time complexity UPGMA > Time complexity A trivial implementation of the algorithm to construct the UPGMA tree has O ( n 3 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{3})} time complexity, and using a heap for each cluster to keep its distances from other cluster reduces its time to O ( n 2 log ⁡ n ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2}\log n)} . Fionn Murtagh presented an O ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2})} time and space algorithm.
Group I intron Distribution, phylogeny and mobility Group_I_catalytic_intron > Distribution, phylogeny and mobility It is proposed that HEGs move the intron from one location to another, from one organism to another and thus account for the wide spreading of the selfish group I introns. No biological role has been identified for group I introns thus far except for splicing of themselves from the precursor to prevent the death of the host that they live by. A small number of group I introns are also found to encode a class of proteins called maturases that facilitate the intron splicing.
Approximate Bayesian Computation Choice and sufficiency of summary statistics Approximate_Bayesian_Computation > Pitfalls and remedies > Choice and sufficiency of summary statistics Summary statistics may be used to increase the acceptance rate of ABC for high-dimensional data. Low-dimensional sufficient statistics are optimal for this purpose, as they capture all relevant information present in the data in the simplest possible form. However, low-dimensional sufficient statistics are typically unattainable for statistical models where ABC-based inference is most relevant, and consequently, some heuristic is usually necessary to identify useful low-dimensional summary statistics. The use of a set of poorly chosen summary statistics will often lead to inflated credible intervals due to the implied loss of information, which can also bias the discrimination between models.
Energy profile (chemistry) Reaction coordinate diagrams Intrinsic_reaction_coordinate > Reaction coordinate diagrams Any chemical structure that lasts longer than the time for typical bond vibrations (10−13 – 10−14s) can be considered as intermediate. A reaction involving more than one elementary step has one or more intermediates being formed which, in turn, means there is more than one energy barrier to overcome. In other words, there is more than one transition state lying on the reaction pathway.
Computer simulations of fluids Finite element method Computational_Fluid_Dynamics > Methodology > Discretization methods > Finite element method The finite element method (FEM) is used in structural analysis of solids, but is also applicable to fluids. However, the FEM formulation requires special care to ensure a conservative solution. The FEM formulation has been adapted for use with fluid dynamics governing equations. Although FEM must be carefully formulated to be conservative, it is much more stable than the finite volume approach. However, FEM can require more memory and has slower solution times than the FVM.In this method, a weighted residual equation is formed: R i = ∭ W i Q d V e {\displaystyle R_{i}=\iiint W_{i}Q\,dV^{e}} where R i {\displaystyle R_{i}} is the equation residual at an element vertex i {\displaystyle i} , Q {\displaystyle Q} is the conservation equation expressed on an element basis, W i {\displaystyle W_{i}} is the weight factor, and V e {\displaystyle V^{e}} is the volume of the element.
Cellular proliferation Comparison of the three types of cell division Cellular_growth > Cell division > Comparison of the three types of cell division The final part of the cell reproduction process is cell division, when daughter cells physically split apart from a parental cell. During meiosis, there are two cell division steps that together produce the four daughter cells. After the completion of binary fission or cell reproduction involving mitosis, each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA (Z) as what the parental cell had before it replicated its DNA.
79 (number) In astronomy 79_(number) > In science > In astronomy Messier object 79 (M79), a magnitude 8.5 globular cluster in the constellation Lepus New General Catalogue object 79 (NGC 79), a galaxy in the constellation Andromeda
Const (computer programming) Other languages Const_(computer_programming) > Other languages Other languages do not follow C/C++ in having constancy part of the type, though they often have superficially similar constructs and may use the const keyword. Typically this is only used for constants (constant objects). C# has a const keyword, but with radically different and simpler semantics: it means a compile-time constant, and is not part of the type. Nim has a const keyword similar to that of C#: it also declares a compile-time constant rather than forming part of the type.
Spastic paralysis Pathophysiology Spastic_paralysis > Pathophysiology Lance (1980) describes it this way: "...a motor disorder, characterised by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex as one component of the upper motor neurone (UMN) syndrome".Spasticity is found in conditions where the brain and/or spinal cord are damaged or fail to develop normally; these include cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and acquired brain injury including stroke. Damage to the CNS as a result of stroke or spinal cord injury, alter the of peripheral nerves in the affected region. This change in input to bodily structures tends to favor excitation and therefore increase nerve excitability.
Retarded wave Transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics Wheeler–Feynman_absorber_theory > Developments since original formulation > Transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics Again inspired by the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) first proposed in 1986 by John G. Cramer, describes quantum interactions in terms of a standing wave formed by retarded (forward-in-time) and advanced (backward-in-time) waves. Cramer claims it avoids the philosophical problems with the Copenhagen interpretation and the role of the observer, and resolves various quantum paradoxes, such as quantum nonlocality, quantum entanglement and retrocausality.
Moment-area theorem Theorem 1 Moment-area_theorem > Theorem 1 The change in slope between any two points on the elastic curve equals the area of the M/EI (moment) diagram between these two points. θ A / B = ∫ A B ( M E I ) d x {\displaystyle \theta _{A/B}={\int _{A}}^{B}\left({\frac {M}{EI}}\right)dx} where, M {\displaystyle M} = moment E I {\displaystyle EI} = flexural rigidity θ A / B {\displaystyle \theta _{A/B}} = change in slope between points A and B A , B {\displaystyle A,B} = points on the elastic curve
Local positioning systems Inertial sensing Positioning_technologies > Technologies > Inertial sensing The main advantage of an inertial sensing is that it does not require an external reference. Instead it measures rotation with a gyroscope or position with an accelerometer with respect to a known starting position and orientation. Because these systems measure relative positions instead of absolute positions they can suffer from accumulated errors and therefore are subject to drift. A periodic re-calibration of the system will provide more accuracy.
Reinforced Concrete Materials Reinforced_Concrete > Behavior > Materials Concrete is a mixture of coarse (stone or brick chips) and fine (generally sand and/or crushed stone) aggregates with a paste of binder material (usually Portland cement) and water. When cement is mixed with a small amount of water, it hydrates to form microscopic opaque crystal lattices encapsulating and locking the aggregate into a rigid shape. The aggregates used for making concrete should be free from harmful substances like organic impurities, silt, clay, lignite, etc. Typical concrete mixes have high resistance to compressive stresses (about 4,000 psi (28 MPa)); however, any appreciable tension (e.g., due to bending) will break the microscopic rigid lattice, resulting in cracking and separation of the concrete. For this reason, typical non-reinforced concrete must be well supported to prevent the development of tension. If a material with high strength in tension, such as steel, is placed in concrete, then the composite material, reinforced concrete, resists not only compression but also bending and other direct tensile actions. A composite section where the concrete resists compression and reinforcement "rebar" resists tension can be made into almost any shape and size for the construction industry.
Bridge failure Double-decked bridges Bridge > Types of bridges > Double-decked bridges Other examples include Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait and Craigavon Bridge in Derry, Northern Ireland. The Oresund Bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö consists of a four-lane highway on the upper level and a pair of railway tracks at the lower level. Tower Bridge in London is different example of a double-decked bridge, with the central section consisting of a low-level bascule span and a high-level footbridge.
Biofilter Control of air pollution Biofilter > Control of air pollution Since the early 1990s, engineered biofilters have provided significant footprint reductions over the conventional flat-bed, organic media type. One of the main challenges to optimum biofilter operation is maintaining proper moisture throughout the system. The air is normally humidified before it enters the bed with a watering (spray) system, humidification chamber, bio scrubber, or bio trickling filter.
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway Apoptosis Ubiquitin–proteasome_system > Cell cycle control > Apoptosis Both internal and external signals can lead to the induction of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. The resulting deconstruction of cellular components is primarily carried out by specialized proteases known as caspases, but the proteasome also plays important and diverse roles in the apoptotic process. The involvement of the proteasome in this process is indicated by both the increase in protein ubiquitination, and of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that is observed well in advance of apoptosis. During apoptosis, proteasomes localized to the nucleus have also been observed to translocate to outer membrane blebs characteristic of apoptosis.Proteasome inhibition has different effects on apoptosis induction in different cell types.
Arsenic Biological mechanism Inorganic_arsenic > Toxicity and precautions > Biological mechanism Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which, it is speculated, has potential to form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. These metabolic interferences lead to death from multi-system organ failure. The organ failure is presumed to be from necrotic cell death, not apoptosis, since energy reserves have been too depleted for apoptosis to occur.
Code-switching Constraint-free approach Code-switching > Theories > Linguistic theories > Constraint-free approach This approach does not recognize or accept terms such as "matrix language", "embedded language", or "language frame", which are typical in constraint-based approaches such as the MLF Model. Rather than posit constraints specific to language alternation, as in traditional work in the field, MacSwan advocates that mixed utterances be analyzed with a focus on the specific and unique linguistic contributions of each language found in a mixed utterance. Because these analyses draw on the full range of linguistic theory, and each data set presents its own unique challenges, a much broader understanding of linguistics is generally needed to understand and participate in this style of codeswitching research. For example, Cantone and MacSwan (2009) analyzed word order differences for nouns and adjectives in Italian-German codeswitching using a typological theory of Cinque that had been independently proposed in the syntax literature; their account derives the word order facts of Italian-German codeswitching from underlying differences between the two languages, according to Cinque's theory.
Hylomorphism (computer science) Lists Hylomorphism_(computer_science) > Hylomorphisms in practice > Lists In the previous example (written in Haskell, a purely functional programming language) it can be seen that this function, applied to any given valid input, will generate a linear call tree isomorphic to a list. For example, given n = 5 it will produce the following: factorial 5 = 5 * (factorial 4) = 120 factorial 4 = 4 * (factorial 3) = 24 factorial 3 = 3 * (factorial 2) = 6 factorial 2 = 2 * (factorial 1) = 2 factorial 1 = 1 * (factorial 0) = 1 factorial 0 = 1 In this example, the anamorphic part of the process is the generation of the call tree which is isomorphic to the list . The catamorphism, then, is the calculation of the product of the elements of this list. Thus, in the notation given above, the factorial function may be written as factorial = ] {\displaystyle {\text{factorial}}=\!]} where g n = ( n , n − 1 ) {\displaystyle g\ n=(n,n-1)} and p n = ( n = 0 ) {\displaystyle p\ n=(n=0)} .
Martin Quack Life and work Martin_Quack > Life and work His research group investigates (employing high-resolution infrared spectroscopy, multiphoton excitation and time-resolved spectroscopy) the quantum dynamics and kinetics of molecules both theoretically and experimentally, with special emphasis on the dynamics of tunneling and parity violation (due to the electroweak interaction of the standard model) in chiral molecules. Most notably their theoretical work has shown that the effect of parity violation is between one and two orders of magnitude larger than anticipated from earlier calculations (as reviewed in ) and can be detected, in principle, as an energy difference between the ground states of enantiomers of chiral molecules by precision experiments of molecular physics, using the fundamentally new kinetic process of the time evolution of parity in isolated molecules.) He is an editor (with Frédéric Merkt) of the "Handbook of High Resolution Spectroscopy".
Advanced life support Algorithms Advanced_life_support > Algorithms Saline or colloids may be administered to increase the circulating volume. While CPR is performed (which may involve either manual chest compressions or the use of automated equipment such as the AutoPulse or LUCAS device), members of the team consider eight forms of potentially reversible causes for cardiac arrest, commonly abbreviated as "6Hs & 5Ts" according to 2005/2010 AHA Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS). Note these reversible causes are usually taught and remembered as 4Hs and 4Ts—including hypoglycaemia and acidosis with hyper/hypokalaemia and 'metabolic causes' and omitting trauma from the T's as this is redundant with hypovolaemia—this simplification aids recall during resuscitation.
Radiation stress Physical significance Radiation_stress > Physical significance The radiation stress – mean excess momentum-flux due to the presence of the waves – plays an important role in the explanation and modeling of various coastal processes: Wave setup and setdown – the radiation stress consists in part of a radiation pressure, exerted at the free surface elevation of the mean flow. If the radiation stress varies spatially, as it does in the surf zone where the wave height reduces by wave breaking, this results in changes of the mean surface elevation called wave setup (in case of an increased level) and setdown (for a decreased water level); Wave-driven current, especially a longshore current in the surf zone – for oblique incidence of waves on a beach, the reduction in wave height inside the surf zone (by breaking) introduces a variation of the shear-stress component Sxy of the radiation stress over the width of the surf zone. This provides the forcing of a wave-driven longshore current, which is of importance for sediment transport (longshore drift) and the resulting coastal morphology; Bound long waves or forced long waves, part of the infragravity waves – for wave groups the radiation stress varies along the group. As a result, a non-linear long wave propagates together with the group, at the group velocity of the modulated short waves within the group. While, according to the dispersion relation, a long wave of this length should propagate at its own – higher – phase velocity. The amplitude of this bound long wave varies with the square of the wave height, and is only significant in shallow water; Wave–current interaction – in varying mean-flow fields, the energy exchanges between the waves and the mean flow, as well as the mean-flow forcing, can be modeled by means of the radiation stress.
Genetics and Molecular Research Summary Genetics_and_Molecular_Research The Genetics and Molecular Research Journal is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal in the fields of biology and medicine, edited and published monthly in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, proteomics, genomics and evolution. The journal was listed on Beall's list before it was taken down in 2017. A hijacked journal was also setup at geneticsmr.org by the Pulsus Group, unlike the legitimate geneticsmr.com operated by FUNEPC-RP.According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.765.
Reversible computation Physical reversibility Reversible_computation > Physical reversibility Landauer's principle (and indeed, the second law of thermodynamics) can also be understood to be a direct logical consequence of the underlying reversibility of physics, as is reflected in the general Hamiltonian formulation of mechanics, and in the unitary time-evolution operator of quantum mechanics more specifically.The implementation of reversible computing thus amounts to learning how to characterize and control the physical dynamics of mechanisms to carry out desired computational operations so precisely that the experiment accumulates a negligible total amount of uncertainty regarding the complete physical state of the mechanism, per each logic operation that is performed. In other words, precisely track the state of the active energy that is involved in carrying out computational operations within the machine, and design the machine so that the majority of this energy is recovered in an organized form that can be reused for subsequent operations, rather than being permitted to dissipate into the form of heat. Although achieving this goal presents a significant challenge for the design, manufacturing, and characterization of ultra-precise new physical mechanisms for computing, there is at present no fundamental reason to think that this goal cannot eventually be accomplished, allowing someday to build computers that generate much less than 1 bit's worth of physical entropy (and dissipate much less than kT ln 2 energy to heat) for each useful logical operation that they carry out internally. Today, the field has a substantial body of academic literature.
Tensors in curvilinear coordinates Vector field Tensors_in_curvilinear_coordinates > Vector and tensor calculus in three-dimensional curvilinear coordinates > Gradient > Vector field A similar process can be used to arrive at the gradient of a vector field f(x). The gradient is given by If we consider the gradient of the position vector field r(x) = x, then we can show that The vector field bi is tangent to the qi coordinate curve and forms a natural basis at each point on the curve. This basis, as discussed at the beginning of this article, is also called the covariant curvilinear basis. We can also define a reciprocal basis, or contravariant curvilinear basis, bi. All the algebraic relations between the basis vectors, as discussed in the section on tensor algebra, apply for the natural basis and its reciprocal at each point x. Since c is arbitrary, we can write Note that the contravariant basis vector bi is perpendicular to the surface of constant ψi and is given by
History of neuroscience Modern period History_of_neuroscience > Modern period In the 1820s, Jean Pierre Flourens pioneered the experimental method of carrying out localized lesions of the brain in animals describing their effects on motricity, sensibility and behavior. He concluded that the ablation of the cerebellum resulted in movements that “were not regular and coordinated".
AA tree Deletion AA_tree > Deletion Because of the AA property of all nodes of level greater than one having two children, the successor or predecessor node will be in level 1, making their removal trivial. To re-balance a tree, there are a few approaches. The one described by Andersson in his original paper is the simplest, and it is described here, although actual implementations may opt for a more optimized approach.
Multi-agent learning Definition Multi-agent_learning > Definition R → a → ( s , s ′ ) {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {R}}_{\overrightarrow {a}}(s,s')} is the immediate joint reward after transition from s {\displaystyle s} to s ′ {\displaystyle s'} with joint action a → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {a}}} .In settings with perfect information, such as the games of chess and Go, the MDP would be fully observable. In settings with imperfect information, especially in real-world applications like self-driving cars, each agent would access an observation that only has part of the information about the current state. In the partially observable setting, the core model is the partially observable stochastic game in the general case, and the decentralized POMDP in the cooperative case.
Stronger Uncertainty Relations Remarks Stronger_Uncertainty_Relations > Remarks In quantum theory, one should distinguish between the uncertainty relation and the uncertainty principle. The former refers solely to the preparation of the system which induces a spread in the measurement outcomes, and does not refer to the disturbance induced by the measurement. The uncertainty principle captures the measurement disturbance by the apparatus and the impossibility of joint measurements of incompatible observables. The Maccone–Pati uncertainty relations refer to preparation uncertainty relations.
Distributed artificial intelligence Approaches Distributed_artificial_intelligence > Approaches Two types of DAI has emerged: In Multi-agent systems agents coordinate their knowledge and activities and reason about the processes of coordination. Agents are physical or virtual entities that can act, perceive its environment and communicate with other agents. The agent is autonomous and has skills to achieve goals. The agents change the state of their environment by their actions.
C5H10N2O3 Summary C5H10N2O3 The molecular formula C5H10N2O3 (molar mass: 146.14 g/mol) may refer to: Dimethylol ethylene urea Glutamine Isoglutamine, or α-glutamine β-Ureidoisobutyric acid
Numerical-value equation Formulation Numerical-value_equation > Formulation Two different units of the same physical quantity have conversion factors that relate them. For example, 1 in = 2.54 cm; in this case 2.54 cm/in is the conversion factor, which is itself dimensionless. Therefore, multiplying by that conversion factor does not change the dimensions of a physical quantity. There are also physicists who have cast doubt on the very existence of incompatible fundamental dimensions of physical quantity, although this does not invalidate the usefulness of dimensional analysis.
Electroweak symmetry breaking Simple explanation of the theory, from its origins in superconductivity Higgs_mechanism > History of research > Simple explanation of the theory, from its origins in superconductivity However it turns out that fixing the choice of gauge so that the condensate has the same phase everywhere, also causes the electromagnetic field to gain an extra term. This extra term causes the electromagnetic field to become short range. (Goldstone's theorem also plays a role in such theories.
Long non coding RNA Regulating basal transcription machinery Telomeric_non-coding_RNAs > Functions > In the regulation of gene transcription > Regulating basal transcription machinery This additional hierarchy of regulation that exempts individual genes from the generalised repression also involves a long ncRNA, heat shock RNA-1 (HSR-1). It was argued that HSR-1 is present in mammalian cells in an inactive state, but upon stress is activated to induce the expression of heat shock genes. This activation involves a conformational alteration of HSR-1 in response to rising temperatures, permitting its interaction with the transcriptional activator HSF-1, which trimerizes and induces the expression of heat shock genes. In the broad sense, these examples illustrate a regulatory circuit nested within ncRNAs whereby Alu or B2 RNAs repress general gene expression, while other ncRNAs activate the expression of specific genes.
Cohomology of algebras Summary Cohomology_of_algebras In mathematics, the homology or cohomology of an algebra may refer to Banach algebra cohomology of a bimodule over a Banach algebra Cyclic homology of an associative algebra Group cohomology of a module over a group ring or a representation of a group Hochschild homology of a bimodule over an associative algebra Lie algebra cohomology of a module over a Lie algebra Supplemented algebra cohomology of a module over a supplemented associative algebra
Taylor polynomials List of Maclaurin series of some common functions Taylor_polynomial > List of Maclaurin series of some common functions Several important Maclaurin series expansions follow. All these expansions are valid for complex arguments x.
Arm's-length recursion Coinductively defined data and corecursion Direct_recursion > Recursive data types > Coinductively defined data and corecursion As a programming technique, it is used most often in the context of lazy programming languages, and can be preferable to recursion when the desired size or precision of a program's output is unknown. In such cases the program requires both a definition for an infinitely large (or infinitely precise) result, and a mechanism for taking a finite portion of that result. The problem of computing the first n prime numbers is one that can be solved with a corecursive program (e.g. here).
Minimal standard model Introductory textbooks Minimal_standard_model > Further reading > Introductory textbooks Dodd; B.M. Gripaios (2006). The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists.
Light activated resin Pyridinium salts Photopolymer > Ionic mechanism > Cationic photoinitiators > Pyridinium salts In most cases, a hydrogen atom is abstracted from the oligomer by the pyridinium radical. The free radical generated from the hydrogen abstraction is then terminated by the free radical in solution. This results in a strong pyridinium acid that can initiate polymerization.
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid Atherosclerosis 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid > Involvement in human diseases > Atherosclerosis In atherosclerosis, an underlying cause of Coronary artery disease and strokes, atheromatous plaques accumulate in the vascular tunica intima thereby narrowing blood vessel size and decreasing blood flow. In an animal model and in humans 13-HODE (primarily esterified to cholesterol, phospholipids, and possibly other lipids) is a dominant component of these plaques. Since these studies found that early into the progression of the plaques, 13-HODE consisted primarily of the S stereoisomer while more mature plaques contained equal amounts of S and R stereoisomers, it was suggested that 15-LOX-1 contributes to early accumulation while cytochrome and/or free radical pathways contributes to the later accumulation of the plaques. Further studies suggest that 13(S)-HODE contributes to plaque formation by activating the transcription factor, PPARγ (13(R)-HODE lacks this ability), which in turn stimulates the production of two receptors on the surface of macrophages resident in the plaques, 1) CD36, a scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoproteins, native lipoproteins, oxidized phospholipids, and long-chain fatty acids, and 2) adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), a fatty acid binding protein; this may cause macrophages to increase their uptake of these lipids, transition to lipid-laden foam cells, and thereby increase plaque size.
Social computing Social software Social_computing > Social software Social software can be any computational system that supports social interactions among groups of people. The following are examples of such systems.
Mammary ductal carcinoma Tumor size Mammary_ductal_carcinoma > Diagnosis > Staging > Tumor size In clinical staging, tumor size is determined by clinical imaging. A more accurate measurement of tumor size and observation of extension into adjacent structures can be determined via pathological staging following surgery.
Computer-aided inspection Summary Computer-aided_inspection Computer-aided inspection (CAI) is the use of software tools to assess manufactured objects. It is closely related to computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Its primary purpose is to allow engineers to more quickly and precisely assess the physical properties of manufactured objects. These properties can include dimensions, material consistency, roughness and roundness.
Enzyme mimic Summary Enzyme_mimic Enzyme mimic (or Artificial enzyme) is a branch of biomimetic chemistry, which aims at imitating the function of natural enzymes. An enzyme mimic is a small molecule complex that models the molecular structure, spectroscopic properties, or reactivity of an enzyme, sometimes called bioinspired complexes.
Lorentz group Reading List Lorentz_group > Reading List Emil Artin (1957) Geometric Algebra, chapter III: Symplectic and Orthogonal Geometry via Internet Archive, covers orthogonal groups O(p,q) Carmeli, Moshe (1977). Group Theory and General Relativity, Representations of the Lorentz Group and Their Applications to the Gravitational Field. McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 978-0-07-009986-9.
Ideal lattice cryptography Ideal-LWE Ideal_lattice_cryptography > Use in cryptography > Learning with errors (LWE) > Ideal-LWE Stehle, Steinfeld, Tanaka and Xagawa defined a structured variant of LWE problem (Ideal-LWE) to describe an efficient public key encryption scheme based on the worst case hardness of the approximate SVP in ideal lattices. This is the first CPA-secure public key encryption scheme whose security relies on the hardness of the worst-case instances of O ~ ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}(n^{2})} -Ideal-SVP against subexponential quantum attacks. It achieves asymptotically optimal efficiency: the public/private key length is O ~ ( n ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}(n)} bits and the amortized encryption/decryption cost is O ~ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}(1)} bit operations per message bit (encrypting Ω ~ ( n ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {\Omega }}(n)} bits at once, at a O ~ ( n ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}(n)} cost). The security assumption here is that O ~ ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}(n^{2})} -Ideal-SVP cannot be solved by any subexponential time quantum algorithm.
Trough (meteorology) Summary Trough_(meteorology) The weather charts in some countries or regions mark troughs by a line. In the United States, a trough may be marked as a dashed line or bold line. In the UK, Hong Kong and Fiji, it is represented by a bold line extended from a low pressure center or between two low pressure centers; in Macau and Australia, it is a dashed line. If they are not marked, troughs may still be identified as an extension of isobars away from a low pressure center.
Formulations of special relativity Single postulate approaches Special_relativity_(alternative_formulations) > Single postulate approaches Since Einstein's 1905 paper is all about electrodynamics he is assuming Maxwell's equations, and the theory is not practically applicable without numerical values. When compared like with like, from the point of view of asking what is knowable, the second postulate can be deduced.
P value Multistage experiment design P_value > Example > Testing the fairness of a coin > Multistage experiment design Else, flip the coin 4 more times.This experiment has 7 types of outcomes: 2 heads, 2 tails, 5 heads 1 tail..., 1 head 5 tails. We now calculate the p-value of the "3 heads 3 tails" outcome . If we use the test statistic heads tails {\displaystyle {\frac {\text{heads}}{\text{tails}}}} , then under the null hypothesis is exactly 1 for two-sided p-value, and exactly 19 32 {\displaystyle {\frac {19}{32}}} for one-sided left-tail p-value, and same for one-sided right-tail p-value.
Mitosome Summary Mitosome These organisms do not have the capability of gaining energy from oxidative phosphorylation, which is normally performed by mitochondria. The mitosome was first described in Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal parasite of humans. Mitosomes have also been identified in several species of Microsporidia and in Giardia intestinalis.
Fully associative Direct-mapped cache Cache_placement_policies > Direct-mapped cache In a direct-mapped cache structure, the cache is organized into multiple sets with a single cache line per set. Based on the address of the memory block, it can only occupy a single cache line. The cache can be framed as a n × 1 column matrix.
Hassan Aref Honors and awards Hassan_Aref > Honors and awards 2011 Geoffrey Ingram Taylor Medal 2011 Honorary Doctorate, Technical University of Denmark 2006 Niels Bohr Visiting Professor, Technical University of Denmark 2003 Reynolds Metals Professor, Virginia Tech 2001 Fellow, World Innovation Foundation 2000 Otto Laporte Award, American Physical Society "For his pioneering contributions to the study of chaotic motion in fluids, scientific computation, and vortex dynamics, and most notably for the development of the concept of chaotic advection." 2000 Fellow, American Academy of Mechanics 1994 Toshiba Keio Lecture, Keio University, Japan 1991 Westinghouse Distinguished Lectureship, University of Michigan 1991 Lecturer, Midwest Mechanics Seminar 1988 Fellow, American Physical Society "For the elucidation of chaotic motion in few-vortex problems and particle advection, and for the development of numerical methods based on many-vortex interactions." 1988 Stanley Corrsin Lectureship, The Johns Hopkins University 1986 Foreign Member, Danish Centre for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 1985 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation 1975 NATO Fellowship; Cornell University Graduate Fellowship, 1975–1980
Data manipulation Proof of the null hypothesis Data_manipulation > Types of misuse > Proof of the null hypothesis Therefore, it is likely—even when smoking is dangerous—that our test will not reject H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} . If H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} is accepted, it does not automatically follow that smoking is proven harmless. The test has insufficient power to reject H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} , so the test is useless and the value of the "proof" of H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} is also null.
Portal gear In-line gearboxes Portal_axle > In-line gearboxes A related development is the use of an epicyclic hub gearbox. This is mounted in-line with the halfshaft, so that there is no change in ride height. They are often used for large and heavy vehicles, where the wheel diameter already gives adequate ground clearance. The reduction gearbox allows the halfshafts to turn faster than the wheels, thus requiring less torque for the same power.
European Thermoelectric Society Purpose European_Thermoelectric_Society > Purpose The purpose of ETS is to represent the interests of everyone in Europe involved in thermoelectricity. It offers a platform to the European thermoelectric community to improve exchange of information and pool resources. On the other hand, it acts as a single point of contact for economy, politics and the interested public.
Insect central nervous system Overview Central_Nervous_System > Overview The spinal cord is housed in the spinal canal within the vertebrae. Within the CNS, the interneuronal space is filled with a large amount of supporting non-nervous cells called neuroglia or glia from the Greek for "glue".In vertebrates, the CNS also includes the retina and the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), as well as the olfactory nerves and olfactory epithelium. As parts of the CNS, they connect directly to brain neurons without intermediate ganglia. The olfactory epithelium is the only central nervous tissue outside the meninges in direct contact with the environment, which opens up a pathway for therapeutic agents which cannot otherwise cross the meninges barrier.
Highcharts History Highcharts > History Torstein Hønsi is the main creator of the product. The product was first demonstrated and thought up in 2006. In an interview with Finansavisen, he spoke about need for a program for creating graphs and charts, allowing users to publish charts directly on a website.Unlike many software products, it isn't developed at a well known tech location, such as Silicon Valley.
Final sigma Chemistry Final_sigma > Uses > Science and mathematics > Chemistry Sigma bonds (σ bonds) are the strongest type of covalent chemical bond. In organic chemistry, σ symbolizes the sigma constant of Hammett equation. In alchemy, Σ was sometimes used to represent sugar.
Molecular orbital diagram Dilithium Molecular_orbital_diagram > Diatomic MO diagrams > Dilithium MO theory correctly predicts that dilithium is a stable molecule with bond order 1 (configuration 1σg21σu22σg2). The 1s MOs are completely filled and do not participate in bonding. Dilithium is a gas-phase molecule with a much lower bond strength than dihydrogen because the 2s electrons are further removed from the nucleus. In a more detailed analysis which considers the environment of each orbital due to all other electrons, both the 1σ orbitals have higher energies than the 1s AO and the occupied 2σ is also higher in energy than the 2s AO (see table 1).
Fréchet derivative Generalization to topological vector spaces Fréchet_differentiable > Generalization to topological vector spaces (Lang p. 6) If the Fréchet derivative exists then it is unique. Furthermore, the Gateaux derivative must also exist and be equal the Fréchet derivative in that for all v ∈ X , {\displaystyle v\in X,} where f ′ ( x 0 ) {\displaystyle f'(x_{0})} is the Fréchet derivative. A function that is Fréchet differentiable at a point is necessarily continuous there and sums and scalar multiples of Fréchet differentiable functions are differentiable so that the space of functions that are Fréchet differentiable at a point form a subspace of the functions that are continuous at that point. The chain rule also holds as does the Leibniz rule whenever Y {\displaystyle Y} is an algebra and a TVS in which multiplication is continuous.
World line World lines in literature World_line > World lines in literature They see them as great millepedes - "with babies' legs at one end and old people's legs at the other," says Billy Pilgrim.”Almost all science-fiction stories which use this concept actively, such as to enable time travel, oversimplify this concept to a one-dimensional timeline to fit a linear structure, which does not fit models of reality. Such time machines are often portrayed as being instantaneous, with its contents departing one time and arriving in another—but at the same literal geographic point in space. This is often carried out without note of a reference frame, or with the implicit assumption that the reference frame is local; as such, this would require either accurate teleportation, as a rotating planet, being under acceleration, is not an inertial frame, or for the time machine to remain in the same place, its contents 'frozen'.
Bridge pattern C++ Bridge_pattern > Example > C++ Output: API01.circle at 1.000000:2.000000 - radius: 3.075000 API02.circle at 5.000000:7.000000 - radius: 11.275000
Three prime untranslated region Role in gene expression Three_prime_untranslated_region > Role in gene expression The 3′-untranslated region plays a crucial role in gene expression by influencing the localization, stability, export, and translation efficiency of an mRNA. It contains various sequences that are involved in gene expression, including microRNA response elements (MREs), AU-rich elements (AREs), and the poly(A) tail. In addition, the structural characteristics of the 3′-UTR as well as its use of alternative polyadenylation play a role in gene expression.
Motion in limine Summary Motion_in_limine In U.S. law, a motion in limine (Latin: ; "at the start", literally, "on the threshold") is a motion, discussed outside the presence of the jury, to request that certain testimony be excluded. A motion in limine can also be used to get a ruling to allow for the inclusion of evidence. The motion is decided by a judge in both civil and criminal proceedings.
Learnability Software testing Learnability > Software testing In software testing learnability, according to ISO/IEC 9126, is the capability of a software product to enable the user to learn how to use it. Learnability may be considered as an aspect of usability, and is of major concern in the design of complex software applications. Learnability is defined in the Standard glossary of terms used in software testing published by the International Software Testing Qualifications Board.
PCI card Mixing of 32-bit and 64-bit PCI cards in different width slots PCI_card > Conventional hardware specifications > Mixing of 32-bit and 64-bit PCI cards in different width slots Most 32-bit PCI cards will function properly in 64-bit PCI-X slots, but the bus clock rate will be limited to the clock frequency of the slowest card, an inherent limitation of PCI's shared bus topology. For example, when a PCI 2.3, 66-MHz peripheral is installed into a PCI-X bus capable of 133 MHz, the entire bus backplane will be limited to 66 MHz. To get around this limitation, many motherboards have two or more PCI/PCI-X buses, with one bus intended for use with high-speed PCI-X peripherals, and the other bus intended for general-purpose peripherals.
Chelatase Summary Chelatase In biochemistry, chelatases are enzymes that catalyze the insertion ("metalation") of naturally occurring tetrapyrroles. Many tetrapyrrole-based cofactors exist in nature including hemes, chlorophylls, and vitamin B12. These metallo cofactors are derived by the reaction of metal cations with tetrapyrroles, which are not ligands per se, but the conjugate acids thereof. In the case of ferrochelatases, the reaction that chelatases catalyze is: Fe2+ + H2P → FeP + 2 H+In the above equation H2P represents a sirohydrochlorin or a porphyrin, such as protoporphyrin IX.
Inequalities in information theory Summary Inequalities_in_information_theory Inequalities are very important in the study of information theory. There are a number of different contexts in which these inequalities appear.
Initiator protein Summary Initiator_protein The initiator proteins are the proteins that recognize a specific DNA sequence within the origin of replication. The origin of replication is the site where the helicase attaches to the template strand and starts to unwind the DNA into two strands. == References ==
Genetic similarity Fixation index Genetic_distances > Measures > Other measures > Fixation index A commonly used measure of genetic distance is the fixation index (FST) which varies between 0 and 1. A value of 0 indicates that two populations are genetically identical (minimal or no genetic diversity between the two populations) whereas a value of 1 indicates that two populations are genetically different (maximum genetic diversity between the two populations). No mutation is assumed.
World Wide Web History Internet_surfing > History Unlike Hypercard, Berners-Lee's new system from the outset was meant to support links between multiple databases on independent computers, and to allow simultaneous access by many users from any computer on the Internet. He also specified that the system should eventually handle other media besides text, such as graphics, speech, and video. Links could refer to mutable data files, or even fire up programs on their server computer.

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