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What are some of the oldest civilizations starting?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are some of the oldest civilizations starting? ### Response:		The oldest known urban civilization dates back 4000-3500 B.C and is known as Mesopotamia (meaning, between two rivers) which is modern day Iraq, Kuwait and Syria. Some of the Mesopotamian advancements includes Code of Hammurabi, Babylonian astronomy and the base 60 numeric system (that became the foundation of 60-second, 60 minute and 360-degree circle. Ancient Egyptian civilization(3100 BC) which was one of the most powerful empires that existed for almost 3000 years. It was based around the Nile river which today would extend from Syria to Sudan. Apart from the pyramids, they are famous for tombs, mummification and mausoleums. They also developed the 24-hour day along with 365 days calendar. The civilization ended around 332 B.C when Alexander the Great conquered it successfully. Around 2500 B.C., thrived the Indus valley civilization. The name comes from the Indus river valley that comprises modern day India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is deemed to be one of the most sophisticated civilization with organized city planning with proper sewage and water supply systems. They were also extremely prolific inventors giving standardized weights and measures, metallurgy with copper, bronze, lead, and tin and seal carving. There is still debate among the historians and there are certain studies that suggests that Indus valley civilization might have pre-dated both ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian. Irrespective, there is more unknown than known about this civilization. It is believed that climate change caused the decline of this extremely future forward civilization around 1700 B.C.
What is the oldest civilization in the world?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the oldest civilization in the world? ### Response:		The oldest civilization in the world is the Mesopotamia civilization which lasted between 4000 - 3500 BC
Who is LBJ?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is LBJ? ### Input: Lyndon Baines Johnson (/ˈlɪndən ˈbeɪnz/; August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy, and was sworn in shortly after Kennedy's assassination. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. Senator and the Senate's majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level. ### Response:	Lyndon Baines Johnson (/ˈlɪndən ˈbeɪnz/; August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy, and was sworn in shortly after Kennedy's assassination. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. Senator and the Senate's majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level.	Lyndon Baines Johnson (/ˈlɪndən ˈbeɪnz/; August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy, and was sworn in shortly after Kennedy's assassination. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. Senator and the Senate's majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level. Born in a farmhouse in Stonewall, Texas, to a local political family, Johnson worked as a high school teacher and a congressional aide before winning election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1937. In 1948, he won the 1948 Senate election in Texas after a narrow and controversial victory in the Democratic Party's primary.[2] He was appointed to the position of Senate Majority Whip in 1951. He became the Senate Democratic leader in 1953 and majority leader in 1954. In 1960 Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination for president. Ultimately, Senator Kennedy bested Johnson and his other rivals for the nomination, then surprised many by offering to make Johnson his vice presidential running mate. The Kennedy-Johnson ticket won in the 1960 presidential election. Vice President Johnson assumed the presidency on November 22, 1963, after President Kennedy was assassinated. The following year Johnson was elected to the presidency when he won in a landslide against Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, receiving 61.1% of the popular vote in the 1964 presidential election, the largest share won by any presidential candidate since the 1820 election. Johnson's domestic policy was aimed at expanding civil rights, public broadcasting, access to healthcare, aid to education and the arts, urban and rural development, and public services. In 1964 Johnson coined the term the "Great Society" to describe these efforts. In addition, he sought to create better living conditions for low-income Americans by spearheading a campaign unofficially called the "War on Poverty". As part of these efforts, Johnson signed the Social Security Amendments of 1965, which resulted in the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. Johnson followed his predecessor's actions in bolstering NASA and made the Apollo Program a national priority. He enacted the Higher Education Act of 1965 which established federally insured student loans. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which laid the groundwork for U.S. immigration policy today. Johnson's opinion on the issue of civil rights put him at odds with other white, southern Democrats. His civil rights legacy was shaped by signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. During his presidency, the American political landscape transformed significantly,[3] as white southerners who were once staunch Democrats began moving to the Republican Party[4] and black voters began moving to the Democratic Party.[5][6] Because of his domestic agenda, Johnson's presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States.[7] Johnson's presidency took place during the Cold War, thus his foreign policy prioritized containment of communism. Prior to his presidency, the U.S. was already involved in the Vietnam War, supporting South Vietnam against the communist North. Following a naval skirmish in 1964 between the United States and North Vietnam, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to launch a full-scale military intervention in South East Asia. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, and casualties soared among U.S. soldiers and Vietnamese civilians. Johnson also expanded military operations in neighboring Laos to destroy North Vietnamese supply lines. In 1968, the communist Tet Offensive inflamed the anti-war movement, especially among draft-age students on university campuses, and public opinion turned against America's involvement in the war. In Europe, Johnson's administration continued to promote and foster Western European political and economic cooperation and integration as his predecessors had.[8] At home, Johnson faced further troubles with race riots in major cities and increasing crime rates. His political opponents seized the opportunity and raised demands for "law and order" policies. Johnson began his presidency with near-universal support, but his approval declined throughout his presidency as the public became frustrated with both the Vietnam War and domestic unrest. Johnson initially sought to run for re-election; however, following disappointing results in the New Hampshire primary he withdrew his candidacy. The war was a major election issue and the 1968 presidential election saw Republican candidate Richard Nixon defeat Johnson's vice president Hubert Humphrey. At the end of his presidency in 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, published his memoirs, and in other respects kept a low profile until he died of a heart attack in 1973. Johnson is one of the most controversial presidents in American history. Public opinion and academic assessments of his legacy have fluctuated greatly ever since his death. Historians and scholars rank Johnson in the upper tier because of his accomplishments regarding domestic policy. His administration passed many major laws that made substantial changes in civil rights, health care, welfare, and education.[9] Conversely, Johnson is strongly criticized for his foreign policy, namely escalating American involvement in the Vietnam War.[10][11]
Given a reference text about Margot Robbie, tell me when they were born and what they are famous for.	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Given a reference text about Margot Robbie, tell me when they were born and what they are famous for. ### Input: Margot Elise Robbie (/ˈmɑːrɡoʊ ˈrɒbi/; born 2 July 1990) is an Australian actress and producer. Known for her work in both blockbuster and independent films, she has received various awards and nominations, including nominations for two Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, and five British Academy Film Awards. Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2017 and she was ranked as one of the world's highest-paid actresses by Forbes in 2019. ### Response:	Margot Elise Robbie (/ˈmɑːrɡoʊ ˈrɒbi/; born 2 July 1990) is an Australian actress and producer. Known for her work in both blockbuster and independent films, she has received various awards and nominations, including nominations for two Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, and five British Academy Film Awards. Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2017 and she was ranked as one of the world's highest-paid actresses by Forbes in 2019.	Margot Robbie was born on July 2nd, 1990. She is famous for being an Australian actress and one of Time Magazine's 100 most influential people in the world in 2017.
Why do humans fall in love?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why do humans fall in love? ### Response:		There are various reasons why humans fall in love: for example, because they see themselves in each other and thus find it easier to manage the relationship in terms of understanding and compatibility; some people feel attracted to those who have similar values to their own and thus the same way of feeling and acting. Still others are attracted to the physical part of the other person and think they are in love.
What's so great about St Martin?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What's so great about St Martin? ### Response:		St Martin is a Caribbean island that has so much to offer! A fun fact about the island is that it has a "Dutch side" and a "French side." On the Dutch side of the island, most people speak English. However, on the French side many speak French and also the labels on things in the grocery stores are in French. The fun part about it is, should you want to go from one side to the other, no passport required, you drive between the two like you would drive from one state to the other in the U.S. there is only a sign telling you you've entered the other side! Outside of this fun feature, there are beautitful beaches, great food, and an airport that allows you to get so close to the planes when they land you feel as though you could touch the bottom.
When is the best time to catch Bass in Michigan?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: When is the best time to catch Bass in Michigan? ### Response:		You have the best chance of hooking into a Bass in the early morning or evening on inland lakes in Michigan. Since Bass spawn in the spring, you also will increase your chances of catching bass in Spring (Typically April/May/June) when the water temperature hits 63 degrees F. Bass like shallow water, grassy areas, and spawn in sandy areas of the lake. Use a spinner bait, fake green worm, or top water bait for your best chances of catching a big bass!
Which of the following are in the X-men: Wolverine, Cyclops, Gandalf, He-man and Gambit	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which of the following are in the X-men: Wolverine, Cyclops, Gandalf, He-man and Gambit ### Response:		Wolverine, Cyclops and Gambit are all in or were in the X men. Gandalf is a wizard from Lord of the Rings and He-man is an animated super hero but wasn't in the X men.
Who is Manchester United's current manager?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is Manchester United's current manager? ### Response:		Manchester United's current manager is Eric Ten Hag
Which is a species of fish? Bleak or Weary	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which is a species of fish? Bleak or Weary ### Response:		Bleak
Who is the greatest artist of all time?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is the greatest artist of all time? ### Response:		Michael Jackson Michael Jackson (Michael Joseph Jackson; August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, dancer, and songwriter. He passed away from cardiac arrest caused by a propofol and benzodiazepine overdose on June 25, 2009. He donated (at least) a remarkable 500,000,000 dollars to charity. Michael is also known as The King of Pop (a title given to him by Elizabeth Taylor) or under the initials MJ. Dubbed the King of Pop, he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. He is the creator of the best-selling album of all time, Thriller (1982), awarded 30 times platinum at the beginning of 2016. His other albums Bad, Dangerous and History are all among the best charting albums of all time and all reached the number one position in the US charts. Jackson was the first black artist whose music video (Billie Jean) was aired on MTV, and with that success, he broke down a racial barrier in the music industry. With his music and music videos, he revolutionized the world of pop music. Jackson is very well known for his signature dance moves (moonwalk, lean, sidewalk, Thriller dance), his famous clothing (black hat, white sequined glove, military jackets), his unique singing voice, and songs like Off the Wall, Don't Stop 'till You Get Enough, Thriller, Billie Jean, Beat It, Bad, The Way You Make Me Feel, Man In the Mirror, Heal the World. Black or White, Remember the Time, Earth Song and They Don't Care About Us. He also is the best entertainer of all time according to the Guinness Book of Records, and one of the best-selling solo artists of all time. He had 13 Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era) and was the first artist to have a top-ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades. His honors include 15 Grammy Awards, 6 Brit Awards, a Golden Globe Award and 39 Guinness World Records, including the "Most Successful Entertainer of All Time". Jackson's inductions include the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (twice), the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame, the Dance Hall of Fame (the only recording artist to be inducted) and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame. In 2016, his estate earned $825 million, the highest yearly amount for a celebrity ever recorded by Forbes.
What are some melee weapons I can use for role playing?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are some melee weapons I can use for role playing? ### Response:		Melee weapons include the knife, axe, mace and whip.
Which Gene in the body is responsible for a persons height	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which Gene in the body is responsible for a persons height ### Response:		A variant called HMGA2 is responsible for persons height
What video beat "Thriller" for Video of the Year at the first-ever MTV Video Music Awards?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What video beat "Thriller" for Video of the Year at the first-ever MTV Video Music Awards? ### Response:		The Cars, "You Might Think"
What are the different payment methods for payment inside a US store?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the different payment methods for payment inside a US store? ### Response:		In a US store, commonly accepted payment methods include cash, credit cards, debit cards, and checks.
What are the generations of the Ford Bronco?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the generations of the Ford Bronco? ### Response:		1966-1977 Generation 1 (also considered EB or Early Broncos) 1978-1979 Generation 2 1980-1986 Generation 3 (also called bull nose) 1987-1991 Generation 4 (also called brick nose) 1992-1996 Generation 5 2021-Present Generation 6 (also called new bronco)
Why is the Republican Party against gun control legislation?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why is the Republican Party against gun control legislation? ### Response:		There isn’t one answer to this question, and the answer isn’t strictly associated with the political party a person is affiliated with. But one theory, is many individuals assign more value to the right to own guns for sport or self-defense, than the lives lost by gun violence, because most individuals against gun control legislation are not impacted by gun violence.
What are the most successful Premier League football teams?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the most successful Premier League football teams? ### Response:		Manchester United, Manchester City, Arsenal and Chelsea are the most successful football teams of the Premier League era.
What is the Metropolitan College of New York?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the Metropolitan College of New York? ### Input: The Metropolitan College of New York was founded in 1964 by educational pioneer Audrey Cohen as the Women's Talent Corp. It was renamed the College for Human Services in 1970, when it was granted a charter by the New York State Board of Regents. In 1983, it started offering business programs and in 1988, it added its first graduate program: a Master of Administration (today a Master of Public Administration). In 1992, the college was renamed Audrey Cohen College in honor of its founder. It gained its current name, the Metropolitan College of New York, in 2002. ### Response:	The Metropolitan College of New York was founded in 1964 by educational pioneer Audrey Cohen as the Women's Talent Corp. It was renamed the College for Human Services in 1970, when it was granted a charter by the New York State Board of Regents. In 1983, it started offering business programs and in 1988, it added its first graduate program: a Master of Administration (today a Master of Public Administration). In 1992, the college was renamed Audrey Cohen College in honor of its founder. It gained its current name, the Metropolitan College of New York, in 2002.	The Metropolitan College of New York, founded in 1964 by Audrey Cohen, an educational pioneer, was originally named the Women's Talent Corporation. In 1970 it was renamed teh College of Human Services and was granted a charter by the New York State Board of Regents. In 1983 it added business programs and in 1988 added a Master of Administration. The college was renamed in 1992 to the Audrey Cohen College in recognition of its founder. In 2002 it was again renamed to the Metropolitan College of New York.
Jill, a 60-year-old personal training client, wants to improve her hip flexibility. Can a foam roller target hip flexibility? Suggest an exercise she could perform with this equipment to meet that objective.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Jill, a 60-year-old personal training client, wants to improve her hip flexibility. Can a foam roller target hip flexibility? Suggest an exercise she could perform with this equipment to meet that objective. ### Response:		Yes! According to research, performing foam rolling for the lower back, buttocks, quadriceps, hamstrings, calves and iliotibial bands really helps with hip flexibility. She can perform “It Band Release”, which essentially foam rolls the side of the leg between hip and knee. This rolls the iliotibial bands, which helps to extend, abduct, and laterally rotate the hip; releasing tightness here helps target hip flexibility.
Change this to future tense	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Change this to future tense ### Input: He has been a leading film critic in the country for over a quarter of a century. ### Response:	He has been a leading film critic in the country for over a quarter of a century.	He will be a leading film critic in the country for over a quarter of a century.
What are good foods for keto diet	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are good foods for keto diet ### Response:		Keto is a high fat and low carbohydrates diet. This diet helps the body to get into a state called ketosis where the body uses fat as an energy source instead of carbohydrates. The ideal food items should have high fat content and low or no carbs and sugar. Some meal suggestions are: - cauliflower cheese - broccoli cheese - Avocado chicken salad - cauliflower rice and chicken - Lamb curry - lamb roast with Brussels sprouts - beef roast - beef steak with halloumi fries - salads including cucumber, onion, broccoli Keto food should not have potatoes, rice, pasta, wheat, sugar etc. Diet and sugar free soda can be good alternatives to curb sugar cravings
What is the purpose of life?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the purpose of life? ### Response:		This is a philosophical question that many people over the course of history have asked. Some people say that there is no purpose of life while some say the purpose of life is what you make of it. There is no way to tell which answer is correct because there doesn't exists any source of truth to compare with.
I'm at a board game shop and want to buy a game that either requires physical skill or economic strategy. Here are the available games: Pictionary, Monopoly, Trivial Pursuit, Jenga, Operation, Catan, Diplomacy and Hungry Hippos. Give me a shortlist.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: I'm at a board game shop and want to buy a game that either requires physical skill or economic strategy. Here are the available games: Pictionary, Monopoly, Trivial Pursuit, Jenga, Operation, Catan, Diplomacy and Hungry Hippos. Give me a shortlist. ### Response:		Your shortlist consists of games that require physical skill or economic strategy: Physical Skill: Jenga, Operation, Hungry Hippos Economic Strategy: Catan, Diplomacy, Monopoly
What did Deneen do in her teens?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What did Deneen do in her teens? ### Input: In her teens in the 1880s, she taught school for a time in Sac County, Iowa.[3] She studied at the Mount Carroll Seminary (later known as Shimer College), exiting in 1890.[4] Although then as now primarily a liberal arts institution,[5] the school also offered courses in stenography and typewriting.[6] Deneen performed well enough in her studies to be hired as an instructor of these subjects in 1889[7] and 1890.[5] ### Response:	In her teens in the 1880s, she taught school for a time in Sac County, Iowa.[3] She studied at the Mount Carroll Seminary (later known as Shimer College), exiting in 1890.[4] Although then as now primarily a liberal arts institution,[5] the school also offered courses in stenography and typewriting.[6] Deneen performed well enough in her studies to be hired as an instructor of these subjects in 1889[7] and 1890.[5]	In her teens, Deneen taught school in Sac County, Iowa.
When was the french revolution	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: When was the french revolution ### Input: The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. ### Response:	The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799.	The French revolution started in 1789 and ended in November 1799
What is a credit card?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is a credit card? ### Response:		A credit card is a payment card issued to users (cardholders) to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services based on the cardholder's accrued debt (i.e., promise to the card issuer to pay them for the amounts plus the other agreed charges).The card issuer (usually a bank or credit union) creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the cardholder, from which the cardholder can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance. There are two credit card groups: consumer credit cards and business credit cards. Most cards are plastic, but some are metal cards (stainless steel, gold, palladium, titanium), and a few gemstone-encrusted metal cards.
Fissures, vents, and plugs are all associated with which geological feature?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Fissures, vents, and plugs are all associated with which geological feature? ### Response:		Volcanos.
How to decide what type of dog you want to purchase or adopt?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How to decide what type of dog you want to purchase or adopt? ### Response:		You should make sure you pick a dog that best suits your lifestyle. Size, activity, age and breed all play a factor in the type of furry friend you want to keep around. Bigger dogs tend to require more space and more time outside to release their energy, otherwise, you'll see it unleashed inside your home. Smaller dogs tend to be more manageable but just be careful not to sit on them. If you have an active lifestyle, you'll likely want to keep to a dog that will also be happy to be outside and run around. If you tend to stay in more, a less active/older dog could be better suited for you.
Tell me whether this is a list of flowers or trees: oak, aspen, fir, maple, and redwood.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Tell me whether this is a list of flowers or trees: oak, aspen, fir, maple, and redwood. ### Response:		These are trees rather than flowers.
Are you going for a walk today?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Are you going for a walk today? ### Response:		This is definitely the day I want to go for a walk, the weather has been rainy for so long that I haven't been able to go out. With this beautiful day, it would be a shame to stay inside!
Group the following words into two categories, 'positive' or 'negative' based on the sentiment: efficient, helpful, slow, horrible, fantastic, disappointing, confusing, lovely, excellent.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Group the following words into two categories, 'positive' or 'negative' based on the sentiment: efficient, helpful, slow, horrible, fantastic, disappointing, confusing, lovely, excellent. ### Response:		These words are generally considered to have positive sentiment: lovely, fantastic, excellent, efficient, helpful. While these words are considered negative: horrible, disappointing, slow, confusing.
What links Catalonia, Andalusia, Cantabria, Galicia	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What links Catalonia, Andalusia, Cantabria, Galicia ### Response:		Regions of Spain
From the passage provided, determine who and when the first definition of thermodynamics was formulated.	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: From the passage provided, determine who and when the first definition of thermodynamics was formulated. ### Input: Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854 which stated, "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency." German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave so the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat. ### Response:	Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854 which stated, "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency." German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave so the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat.	Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854.
What is muscular hypertrophy?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is muscular hypertrophy? ### Response:		Muscular hypertrophy is the process of increasing the size of muscles.
Are you going for a walk today?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Are you going for a walk today? ### Response:		I'll go for a walk today, the weather is finally perfect! I've been staying indoors lately due to rain, but with this sun shining, I can't stay indoors any longer!
Arrange these weapons from oldest to newest, based on the date they were first invented. Sword Nuclear Bomb Hand Axe Gatling Gun Rifle	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Arrange these weapons from oldest to newest, based on the date they were first invented. Sword Nuclear Bomb Hand Axe Gatling Gun Rifle ### Response:		The correct order is handaxe, sword, rifle, gatling gun, nuclear bomb. The handaxe is a Stone Age weapon that has existed for more than one million years and long predates homo sapiens. The earliest swords were invented around 3,300 BC in Europe during the beginning of the Bronze Age. The first rifles were likely developed during the 15th century, although their exact origins are unknown. The Gatling gun was invented in 1862 and was first used in battle during the US civil war. The nuclear bomb was invented in 1945 as part of the Manhattan Project.
Draft an e-mail to a resort inquiring about information regarding a vow renewal celebration for my wife and me.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Draft an e-mail to a resort inquiring about information regarding a vow renewal celebration for my wife and me. ### Response:		Hi Jane, I am reaching out to obtain information about hosting a vow renewal celebration at your resort. You were listed as an event POC on the resort's website, please connect me with another colleague if you are not the right contact. I outlined preliminary details below as a starting point for our discussion. - Guest information - Tentative dates: July 11-16, 2022 - Group size: 20-30 - Group ages: 1 years old to elderly - Event(s): - Main Event: Vow Renewal/Celebration - My wife and I would like to have a vow renewal ceremony with dinner and dancing afterward. This will be largely a family gathering and I want it to be relaxed and memorable. - We would like the vow renewal ceremony to take place outside and we are flexible on the dinner/dancing space. - We would like the event to take place during the middle of stay (i.e., July 14). - Potential Additional Events: Welcome Party & Group Activity - We would like to block an area for "welcome drinks" one night and do a group activity one day (e.g., tennis tournament, chartering a boat). Are you able to share any information around pricing for this group and hosting a private event? Please let me know if you have any questions. Ideally you will provide preliminary information for me to review and then we can schedule a call for detailed questions. I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. Thank you, John
Classify each of the following teams as college or professional: Florida Gators, Miami Marlins, Miami Hurricanes, Jacksonville Jaguars, Georgia Bulldogs, Atlanta Braves, Tampa Rays	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Classify each of the following teams as college or professional: Florida Gators, Miami Marlins, Miami Hurricanes, Jacksonville Jaguars, Georgia Bulldogs, Atlanta Braves, Tampa Rays ### Response:		Florida Gators: College Miami Marlins: Professional Miami Hurricanes: College Jacksonville Jaguars: Professional Georgia Bulldogs: College Atlanta Braves: Professional Tampa Rays: Professional
Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Puertasaurus, Southern rockhopper penguin	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Puertasaurus, Southern rockhopper penguin ### Response:		Southern rockhopper penguin is alive, Puertasaurus is extinct.