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No television on school days, that’s the rule in my house. “But you never said I couldn’t watch shows on the laptop,” reasoned my 13 year old after I busted her watching YouTube videos on the computer. With so many screens in the house, kids are getting more screen time than ever before. But how much is too much?
The American Academy of Pediatrics says that depends on the child's age. They recommend two hours maximum for an elementary age child, and not all at one time. "Short bursts of time. You have to really think about the total screen time for the day," says Dr. Martine Richardson Sachs, a developmental pediatrician at Providence hospital in Portland. That includes all screen time, from video games and television to smart phones, computers and iPads.
For middle and high school-age children, experts say screen time should be open to discussion since some schools use computers for homework assignments. But they say parents should not be afraid to check up on their child. "If their homework is spreading out over six hours because they're Facebooking," it may be time to step in, Dr. Richardson Sachs says.
What about the impact on young eyes? Dr. Daniel Karr, a pediatric ophthalmologist at the Casey Eye Institute, says the main issues are fatigue, prolonged focus and position. Even more reason to break up computer time into short bursts. That breaks the fatigue associated with focusing on a screen just a few inches away, allowing young eyes to relax. Short breaks will also drop the child’s risk of developing near-sightedness.
Doctors also recommend children turn away from any screen at least a half hour before bedtime. Studies show screen time limits our body's ability to produce melatonin and can make it tough to get a good night's sleep.
Tune in to Northwest Families Wednesday mornings during the 10 a.m show and Thursday mornings during the 8 a.m. show on NWCN. You can also check us out on Facebook .
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People who find regular water boring might find soda water as a good alternative. It is also called as club soda, sparkling water, carbonated water, fizzy water or seltzer water. It is made by adding pressurized carbon dioxide in water, which gets dissolved in it. Some soda water has sodium as an additive as well. There are some positive as well as negative news related to soda water, so you might have the question "is soda water bad for you?" in the mind for a long time, read on to find the answers by yourself.
Is Soda Water Bad for You?
Soda Water and Teeth
Rumor 1: Soda water erodes teeth enamel.
A study was conducted in August 2001, aiming to find a link between intake of soda water and dental erosion. Later, the result was published in the Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. The study concluded that possibility of soda water to cause dental erosion is only slightly more than that of still water. Hence, the rumor is not completely incorrect, but you should know it has only little influence.
Soda Water and Bones
Rumor 2: Soda water reduces bone density.
Actually, it is more often related to high cola consumption when soda consumption is related with lower bone density. But this does not hold true according to researches. Comparison was done between women who drank one liter of still water every day and another group who drank a liter of carbonated water. Bone density markers were checked after a period of 8 weeks in both groups. There was no difference found, hence you can continue having soda water without worrying about the bone density getting affected.
Soda Water and Kidney
Rumor 3: Soda water is linked with kidney disease.
A study published in the journal Epidemiology in July 2007 investigated the link between consumption of soda water and formation of kidney stones. This study found that regular soda water did not cause kidney stones. However, artificially sweetened cola increased the risk of chronic kidney disease, which was attributed to the presence of phosphoric acid present in cola, which is not present in soda water.
Soda Water and Stomach
Rumor 4: Soda water irritates the stomach.
Carbonated water has definitely been attributed to belching and bloating and you will wonder is carbonated water bad for you. This makes it not a good choice for someone who suffers from acid reflux or irritable bowel syndrome. But it has not been attributed to cause stomach upset to other people. Besides, a study published in the European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology in the year 2002 has stated that soda water helps in reducing indigestion and constipation.
In this study, individuals suffering from chronic indigestion were divided into two groups. One group was given one and half liter of still water per day and the other was given same amount of soda water. After a period of 2 weeks, the latter confirmed that they had less episodes of indigestion and found relief from constipation as well.
Soda Water and Blood Pressure
Rumor 5: Soda water is high in sodium.
Usually most of the soda water available in the market does not contain any added sodium. So it does not actually affect the blood pressure levels. However, since some brands do use it as an additive, it is important to check the label before drinking it.
So in general, soda water has a little effect on our human body. Enjoy it as you like!
- Soda water might not be good for some people. As per a physician nutrition specialist Melina Jampolis on CNNHealth, people suffering from irritable bowel syndrome will experience bloating and gas due to the carbon dioxide.
- It is also not recommended to have soda water after workout as it will fill the stomach and make you drink less water for rehydration.
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A low-stress, almost no-prep way to teach the idea that molecules are made of certain atoms that fit together in a certain way.
Students will use the molview.org website to research the composition and structure of 8 interesting molecules.
Parts of this Lesson:
- Video presentation (Preview above)
- Student Handouts (Preview above)
- Teacher Notes (Members)
- Editable versions of Student Handout (Members)
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Composition can make or break a photo. There are so many rules (guidelines to be precise) of composition to create a compelling image.
One of those is the infamous rule of odds that not many photographers take into account while composing an image.
Here Is What You Need To Know About The Rule Of Odds:
As the name “odds” itself implies, the “rule of odds” suggests that in order to make a composition interesting and more focused, having an odd number of subjects in a frame is more interesting than having an even number of subjects.
Why? Because even numbers tend to create symmetry and also the human brain tends to pair even numbers.
However, this does not mean that you should not take photographs where there is an even number of subjects.
Image by Simon Matzinger
For example, imagine having two elements in an image and three elements in another image “or” four elements in one and five elements in the other. Which one do you think looks visually appealing? The “odd number” would be the answer from a majority I guess.
The Problem With Even Elements
When there are two subjects, it creates a situation where the eye wanders between the two trying to find the best of the two, whereas if you have a third subject, the eye rests on the middle subject that draws focus.
It is complemented by the other two subjects that frame the third subject.
Here are some sample images with just two elements in them – these images lack an interesting focal point
What Is The Rule Of Odds?
“Composing an image with an odd number of subjects” is following the “rule of odds” guideline and most commonly it is 3 or a maximum of 5. A grouping of 7 and above tends to look crowded. So, if you are including more than one subject in an image, then the suggestion is to keep it odd and not even.
Why The Rule Of Odds?
- Odds – Help create a “Dynamic and Interesting” image.
- Evens – Tend to create a “Static and Uninteresting” image
Images that are composed of odd number of subjects
- are more visually pleasing than images that are composed of an even number of subjects.
- help to create depth in an image (something like 3D)
- increase focus while viewing by providing a visual balance
Viewers always look for a central subject and that is achieved through the rule of odds by having a central subject surrounded by supporting subjects. Three creates a triangle and triangles always help to create focal points by leading the viewer into the subject.
How Can You Compose Your Elements?
- You can do them in a line – side by side
- Or as a triangle formation
- When there are more than 3, move them around to create a pleasing composition in the frame.
The rule of odds has been a rule of design from ancient times. It is funny but true that compositions with “three rather than two” or “five rather than four” are just visually more interesting.
If you are interested in advanced composition, don't forget to check out the guide to Advanced Composition over at Photzy.
We would also like to know what your opinions are about the rule of odds. Please feel free to share your thoughts in the comments section below.
It would be interesting to know how each individual perceives the rule of odds.
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MATLAB – the next big
MATLAB is the most popular and widely used programming languages for engineers and scientists.
Millions of engineers and scientists worldwide use MATLAB Programming to analyse and design the systems and products transforming our world. MATLAB is in automobile active safety systems, interplanetary spacecraft, health monitoring devices, smart power grids, and LTE cellular networks. It is used for machine learning, signal processing, image processing, computer vision, communications, computational finance, control design, robotics, and much more.
About the course
This course will provide a solid reference for both experienced and those who are brand-new to MATLAB. By the end of the course you can independently implement projects in MATLAB. This course will ensure that you gain skills which will help you to find a job or get promotion.
0.00 average based on 0 ratings
Duration 3 hours
Enrolled 172 student
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Proof That Aliens Created Mankind Exists in Ancient Biblical Texts
Ancient Sumerian Cuneiform
In the Beginning
During the past few decades, thousands of ancient Sumerian texts and cuneiforms have been discovered in ancient Mesopotamia, which we know as modern day Iraq. Their translations by respected scholars and scientists throughout the world have revealed an incredibly detailed scientific account of the biblical Story of Creation. It's not at all what they were expecting!
In the 1960s, author Erich von Däniken presented the radical premise that the gods and angels reported in the stories of the bible were actually ancient astronauts who had been misidentified.
New archeological discoveries are being made and presented that not only strengthen this premise, they have presented new evidence that provide the most incredible answers to many of mankind's deepest questions. Questions like, "Who Am I, Where Did I Come From and Why Am I Here?" And this time this collective wave of information brings with it scholars, scientists and archeologists bearing strangely convincing proof.
We were first told the Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament, came directly from God during the period beginning about 1,300 BC to 300 BC. Therefore, it began about 3,300 years ago and was completed about one thousand years later. Next we learned the Greek Bible was plagiarized from the Hebrew Bible. And then came the discovery that the Hebrew Bible was plagiarized from the Sumerian Bible. Sumerian was the very first written language known to have ever existed.
Whoever the translators of the later bibles were, they certainly left out an incredible amount of very important information! And as amazing as the translations seem, even now they somehow begin to make both logical and scientific sense.
The Book of Genesis and the Hebrew bible were based on the Sumerian Story of Creation. For at least 2000 years, Hebrew numerologists and students of the Kabbalah have been searching the Old Testament for God's grand code. An original manuscript of a rare Kabbalistic text, the Sefer Yetzirah, is also known as the Book of Creation. It's the oldest book in the Hebrew occult tradition. It describes how God created the universe and all living things using the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. It has recently been discovered that the twenty-two letters represent the twenty-two amino acids used as the building blocks of human DNA. The secret to the creation of mankind was DNA manipulation by the gods. How did the Sumerians know about human DNA over 5,000 years ago?
Now our accumulated volumes of knowledge are saying, in the most remarkable way, that these writings are scientifically based, authentic and their content is provable.
The Old Testament was based on Sumerian texts and cuneiforms dating back from a period of 4,000 to 5,000 years ago. There are literally thousands of these recovered records still awaiting translation. They intricately tell us about everything relating to life during this time from sales receipts and family matters to their Story of Creation. It's a story which clearly reveals that our modern day bible stories descended directly from these ancient texts and there was much more that was left out of the bible stories that we all were taught. As remarkable as this seems, this is what it says.
Sumerian Cylinder Seal
The Sumerian Bible Translation
The Hebrew bible says that the creation of Adam and Eve was the beginning. There are detailed records of all of the generations from Adam down through to Jesus. These records state how old each person was when they had their children. So, if you add up the dates in the bible, it clearly shows that the earth is a little older than 6,000 years old.
The Sumerian version includes the birth of the universe over 13.7 billion years ago. Our scientists now estimate this to be the approximate age of our universe. How could the Sumerians have possibly known this thousands of years before our bible was even written? They clearly state that this was told to them by “"those who from the heavens came to earth," the Anunnaki.
Scientists have estimated the age of the Earth to be 4.54 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%). This age may represent the age of the Earth’s accretion, of core formation, or of the material from which the Earth formed. This dating is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples.
Following the development of radiometric age-dating in the early 20th century, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old. The oldest such minerals analyzed to date, small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia, are at least 4.404 billion years old. Calcium-aluminum inclusions, the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites that are formed within the Solar System are 4.567 billion years old, giving a lower limit for the age of the solar system.
It is hypothesized that the accretion of Earth began soon after the formation of the calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and the meteorites. Because the exact amount of time this accretion process took is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few million up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.
The Summerian Story of creation picks up over 4.5 billion years ago when the original Earth (Tiamat) collided with a great celestial body (Marduk) forming our moon. Today's scientists estimate that event to have occurred around 4.5 billion years ago. How could this have possibly been written 4,000 to 5,000 years ago? How did they know all of the planets in our solar system, including Marduk and Tiamat and that their collision also resulted in the creation of Earth as we know it?
The planetary giants struck each other at an angle leaving all land mass on one side of the planet, known as Pangea, while leaving a huge gap on the other side with the oceans filling it in. Over hundreds of millions of years Pangea slowly split into the seven continents we recognize today. This is exactly what today's scientists say happened. Again, how could this have been written four to five millennia in the past. Modern science didn't even know of all the planets in our solar system until about a hundred years ago.
The Orbit of Nibiru
The Planet Nibiru
The Sumerian story of creation includes descriptions of life on a planet in our solar system that we have yet to discover. It's name is Nibiru. It has an oval orbit that takes 3,600 years to travel around our sun. About 500,000 years ago the atmosphere on Nibiru was greatly damaged and diminished by a cataclysmic celestial disaster and those who lived there had to find a way to repair it in order to survive.
They knew that by putting enough gases and dusts back into their atmosphere this damage could be mended. The metal that by far worked the best for this purpose was gold because no other substance can be pulverized into such a fine powder and made to stay aloft in the atmosphere. It's also inert and won't combine with any other substance. It's interesting to note that NASA launched a rocket in the early 1970s which was meant to search for extraterrestrial life. It included a gold disk which identified Earth and many of its features including Mankind. It is estimated that this gold disk has a life span of 2 billion to 4 billion years.
Gold was extremely rare on Nibiru. But they had remarkable technology and were able to “scan” the solar system to find the presence of gold.
They first found it in the asteroid belt and attempted to mine it there. They lost many astronauts and space ships and their efforts were a failure.
The leader of the astronauts, Anu, again scanned the solar system for gold and got readings from Earth. He landed on our planet about 445,000 years ago. Their story about the trip to Earth is truly remarkable! The descriptions of seeing Earth up close for the first time are breathtaking! When they first see the details of Earth emerge from the darkness of space they describe it as having a “white top and white bottom with blue around its middle,” clearly identifying the Arctic and Antarctica with the oceans around the temperate zone.
Since the article you are currently reading was first published in 2014, JPL (Jet Propulsion Labs) has announced the discovery of another, previously undiscovered planet in our solar system. The JPL story was included in a recent episode of the television series, 60 Minutes. (This is not the forum to debate whether or not Pluto is a planet.)
Nearly every facet of our scientific community has long insisted that such a planet could not even possibly exist within our solar system simply due to the laws of physics. Most scientists throughout the world have repeated this claim. It can not possibly exist. No! No! No! No! No! ..... Oops, there it is.
The new planet is estimated to be approximately ten times the mass of Earth. It has not yet been seen by astronomers as it currently resides in deep space. JPL states that its existence has been absolutely identified due to the gravitational fluctuations it exerts on the outer planets of our solar system. This is the same way Jupiter was eventually discovered a little over a hundred years ago. But now scientists and astronomers are scrambling to explain its existence. How did the ancient Sumerians know of its existence?
The Creation of Mankind
The Sumerian Story of Creation states there was much gold on Earth and the Annunaki began to mine it from the ocean. But this was too slow. They realized that to get the great quantities they needed they had to get gold from within the earth. They brought 50 more astronauts from Nibiru to help with the mining efforts.
They established a base on Mars to store gold awaiting shipment to Nibiru. The reason for this base was that the gravitational pull on Mars was significantly less than that on Earth. Shipping from Mars saved them much time and energy. How did these writings correctly identify that the gravitational force on Mars was much less than that of Earth?
Those stationed on Mars hated working there and eventually rebelled. One of the alien rulers, Enki, decided to create a class of worker beings through DNA manipulation. He chose an existing species of hominids which had the potential for success. They created a breeding area know as the Edin. This is where they created an entirely new species specifically designed for mining gold. They combined hominid DNA with their own DNA. The result was the beginning of mankind!
The Great Flood
The DNA creation was successful but the new beings were hybrids, therefore sterile and unable to reproduce. After several failures they were eventually successful and the new breed was called the “Adamu,” the first humans. Their numbers multiplied rapidly. This is what the original bible says! Our modern bible was plagiarized from this bible but why was so much left out? What gave the editors of our bible the right to hide this knowledge from mankind?
That's just a tiny part of their creation story! It was carved into stone nearly 5,000 years ago. How can all of these words possibly be explained? It's impossible to deny the existence of these writings. They exist. They're authentic. They've been translated by numerous scholars, a task which has taken three decades and this is what they clearly state. But it's certainly not what religions and governments necessarily want to hear.
The Sumerian Bible even reveals the cause of the great flood. We've been led to believe that the flood resulted from "god" being pissed off or by global warming over hundreds or even thousands of years. But this was not the case. They explain that approximately 12,000 years ago when their planet passed through our solar system, there was such a huge gravitational force exerted on Earth that it caused the ice shelf of Antarctica to collapse and slide into the ocean. How could they have even known there was an ice cap on Antarctica! They still thought the Earth was flat. Or so we were taught.
It was stated that the aliens / gods, the Anunnaki, did not cause this climatic event but they could have prevented it. They chose not to intervene because by this time mankind was everywhere and out of control and in such disarray that they chose to let them perish and then to start anew. It was Enki, the doctor / scientist, creator of humankind who warned Ziusudra of the coming flood. Ziusudra was the guy who was renamed Noah a few thousand years later. He was told that he and his entire family should collect DNA samples of all the various species of animals and plants to preserve them for life after the flood. The story gets even more fantastic but way to much for this writing. Authors and scientists like Zecharia Sitchen and Michael Tellinger give us much more accurate and detailed accounts.
Zecharia Sitchin With 5,000-Year-Old Sumerian Cylinder
Let Science Be the Judge
The good thing about science is that it seeks truth through discovery and proof. Religion seeks blind obedience. Religion makes unsubstantiated claims that lack logic and then demands, under threat, that all followers believe them. This does not nurture spirituality in any way. It represses truths that could be immensely beneficial to humankind and all the species and beings on Earth. If this information eventually becomes universally accepted, the biggest religions could easily collapse.
It's amazing that we, as a global society, go about our daily lives without any consideration whatsoever about extraterrestrial aliens actually existing. Yet, the evidence is everywhere. The media presents it as “what if” rather than “it is.” And the world seems to be okay with this worldwide denial.
Even though more than half of all individuals everywhere believe that UFOs are real. Even though they seem to have been with us throughout recorded history. Even though there are thousands of reports of them. Even though every government on Earth both reports and denies them. Even though several of our US Presidents have had encounters with them. Even though all of this stuff, we act as though they don't exist. Why? Because our governments say they don't exist, therefore they don't. What will be our response when governments admit they do exist? I think Jack Nicholson said it best. “The truth? You can't handle the truth!"
But sooner rather than later we will get undeniable documentation that they are in fact here and mankind may instantaneously panic. It may scare us into global war or it may be the catalyst for Armageddon. But if we're lucky, it might even scare us into global peace.
It has been reported that 38 countries, including the Vatican, have now confirmed their existence. The U.S. is not among the 38. The Pope has even stated that he wants to baptize them as Catholics. Good luck with that!
Is This Too Much Information to Digest?
The information presented herein comes from scientists and scholars presenting their findings as scientific fact rather than from religious organizations promoting doctrine or from fictional speculation. It's for you to find your own comfortable level of acceptance.
Personally, I have found religious doctrine to be immensely insufficient; lacking in credibility, believable assertions and explanations. When I first found these words they were interesting to me but nearly impossible to believe. Once I slowly began to digest and understand this new Alien POV (Point Of View), the bible actually came alive. This new knowledge explained so many things in the bible from Adam and Eve to Moses and the "burning bush" on the mountain to the "virgin birth" of Christ which explains the “heavenly origin” of Jesus. When angels are presented as actual flesh and blood beings, the (Watchers) and gods who were the Annunaki rulers, the (Nephilim), are defined by their technology and not their “magic,” an entirely new picture emerges. It's one of wonderment, hope and inspiration.
I've always been one who required proof before I really believed something. If an important prediction is made I want to know the results of the prediction. Was it right or was it wrong? If someone claims something amazing happened in the ancient past, where is the proof?
When my son, Micah, first told me they had discovered numerous ancient gold mines in South Africa dating back to 100,000 or possibly 200,000 years ago, I couldn't just readily accept it, I wanted it to be true but I also wanted proof. I researched it and the mines were in fact there and as old or even older than represented. This began my discovery of the information herein shared. As convincing as this new account seems to be, I still wanted more proof. Physical provable touchable proof.
The Ruins at Gobekli Tepe in Turkey
More Proof Discovered
Archeologists have now discovered the ruins of Gobekli Tepe in South Eastern Turkey. They are estimated to be the size of a modern city and will take another 30 years to fully excavate. Its age has been scientifically proven to be between 11,000 and 12,000 years old! The oldest human society ever discovered on Earth! Another 6,000 years older than the Sumerian Bible! It was built before the great flood and was meticulously buried in sand to be saved from the great flood by those who knew such an event was coming! And even though this society had no written language, they did have images carved in stone and they had statues and symbols. These statues included carvings of what seem to be of the double helix, a representation of the DNA molecule. They also include statues of "heads" which have huge eyes, are somewhat triangular shaped and eerily resemble the heads of creatures we have come to know as the "Greys." They clearly express a story of the gods who came to earth in spaceships and through DNA manipulation created mankind as a slave species to mine gold. It described their planet and these gods were clearly shown to be the Annunaki. And it is now believed that Gobekli Tepe was the Edin where they engineered the first humans, the Adamu.
The purpose of this writing is not to promote these incredible discoveries as absolute truth. They're so radically different from what we were taught that they are immediately rejected by most of those who read them. How can this possibly be true? It all seems so crazy!
Rather the purpose of this article is to reveal the fact that this information exists. It's authentic and is being studied from a scientific point of view. Religion should completely stay out of the coming debate. Each of the major religions have their own biased agenda that clouds any version of the truth other than their own. They should learn to stop trying to hold back the hands of time. It might tear their arms off.
There is coming a time when the information that is taught in our schools will confirm and not contradict the body of proof thus far discovered by our scientific community. A new wave of spirituality will be awakened in mankind. It will be born from knowledge rather than from organized biased religion. It will be fueled by the hundreds of books that will soon be written about this newly discovered evidence, for this information changes everything! It's already out there. It's been published. It's already begun to spread. This time truth will be provable and science, not religion, will be its teacher.
This is the general area where the Sumerian texts revealing the Story of Creation were discovered.
Gebekli Tepe was built 7,000 years before the Great Pyramid, and 6,000 years before Stonehenge. It spans 37 acres and will take 30 years to excavate.
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Positive thinking is perhaps the best way to deal with stress and cope with difficult situations. There are several practical ways through which we can bring positive feelings to our lives and 12 of them are described below.
1. Get involved in activities that bring pleasure
Pleasure can reverse the negative feelings and makes us more resistant to them.
Try out activities that calm the soul like hiking, taking a warm bath, listening to music, relaxing under the sun (the sunlight produces vitamin D which seems to be associated with seasonal depression), eating a nice meal, and hanging out with friends.
We can also get pleasure through challenging activities like sports, music, art, dancing and voluntarism.
2. Believe in yourself
Focus on your positive experiences, the present, the positive attributes of your character, the good things in your lives, to what you already have, to what you have achieved so far and to how well you feel with yourself.
The more you feel that your contribution in this world is important, the more you can find a meaning in life.
3. Be happy and enjoy the positive experiences without guilt
What does it mean to allow ourselves to enjoy the positive experiences without guilt? It simply means to:
- Enjoy a good meal without having to think about calories or the extra fat.
- To enjoy a trip to the country without thinking about the things we have to do tomorrow.
- To play with our child and get dirty without worrying how we will get rid of the stain.
4. Smile as much as you can
The human brain does not distinguish the difference between a genuine and a fake smile. Thus, when someone is faking a smile, his brain responds in the same way that it would have responded if he had been truly smiling!
5. Be creative!
Explore your creativity and put it into action. Creativity brings greater satisfaction and mental exaltation.
We need to recognize our creative dreams and follow them. It is necessary to find the practical ways through which we will live our dreams together with those we love and put them into practice.
Someone can be creative by making a painting, preparing a beautiful dinner, planting flowers, decorating their home, etc. Of course the important thing is to enjoy what we are doing.
6. Hang out with positive thinkers
Seek to socialize with people who are happy and have a positive approach and avoid all those who bring out a bad vibe. Sociability, in its positive meaning, and a wide network of friends increase the satisfaction levels in our lives.
7. Participate in groups that have common interests with you
When we feel that we are part of a group, in other words that we belong somewhere, we have a greater sense of security, sharing and meaning in life.
8. Take care of your physical condition.
A good and healthy diet combined with some mild exercise, increases the energy levels in the body, enhances vitality, improves the feeling we have for our body and therefore makes us happier.
Healthy people love themselves enough to follow a healthy lifestyle.
9. Separate your needs from your desires
10. Say “stop” to the negative thoughts
People who do not insist on unpleasant thoughts are certainly much happier. If you tend to stick to unpleasant things, you need to practice saying “stop” to the negative thoughts.
11. Set small realistic goals each day
By managing to fulfill these objectives, we will get positive feelings and a positive perception of ourselves as well.
We can also set bigger goals, the accomplishment of which will bring us happy feelings. The process towards achieving our goals can give us the feeling that we deserve it and also that the target we set was worth it.
Our greater goal can be achieved through the accomplishment of smaller daily objectives.
12. Find personal sources of satisfaction and joy
In this difficult time where values and modern lifestyle falter and are being reviewed, it appears to be an urgent need to redefine the meaning of life, to turn to personal sources of satisfaction and joy and to protect ourselves from daily difficulties.12 Positive Thinking Techniques by Alex Chris
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Mistletoe (Viscum album)
[ENG] Mistletoe (Viscum album)
Spread: Mistletoe can be commonly found in Central and Northern Europe. Birds spread the seeds through eating the white mistletoe berries.
Description: Mistletoe is half-parasite, which cultivates itself on a wide variety of tree branches. It feeds on the nutrients provided by the tree. Most commonly mistletoe can be found in birch, maple, apple tree, wound, rowan and poplar. Mistletoe can grow up a meter in diameter, the leaves are evergreen. The Mistletoe seeds are covered with a type of sticky mucus, which helps it stick to the tree branches.
General: In various cultures the toxic mistletoe has been linked to mysticism and myth. The plant has also been called upon to protect people from evil spirits, which is why it was hung on the walls for protection. In the Asterix comic book series mistletoe was used by the village druid Akvavitix for brewing a magic potion. In ancient times druids and healers used mistletoe for promoting fertility and bringing good luck. The kiss under the mistletoe tradition was born in England in the 19th century. In Germany, mistletoe is kept in high regard for its medicinal properties. In England mistletoe is used as a Christmas decoration.
In the pictures:
A - Mistletoe on tree branch (picture: Tom Ahlström)
B - Mistletoe on tree branch (picture: Tom Ahlström)
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Children are natural-born scientists. Every time they play with water, build with blocks, or ask “what,” “how,” or “why,” they are trying to make sense of their surroundings—the foundation of science learning.
But a new study from EDC has found that only half of all families routinely incorporate informal science activities into their daily life. But it’s not for lack of interest: 7 out of 10 parents reported that they would do more science with their young children if they knew what to do.
“Early science exploration is key to creating lifelong problem-solvers,” says EDC’s Shelley Pasnik, an early childhood expert who led the research team on behalf of the U.S. Department of Education’s program Ready To Learn. “We want to help parents learn some simple, fun, and meaningful science activities that they can do with their children, so that science learning becomes as natural as reading to them at bedtime.”
Here are four easy things that every parent can do to nurture children’s interest in the world around them.
1. Make a mess
Young children love making a mess. Parents need only a couple of materials to turn mess-making into fun and collaborative science exploration.
For young kids, spray a heap of foamy shaving cream onto a metal cookie sheet and encourage your child to touch, shape, and play with the substance. Ask “What does the shaving cream feel like?” and “What kind of shapes can you make out of it?” For more fun, add food coloring and observe how it travels throughout the shaving cream. Add more colors. Then mix it up!
Older children may enjoy making “slime” (here’s one simple recipe). There’s a lot of science embedded in this project: children have to measure and mix ingredients, and parents can ask questions about the properties of this unique substance. What makes it so “slimy?” What are some ways to make the substance either more or less gooey?
2. Play with water
You can do a lot of engaging science activities with a sink, some plastic bottles, and a few toys.
“Water play gets children exploring water’s liquid properties,” says EDC’s Cindy Hoisington, a long-time science educator. “Pouring, spraying, and squirting water all help children build foundational experiences about water and how it looks, moves, and behaves. And they can continue to refer to these initial experiences as they grow older and investigate other liquids.”
For starters, fill up the sink and then examine which objects float—and which fall to the bottom. Ask your child to share their ideas about why these objects float or sink, and then carry out some follow-up explorations to test their ideas. Or have your child fill containers of different sizes and shapes, and encourage them to describe how the shape of the water changes when they pour it from one container to another.
Ready for more? Poke a few holes along one side of a plastic bottle (an empty 1-liter soda bottle works great) and then fill it up with water. Now turn the bottle upright, and observe how the water pours out of the different holes. Ask: What do you see? What happens to the streams as the water level in the bottle gets lower and lower?
3. Build ramps
Structural engineering is science too, and explorations of motion and gravity can be fun for everyone. Here’s a simple activity: use LEGOs, cardboard, or even discarded recyclables to build a ramp, and then roll a marble down it. Work with your child to figure out how to make the marble go slower or faster. Or build two ramps and have a race!
For an added challenge, see if you can get the marble to come to rest in a small container (such as a tin can or a small box) at the end of its journey down the ramp. What modifications do you have to make to the ramp to better control the path and speed of the marble?
Finally, consider using a cell phone to film some of these trials. Watching these quick videos with your child offers more opportunities for scientific conversation and may even prompt new questions about the exploration.
4. Observe the world around you
You can still do a lot of science even if you don’t have any materials available—just look up, down, or around. For example, when you’re outside, ask your child to look up and describe how the clouds are moving or why they think the swing keeps swinging after it is pushed. Or turn over some rocks at the base of a tree and talk about what you find.
Need more ideas? Look to public media. The PBS KIDS programs Curious George, Ruff Ruffman, and Ready, Jet, Go all pose interesting, age-appropriate questions for young scientists to explore. Try watching one of these programs with your child, and then use the programs’ digital apps and offline activities to keep these explorations going.
No matter what the science experiment is, the most important thing is to let your child take the lead, says Hoisington.
“Parents often think that the point of science is for them to teach their child science facts,” she says. “But children notice and wonder about all kinds of interesting things. They are constantly raising questions, testing things out, and developing ideas about how and why the world works the way it does. That’s the essence of science. The most powerful thing a parent can do is to pay attention to their child’s interests and questions. Then they can join in with their child’s investigations and help them figure out how to learn more.”
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Today, we remember the publication of the first Book of Common Prayer. It is typically remembered on a weekday following the Day of Pentecost. This year, at St. Alban’s, we observe it today: June 12. 2019.
Almighty and everliving God, whose servant Thomas Cranmer, with others, did restore the language of the people in the prayers of thy Church: Make us always thankful for this heritage; and help us so to pray in the Spirit and with the understanding, that we may worthily magnify thy holy Name; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
The first Book of Common Prayer came into use on the Day of Pentecost, June 9, 1549, in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI. From it have descended all subsequent editions and revisions of the Book in the Churches of the Anglican Communion.
Though prepared by a commission of learned bishops and priests, the format, substance, and style of the Prayer Book were primarily the work of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1533–1556.
The principal sources employed in its compilation were the medieval Latin service books of the Use of Sarum (Salisbury), with enrichments from the Greek liturgies, certain ancient Gallican rites, the vernacular German forms prepared by Luther, and a revised Latin liturgy of the reforming Archbishop Hermann of Cologne. The Psalter and other biblical passages were drawn from the English “Great Bible” authorized by King Henry VIII in 1539, and the Litany was taken from the English form issued as early as 1544.
The originality of the Prayer Book, apart from the felicitous translations and paraphrases of the old Latin forms, lay in its simplification of the complicated liturgical usages of the medieval Church, so that it was suitable for use by the laity as well as by the clergy. The Book thus became both a manual of common worship for Anglicans and a primary resource for their personal spirituality.
from A Great Cloud of Witnesses (Church Publishing)
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November 10, 2020
Raising Awareness of Cultural Heritage Through Experiential Learning
Walking along Ras Al Khaimah City's Old Corniche may not sound as appealing as it would in similar cities along the Arabian Gulf due to the deterioration of the traditional buildings that dot the coastline. These buildings, however, hold immense cultural and historical value. Consequently, their deterioration raises concerns about the level of awareness of their importance and interest in their preservation among the city's inhabitants.
Old buildings in Ras Al Khaimah, that is those constructed more than 60 years ago, typically from traditional materials – coral stone and sea sand mixed with seashells – are often considered by their owners as a burden. These buildings have become undesirable, firstly because the economic value of the buildings has diminished while their land value has increased exponentially, and secondly, the cultural significance of the buildings is not realized or appreciated by their owners or by the inhabitants of the city. Although Emiratis still enjoy traditional products, visit the old souks, and eat in traditional restaurants, their view of historical buildings is somehow different. The only thing that is keeping these buildings from disappearing is a royal decree to prevent demolishing them. This, at least, reflects a commitment to preserving, if not restoring, the cultural heritage of Ras Al Khaimah at the institutional level.
However, the dichotomy between cultural understanding and legal requirements has led to an unresolved situation that is damaging the preservation of these historically significant buildings. Owners have been left with the option to either abandon the houses and leave them to decay and collapse or rent them at cheap rates to foreign workers or as material storage for contracting companies. It is crucial, however, to preserve these important artifacts of cultural heritage before they disappear. Therefore, documentation is an essential tool to keep a record of the historic buildings and make them available for future reference. Typically, this documentation records both the tangible features and components of the buildings and the intangible aspects that accompanied the evolution of the houses as a reflection of the integrated social, cultural, and economic heritage in the region.
Educating young generations about the value of Ras Al Khaimah's heritage and the influence it had on their current lives is just as important as preserving it. One strategy that can contribute to increasing their knowledge of their past is incorporating historical building documentation into the teaching curriculums of some educational programs, such as architecture. By creating teaching modules with specific learning outcomes that concentrate on cultural heritage and documenting old buildings, students will be encouraged to have a direct encounter with their heritage and, accordingly, learn about its importance in the context of understanding modern society and culture.
With this goal in mind, two courses from the architectural curriculum at the American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Urban Design and Conservation of Historic Architecture, have been tailored to study the urban context of Ras Al Khaimah Old Town and consider conservation strategies. A group of six historical houses was identified according to pre-established criteria before the students began their fieldwork. The selection criteria included the architectural value of the house and its significance and the safety and security of the building – so that the students could go inside and conduct their work. Because some of the houses have been used for dumping garbage, we asked for the help of the Waste Management Department to clean the houses before the documentation process began.
The process spanned six months, during which the students took pictures of all the houses' components, both external and internal. They also measured and recorded the ornamentation on the buildings' walls and ceilings. To verify the accuracy of their measurements, a professional surveyor was employed to help the students collect the houses' exact dimensions.
The data and documentation were then brought to the studios, where the measurements and sketches were converted into technical drawings using specialized software such as AutoCAD and Revit. Students were able to produce precise two-dimensional and three-dimensional drawings. Additionally, the students produced colored renderings which were exhibited to the public. The drawings will be helpful if further studies need to be conducted on the typologies of houses and if any conservation or renovation works are conducted to utilize them for cultural or social development in the area.
The project had a profound impact on students' relationship with and understanding of Ras Al Khaimah's cultural heritage. Lama Al Qady expressed her newfound enchantment with the historic building: "The hidden gems amongst the rubbles of the past years are visible in the traditional patterns in wall motifs, cornices, and niches." She continued, "forgotten majlises and courtyards are the key to studying the culture and lifestyle of the past generations." Similarly, Mohab Hamada said that "working on documenting old houses opened my sight to a different direction in architecture and started to learn more about the traditional and cultural elements of the old houses and keep me in touch with how the people used to practice their daily life."
This experiential approach to teaching cultural heritage has the potential to instill a respect and understanding of Ras Al Khaimah and the broader UAE's cultural heritage. It could be enhanced by extending this experiment to other educational institutions in the UAE. Initiating joint projects among the different schools of architecture will help to exchange experiences and widen the base for a national project recording and documenting the cultural heritage of the UAE.
To learn more policies and recommendations associated with the documentation of Ras Al Khaimah's historic building, including student engagement through AURAK's architecture program, refer to Al Qasimi Foundation's policy paper "Raising Awareness of Cultural Heritage: Experiential Learning, Architecture Education, and Documentation of Historical Architecture in Ras Al Khaimah."
Tawfiq Abuhantash is an Associate Professor of Architecture in the School of Engineering and Advisor to the President of Campus Development at the American University of Ras Al Khaimah.
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BIRMINGHAM, England—A British company has developed a device that can read the tire pressure of vehicles as they pass over it.
According to a BBC report, the device—developed by WheelRight in conjunction with computer scientists from Birmingham's Aston University—is embedded in the road.
As vehicles pass over it, pressure sensors collect data, which is immediately processed to calculate the tire pressure of the car, truck or bus, the report said.
The device is being tested at a Swindon bus depot, where buses pass over the machine at the end of every day's service. If a tire's pressure is low a message is automatically sent and the tire is then manually inflated to the correct pressure.
One industry organization said the idea could have merit.
"Good maintenance standards are essential to the safe and efficient operation of heavy goods vehicles," said Kate Gibbs, spokeswoman for the UK's Road Haulage Association.
"Certainly, in principle, we consider the 'drive-over' system to be a good idea," she said. "However, we would want to see firm evidence of its benefits and safety advantages before giving it the 'green light'."
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Join Morten Rand-Hendriksen for an in-depth discussion in this video Add backwards compatibility with SVGeezy, part of Web Icons with SVG.
- [Voiceover] Treating SVGs like regular images…by placing them inside an image element…is by far the easiest method…for displaying SVGs on the web.…However, like I mentioned in the previous movie,…this method has a problem…when I comes to older browsers that do not support SVGs.…In those older browsers, in place of an SVG,…you'll just see a little red X indicating…there's an image here that is not being displayed.…So, to support these older browsers,…we need to figure out a way of swapping out this SVG…for some other supported image format, like a PNG,…in those older browsers.…
SVG is an XML-based method for instructing the browser to draw scalable vector graphics based on defined shapes and coordinates. The challenge with SVGs is they are not like other graphic files: Rather than a grid of pixels, they are code instructions interpreted by the browser on the fly. This poses some unique challenges and unique opportunities when it comes to implementation. In this course, you'll learn various methods to deploy SVG icons in webpages, each with its own use cases, benefits, and drawbacks. Morten Rand-Hendriksen shows how to insert individual SVG images, add SVGs as inline elements and SVG sprites via the command line, and automate SVGs with Grunticon. Plus, get tips on making your graphics backward-compatible and accessible, and using SVG icons in WordPress.
- SVG vs. icon fonts
- Getting existing SVG icons
- Creating your own icons
- Adding individual SVG icons to webpages
- Adding SVG as an inline element or background image
- Using external and inline SVG sprites
- Automating SVG generation with Grunticon
- Using SVG icons in WordPress
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NGC 6503, a galaxy with a rotation curve exhibiting the diversity problem, and used in research by UCI’s Kaplinghat and colleagues. Credit: NASA, ESA, D. Calzetti (UMass), H. Ford (JHU), Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collab.
Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM) posits that dark matter particles interact with each other. In contrast, the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) paradigm states that dark matter particles do not experience collisions. SIDM was theorized to address problems on small scales, like the density profiles of dwarf galaxies being too dense in their cores with a CDM profile. SIDM alleviates this problem as particles that scatter exchange energy and thermalize, easing the over-density in the core, which provides a better fit to dwarf halo observations. Another problem with CDM is something called the diversity problem, which can be explained as follows: Spiral galaxy halos that are expected to have similar rotation curves can have very different profiles in their inner regions, and it isn’t clear how we can produce the observed scatter using CDM models.
Let’s take a look at the following plots:
Kamada, Kaplinghat, Pace, and Yu (2017) (green markings by me)
The above plots are rotation curves for two galaxies, NGC 6503 and UGC 128. A rotation curve is just a plot of the circular velocities of stars at various radii; that is, at points from the core of the galaxy, and outward through its edge. In the plots above, look at the black data points (with error bars) and note that as you move out to larger radii, both galaxies seem to converge at a similar maximum circular velocity of ~130 km/s. Now, look at the parts encircled in green (and again, only the black data points): are these portions also similar? They aren’t. In fact, they are drastically dissimilar near the inner core regions. Diversity in the inner halo is driven by the baryons (ie. stars and gas) in the galaxy: where the surface density of stars is low, the density of dark matter is also low; conversely, where the surface density of stars is high, the dark matter density is high. That’s the essence of the diversity problem in galactic rotation curves.
In new research from one of our department’s professors, Manoj Kaplinghat, Hai-Bo Yu of UC Riverside, and colleagues, it has been shown that SIDM can explain the diversity problem!
Let’s go back to the above plots. The magenta curves are clearly indicated (dashed magenta is the curve for just the stars, and dotted-dashed magenta is the gas). The halo curves in blue are as follows: solid blue is the SIDM halo, dotted blue is CDM, and asterisk blue is SIDM when you neglect the contribution of baryons. But in galaxies of this size, we absolutely need to account for the baryon content because it is significant, and will modify the profile (and, as stated above, creates a diversity in galaxy halos). Now, take a look at the red curve: it includes the SIDM curve, plus the effects of stars and gas (baryons), and provides a fantastic fit to the data! You can find the paper in Physics Review Letters, here.
These plots are just two of 30 different galaxies exhibiting the diversity problem that Kaplinghat and his colleagues analyzed. All show that SIDM can very simply explain the diversity exhibited in galactic rotation curves. I remember two years ago, when I met with Kaplinghat about my plans to attend UCI, we discussed various aspects of SIDM. One of his concerns was whether SIDM could provide a reasonable explanation to the diversity problem. It’s exciting to learn this has been addressed in his latest work! Another score for SIDM and the world of astrophysics.
This is another edition of republished blog posts I wrote for the UCI Physics and Astronomy Blog Site! Be sure to follow our site for more science from the department explained simply, here. Stay tuned for more from me on this type of dark matter!
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Your body is a complex machine and sometimes things can be slightly off balance inside it. There are lots of different hormones functioning within your body, and while they are normally balanced and working in sync, there are times when levels can go awry and become too high. These increased hormone levels can cause physical and emotional problems.
It can be difficult to know when your hormone levels are higher than normal, as there is no obvious hormone level-reader on your body. However, there are techniques that you can learn for discovering whether your hormone levels are higher than normal. Read on to learn how to discover if your testosterone levels are too high.
The Necessity of Testosterone
Testosterone is often stereotyped as a uniquely male hormone. You may not realize it, but women actually need testosterone just as much as men do. On average a man produces around 20 times more testosterone a day than a woman does, but it is nonetheless an important hormone for women.
In women, testosterone helps to maintain muscle tone and keeps brain tissue invigorated, it also helps to keep your libido high. However, while testosterone is important to the female body, you don't want too much of the stuff; it is vital to have balanced levels. Read on to learn how you can tell if your testosterone levels are higher than normal.
The Appearance of Masculine Signs
There are several ways to tell if your testosterone levels are higher than normal. When your testosterone levels are excessively high, you may experience a number of side effects, so it's important to know what you're looking for.
Women with testosterone levels that are higher than normal often look adopt features that appear masculine: male pattern baldness can occur, fat starts to be deposited around the stomach and away from the hips, and the voice can deepen. If your testosterone levels are too high you may experience skin problems (most commonly acne and excessive oil), increased body hair growth (especially in places a woman wouldn't normally have hair, like the upper lip), and mood swings.
Luckily, there are some simple lifestyle changes that you can make to help cope with high testosterone levels and correct this hormonal imbalance. Try doing things like exercising regularly for at least half an hour a day, and making sure you're eating healthy.
Click on the following link to know more about the different testosterone imbalance treatments available to you when your hormone levels are higher than normal.
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Are We Answering Student Questions? | Science Updates
TAPP Radio Episode 92
Episode | Quick Take
Episode 92 is all about how we can use customer-service concepts in education. Tune in and hear Kevin Patton discuss the importance of being a good listener and empathetic responder. You’ll also hear about new research that shows not all plaques are bad actors when it comes to Alzheimer disease. And finally, find out how to get free almost-daily updates on life science, teaching, and learning!
- 00:00 | Introduction
- 00:53 | New Discovery about Plaque
- 08:33 | Sponsored by AAA
- 09:51 | New TAPP Science & Education Updates
- 15:23 | Sponsored by HAPI
- 16:45 | Are We Answering Student Questions?
- 30:52| Sponsored by HAPS
- 31:40 | Power Skills for Answering Students
- 40:19 | Staying Connected
Episode | Listen Now
Episode | Show Notes
The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be understood. The best way to understand people is to listen to them. (Ralph Nichols)
New Discovery about Plaque
In teaching A&P, it’s not our objective to dive too deeply into pathophysiology. But we do use it as a tool to help students understand and apply concepts of “normal” structure and function. A new discovery about plaque’s role in Alzheimer disease—or perhaps what is NOT its role—is a story that at once helps students make clinical applications, lets students know more about the vital functions of glial cells, and gives a glimpse of contemporary scientific discovery.
- Plaque Protect: Study Makes Surprising Finding About Alzheimer’s Hallmark (summary article) my-ap.us/3aJFzCy
- In surprising twist, some Alzheimer’s plaques may be protective, not destructive (announcement from Salk Institute) my-ap.us/2S9BvW5
- Microglia use TAM receptors to detect and engulf amyloid β plaques (research article from Nature Immunology) my-ap.us/3eBEf5S
- Image: dense-core amyloid-beta plaque (red) surrounded by microglia (white) [Credit: Salk Institute] my-ap.us/3gFlp0l
Sponsored by AAA
A searchable transcript for this episode, as well as the captioned audiogram of this episode, are sponsored by the American Association for Anatomy (AAA) at anatomy.org.
Don’t forget—HAPS members get a deep discount on AAA membership!
New TAPP Science & Education Update
You may (or may not) remember that Nuzzel newsletter I’ve had going a couple of years. It was an almost-daily curated list of headlines of interest to anatomy and physiology faculty (and, I’ve discovered, some random non-A&P folks who just like the content). Well, Nuzzel is suddenly shutting down it’s newsletter function and so I’ve switched to Revue by Twitter. Here’s how to subscribe (it’s free) if you’re not already subscribed:
- The A&P Professor Science & Education Updates theAPprofessor.org/updates
Sponsored by HAPI Online Graduate Program
The Master of Science in Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction—the MS-HAPI—is a graduate program for A&P teachers, especially for those who already have a graduate/professional degree. A combination of science courses (enough to qualify you to teach at the college level) and courses in contemporary instructional practice, this program helps you be your best in both on-campus and remote teaching. Kevin Patton is a faculty member in this program. Check it out!
Are We Answering Student Questions?
No, really. Am I really answering what each student wants to know? Or am I simply reacting to key words or phrases without really listening to the specifics of each student question. This segment asks us to consider using some customer-service (gasp!) techniques to make sure we’re not leaving our students alone and frustrated.
- Some previous episodes that touch on the customer-service model and student questions
- Information on TextExpander—a tool for quickly inserting saved snippets of text (I am an affiliate)
Sponsored by HAPS
The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) is a sponsor of this podcast. You can help appreciate their support by clicking the link below and checking out the many resources and benefits found there. Watch for virtual town hall meetings and upcoming regional meetings!
Power Skill for Answering Students
Starting with some “power phrases” from a recent article, we explore some words and phrases to use when answering student questions.
- These 7 phrases can help you sound more powerful at work (article mentioned in this segment) my-ap.us/3eykP1N
Need help accessing resources locked behind a paywall?
Check out this advice from Episode 32 to get what you need!
Episode | Transcript
The A&P Professor podcast (TAPP radio) episodes are made for listening, not reading. This transcript is provided for your convenience, but hey, it’s just not possible to capture the emphasis and dramatic delivery of the audio version. Or the cool theme music. Or laughs and snorts. And because it’s generated by a combo of machine and human transcription, it may not be exactly right. So I strongly recommend listening by clicking the audio player provided.
This searchable transcript is supported by the
American Association for Anatomy.
I'm a member—maybe you should be one, too!
Kevin Patton (00:01):
The late Ralph Nichols, who established the scholarly field of listening, once wrote: “The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be understood. The best way to understand people is to listen to them.”
Welcome to The A&P Professor, a few minutes to focus on teaching Human Anatomy and Physiology with a veteran educator and teaching mentor, your host, Kevin Patton.
Kevin Patton (00:35):
In this episode, I talk about listening and responding in ways that helps students. There’s a new discovery regarding plaques in the brain, and a new way to get A&P science and teaching updates.
New Discovery about Plaque
Kevin Patton (00:55):
Science has known for a long time that Alzheimer’s disease or AD for short is characterized by the build-up of amyloid beta plaques in the brain, and science has also seen a lot of drugs being developed to target these plaques. But you know what, those drugs have largely failed in clinical trials. Well, there’s been a new discovery at the Salk Institute that may explain that those plaques, at least not all of those plaques are bad actors in AD. So maybe some of those anti-plaque therapies are doing more harm than good. Now, there are a bunch of different kinds of plaque, but the two main kinds are characterized as being either diffuse or as dense-core plaques. Diffuse plaques, as their name suggests, are loosely organized, kind of wispy clouds when you see an image of then. Dense-core plaques have, well, as their name implies, a tight compact center surrounded by a somewhat less dense halo.
Kevin Patton (02:11):
Now, many scientists have thought that both types of plaque form spontaneously from excess production of a precursor molecule called amyloid precursor protein or APP for short. But, according to a new study published just a few weeks ago, it’s actually microglia that form dense-core plaques from the diffuse amyloid beta fibrils as part of the microglia duty of cellular clean-up….
Now, this discovery builds on an earlier discovery in 2016, by the same lab, which found that when a brain cell dies, a fatty molecule flips from the inside to the outside of the cell surface. That molecule signals, “Hey there, hey there, I’m dead. Eat me.” In microglia, by way of surface proteins called TAM receptors … that’s capital T, capital A, capital M … so the microglia have these TAM receptors that allow them to engulf or eat the dead cell. Without TAM receptors, microglia cannot connect to dead cells and, therefore, can’t gobble them up.
Kevin Patton (03:44):
The new discovery shows that it’s not only dead cells that exhibit the eat me signal, so do the amyloid plaques prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers demonstrated experimentally, for the first time, that microglia with TAM receptors eat amyloid plaques by way of the eat me signal. Then they engineered some mice to lack those TAM receptors, and you know what, the microglia were not able to gobble up the plaque. Digging deeper, they trace the dense-core plaques using alive imaging. You know what? They discovered that after a microglia cell eats the diffuse plaque, it transfers all of that nasty amyloid beta stuff they just gobbled up into a little acidic compartment that like chemically smashes it up like a chemical version of a trash compactor in forms of tighter mass. When that mess, or I mean, mass … let’s just call it a tight messy mass … gets transferred to a dense-core plaque.
Kevin Patton (05:06):
The researchers are suggesting that this is a beneficial mechanism, organizing diffused plaque into dense-core plaque and thereby clearing the intercellular environment of debris. They say that their research seem to show that when there are fewer dense-core plaques, there seem to be more detrimental effects. When there are less dense plaques, there’s more damage to neurons. That is, the dense plaques seem to be, well, kind of benign and not just in the sense that they don’t cause harm, but really, maybe in the sense that they might reduce harm. So those dense-core plaques, they’re not bad actors, maybe they’re good actors. Maybe they’re the heroes of the story. Now, one of the next steps that the researchers are going to take is to do some cognitive studies to see if increasing the activity of those TAM receptors and microglia might reduce the effects of AD.
Kevin Patton (06:25):
Now, they’re not saying that amyloid beta is a good thing. It’s not. It’s bad. They’re suggesting that when looking for a cure for Alzheimer’s disease, maybe we should stop trying to focus on breaking up dense-core plaques because maybe they are doing a helpful job and maybe we should instead start looking at treatments that either reduce the production of amyloid beta in the first place, or therapies that promote the transport of amyloid beta out of the brain all together.
Kevin Patton (06:59):
Now, like many of these discoveries or updates I share, this one is not a core principle of A&P and I’m not suggesting that we need to add this as required content in our course. Nope. But I do think that it’s an interesting little story of what scientists are up to these days. Trying to see how microglia do their jobs and how that can help us figure out therapies for a really devastating disease so that, well, when students think, “Why do we have to learn about glia? Why? Glial cells aren’t really doing anything very important and that’s just too much detail. Let’s get to the parts that we really need to know.”
Kevin Patton (07:51):
Well, maybe if they hear stories like this, they might stop themselves and say, “Oh, what a brilliant A&P professor I have. They know just what I need. I need to know about glia,” and they’re telling me just what I need to understand. It really makes sense of the structure and function of the body. But, well, okay, if they fail to draw that conclusion and maybe they ask why they need to know about glial cells anyway, well, you can pull out the story and say, “There, that’s why, because it could someday save your life.”
Sponsored by AAA
Kevin Patton (08:34):
If you’re a regular listener to this podcast, you already know that AAA, the American Association for Anatomy, sponsors the searchable transcript and the captioned audiogram of each episode of this podcast. If you’re not a regular listener or you just don’t remember, I’m telling you now, because that’s a big deal. We all know that universal design helps everyone. Using a learning resource, such as our podcast, and we know that making transcripts and captions available for audio content is part of the universal design approach. But getting a transcripts that can handle the tough terminology we use sometimes, like, oh, I don’t know, carbaminohemoglobin. You knew I’d work that in somehow, right? Anyway, that kind of terminology means it takes extra work to get a good transcript, and AAA is there for you, making sure that you have that. You want to know more about AAA, just go to Anatomy.org.
New TAPP Science & Education Updates
Kevin Patton (09:51):
For the past few years, I’ve been running an almost daily email newsletter using a service called Nuzzel that allowed me to scan the hot stories of the day and pull out those that would be of interest to people who are teaching Anatomy & Physiology. So those would be science updates, like the one that we just heard about with the plaque and that. So when that news came out, I put that into the update newsletter. There’s also updates on things happening in the world of teaching and learning, and occasionally some announcements in the word of the A&P professor. So new resources available on the website, or when a new episode of this podcast comes out, or things like that.
Kevin Patton (10:41):
It turns out that a couple of weeks ago, Nuzzel decided that they were going to stop offering that newsletter service. So it still helps me scan the hot news of the day, I have other ways of doing that as well, but it stopped allowing me to send out that update newsletter and they didn’t give me much time, so isn’t that the way it always goes? You come to rely on some technology and then somebody comes to you and says, “Hey, guess what, we’re shutting that down. Here’s a list of a few things that might be kind of like that, why don’t you try those?” So Nuzzel did that, and so, yeah, okay, I’m used to having to scramble like that. So it stressed me a little bit, but not as much as it could.
Kevin Patton (11:30):
So, as usual, the list of alternatives, none of them did what Nuzzel did. It was a unique thing. I mean that’s why I was using it. But I did find one that’s pretty good and it had some other features that Nuzzel didn’t have. So in some ways it’s better; in some ways I don’t like it as much, but it’s one of those things that I think I’m going to be able to grow into and hopefully you’ll grow into it with me. So now, I no longer call it the Nuzzel newsletter. Now we’re just calling it The A&P Professor Update or TAPP Update, for short. Remember, TAPP stands for The A&P Professor.
Kevin Patton (12:08):
So our TAPP Updates, I’m going to go instead of trying to do it five days a week, I’m going to aim for three days a week. So every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, we’ll see how that goes. It’s still almost daily if I do that, but that’ll allow me some a little bit of extra time to get used to how this process, this workflow is going to work out for me and for you. one of the things it allows me to do is group them into “Here are the Life Science updates, and here are the Teaching and Learning updates, and here are the TAPP updates.” Maybe that’ll help you as you scan through it. If you’re already subscribed to the Nuzzel newsletter, you’ve already probably seen this news because, I don’t know, we’re up to probably by the time you hear this like 7, 8, 9, 10 issues already so you’re already getting that.
Kevin Patton (13:02):
So all my subscribers who had opted in to getting the Nuzzel newsletter just got shifted over and it was hopefully pretty seamless. However, if you didn’t get my Nuzzel newsletter, maybe you never heard about it before. Well, now it’s your chance to sign up for it. It’s free. There’s an Unsubscribe button at the bottom of every issues, so if you don’t like it, then just unsubscribe. And please do unsubscribe. Don’t put it in the junk mail folder and don’t just keep deleting it because something I found out is that internet service providers, the people that provide the wires that bring all these stuff to you, they monitor that. If they see that my newsletter is getting put in the junk folder, then they will shut out my newsletter from everybody who uses that internet service provider. So people who actually want to get it are no longer going to be able to get it.
Kevin Patton (14:00):
So don’t ever, with any newsletter you get, if you don’t want it anymore, please unsubscribe. Don’t just put it in the junk mail folders. So there’s another lesson for today. At today’s episode, we learned that we should never put things we actually subscribe to into the junk folder. We should unsubscribe from them. But, anyway, you have that option, unsubscribe anytime, so why not try it and see if it’s helpful to you? Since it’s only coming out three days a week, maybe you won’t be tempted to put it in the junk folder when you find that you’re not able to keep up with it. If you have any suggestions for things I should put in there, just send them to me: [email protected], and then that’ll give me a tip as to some hot update that we all need to know about and I can put that in the newsletter. If you do that, I’ll give you credit in the newsletter as well.
Kevin Patton (14:55):
So the question is how do I subscribe? Well, that’s really easy. Just go to theAPprofessor.org/updates, and that’s plural, updates, and it’s all small case. So theAPprofessor.org/updates and you’ll get my almost daily newsletter that we’re calling The A&P Professor Science and Education Updates.
Sponsored by HAPI
Kevin Patton (15:24):
The free distribution of this podcast is sponsored by the Master of Science in Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction, the HAPI degree. As I’ve mentioned frequently, I’m on the faculty of this program, and I’ve been recently corresponding with one of our graduates warning me of reference calls that I’m going to be getting from colleges where he’s a finalist for A&P teaching positions one after another. He was apologetic for this disruption to our lives, but what he doesn’t know is that this happens all the time. Well, not all the time; only during hiring season, but it does happen and, no, it’s not a bother. We, faculty in the HAPI program, love talking about all the great skills and insights and personal growths that our graduates have done during their time with us. Are you looking to power up your game in teaching A&P? Maybe it’s time for you to check out this online graduate program at nycc.edu/hapi. That’s H-A-P-I, or click the link in the show notes or episode page.
Are We Answering Student Questions?
Kevin Patton (16:45):
As I’ve mentioned on previous episodes, I think it’s helpful for me as a teacher to answer student questions as if I’m a customer service representative.
Students are not customers.
Students are not customers.
Kevin Patton (17:00):
Okay, just hold on there. I know, I know. It’s a sore point with most educators when I compare students to customers. But they are customers in a way.
Students are not customers.
No. No, they are not.
Kevin Patton (17:16):
Oh, just stop it. I don’t mean students are customers in every way or that a college or university is just like a big box store. No, no, no. No. That’s four noes. But for answering student questions, I do think there is a lot to learn from how customer service agents do their jobs. That is, when they actually do their jobs and do it well and make me as the customer feel satisfied, and maybe even feel good about them and about myself when I interact with them. Well, I recently had a whole week of experiences where help center agents did not listen to my issue. They must have just heard keywords or key phrases. Maybe these are like commonly encountered issues that they hear a lot and they gave me an answer that only peripherally related to the issue I needed help with. I even had one of those exchanges where they didn’t address my issue at all and then blew me off by telling me that if it happens again, let them know and they’ll look into it. I’m like, “What? Why not solve it now and let’s not wait for it to happen again. I don’t want it to happen again and that’s why I’m contacting you.”
Kevin Patton (18:58):
This wasn’t what happened, but here’s an example of what I mean by not answering the question. Let’s imagine I ordered a pair of brown shoes but I received black shoes instead. So I contact the customer service agent who responds that …
Customer Service Agent (19:19):
All the shoes come with black shoelaces, even brown shoes.
Kevin Patton (19:23):
And then I responded, “It’s not about the laces; it’s the shoe color,” and they respond that.
Customer Service Agent (19:33):
The laces are not shipped on the shoes, but are in a separate package inside the shoebox.
Kevin Patton (19:39):
No. That’s not the concern.
Customer Service Agent (19:43):
Have you looked inside the shoes for the packet of shoelaces?
Kevin Patton (19:47):
No, I have shoelaces.
Customer Service Agent (19:50):
As a courtesy, I can mail you a packet of shoelaces but we only have black shoelaces.
Kevin Patton (19:56):
No. I don’t need shoelaces. I need brown shoes.
Customer Service Agent (20:03):
Oh, okay. That style of shoe does come in brown. Would you like to order a pair now?
Kevin Patton (20:08):
Ah! See, that’s what I’m talking about. Now, I do understand that a lot of these agents are working from home these days and they might be trying to keep their toddler from swallowing a button, or wiping out some spilt milk, or trying to get a cork out of a wine bottle, all kinds of things that might be fighting for their attention while they’re talking to me. But they’re still not really listening and not really answering my concern. So as I sat pondering this phenomenon, while I waited for a service agent to tweet me back with what turned out to be another hit and a miss, they were still not addressing my issue and I thought to myself, “Do I do this to my students?” This isn’t a new thing for me to be pondering. I’ve pondered this before, and I repeatedly promised myself to make sure that my students don’t experience this in my course.
Kevin Patton (21:19):
But I need reminding of these things, and these unhelpful help center experiences do remind me of that. So what kinds of things can I do to make sure that my students don’t get a crappy help experience with me? Well, the first thing I do, and I’ve said this in previous episodes, is that I try to remember to intentionally smile first before I respond. Even if it’s just answering an email or a direct message in the learning management system, and there’s nobody around. I still try to smile because that does something to the way I’m thinking. It does something to my attitude. This helps me set the tone that I want to project and it calms me down a little bit.
Kevin Patton (22:12):
Actually, this so-called first step often comes after I’ve given things a few minutes to sort themselves out in my head. I don’t usually just immediately respond. I stop and think it through. What are they really asking? Why is that upsetting me if they’re asking me this, and just sort through all these stuff. That’s especially useful when something in the question has set me off a bit. For example, if the student question is unnecessarily angry in tone, or it involves something that I’ve explained a million or maybe a bajillion times before. Or the classic, which is sending the question to my dean because they didn’t get an answer on Saturday night when they sent it. I just got one of those.
Kevin Patton (23:05):
Then my second step, or maybe this is my third step. I lost count already and we’re only in the beginning of my list. So second or third step, and you’ve heard this from me before as well. I start with some version of the statement, “That must be very frustrating for you,” which sends the signal that I am trying to empathize with the student. Tagged on to that is some variation of “But we’re going to get this sorted out,” which signals that I’m on their side and I’m willing to do what it takes to get to a solution even if it’s not the solution. They envision, but I don’t tell them that part. This “we’re going to get this sorted out statement” also puts a positive spin on it. That things are going to turn out okay or at least relatively okay, so we’re good to go. Let’s just stick with this. Let’s work it out.
Kevin Patton (24:11):
Then, and this is the part I have to really work at. I have to listen to their question or their complaints or concern or whatever it is, and I mean truly listen. Are they just venting? In which case, doubling down on that empathy thing is usually what solves the matter for them. Just let them vent and empathize with them and they start cooling off, and it starts being okay. That’s all they needed from me, really. Honestly, if it’s not simply a matter of venting frustration, it’s almost always one of those handful of questions that are commonly asked. For those, I may already have a very complete and kind response in the form of a snippet already stored in my TextExpander, which has a library of snippets that I can just plug right in. I’ll have a link to TextExpander in the show notes and episode page. I talked about that in previous episodes, but it’s basically a snippet library where you just type in an abbreviation and that text just shows up in your email response or direct message or whatever it is you’re using. So I just make some adjustments and personalizations to that snippet and, well, everybody’s happy, the question gets answered, and the student feels like I’ve really engaged with them one on one, which I have, and that’s it. End of story. Job well done. Tap myself on the back.
Kevin Patton (25:52):
But here’s that hard part. I need to take that extra step, that intentional step of circling back to make sure that I’m actually addressing the specific problem that the student is bringing to me. One way I can do that is to re-read the message from the student. Before I send out any answer, snippet or not, personalized or not, if I go back and re-read that message from the student, I want to see if I’ve really understood their point, if I really understood what they’re asking. If I don’t understand or I’m not sure that I understand, one option is to ask for clarification. That’s not usually my first choice, and I only do that when I really have no clue whatsoever.
Kevin Patton (26:46):
Students want answers quickly, and me coming back for a restatement of what they thought was clear the first time isn’t always the best strategy, I’ve discovered. What I usually do is take a stab at answering what I think the issue is. But carefully preceding my answer with a statement that I’m not sure if I really understood what’s being asked here. But if it’s this, here’s the solution, and then I follow that up with, again, stating that I may not really answer the main question, so please ask me again to clarify what they really need from me.
Kevin Patton (27:29):
Now, if I’m answering a live question; that is, face-to-face, in-person question, then that old tried and true strategy of restating the question before answering it usually works. Something like, “Is that what you want to know, the date of our next exam?” Or, perhaps, “Are you asking what the functions of the hepatocytes are, or are you asking where they’re located?” as an example. Now, using my lion taming skills, I’ll read the signs in the situation to gauge the mood. Ears back against the head, tail swishing, growling, that sort of thing. But, if things are cool, I might answer that question about the exam date with, “Oh, did you check the syllabus or the course calendar?” Just to remind them that they could have gotten their answer much more quickly than by asking me, and that other question about the hepatocytes, I almost always answer that sort of question with something like, “What do you think the functions of the hepatocytes are?” When they say, “I don’t know,” then I’ll ask for a guess. If they have no guess, well, then, I start asking some leading questions. If all else fails, I’ll open the book and ask them to find the section on hepatocytes in their notebook or in the textbook, and then we can go through it together and try to find that answer.
Kevin Patton (29:14):
I do it that way because my role isn’t to be the answer man. My role is to help you learn how to find answers on your own person. So that’s what I do. I walk them through that. If they get used to the fact that I’m not just going to give them the answer, that I’m going to ask them to work for it and show them how to find it. Because a lot of times students really don’t know what the next step is, especially those that aren’t necessarily neurologically typical. May not know how to do that next step, and the more practice we do at that, the more they learn how to do that.
Kevin Patton (29:54):
So, yeah, this last week, I have reminded myself to make sure that I’m listening. I mean really listening to my students. This is what I have to be especially careful about. That I’m not just reacting to keywords or phrases, and answering what I’m used to answering instead of what I’m actually being asked in that moment. Because I find that it’s when students see that I’m truly listening and that I really want to connect with them and I really want to help them that the magic happens. You know what? I’m hoping that if I model good listening skills, my students will be better listeners themselves when that day comes for them to be listening to questions from their patients or clients who come to them as health professionals.
Sponsored by HAPS
Kevin Patton (30:52):
You may already know that marketing support for this podcast is provided by HAPS, the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society, promoting excellence in the teaching of Human Anatomy & Physiology for over 30 years. What you may not know is that all the cool things HAPS offer A&P instructors. Even though I’ve been a member since the beginning of HAPS, even I can’t keep up with all the resources and activities that HAPS offers. You want to get a taste of them? Go visit HAPS at theAPprofessor.org/haps. That’s H-A-P-S.
Power Skills for Answering Students
Kevin Patton (31:40):
In a previous segment, I threw out a few tips about answering student questions in the context of really listening to make sure that we’re answering the question asked. That is, not simply responding to a keyword or phrase that we heard without really stopping to see if what we assume they’re going to ask us is what the student is actually asking us. As I was thinking about this topic a couple of weeks ago, I happen to run into a brief article by Gwen Moran about phrases that we can use at work to sound more powerful. But really, it turned out to be a compilation of communication skills that can really work in situations of conversing with students. I’m not sure how powerful they’ll make me sound to my peers, but I really do think that they’ll help students realize that I’m on their side.
Kevin Patton (32:39):
As usual with these sorts or articles, some of the skills or tips I’d heard before, and some of them I have actually been using in one form or another. But some of them open my eyes to how I can better communicate with my students. One of the things that I do that this article suggests that I should not do is say I’m sorry too much. Yup, I do that. Sorry. Well, they’re not suggesting that we never say sorry. We need to stop using that as a throwaway phrase or a verbal habit. They suggest something like, “Thanks for your patience, which recognizes the person’s feelings of being put out,” and it puts a positive spin on it, I think. I’m thinking it might also plant the idea in the other person’s mind that they’ll always be recognized and appreciated for not losing their cool and not getting overly frustrated. I don’t know. I like being thanked for my patience when I’m simmering inside. It’s like saying, “You have a right to get huffy with me, and I’m so glad that you’re working to hold that back and not getting huffy with me.”
Kevin Patton (34:08):
Another suggestion is to stop responding to students by starting off with the word but. Why not? Because it sends the signal that I’m dismissing everything that student just said to me. Even if don’t intend to do that, I may send that signal anyway when I start by saying, “But …” But instead starting off with the phrase “and” when responding to a student. I’m not sending a signal of rebuttal, but instead just picking up where they left off. They’re less likely to think that I’ve just dissed them in some way that I didn’t intend to. But even if I am going to turn things around in a different direction or if I don’t really agree with what they’ve just said, I’ve not started out by shutting them down so that they can’t or won’t really hear what I have to say.
Kevin Patton (35:14):
Another phrase that doesn’t work so great is “I can’t.” Of course, there are all kinds of things our student may want us to do that we simply can’t accommodate. At least not in the way it’s asked. Like, canceling the final exam or something. If I start my response with I can’t, then the student is not going to listen closely to my rationale if I even offer one. What I can do is, well, what I just now did. That is, start off with something like, “Here’s what I can do …” Because there’s almost always something I can do related to the student’s request. Why did they want to cancel the final? Because they’re not prepared? What can I do to give you some guidance on how to prepare? Even if you don’t have much time, I can help you prepare. Is it because they have test anxiety? What I can do to help you with that and give you maybe some tips on managing test anxiety? Is it because of some bad thing happening in their lives? Maybe what I can do is offer them a different exam time or different exam format or some other kind of assessment, or maybe offer them or help them find some kind of assistance or maybe find some way to be flexible in the situation.
Kevin Patton (36:48):
One of my favorite phrases to use in responding to students is to tell them that, “We’ll solve this.” It’s saying that it’s not completely up to you, the student, and it’s not completely up to me, the teacher, by saying, “We can solve this,” or “Let’s solve this.” What I’m doing is I’m committing to working with them. Now, again, the solution may not be what the student has in mind. But there’s always some kind of a solution to be gotten to, I think, at least, almost always.
Kevin Patton (37:22):
That article I mentioned also suggests avoiding telling people to calm down when they’re upset about something. That not only doesn’t work. Have you ever said that to somebody who is losing their cool and you say, “Calm down”? What does that do? It usually gets them more upset, which makes me think of my days as an apprentice lion tamer. The thing about lions is that when thinks are not going well for them, they get very upset very quickly. I mean really, really blustery and loud and dangerous. Giant jaws with giant teeth and massive paws with massive claws that are razor sharp. Lions re way more reactive in this way than other big cats or other wild animals or even people that get set off easily. Lions are just way, way more than any of that.
Kevin Patton (38:32):
I learned that the last thing I want to do if I value my life and limb, which I do, is to push back. That’s the last thing I want to do is to push back. That works well with students whether they’re upset, is very dramatic. Believe me, I’ll never approach the drama of a lion who’s upset. But it can get pretty dramatic. But it doesn’t matter if they’re upset and is dramatic or it’s very quiet. It still works. I avoid immediately pushing back. I don’t run and hide either. By the way, here’s a pro tip. If you eve encounter a lion, don’t run. They’ll chase you. That’s an automatic response for a lion is to chase after you and they’ll hurt you. They might even eat you. So don’t run. But don’t threaten them either. Stand your ground. Yeah, I know, that’s easier to say, but it can save your life. It actually has saved my life.
Kevin Patton (39:41):
You know what? It works with students, too. If we can stay calm and not push back, but not run away, we may be able to solve the problem without too much trouble. If we can remain calm, it’s more likely that the student will start to feel better, then we can deploy our power phrases, which are really just ways of telling them that we truly want to help and that we will truly get them through this. More often than not, things will work out.
Kevin Patton (40:19):
Well, in this episode, we learned that plaque in the brains of those with Alzheimer’s probably isn’t what we thought it was. And we got an update on my almost daily update newsletter, and I hope I got us all thinking more about how we communicate with students when they have questions. That’s a topic that makes for a great conversation with your A&P teaching colleagues. Why not share this episode and get that chat going? Simply go to theAPprofessor.org/refer to get a personalized share link that will not only get your friend all set up with this episode, it’ll also get you on your way to earning a cash reward. Don’t forget the links that I have for you in the show notes at the episode page at theAPprofessor.org/92, where you can explore any ideas mentioned in this podcast. While you’re there, you can claim your digital credential for listening to this episode. I’m always glad to hear your comments and questions at the podcast hotline. That’s 1-833-LION-DEN, or 1-833-546-6336, or send a recording or written message to [email protected].
Kevin Patton (41:53):
You’ve invited to join my private A&P teaching community way off the social platforms where you can have some of those conversations with A&P colleagues that I just mentioned. Just go to theAPprofessor.org/community. Before I forget, what’s coming up on the horizon? Well, our friend, Krista Rompolski, will be here in an upcoming episode with a powerful article about weight bias and what our part is in the development of weight bias among health professionals. You don’t want to be left out of that. So make sure that you’re following this podcast wherever you listen to audio, and I’ll see you down the road.
The A&P Professor is hosted by Dr. Kevin Patton, an award-winning professor and textbook author in Human Anatomy and Physiology.
Kevin Patton (42:56):
No animals were harmed during the making of this podcast.
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A dwarf is an extremely short adult who is less than 58 inches tall. The word midget is considered derogatory and offensive. Both words describe a short person, but refer to different physical characteristics and genetic conditions.
"Midget" refers to a person who is very short, but normally proportioned. The term midget is now rarely used and is considered offensive. But its usage was very common until the end of the twentieth century. It has given way to "short person" or "little person".
"Dwarf" refers to a person with one of several varieties of a specific genetic condition called dwarfism. A dwarf has disproportion of body parts. This is generally caused by a genetic or nutritional disability. Any adult human below the height of 4'10" (147 cm) is considered a dwarf. With reference to legends or folklore, a dwarf is considered a legendary creature resembling a tiny old man, who lives in the depths of the earth and guards buried treasure.
Differences in origin of word
Midget, comes from the word midge "small fly" + -et, so that a midget is etymologically a "very small fly". The first reference to the word is found in 1848 in Canada with the meaning "sand fly". In Old English it was "mycg", and it goes back to an Indo-European root, *mu-, which also gave the word mosquito and, by a circuitous route, musket.
The word Dwarf is of Germanic ancestry, coming ultimately from the proto-Germanic root *dhwergwhos meaning "tiny". In Old English it was "dweorg" and meant "person of abnormally small stature".
Physical Condition comparison
When the words were coined, "midget" referred to a person who is small in height but doesn't have disproportionate limbs or other body parts. On the other hand, "dwarf" referred to a person who is small and has disproportionate body parts. A midget was small but proportionate while a dwarf's growth was a disability.
However, since the word "midget" is now considered derogatory and offensive, "dwarf" or "little person" describes any adult human less than 147 cms tall.
Whom does it affect?
Dwarfism is known to affect humans, animals and plants. Midget is a term used for humans only. In humans, a child for whom one or both parents is affected by dwarfism has a chance of inheriting the condition. Both these conditions affect men and women. It is also caused by hormonal or nutritional deficiency.
Differences in associated problems
While there are many problems associated with Dwarfism, midgets are not plagued by these problems. Midgets are just normal people whose height is stunted. In the case of dwarfs, the physical conditions affecting them are: malformed bones, nerve compression, joint disease, and disoriented growth of some organs.
Both midgets and dwarfs have to suffer the psychological or social problems associated with their condition. Social prejudice against their extreme height may reduce their social confidence and opportunites. Sometimes they're mocked and may suffer from low self esteem. Sometimes extreme shortness (height of less than 3 feet) may interfere with their day to day chores.
Differences in treatment
Since the conditions are related to genetic problems, there are few treatments available. Dress enhancements such as shoe lifts etc are some of the few ways to change the aesthetics of little people. Growth hormones are rarely used to treat these conditions as the benefits are very small. The most effective means of increasing adult height by several inches is limb-lengthening surgery, though availability is limited and cost is high in terms of dollars, discomfort, and interruption of life.
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What is Forest School?
Using the outdoor environment, children are encouraged and inspired to grow in confidence, independence and self-esteem through the mastery of small achievable tasks.
Forest School has been an integral part of education in Denmark since the 1980’s. The philosophy was based upon a desire to provide children with an education which encouraged appreciation of the wide, natural world and which would encourage responsibility for nature conservation in later life.
This philosophy was adapted by Bridgewater College, UK and they began their Forest School in 1995. Since 1995 Forest Schools have become more widespread with teachers training to become Forest School leaders with Bridgewater or Evesham College to ensure continuity of teaching practices and standards.
Merrydays and Henley in Arden Montessori became interested because it complemented the Montessori philosophy: child centred environment, use real tools that work, educate the senses, competence and responsibility, large blocks of open ended time and the observation of children.
How will children benefit from Forest Schools?
All activities can be linked to any part of the curriculum. Through experiencing the outdoor environment, they learn the importance of boundaries. They work with natural materials using tools appropriately. They are encouraged to look after the outdoor environment. They build on their confidence, independence and self esteem.
What happens at a Forest School session?
A typical session starts with planning by the Forest School leaders. They will consider beforehand the changes in behaviour that they might expect to see in the children. The children arrive at the site dressed appropriately and walk together as a group to the base camp where all activities take place. While they are learning to deal with the uneven terrain of the woodland floor, they are also developing a sense of independence and confidence in being outdoors.
In each session, the children will have various activities made available: shelter building for themselves or a woodland animal, mud painting, identification of flora and fauna, 1,2, 3 where are you?, digging, to name but a few. The important aspect is that the children have ownership of what activity they choose and have the time to be expressive and be able to return to it on another day.
The freedom of Forest school inspires children to use their imagination.
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The internet is a productivity tool but can also lead to distractions. But what is a distraction anyways? Is it defined as a positive or negative thing? What if you get distracted and discover something new…hmm. Often times if I’m searching something up, another idea pops into my brain so I open another tab and search something else so I won’t forget. According to the video, to be fully present on the internet at any given time, poses as a difficult task. People can be fully consumed by technology and not be present in a moment speaking with colleagues or peers. Think back to what life was like without technology. Teachers were viewed as the knowledge keepers and we read books created by experts which passed down knowledge. Now, we have the internet where students have access to every form of information. I think that technology can be a distraction but it is really productive. If we are learning something in Social Studies, and a student asks a question I can’t answer, then I immediately say well let’s look it up as a class. It is an easily accessible source for me to share more knowledge with my students. This can also lead to empower students to want to discover new things and share it with their peers.
All this being said, I think there needs to be a balance. We cannot over rely on the internet but we also shouldn’t under utilize it. Teachers and parents need to communicate with their families about the important of using the internet for intended uses and having a balance so we don’t over use our technology. I love Apple’s new initiative for taking data on our Screen Time. My husband and I have been comparing our screen time and it has created interesting dialogue. In an article iOS 12: Getting to know Screen Time and stronger parental controls, and it breaks down what the new IOS has to offer. You can set limits to categories or limit your screen time with a specific app or category. There is also the ability to customize your settings from week to week. This data collection can show you if you are usually your phone productively (doing homework, replying to emails) or not (too much time spent on social media).
Adam spoke in his blog about how people will look at their phones instead of engaging in conversation. I find myself in the same position as him when it comes to talking with friends or family. It becomes more evident to me when I go on trips with people. This really indicates the amount of time spent on their phones because you are with them for longer periods of time, which can indicate phones can be distracting. This also highlights that perhaps people are hyper focused on all of “the things” they need to accomplish while not being present in the moment. Perhaps just as the video stated we should begin to try “Single Tasking”. So in the end, what is better? Single tasking or Mulitasking…
In an article, Why Single-Tasking is the New Multi-Tasking in 2018,it states that if we are trying to do more than one task, particularly a complex task, it will drastically impact our productivity. Whether you are working on two tasks that have a correlation, you are still sidetracking yourself which affects your productivity. Don’t we all want to be as productive as we can?
Here are three ways to get yourself back on track:
1. Try to schedule similar meetings or meetings on the same subject closer together. That way, the information is still fresh in your mind.
2. Organize similar categories of tasks and projects together on your schedule. Again, that keeps in in the same mindset for a longer period of time.
3. Did you know that email is one of the biggest distractions in your day? Schedule email time, in which you tackle and answer your emails in one chunk of time.
I think I can be an effective multi tasker, but in the end perhaps it is detrimental…what are your thoughts?
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Associate Professor IV, Laboratory of Aquaculture Technology, Brazil
*Corresponding author: Fábio Meurer, Associate Professor IV, Universidade Federal do Paraná, LATAq - Laboratory of Aquaculture Technology - UFPR - Jandaia do Sul, Brazil
Submission: October 23, 2020Published: October 28, 2020
ISSN 2578-0336 Volume7 Issue3
Pisciculture is currently an agricultural activity that is becoming increasingly important in a worldwide scenario, since it allows an alternative for fish production beyond fishing. And in this way it contributes offering quality food to the consumer market. However, when it comes to the consumer market, one can already imagine a productive chain behind that product, which is true for several species of fish with greater or lower added value. Nevertheless, fish farming is not only linked to agribusiness as a production chain, but it is also responsible for food security of populations in situation of social fragility. Thus, yes, answering the first question of this text, the study of alternative foods is important for fish nutrition. However, not only for commercial fish farming where the demand for alternative foods is important for the production of cheaper diets with the same or better quality than those formulated with conventional ingredients, but also for those who need regional ingredients to compose artisanal rations to feed fish raised for subsistence. An alternative food can come from a variety of sources such as industrial waste, locally produced agricultural products, or in less quantity, foliage, fruits etc.
The importance of alternative ingredients for commercial fish farming or subsistence is related to price, quantity and availability. In subsistence fish farming, the use of locally produced ingredients from manual harvesting can easily be used in the composition of artisanal rations, however, in commercial fish farming is there is a need for it to be available in sufficient quantity to be used in manufacture. The evaluation of an alternative food starts with its knowledge in terms of chemical composition in relation to its nutritional value such as the presence of antinutritional and contaminating factors. The deeper the knowledge of the characteristics of the chemical composition of the food studied (such as the profile of amino acids and fatty acids, fibrous fraction, amount of starch, types of antinutritional factors, minerals etc), the better for the food evaluation. Another factor of great importance that must be taken into account in the evaluation is the variation in its chemical composition because depending on the origin, the variability can be wide.
Based on the availability of these data, the digestibility of nutrients and energy is evaluated for the species. Failure to carry out this step can significantly impact further studies of this ingredient, since there are large differences on the values of apparent digestibility coefficients between foods leading to the formulation of diets which despite having similar levels in the value of their nutrients and raw energy, can have a big difference in terms of these digestible fractions. Another step of great importance in the evaluation of the alternative food is the inclusion test in diets, directly or in substitution of some specific conventional food. This step directly evaluates what level an alternative food can be included in a diet, by evaluating the most varied parameters such as final weight, weight gain, apparent feed conversion, biomass, fillet yield, visceral fat, tissue histology, body chemical composition, among others. The approach in this phase can be accomplished in several ways, for example: the addition of some nutrient such as one or more essential amino acids, or pure and simple inclusion, with the inclusion level going to the maximum point possible, where experimental diets maintain, at least, the equality of digestible protein and energy values.
A point that should be highlighted at this stage is that hardly a single experiment will solve all the questions related to the level of inclusion of the food tested, seeing that in addition to the approach to the study of alternative food, the study in several phases of growth must be realized. In addition to the points related to the amount of nutrients and energy, or antinutritional factors, which can affect the performance parameters evaluated in these tests, these studies also provide knowledge about their acceptance by the fish, showing if the inclusion of the alternative food reduces the consumption of the diet as it affects its palatability. From the data collected in the first works of inclusion of alternative foods, other forms of processing can be tested in order to reduce or cancel any negative factor verified, or the additives inclusion for the same purpose.
The study of alternative foods is important for fish farming aiming to provide the manufacture of nutritionally adequate rations, providing an increase in the sustainability of the activity, regardless of its level, as nutritionally adequate rations provide, fish growth with better carcass quality and also less environmental impact of pisciculture.
© 2020 Fábio Meurer. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
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A recent study has revealed that people were unable to follow social distancing guidelines issued to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Stanford University has carried out the study and surveyed almost 20 thousand people who have shared their responses on Facebook and Twitter.
The survey was conducted between March 14 and March 23 of 2020. It was a period when requests of staying at home were first introduced in the United States. The discoveries, which are important for a bigger report published in the American Medical Association Journal, indicated that 39.8% of the individuals are still not following the social distancing rules.
Almost 28% of the respondents said that the common reason for not staying at home or not following the social distancing rules is that they want to step out and work. One of the responders said that staying at home can lead to unemployment, which nobody wants.
The second most basic reason is routine workouts. Almost 20.3% of the people said they go outside of their houses because of social, physical, and routine activities. It may cause them cabin fever if they self-isolate them in their houses. Another respondent stated that I need to get outside of my house for my own rational satisfaction.
Childcare was accounted for by 4.8%, similar to the motivation behind why they didn’t follow social distancing orders. One of the responders said that I have children and it’s difficult to keep them grounded in the house constantly.
Different reasons are given for not following social distancing guidelines. It showed that the members own their convictions, for example, accepting that hand washing alone was sufficient to stop the spread of the infection, needing to proceed with their daily routine works, and accepting that society was going overboard to the COVID outbreaks.
The recently studied group additionally demonstrated more anxiety than others. They use the words “restless,” “upset,” and “anxious” after following social distancing rules for reducing the danger of COVID-19. But as a result of this, a group of people by the age of 65 or up demonstrated minor changes in their reactions.
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2 edition of Turtles found in the catalog.
by William Morrow & Co Library
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
Written in a clear, engaging style, Sea Turtles provides details about the physical appearance, nesting patterns, and predators of sea turtles. The author's love for these endangered animals is apparent as she helps us realize that they deserve to live free from hunting and exploitation. More Book Options. One of the four main families of reptiles, turtles and tortoises have been objects of human fascination for thousands of capitolchamberartists.com how much do you really know about these vaguely comical reptiles? Here are 10 facts about turtles and tortoises, ranging from how these vertebrates evolved to .
Green sea turtles are the world’s largest species of hard-shelled sea turtle. While most individuals weigh about to pounds ( to kilograms), some can be as heavy as pounds ( kilograms). These turtles are found nesting along the coastline of more than 80 countries, with the largest nesting populations found in Costa Rica and Australia. Green sea turtles spend. Fun with Nature by Mel Boring (includes large section on Freshwater Turtles) Note; If you can't locate Fun With Nature, see if your library has Frogs, Toads, and Turtles by Diane Burns; it is a small book that is part of Fun With Nature. All About Turtles by Jim Arnosky Look Out for Turtles by Melvin Burger (contains evolutionary references).
Oct 10, · But Green’s latest book, “Turtles All the Way Down,” is somehow far darker, not so much because of the subject matter — though that’s dark too — but because of how he chooses to write. The Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles Adventures was a TMNT comic book, published by Fleetway Publications from the UK, consisting of both original content and reprint of the TMNT Adventures comics. Las Tortugas Ninja. Main article: Las Tortugas Ninja.
Lent/Holy Week/Easter (Psalm Songs)
Sayid Mahamed Abdulle Hassan.taariikhda daraawiista 1945
Effects of thinning pole-sized lodgepole pine on understory vegetation and large herbivore activity in central Colorado
Letters of the Hon. Elihu Root relative to the League of Nations.
Specialties for the treatment of wines and spirits.
Ideology and Jewish Identity in Israeli and American Literature (S U N Y Series in Modern Jewish Literature and Culture)
1999 follow-up of performance audits/reviews
For the sake of the children : report of the Special Joint Committee on Child Custody and Access =
South Wales ports.
Aid activities in CEECs/NIS =
Escape to Witch Mountain
Portfolio effects of debt-equity swaps and debt exchanges with some applications to Latin America
― John Green, Turtles All the Way Down Wow. This book was stunning. Hard to read (trigger warnings for OCD and anxiety), but Jesus, did it feel healing at the same time. John Green wrote the shit out of 4/5(K).
Oct 10, · “Wrenching and revelatory.” An instant #1 bestseller, the widely acclaimed Turtles All the Way Down is John Green's brilliant and shattering new novel. Featured on 60 Minutes, Fresh Air, StudioGood Morning America, The TODAY Show/5. Nov 04, · John Green is the award-winning, #1 bestselling author of Looking for Alaska, An Abundance of Katherines, Paper Towns, Will Grayson, Will Grayson (with David Levithan), and The Fault in Our capitolchamberartists.com many accolades include the Printz Medal, a Printz Honor, and the Edgar Award.
John has twice been a finalist for the LA Times Book Prize and was selected by TIME magazine as one of /5(K). Turtles All the Way Down is a young adult novel written by American author John Green. He published this novel on October 10,by Dutton Books.
It is his fifth solo novel, and his seventh overall. Its publication was announced during VidConthe online video conference co-founded by Green and his brother capitolchamberartists.com: John Green.
Jun 11, · Turtles All The Way Down is a must read and one of my favorites from John Green. I recommend this book for anybody looking for a riveting story that will teach you the importance of friends, family, love, and self care/5.
Turtles is a book in Barron's series of Complete Pet Owner's Manuals. This manual offers detailed instructions on turtle care, safe handling, feeding, health care. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic-book series published from August to October by Archie Comics.
The initial storylines were close adaptations of the TV series, but with the fifth issue, Base(s): Manhattan, New York City. The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles must be one of the most absurd concepts for a team of hero's ever. These turtles somehow became one of the most recognizable comic book characters of all time, and have transcended their original medium and are now in movies, cartoons, toys, you name it/5.
Turtles were taught very specifically how to implement a trend-following strategy. The idea is that the "trend is your friend," so you should buy futures breaking out to the upside of trading.
Welcome to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles shop at Barnes & Noble®. Discover a wide selection of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles books, graphic novels, TV series on DVD and Blu-ray, TMNT movies on DVD and Blu-ray, and collectibles. Find everything TMNT fans could want at Barnes & Noble®.
Turtles All the Way Down Sixteen-year-old Aza never intended to pursue the mystery of fugitive billionaire Russell Pickett, but there’s a hundred-thousand-dollar reward at stake and her Best and Most Fearless Friend, Daisy, is eager to investigate.
Oct 12, · Parents need to know that Turtles All the Way Down is best-selling author John Green's first novel since 's runaway success, The Fault in Our Stars. While that book tackled the issue of teens with cancer, this book centers on a protagonist suffering from anxiety and obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behavior.5/5.
The Turtles. 61, likes · 30 talking about this. Official Facebook page of The Turtles, a U.S. rock group led by vocalists Howard Kaylan and Mark Followers: 60K. Turtles Book. K likes. Our coupon book brings together businesses and communities by connecting travelers to the places they love the most.
Launching. Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books. My library. Jan 04, · Top 10 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Comics You Should Read Subscribe: but in the pages of a black and white comic book published by Mirage. Un-surprisingly, a. Dec 20, · Homemade Turtles, Book Signing, and a Challenge for you.
Yum. So you have a book signing and you want to make something because you know your mother is going to be there and she can go down the line and hand it out for you, but you’ve been sick and are really not up to a grand production in the kitchen – what do you do?Reviews: Sep 22, · TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES Coloring Book for Kids | TMNT Drawing and Coloring | Leonardo Raphael Donatello Michelangelo.
With full-color, breathtaking photos and easy-to-read texts, each book in this series describes the life cycle of a plant or animal. Including a special note for adults to help reading be an interactive experience, these titles are especially useful for preschools, reading hours, Chapter One programs, primary classrooms, and upper-elementary reluctant readers.5/5(1).
Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are an endangered species around the and are easily distin-guished from other sea turtles because they have a single pair of scales in front of their eyes rather than two pairs as the other sea turtles have.
The green turtle is the largest of the hard shelled sea turtles. Jul 03, · For 35 years, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have been Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Based on the latest issue of IDW Publishing’s Teenage Mutant Author: Jamie Lovett.Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # Story by Sophie Campbell with Tom Waltz and Kevin Eastman Art by Sophie Campbell and Ronda Pattinson Published by IDW Released February 19th, As the Turtles struggle to come together in the face of.Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an ongoing comic book series published by IDW Publishing.
It's the first new comic version of the Turtles to debut since the TMNT franchise was sold to Nickelodeon in October The initial creative team consisted of TMNT co-creator Kevin Eastman, who.
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“Ultra-Processed Food,” as you might guess, is a step beyond processed food. It’s not a term I just made up. It’s the result of a new effort to drill down deeper into the whole subject of processed foods, and establish a sort of rating system.
It turns out that foods described as ultra-processed make up 58 per cent of the energy intake of the average American, yet the health effects of consuming foods of this type are largely unknown.
The new food classification system, called NOVA, was introduced in 2016. It puts processed foods into four different categories according to the degree of processing. This has allowed researchers to focus on the effects of eating foods from any specific category.
Are you even worse off eating ultra-processed food than mere processed food? These are early days, but there’s some revealing evidence. . .
The few studies performed so far on the impact of eating ultra-processed foods have demonstrated higher levels of blood fats in Brazilian children and a greater risk of high blood pressure and obesity in Spanish university students.
And earlier this year a study was published in the British Medical Journal that was the first to look at the link between ultra-processed foods and cancer.
The NOVA System
If you take an interest in your own good health, you’re probably aware that processed foods are damaging. The processing often removes or denatures important nutrients, and adds chemicals that increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
But because so many foods are processed in some way, dividing them simply into processed and unprocessed became unhelpful in understanding the effects the foods have, or in guiding national food policy. Some experts felt a more refined approach was needed, one that looked at how extensively processed the foods are.
The NOVA system divides foods into these categories:
- Unprocessed or minimally processed: Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, meat, poultry, fish. Can include processes, e.g. freezing, that don’t add salt, sugars, oils or fats.
- Processed culinary ingredients: Pressing, refining, grinding, milling, or spray-drying of group 1 category items.
- Processed foods: Simple products where sugar, salt or fats are added. Can include additives, stabilizers and preservatives. Examples are most cheeses; freshly made breads; canned and bottled fruits/vegetables/legumes; salted nuts; salted, cured, and smoked meats.
- Ultra-Processed foods and drinks: Industrial formulations with five or more ingredients designed to create products that are ready to eat or drink at once or merely need to be heated.
Includes food extracts such as casein, lactose, whey, and gluten, and others derived from further processing such as hydrogenated or interesterified oils, hydrolyzed proteins, soy protein isolate, maltodextrin, invert sugar and high fructose corn syrup.
Also includes dyes and other colors, color stabilizers, flavors, flavor enhancers, non-sugar sweeteners, and processing aids such as carbonating, firming, bulking and anti-bulking, de-foaming, anti-caking and glazing agents, texturizing agents, emulsifiers, sequestrants (preservatives) and humectants (moisture preservers).
Also includes industrial manufacturing processes with no domestic equivalents such as extrusion (a complex process using physical, mechanical and chemical changes involving heat and pressure in the making of snacks, breakfast cereals, confectionery bars and coatings), molding, and pre-processing for frying
It would be easy to compile a vast list of ultra-processed foods. They include mass produced bread; cakes and biscuits; packaged snacks; industrialized candies and desserts; breakfast cereals; sodas and sweetened drinks; margarines and spreads, chicken and fish nuggets; pre-prepared pies; reconstituted meat products, instant noodles and soups; ready meals; ‘fruit’ yogurts and ‘fruit’ drinks.
These products now dominate the food supplies of high income countries.
Convenient, tastes great, no nutritional value
Professor Carlos Monteiro and colleagues in the department of nutrition at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where NOVA was devised, described category 4 as “formulations mostly of cheap industrial sources of dietary energy and nutrients plus additives, using a series of processes…[that]…are energy-dense, high in unhealthy types of fat, refined starches, free sugars and salt, and poor sources of protein, dietary fiber and micronutrients.
“Ultra-processed products are made to be hyper-palatable and attractive, with long shelf-life, and able to be consumed anywhere, any time. Their formulation, presentation and marketing often promote overconsumption.”
In an interview, Professor Monteiro said the new classification “allows a precise identification of the main driver of the pandemics of obesity and other chronic diet-related non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and many types of cancer.”
Raises overall cancer risk by 12%
To see if these food products were linked to cancer, researchers from the University of Paris (more familiarly known as the Sorbonne) examined data from almost 105,000 French participants aged 18 to 73, of whom almost 80 per cent were women.
All supplied information about dietary consumption over a 24-hour period on three separate occasions six months apart, a schedule designed to cover different seasons and a weekend day. 3,300 different food items were included in the analysis.
The researchers adjusted the findings to take into account age, gender, body mass index, height, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, energy intake, family history of cancer, education, menopausal status, hormonal treatments, fat, sodium and carbohydrate intake.
After five years follow up it was found that a ten percent increase in the proportion of ultra-processed foods in the diet increased overall cancer risk by a significant 12%. It specifically increased the risk of breast cancer by 11% — a finding more likely to be significant because the sample included so many women.
Those in the top quarter of consumption (a third or more of their diet was ultra-processed) were 23% more likely to develop any form of cancer compared to the bottom quarter (8% of their diet was ultra-processed).
The top food groups contributing to the ultra-processed classification were sugary foods (26%) sugary drinks (20%), breakfast cereals and starchy foods (16%), fruits and vegetables (15%). I assume the last figure means the items were canned or otherwise processed, not fresh.
Because France has a strong culinary tradition, ultra-processed foods only make up 14.2 per cent of foods sold (18.7% among the people in this study). However, even in France people have started to eat dramatically greater amounts of these foods.
It will be interesting to see a repeat of this study conducted in the US population where four times as much of this kind of product is sold.
Commenting on the study, Professor Linda Bauld from Cancer Research UK said the study was a “warning signal to us to have a healthy diet” and only eat processed foods “here and there.”
Explanation for the findings
Lead author Mathilde Touvier, senior researcher in nutritional epidemiology, remarked that ultra-processed foods “all have food additives, they all have compounds formed during processing and heating of the products, and they all have compounds that could come from the packaging itself…some of these are of concern regarding cancer risk.”
In particular the study authors pointed to four factors to explain their findings.
Poorer nutritional quality: Higher in calories, salt, fat and sugar, and lower in fiber, these foods also trigger a bigger insulin response and are less filling and satisfying, which leads to overeating. All of these factors have been linked to an increased cancer risk.
Additives: While individual food additives may be below unsafe levels, the potential interactions among the 250 authorized additives is unknown. Lab studies point to potential carcinogenic properties.
For instance, titanium dioxide, a whitening and packaging agent, promotes pre-cancerous lesions in the colon and chronic inflammation in the intestines. The World Health Organization lists it as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.”
Other concerns include the negative impact of artificial sweeteners on the gut microbiome and carcinogens formed from delicatessen meat containing sodium nitrite when charred or overcooked.
Heat treatments that form contaminants in products like bread, biscuits, fries and coffee. One of these – acrylamide – was shown to increase risk of kidney and endometrial cancer. The European Food Safety Agency classed this compound as genotoxic. Other contaminants with carcinogenic properties are heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Bisphenol A: Often contained in the plastic packaging of ultra-processed foods, BPA is believed to migrate into the food itself. It’s linked to cancer by its negative effect on endocrine glands. The European Chemicals Agency judge bisphenol A to be “a substance of very high concern.”
The study authors believe that if the results of this study are confirmed in other populations then “the rapidly increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods may drive an increasing burden of cancer in the next decades.”
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Income inequality especially remains high in South Africa. This article investigates the impact of macro-economic, institutional and structural factors on inequality across the nine provinces of South Africa. Using a panel data econometric technique, the determinants/ drivers of inequalities are estimated. The rate of openness (globalization) of an economy, the level of financial inclusion, the status of physical infrastructure, governance indicators, and socioeconomic and institutional factors are explored as explanatory variables. The article concludes with a presentation of the challenges and policy options required to address social and economic inequalities in South Africa.
This article highlights the nature, domains and responses to inequalities in Kenya in the context of the current socio-economic and political transformational processes shaping the country’s destiny. It describes the character and drivers of inequalities and analyses the political, policy, programmatic and constitutional measures that have been instituted to address them. It also highlights lessons learnt and challenges in addressing inequalities while sketching their possible resolution.
Ethiopia’s structural change has yielded impressive economic growth. With various forms of inequalities weakening the poverty reducing impact of this growth, there is increasing pressure for equitable and shared growth. This article investigates the forms of inequalities in Ethiopia and offers possible remedies. It shows that urban inequality remains higher than rural inequality, despite a slight narrowing because of favourable pricing for agricultural commodities and a large-scale social safety net programme. Key to addressing inequality is: sustaining the social protection intervention; providing decent jobs; enhancing opportunity; and fair representation.
This article analyzes forms, structure, drivers and Implications of inequalities in Ghana; examines its political economy and suggests remedial policy options and challenges. Regarding economic inequalities, it shows that despite a general reduction in the incidence of income poverty, its depth has increased: with a wider income distribution gap between the poorest and richest households; marked disparities between the well-endowed South and the impoverished North; and a gendered bias in the distribution of wealth assets. Overall, the non-diversified nature of Ghana’s recent rapid growth has not boosted employment or reduced inequalities.
This article looks at gendered asset inequalities in Africa. It shows that women have lower access to land; pursue largely informal and smaller entrepreneurial activities that pay less and have low value addition; have lower access to formal finance; and, have lower political capital. To close the gendered asset gap, there is need for: reform of land and financial laws; entrepreneurial training for women; affirmative action in key areas such as education and employment; special funds/programmes for women; and, use of quotas to enhance political participation by women.
Consolidating Misery? The political economy of inequalities Dates: 24th August 2016, Kampala, Uganda ‘People do not eat GDP’: Even as the economies of EAC member states have been recording considerable growth rates, this growth has been accompanied by a growth in inequality in virtually all countries. This is the one of the key observations of the […]
After decades of conflict between the northern and southern regions of Sudan – which engulfed the country in two phases of civil war from 1955 to 1972 and 1982 to 2005 and resulted in the loss of 2.5 million lives1 – a Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed in 2005 between the Sudanese government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). One of the key clauses of the Peace Agreement was the recognition of South Sudan’s right to hold a referendum on whether to remain part of Sudan or secede to form a new nation. A referendum was held in January 2011 and resulted in a 98.8% approval of the option to secede . The Republic of South Sudan (population 8.26 million3 ) was established on July 9th 2011.
Sudan is in a critical political, socio-economic and demographic transition, particularly in the post-cessation era, together with emerging national opportunities and challenges vis-à-vis the changing governance in the Arab region and the internationally down-turning economies. The newly two established post-cessation countries (Sudan and Southern Sudan) have serious disputes and a long trail to reach a peaceful coexistence. Although the Government has recently signed Peace Agreement in Doha with some of the Darfuri rebel movements, brutal fighting is perpetual in South Kordofan, Blue Nile, and some pockets in Darfur.
‘Inequalities in the context of Africa’s Structural Transformation’ Dates: 9th -10th August 2016, Nairobi, Kenya Society for International Development (SID) program of work on Inequalities focusses on: – deepening knowledge in select countries; building capacity of citizen groups to advance the establishment of a cohesive constituency in the region, including engaging in African and global […]
By Olivia K Lwabukuna, African Institute of South Africa (AISA), [email protected] A luta continua, as expressed in the form of ‘the struggle continues’ is a phrase encountered almost every day in post-apartheid South Africa. There is an unwritten and informal understanding that the democratic era ushered in by inclusive elections in 1994, has not yet yielded freedom […]
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All-round and balanced development
Students in our school are encouraged not only to strive for excellent academic results, but also to be actively involved in sports and arts, as well as a number of other extra-curricular activities. This is important to their development of proper moral character and leadership qualities. Additionally, our school encourages a student-oriented teaching model and promotes collaborative learning and independent learning among students. Our school emphasizes language and mathematics training and tries to cultivate students’ generic skills through subject activities and extra-curricular activities.
Chinese and English Extensive Reading Scheme
Chinese and English Departments actively promote extensive reading schemes and encourage students to form a good reading habit. The school library collaborates with various subject panels with the aim of assisting students in efficiently using the library resources. The Reading Scheme includes: morning reading periods which are held to create an in-class reading atmosphere, regular activities like book exhibitions, recommended reading, book sharing and author talks.
Nurturing Multiple Intelligence
Our school provides various forms of activities in sports, music and extra-curricular activities to nurture students’ multiple intelligence. On top of these, emphasis is put on developing students’ creative thinking. Since 2000, our students have been declared champions of the Hong Kong Odyssey of the Mind Programme ten times and won the world championship in the World Finals held in the United States.
Self-responsible and optimistic Life
Our school strongly encourages student career planning. Talks, information sessions, visits and numerous other activities are organized for students of different forms to help them better understand their own aspiration, interests and abilities. Again these activities help students discover and bring into focus their talents and strengths.
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School Sustainability Fair Guide
The intent of this Sustainability Fair Guide is to outline the key components of holding a successful High School Sustainability Fair, while leaving room for creativity and personalization. We offer tools for planning, project management, fundraising, outreach, and fair activities, as well as a series of tips, hints, and suggestions, all of which can be followed at your discretion based on the vision of your fair planning team and the preferences of your school community.
See a preview.
This curriculum is free to California high school teachers. Click here to request.
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What is pelvic pain?
Pelvic pain is a common problem in women. The cause is often not
clear. It can have many causes. In some cases, no disease can be found. Pelvic pain can
be either acute or chronic. Acute means the pain is sudden and severe. Chronic means the
pain either comes and goes or lasts for months or longer. Pelvic pain that lasts longer
than 6 months and doesn't improve with treatment is known as chronic pelvic pain. Pelvic
pain may start in genital or other organs in and around the pelvis. In some cases, it
may be psychological. This can make pain feel worse or cause pain, when no physical
problem is found.
What causes pelvic pain?
Pelvic pain can have many causes,
- Inflammation or irritation of nerves
caused by injury, fibrosis, pressure, or peritonitis
- Muscle cramps
- A pregnancy that happens outside the
uterus (ectopic pregnancy)
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an
infection of the reproductive organs
- Twisted or ruptured ovarian cyst
- Miscarriage or threatened
- Urinary tract infection
- Ruptured fallopian tube
Some of the conditions that can
lead to chronic pelvic pain may include:
- Menstrual cramps
- Uterine fibroids (growths on or in the
- Scar tissue between the organs in the
- Endometrial polyps
- Cancers of the reproductive tract
- Other problems in the digestive, urinary, or nervous
What are the symptoms of pelvic pain?
These are examples of the different
types of pelvic pain most commonly described by women, and their possible cause or
origin. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
Type of pain
- May be from an
- May be caused by spasm
in the intestine, ureter, or appendix
- May be caused by a
short-term lack of blood supply because of a problem with blood
- May be from
inflammation of the appendix or blockage in the intestines
- Pain of the entire
- May be a buildup of
blood, pus, or stool in the bowels
- Pain made worse by
movement or during exam
- May be from irritation
in the lining of the abdomen
How is pelvic pain diagnosed?
Tests will be done to find the
cause of the pelvic pain. Your healthcare provider may ask you questions about the pain
- When and where does the pain
- How long does the pain last?
- Is the pain related to your menstrual
cycle, urination, and/or sexual activity?
- What does the pain feel like? For
example, is it sharp or dull?
- What was happening when the pain
- How suddenly did the pain start?
Tell your healthcare provider all
you can about the timing of the pain and other symptoms related to eating, sleeping,
sexual activity, and movement. This can help with a diagnosis.
The healthcare provider will give
you a physical and pelvic exam. You may have tests such as:
- Blood tests
- Pregnancy test
- Culture of cells from the cervix
You may also have tests such as:
- Ultrasound. This test uses
high-frequency sound waves to create an image of organs.
- CT scan. This is an imaging
test that uses X-rays and a computer to make detailed images of the body. A CT scan
shows details of the bones, muscles, fat, and organs, and any abnormalities that may
not show up on an ordinary X-ray.
- MRI. A noninvasive procedure
that produces a 2-D view of an internal organ or structure.
- Laparoscopy. A minor surgical
procedure in which a laparoscope, a thin tube with a lens and a light, is inserted
into an incision in the abdominal wall. Using the laparoscope to see into the pelvic
area, the healthcare provider can determine the locations, extent, and size of any
- X-ray. A small amount of
radiation is used to produce images of bones and internal organs onto film.
- Colonoscopy. In this test, the
healthcare provider can view the entire length of the large intestine. It can often
help find growths, inflamed tissue, ulcers, and bleeding. It is done by putting a
long, flexible, lighted tube (colonoscope) in the rectum and up into the colon. The
colonoscope lets the healthcare provider to see the lining of the colon, remove
tissue to test, and treat some problems that are found.
- Sigmoidoscopy. This test lets
the healthcare provider examine the inside of a part of the large intestine. It can
find the causes of diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation, abnormal growths, and
bleeding. A short, flexible, lighted tube (sigmoidoscope) is put into the rectum. The
scope blows air into the intestine to inflate it and make viewing the inside easier.
How is pelvic pain treated?
Treatment may include:
- Pain medicines
- Relaxation exercises
- Birth control pills
- Physical therapy
If a physical cause can’t be found,
your healthcare provider may refer you for counseling. This can help you cope with
chronic pain. In other cases, you may benefit from:
- Nutrition changes
- Environmental changes
- Physical therapy
- Pain management
Key points about pelvic pain
- Pelvic pain is a common problem in
women. Its cause is often unclear.
- Pain can be acute or chronic.
- Treatment will depend on the cause as
found by the physical exam and tests.
- Treatment may include medicines,
surgery, physical therapy, or pain management.
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:
- Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
- Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
- Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
- At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
- Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
- Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
- Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
- Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
- If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
- Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.
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To provide students with the necessary knowledge and skills regarding the educational strategies, tools and particular features of online education.
- Open and Online Education - Philosophy and Basic Principles
- Online learning and its most important tools
- The role of the instructor in Online Education
- The role of the student in Online Education
- Communication and interaction in Online Education
- Some myths about Online Education
100% online course. The students will follow the course through our virtual learning platform. The instructor will be supporting the students using synchronous (online sessions) and asynchronous (chat, forum, emails, messages) communication tools.
We adopt an assignment-based approach to assessment instead of exams. Assessment for this course is based on written coursework and an online discussion. Students who will complete successfully the assignments will receive a "Certificate of Successful Completion".
The duration of the course is 6 weeks.
Who should apply?
- People interested in acquiring a solid foundation in teaching and learning in digital environments
- Teachers who desire/currently teach online
- Students who study/will study in an online program
The minimum requirement for admission to this course is a diploma that is at least equal to school leaving certificate (secondary education).
NOW ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS
Next start date: June 21, 2021
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The 44 Présidents of the United States of America (read farther)
In the United States, Independence Day, or more commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday to commemorate the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Signing the Declaration of Independence
National Importance. The United States is a fairly young country, and the original birthday of the US was actually not that long ago. In 1776, the original thirteen states came together and separated from England with the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4. During this time, the brave Founding Fathers (“Pères fondateurs”) knew that the future ahead would be full of danger and risk to themselves and their families, but the importance of the country was greater than any one person.
The original Declaration of Independence
Thus, in 1776, the United States of America was born. After years of extremely difficult fighting and war, the country came out on top and began its existence as a peaceful country. This was the defining moment for the country, and that is why Independence Day is of such great importance for American people even today. Without July 4th, there would be no America.
The Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty symbolizes America's independence and the freedom the country offers to all that enter. It was given to the United States in 1886 by France (shipped in 214 crates and assembled on what is now known as Liberty Island in the New York Harbor).
Fireworks in the New York Harbour - CLICK HERE TO THE VIDEO ON 4th of July 2011
Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors as it is summer in the US. Families will often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue with family members, and they take advantage of the day off and when Independence Day falls on a Monday or Friday they take advantage of a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations including balloons, streamers and clothing are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American Flag. Parades are normally held in the morning, while fireworks displays occur in the evening at such places as parks, fairgrounds, near beaches and in town squares. Independence Day is a fun day which is enjoyed by all locals and visitors to the US.
Independence Day in the United States, the Biggest Birthday Celebration in the World. Independence Day in the United States is by far the most important national holiday of the year. While the fanfare is dwarfed by mega holidays like Christmas and New Year’s Eve, Independence Day is one of those days that the country and its people need, especially in complicated times such as the 21st century. Commonly known as the Fourth of July or July 4th, Independence Day brings American people together in a way that not many other holidays can.
Take the Day Off. Since 1938, the Fourth of July has been an official paid holiday for government officials. This gives Independence Day a special place on the calendar of the United States, as there are only a limited number of paid holidays on the calendar. It is likely that this day will never disappear from the American calendar.
Obama in front of the portrait of Washington
THE 44 PRESIDENTS OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Barack Obama in the Oval Office
Researches for this reporting : Jeannot Ramambazafy – Fourth of July, 2011
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Over 5 million people in the UK live with arm weakness, which can be caused by stroke, neurological and musculoskeletal conditions. Rehabilitation involves repetitive, task-specific exercises to train arm and hand function.
GripAble, developed by NIHR Imperial BRC-supported researchers at Imperial College London, is an electronic handgrip device that connects wirelessly to a range of mobile apps. Patients with arm disability use the device hooked up to an iPad to play physiotherapy-like computer games that involve squeezing, turning or lifting the handgrip. In the background the device accurately measures grip strength and other objective measures of mobility.
Science Museum Lates are themed nights that take place in the museum after-hours between 18:45 – 22:00 on the last Wednesday of every month. The evenings welcome around 5,000 visitors to an exciting programme that include talks, demonstrations and workshops held amongst its regular exhibitions. Each event is themed around a particular scientific topic and on 25th July the theme was ‘Medical Marvels’. The event showcased a number of medical advancements and celebrated the 70th birthday of the NHS.
GripAble has been used with over 600 patients recovering from a wide range of movement impairments. During the Science Museum Lates event, visitors were able to test out the GripAble devices for themselves and play on the innovative computer games. Imperial postgraduate students Jin Lotay, Ilaria Santomauro, Cristina Fernandes, and Sigourney Waibel did a fantastic job presenting the technology, explaining its effectiveness and answering questions from the general public about the technology. There was an incredible amount of interest in GripAble with long queues forming to play the games.
Find out about future Science Museum Lates events here.
Featured image credit: Imelda Topping and Helen Jaques from NIHR Central Commissioning Facility.
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Body mass index
A good way to decide if your weight is healthy for your height is to figure out your body mass index (BMI). You and your health care provider can use your BMI to estimate how much body fat you have.
Being obese puts strain on your heart and can lead to serious health problems. These problems include:
HOW TO DETERMINE YOUR BMI
Your BMI estimates how much you should weigh, based on your height. Here are the steps to calculate it:
- Multiply your weight in pounds by 703.
- Divide that answer by your height in inches.
- Divide that answer by your height in inches again.
For example, a woman who weighs 270 pounds and is 68 inches tall has a BMI of 41.0.
Use the chart below to see what category your BMI falls into, and whether you need to be concerned about your weight.
BMI is not always the best way to decide whether you need tolose weight. If you have more or less muscle than is normal, your BMI may not be a perfect measure of how much body fat you have:
- Because muscle weighs more than fat, people who are very muscular may have a high BMI.
- In the elderly it is often better to have a BMI between 25 and 27, rather than under 25. If you are older than 65, for example, a slightly higher BMI may help protect you from thinning of the bones (osteoporosis).
- While an alarming number of children are obese, do not use this BMI calculator for evaluating a child. Talk to your child's doctor or nurse about the appropriate weight for your child's age.
Health care providers use a few methods to decide whether you are overweight. Your health care provider may also take your waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio into consideration.
Your BMI alone cannot predict your health risk, but most experts say that a BMI greater than 30 (obesity) is unhealthy. No matter what your BMI is, exercise can help reduce your risk of heart disease and diabetes. Remember to always ask your health care provider before starting an exercise program.
Jensen MD. Obesity In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. . 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 227.
Gahagan S. Overweight and obesity. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. . 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 44.
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| 0.886994 | 529 | 3.5 | 4 |
The History of MIT's Department of Urban Studies and Planning
Gary Hack, PhD '76, Paley Professor of City and Regional Planning, Dean of the School of Design, University of Pennsylvania
Description: Who better than Gary Hack to recount the colorful 75"year tale of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning? Associated with the department for more than half its life, and saturated with its lore, Hack reaches backward to describe the story's "five acts," and then forward to imagine the department's future.
The department emerged in the midst of the Depression, with faculty engaged primarily in city planning. Graduates "went out with the equipment to plan the massive growth in this country that occurred after World War II," says Hack, with the know"how for laying out roads and neighborhoods. Act 2, "the urban studies years," came after the war, with the department swelling to accommodate returning GIs, and a growing interest in studying "the implications of renewal and slum clearance." The last half of the '50s proved fertile, with the launch of Harvard and MIT's Joint Center for Urban Studies. Then came the 60s, and "forces at work that tore the department apart."
The Vietnam War, city riots, and questions about the direction of urban growth, "raised enormous doubts about what planning was up to." MIT faculty and students became advocates for neighborhood groups. In Act 3, "the urban action era," a new department head added such fields as criminal justice and environmental planning, and committed to diversity of both faculty and students.
By 1980, academic life had evolved into an "era of parallel solitudes," clusters of people intensely involved with each other "with a minimum amount of glue." This Act 4 saw the start of an international planning focus, as well as a turn toward giving students the skills to be directly involved in building and real estate.
The most recent period, Act 5, has witnessed DUSP leaders working "hard to lift out of the rich bouillabaisse constructed over all those years some themes with crosscutting energy, things that could bring people together," such as projects in New Orleans.
Hack imagines that MIT's DUSP, along with other U.S. planning departments, will need to function in an increasingly global and interconnected world. Confronted by climate change, and massive growth of cities, planners will need to transcend their traditional ways of thinking and working. Hack concludes with a thought experiment: If we built high"speed rail in the Northeast corridor, cutting travel time from Boston to New York to one hour, what kind of development should occur, and what are the likely impacts? "We're ill equipped even to answer these questions, and we need to do better," Hack says.
About the Speaker(s): Gary Hack teaches, practices, and studies large"scale physical planning and urban design. He is co"author of the third edition of Site Planning and Lessons from Local Experiences,/i>, as well as numerous articles and chapters on the spatial environment of cities.
Recently he was a member of the team that won the competition and prepared the design guidelines for redeveloping the World Trade Center Site. He also co"directed an international comparative study of urbanization patterns on four continents, published as Global City Regions: A Comparative Perspective.
Hack has prepared plans for over thirty cities in the United States and abroad, including the redevelopment plan for the Prudential Center in Boston, the West Side Waterfront plan in New York City, and the new Metropolitan Plan for Bangkok, Thailand. He has also worked with smaller communities on urban design issues.
Earlier in his career, Hack directed several large neighborhood demonstration projects and the redevelopment of urban waterfronts in a number of Canadian cities. He has also served as an urban design consultant for projects in Japan, Taiwan, China and Saudi Arabia.
Hack has served on the executive committee of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning and the Planning Accreditation Board. He is a former chair of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, and is active in civic affairs in Philadelphia.
Hack received his B.Arch. from the University of Manitoba, an M.Arch. and M.U.P. from the University of Illinois, and a Ph.D. from MIT.
Host(s): School of Architecture and Planning, Department of Urban Studies and Planning
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|Experts Warn of “Untreatable Infections”|
PAHO/WHO calls for action to curb dangerous growth of antimicrobial resistance
Washington, D.C., 7 April 2011 (PAHO/WHO) — The widespread misuse of antimicrobial medications, coupled with poor patient care in health facilities, could lead to a future of deadly “untreatable infections,” experts said today in panel discussions organized by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) for World Health Day 2011.
“Antibiotics are a true success story,” said Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, at PAHO/WHO headquarters in Washington, D.C. “But microbes develop ways to circumvent them. The examples are many. Antimicrobial resistance has become a key stumbling block in our efforts to control many important infectious diseases in global health.”
Drug resistance is a natural biological process by which microbes acquire the ability to resist drugs designed to kill them. Resistant genes are passed on to new generations of microbes, becoming more dominant until the resisted drug becomes ineffective.
Chief contributors to the process include doctors who incorrectly prescribe antibiotics, people who purchase the drugs without a prescription, and patients who do not take all their drugs as prescribed. Also key are poor infection control practices in hospitals and health facilities, and the widespread use of antibiotics in the production of food animals.
In combination, these factors are producing growing resistance among microbes that threatens to outpace the development of new, more effective drugs.
Indeed, the introduction of new antimicrobial drugs has declined significantly since the 1980s and 1990s, noted Dr. Marcelo Galas, of Argentina’s Ministry of Health. “If we continue like this, in short time we will be left with nothing.”
Dr. Susan Foster, of the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, estimated that antimicrobial resistance costs as much as $34 billion per year in the United States alone, similar to what is spent on diabetes. This is due to longer hospital stays, more expensive medications, and increased need for screening and diagnostics. Other, indirect costs include poor patient health, long-term disability, increased deaths, and economic impacts on individuals and families.
“And behind these statistics, we have to remember there are real people whose lives have been dramatically affected,” said Foster.
Claudia Palacios, weekend news anchor for CNN Spanish, recalled the tragic effect of antimicrobial resistance on a young couple she knew in her native Colombia. Following routine surgery, the young father succumbed to a hospital-acquired “superbug,” leaving behind his wife and their 4-month-old baby.
“Whenever I do a report on the use of medications, I remember that truncated family and I try to make viewers think about the serious consequences of an act as simple as taking an antibiotic,” said Palacios. “It may seem like the fastest solution for an ailment, but a badly used medication is really an attempt on one’s life and on the lives of others.”
In the Americas region, major problems with antimicrobial resistance now include:
To address these problems, PAHO/WHO has been working with countries throughout the Americas to improve drug regulatory systems, strengthen surveillance and laboratory capacity, ensure access to good-quality essential medicines, improve infection prevention and control, and promote research and development.
A key component of this work is the promotion of patient safety through such PAHO/WHO initiatives as “Clean Care is Safer Care” and the “Safe Surgery Checklist” for surgical personnel.
“More than 50 percent of hospital-acquired infections are preventable,” said Dr. Orlando Urroz, of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund. “We need to teach patients and healthcare workers simple, cost-effective measures to prevent infection and improve the quality of care.”
To monitor the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, PAHO/WHO supports the Latin American Network for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance (RELAVRA), established in 1996. The network now covers 21 countries from Canada to Chile and includes 21 reference labs and 521 sentinel sites that collect information on drug resistance throughout the hemisphere.
As part of this year’s World Health Day Campaign, whose theme is “No action today, no cure tomorrow,” PAHO and WHO today called on all countries to adopt a six-point policy package to combat antimicrobial resistance.
“Antimicrobial resistance is not a phenomenon on the horizon; it is here today,” said PAHO Deputy Director Dr. Jon Andrus. “Let us remember that only by working together can we combat antimicrobial resistance. And let us heed the warning that if we don’t take action today, we will have no cure tomorrow. None of us wants that to happen.”
The Pan American Health Organization, founded in 1902, works with all the countries of the Americas to improve the health and quality of life of their peoples. It serves as the Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO).
Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization
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The Good News About Carbon Storage in Tropical Vegetation
A study published in Nature Climate Change today finds that tropical vegetation contains 21 percent more carbon than previous studies had suggested. Using a combination of remote sensing and field data, scientists from Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC), Boston University, and the University of Maryland were able to produce the first “wall-to-wall” map (with a spatial resolution of 500 m x 500 m) of carbon storage of forests, shrublands, and savannas in the tropics of Africa, Asia, and South America. Colors on the map represent the amount of carbon density stored in the vegetation in a continuum fashion (Figure 1 below). Reliable estimates of carbon storage are critical to understanding the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere by changes in land cover and land use.
Figure 1 - Click to view large version.
Tropical deforestation is considered a major source of the greenhouse gases that cause climate change, releasing as much as 1.1 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year. Based on new data in this study, researchers believe that current models may overestimate the net flux of carbon into the atmosphere due to tropical vegetation loss by 11 to 12 percent. For countries trying to meet their greenhouse gases reporting requirements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), these new data are particularly important.
Lead author Alessandro Baccini, an assistant scientist at WHRC, explained that the new data set provides a spatially and temporally consistent estimate of carbon stock and a stronger foundation for estimating carbon emissions by better characterizing the carbon density of the forest that has been lost. “For the first time we were able to derive accurate estimates of carbon densities using satellite LiDAR observations in places that have never been measured,” said Baccini. “This is like having a consistent, very dense pantropical forest inventory.”
In many developing nations, deforestation is the largest source of emissions of greenhouse gases. In order to reliably report emissions to the UNFCCC, and to participate in international schemes such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), which provides compensation for avoiding deforestation, these countries need an accurate way to calculate stored carbon and to track deforestation and reforestation. “We worked closely with collaborators in 12 countries around the tropics to collect the field data needed to calibrate the satellite measurements and ensure relevance for their national reporting,” said co-author Nadine Laporte, a WHRC associate scientist, who coordinated field measurements in Africa.
“The paper is important for two reasons,” said co-author and WHRC senior scientist Richard A. Houghton. “First, it provides a high-resolution map of aboveground biomass density for the world’s tropical forests. Previous maps were of much coarser resolution and yielded wildly different estimates of both regional totals and spatial distribution. Second, the paper calculates a new estimate of carbon emissions from land-use change in the tropics.”
This was done using the co-location of biomass density and deforestation to assign a more representative carbon density to the forests cleared. Previous estimates used ‘average’ biomass densities that may have biased emissions’ estimates. In short, the approach will lead to better tracking of changes in biomass density resulting from degradation and growth.
This will in turn help nations, projects, and groups of all kinds determine better estimates of carbon emissions. These estimates are required nationally for UNFCCC reporting and would support REDD+ should it be implemented. “The study represents a major step forward in the effort to map the current state of global tropical biomass stocks,” commented Greg Asner, an ecologist at the Carnegie Institution for Science. “The 500m resolution of the map will help countries implement activities to improve forest management and to help fight climate change through reduced carbon emissions from deforestation.”
The scientists estimated that tropical forests in America store around 118 billion tons of carbon, a fifth more than indicated by previous findings. For the first time in a large-area mapping effort of this kind, an end-to-end approach was constructed quite literally from the ground up, beginning with a pantropical field campaign, relying on the work of scholars in many different countries, and designed for the optimal integration of field and satellite data. The result is a carbon density map for the tropics with a level of consistency and accuracy never before achieved.
Global measurements of where carbon is accumulating and where it's being lost will be used to better quantify how many carbon credits would be needed to reduce carbon emission under the UNFCCC and, when carbon is valued, to quantify financial rewards. As Richard A. Houghton said, “Your forest may be worth more if it's accumulating more carbon than another forest.”
“Coupling the Lidar and field measurements is what makes this study and our map so unique, and powerful” notes study co-author and WHRC senior scientist Scott Goetz. “Without measurements from a satellite-based Lidar, a study of this nature would not have been possible. We need that capability going forward.”
The study used field measurements collected across the tropics to calibrate light detection and ranging (LiDAR) satellites models and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua and Terra to map the carbon densities in the tropics. The carbon density data set is available for download at http://www.whrc.org/mapping/pantropical/carbon_dataset.html. Satellite processing algorithms and data are available at http://earthengine.google.org/#state=search&q=tag:mcd43a4
For more information, please contact:
Ian Vorster, Director of Communications
More details on WHRC mapping and monitoring projects are available at http://www.whrc.org/mapping/index.html.Figure 1 can be downloaded here: http://www.whrc.org/mapping/pantropical/pdf/Fig_1_biomass_submission1.pdf and viewed as a zoomable map here: http://www.whrc.org/mapping/pantropical/carbon_dataset.html.
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By the end of gen chem, calculating oxidation states of different metals should be pretty familiar. Here’s what you do. Take a typical compound – FeCl3, for instance. Treat every bond between the metal and a different atom as if it were an ionic bond. That means the more electronegative elements (like chlorine, say, or oxygen) bear negative charges, and the less electronegative element (such as the metal) bears the positive charge.
If the compound is neutral, the sum of the oxidation states also has to be neutral. (If the compound has a charge, you adjust the oxidation states accordingly so that their sum equals the charge).
Now here’s a fun exercise. Try applying the same rules to carbon.
It’s going to feel a little bit weird. Why? Because there are two key differences.
- First, carbon is often more electronegative (2.5) than some of the atoms it’s bound to (such as H, 2.2). So what do you do in this case?
- Secondly, unlike metal-metal bonds, carbon-carbon bonds are ubiquitous. So how do you deal with them?
- In a C-H bond, the H is treated as if it has an oxidation state of +1. This means that every C-H bond will decrease the oxidation state of carbon by 1.
- Any two bonds between the same atom do not affect the oxidation state (recall that the oxidation state of Cl in Cl-Cl (and that of H in H-H) is zero. So a carbon attached to 4 carbons has an oxidation state of zero.
So unlike metals, which are almost always in a positive oxidation state, the oxidation state of carbon can vary widely, from -4 (in CH4) to +4 (such as in CO2). Here are some examples.
(Don’t forget that this is called a “formalism” for a reason. The charge on the carbon isn’t really +4 or –4. But the oxidation state formalism helps us keep track of where the electrons are going, which will come in handy very soon).
With an understanding of how to calculate oxidation states on carbon, we’re ready for the next step: understanding changes in the oxidation state at carbon, through reactions known as oxidations (where the oxidation state is increased), and reductions (where the oxidation state is reduced). More on that next time.
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Jessie was so embarrassed! About an hour after chowing down on pizza and ice cream with a group of friends, her stomach suddenly started rumbling, and she started farting. Then Jessie's stomach began to ache and she had to run to the restroom every few minutes. In the excitement of an afternoon hanging out at the mall, Jessie had forgotten to watch her dairy intake.
Jessie has lactose intolerance and her symptoms flare up when she eats more dairy than her body can handle.
What Is Lactose Intolerance?
Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest a sugar called lactose that is found in milk and dairy products.
Normally when a person eats something containing lactose, an enzyme in the small intestine called lactase breaks down lactose into simpler sugar forms called glucose and galactose. These simple sugars are then easily absorbed into the bloodstream and turned into energy — fuel for our bodies.
People with lactose intolerance do not produce enough of the lactase enzyme to break down lactose. Instead, undigested lactose sits in the gut and gets broken down by bacteria, causing gas, bloating, stomach cramps, and diarrhea.
Lactose intolerance is fairly common. It seems to affect guys and girls equally. Some ethnic groups are more likely to be affected than others because their diets traditionally include fewer dairy products: Almost all Asians and Native Americans are lactose intolerant, and up to 80% of African Americans and Hispanic Americans also have symptoms of lactose intolerance. Their ancestors did not eat dairy foods, so their bodies were not prepared to digest dairy, and they passed these genes on from generation to generation.
Little kids are less likely to have lactose intolerance. But many people eventually become lactose intolerant in adulthood — some while they are still teens. Some health care providers view lactose intolerance as a normal human condition and therefore don't really consider it a disease.
Who Gets Lactose Intolerance?
A person may be or may become lactose intolerant for different reasons:
- Ethnic background. People of Asian, African, Native American, and Hispanic backgrounds are more likely to develop lactose intolerance at a young age.
- Other problems with the digestive tract. People who have inflammation of their upper small intestine, such as celiac or Crohn's disease, have a reduced level of the lactase enzyme.
- Medications. Certain antibiotics can trigger temporary lactose intolerance by interfering with the intestine's ability to produce the lactase enzyme.
- Infection. After a bout of infectious diarrhea, some kids can develop a temporary lactose intolerance that usually improves after a few days or weeks.
- Age. As people get older, their bodies usually stop producing the lactase enzyme, and most people will naturally become lactose intolerant over time.
What Happens When Someone Has It?
People with lactose intolerance may have a variety of symptoms. It all depends on how much dairy or how many milk-containing foods the person eats and how little lactase the body produces.
Usually within 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating, someone with lactose intolerance will experience nausea, stomach cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. This can be unpleasant, not to mention embarrassing if you're at school or out with friends.
Because many people may think they're lactose intolerant when they really aren't, it helps to see a doctor who can diagnose the condition correctly and advise you on ways to manage it.
How Do Doctors Diagnose It?
If your doctor suspects you might be lactose intolerant, he or she will take your medical history by asking about any concerns and symptoms you have, your past health, your family's health, any medications you're taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. Your doctor will also perform a physical examination.
Doctors can test for lactose intolerance by using the hydrogen breath test. Normally very little hydrogen gas is detectable in the breath. However, undigested lactose in the colon ferments (breaks down) and produces various gases, including hydrogen.
If your doctor decides to give you a hydrogen breath test, you'll be asked to blow into a tube for a beginning sample. You'll then swallow a drink with lactose in it, wait a while, and breathe into the tube again. You'll be asked to blow into the tube every half hour for 2 hours in order to measure hydrogen levels in your breath. The levels should go up over time if you have lactose intolerance.
Doctors also can find out if you're able to digest lactose by testing for the presence of lactase with an endoscopy. During this procedure, doctors view the inside of the intestines by inserting a long tube with a light and a tiny camera on the end into the mouth.
A doctor can then take tissue samples and pictures of the inside of your gut and look for clues to why you've been having problems with what you're eating. The amount of lactase enzyme can be measured in one of these tissue samples.
Living With Lactose Intolerance
Lactose intolerance is a very individual condition and it's often easy to manage if you're in tune with your body. Everyone's different, but most people with lactose intolerance are able to eat a small amount of dairy. The trick is to eat dairy products in combination with other foods that don't contain lactose and not eat too much dairy at once. It can also help to keep a food diary to learn which foods your body can or can't tolerate.
Dairy foods are the best source of calcium, a mineral that's important for bone growth. Because growing teens need about 1,300 milligrams (mg) of calcium each day, experts recommend that even teens who have lactose intolerance continue to include some dairy in their diet.
Foods like cheese or yogurt may be easier to digest than milk, so try a cup of yogurt for dessert or add a piece of cheese to your sandwich. Lactose-free milk is also a great way to get calcium in your diet without the problems that can come with lactose.
Taking a lactase enzyme supplement might help, too. Taking this before eating foods that contain dairy will help the body digest the lactose sugar in dairy so you don't develop the symptoms of lactose intolerance, like pain, cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
Teens with the most severe symptoms of lactose intolerance might have to avoid all dairy products. It's extra important that these teens find other good calcium sources, so talking to a registered dietitian is a good idea. Dietitians are trained in nutrition and they can help people who are lactose intolerant come up with eating alternatives and develop a well-balanced diet that provides lots of calcium for developing strong bones.
Here are some tips for dealing with lactose intolerance:
- Choose lactose-reduced or lactose-free milk.
- Take a lactase enzyme supplement (such as Lactaid) just before you eat dairy products. These can be taken in drops or tablets and even added directly to milk.
- When you do drink milk or eat lactose-containing foods, eat other non-lactose foods at the same meal to slow digestion and avoid problems. (For example, if you are going to have a milkshake, don't drink it by itself. Have something else with it, like a healthy sandwich.)
- Drink juices that are fortified with calcium.
- Eat a variety of dairy-free foods that are rich in calcium, such as broccoli, beans, tofu, or soy milk. Consider hard cheeses such as cheddar, which are lower in lactose.
- Yogurts that contain active cultures are easier to digest and much less likely to cause lactose problems.
- Learn to read food labels. Lactose is added to some boxed, canned, frozen, and prepared foods like bread, cereal, lunchmeats, salad dressings, mixes for cakes and cookies, and coffee creamers. Be aware of certain words that may mean the food has lactose in it: butter, cheese, cream, dried milk, milk solids, powdered milk, and whey, for example.
Reviewed by: J. Fernando del Rosario, MD
Date reviewed: January 2015
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What is MQTT?
MQTT is a lightweight protocol typically used with IoT devices that are designed to be power efficient and consume minimal bandwidth.
The MQTT protocol runs over TCP/IP and is based on a bi-directional publish-subscribe model with lossless communication.
How does MQTT work?
MQTT is a hugely flexible protocol but there are only two basic entities, the MQTT client and the MQTT broker.
The MQTT client can be any endpoint that implements the MQTT protocol. In the case of IoT, the client is the connected device such as a sensor, monitor, or Arduino board but MQTT is not restricted to IoT, the client could also be a smartphone or laptop for example.
MQTT clients do not communicate directly with each other but all interactions are ‘brokered’ by a server component referred to as the MQTT Broker which sits in between clients and handles the routing of messages between them.
All communication in MQTT is grouped into ‘topics’. MQTT clients can publish messages to topics and subscribe to receive messages from others. A topic can be any string and is intended to group subjects of common interest, for example, sensor updates would be published to a topic, as would messages in a group chat, depending on the use case.
The broker is responsible for managing which clients are subscribed to which topics, receiving messages published on a particular topic, and sending that message to any client subscribed for updates. When the connection between a client and broker is lost, the broker is also responsible for caching the message and delivering it to the client when the connection is re-established.
What MQTT brokers are available?
The MQTT broker is fundamental to the MQTT protocol and can be considered the MQTT Server. As previously mentioned the broker sits between all clients and facilitates communication between them.
Many MQTT brokers exist, both open source and proprietary and one of the most important architectural decisions of any MQTT-based deployment is how to host the broker. Since MQTT is designed to run at a very large scale, any broker architecture will need to scale accordingly and most corporate deployments will rely on cloud-hosted, proprietary offerings so they do not have any infrastructure concerns, though self-hosted options are also available.
Sitting in between all communication, the broker can retain messages and keep a secure record of all sessions; clients are isolated from each other and so client insecurities and vulnerabilities can be sandboxed and, depending on your network topology, a broker can reduce the traffic on your network as a whole & allows for more efficient routing.
Any client that supports the MQTT protocol can subscribe and publish to topics but all communication goes through the broker, as shown below.
PubNub offers our own MQTT broker, the MQTT bridge to seamlessly integrate PubNub with your MQTT solution. More information can be found at the end of this article.
MQTT Protocol features
Whilst often considered an IoT solution, MQTT is just the protocol that underpins many well-known IoT products. There are many features of MQTT that make it particularly well suited to efficient communication between devices:
Easy to get up and running
MQTT has been around for a long time and there are a large number of solutions, both proprietary and open source, that are robust, reliable, and scalable. These pre-existing MQTT components can be used in all manner of projects, from large solutions to passion projects without modification and regardless of developer experience.
Reliability and configuration
MQTT has the concept of quality of service (QoS), discussed in detail later, which queues and caches messages on the MQTT broker, delivering them to the client when the connection is re-established. This works particularly well for partially connected devices or clients with intermittent connectivity such as IoT devices.
The client does not have to consider the solution architecture
With MQTT, you publish messages to a topic and receive messages when they are available. As a client, you do not have to worry about establishing or re-establishing a connection or whether your recipient(s) are listening for your messages, it “just works”.
Designed for scale
MQTT can cope with whatever scale your solution requires from startups to global companies. Most famously, Facebook Messenger uses MQTT for its communication.
MQTT Session Lifecycle
MQTT relies on TCP/IP for connectivity so follows a similar lifecycle
The MQTT client initiates a connection to the MQTT broker. Typically this will be over the standard MQTT ports (1883/883 for secure and insecure connections respectively)
The MQTT protocol does not have any authentication considerations beyond using TLS for the underlying TCP/IP connection, which is sufficient for the vast majority of use cases.
Publish / Subscribe
Once connected, clients can publish or subscribe to topics to send and receive messages.
Disconnection can be initiated by either the client or broker and will cause the MQTT session to end after any in-progress requests have been processed.
MQTT Quality of Service (QoS)
Quality of Service allows a solution designer to specify how reliable an MQTT connection should be, in general, the more reliable the connection, the greater the potential memory overhead for retries and message retention.
The message is sent only once and the client and broker take no additional steps to acknowledge delivery. This is also known as “fire and forget”.
This only applies to messages sent by a client. Once messages are received at the broker, they are considered QoS 0
The sender and receiver engage in a handshake to ensure only one copy of the message is received. This assures delivery and avoids multiple copies of the message being sent.
The message is re-sent multiple times until its receipt is acknowledged by the recipient. This works best for time-sensitive messages but can lead to duplicate messages being received.
MQTT use cases and IoT
MQTT is a lightweight and power-efficient protocol that over the years has been used in the kind of solutions where those are key considerations.
IoT is the most popular example where MQTT is a great fit. IoT devices are typically battery-powered and can be very expensive to maintain, so lasting a long time between battery swaps is preferred. Whilst in the home environment it is not difficult to replace a battery now and then, in an industrial environment, with thousands of sensors, spread across a wide area and often in very difficult-to-reach locations their maintenance can get costly very quickly.
IoT use cases include fire detectors, theft tracking, location monitoring, sensors, engine status, etc. MQTT also has very low data overheads so, in those environments where data is expensive, or where thousands of devices are deployed so bandwidth is a concern, MQTT is ideal.
MQTT is also very popular in real-time communication, the best-known example being Facebook Messenger. Why would Facebook choose to use MQTT? Because it would not drain your phone’s battery, would not use excessive data, runs on secure protocols, allows scaling, easily facilitates group chats, and distributes all data through a central MQTT broker backbone infrastructure.
What is MQTT and does PubNub support it?
Absolutely! PubNub provides an MQTT bridge offering very low latency which avoids having to deploy a custom MQTT broker and provides simple integration with other PubNub functionality such as functions and data streaming.
Since PubNub is designed around the publish-subscribe model, it maps very nicely to MQTT:
Publish / Subscribe: These concepts are identical for both PubNub and MQTT
PubNub channels: The equivalent in MQTT is the ‘topic’.
UUID: Both PubNub and MQTT have the concept of a unique identifier assigned to each client.
Wildcards: Both PubNub and MQTT support wildcards when subscribing to channels/topics. See the PubNub docs for more detail.
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Freedom in the World
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Freedom Rating (1 = best, 7 = worst)
Civil Liberties (1 = best, 7 = worst)
Political Rights (1 = best, 7 = worst)
Venezuela's civil liberties rating improved from 5 to 4 due to the resiliency of civil society in the face of pressures from the government of President Hugo Chavez.
Venezuelan strongman Hugo Chavez successfully escaped his overthrow and imprisonment in a April 2002 coup attempt, and was returned to power as a result of the continued loyalty of key military garrisons around the country and significant sectors of the population. However, throughout the year, the country saw protests by a broad spectrum of civil society and unprecedented discontent in the barracks by officers tired of Chavez's threadbare populism. Chavez, himself the onetime leader of two coup attempts, appeared to remain confident of his own ability to keep order, despite the increasing disorder.
The Republic of Venezuela was established in 1830, nine years after independence from Spain. Long periods of instability and military rule ended with the establishment in 1961 of civilian rule. Under the constitution approved that year, the president and a bicameral congress are elected for five years. The Senate has at least 2 members from each of the 21 states and the federal district of Caracas. The Chamber of Deputies has 189 seats.
Until 1993, the social-democratic Democratic Action (AD) Party and the Social Christian Party (COPEI) dominated politics. Former president Carlos Andres Perez (1989-1993) of the AD was nearly overthrown by Chavez and other nationalist military officers in two 1992 coup attempts in which dozens were killed. In 1993 Perez was charged with corruption and removed from office by congress. Rafael Caldera, a former president (1969-1974) of COPEI and a populist, was elected president in late 1993 as head of the 16-party National Convergence, which included Communists, other leftists, and right-wing groups. With crime soaring, public corruption unabated, oil wealth drying up, and the country in its worst economic crisis in 50 years, popular disillusionment with politics deepened.
In the 1998 presidential contest, Chavez's antiestablishment, anticorruption populism played well in a country whose political establishment was famous for its interlocking system of privilege and graft and whose elites considered politics their private preserve. Last-minute efforts to find a consensus candidate against Chavez were largely unsuccessful, and the Yale-educated businessman Henrique Salas, the other leading presidential contender, also steered away from association with the old political order. Salas, a respected two-term former state governor, won just 40 percent of the vote, to Chavez's 57 percent. In February 1999, Chavez took control of the world's fifth-largest oil-producing country.
A constituent assembly dominated by Chavez followers drafted a new constitution that would make censorship of the press easier, allow a newly strengthened chief executive the right to dissolve congress, and make it possible for Chavez to retain power until 2013. Congress and the Supreme Court were dismissed after Venezuelans approved the new constitution in a national referendum on December 15, 2000. Despite Chavez's 21-point lead in the presidential contest, the July 2000 election marked a resurgence of political opposition that had been hamstrung in its efforts to contest his stripping of congress and the judiciary of their independence and power. Opposition parties won most of the country's governorships, about half the mayoralties, and a significant share of power in the new congress. In November, Chavez's congressional allies granted him special fast-track powers that allowed him to decree a wide range of laws without parliamentary debate.
By 2001 a dramatic rise in street crime threatened the working class and poor Venezuelans who make up the core of Chavez's constituency, as well as frightening those belonging to the country's beleaguered middle class. The crime wave was centered in Caracas and made even wealthy neighborhoods in the capital city subject to serious public safety threats. Venezuela's continued economic woes and natural disasters, together with weapons and narcotics trafficking, added to the heightened sense of insecurity. A recent study ranked Venezuela as second of the 10 most violent nations in the Americas and Europe; the overwhelmed police proved unable to halt the carnage, which was responsible for one Venezuelan being killed nearly every hour. On December 10, 2001, political opponents and business and labor leaders staged a widely supported national protest strike against Chavez's rule.
The failed coup against Chavez, which the United States was slow to condemn, included a near total shutdown of Venezuela's state-owned oil monopoly, a general strike, a short-lived provisional government, and the slaying of 19 people in an opposition march. Despite Chavez's May announcement of wide-ranging fiscal reforms, political tensions have kept foreign investors wary. In August, charges against four alleged military-coup leaders were dismissed on the grounds of insufficient evidence. In October an estimated one million Venezuelans marched in Caracas demanding that Chavez call either early elections or a referendum on his rule--and threatening a general strike if he did not accede. As the United Nations and the Organization of American States desperately tried to mediate peace talks meant to break the country's political deadlock, the country appeared to move closer to civil war. In November, the government took military control of the 8,000-member Caracas city police, which Chavez claimed had repeatedly repressed pro-government demonstrators. Armed groups operating along Venezuela's western border with Colombia have stepped up their illegal activities, which range from killing and kidnapping to extortion and the smuggling of cocaine. In November a grenade was thrown at the home of the Caracas archbishop, in yet another attack believed to be carried out by government supporters against the Roman Catholic Church.
Citizens can change their government democratically, although supporters of President Hugo Chavez appear at times on the verge of mob rule, particularly as constitutional checks and balances have been removed. The July 2000 elections were considered by international observers to be free and fair.
Until Chavez took power, the judicial system was headed by a nominally independent supreme court that was nevertheless highly politicized, undermined by the chronic corruption (including the growing influence of narcotics traffickers) that permeates the entire political system, and unresponsive to charges of rights abuses. An unwieldy new judicial code has hampered some law enforcement efforts, resulting in low rates of conviction and shorter jail terms even for convicted murderers. Police salaries are woefully inadequate.
Widespread arbitrary detention and torture of suspects, as well as dozens of extrajudicial killings by military security forces and the police, have increased as crime continues to soar. By mid-2000, an estimated 500 people had been killed by the police, a sign that, some observers say, is evidence of a growing vigilante mentality among law enforcement personnel. Since the 1992 coup attempts, weakened civilian governments have had less authority over the military and the police, and overall rights abuses are committed with impunity. A separate system of armed forces courts retains jurisdiction over members of the military accused of rights violations and common criminal crimes, and decisions cannot be appealed in civilian court.
Venezuela's 32 prisons, the most violent in the world, hold some 23,000 inmates--fewer than one-third have been convicted of a crime--even though they were designed to hold no more than 14,000. Deadly prison riots are common, and inmate gangs have a striking degree of control over the penal system. Chavez's government has announced an emergency program to modernize the country's prisons, including plans to build five or six new penitentiaries.
The press is mostly privately owned, although the practice of journalism is supervised by an association of broadcasters under government control. Since 1994, the media in general have faced a pattern of intimidation. International media monitors have condemned a constitutional article approved by the Constituent Assembly that would require journalists to publish or broadcast "truthful information," a move that they say opens the door to governmental censorship. In 2001, the Inter-American Press Association accused the government of using the judiciary for its own political purposes and of intimidating the media. Chavez frequently interrupted soap operas, and even a World Series baseball game, to broadcast hours-long diatribes on the government-run television station.
Few Indians hold title to their land, and indigenous communities trying to defend their legal land rights are subject to abuses, including murder, by gold miners and corrupt rural police. In 1999, the Constituent Assembly voted to include a chapter in the new constitution that sets forth the legal rights of indigenous peoples and communities. Chapter VII would guarantee "the right to exist as indigenous peoples and communities with their own social and economic organization, their cultures and traditions, and their language and religion." In the July 2000 national elections, three indigenous candidates were elected to the National Assembly, eight were elected to regional legislative congresses, and four Indians won mayoralties. The lack of effective legal rights, however, has created an unprecedented emigration by Indians to poverty-stricken urban areas.
Labor unions are well organized, but highly politicized and prone to corruption. Chavez supporters have sought to break what they term a "stranglehold" of corrupt labor leaders on the job market, a move labor activists say tramples on the rights of private organizations. The referendum approved in December 2000 allows Chavez to dissolve the Venezuelan Workers Confederation and to organize new state-supervised elections of union representatives, a move that opposition and labor leaders say is the first step towards establishing a government-controlled labor union. The government continued to interfere in union elections, although international observers said they saw no evidence of election fraud. Security forces frequently break up strikes and arrest trade unionists.
Women are more active in politics than in many other Latin American countries and comprise the backbone of Venezuela's sophisticated grassroots network of nongovernmental organizations.
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Cite this asBegna F (2022) Challenges and opportunities of indigenous dairy production and management: The case of selected rural villages in Bambasi District, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia. Int J Agric Sc Food Technol 8(2): 105-124. DOI: 10.17352/2455-815X.000152
Copyright License© 2022 Begna F. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The data sources were both primary and secondary data. To enable an analysis of data collected through questionnaire, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 20) was used. The mean family size of the respondents was 6.04. The mean and SDs of cattle holding per household was (8.38±4.91). The total (67.9%) of respondents were having not have owned grazing land for their dairy cows. Tryponomiasis disease (Gendi) ranked first, Pasteurellosis disease second, and external parasites were third. (98.2%) respondents rear indigenous breeds. The mean daily milk production per cow was 1.4 liters. More than half of the milk was used for family consumption. Milk is sold in the area through an informal market directly to the retailer. Technical strategies to support smallholder cattle production should focus on improving technical and institutional constraints by providing adequate veterinary services, improving fodder cultivation, proper crop residue management, and improvement, supplying medical equipment and medicines, adequate extension service, improved water availability, and improving breeding systems. To ensure a reliable feed supply throughout the year, fodder conservation practices, especially hay and crop residues, should be encouraged.
Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa. Livestock production is one of the most important means to achieve better living standards in many regions of the developing world. The national economies and the livelihood of rural communities in sub-Saharan African countries largely depend on livestock production . Agriculture creates job opportunities for more than 85% of the Ethiopian population and serves as a major source of export, revenue, and raw materials for local industries. Improvement in the livestock production system is a key element to improving the productivity of the agricultural sector and consequently the livelihood of the individual farm households.
The Ethiopian dairy production and marketing system face severe constraints; the average production per cow is 1.5 liters per day, well below international benchmarks. Poor genetic insufficient access to proper animal feed and poor management practices all contribute to the low productivity levels Regarding dairying, the national milk production remains among the lowest in the world, even by African standards ; different reasons are contributing for low productivity. These include high human and livestock populations, land shortage, animal disease prevalence, feed scarcity, and poor genetic potential of indigenous cattle breeds [3,4].
Despite its potential for dairy development, the productivity of indigenous livestock genetic resources, in general, is low, and the direct contribution it makes to the national economy is limited. This livestock sector has been contributing a considerable portion to the economy of the country and still promising to rally around the economic development of the country. In Ethiopia, livestock contributes 30-40% of Agricultural Growth Domestic Product (GDP), 16-20% of national GDP, and 14-16% of foreign exchanges .
Inadequate quality and quantity of feed, disease and parasites occurrence, poorly management of dairy animals like housing, feeding, and absence of good marketing practice are affecting the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows . Although in Benishangul Gumuze region and elsewhere play an important role in smallholder dairy farming; there is no information available on gender roles in dairy farming practice and management, access to information and technologies, and access and control over resources. This sometimes leads to problems in planning since official data are essential for policy makers.
Benishangul Gumuz is one of the nine regional states of Ethiopia. It is located in the western part of the country between 09.170 - 12.060 North latitude and 34.100 - 37.040 East longitude (Kinde, 2012). Bambasi is among the seven districts in the Assosa zone of the region. It is located at a distance of 610 Km from Addis Ababa. According to the CSA (2013), the total population of the district is projected to be 66,306, of which 33,578 were males and 32,728 were females. Out of the total population, 18,563 were urban residents, which comprises 9,448 males, and 9,115 were females and the number of rural dwellers was 47,743, out of which 24,130 males 23,613 were females. Different ethnic groups including Berta, Amhara, Oromo, Tigre, and Gurage live in the district. Muslim and Orthodox are the major religion of large followers in the district (BDAO, 2016) Figures 1,2.
The research design was a Cross-sectional survey to employ and obtain the required information to meet the objectives of the study. Different data collection techniques were used at a time. These techniques were household surveys, focus group discussions, questionnaire interviews of key informants, and personal observation. Purposively sampling techniques we’re employing to select the district and the sample village kebeles. Random sampling techniques were used to select respondents of sample household survey, participants of focus group discussion, and attendants of key informant interviews respectively. This study followed both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection approaches were combined. They focus on collecting, analyzing, and mixing both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study.
A mixture of purposive sampling techniques and simple random sampling techniques was used in the analysis. The district and the two rural local villages were selected based on market advantages accessibility, livestock population, farming activities, and milk production, and the closest to town. Therefore, to assess the issues of the practice of indigenous dairy production management, challenge, and opportunities in the study area. Respondents were selected from the two rural local villages with the aid of simple random sampling. After determining the sample size proportional to the size of each rural local village, a different number of samples was taken from both study areas.
The sample frames for selected villages were prepared, the desired sample size numbers were determined, and the sample was systematically selected using the methods of sampling proportional method. Based on this 112 farmers were selected from a selected rural village.
The data sources were both primary and secondary data. Using a pre-tested standardized interview schedule, KI, observations, and group discussions, the primary information was on the practice of indigenous dairy cow production, management, challenges, and opportunities from respondents and the district livestock office. Secondary information was collected from various documents and publications. During the collection of primary data, triangulations of different methods were used to ensure the reliability and validity of the collected data.
The data collection process starts with the concept of a research issue and the marking out of the research design. The researcher should keep in mind two types of data, primary and secondary while deciding on the method of data collection used for the study. The primary information is those that were collected for the first time and are therefore original. On the other hand, secondary data are those already collected by someone else and passed through the statistical process. The methods for gathering primary and secondary data vary because primary data is collected initially, whereas, in the case of secondary data, the purpose of data collection functions is just collecting.
Both quantitative and qualitative, data methods were used to achieve the stated specific objectives of this study. Based on the objectives of the study, appropriate methods of data analysis such as descriptive statistics were used. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, and t-test were used and the result of the study was summarized by tables, figures, and charts to conclude.
Collected quantitative data were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics (percentage, frequencies, mean, and standard deviation chi-square and t-test). Accordingly, data obtained from respondents relating to demographic and socio-economic characteristics, dairy production management & practices, data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation by using SPSS version 20, utilized and the data were summarized and presented in tables and chart. The other collected data was qualitative data were analyzed by using thematic analysis to triangulate the qualitative data to achieve the stated specific objectives of this study. The summary of the analyzed qualitative data was present in a pair-wise matrix ranking chart (Issues in dairy production and management practices) and tables.
ex of households and marital status: The demographic characteristic of the respondents in percentage is presented in Table 1, the study also indicated that the statistical value of all variables (sex, marital status, education, ethnicity, religion) of the demographic characteristic of the respondents was put in the results below.
Demographic characteristics: Accordingly, from 122 samples of households interviewed (62.5%) were male head and 37.5% (42) were female. This indicated that the male head was dominantly found in the study area.
In the study area, (1.8%) of respondents were single, (9.8%) were widows, and (14.3%) of respondents were divorced, while (74.1%) of households were married. This difference is due to the nature of the household structure, which is similar to most parts of the country, especially in the study rural area was marriage early due to people give low attention for education, believes that girls wealth creation, harsh climate condition, access, and control resources, these more reflected indigenous people in Sonka kebele. According to the respondents, in the male household headed male represents the household, while women represent their household in the case when their husband dies or when they are divorced.
When comparing studies kebeles selected from the population as a sample from the keshmando kebele, the findings indicate that more male respondents (73.9%) were interested. In Sonka kebele, female respondents dominated male respondents (55.8%). Women’s comments during the FGD discussion in the Keshmando kebele were very similar to the results because women in the kebele are not involved in any community-related issue in the area. In addition, male households dominated women. Furthermore, their women are not invited to issues related to developments, training, and meeting. The other points were that women had more workloads in the area than men.
Regarding educational status among the sample respondents (30.4%) were in elementary school, (7.1%) high school, (0.9%) had a diploma, (22.3%) were in a non-formal school, and (39.3%) were not educated in the sample area. Generally, the educational level attained by the majority of the household heads was low, which falls between elementary, and illiteracy. As reported the low level of education in the household can harm the development of dairy sectors. This is evidenced by the low-level use of dairy innovations such as artificial insemination, cultivation of improved forages and access to manage cattle health, and practice of record-keeping in the current study area.
These low education levels or illiteracy of the society are the challenges in modernizing dairy products and sustaining or commercializing dairy products that require continuous training, experience sharing, and demonstration to enable the dairy products to improve and move forward in the dairy sector. Because educated households improve at least some of the livestock-related routine management and are aware of accepting new technologies.
The majority of the respondents were Amhara ethnic group (55.4%), while the remaining Berta ethnic were (38.4%), Tigre (5.4%), and (0.9%) were Oromo ethnic group. The majority of the respondents from the selected kebele of Sonka were Muslim (58%) and Orthodox (42%). In the study, an area the religions of sample respondents were, Orthodox (42%) and Muslims (58%).
The mean family size of the respondents was 6.04 which is in agreement with the finding of (Belay et al. 2012) which is reported a mean family size per household to be six, (6 persons/HH) and who reported average family size of 6 (six). The large family size is an opportunity to increase or improves the product and productivity of dairy production concerning labor provision in dairy cows herding, feeding, and watering; overall management of dairy product milking processing, and marketing. Having many children or family size has been thought of as an asset for farming activities and being large in number in the household has social prestige showing the strength of the family. In the study area, a Male married to more than one wife is one of the wealth indicators and it is taken as a culture and interims of religion, especially in the Berta ethnic group of Sonka kebele of the study area. Similarly, a study by in the Essera district indicates that having many wives is one of the indicators and commonly practiced types of marriage Table 2.
The Sonka kebele is showing more familiar than Keshmando and the number of children in the Sonka community has increased since there are two women in one household. The community still believes that having a large family is important. For the intermission of women’s cultures and religions, contraceptives are still not allowable. Since children are seen as a valuable resource.
The mean age of the respondent in the study district was 46.5, the maximum is 78, and the minimum is 25. The majority of the respondents were young and middle age. These are people who are energetic and in their prime age and if well supported can contribute to the economy of the household and the country.
Land size of households: The overall mean land size of respondents was 3.0383 hectares and the minimum was 0.25 hectares and the maximum was 11.5 hectares. The mean grazing land size of respondents in the study area was 0.6597 hectares, with a minimum of 0.25, a maximum of 1.50, and the mean for cropland were 2.8288 hectares, minimum of 0.25, and a maximum 10 of hectares. Depending on the results majority of the respondents have no owned grazing land for their cows due to a shortage of land and priority for crop production.
According to the respondent during the survey, the majority of grazing use communal grazing lands for their dairy cows this practice was their disadvantage on disease transmission and there is no grazing system (grazing rotation methods) a huge number of cattle were grazing. The other challenges raised by respondents during the survey were communal grazing lands were decreased in size and grass species due to increment in population, expansion of residence, and illegal land grabbing for crop production Table 3.
When the total land areas of both kebeles were compared, the results show that Keshmando kebele has more grazing and agricultural land than Sonka kebele. The explanation for this is that the Sonka is a pre-existing ethnic group with existing land holdings, and no additional land is available. Keshmendo Kebelehas recently relocated to the area. Farmers can extend their lands around forest and bush areas by clearing open land because of this keshmando were greater than Sonka in size of lands. On the other hand during the FGD the indigenous Sonka kebele was raised in the community the male boy and female girls were getting married soon, and they distributed their land to their children, So, the family land was reduced.
Cattle are the most important species of livestock in the study area for instance cattle are used for milking, meat, breeding, fattening for sale (cash income), farming activities, and manure production in the district. The mean and SDs of cattle holding per household was (8.38±4.91), with a minimum of 2, and a maximum of 20.
The report was lower than that of in the Horro district and (Shiferaw,2007) in the Fentale district of the Oromia region, which was 14.7 + 0.55 and 12.2, respectively. In the study area, due to the area were harsh environment, high disease infestation especially, Tryponomiasis and pasteurellosis disease, shortage of grazing land, increase population the land were shared for residences and agricultural purpose, variation in family size, the economy of the household for those reasons number of dairy cattle reduce. Therefore, due to those factors, the number of cattle was reduced when compared to others in the study area.
Out of this (1.8%) were crossbreed and (98.2%) were pure local breed. The majority of the respondents in the study area were rearing pure local breeds the reason is due to, the low accessibility of improved breeds and lack of awareness of the improved breeds, and lack of artificial insemination service. This result indicates that in the study area, the local breed was dominant; it indicates that dairy products and productivity were low. Therefore, in the study area dairy improved technology as if(AI) artificial insemination service accessibility will need to focus and improve dairy extension service. This is much lower than the 17.0 average cattle head /households reported by for the Guduru district respectively, in Western Ethiopia. On the contrary, the per-household cattle holding of the current study was higher than the report from the Shashemene-Dilla area of Southern Ethiopia which reported in crop mixed system average herd size of household was 3.8±0.42 . The variation in cattle herd size per household in different parts of the country at different districts might be due to the difference in per household land holding, variation in family size, population, the economy of the household, variation in function of cattle, both grazing lands and accessibility of dairy sector extension service Figure 3.
The findings revealed that the majority of (94.6%) dairy keepers respondents started the rearing dairy cows by purchasing by themselves and (5.4%) started dairy production by giving from family or relatives. According to the survey result, and FGDs, the majority of the respondents start rearing through its efforts, this indicates that there is no donation from governments and NGOs. However, some respondents earn money from credit and saving institutions after establishing the farm for the expansion of dairy cows for production; oxen for farm activity, and for fattening purposes for additional income. The respondent’s experiences in dairy farming ranged from 2 to 45 years with the mean SD experience of 21+ 10 years.
The main income of the sample households in the study area was indicated in the ranking index below (Table 4). The majority of the respondent’s income ranked first from crop production, second from animal production, third from labor work and fourth from trade, and fourth from labor work Figure 4.
Farmers keep cattle for multiple purposes like milk, meat, and hide as a source of income and . Socio-cultural functions of cattle include their use as bride price or given to new husband and wife as a gift and payment of fines in settling disputes in communal . They are also reserved for special ceremonial gatherings such as marriage feasts, weddings, and funerals. Cattles are given as gifts to relatives and guests, and as starting capital for youth and newly married men. The result of individual interviews with respondents in the study shows that cattle have multipurpose functions. However, the major functions of the dairy cattle in the study areas are milk production as a source of income and for consumption at the home for the family.
As shown in Table 5: from the total numbers of respondents in the study area was ranked as a primary purpose keeping dairy for milk production purpose, the second-ranked dairy for traction or farming activities to assist the crop production by providing draught power and the third rank was for trade purpose keeping dairy cattle. According to the respondents, farmers use dairy to get additional income as assurance when the agricultural productivity decreased in different factors and when the market fluctuation has occurred and farmers’ income from dairy is used for agricultural inputs and immediate incomes for home foods.
Dairy cattle feeds and feeding practices: Feed shortage was the most common problem for dairy production, which is (86.6%), of respondents were saying there is a feed shortage in the area. Only (13.4%) of respondents said feed availability in the area. The result agrees with 82% reported by (Kedija, 2008) in the Oromia region and (84.7%) reported by in East Wollega respectively.
Respondents mentioned that free grazing on natural grazing land is the most dominating feeding system for their cattle in the study area. According to results and FGDs, more than half of respondents mentioned that there was a feed shortage during the dry season and cropping season in the area, which was similar to the finding of . Feed shortage is prevalent throughout the year both in the dry and wet seasons. This is due to more land giving priority to crop production, agroecology, and seasons’ effects on feed shortage in the districts.
As discussed with respondents, the feed was the first that affects the performance problem that accounts for a large proportion of dairy production. From the fact points of view, quantitative and qualitative shortages of feed affect milk production negatively. The cause for the shortage of feed may be because most farmers had small grazing land for animals; this was also true for most natural pasture areas are converting to crop production. Moreover, the population number becoming increased over time, overgrazing is common due to inadequate use of natural pasture, scarcity of improved forages, poor extension service relating to feeding management, the most serious problem during the dry season is because of most farmers are poor experience in hay and silage making problem in the area. The present finding is similar to the current study (Daniel,2000) was also reported in North Gonder, Ethiopia, which stated that the shortage of feeds for dairy cattle production is a major problem due to the shifting of natural pasture grazing land to cropland.
As shown in Table 6; of the total respondents (32.1%) respondents have their grazing land utilized individually, with a minimum of 0.25, a maximum of 1.5 with a mean of 0.669 hectares owned by the household. However, (67.9%) of respondents were having not own grazing land for their dairy cows.
Based on FGD and personal observation, even if the same farmers have their grazing land, the grazing system in the area was extensive grazing methods was a common feeding practice with an average length of grazing time of 10:00 hours per day in the study area. The major livestock feed resource identified in the study area were natural grazing, crop residue, weeds, hay, green grass, and leaf. Natural grazing /communal/ was the main feed resource that support livestock in the study area during the cropping season, whereas crop residue is the major feed in the dry season in the district because crop production is high in the farming community.
In the study area, all respondents were use communal land/natural grazing land for dairy cattle for grazing purposes. Farmers indicate that communal land grazing was the first important source of feed for their cattle in both dry and wet seasons in the area. Grazing on communal land was the most dominant feeding practice for cattle. Dairy cattle were rear on natural grazing land under a continuous grazing system. Natural pasture is when dairy cattle’s use in lowland areas is poor in grass species and quality as well as quantity, especially in the dry season. This is due to the factors of agroecology and the management of grazing practices was poor. According to the field, observation in the area cattle are utilizing feeds on communal land, private land, roadside, and around homestead supplementary feeds.
Based on the respondent’s survey results, (86.6%) of the respondents were prepared crop residue and feed their dairy cows, while (13.4%) of respondents were not prepared and did not use crop residues for their cows in the study area. The availability of feed for cattle in the study area shows seasonality according to the respondents and from focus group discussion. Crop residues from crops are a more important feed source especially in the dry season when grazing land is less covered or decreased; farmers collect during crop harvesting season. According to the respondents, field observation, and focus group discussion, types of crop residue in the study area were materials that farmers collect and prepare residues maize Stover, teff straw, finger millet straw, sorghum Stover and groundnut straw were the major source of residue in the study area. Teff and finger millet straw contribute more to livestock feed when compared to any other crop residues. This is because teff and finger straw is essential for dairy and draught oxen during cultivation in the study area. On the other hand, dairy cattle use crop field lands such as maize, sorghum, teff, and finger millet were used for stubble grazing after crop harvesting.
Based on information from group discussion and field observation indigenous grasses and crop residues were difficult to consume or have low intake and low digestibility for cattle because those feed are categorized as low-quality roughages that may limitations animal performance related to feeding intake and digestibility. Based on this indicated in (Figure 5): (26.8%) of respondents offered this roughage and crop residues feed or provide the whole stalk without treatment and (54.5%) of respondents was offers crop residues by chopping the stalk and (6.3%) was offered the roughages and crop residues by mixing with other like salt and by soaking with water.
During the discussion, more respondents used the roughages feed and crop residues feed for cattle by chopping means by reducing the size of those types of feeds to increase the intake and improve the digestibility of animals during the dry season by assisting with extension service in the study area. These methods of treatment were very important when the shortage of feed occurs in the dry season in the study area due to low land agroecology feeds of livestock are affected by season and agroecology so, the researcher advised such kind of methods will be expanded to other farmers in the districts Figure 5.
In households in the study area about (63.4%) were practicing hay making for animals collect in the wet season store and conserved for their animals in the dry season, while (36.6%) of respondents were not practicing or preparing hay making for dairy cows in the area. According to the respondents and field observation, the most common materials for hay making in the area were different grass species from improved forages like Rhodes grass and local grasses.
During this study, the researcher observe a sample of model households, those model farmers were selected from each kebeles of the district, then take training on hay making and utilization systems by using improved and locally available grasses by assisting extension workers. However, during observation, some farmers conserving or storing systems and utilization systems have technical problems was observed those are, how to conserve, places, materials used, and way of feeding the hay. Those farmers explain the reason, due to the problem of lobar shortage and low gender participation within the family in hay collection, storing, and shortage of place, scarcity of conserved grasses in the study area.
During the dry season, there is shortage of green feeds, which were widely used as the farmers provide supplement feeds for dairy cattle. The low availability and quality of feeds in the dry season tends to affect the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows unless adequately supplemented. Poor nutrition increases the susceptibility of dairy cows to health problems and physiological stress which results in lower production, much longer calving interval, as well as problems with infertility.
Of the total (91.1%) of the respondents were providing additional /supplementary feeds for dairy cows only from green feeds and 8.9% were not providing supplementary feeds for their dairy cows. In the study, area there is no concentrate feed or agro-industrial byproducts. Overall the majority of farmers offered green feeds from grasses and leaves from improved or locally available materials, especially in the dry period. Based on the economic importance of the class of cattle green feed is offered as supplementation for different cattle at different times.
As shown in (Figure 5): (37.5%) offered in the morning before the cattle grazing, (6.3%) during the afternoon time, and (47.3%) during the evening time after back from the grazing field. This is due to a shortage of feeds in grazing area farmers provides additional or supplementary green feeds at the home at different time.
Farmers climb up trees to lop down leaves and branches of various trees and shrubs and feed them to their cattle during the dry season except when they face critical problems. They also collect herbaceous wild plants, legumes, and grasses as feed for cattle. In the study area, the respondents supplement the animals during feed scarcity periods were a Bamboo tree, which is a major tree grown widely in the area. Similar findings with were reported in Wolayita Soddo. The majority of the respondents use animals Bambusa vulgaris (Bamboo tree) Figure 6.
Table 6: Show that the frequency of respondent farmers was allocating supplementary feed to their cattle. The majority of respondents collect and provide a supplementary feed from green leaves and different grass species and legumes from the area of forest and around the rivers in the study area. According to the respondents on the economic importance of the class of cattle, supplementation feeds varied among classes of cattle kept. Overall, the majority of the farmers (87.5%) offered green supplement feed mainly for milk cows, Oxen (1.8%) and calves(1.8%) offered additional feed supplementation for dairy cattle in the study area. The main reason for supplementing mostly milking cows was to maximize milk production to increase their profit from milk production and to develop their born calves to replace heifers to attain early age at puberty and first calving; the other reason was to build body condition of lactating cows. The result of this study was in line with the finding of (Sintayehu et al, 2008), who reported that the majority of (58%) of the farmers provide supplement feeds mainly to lactating cows.
Improved forages play an important role in the different livestock production systems. Production of cultivated improved forage depends on the availability of species that are adapted to the agroecology of the area. Cultivated forages are important for haymaking, as cut and carry the source of feeds. Based on the respondent’s results only (31.3%) of farmers were practicing or cultivating improved forage production. The majority of (68.8%) of respondents were not practicing or not cultivating improved forages for dairy production. In the current study, the major limitations for not growing improved forages raised by farmers were due to land scarcity, lack of knowledge, forage seed shortage, labor shortage, lack of information, and low extension service linkage.
Based on group discussion and personal observation shows that dairy farmers in the surveyed area could grow different grass species such as Rhodes grass, Elephant grass, and multipurpose legumes trees such as; Sesbania, Pegeonpea, and Macharanta as a live fence. The feeds are a good source of protein for dairy cows. Those improved forages were distributed to farmers from Assosa agricultural research center, the district agricultural office, and the nongovernmental office by cutting and seedling.
Rhodes grasses have good potential productivity and are good for milk-produced cows, are well adapted to the agroecology of the area, give high yield and require a small area. However, during FGDs with development agents and farmers the extension service of improved forage technology and farmer’s linkages, the scarcity of seed, expansion of demonstration, training related to improved feeds technology farmers land scarcity, labor shortage are the main factor to widely adapt in the study area.
Grazing of natural pasture constitutes the main source of animal feed throughout the year with maximum availability during crop growing season (June to December) in the study area. Nevertheless, high crop residues were available from (January to May) at the beginning of the dry season following the harvest and threshing of different cereal and pulse crops Tables 7,8.
Sonka kebeles were significantly different from Keshmando kebele in terms of making or preparing different feed products for their dairy cattle in the study area, according to the chi-square results from the two study areas. This result was similar to the FGD and KII results in that both communities were ethnically different, that is, Sonka was a Berta indigenous community and Keshmando was a settler community. As a result, in the indigenous community Sonke kebele, there was a shortage of feed in the area due to this the farmers prepare or made different feed items for their dairy, and because the community was close to the roads access to technology, the community leaders also gave priority and extension service more focused in the area.
Water is a determining factor for all activities of animals, water problems in amount and quality can cause a problem like dry abdominal parts, dry digestive tract, and reduced metabolic activities with emaciated body condition . In the study area, all respondents have the source of water for dairy cattle. According to the results, most of the (63.4%) respondents used rivers as a major water source for their cattle even though their quality and availability depend on the season. As observed during the survey, households that use river water for their animals were not clean or contained impurities, (1.8%) tape water, (20.5%) hand wale, and (14.3%) used pond. The result was lined with the present study had reported a similar result from the Ilu Aba Bora Zone of Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia; the main source of water for cattle are rivers, ponds, and pipeline.
According to the respondents during survey discussion and field observation majority of the respondents were in the study area there is no sufficient water for their dairy cattle mainly, during the dry season. The major water-related problems in the study area were hygiene problems due to the number of cattle and amount of water is not equal and scarcity due to deforestation of different bushes and forests around the water source.
Regarding on frequency of watering of dairy animals varies from one agroecology to another, which might be affected by different factors, among which season, accessibility (getting easily), water performance, number and breed of the animals, and type of predominantly animal consume feed (in dry season crop residues). Based on the result in Table 9: (4.5%) of respondents were providing water once per day, (and 5.4%) three times per day, Most of the respondents (90.2%)respondents were given water for their cattle twice a day in the morning and afternoon. Because of the heat effect on the environment, the feed type is utilized by animals. According to the respondents, this was especially more sound in summer (dry period) from December, January, February, March, and April when this period a high scarcity of water for animals. According to the farmers during water scarcity, farmers use more hand-wale water and sometimes pond water (by digging around the water logging area) for animals. Thus, more water is needed by animals similar results have been reported by from Alaba district, Ethiopia.
Among the distance of water sources in the study area was (72.3%)of the respondents indicated that cattle have traveled to get water for a distance of less than 1 KM, respectively. As researcher concludes shorter distance travel could have a probability of animals drinking water two or more and due to less distance traveled there is no weight loss,(17.0%)were traveled the distance between 1 to 2 KM, (8.9%) between 2 to 3 KM, and(1.8%) were greater than three KM. show Figure 7.
Dairy cattle house is very important to provide an appropriate condition for the rearing of dairy cattle by minimizing the extreme effect of harsh climate like heat, and rain by protecting different enemies. The appropriate design of dairy housing reduces stress and clean improves productivity. Dairy cattle’s control from environmental factors improves productivity by reducing disease, and insects and is easy to manage.
The result of the current study indicates that there are three types of dairy cows’ housing systems were respondents use for their cattle in the area. In the rural study area, (43.8%) permanent enclosure house types. Semi-permanent or temporary types of housing systems were(10.7%) and open fences in the backyard (45.5%). Among, permanent enclosure house types were suitable to protect cattle from extreme temperature, rain, thieves, and insects. Farmers use the fence-type house in the backyard due to scarcity of land, and lack of building materials. As a result, farmers adapted widely use of the fence-type house in the backyard this is more reflected in the Sonka kebele study area.
However, according to FGDs, farmers use a house in the fence in the backyard, and the animals are exposed to high temperatures and rain. Some farmers use plastic as shade only during high rain occurs for dairy cows according to the respondent dairy cattle has exposed to different diseases and are affected by the insect-like tsetse fly. However, overall the researcher observed in the study area, that the house quality of constructing or building, size of a house, shade quality, sanitation relating to clearing urination drainage, and wall building were problems. The other observed by a researcher in the area all dairy cattle type of house was not far from the main family house. The other observation was types of houses were constructed from locally available materials from different woods, grasses, and corrugated iron. The majority of farmers who use houses for their dairy cattle in the study area were tethered by rope to each animal in the open fence in the backyard with no roofing and wall-only fence type.
In the study area, about (66.1%) of the respondent cleaned dung and urine from the dairy cattle house once a day in the morning time; those farmers use a permanent type of dairy house in the study area. While (33.9%) were, clean only once a week in the morning time, this indicates that those farmers use dairy open in the fence at the back yard type of house (Table 10).
Disease: Health care is one of the management aspects of dairy cattle production. The disease has numerous negative impacts on dairy products and the productivity of herds, which means the death of animals, loss of weight, slow down of growth, poor fertility performance, and decrease in physical power was reported to be among the major factors affecting cattle in the study area. In the study area, respondents confirm that disease is one of the main constraints of their livestock production.
Major animal diseases and parasites were identified through group discussion and key informant farmers, Development agents, and veterinary technicians. As reported economic losses due to feed and water shortage, poor management practices and environmental factors are the main sources in the study area. Drought and feed shortage are considered the major factors that predisposed the cattle to a variety of different diseases in the area. According to FGD, most of the diseases are reported to occur in the dry season while the prevalence of parasite increase during the wet season. Dairy cattle disease reported in the studied district was common but the amount of occurrence for a disease type was different.
About eight common dairy cattle diseases that were known locally by farmers were assessed during the survey the local name of the disease listed was translated into a scientific name with the help of the nearby animal veterinary technician in the study kebele’s and finally ranked. Accordingly (Tryponomiasis disease (Gendi beshita), FMD (aftermath), Lumpy skin disease (Koda beshita), Pasteurellosis(samba beshita), Bloating (hod minefa beshita), Mastite(git beshita) Reproductive disease or Abbortion(asweraj beshita), the occurrence of that disease occurred yearly. From the external parasite (tick and lice) and tsetse fly (Gendi zinb)wereidentified. The sign of disease raised during the discussion include loss of appetite, reduce milk, high respiratory rate, open mouth breathing /abnormal breathing system, blood through the nose, no movements, wounded on mouth and feet, smooth skin, diarrhea, mucus discharge in the nose Figure 8.
As indicated by the respondents, the effect is more severe during winter during the rainy season because, in these periods, the environment might be conducive for microbes, parasites, and tsetse fly reproduction.
Based on the results Tryponomiasis disease was ranked first in the study area, This disease prevalence was mainly in adult dairy cattle attacked because this group of animals infected in field of grazing in the forest by tsetse fly vectors. Tryponomiasis disease of livestock, known as Gendi in the region, is one of the major diseases of livestock. This disease is found throughout the district of the region.
During the discussion respondents Tryponomiasis disease is one of the major constraints of dairy cattle production as well as agricultural productivity in the study area of Bambasi districts, due to cattle affected by this disease were reduced milk yield, loss of body condition, and problem on draught power. The controlling mechanisms respondents raise before a year different research was done by Assosa agricultural research center by using chemicals to prevent biting tsetse flies but the chemicals are not sufficient in the study area and the cost of chemical also high.
As observed by the researcher during survey data, the majority of farmers’ dairy cattle housing systems were poor hygiene, overall the housing management and cleaning system were observed as the major reasons for the high prevalence of disease in the farmers of dairy farms. In the study area, the farmers had used different prevention, control, and treatment method; few (0.9%) used only traditional medicine methods (indigenous knowledge), and (0.9%) farmers were purchasing drugs or medicine from markets and treated their dairy cattle’s. The majority 98.2% of respondents use to take the diseased dairy cattle to nearby veterinary services in the study area (Table 11). This result indicates the majority of farmers in the study area had aware of basic knowledge’s treatment of dairy cattle to government veterinary clinic service in the study area. According to the veterinary workers, vaccination is given to dairy cattle two to three times per year.
As observed by researchers and animal veterinary clinics discussed in the study area had a shortage of medical supplies, shortage of human power, high disease occurrence, no light for examination, no types of equipment, and no storage for drugs or medicine were raised by technicians. During focus group discussion, the occurrence of disease in the study area was raised by farmers due to different factors such as limited access to veterinary service, low extension service, high cost of medicine, harsh climate conditions, hygiene problems, lack of awareness of dairy managements practices, inadequate feed and water resource, and parasite incidences in the study area.
External parasite tick (meager) and lice (kukicha), “Kimazhir” and flies are the most problem in dairy cow’s in the area the prevention mechanisms used only drugs nearby veterinary clinics.
Dairy cattle breed and breeding system: Almost all dairy cattle owned by the respondents (98.2%) in the study area were indigenous breeds that have not been characterized and non-described. Farmers purchase the cattle from surrounding market areas based on his criteria. In addition, ( reported that the cattle kept in Ilu Abba Bora Zone were 100% non-descriptive indigenous cattle. Correspondingly, in Ethiopia according to (CSA 2003), 99.4% of the total cattle, populations in the country are local breeds and the remaining are the hybrid and the exotic breeds that accounted for about 0.5% and 0.1%, respectively.
According to the information obtained from the respondents when farmers purchase dairy cattle from markets apply their indigenous knowledge as criteria such as present and equal and large teats, large body size, full teeth, large ear, healthy, large tail, interims of color only black color not preferable because black colored cows affected by tsetse fly insects.
Based on the results, the majority of respondents (96.4%) were using natural mating, and (3.6%) respondents used both natural mating and artificial insemination, respectively. In the study area, using the natural mating system was the unplanned and uncontrolled mating system. Farmers in the area did not keep breeding bulls only formatting rather they use both for breeding and draught power purpose. Similarly, smallholder farmers in the Danno district did not practice the keeping of sire or bull only for breeding. However, a different result was reported in the Fentale district that keeping breeding bull in a herd is a common practice in both pastoral and agro-pastoral systems . According to the discussion with farmers, communal grazing land is the main source of breeding bulls, the majority of the farmers did not know the bull of their home breed animals. However, sometimes they guess bull of animals based on coat color and body conformation of the born calf.
In general, artificial insemination (AI) is improve breeding efficiency in dairy farm development with semen collected from genetically superior sires is the most efficient and economical method for the genetic improvement of economically important traits in dairy farming. It also depends on the sanitary of the equipment so contaminated equipment can be caused a low fertility rate, and could spread venereal diseases if the bull is not evaluated accurately. In the study area, artificial insemination was provided by governmental service from the district of the animal production office. Based on the results artificial insemination was not effective in the study area due to different factors. These are environmental factors, disease, and parasites, technician knowledge, inadequate semen, distance from the source of semen, farmers’ knowledge, size of farmer’s cows, lack of time to manage an inseminated cow, low supervision from extension service were raised by farmers and animal health technician in the district.
About (96.4%) of the interviewed dairy producers did not have any record-keeping practice. Only 3.6% of the respondent’s dairy producers practiced recording some reproduction parameters regarding breeding/access to artificial insemination services using informal sheets given by development agents. Record keeping in modern dairying is a precondition for any decision and control over certain production and reproduction performance such as purchasing data, mating date, birth date, health-related recording of dairy cattle on the farm, and to measure the profitability of any market-oriented farm. However, record-keeping in the study area is not practiced since the households do not have adequate experience and are not aware of the benefit.
Milk practicing and production performance: Small dairy herd holding as a part of an integrated crop-livestock production system can characterize the study area. In the current study area, the mean daily milk productions per cow were 1.4 liters of milk per day. While the mean milk from crossbreed was given 3 liters per day (Table 12). The farmers in the study area were milking two times per day their dairy cows at the morning and in the evening and all respondents use milking practices by hand milking. In almost all cases, household wives or women predominantly handled all dairy cows milking.
However, in some areas, there are some expectations such as in the Fogera area of the Amhara region where milking is entirely performed by males (Anteneh, 2006) , and in the Shashemene-Dilla area household adult males milk cows (Yigerem et al, 2008). Cattle productivity interims of milk yield are generally low in Ethiopia under smallholder management conditions due to lack of proper breed improvement, supplementary feed, the poor nutritive value of pasture and forage offered to dairy. Moreover, the majority of the farmers keep indigenous animals that are generally low producers of milk [26,27].
The rural milk and milk product system is non-market-based, and the majority of milk is produced for home consumption. The level of milk excess is determined by the household’s and its neighbors’ demand for milk, the ability to produce milk in terms of herd size and production season, and access to a nearby market. When milk is excess is often processed using traditional methods, and processed milk items like butter, ghee, and paying for household consumption.
According to the result, from the total samples, only (40.2%) of was sell milk and (59.8%)of them said that milk is used only for family consumption. According to the findings, more amount of milk is consumed without advanced value addition processes. These findings were related to the findings of who state that the Ethiopian milk market is dominated by the informal market, and milk is sold fresh without further processing for family consumption of the total sample, respondents only (45.5%) of respondents was selling butter at the local and main markets in the study area.
In the study area, respondents have reported that there is no formal channel for milk marketing. The result is an informal milk marketing system used by dairy farm owners. Milk producers were informally selling products to milk collectors or retailers in the area and (Lemma, et al.,2005) came to the same conclusion that both rural and urban milk is distributed from producers to consumers through the informal (traditional) means. The authors also added that a dependable system is not developing to market milk and milk products in Ethiopia.
Milk is marketed in the study area through an informal market that sells directly from producer to retailer, from the respondents about (39.3%) of respondents were selling the milk to retailers or collectors in the area. Only (0.9%) of respondents were provided milk in the cafeteria and the majority of the milk was consumed at home.
The price of milk varies depending on the season and the demand for milk in the districts. The key price fluctuation in the study area was due to low milk production during the dry season; however, according to the focus group discussion, the interims of religious fasting does not have a significant impact on price fluctuation in the district.
Farmers, mostly women, take the product to market weekly or sell them at farm gates to traders/retailers, who collect it and sell it in bulk to licensed butter traders who transport it to more far-away markets, mostly the main market. Traders often buy butter with a longer shelf life from farmers at farm gates or market places to resell at relatively high prices in urban and rural markets.
However, there were no formal milk collection enterprises, cooperatives, or farmers in the study area, so farmers sold their milk to local or informal retailers in the village for 11 to 12 birr per liter and those retailers sold it to different cafeterias and hotels in the city for 20 to 22 birr. According to the findings and personal observations, farmers or producers did not profit from milk production; however, the study areas lack a structured milk marketing system, cooperatives, and milk collection centers.
The milk marketing method in the study area was Producer - Retailer/collectors - Consumer: Retailers served as intermediaries between producers and consumers in this channel. Retailers’ position in this channel is to purchase milk from the producer and deliver it to the customer. Retailers affect farmers’ and producers’ potential benefits. According to the researcher, milk producers in the study area did not profit from dairy products, and farmers in the rural areas had little information or knowledge about the demand and market in the study area.
Researchers’ advice concerning milk marketing in the field, farmers or youth organized as cooperatives, therefore, receiving milk at fair prices and delivering the milk across the channels is beneficiary of income for all producers, co-operatives or collectors.
The results of the mode of transport and distance of farmer’s farm gate from milk collection point were indicated in (Table 13) from the total, milk selling respondents’ majority of (38.4%) way of milk transportation to milk collector point by loading. While only (1.8%) were used by vehicles.
The money earned from the sale of dairy products is critical in covering the daily expenses of households. Women handled and transported the milk to collection points the majority of the time. According to the focus group discussion, wives in MHHs and women in FHHs were responsible for taking milk to collection points and selling it, and MHHs and daughters in both male and female-headed households were sometimes responsible for taking milk to collection points and selling it.
Women were generally more responsible than men in all aspects of dairy production management, including milking, handling, processing, and marketing. Previous research reports conducted in Ada’a district of Ethiopia by [30,31] also indicated that the majority of activities related to dairy production were performed by women.
The distance from the milk producer’s home to the milk collection point is shown in (Table 14). The average distance traveled by foot to milk collector’s points was 8 minutes, with a maximum of 20 minutes and a minimum of 2 minutes, while the average distance traveled by vehicle to milk selling points to deliver milk to their marketing location was 30 minutes. A study conducted in the Ada’a and Lume districts of Ethiopia by reported that it took an average of 30 minutes to deliver milk from the farm gate to the marketing place. The distance traveled and time is taken to deliver milk without cool transport and the purity of milk and storage equipment is one of the major reasons for spoilage and rejection of milk upon quality checking on collection points.
According to the farmers’ information, the average monthly income from milk was 630 ETH, Birr, with a maximum of 1060 ETH, Birr and a minimum of 300 ETH Birr, while the average butter income was 248 ETH. Birr, with a maximum of 600 ETH, Birr and a minimum of 100 ETH Birr
As indicated in Figure 9: the major milk marketing constraints as cited by producers in study areas include lack of training (28.6%), distance from the marketplace (4.5%), culture and taboos (60.7%), and shortage of milk (6.3%). Culture and the taboos restriction were the main constraints raised by farmers.
This shows that in the study area, these farmers do not adapt to milk selling and renting for newly born babies, and do not offer milk to other people because they believe that the study area has such perceptions of the loss of cows and witchcraft. Lack of training was the most frequently mentioned milk marketing constraint by respondents in the study area, this indicates that quality milk management, price, market information, methods of preserving fresh milk, transportation system, milk storage equipment, and cooperation to supply milk at a fair price to consumers for the benefit of producers in the study area Figures 9, Table 15.
Extension service of dairy production: Development agents employees those who provide the extension service designated by the Bambasi district of the Bureau of Rural Agricultural office. The study’s results showed that development agents communicated with livestock production on a regular and frequent basis.
According to the survey results,(89.3%) of respondents was access to extension services from the PA’s development agents(DA) and while (10.7%) of respondents were no access to any extension service in the area. Among that 62 males and 38 females was participate in different extension services about the dairy products in the study area.
Based on the personal observation in the area the linkage between farmers and extension service was medium. However, extension service provides different knowledge, information, and experiences. During the focus group discussion, the respondents and development agents explained that farmers were providing services in both informal and formal ways in various practices or activities.
However, the degree of farmers’ acceptance varied depending on age, education, economy, household income, sex, distance from the development agent’s office, farmers’ interest, land access, and technology accessibility. Based on this majority of development agents advise farmers in an informal way of setting, such as in a meeting area, church area, campaign/development area, an animal treatment area, an input purchasing area, home to home service where development agents provided services.
From the result and FGDs, the majority of respondents received dairy health management services in the area, because of in the area high disease and parasites occurrences how farmers can protect and monitor livestock, how to use drugs and chemicals for animals. The second one was an advisory service on dairy milk production related to the quality of milk, to increase income through the selling of milk, for consumption and calf feeding Figure 10, Tables 16,17.
Among the total respondents only (19.7%) of the total respondent’s access to training and demonstrations, with 16 males and 6 females being a participant. Producers have received much information about the dairy farming practice, including how to treat milk cows properly, breeding methods, improved feeding and preparation, and health care, from extension agents.
According to the focus group discussions result, accessibility of training and demonstration was inadequate, due to the low priority of livestock production, low extension services, low technical access, low budgets allocation for livestock sectors, weak linkages between development agents and technologies, priority for crop production and scarcity of land for livestock technologies and low linkage between research and other stakeholders (Figure 11): indicates that the frequency of farmer’s participants in the training and demonstration by development agents and district experts among this, 15.2% of the respondents were participants one time, 3.6% participants two times, and 0.9% were three times in the study area.
According to personal observations and the findings of the report, the involvement of the government and other stakeholders in providing training and technical support for interim dairy is weak; as a result, dairy producers have few opportunities to use different livestock technologies and be important in their dairy farm to be more efficient. However, even though extension service was limited in the study areas Figure 11.
Access to credit for financing investment and expanding dairy farm operations is essential to the commercialization of smallholder dairy farming . However, the survey results revealed that producers’ awareness of dairy production credit issues was low on the milk farm. Of the total respondents, only (20.5%) of respondents were dairy producers who had access to credit and savings services in the study area.
Farmers discussed, based on the results, the reason they cannot provide from credit institutions, the principal of the credit institution was difficult, moreover; the credit systems were not well developed, the money was not given individually, and the interest was high. Another issue rise when they purchased livestock, which did not survive due to disease and an increase in the interest rate. The institutions that serve credit services in the study area were microfinance Figure 12.
According to the survey results, when both PA’s compared in terms of training and demonstration usability, the keshmando PA’s ranks higher (20.3%). All of the respondents were men. During a focus group discussion about women’s, low acceptance of such issues. Similarly, Sonka PA’s respondents (18.6%) had access to training and demonstration facilities in the area. Females take up a significant proportion of those who participated in training and demonstrations Tables 18,19.
Challenges of dairy production and management: As presented in Table 15, were major there were various challenges to dairy production and management was: Diseases and parasites, feed shortages, lack of AI (artificial insemination) services, water scarcity, lack of extension services /training improved technology, lack of veterinary services /medicine/drugs/ vaccination, the market-related issue with milk, milk products, live animals and lack of veterinary services /medicine/drugs /vaccination, there is lack of credit for dairy developments, scarcity of land, cost of cattle medicine/drugs challenges which affect dairy cattle production and productivity.
The statistical values of pair-wise matrix rank among major challenges were significantly different in the selected area. In the study area, disease and parasites were the first major challenges, which accounted for a large proportion of dairy cattle production.
This finding was similar to the finding of [34-39], who found in different areas that shows dairy production was constrained by an insufficient supply of quality feed and its high cost, access to credit, seasonality of demand, particularly in fasting time and lack of processing industry.
From the fact points of view, quantitative and qualitative shortage of feed and fodder affects the performance of milking animals, through underfeeding animals in general; in particular, it affects milk production negatively. The cause for the shortage of feed may be because most farmers had small grazing land for animals; this was also true for most natural pastures areas are converting to crop production.
The other constraints that the respondents ranked were less access to land shortages that can hinder dairy development in the area. Dairy producer households identified small farmland size as a serious problem and as a constraint for expansion of drying. As it is discussed in the above section on landholding of respondents when the number of cows increases the demand for land increment will increase. Besides, the land is important to prepare improved feed by planting different types of grass-like Rhodes grass, and elephant grass, for milk production increment.
Although numerous issues and constraints could hinder the development of the dairy production sector in the study area, there were also favorable conditions for future dairy production and productivity, such as marketing accessibility, access to veterinary and extension services, infrastructure (FTC), grazing land (feed and water), and access to new improved technology (Figure 13). These were required by dairy farmers for them to continue with their daily production operations. The statistical values of rank index analysis among major opportunities are significantly related to dairy production. As indicated in Figure 13, access to veterinary service ranked first, marketing accessibility ranked second, grazing land ranked third, access to extension service ranked fourth, infrastructure (FTC) ranked fifth, and access to new improved technology ranked sixth, respectively.
Veterinary and AI operation expansion and infrastructure are also significant elements for the growth of the dairy industry. Access to veterinary services is essential for having healthy animals for processing, as it allows for the prevention, control, and treatment of various diseases and parasites that can be harmful to animals.
AI is now a key technology for the short-term dissemination of improved breeds to smallholders; the AI service is also important for controlling transmissible illnesses and is economical. This will help to promote the development of various facilities, for example, appropriate land use, organizing inputs (improved breeds, foods, IA, medicines, etc.), and credit, extension, and training. The infrastructure includes a health center, training center, information center, and road. More and more government policy NGOs have been encouraged to use the milk industry in the current situation, even though the area has been adapted to differ in milk production, as it is discussed and observed during the data collection.
While several issues and constraints have been established in the area that can affect the capacity of the dairy sector, the households interviewed and the focus group discussion in the research areas was ready to continue and improve, or invest in future dairy farms. Dairy farming supports society’s livelihoods under the low input method, generates income, and creates job opportunities through a market-oriented production system. The Community is a growing demand for milk and milk products as well an increase in prices for these products are other opportunities. Women’s participation in dairy growth was also promoted, as the study shows that they play a significant role in dairy production and marketing. Bambasi areas are located in lowland or harsh areas, where disease and parasites are common, a major threat to farmers’ livelihoods. This requires the use of drugs and chemicals for dairy cattle. The presence of numerous institutions engaged in dairy research and development across the country provides an opportunity to find a solution to the challenges that limit dairy production and the low acceptance of dairy technology in the country.
Accordingly, assess indigenous dairy production management practiced by rural villages of the selected household of the study area. Therefore, as the research result indicated above, Most indigenous dairy production management like housing systems, feed, and water systems, health management, breeding practice, extension services, milk, and milk product marketing system is the main indigenous dairy production and management practices were practiced by selected rural villages were assessed in the results.
Regarding their challenges to indigenous dairy production and management: Diseases and parasites were the biggest obstacles to dairy production in the area ranked first, water shortage was ranked second, feed shortage ranked third, and shortage of lands was ranked fourth.
From the fact points of view, quantitative and qualitative shortage of feed and fodder affects the performance of milking animals, through underfeeding animals in general; in particular, it affects milk production negatively. The cause for the shortage of feed may be because most farmers had small grazing land for animals; this was also true for most natural pasture areas are converting to crop production. The other constraints that the respondents ranked were less access to land shortages that can hinder dairy development in the area. Dairy producer households identified small farmland size as a serious problem and as a constraint for expansion of drying.
As it was discussed in the above section on the landholding of respondents when the number of cows increases the demand for land increment will increase. Besides, the land is important to prepare improved feed by planting different types of grass-like Rhodes grass, elephant grass, for milk production increment
Regarding existing opportunities, although numerous challenges could hinder the development of the dairy sector in the study area, there were also suitable conditions to improve dairy production and productivity in the future, such as access to veterinary and extension services, infrastructure (FTC), grazing land (feed and water), and access to new improved technology.
Expanding veterinary and AI services, and infrastructure is also an important aspect of dairy industry development. Veterinary service accessibility is necessary to have a healthy animal for production; as it enables to prevent, control, and treat different diseases, and parasites, which could be destructive to the animal.
Nowadays, AI service is a crucial technology to disseminate improved breeds to smallholders in a short time; AI service is also important to control transmissible diseases, and it is also cost-effective. Infrastructure includes a health center, training center, information, road, etc. these can help to support different services such as adequate land access, organizing input supplies (improved breeds, feeds, AI, and drugs), and provision of credit, extension, and training. More ever, as was discussed with respondents and observed during data collection, government policy NGOs were encouraged for the dairy industry in the current situation, and even if, the area has suitable for dairy production different challenges are there the area.
Recommendation for rural village agricultural extension service:
Rapid urbanization, extensive population growth, and changes in the living standards of the communities in the study area provide an opportunity for the production of dairy in the area as a source of income as a highly demanded product and a highly profitable sector with access to animal health, AI, extension, and training centers.
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Advanced modulation and RF transmission schemes are quickly moving from lab to field to solve real-world problems, speakers told last week's IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.
In discussions ranging from ultrawideband (UWB) personal-area networks to Wi-Fi meshes, academic researchers presented concrete examples of advanced wireless data and sensor networks addressing people's needs around the globe.
While the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas formed a concurrent backdrop to the Radio and Wireless Symposium in Long Beach, Calif., the researchers had more on their minds than consumer markets.
Take Deborah Estrin, for example, of the University of California, Los Angeles. The principal researcher at the school's Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, she demonstrated river and forest monitoring, showing how wireless sensor nets combine with actuators and robotics to form adaptive eyes for such tasks as precision agriculture and tracking species diversity.
"The heterogeneity and spatial variability common to many environmental problems are almost tailor-made for embedded wireless sensor networks," Estrin said in a popular invited talk. "If you don't have that fine-grained variability, you don't really need to sense at multiple points."
The UCLA center grew out of a project to develop prototypical wireless sensor networks for the Defense Department. That work was directed by professor William Kaiser, who more recently has been developing a Low Power Energy Aware Processing (Leap) network model in which microcontrollers are recruited as duty processors to keep networks operating for as long as 20 years at 20 to 60 percent duty cycles.
Estrin, the sister of communications entrepreneur Judy Estrin, said that while many sensor nets use solar power, Leap uniquely has the network itself "harvest" solar power to use it more efficiently.
In recent months, Estrin said, the center's networks have:
• Measured arsenic contaminant transport in drinking wells in Bangladesh;
• Conducted seismic monitoring in the aftermath of an October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan;
• Studied the mixing of the San Joaquin and Merced rivers in California; and
• Observed the microclimates of several continents using terrestrial-imaging nets.
Small robotic and actuator subsystems are critical in some of these applications, Estrin said, because node mobility can help overcome the inherent undersampling of static nodes on a network. Typically, the center's networks employ three tiers: simple, dumb "motes" at the endpoints; microservers to control many motes; and autonomous mobile nodes, many of which use cameras and other sensing devices in much the same way interplanetary missions rely on robotics.
Estrin said this tiered model allowed sufficient local, decentralized participation from citizen-researchers, particularly in tracking natural disasters like earthquakes and floods. But, she said, those in control of such bottom-up networks must realize that privacy concerns demand that local participants can selectively decide whether to share only some of the information they collect.
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REIKI NEWS & REVIEW:
Part 4 of the 12 Steps to Transformation: A Month-to-Month Guide Bringing Joy, Peace, Love & Fulfillment: Gratitude
By Columnist Camille Lucy – Certified Holistic Health Coach & Reiki Practitioner:
Melody Beattie says, “Gratitude makes sense of our past, brings peace for today, and creates a vision for tomorrow.” And I couldn’t agree more. True gratitude is an overall appreciation for what is (and isn’t). It is the fundamental practice that allows us to create space in our lives for contentment, peace, joy, love and equanimity (mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation).
What is Gratitude?
Studies show that an “attitude of gratitude” goes a long way and those that are thankful are, overall, much happier and healthier. According to an article on Forbes.com, there are 7 scientifically proven benefits of practising gratitude.
- Relationships. A 2014 study in Emotion concluded that appreciating new acquaintances makes them more likely to seek an ongoing or longterm relationship.
- Physical Health. According to a 2012 study published in Personality and Individual Differences, people who practice gratitude were more likely to take care of themselves and maintain good health.
- Mental Wellbeing. Robert A. Emmons, Ph.D., leading gratitude researcher, conducted several studies and confirmed that gratitude increases happiness and reduces depression.
- Compassion vs. Aggression. In a 2012 study by the University of Kentucky, grateful people were kinder verses people who didn’t practice gratitude. Grateful people were less likely to react negatively against others, even when receiving negative feedback, and expressed more empathy towards others.
- Sleep. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being published a study in 2011 that showed that those that write in a “gratitude journal” for 15 minutes before bed slept better and longer.
- Self-Esteem. A 2014 study published in the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology concluded that athletes that practised gratitude had higher self-esteem which is imperative to optimal performance. Other studies showed that people who were grateful were able to celebrate in others’ accomplishments, with less social comparison and resentment.
- Mental Strength. Behaviour Research and Therapy published a study that found that Vietnam War Veterans that practised gratitude had lower rates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Another study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology found that gratitude leads to a higher rate of resilience following the September 11 Terrorist Attacks. Recognizing the positive things in life fosters resilience, reduces stress and plays a major role in overcoming trauma.
Our Ability to Be Grateful
Melody Beattie adds, “Letting go helps us to live in a more peaceful state of mind and helps restore our balance. It allows others to be responsible for themselves and for us to take our hands off situations that do not belong to us. This frees us from unnecessary stress.”
Wayne Dyer teaches, “Having a mind that is open to everything and attached to nothing seems to be one of the most basic principles that you can adopt to contribute to individual and world peace.”
Gratitude allows you to loosen your grip on the thoughts and circumstances in life that you cannot change. But you can choose how you respond to what occurs, what is said to you, etc. Being appreciative, noticing the positive things in life, brings us into a state of harmony that grants us the opportunity to see with “new eyes.”
We are able to look at life as happening for us rather than to us, and in that space, we can choose how we respond. We can see obstacles as a chance to learn and grow and develop new habits and patterns that serve us better. We may also learn about ways we need our own attention, love and care to heal. As the studies above mentioned, our resiliency grows alongside our ability to be grateful. Our perceptions are what dictate our emotional and physical wellbeing. Our bodies are programmed by what we put into them. Our thoughts and our stress levels are all factors into how healthy we are emotional, which translates into how healthy we are physical.
Take, for example, a situation that occurs to two people. The two people will have different views on what has transpired, and will, in turn, have different reactions or responses. When it rains, one person may feel that the rain is impeding their day, making it harder to get to work (more traffic, slower driving) and the second person may thank the rain for blessing the Earth with the nourishment it provides. A child may love rain because they can jump in puddles. Yet another person may be aggravated as it leads to frizzy hair and wet feet.
Thoughts, responses and attitudes towards the rain vary like our fingerprints. But the child jumping in the puddles is wearing a smile and giggling, where the person with wet feet and frizzy hair is sporting a big ole’ frown. It’s our choice on what meaning we attach to everything that happens in life, day to day, hour by hour.
7 Ways to Practice Gratitude
Here’s a list of 7 ways to practice gratitude, bringing more peace, joy, contentment, fulfilment and love into your life:
- Gratitude Journal. Jot down 3-5 things you are grateful for each day. If you’d like to try out the “sleep” experiment (remember, one study showed that it improved sleep), write in your journal before bedtime.
- Thank You notes. Express thanks verbally or write out some cards to people in your life to acknowledge what they mean to you, or what you’re thankful for. This is a great way to lift others up, while also reminding yourself of all the love and support you have in life.
- Pray or Meditate. This can include exercising, time in nature, or just sitting quietly reflecting on all the blessings in your life and giving thanks for being alive.
- Family Time. Sit with family or loved ones to share “good news” about your day, what’s new or what is coming up that everyone is looking forward to. Instead of asking what’s wrong, ask what’s right! This is a great way to connect with your friends and loved ones, while also gaining the benefits of a gratitude practice.
- Start the Day with Thanks. When you wake in the morning, say “thank you” for the chance to begin a brand new, beautiful day. If you have a significant other, children or animals, greet them with a smile, a hug and a thank you for being part of your life. Build the momentum for the day by beginning it on a positive note.
- End the Day with Thanks. Before going to sleep, spending a few moments before getting some shut-eye by thinking about the great things in your life, what you have to be thankful for, and what you don’t have that you can be thankful for. There are others that would give a whole lot to have “your bad day.” This will also help you sleep better, as racing thoughts about negative events can disturb sleep patterns or the ability to fall asleep.
- Gratitude Jar. Jot down some notes about things you’re thankful for, or happy about, and stick them in a Mason Jar. If you’re feeling creative, you can decorate it with dry flowers or ribbons or stickers. Pick some out to read each weekend, or when you’re having a difficult day, to remind you of how great life is and that all things are temporary; even bad days.
We all have the ability – and the opportunity – to cultivate gratitude and foster emotional and physical well-being. Remember that our perception is what dictates the quality of our life, so focusing on the good rather than the bad, is a sure-fire way to become healthier and happier. An “attitude of gratitude” is a really simple way to improve life and it’s available to anyone and everyone in each moment.
Next month I’ll cover “Self Love”
In this 12-part series, readers will learn the key ingredients to a delicious life! Each topic will cover why it is important and simple ways or suggestions on how to integrate these shifts into your everyday life. If these principles are followed, the results will be undeniable; a radiant and able body, mind and soul, shining from the inside out, stronger and healthier relationships and a dramatically improved quality of life.
About Our Reiki News & Review Columnist – Camille Lucy
Camille Lucy is a Certified Holistic Health Coach, Certified Reiki & Raindrop Technique Practitioner, Ordained Holistic Minister, Certified Yoga & Meditation Teacher, graphic and web designer, business consultant, and Vice President of a local non-profit that “rehabilitates people through animals.” She is also a writer, a Mother of 3 girls, an artist, a Life-and-Love Junkie, a Self-Expression and Development advocate, and – well, you get the point. She’s a lot of things, just like all of us. Camille is also author of, “The (Real) Love Experiment: Explore Love, Relationships & The Self.” Learn more about her and her adventure(s) at www.CamilleLucy.com or on social media at @LiveFullToday.
Disclaimer: The information published in this column is the author’s professional opinion, based on their knowledge. This information is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment in any way. Always seek the advice of your physician with any questions you may have about a medical condition. Also, always consult a qualified medical professional before beginning any nutritional program or exercise program. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on InShape News.
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We like to hear what you have to say
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1. When someone goes “down the rabbit hole,” it means they spent a lot of time on an activity, perhaps more than they originally intended.
Example: My laptop was having problems, so I began researching online how to fix it. I ended up going down a rabbit hole in the process, wasting hours and hours with no solution in sight until finally, I tried restarting my computer. Now it works fine!
2. A bizarre or strange situation.
Example: I bought a dozen bags of unusually flavored potato chips and I sampled each one. By the end of my tasting session I felt sick; this is not a rabbit hole I plan to go down ever again.
Synonyms / Similar Phrases:
What Is a Rabbit Hole?
Would you ever want to go down a rabbit hole? No, they’re for rabbits! These cute little animals dig holes in the ground to live and sleep in. Why do they live underground? Because it is safer for them; their predators cannot fit into the holes. So when a rabbit is in danger, if their speed isn’t enough to escape their pursuer, they can always retreat to a nearby burrow for safety. No big animal with sharp teeth can get in!
The Origin of ‘Down The Rabbit Hole’
It’s believed that the phrase go down the rabbit hole comes from a 19th century novel called Alice’s Adventures In Wonderland (or Alice In Wonderland for short). This novel was written by Lewis Carroll and published in the year 1865.
Near the beginning of this fictional story, a girl named Alice crawls into a rabbit hole. Shortly after, she literally falls down the rabbit hole and ends up in a strange place called Wonderland.
- I’ve wanted to play a musical instrument ever since I was young, but I never put in the time. However, starting next week, I’m planning to go down the rabbit hole and learn how to play the violin.
- As I was looking up a recipe online, I saw a link for the top 10 weirdest foods. Feeling curious, I clicked on it and, well, I have gone down a rabbit hole since then; I’ve been reading about all sorts of odd foods that people eat.
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It can be incredibly cute when babies and toddlers start to mimic those around them. After all, that is how children learn to talk and behave–by imitating those around them. When our children get to preschool or start being more social and making friends, however, they can start to pick up habits and traits from their peers that we are not so crazy about. What can be done when a child starts to imitate unsavory behaviors, speech patterns, and traits that are coming from the peer group?
The first thing to realize is that this imitation is incredibly normal! I am sure if you got a bunch of parents in a room, they could tell all sorts of tales of children imitating a friend, taking on mannerisms of a teacher and other behaviors. I found with my own children that it was usually the peers who were the most different from them, the ones who were doing things that they knew they could never get away with in our family–those were the ones they tended to attempt to mimic. And that was part of why it bothered me so much!
There are a few ways you can approach this one: you can try to ignore it and hope that it passes; the less attention you pay to the child when he or she is mimicking and imitating peers behaviors you don’t approve of, the more likely it is that he or she will get tired of it and stop. You can also set limits without focusing on the behavior too closely. For example, instead of saying something like: “I hate it when you act like Suzy! Stop that whining!” you can say something like: “Whining isn’t welcome in this house, please use your words without whining.” Keep in mind that while the behaviors and mimicry may be reminding you of another child, it is still your child’s behaviors that you need to tend to. Making comparisons or blaming another child for “making your child” act this way doesn’t really address the issue and it can be confusing to your child. You can stay neutral and decide if you want to ignore it or set a limit around what is acceptable in your house and what isn’t. Keep in mind, that children will be copying and mimicking others throughout their entire childhood–this is how they experiment, rebel, and try out different traits and behaviors to find out what fits for them.
See Also our FORUMS for more chat about mimicking
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With a classroom of kids whose abilities run the gamut, sometimes it seems humanly impossible to figure out which students are “getting it” and which students aren’t on a daily basis. Whether you’ve used it for months or you’re thinking about trying MobyMax for the first time, here are ideas from top teachers for using Moby’s free individualized digital curriculum to find your students’ missing skills and keep them all moving ahead at their own pace in reading, language, writing and science.
1. Teach mini-lessons when students don’t “get it.”
You don’t need to leave kids behind when they’re struggling with a concept. First, you can find the gaps in learning for each student by assigning questions from MobyMax’s item bank, and then you’ll be able to teach mini-lessons to the kids that need it.
“I’ll teach for two or three days, then assign 5 to 10 questions in MobyMax through the Student Response System feature,” says Derek von Waldner, a fourth-grade math and science teacher at Screven County Elementary School in Georgia. “Then I can go in and see that student A has only 33 percent right, so I’m going to pull her [aside] and make sure she really understands what I’m talking about. Whereas student B has 90 percent right, so I’m going to let him go on to the next rotation and not worry about it.”
2. Stay in the loop (even when you’re out sick).
You know those days when you wake up sick, but you drag yourself to school because the thought of how far behind you’ll be if you stay home seems so much worse? Well, with MobyMax, you might actually be able to get a little R&R when you’re feeling under the weather. When Carolyn Brown is out sick, she keeps an eye on students from home through MobyMax by sending them reminder messages to keep working hard.
“What I like is that I can keep track of how much time they’re spending on [MobyMax],” says the second grade teacher from Peakview Elementary School in Walsenburg, Colorado. “I tell the kids, ‘I can check from home. I can see if someone had six minutes of time and another student had 15 minutes—what does that tell me? Are you using your time wisely?’”
Sometimes Brown’s students even send her a message through MobyMax on the weekends, and she can respond with encouragement from afar. Parents can also get online and monitor student progress.
3. Customize lessons so kids don’t get frustrated.
When students get frustrated, teachers tend to get frustrated too, so if there’s a way to individualize lessons—resulting in less frustration all around—we’re all ears! Once Brown knows what level her students are on, she goes to MobyMax to individualize assignments and remove some questions or choices from the home board for her struggling or special education students and adjust up the level for those who need a challenge. By differentiating, students get what they need and can avoid feeling discouraged, she says.
4. Fix mistakes before they become habits.
Picture this: You finally get around to correcting that mountain of worksheets over the weekend, and you realize some students have been making the same mistakes over and over. (Insert sigh here.) With MobyMax, you can make sure kids learn why they got an answer wrong and fix their mistakes right away—before they even go on to the next question. This helps them learn the content, but it’s also a good life lesson. “Just like with anything in life, if you mess up, you have to go back and fix it. This is making them better learners and instilling a lifetime skill,” says von Waldner. Students can also message you with specific questions to get instant feedback, and you can monitor the real-time results of students’ work to know when you need to step in and give them extra help.
5. Use digital exit tickets.
If you’re tired of going through 25+ exit tickets every day and then trying to figure out what do with the results, here’s an idea from Eric Lynch. When Lynch taught fourth grade math, he’d typically spend the first half of an 80-minute class giving the lesson and then asking his students to demonstrate their understanding. He’d then take the data from the MobyMax to create an exit ticket to divide the class into four groups according to their understanding of that day’s lesson. In time, the daily reconfiguring became seamless, and it even helped improve test scores at Eugene Brooks Intermediate School in Amenia, New York, where Lynch was the dean of students.
6. Keep fast finishers learning.
It happens to the best of us—sometimes we get so caught up in trying to help the struggling students, we don’t take extra time to enrich the kids who are sailing through lessons. Rae Boyd, a fourth grade teacher at Sherman Elementary School in Comfort, West Virginia, says the assessments from MobyMax have been very reliable and “spot on” with her evaluation of students. For students who finish early, she’s able to provide enrichment activities—like game time—directly in the program.
7. Give each student a personalized worksheet.
After students take a placement test in each subject through MobyMax, you get a very detailed outlook for where they are by grade level and particular skills. For instance, if a student is tested on multiplying two-digit numbers by two-digit numbers and then is assigned a grade level, you can click on that skill to print out a specific worksheet. “It’s like differentiation at your fingertips,” says Boyd. “When you have 20 students and five different subjects, you want to do it as quickly as possible.”
8. Motivate students with virtual prizes and contests.
Kids love contests and prizes, but you don’t necessarily have to buy them. Each time students complete a lesson topic on MobyMax, they earn a star. After they earn 10 stars, students are awarded a badge with cute characters, like polar bears. Eugene Brooks has monthly contests where students are assigned points based on how many questions from MobyMax they answer correctly at their level.
“We post a leaderboard every morning right when they walk in and they could see how the leaderboard changes and the top 10 would be posted,” says Lynch. “Literally we would have a line out the door every morning waiting to see the updated leaderboard.” In individual classrooms, teachers have a Moby Wall where student progress is posted. “The beauty of that is the only thing people could tell about their peers was how much they have grown,” adds Lynch. “They have no idea what grade level they are on.”
9. Stop the summer (or snowstorm) slide.
As teachers, we love school vacations and snow days just as much as the kids—except when we have to re-teach them the skills they lost over the break. At Sherman Elementary, neither summer vacation nor snowstorms keep students from learning. In the summer, the school holds a contest through which students who earned at least 70 points using MobyMax over the summer got to go on a field trip to a nearby water park. Recently, Sherman had a MobyMax Snow Day Challenge. Students who did the tasks assigned by teachers from home were rewarded with a 45-minute dance in the gym.
“We were just blown out of the water with the response,” says Boyd. About half of the students participated. “They don’t even realize they are learning.”
MobyMax is FREE! Register at www.mobymax.com.
- View original WeAreTeachers blog by visiting:http://www.weareteachers.com/blogs/post/2016/02/19/9-ideas-for-using-mobymax-to-find-and-fix-students-missing-skills
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Affected countries require funds to build more resilient and climate-smart economies
Researchers are still trying to learn why the population of African penguins has dropped precipitously over the last 15 years—some estimates say by 90% – but most agree that climate change is a major factor in the decline of this iconic African species.
There may be additional forces at work, including pollution, overfishing, predators and disease, but warming currents on both sides of the continent are driving the huge shoals of sardines and anchovies on which the penguins dine farther south toward cooler waters.
Warming waters are not a problem only for penguins and other sea creatures. They have major implications for coastal communities all around the continent, where a quarter of all people rely on the ocean as a primary source of food.
Globally, average temperatures will increase by more than 2°C by the end of the 21st century, and could increase by as much as 3°C by 2050 and even by 6°C by 2100. The impacts of this warming on the ocean surrounding the continent are already being felt.
Small-scale artisanal fishing and tourism are critical economic pillars for communities along Africa’s 30,500-kilometre coastline. Many of these are grappling with the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels, warming waters and increasing ocean acidification, which has led to greater coastal erosion that has damaged infrastructure in West Africa. A warming Indian Ocean has damaged coral reefs that are essential for tourism, fishing, and the protection of the shoreline.
“One of the biggest threats to coastal and marine systems in Africa is climate change,” says Yuvan A. Beejadhur, team leader on ocean economy at the World Bank, adding, “The impacts are already being detected in many areas of the continent.”
According to Mr. Beejadhur, natural resources specialist, sea temperatures in coastal boundary systems may continue to increase over the next few decades and centuries. If current trends continue, sea temperatures will increase from 0.62°C to 0.85°C over the next few years and from 2.44°C to 3.32°C over the long term, he warns.
“This will mean Africa will need a cascade in financing. It will require significant funds, finance and investments that need to be unlocked, leveraged and catalysed for building resilient and climate-smart ocean economies,” he predicts.
Jacqueline Alder, manager of Global Partnerships for Responsible Fisheries at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), also notes the significant impact on coastal infrastructure of coastal erosion. Fishery landing sites have been forced to move, resulting in higher fishing costs. In some cases poorer-quality fish has led to lower market prices.
In addition, more frequent flooding has affected coastal systems, with runoff from the storms ending up in the oceans, reducing the salinity of the water and causing fish to move farther offshore. Consequently fishermen have to travel farther to catch fish, “or they don’t fish at all,” she says.
In Mozambique, coastal erosion due to rising sea levels has significantly altered the coastline, says Eugénio João Muiange, the director of the National Institute of the Sea and Boundaries. “When we look at old maps and compare them with now, we see lots of changes. Small islands and sandbars have disappeared.”
“Erosion has eaten land 2 to 3 kilometres inland,” he adds. “When we look for a reason, we can only reach one conclusion – that it is sea-level rise.”
Coastal erosion has led to the displacement of communities in West Africa and has already resulted in economic losses of about 2.3% of GDP in Togo alone, the World Bank reported in 2016.
Ronald Jumeau, permanent representative of the Seychelles to the UN, says many of these trends have been noticed for years yet were poorly understood. Coastal erosion in West Africa has been “huge,” he says, and as a consequence many people have been forced to abandon their communities on the coast and look inland for new opportunities. “Suddenly it becomes a political issue,” he says, adding, “There’s a demographic shift underway.”
African countries often lack the data, the computing power and the analytical ability to take action, Mr. Jumeau points out.
Another result of climate change is ocean acidification. As the ocean absorbs greater amounts of carbon dioxide, it becomes more acid, and its changing chemistry poses a threat to coral reefs and biodiversity. About 30% of carbon dioxide caused by human activity dissolves into the oceans, and the increased acidity prevents organisms that depend on calcium carbonate from producing shells and skeletons.
Fisheries in the western Indian Ocean – off the east coast of Africa – mainly depend on coral reefs, Mr. Jumeau points out. Increased coral bleaching and mortality (generally caused by warming ocean temperatures) will have negative effects on fisheries, fishery-related employment and nutrition.
Corals across the western Indian Ocean declined by an average of more than 35% after bleaching events in 1998, 2010 and 2016. Such events have an economic cost: the coral bleaching event in 1998 cost the scuba dive tourism industry an estimated $2.2 million in Zanzibar and up to $15.09 million in Mombasa, Kenya.
Acidification of the ocean
Coral reefs in the Seychelles also suffered from the 1998 bleaching event, which was caused by warming from an El Niño weather phenomenon, but other bleaching events have also affected the country, recalls Mr. Jumeau. Some reefs have since been restored to health; others have not. Coral reefs are an essential tourist attraction and provide protection from coastal erosion for the hotels on the islands.
Around 2.5 million tourists per year visit the tropical coast area of Egypt; 23% of these tourists come specifically to dive, and a further 33% participate in snorkelling activities.
Cognizant of the destructive impact of climate change on the oceans around Africa, affected countries came together at the African Ministerial Conference on Ocean Economies and Climate Change in Mauritius in September last year to assess the challenges faced by coastal and marine systems in Africa and discuss the need to develop climate-ready ocean economies.
And last November, at the 2016 Marrakech Climate Conference held in Egypt, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the FAO announced a “African package for climate-resilient ocean economies,” an ambitious bundle of technical and financial assistance focused on measures to build resilience, reduce vulnerability, develop early warning systems and optimize carbon sequestration.
Between 2017 and 2020, the initiative will mobilize between $500 million and $900 million and implement programs linked to climate change adaptation and mitigation.
World Bank experts caution that without action, fish catches are projected to drop because of climate change – possibly by one half in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo, according to the FAO.
“These ambitious programmes aimed at strengthening the resilience of African coastal communities are critical to meeting the challenges and opportunities of climate change, especially for vulnerable Small Island Development States,” observes Maria Helena Semedo, FAO’s deputy director-general for natural resources.
“African coastal communities are some of the most affected by climate change,” she continues. “FAO is fully engaged and ready to be at the heart of these significant developments to work alongside countries and communities to reduce their vulnerabilities, build their resilience, and maximize opportunities emerging from climate change.”
The African package for climate-resilient ocean economies is composed of five flagship programmes, and each will have its own focus as well as sharing knowledge and best practices with the others.
In North Africa, the focus will start with fisheries, aquaculture and ocean observation systems; West African priorities will include fisheries, combating coastal erosion, and building tourism; in Central Africa, stretching from Cameroon to Angola, priorities will include a focus on safety at sea; East Africa will develop its aquaculture and tourism; and the Small Island Developing States, often the most dependent on the oceans and the most vulnerable to disaster and erosion, will focus on the development of an economy designed for sustainable development, generally referred to by experts as the “blue economy.”
African countries will be participating in the Ocean Conference to be held this year in New York from 5-9 June, which is aimed at promoting the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life below water). The goal calls for action to address a range of ocean issues, including protecting marine biodiversity, reducing overfishing and addressing ocean acidification and marine pollution.
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William Schwenck Gilbert is the librettist, writing the words. Arthur Sullivan is the composer, writing the music. Gilbert is the very model of a 19th-century British gentleman, an overly proper married man certain that he knows best. For nearly a decade, Gilbert and Sullivan's collaborations have delighted the English people. Their popular comic operas have recouped handsomely for the successful Savoy Theatre... But, in 1884, as a London heat wave cuts into the theater trade, their latest work, "Princess Ida," receives lukewarm press. Sullivan rejects Gilbert's next idea as "topsy-turvy" and unbelievable, and although Gilbert tries to accommodate him, they cannot agree. Mired at a creative impasse, Gilbert and Sullivan can barely converse. Then, Gilbert's wife, Lucy "Kitty" Gilbert, drags him along to a Japanese exhibition--exposure to the very different culture begins inspiration to embark on the production of "The Mikado."
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Self-understanding is the key.
Words have a huge power!
To demonstrate this, have a look at this very short (and powerful) video clip.
Words are not only powerful but vital in making sense of our experiences and calming down our brain and internal system, which has been demonstrated by neuroscience (e.g., Raz & Zysberg, 2014) and by Emotional Freedom Techniques.
If you name it, you tame it.
So, naming emotions & feelings associated with present & past events helps us make sense of how our past experiences have shaped our personal reality, why significant people related to us in the way they did, why we related/relate to others & ourselves in the way we did/do, and why generations after generations tend to repeat the same patterns of behaviour and relating.
So, creating a coherent narrative about our life helps us see life events in perspective, it moves us closer to understanding, acceptance, forgiveness and it gives us the courage to make changes.
If you wish to see a list of common emotions & feelings that might help you name what you are experiencing, please click here.
And bear in mind that ...
... we are story makers and story tellers.
And the story we tell ourselves about ourselves & the world is the story we live.
It is also important to bear in mind that there is nothing wrong with us. We think, feel, and behave in the way we do because of past conditioning and having to adapt to our environment in the best possible way. Our defence mechanisms, which I call either coping strategies, forms of adaptation, or protectors, exist only because at one point in time they were very useful for our survival - physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. The trouble is that we continue using the same strategies even though they no longer serve us. Understanding them is the first step to making changes.
Therapy helps us make sense of our life and our 'selves'.
I will end this post with a beautiful quote from W. Shakespeare (Hamlet):
There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.
Raz, S., & Zysberg, L. (2014). Emotional Intelligence : Current Evidence From Psychophysiological, Educational and Organizational Perspectives. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers.
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The activity in this free math video is good for developing mental math skills. Once the problems get bigger, children will be able to easily adapt this to larger numbers and add more quickly in their heads. Using the Cuisenaire Rods provides both a visual and tactile way to manipulate numbers instead of only relying on symbols. Young children, and children with dyslexia or dyscalculia often have difficulty fully understanding abstract symbols. Cuisenaire Rods help bridge the gap for them so that they can understand complex math concepts in spite of their learning difficulties.
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| 0.941867 | 112 | 3.84375 | 4 |
A Pagan Almanac for August 7 & 8, 2012
Lunar Cycle: Tenth day of the full Moon
Tenth day of the waning Moon (this is how the Athenians did it; since the Moon was waning, they counted down. Perfectly logical.)
Athens: Hekatombaion 20
Hekatombaion 21: The Great Festival of Athena begins
Martyred on August 7, 1661:
Margaret Bryson and Elspeth Blackie of Edinburgh.
They died in our name. Let us remember theirs
William Blake wrote:
As all men are alike in outward form, so (and with the same infinite variety) all are alike in the Poetic Genius.
I edited the 22-page Scots-English version in David Laing’s 1826 Early Popular Poetry of Scotland and the Northern Border (edited in 1895 by W. Carew Hazlitt; London: Reaves and Turner, 2 vols., 1895) down to this size. It seemed to contain material unknown to Walter Scott, whose version has always been one of my favorite poems, and a few elements of which I retained. Let me emphasize that everything here, all the “witchy” language, is what I found in the Scots-English original. This was published in The Witches Trine, vol. 1, no. 6, 1972
As I roamed out this Andrew’s day
So lusty belled the oriole
That as on Huntlie banks I lay
It made the woods around me toll.
And there a lady rode with hounds;
Her hair hung down like gold spun fine.
Though storm clouds held the sky in siege,
That lady rode in bright sunshine.
A skirt she wore of the grass-green silk;
Around her tossed a velvet cape.
From every tuft of her horse’s mane
Bells rang down like silver grapes.
She raised a ram’s horn to her lips;
A tune she blew of memory.
A while she blew; a while she sang;
She met me by the Holydun tree.
In courtesy to her I knelt,
And feared my heart would burst in three.
I bold rose up and seized her hand:
“O Queen of Heaven, take pity on me!”
“Nay, Heaven’s Queen I’m not,” she laughed,
“For I never took so high a degree.
It is of Elfland I am Queen,
And I ride here after my wild fee.”
“Of love, my lady, thou art full wise;
Whatsoever thus ask of me,
Lest all my games from me be gone,
Lady, let me lie by thee!”
“Man, thou shalt serve me seven years,
Through weal or woe, as may chance to be,
For if thou dare to have thy will,
Sure of thy body I will be.”
“Betide me weal, betide me woe,
That weird shall never dampen me.”
Then down she lit, and down we lay,
All underneath the Holydun tree.
And when we rose, her clothes were rags;
Her hair wound grey around her head.
“How art thou faded in the face,
And all thy body like the lead!”
She said, “Take leave of sun and moon,
For this night thou must go with me.”
And in the hill a gate appeared
All underneath the Holydun tree.
She drew me up on her dappled steed,
And we rode in beneath the tree,
And we saw neither sun nor moon,
But we heard the roaring of the sea.
O where we rode both dumb and blind
No man of Middle Earth has seen;
Three days I heard the sighing flood
Until we came to a garden green.
Here fruit hung ripely from the trees;
Nightingales caroled from their nests.
Flutterbies gaily flit about,
And thrushes sang, would have no rest.
For fault of food I was near faint.
I seized an apple with my hand.
“Nay, do not take of that and eat,
Else never again see thy ain land.
“True Thomas, as I name thee now,
Light down and lean against my knee,
And I’ll show thee three stranger sights
Than ever saw man of thy country.
“O see thee not yon narrow road
So thick beset wi’ thorn and briar?
That is the path of righteousness,
Though after it but few inquire.
“And thee not yon broad, high road
That lies across the lily leven?
That is the path of wickedness,
Though some call it the road to heaven.
“And see thee not yon bonny road
That winds the hills to yon castle bright?
Those shining towers are mine to rule,
And thou and I ride there this night.”
Again I saw she was fair and good
As sunshine on a summer’s day.
Her hounds were filled with fresh deer’s blood
As to her castle she led the way.
There ladies knelt in courtesy,
And harp and fiddle there we found,
Guitar and pipes and psaltery,
All mingling in amazing sound.
Knights were dancing three by three;
The hall was filled with games and play;
A hart was turning in the fire,
And ladies sang in rich array.
“Thomas, buskin up thy feet.
It is three days since thy stay begun,
Yet thou hast paid thy fee in full:
In thy land seven years are done.
“Tomorrow the lord of all this land
Among this folk will choose his fee.
Thou art a strong and handsome man:
I know full well he would choose thee.
“Body and soul thou hast served me well;
Thou shalt not be betrayed by me.”
She drew me up on her dappled steed.
She brought me back to the Holydun tree.
In sorrow I gazed upon her face.
“Then shall I never again see thee?
O give me some token, my lady love,
That I may know I spoke with thee.”
She pulled an apple down from a branch,
And said, “This token I give to thee,
To tell the wise wherever thou go
That of our chase this was the fee.
“Harp or carp, or go where thou wilt,
Thou shalt never speak evil of me,
And when thou lie on Huntlie banks,
Then, if I may, I’ll come to thee.
“Thy tongue be weal, thy tongue be woe,
Thy tongue be chief of minstrelsy:
Whether thou spell, or tales wilt tell,
No lie shall ever be spoken by thee.”
“O lady, nay, my tongue is my ain!
A goodly gift thou would give to me!
How may I either buy or sell
At any fair where I might be?
“How may I speak to prince or peer,
Or hold any tryst with a fair lady?”
“Now, hold thy tongue, True Thomas,” she said,
“For as I say, so must it be.”
She blew her horn to draw her hounds,
And as on Huntlie banks I lay,
She rode from me in bright sunshine.
We parted thus, on Andrew’s day.
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Species Detail - Platygaster damokles - Species information displayed is based on all datasets.
Terrestrial Map - 10kmDistribution of the number of records recorded within each 10km grid square (ITM).
Marine Map - 50kmDistribution of the number of records recorded within each 50km grid square (WGS84).
Insect - hymenopteran
24 May (recorded in 2012)
27 May (recorded in 2012)
National Biodiversity Data Centre, Ireland, Platygaster damokles, accessed 25 February 2021, <https://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/Species/187226>
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The Springfield Armory is a window into 19th century America.
This was among the United States’ first military facilities. Now it is time to return the grounds to their original historic splendor. The National Park Service is working with the Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation to rehabilitate the site. Using Springfield Armory landscaping plans from 1946, 1958 and 1962 as guidance, we are cleaning out underbrush, pruning trees and replanting historic shrubs and trees. We invite you to come visit this work in progress and watch as the landscaping is rehabilitated. As a guide we offer a little history.
The Springfield Armory was established in 1794 to manufacture small arms for the military and remained in operation until 1968. The building and landscape design reflect a conscious effort to promote the United States as an emerging military power. This was the period when the United States went from a relatively small nation to eventually become the preeminent military power on the planet. Springfield Armory showcases this military development, particularly in the early years of our republic.
The site was largely designed in the early to mid-19th century. Two Springfield Armory superintendents were critical. Lt. Col. Roswell Lee served from 1815 to 1833. He reorganized the facility with the goal of making this the nation’s “grand national armory.” He created new and more effective work routines. One goal, only attained in 1842, was to build rifles with fully interchangeable parts so they could be repaired on the battlefield. At that time, no major industry fabricated with interchangeable parts. This new way of doing business would eventually revolutionize the industrial economy.
For Lee, the Springfield Armory was a symbol of emerging American military power. The landscaping and buildings needed to reflect this status. The central design feature became “the Green.” This large patch of lawn is designed to look like a college campus and is not unlike the center of some New England towns. It also resembles the formal military parade grounds of great European military powers, like the Place des Invalides in Paris, France. Surrounding the Green would be a series of handsome buildings that consciously reflected military power.
From 1841 to 1854, Major James W. Ripley was superintendent. Previous superintendents served under civilian appointment, although many like Lee were Army officers. Ripley was an active duty officer and the embodiment of military precision and discipline. He actively asserted his power and made this a military facility in spirit and fact. Many workers and Springfield residents resented this new tone and worked to undermine Ripley, but in the end Ripley and his successors created the basic model for the Springfield Armory that would last for another century.
Ripley is responsible for many of the primary building and landscape features of the Armory. Starting in 1845 there was a major construction campaign that included the Main Armory (today the National Park Service visitor center), the Armory fence, and the impressive Commanding Officer’s Quarters. He also bought land to expand Armory property, conducted a massive grading and fill program, installed gas lamps modeled on cannon tubes, and installed flagging for sidewalks. Ripley also planted many more trees and did so in the more naturalistic style that was popular in the mid mid-19th century.
The Springfield Armory became something of a tourist attraction. Charles Dickens visited the Armory in 1842 on his tour of America. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow came with his bride on his honeymoon in 1843 and then wrote his celebrated poem, “The Arsenal at Springfield.” The grounds were open and many people took the opportunity to visit. During the Civil War a visitor of the Confederate variety entered the Main Arsenal, walked to the top of the stairs and planted an explosive device. The bomb was discovered and disabled, but it is interesting that even in wartime the grounds were open. Security was only tightened in the 20th century. Postcards from the 19th century often show visitors walking the grounds.
So take the opportunity to stroll this remarkable historic landscape. The site is open 7 days a week, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. You can drive to the site and park, but the recently reopened Byers Street Gate is a beautiful option for pedestrians. Simply walk up State Street from downtown Springfield, and enter at Byers Street. You will notice that the underbrush and lawns have been cleaned up along Byers Street.
Fall is wonderful time to visit as the trees change colors.
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| 0.973901 | 918 | 2.90625 | 3 |
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIRNIN TUDU SETTLEMENT History Project Topics
Brinin Tudu village is a rural settlement presently under Gummi local government area in Zamfara state. It is about Twenty One (21) kilometers away from Gummi town. Gummi town is located along latitude (Lat, 12o06N). the village is surrounded by a number of settlement that included Daki-Takwas, kwamma, Nasarawa Kifi, Falale, Birnin Magaji, Iyaka, kaiwa and Zauma all in the Gummi local government, with the exception Zauma which is in Bukkyyum local government of Zamfara state. It is bordered in the east by Zauma, in the South by Daki-Takwas, in the North by Birnin Magaji, while it share border in the West with Iyaka. Birin Tudu is headed by a village head with the title of “Sarkin Zauma”.1
A visual observation of the settlement will reveal series of houses built with different type of materials. The predominant building type I the mud building along traditional line. Other forms of building include those of cement blocks, rooted with corrugated iron; also some houses are made up with either clay or sticks.
Birnin Tudu settelemt was said to have been founded by a group of Zamfara hunters (who came in 1524) from “TUNFAF” village in present day Talata Mafara local government area in Zamfara state. Some of the paramount leaders of the group include Dankofo, Dansumba and Bamurna. The Name of the settlement was derived from the location of the area, because it’s situated in the higher land, which in Hausa language is regard to As “Tudu.”2
Birnin Tudu settlement envelops both Agriculturalist and pastoralist, other economic activities that are practiced in the area also included Black Smiting,, Bricklaying, Barbing and leather work. The predominant economic activity of the women members of the society included weaving (Saka) and spinning (Zare).3
1.2 Statement Of Problem
In spite of the longs existing History of Birnin-Tudu, dating back to 16th C. a historical accounts of the area is yet to be written. This could be attributed to the absence of written document, which some writers consider as the only reliable materials for sourcing History.
However, there are several Historical researches on the villages/settlements surrounding the areas of study, such as Daki-takwas, Zauma, Gummi, Nasarawar kifi, Zugu among others. It is in an effort to fill in this Lacuna in the socio-economic and political History of the area that this research set out to document the History of Birinin Tudu.
1.3 Aim And Objectives
The Major aim of this research is to study the Historical origin and development of Birnin Tudu specifically it intend to
1. Trace the Historical origin of the village.
2. Examine the socio-economic and political development of the village. In essence therefore, this study will provide the researcher and general public alike a modest Historical public alike a modest Historical of Birnin tudu village..
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Logic Model and Theory of Change
Together the logic model and theory of change help you think critically about and describe how Conscious Discipline will lead to the desired results.
Logic models describe program components; what is required to fully implement an intervention and the outcomes associated with full implementation. Conscious Discipline’s logic model can be used by programs to confirm whether this curriculum is the right fit for their needs. The logic model can also be used by evaluators to ensure they are measuring the correct outcomes – i.e., what Conscious Discipline was designed to impact.
The Theory of Change (TOC) graphically describes the necessary preconditions to meet long-term goals of program implementation. It explains the process by showing the pathway to outcomes through key intervention activities. Conscious Discipline’s Theory of Change begins with adult and school level willingness to learn and change. Ultimately, following training and implementation, the program will see both adult, child, and program impacts.
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| 0.927203 | 196 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Younger brother of Thorin Oakenshield; son of Thrain II. Frerin was born in 2751 of the Third Age as the son of Thrain II. He had an older brother named Thorin II Oakenshield and a younger sister named Dis. The family lived in the Lonely Mountain until it was attacked by the dragon Smaug in 2770. The family wandered for what could of been one hundred years. In the Battle of Azanulbizar in 2799, Frerin fought with his father in the first assault. Azog's forces drove Frerin and many of his fellow Dwarven warriors, including his father Thrain II, into the forest near Mirrormere. Frerin died there.
The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A: "Durin's Folk," pages 353-355
All Pages Copyright © 2010, The Middle-Earth Encyclopedia
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Difference Between Debit Card and Credit Card
With the introduction of the Internet many businesses opened their online stores and shops. In this way the e-commerce was born. The company who wished to sell their products or services only needed a website with some basic functions. At first they charged the price of the merchandise on delivery, in person but later they started using credit cards.
The use of credit cards made online purchases very easy. The buyer only needs to input the number of his or her credit card and the desired amount will be charged from buyers available credit amount.
When we open an account in any one the banks, the bank will offer us the possibility to connect a credit or a debit card to the account. With the help of the cards we will be able to pay for our expenses without withdrawing cash. The main difference between debit and credit cards is that with debit cards we can spend only the exact amount of money we have on our account. On the contrary with the debit cards, in the case of credit cards the bank offers us a certain amount of loan and basically we can spend more money than we have on our account. After using this feature of the credit card we are required to pay back the loan in monthly rates with interests.
There are advantages and drawbacks with both types of cards.
The main advantage of the debit card is that we learn to spend exactly what we earn and we will not get into unnecessary debt. The other advantage of the debit card is security. If we are frequently using the Internet for various shopping there is a chance that we visit an unsecured website and we get our card details stolen. If we suspect this kind of situation we have to immediately cancel our card in the bank which issued it. The good thing with the debit card is that the thief can only steal the exact amount of money we had on our account and nothing more. The negative thing with the debit card is that we always have to know our balance and plan our shopping in front.
The main advantage of the credit card is that we can spend more money than we have on our account. The bank grants us a certain amount of credit that we can repay in monthly rates with interests. This is a positive thing because we can spend more money than we actually earned in some emergency situations. This is also the biggest drawback of the credit card. The possibility to spend more money than we own can lead to unnecessary shopping and major debts toward the bank. The urge to shop and spend money on non essential items is also one form of addiction.
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From the Latin sÅ«dÅ rifer (“bearing sweat" ). The term originally came from the Latin sÅ«dor (“sweat" ) from the Latin verb sÅ«dÅ (“I sweat" ) + -i- + -fer (“-fer, that
Accessed March 14, 2021. CSE All Acronyms. PART [Internet]; Mar 14, 2021 [cited 2021 Mar 14]. Available from: https://www.allacronyms.com/PART/medical.
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Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your Most medical terms consist of three basic components: the root word (the base of the term), prefixes (in front of the root word), and suffixes (at the end of the root word). When combined, you can define a specific medical term. For example, the word “neuroblastoma” can be broken down this way: “Neuro” - … Start studying Medical Terminology Final Review Part Two. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Do your part, if you like, by obtaining a copy of the following study, and reading it aloud to a public Tumbler test: a culinary medical term.
Basic Word Parts •Many common medical terms can be broken down into the following components: –Root: A root is the base of the word, on which everything else is built. To the root word, we can add an affix, or a component that modifies its meaning or creates a new word. The common medical terminology affixes include prefixes, Aneurysm: A bulge in the wall of an artery that weakens the artery and can lead to rupture.
Kopiera term. del. partial. Kopiera term. portion or part. Belfrage MedicalArkivgatan 4223 59 [email protected]. LänkarOm ossKontaktEfterlys en
he learned many medical terms1. one of the (usually plural) a statement of what is required as part of an agreement1. the terms of the Plats: Nottingham, Storbritannien | Ansök senast nov 03. Rights Lab Principal Research Fellow in Antislavery Policy (part time, fixed term). Copy term. forebrain, part of prosencephalon. Belfrage MedicalArkivgatan 4223 59 [email protected].
To assist you in preparing your staff and teams, Laerdal Medical and partners have
Name: darapladib Trade Name: darapladib Study Indication: Atherosclerosis Study part: Medical conditions (Liver); Nyckelord: D003327, D016430, D002309,
In a broader sense, the term 1960s and have been an essential part in hospital information Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms. definition part of the health care service and comprising medical care performed in specialised fields within medicine and dentistry.
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mastoid part of temporal bone the posterior portion of the petrous (or petromastoid) part. Called also mastoid bone. petromastoid part of temporal bone see petrous part of temporal bone.
terminology. Many of the words used in medicine are made up of parts which are also used in other words. Once you know the meanings of the basic parts of the words, you can put them together to understand the meanings of many medical terms.
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Medical Term - A medical term is a word or phrase made up of elements to express a specific idea. Element: A word part used to form a medical term. All elements in a medical term are essential to its meaning. Each element is a medical term has its own meaning. The book describes these as Word Roots.
You're signed out. Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your Most medical terms consist of three basic components: the root word (the base of the term), prefixes (in front of the root word), and suffixes (at the end of the root word).
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The MDS is part of the U.S. federally mandated process for clinically assessing all residents in Medicare- and Medicaid-certified nursing homes. This process
Usually done surgically, but sometimes done by traction or immobilization. If it feels like doctors speak a different language, you're not far from the truth. Although medical terms are confusing, you can find definitions in many ways so you know what your doctor is talking about. Use the internet for information, Accuracy and authority are important when it comes to any health-related information you find online, so if you're searching for a glossary of medical terms, it's best to be discerning with where you get your information. Use this advice to In medical terms, the abbreviation "cc" most often refers to a cubic centimeter. However, intent is crucial as there is disambiguation, and cc can mean other things in medical language. It also has other meanings not related to medical jarg Hey, don't let your doctor talk over your head!
In medical terminology, suffixes usually signify a medical condition, surgical procedure, diagnostic term, test information, disease, or part of speech. the prefix
Learn these to become more medical-savvy and also improve your fluency overall. For example, if someone says, “My daughter’s arm was fractured during the game, so we took her to the hospital where they put a cast on it,” you’ll know exactly what they mean. These basic parts of medical terms are called stems, prefixes, and suffixes. During this course, you will learn to identify and define a stem, a prefix, and a suffix. You will also learn how they are used in combination to describe a medical term. Subcourse Components: Which word part from the following medical term progesterone means hormone pro from EN 520.432 at Johns Hopkins University a division of a larger structure. mastoid part of temporal bone the posterior portion of the petrous (or petromastoid) part.
This work explores the medical terminology which consists largely of Latin and Greek morphemes. It analyses the field of the medical term formation methods and the procedures aiming at creating new words.
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The creators of the American Girl doll have added a new Jewish doll to their line of 14 other historically-themed models. She is Rebecca Rubin, who represents the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants to the United States in the early 20th century.
Rebecca joins the other ethnically-themed dolls in the series, each of which is marketed as 'a girl just like you.' The toy line also includes a Native American doll, a daughter of Irish immigrants and an African-American girl. The Jewish immigrant doll retails for $95. In the booklet sold with the doll, she is described as a poor resident of the Lower East Side of Manhattan in 1914. Rebecca officially goes on sale on May 31.
The launch of the Hispanic doll in the series engendered complaints from the Hispanic community in the US, because the accompanying material suggested that the doll represented a girl who lived in a dangerous neighborhood. There has been no advance criticism from the Jewish community about how Rebecca is presented. The series was said to be designed to provide inspiration to young girls, and Rebecca is not only a good cook and a good friend; she can also, when necessary, deliver a stirring speech about workers' rights.
There has been interest in the American Jewish community in the doll and its potential to encourage children to research their own families' histories. Some of the dilemmas confronting a Jewish girl on the Lower East Side of New York in 1914 are not totally foreign to Jews in the U.S. today. Material included with the doll includes an explanation from Rebecca's grandfather as to why he has to open his store on the Sabbath.
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- Geoffrey Clarke 1924–2014
- Aquatint on paper
- Image: 410 x 295 mm
- Presented anonymously 1974
Not on display
Geoffrey Clarke b.1924
P01011 Crucifixion 1954
Inscribed ‘2/25 1954’ b.l.; ‘C’ in the plate and ‘Clarke’ b.r.
Sugar aquatint, 16¿ x 11 ½ (40.4 x 29.2) on paper 23 x 18 3/16 (58.4 x 46.2).
Presented anonymously 1974.
For ‘Crucifixion’ the artist used an aquatint ground on a steel plate. PR324 is one of possibly three prints extant, the plate having been cut up and destroyed in error.
The artist wrote that this was ‘the nearest I ever came (since student days) to representational distortion of the human figure.’ While discussing symbolism in his thesis (loc. cit.) Clarke wrote: ‘The more vividly the symbol can be recognized, the more people can gain from seeing it, for example the Cross; but the more realistic the symbol, the more away from the truth and concerned with the physical it becomes, for example the Crucifix.’ He confirmed this stance in his letter (August 18): ‘The Cross is more important than the Crucifix. The Crucifix has never been important to me.’ This print, therefore, was probably his only depiction of the Crucifixion as such (besides its automatic inclusion in the Stations of the Cross sculptures), and the background to it was described in the same letter. ‘The inspiration and model was a black and white reproduction of Matthias Grünewald’s “Crucifixion” (Colmar) which Clarke used to pass daily on [his] way up to the Coventry stained glass studio at the Royal College of Art.’ He felt that if the Crucifixion was to be depicted ‘that was the way to do it.’ He continued: ‘The understandable distortion through actual suffering of the man on the cross is mild and this becomes twisted, distorted and exaggerated to get over the message, the impact, the non-representational;—the perfect machine-made cube is also mild and without emphasis, but take away the machines and make the cube and that cube takes on life—and its life is exaggerated by controlled distortion.’
Published in The Tate Gallery Report 1972–1974, London 1975.
- religion and belief(7,306)
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It would seem that those big ears are not just for show as elephants can do so much more with them than just listen. It has been discovered that an elephant can figure out an individual’s gender, ethnicity and even differentiate between languages.
Humans use sounds to understand the world around them. There is a lot that someone can learn about a complete stranger from just their voice. The most basic features that can be determined are age and gender and based on different accents and ethnic dialects. It has also been observed that by listening to recorded voices humans can precisely determine the physical strengths of the individuals those voices belong to.
There are many animals who use the same ability to survive in the wild. They use these very sounds to identify when a predator is near or even to communicate and interact with each other. Many observations reveal that a number of animals use variations in sounds to transmit different messages.
Elephants however have taken it to a whole new level. It is even indicated that they might have a better understanding of the human language than humans themselves. To test the theory, a number of recordings were played to elephants at the Amboseli National Park in Kenya. These included voices from two different tribes and from both genders. One of the tribe was the Masai tribe while the other was the Kamba tribe.
Masai men are usually cattle herders who always come in conflict with the elephants over drinking grounds. These conflicts usually end with a death of one or the other. Kamba men on the other hand are most often employees at the national park or farmers, and do not pose so much of a threat. Even though men from these different groups speak two different languages, each were asked to repeat the same thing to keep consistency.
Elephants, upon hearing the voices of Masai men, began gathering together as if to form a protective group. They also started to move away from the voices and cautiously moved to a distance. They however did not show much concern when the recordings of Kamba men or Masai women and children were played.
Graeme Shannon at the University of Sussex said that the elephant’s ability to recognize the same sentence spoken in two different languages is proof that they can easily discern the difference in human languages. It might not mean that they understand what was being said, but seem to have a clear idea on who said it.
Conservation Biologist Keith Lindsay said that it is rather intriguing as to what these elephants are capable of. Instead of fleeing in terror like most animals do at the sight of humans, elephants simply moved away cautiously but did not run.
Elephants are known for their intelligence and keen intellect. Sadly, the biggest land mammals are shrinking in population. Growing incidents of hunting and poaching have almost brought these magnificent creatures to the brink of extinction. Hunted for their ivory tusk, their numbers in the wild diminish day by day.
The author of several books on animal behavior, Frans van der Waal, said that understanding how they behave in the world around them or how they adapt to the growing threats will further light the path to effectively save elephants in the wild.
By Hammad Ali
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K-Sea Transportation has now operated the Adriatic Sea
for six months with the new engines and has realized significant savings in fuel and lube oil consumption.
The CCVTs have been in use in offshore applications since 1976, providing continuous unattended power on unmanned platforms in the Adriatic Sea
and Atlantic Ocean for international companies such as AGIP, TOTAL and ELF.
With a population of about 3 million, Albania is a mountainous, forested country bordering the Adriatic Sea
USS WASP (LHD 1), also an Atlantic Fleet ship, is deployed in the Adriatic Sea
, and is scheduled to return to Norfolk in February.
This project will provide Europe with energy security by carrying natural gas from the Caspian region to across Europe, with routes from Greece and Turkey through to Albanian and the Adriatic Sea
before eventually reaching Southern Italy.
The Albanian ambassador in Rome, Pandeli Pasko, presented a list Sunday with 117 names of Albanians he said had been aboard the boat when it went down, including 34 survivors who were taken from the waters of the Adriatic Sea
Title: Strengthening common reaction capacity to fight sea pollution of oil, toxic and hazardous substances in Adriatic Sea
Thousands of Albanians have fled the troubles, crossing the Adriatic Sea
on rickety boats to Italy.
The TAP project provides gas from the Caspian region through Greece, Albania and the Adriatic Sea
to Western Europe.
The helicopters, flying from ships in the Adriatic Sea
, began airlifting Americans and others last Friday, using a soccer field not far from the American Embassy.
The MOSE project will protect the Venetian Lagoon from being submerged by the Adriatic Sea
and protect the famous city of Venice and the neighbouring areas from flooding.
Officials said two Marine amphibious ships also are expected to leave the Adriatic Sea
and head into Mediterranean waters in case they are called upon to sail further south.
National Action Plan (NAP) includes 12 priority investment projects for Mediterranean area of BiH, which will be implemented to reduce pollution of Adriatic Sea
and includes basin of Neretva and Trebisnjica rivers and coastal area of Neum, PR Office of BiH CoM stated.
All summer long in the port town of Molfetta, patrons clad in bikinis and surf shorts party at Bloom Beach Bar, positioned on an enviable plot of land overlooking the Adriatic Sea
The European Union will finance the construction of the Corridor 8 railway line, which should connect the Black Sea with the Adriatic Sea
and pass through the territory of the Republic of Macedonia.
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A nest in the wheat fields
CABS project for the protection of the threatened montagu's and marsh harriers in the Rhineland
In spring, when the marsh and marsh harriers returning home from Africa have run the gauntlet of gunfire from many Maltese hunters' and successfully return to their Central European breeding grounds, they are presented with a - from their point of view - a fantastic picture: endless treeless grasslands that travel as far as the horizon, knee-high and somewhat open, with plenty of mice. Perfect conditions for a ground breeding birds of prey. But what the harriers regard as inviting natural meadows, are the cereal fields of our agricultural landscape and when the chicks hatch, the combine harvesters are already warming up.
Winter barley, of all things, is a particular favourite of the birds of prey that are also now highly endangered in Germany. The cereal, which germinates early in autumn, has just the right height of about 30 cm in spring and attracts the birds as if by magic. By mid to-late May the females lay up to 6 eggs in a simple straw nest. After an incubation period of approximately 30 days and brooding for 28 to 33 days, the birds are ready the fully fledge by mid July. The Barley matures quite fast on average. If the birds lay their eggs early, the Harvest generally takes place after the young harriers have fledged. However, if the spring is warm and sunny, the harvest may be brought forward to June and there is a danger that the nests will be destroyed and the young killed under the force of the combine harvesters. The problem is the fact that new cereals sown to ripen earlier and earlier - which is exacerbated by rising temperatures due to climate change.
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Physical changes are a normal part of the developmental process. The changes that adults encounter are different from those encountered by babies, toddlers, adolescents and teenagers. It is important to recognise the predictable physical changes that occur so that you can differentiate between those changes and changes that are a sign of abnormal development and more serious health problems.
Daniel Levinson defines the period between ages 17 to 45 as early adulthood. In the beginning of this stage, a person gains the last few centimetres and grams to his frame. Men especially gain more muscle mass. In women, the hips and breasts finish filling out. In both sexes, sexual desire and response, strength, coordination and sensory acuity are at their best. Toward the end of this stage, these features begin to deteriorate. For women, childbearing often brings on additional weight gain. Both sexes begin to experience subtle signs of ageing, such as fine lines and wrinkles.
Middle adulthood occurs between 45 and 65 years of age. The physical deterioration of the senses continues to decline, although good health during this stage is normal. Common difficulties include long sightedness and some hearing loss in the upper registers. Lung and heart capacity become smaller. Flexibility also is lost, and the skin starts to lose its elasticity, with more wrinkles and even a few dark age spots developing.
Late adulthood occurs past the age of 65. One of the most noticeable external changes during this period include the greying of hair (due to the loss of melanin pigment), or hair loss. The skin becomes thinner and more wrinkled. Warts and liver (age) spots are very noticeable. As bone density and muscle mass decrease, many elderly individuals become thinner and may lose up to two inches in height as the bones settle and compress. Hearing and eyesight become poor. Sexual interest is low due to hormonal shifts and other physical ailments, and dexterity and flexibility are at their worst. In general, this is the period in which physical "development" truly is better described as "deterioration," although many elderly adults enjoy a high quality of life nonetheless.
As technology has advanced, so too has life expectancy. This has led to concern about how to best care for adults as they age, particularly during the late stages of adulthood. Additionally, some individuals question the point at which it is better to permit natural loss of life instead of subjecting an individual to treatments that cause physical, mental and emotional distress.
For men, ageing is more of a right of passage, whereas for women, the ageing process may result in feelings of being less beautiful, worthwhile and deserving. For this reason, most anti-ageing products are aimed at women. Both sexes may reduce the effects of ageing naturally through diet and exercise, but no product, food or regimen will stop ageing completely.
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Vitamin D Nearly Eliminated COVID Hospitalizations, In New Study
As scientists and doctors search for an effective COVID-19 treatment, we've been exploring the burgeoning science around staying healthy during this nightmare pandemic. Beyond tending to your overall metabolic health, we've been particularly interested in the connection between vitamin D and immunity—and researchers have recently found this is just the beginning.
We reported on a study in May that found those with vitamin D deficiencies have a higher risk of mortality from COVID-19, and now the first randomized clinical control trial of its kind found vitamin D supplementation can be effective in lowering the rate of COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions.
What did the researchers look at?
The study, published in the Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, was conducted on 76 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Spain. The patients were split into two groups, and both received the same medical treatment based on hospital protocol. However, one group also received a daily Calcifediol supplement. The patients stopped taking the supplements when they were discharged from the hospital.
Calcifediol, also called 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is a metabolite of vitamin D that appears in the blood and may help determine future health risks, according to new research from the European Society of Endocrinology.
How did vitamin D affect COVID-19 patients?
The supplement group was made up of 50 people, and only one (2% of participants) was admitted to the ICU. Additionally, all of the patients in the vitamin D group were discharged without complication or death from the virus.
Of the 26 patients in the control group, 13 (50%) were admitted to the ICU. Of those 13, two patients died and the other 11 were eventually discharged.
Does this make vitamin D an effective treatment?
It's important to note there is still no surefire treatment for the coronavirus. However, the study does show a strong potential correlation between vitamin D supplementation and a decrease in the severity of COVID-19 effects.
"Our pilot study demonstrated that administration of a high dose of Calcifediol or 25-hydroxyvitamin D, a main metabolite of vitamin D endocrine system, significantly reduced the need for ICU treatment of patients requiring hospitalization due to proven COVID-19," the study authors write.
Plus, those who are deficient in vitamin D are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, age-related brain diseases, osteoporosis, and autoimmune disorders. Regardless of its impact on COVID, vitamin D is critical for overall health.
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Carefully planned restoration of the coffee agricultural landscape can increase farmers’ profits and forest cover over 40 years, according to a study published May 23 in the journal Open Access. Biology PLUS By Dr. Sofia Lopez-Cubelos at the University of Queensland in Australia and colleagues.
Restoring patches of natural vegetation on farmland offers a trade-off for farmers: while lost farmland can reduce profitability, increases in ecosystem services such as pollination can improve crop yields. To investigate how conservation priorities can be balanced with economic needs, researchers developed a new planning framework for modeling the effects of forest restoration on agricultural profits, taking into account the beneficial impact of pollinators. They considered the best spatial arrangement of forest restoration to achieve one of two goals—restoring forests while also expanding agriculture, or just restoring forests—and applied that to a case study of coffee farming in Costa Rica.
They divided the study area into a grid of more than 60,000 squares and estimated current coffee productivity, bee abundance, and profitability for each square. Calculating coffee profits five years later and 40 years into the future under a variety of restoration scenarios, they found that strategically allocating land to agriculture and forestry can increase economic returns, compared to the baseline at which the current landscape was preserved. Over a 5-year period, prioritizing restoration was more profitable than strategies that simultaneously expanded farmland. After 40 years, strategically balancing conservation with agricultural profits could increase forest cover by 20% while doubling profits for landowners, even when farmland is replaced by forest.
The study is the first to look at how long-term changes in pollinator abundance affect the costs and benefits of forest restoration across agricultural landscapes. The results show that, with careful planning, pursuing conservation goals can improve economic outcomes for farmers, rather than being a burden, the authors say.
López-Cubillos adds, “The abundance of bees and the pollination services they provide can increase through restoration. This study explored trade-offs between coffee profitability and forest restoration, finding that within five years profits increased by nearly 90% after restoration and forest area restored by 20%.” .
Lopez-Cubelos S, McDonald-Maden E, Mayfield MM, Running RK. Optimum restoration of pollination services increases forest cover while doubling agricultural profits, PLoS Biology (2023). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002107
the quote: Strategic Habitat Restoration Can Make a Win-Win for Foresters and Farmers (2023, May 23) Retrieved May 23, 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2023-05-strategic-habitat-generate-win-win-forests. programming language
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without written permission. The content is provided for informational purposes only.
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A historical economic reform in India took place when the Rajya Sabha on 11th of May, 2016 passed the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016.
It’s a key reform that will make it much easier to do business in India and help the recovery of bad loans for banks. The Code seeks to overhaul the laws regulating insolvency amid a surge in bad loans.
What is Insolvency
Insolvency is a situation where individuals or companies are unable to repay their outstanding debt. It may be resolved by changing the repayment plan of the loans, or writing off part of the debt. If insolvency cannot be resolved, assets of the debtor may be sold to raise money, and repay the outstanding debt.
What is Bankruptcy
Bankruptcy is a concept slightly different from insolvency, which is rather amicable. A bankruptcy is when a person voluntary declares himself as an insolvent and goes to the court. On declaring him as ‘bankrupt’, the court is responsible to liquidate the personal property of the insolvent and hand it out to its creditors. It provides a fresh lease of life to the insolvent.
The New Code:
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 aims to consolidate and amend the laws relating to insolvency resolution of companies and limited liability entities, partnerships and individuals, which are contained in various enactments, into a single legislation. The main focus of this legislation is at providing resurrection and resolution in a time bound manner for maximization of value of debtor’s assets.
- Any company incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 or under any previous company law.
- Any other company governed by any special Act for the time being in force.
- Limited Liability Partnership incorporated under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008.
- Any other body incorporated under any law for the time being in force, as the Central Government may, by notification, specify in this behalf.
- Partnership firms and individuals.
Objective of the Code:
The objective of the new law is to promote entrepreneurship, availability of credit, and balance the interests of all stakeholders by consolidating and amending the laws relating to reorganization and insolvency resolution of corporate persons, partnership firms and individuals in a time bound manner and for maximization of value of assets of such persons and matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The main purpose of the law is to provide the following reliefs:
- Speedy Debt Recovery process
- Overhaul existing systems
- Do away with existing tedious processes and multiple adjudicating authorities
- Restructure Distresses Credit Markets
The Bankruptcy Code proposes two authorities to deal with insolvency:
- The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will adjudicate cases for companies and limited liability partnerships.
- The Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) will do the same for individual and partnership firms.
Insolvency Resolution Process
The Code makes a significant departure from the existing resolution regimen by shifting the responsibility on the creditor to initiate the insolvency resolution process against the corporate debtor. Under the existing legal framework, the primary onus to initiate a resolution process lies with the debtor, and creditor may pursue separate actions for recovery, security enforcement and debt restructuring.
Initiation of a Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process under Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016,
Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process can be commenced when an corporate debtor commits a default. –Section 4 (1) of Insolvency Code, 2016.
If the default is above Rs.1 Lakh (may be increased up to Rs.1 Cr by the Government, by notification), the creditor may initiate insolvency resolution process. The Code proposes two independent stages:
Insolvency Resolution Process – during which financial creditors assess whether the debtor’s business is viable to continue and the options for its rescue and resurrection; and
Liquidation– if the insolvency resolution process fails or financial creditors decide to wind down and distribute the assets of the debtor.
Insolvency Resolution & Bankruptcy for Individuals & Partnership Firms
For insolvency resolution of individuals and partnerships, there is no specific mandatory period within which the resolution decision has to be taken. Reason attributable is that individual businesses are varied and vastly different, with no standardized information about their activities. Moreover, a corporate person can be liquidated but an individual cannot. He has to be declared bankrupt.
If the default is above Rs.1000 (may be increased up to Rs.1 lakh by the Government, by notification), the Code applies to such individuals and partnerships.
Fast Track Insolvency Resolution Process
The Code has provided for a fast track insolvency resolution process in respect of corporate debtors, qualification to be notified by the Government. The process shall be completed in 90 days (extendable by maximum 45 days). Provisions of insolvency process apply to fast track insolvency. This will be an enabler for start-ups and small and medium enterprises to complete the resolution process quickly and move on.
- The Code creates time-bound processes for insolvency resolution of companies and individuals. These processes will be completed within 180 days. If insolvency cannot be resolved, the assets of the borrowers may be sold to repay creditors.
- The resolution processes will be conducted by licensed insolvency professionals (IPs). These IPs will be members of insolvency professional agencies (IPAs).
Who can initiate Insolvency Resolution Process under Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016:
Where any corporate Debtor commits a default, a financial creditor, an operational creditor or the corporate debtor itself may initiate corporate insolvency resolution process in respect of such corporate debtor in the manner as provided under the Code.
A Financial Creditor can initiate action himself or jointly with other financial creditors against a corporate debtor when a default occurs. The Application should give details of record of default and name of resolution professional proposed to be appointed as interim resolution professional to Adjudication authority (NCLT).
The Code establishes the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India, to oversee the insolvency proceedings in the country and regulate the entities registered under it. The Board will have 10 members, including representatives from the Ministries of Finance and Law, and the Reserve Bank of India.
The insolvency process will be managed by licensed professionals. These professionals will also control the assets of the debtor during the insolvency process.
Read Also:- Big Challenge Awaits Under GST Regime
Our Corporate Professional Team is ever willing to provide assistance on any issue concerning GST, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Law, Business Model Advisory in India and Abroad, Customs Law, Corporate & Commercial Advisory, IPRs. Secretarial Compliance, Agreement Drafting & Negotiations etc. you may write us on [email protected],
Corporate Professional Team
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Predictive validity is calculated using simple correlation coefficients. A correlation of 0.1 is considered weak evidence, a correlation of 0.3 denotes moderate evidence, and a correlation of 0.5 would make most social scientists jump for joy. Remember, in order to understand the amount of shared variance between two constructs, you simply "square" the correlation coefficient to yield the coefficient of determination. Even with the highest level of predictive evidence with a predictive validity coefficient of 0.5, you are only accounting for 25% of the association between the two constructs!
Within medicine, I believe that predictive validity plays an important role in imaging and early diagnosis. One of the benefits of working in medicine is that the measures are more objective, concrete, observable, validated, and measurable versus the social sciences. Correlations of 0.9 are common between various etiological, prognostic, confounding, clinical, and demographic phenomena within medicine. If an imaging or diagnostic method can detect the earlier stages of a progressing disease state, then future outcomes can be mitigated with earlier and preventative treatment.
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Red, White & Green
California wineries are joining the increasing number of industries that are instituting sustainable and carbon-friendly methods of operation. To date, although only one winery, located in Napa Valley, has received LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification from the U.S. Green Building Council , numerous wineries and vineyards are implementing growing, harvesting, fermentation, storage, bottling and shipping practices that reduce pesticide and water use, conserve energy and maximize recycling. These practices include increased use of renewable energy such as solar and biofuels, reduced tillage, increased use of drip irrigation, conversion of harvesting and juice processing activities to nighttime operations, changing lighting from incandescent to fluorescent systems, use of cover for barrel aging rather than warehouses and foam insulation on fermentation and storage tanks. While providing a potential marketing advantage and favorable public perception, these measures also have a direct impact on the facility’s bottom line by decreasing the usage, and associated costs, of water and energy.
Some of the techniques employed by the Napa Valley winery to obtain LEED certification included installation of radiant floors to allow for more precise temperature control, use of solar panels to generate more than a third of the facility’s energy needs, use of recycled building materials, and water conservation through use of drought-tolerant plants and low-flow water outlets. A recently completed custom crush facility in Buellton employed many of these same [techniques] as well as selecting its location to minimize vehicle miles traveled by its customers.
As is often the case, however, regulatory requirements can result in unintended and counterproductive consequences. For example, the Buellton facility was required by the local air pollution control district to install scrubbers to reduce the emissions of ethanol, a byproduct of fermentation and storage. Powering these scrubbers caused an increase in the facility’s emissions of CO2, a greenhouse gas. Another Central Coast custom crush facility is experimenting with a pilot project to re-distill the ethanol to obviate scrubbers. Obviously the interplay between operating aims and regulatory requirements is a crucial consideration when planning and undertaking any project.
Although vineyards and wineries may not be covered under an initial cap and trade program, their ability to achieve quantifiable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions may result in the creation of credits that can be sold to program participants. Greenberg Glusker is uniquely positioned to assist wineries, or other facilities, to maximize their carbon reduction within the existing regulatory context. With one of the few LEED AP certified lawyers in California and extensive experience working with local and state environmental regulatory agencies, Greenberg Glusker can advise at the planning, construction and operation phases of a project.
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Girls and boys ages 5 to 10 can learn to draw many different forest animals by using circles, ovals, rectangles, squares, and other shapes! There are 30 pictures to create: skunk, fox, raccoon, moose, forest wolf spider, a star-nosed mole, a sharp-shinned hawk, a silver-haired bat, and more. Simple directions and step-by-step illustrations make it easy and practice pages are included. Plus, the illustrations can be colored when finished.
|Availability||Usually ships in 24 to 48 hours|
|Author/Editor||Barbara Soloff Levy|
|Grade level||Kindergarten - 5 (ages 5 - 10)|
|Dimensions||8 1/4 x 11|
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2. John Meek was born in Nov 1745 in County Antrim, Ireland. He died on 26 Dec 1803 in Ninety-Six, Laurens Co., SC.
Burke's "American Families With British Ancestry" lists William John Meek as the earliest American ancestor, and states that he emigrated to SC in 1774. "Meek Genealogy," by Carleton Meek, lists this person simply as John Meek (D-3). The first genealogy about this family known to this author was A Meek Genealogy, 1902, by H. B. Meek. Mr. Meek's sources are unknown. Carleton Meek copied the work of H. B. Meek although he added some additional branches. Both authors have been discredited on the main focus of their books, the descendants of Jacob Meek, son of Adam Meek. There is no reason to trust them as a source for John's ancestors.
John Meek served in the Revolutionary War under Gen. Francis Marion. He was listed 1790 Census, Laurens Co., SC, Ninety-Six District, p. 71.
His will, where his surname is spelled Meeks, is dated December 13, 1802, proven 6 Apr 1803, File #49-5, Probate Judge Office, Laurens, SC (Will in Book C1, p. 44, SC Archives, Columbia, SC.) This will, with his wife 'Ellinor' as a joint executor with Charles C. Neall and William Rowe, lists "Meek, Jno. -- children William, Betty, Nancy, Jenny, Samuel, John and James to share equally as they marry." ("South Carolinians in the Revolution," by Ervin, p. 162.)
He married Eleanor Mills in 1776 in Laurens Co., SC. She was born on 3 Jan 1748 in County Antrim, Ireland. She died in 1823 in Laurens District, SC. John Meek and Eleanor Mills had the following children:
- 11. William Meek was born on 24 Feb 1777 in Laurens District, SC. He died in 1804 in Laurens Co., SC. He never married.
- 12. Elizabeth (Betsey) Meek was born on 21 Mar 1779 in Laurens Co., SC. Carleton Meek lists year of birth as 1770. This is considered a typographical error. She died in 1824 in Newberry, Newberry, SC. She married John Atkinson about 1797. He was born in Newberry, SC.
- 13. Agnes (Nancy) Meek was born on 12 Aug 1781 in Laurens District, SC. She died in 1804 in Laurens Co., SC. Called Nancy in her father's will. She married Charles O'Neal M.D. in 1803. He died after 1862 in Laurens Co., SC. He was named an executor of his father-in-law's will, dated 13 Dec 1802, where his surname is spelled O'Neall. This date is prior to his marriage date shown.
- 14. Jane (Jenny) Meek was born on 9 Jan 1784 in Laurens District, SC. Source gives birth year 1873 in another place. She died in Greene Co., AL. Called Jenny in her father's will. She married David Hitt on 14 Mar 1803.
- 15. Samuel Mills Meek M. D. was born on 20 Aug 1786 in Laurens District, SC. He died on 27 May 1846 in Tuscaloosa Co., AL. He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery, Tuscaloosa Co., AL. He was a physician and a Methodist minister. Lived in Charleston and Columbia, SC, Milledgeville, GA, and moved to Tuscaloosa, AL in 1819, where he also owned an apothecary shop.
He married Ann Arabella McDowell on 19 May 1813 in Charleston, Charleston, SC. She was born on 11 Feb 1796 in Charleston, SC. She died on 13 Jun 1853. She is listed 1850 Census, Tuscaloosa Co., AL, p. 305, as Ann A. Meek, head of household, with children Caroline, Samuel, Henry, and B. F. Meek. The will of Mrs. Ann A. Meek was dated 2 Jan 1852 and filed for probate 14 Nov 1853 (Book 1, p. 333); it lists "only daughter Elizabeth Jane; son Alexander." [Compiler's Note: We show other children also living then.]
- 31. Alexander Beaufort Meek was born on 17 Jul 1814 in Columbia, SC. He died on 1 Nov 1865 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. His baptismal middle name was Alexander Black Meek, but he changed it. Middle name also found spelled Beauford. Prominent orator, lawyer, statesman. Held office of Attorney General of Alabama by appointment of Gov. Clay. Member of the House of Representatives for several terms; judge of Probate Court in Tuskaloosa [sic]. In 1845 he was appointed by President Polk as assistant secretary of the U. S. Treasury. About 1847, he was commissioned federal attorney for the southern district of Alabama, a position he held until the end of President Polk's term. He then came to reside in Mobile, and was associate editor of the Mobile Register newspaper. Shortly before his sudden death, he had removed to Columbus, MS. Though twice married, he left no children.
He married Emma D. Clacker-Slater on 3 Sep 1856 in Mobile, AL. She was born on 19 Nov 1816. She died on 30 Aug 1863 in Mobile, AL. Thomas Campbell list month of death as June. Last name listed as Slatter in "History of Mobile County" [AL], p. 422.
He married Eliza Jane Cannon on 24 Sep 1864 in Columbus, MS. She was born on 10 Feb 1819 in Darlington, SC. She died on 15 Dec 1901. According to Thomas Campbell, her maiden and married surname was Cannon.
- 32. Mary Ann Ellen Meek was born on 16 Oct 1816. She died on 26 Sep 1821. Also found listed as Mary Alice Ellen Meek.
- 33. Elizabeth Jane Meek was born on 19 Jan 1819 in Tuscaloosa, AL. She died after Jan 1852 (date of mother's will.) She married Alexander Glascock on 26 Jul 1854 in Tuscaloosa Co., AL. He was born on 19 Jan 1819 in Tuscaloosa, AL. He died on 20 Feb 1857 in Lauderdale, MS.
- 34. John William Meek was born on 6 Nov 1822 in Tuscaloosa,AL. He died on 1 May 1851 in Carrollton, Pickens, AL. Graduated University of Alabama at age 18. Unmarried.
- 35. Caroline Mary Meek was born on 26 Dec 1825 in Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL. She died on 28 Sep 1851 in Tuscaloosa, AL. Listed 1850 Census, Tuscaloosa Co., AL, as b: 1830, AL (p. 305 under household of Ann A. Meek).
- 36. Julia Arabella Meek was born on 7 Sep 1828 in Tuscaloosa, AL. She died on 24 Jul 1851 in Tuscaloosa, AL. School teacher, Selma, AL; unmarried.
- 37. Henry Francis Meek was born on 4 Oct 1833 in Tuscaloosa, AL. He died in 1856 in Lauderdale, MS. Listed 1850 Census, Tuscaloosa Co., AL, p. 305, in household of Ann A. Meek, as b. 1833, AL. (Thomas Campbell gives 1837 as year of birth.)
- 38. Samuel Mills Meek Jr. was born on 11 Nov 1835 in Tuscaloosa, AL. He died on 24 Dec 1901 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. Thomas Campbell lists date of death as 21 Dec 1901. Listed 1850 Census, Tuscaloosa Co., AL, p. 305, in household of Ann A. Meek, as b. 1831 in AL. He was an attorney, admitted to the bar in 1854. Held several state offices, and was a state senator at time of death. (Source cited does not specify state; probably Mississippi.)
He married Mary Louise Cannon (daughter of Eliza Jane Cannon) on 19 Aug 1856. She was born on 1 Jul 1838. She died on 25 Dec 1901 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS.
- 124. William Cannon Meek was born on 21 May 1857. He died on 27 Feb 1923 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. He married Mary Eloise (Elise) Hopkins on 6 Nov 1899 in Fort Gibson, MS. ("Three Centuries of Meeks" lists marriage as 4 Nov 1891, in Claiborne, MS.) She was born on 28 Sep 1846. She died on 15 Mar 1915. She was buried in Clairborne Co., MS - Wintergreen Cemetery. Name listed as Mary Elsie in Carleton L. Meek's "Meek Genealogy", and Mary Elise by Thomas Campbell. She was of Port Gibson, MS.
- 125. Florence Meek was born on 19 Jun 1859. She died on 19 Jun 1859 in Columbus, St. Clair, MI.
- 126. Irene Meek was born on 4 Feb 1861 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. She died on 4 Feb 1861 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS.
- 127. Lillian Annie Meek was born on 12 Mar 1862. She died in Apr 1862.
- 128. Alice Alabama Meek was born on 22 Apr 1863 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. She died on 29 Dec 1901.
- 129. Alexander Beaufort Meek III was born on 17 Nov 1865 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. He died on 18 Nov 1914 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. He was married to Matilda Marguerite Seth on 15 Sep 1891. Matilda Marguerite Seth was born on 13 Jul 1872 in Galveston, TX. She died on 17 Aug 1894 in Paris, Lamar, TX. Of Paris, TX. Alexander Beaufort Meek III and Matilda Marguerite Seth had the following children:
- 130. Susan Elizabeth Meek was born on 25 Mar 1868 in Nashville, Davidson, TN. She died on 15 Aug 1928. She married Robert L. Bolton on 19 Jun 1905. He was born in Oct 1867. He died on 1 Apr 1906. Of Nashville, TN.
- 131. Mary Erwin Meek was born on 14 Jan 1869 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. She died on 14 Jan 1869 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS.
- 132. Samuel McDowell Meek was born on 10 Dec 1870 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. He died in 1941. He married Mrs. Sadie Reid Ray on 7 Nov 1920. She was born in 1870. She died in 1941.
- 133. Carrie Amelia Meek. was born on 12 Jun 1873. She died on 26 Mar 1948. She compiled a large part of the Meek family genealogy, which was the basis of both Carlton L. Meek's and Thomas Campbell's publications. She married Battle E. Sessums on 8 Jan 1902. He was born on 1 Oct 1875. He died on 6 Sep 1944. Of Columbus, MS.
- 134. Julia Adair Meek was born on 24 Jan 1876. She died on 10 Feb 1953 in Columbus, Lowndes, MS. She married James Madison Gerety M.D. on 21 Sep 1904. He was born on 1 Oct 1875. He died on 8 Oct 1904.
- 39. Benjamin Franklin Meek was born on 20 Sep 1836 in Tuscaloosa, AL. Thomas Campbell gives 1839 as year of birth. He died on 16 Jun 1899. Listed 1850 Census, Tuscaloosa Co., AL, p. 305, in household of Ann A. Meek, as B. F., b. 1836, AL. He was professor of Latin and Greek at University of Alabama for many years.
- 40. Florence Amelia Meek was born on 10 Dec 1839 in Tuscaloosa, AL. (Thomas Campbell gives 1841 as year of birth.) She died on 18 Nov 1841 in Tuscaloosa Co., AL.
- 16. John Alexander Meek M. D. was born on 16 Apr 1790 in Laurens Co., SC.
- 17. James W. Meek M.D. was born on 10 Feb 1794 in Laurens Co., SC. He died on 21 Dec 1856 in Attala Co., MS. He was buried in Harmonia Cemetery. He moved from AL in 1833. Listed 1850 Census, Attala Co., MS with children."The Heart of the South" lists two other children: "John, who died in boyhood; Dr. William Meek, who practiced medicine for many years near Pickens and in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, where he died, leaving a large family;"He married Mary (Polly) Wyche on 5 Nov 1815. Married by Rev. Christ, near Sallis, MS or Jones Co., GA. She was born on 24 Nov 1797 in SC. She died on 13 Dec 1888 in Attala Co., MS. She was buried in Harmonia Cemetery. Her parents were Batt Wyche and Mary Jarrett.
- 50. John Meek died young.
- 51. William H. Meek was born about 1821 in Alabama. He appeared in the 1850 census of Winston Co., MS with wife Nancy age 26. It is not proven that this is the son of James.
- 164. Mary Meek was born about 1847 in Alabama.
- 165. James Meek was born about 1850 in Mississippi.
- 52. May A. Meek was born about 1823 in AL. She married William McCormick 25 May 1854 in Attala Co., MS. The "large family" lived near Camden, MS.
- 53. Caroline Ellen Meek was born in 1824 in AL. She married William White.
- 54. Liddy A. Meek was born 2 Aug 1825 in AL. She died 1 Jun 1881 in Attala Co., MS. She married James Harmon.
- 55. Lucinda G. Meek was born 2 Aug 1825 in AL. She died 6 Aug 1902 in Attala Co., MS. She was unmarried.
- 56. Sarah Wyche Meek was born in 1828 in AL. She married William W. McAtee. He was born 09 Jan 1801. He died 25 Feb 1875. William is buried in Seneasha Cemetery, Newport, Attala Co MS. This is the family of Reed McAtee.
- 57. James J. Meek was born in 1829 in AL. He died in 1890 in Warren Co., AR. He married (2) Katherine Elmira Franklin.
- 58. John B. W. Meek was born in 1832 in AL. He died in 1862 in VA while in the Confederate Army.
- 59. Robert T. Meek was born 2 Feb 1834 Tuscaloosa Co., AL. He died 14 Oct 1907 in Attala Co., MS.He married Nancy Adeline Brown.
- 60. George Wyche Meek was born 2 Apr 1836 in AL. He died in 1915. He served throughout the Civil War in the Confederate Army. He married Sarah Ann Simmons 11 Apr 1867. She was born 16 Aug 1846in MS. She died 23 Dec 1907.
- 161. William Edward Meek was born on 21 Jan 1868 in Kosciusko, Attala, MS. Mayor of Goodman, Holmes Co., MS for several years.
- 162. David Adolphus Meek Sr.
- 163. Lonnie Meek. Lonnie was a nickname. He lived in Goodman, MS.
- 61. Susan Patience Meek was born in 1838 in AL. She died 27 Apr 1881 in Attala Co., MS. She married Rev. W. A. Ross in Attala Co., MS.
- 62. Junius S. Meek was born in 1840 in AL. He died in Gettysburg.
- 63. Emma J. Meek was born in 1842 in AL. She died 23 Jan 1859.
Disclaimer: This genealogy was prepared by the author using undocumented and/or unverified sources. Some facts presented here MAY NOT be correct. Never accept as factual any information you find in a library, the Internet or from other genealogist unless it is supported by documentation. Documentation DOES NOT include the undocumented genealogies of other people including those on this web site.
Information provided in part by Dell L. and Carolyn Meek Nelson
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Two Lined Chestnut Borer
The two-lined chestnut borer , Agrilus bilineatus , is an opportunistic insect that attacks weakened oak trees. It is a native beetle known to attack all oak species found in Wisconsin, red oak being its preferred host. When trees and stands are healthy, TLCB confines its attack to low-vigor trees or broken branches. When drought stress, construction and/or defoliation have reduced tree vigor, oaks are predisposed to TLCB attack. Under severe stress conditions, widespread outbreaks of TLCB can occur.
The best management against TLCB is prevention; keeping trees healthy and vigorous will allow them to fight off invading borers on their own. Do this through proper watering if possible. Also avoid compacting the soil, changing the soil grade or water drainage pattern, damaging the bark, allowing significant amounts of defoliation by insects or anything else that may stress the tree.
In mid-July, the first visible symptoms of TLCB infestation occur. Infested oaks may be recognized by the sparse, small and discolored foliage, which is followed by the dieback of branches. Leaves of infested branches turn uniformly red-brown. The leaves on non-infested branches remain green. Infested oaks have a distinctive pattern of dead and live leaves on them. Branches in the upper crown are dead and leafless; branches in the middle crown are dying and have red-brown wilted leaves; branches in the lower crown are alive and have green leaves.
For more information, click here.
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SOC352 Presentation Guidelines 2023
SOC352 Autumn 2022
This assessment task requires you to develop a PowerPoint presentation addressing the question: what is your understanding of ‘power’? The fact that this question begins with asking what you understand about some ‘thing’ in this case ‘power’ means that it requires you to develop a ‘reflection’.
Reflective writing starts with YOU … it is a form of ‘subjective’ writing.
YOU need to begin by thinking about your own experience and knowledge of the question.
Most importantly, remember that YOU bring knowledge to addressing the question, so consider carefully what this knowledge might represent and how you might express it?
In this context, put yourself in a position so you are able to make a link between what you know and what you have learnt and what you don’t know or believe the ‘material’ cannot explain. Do not go beyond the material presented that is, lecture summaries, lecture recording and textbook.
The task for you then is to recognise that what we are learning in SOC352 builds in some way on your prior knowledge. Look for these connections!
Everyone’s prior knowledge based on their own experiences will be different, so think of what you found confusing, inspiring, challenging, fascinating in the material so far and then consider, why this is so?
Most importantly, there is no right or wrong answer to the question. You will be assessed on the quality of your ability to bring into synthesis your experiences and current knowledge with the material as well as your ability to articulate that clearly and reflectively.
What you need to do:
You will need to develop a ‘presentation’ but you will not be required to actually deliver it in class (virtually or in person). Instead, the presentation will consist of slides (no more than 5 and using the Notes section at the bottom of each slide) you will write up a short ‘script’ for each slide (of no more than 100 words of narrative so please don’t use dot points. The script will reflect what you would say if you were speaking to the class.
Also, it is important to note that other than not presenting it in class all other requirements as per the Assessment Criteria (see below) still stand true. I would also add that each slide should be aesthetically engaging and in a way that showcases the key points of reflection in your narrative script.
The only research you need to do for this assessment is to draw from the lecture material and the text. Please do not go beyond these materials as a key objective of the assessment exercise is to show via reflection that you not only understand the topic but can identify what you think are the most important features so far and articulate them through your own experience/s. Remember you have 5 slides to work with and therefore you cannot cover everything in lectures 1 and 3 so you must choose the features you think are important and then incorporate them into your reflection.
Develop 5 PowerPoint slides. In doing so, there is no need for a title slide or a slide at the end that lists references.
Then in the Notes section available at the bottom of each slide you will offer 100 words of script about each slide. Basically, it is what you would have said. Use only the Notes facility in PowerPoint for your script write up of each slide [Do Not Use Word etc.] . Then you can save the PowerPoint as a file for uploading to Moodle.
Upload your completed PowerPoint via the dedicated Moodle link (this will be available early in Week 5) in the Administration section.
You will submit your work no later than 4pm on Friday 31st April, Week 5.
The assessment is worth 30% of your overall mark.
You will receive a mark out of 100 for the PowerPoint presentation as a complete package (slides and script). You will be assessed based on:
1. Meeting the slide number and word count.
2. Clarity of the presentation
3. Ability to ‘reflect’ on knowledge of the topic area
4. Ability to relate key concepts/theories of the topic area to your own experiences within contemporary society
Political Sociology exists at the intersection created by the relationship between political society and civil society and the influence upon that relationship of the economy.
The most important consequence of this intersectionality, is the creation, maintenance as well as, the potential demise of ‘authority’.
- SOC352 Power, Resistance and Society
- Key Concepts
- Political Sociology
- PowerPoint Presentation
- Power and Resistance
- Power to Authority
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 13
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In 1900, most people walked to work, school, shopping and socializing. The percentage of the average household’s budget devoted to transportation was so low that the Census bureau didn’t even bother to collect data on it. Today, the average household spends 21% of its budget on transportation. It’s the second biggest single cost after housing yet people take such spending for granted and easily factor it in to their personal budgets. We do so because transportation costs rose slowly over the course of the last half century while other costs, such as food, decreased. Decade after decade we gradually became used to spending more and more for transportation till now the average middle-class family easily accepts spending several thousand dollars a year in transportation costs.
As a thought experiment, imagine that for some reason people never had to individually pay the cost of their own transportation.
Imagine that as technology changed and people began to travel further and further on a daily basis, institutions such as businesses and the government began to pay for transportation costs. Imagine that private employers provided people with cars as an employment benefit and that the government provided cars or an alternative for the poor and elderly. Imagine that most people never had to sit down and write a check for the cost of cars, fuel, insurance, train tickets or anything else associated with transportation. Imagine that most people didn’t even have a vague idea how much their transportation actually cost. Imagine that most people never experienced the gradual rise in transportation costs from too-insignificant-to-measure into the second-biggest chunk of their budgets.
In such a case, people wouldn’t have developed their total budgets with a huge chunk devoted to transportation. Instead, they would spend that money on housing, food, entertainment, consumer goods, etc. Moreover, such spending would become structural not only for individuals but for society. Everyone would have intuitive expectations that a certain income would buy a certain level of housing and other consumption without taking into account the cost of transportation.
Now imagine that an individual lost their transportation benefits. Suddenly, they have to figure how to pay for thousands of dollars a year in transportation costs. Most people don’t have that kind of slack in their budgets. They couldn’t pay that much without significantly reducing their standard of living in every other part of their lives. Most people would interpret this condition as being unable to afford transportation.
No doubt, in this scenario, politicians would swarm out of the woodwork claiming that only the government could possible pay for transportation for everyone except the wealthy. They would claim that it was completely impossible for a middle-class family to pay a shocking 20% of their income for transportation.
This is pretty much an analogy for why we believe that no one but the rich can afford to pay for their own health care.
In 1900, health care consumed only a couple of percentage points of the average family’s budget because medical science couldn’t actually do much. Gradually, over the course of the last century as medical science improved, the cost of paying for treatments that actually worked rose gradually as well. However, unlike with transportation, most people never had to individually budget for health care.
Starting in the ’30s and ’40s, right at the time that medicine really became effective, government and business began taking money out of people’s paychecks for medical care and spending it for them. Most people who worked did earn enough money to pay for their health care. Further, through payroll taxes, they paid for the health care of the poor and elderly as well. We always earned the money to pay for our health care but we never held it in our hands or had to write the check. We never had to sit down and balance our health care spending against our other spending needs. Our own health care spending just happened automatically without most of us having to think about it.
Indeed, most people don’t even think of the part of their wages that covers their benefits and payroll taxes as even being their money in the first place. When people talk about benefits, they say that their employer pays in the same way they say that the employer pays for the building they work in. Only people who’ve had to make a payroll understand that each individual employee earns and pays in full for each individual benefit.
As a result, few of us have a mental slot in our psychological budget for health care the way we do for transportation. We don’t bat an eye at shoveling out thousands a dollars a year for transportation because over the decades we slowly adapted our psychological perception of what was a normal cost for transportation and what percentage of our total budget we should expect to pay for transportation. We never had that long period of adaptation for health care cost. In the last 15 to 20 years the cost for health care seemed to arrive suddenly, out of the blue, in one unmanageably huge chunk. This makes it easy for politicians to convince us we can’t possibly budget for our own health care needs even though most of us are already earning the money that pays for our own health care.
How to we dispel this psychological budgetary illusion? We could begin a process of adaptation to educate ourselves about our real individual health-care budgets. We should establish compulsory a medical savings account for everyone who works. People should be required to deposit a fixed percentage of their paychecks into those accounts. It would start out at 1% a year and then increase a percentage point each year until we reached a basic level of 10%-15% of income devoted to medical care. This is what people already pay through the administration of their employers. Such a slow rise would give time for people to adapt their overall spending to include the real cost of their health care. As people budgeted for their own health care as a matter of course, market forces would drive employers to shift employee wages from benefits to the money that ends up in the employee’s hands.
After the process was complete, people would no longer think it odd, unreasonable or impossible for the average working household to pay for its own health care along with the health care of the poor and elderly. Just as we do with transportation, we would plunk down several hundred dollars a month for health care without batting an eye.
Better, just like transportation, we would all have the power and freedom to chose our own health care ride.
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Like a drop of dew hanging on a leaf, Tethys appears to be stuck to the A and F rings from this perspective.
Tethys (660 miles, or 1,062 kilometers across), like the ring particles, is composed primarily of ice. The gap in the A ring through which Tethys is visible is the Keeler gap, which is kept clear by the small moon Daphnis (not visible here).
This view looks toward the Saturn-facing hemisphere of Tethys. North on Tethys is up and rotated 43 degrees to the right. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on July 14, 2014.
The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 1.1 million miles (1.8 million kilometers) from Tethys and at a Sun-Tethys-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 22 degrees. Image scale is 7 miles (11 kilometers) per pixel.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.
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Five ways to spot misleading numbers
Numbers are everywhere in the news: percentages, probabilities, death rates, graphs. They all look so definite, so believable, but they can also be misleading. Politicians, advertisers and others trying to make a point often mention numbers that fit their argument and keep quiet about those that don’t. Worst still, they sometimes present those numbers in ways designed to give a false impression.
Their task is made easier by the fact that many reporters are arts specialists rather than mathematicians so they don't spot the problems with the numbers they are given. I hope the tips in this article will stop you falling into the same trap.
1: Beware of percentages
Percentages look impressive, but they are really just fractions with a hundred at the bottom that no one bothers to write. And like all fractions, they are meaningless unless you know what they are a fraction of. Just as half a mouse is much smaller than half an elephant, 5% of ten is much less than 5% of a million. So a company that gives everyone a 5% pay rise isn't being as fair as they sound because high-earners will get a bigger rise than those at the bottom of the payscale.
Percentages are particularly useful to anyone trying to make numbers look more impressive than they really are. If an author tells you that sales of his book have increased by 200%, you’ll probably assume that he’s on his way to being a bestseller. But you wouldn’t think the same if he told you that he sold one book last week and three this week. The same technique can also be used to make a slight increase in Covid-19 cases look like a huge jump and to make big increases look less important than they really are. It's less worrying to hear that the national debt has increased by 1% than to be told that your country has borrowed another 16 billion pounds.
Be particularly wary of percentages in medical scare stories. Let’s imagine that researchers have discovered that regularly hopping on one leg increases your chances of contracting a very rare type of cancer by 100%. That sounds terrifying enough to make you keep both feet firmly on the floor until you realise that the normal chance of getting that rare cancer is 0.000001%. Increasing that by 100% gives regular hoppers the exceedingly low risk of 0.000002% - a number which would not have made such a good headline.
Whenever you meet a percentage, always check to see exactly what it’s a percentage of and, if anyone chooses not to tell you, be sceptical of everything else they say.
2: Beware of poll results
Suppose a newspaper article declares that 80% of people believe in fairies (or 8 out of 10 people, which means the same). At first glance, that looks okay because it tells you what the 80% is a percentage of. But what exactly does it mean when it says “people”. It’s highly unlikely that the researchers have asked all the 7.8 billion people in the world and if you weren’t asked, you know for sure that they didn’t. So they have done what all pollsters do and asked a sample of people instead.
As with all polls, how meaningful the results are will depend on how much that sample is like the total population. Suppose the pollsters only asked members of the We-Believe-In-Fairies Society. Then the surprising thing about this result isn’t that 80% of people said they believed - it’s that 20% didn’t.
Now let’s imagine they’ve tried hard to be fair by picking a thousand people at random and emailing them to ask if they believe in fairies. Those that do believe would be delighted to hear from someone who seemed to agree with them so they would be more likely to reply. Those that don’t would think it a stupid question so they would just hit the delete key without answering. If the researchers ignore those who don’t reply, the result isn’t 80% of people believe in fairies – it’s 80% of people-who-bothered-to-answer-our-question believe in fairies which is far less impressive.
This sort of thing happens all the time which explains why opinion polls often turn out to be wrong. Reputable pollsters try hard to make their samples as representative of the population as possible, but people reporting their results often ignore the “Don’t Knows” even if they make up the majority of replies. And less reputable pollsters can easily slant their choice of sample to help give the result that will please the organisation paying the bill. For example, a poll about voting intentions in an election won’t give a meaningful result if the sample is taken mainly from members of one particular party or readers of one particular newspaper.
Biased sampling is not the only way dodgy pollsters can fix their survey to give the results their customer wants. They can also affect people’s answers by the way they word the questions and by limiting the choice of answers. So for a question about voting intentions, they might provide an incomplete list of candidates or parties to choose from.
With polls, always try to look at the full results if you can rather than just relying on a newspaper article interpreting the results. Try to see the actual questions that were asked and check who is paying for the poll to see if they have vested interest in the result. All that information will help you spot problems so you can judge for yourself whether you want to believe the numbers.
3: Beware of unfair comparisons.
Just because two numbers exist doesn’t mean you can compare them: you can only do that fairly if both numbers are counting the same thing in the same way. For example, you can’t compare the speeds of two cars if one speed is in metres per second and one is in miles per hour and you can’t compare the weights of two people if one is in pounds and the other is in kilograms. In order to do a comparison, you need to change both measurements to the same units.
Percentages don’t have units, but you can only compare them if they are all fractions of the same thing. Although 3% looks as if it is smaller than 6%, 3% of a million is much bigger than 6% of ten.
During the Covid-19 pandemic, there have been lots of people comparing numbers in an attempt to show that one country is doing better or worse than another. But any comparison based on the number of cases is very suspect because the availability of tests varies widely from country to country. Some only test people with symptoms so miss all the asymptomatic cases. Others test more widely so automatically pick up more cases. As a result, comparing the number of cases isn't meaningful because you’re not comparing numbers arrived at in the same way.
Comparing total number of deaths raises similar issues because not all countries count coronavirus deaths in the same way. Some count all deaths where Covid-19 is suspected while others only count deaths of people who have had a positive test. But let’s ignore that discrepancy for the moment and just look at the three main ways of doing the actual comparison.
- Comparing total deaths in each country.
It’s obvious that the more people you have, the more deaths you are likely to get. So this comparison naturally puts the countries with the largest population at the top of the list and doesn’t give a true picture of what’s happening.
- Comparing deaths as a percentage of cases.
This has the same problem as comparing numbers of cases because those that carry out fewer tests will find fewer cases. If they only test people in ICU, they will only pick up the most severely ill so the death rate will be really high. If they pick up thousands of asymptomatic cases, the death rate will be lower even if the number of deaths is exactly the same.
- Comparing deaths per million people in the population
This is probably the fairest system although it's still not perfect because it's affected by the problem with counting deaths I mentioned earlier. It’s also open to manipulation by changing the base number. 500 deaths per million sounds worse than 50 deaths per 100,000 to anyone who isn’t looking too hard, but the actual numbers of deaths are the same.
4: Beware of clever use of words
When people want to influence you with numbers, they often accompany them with words designed to affect your emotional response. Prices creeping up by 1% sounds less worrying than prices soaring by 1%. In the same way, sales dipping slightly to 950 sounds less worrying than sales plummeting to less than 1000 even though both statements are describing the same change.
5: Beware of graphs and charts
It’s not surprising that we see graphs and charts all over the media. They are not just a convenient way to break up the text - they are also a brilliant way to make numbers easier to understand and interpret. However, in the wrong hands, they are also a very effective tool for misleading people.
The wiggly line on a graph or the bars on a chart mean nothing unless you know what they represent. So every graph or bar chart needs a scale on the left hand side ( the vertical axis) and another on the bottom line (the horizontal axis). But scales without numbers can be very misleading. For example, in the one below, you can't tell whether the profits have gone up by £1 or £1,000,000.
Putting in the scales shows that profits have gone up by a £50 in 25 days which is better than a loss but nothing to get excited about.
In the example above, the left-hand scale starts at zero, but starting the scale at a higher number makes the line rise much more steeply.
The rise in profits is exactly the same, but the slope of the line is much steeper so people who only glance at the graph will be fooled into thinking that profits have risen faster than they really have. To avoid being fooled yourself, always look at graphs and charts very carefully and check the numbers on the scales.
If you are looking for a good analysis of the numbers and graphs connected with Covid-19, take a look at this video. It's very clear and easy to understand.
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What does TIME ZONE stand for?
What does TIME ZONE mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: TIME ZONE.
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What does TIME ZONE mean?
- time zone(noun)
- any of the 24 regions of the globe (loosely divided by longitude) throughout which the same standard time is used
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Herod spent his last decade in the grips of turmoil fueled by an ever-growing paranoia. While he had achieved a degree of peace in Judea (despite the financial rigors imposed on his subjects due to Imperial taxes and his own extravagant building projects), there were always trouble spots to be dealt with, especially within his own family. During his seventy years Herod married ten wives and fathered fifteen children. Needless to say, troublesome rivalries found fertile soil.
To make matters worse, Herod suffered the effects of a painful degenerative disease which affected not only his body but also his mind. He knew death was inevitable and imminent—there was no cure for his malady. The time had come for him to nominate, by Emperor Augustus’s request, an heir to assume his kingdom upon his demise. Obviously it would be a son—but which one?
A tangled web
Early on, Herod divorced his first wife, Doris (a “commoner” so to speak), and banished her and his firstborn son, Antipater, in order to marry a true “royal,” the Princess Mariamme 1, of Hasmonean descent. She also bore him sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, and two daughters. The ensuing years were littered with political intrigue as mothers and sons, jealous siblings, shrewd sycophants and toadies, connived and maneuvered to grab the reins the instant of his death. The demented king saw threats everywhere—some quite real, others figments of his tormented mind.
As Augustus requested, Herod put forth the names of three sons, Antipater, Alexander and Aristobulus, for consideration; in response, each ambition-driven mother with her cohorts sought to claim the throne for her son by whatever means at her disposal. In the end, it finished badly for them all: Antipater, Herod’s firstborn, was executed on a charge of plotting to murder his father; Mariamme was executed because of an alleged murder plot; her two sons were strangled on charges of treason; and Doris was once again sent into exile.
Herod was increasingly plagued with fears of treason and impending overthrow, and the palpable Jewish expectation of a coming Messiah did nothing to calm his apprehensions. Just yesterday his spies brought word of a caravan arriving from the east, and among its travelers, Magi, wise men of some stature, with their gift-laden entourage, inquiring about one born King of the Jews. “We have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him.” A King of the Jews?!
Summoning all the chief priests and scribes, Herod got straight to the point: Where was this Christ to be born? Their reply: according to the prophet, in Bethlehem. His minions were no doubt already combing all Jerusalem to find out more, sneaking, demanding, investigating, threatening; before long the whole city knew that Herod was on a rampage, and braced itself for his growing fury.
These wise men…they could be pivotal players in his manic search. Herod arranged for a private audience with them, and a plan took shape. First, a question. Exactly when did they see this star? If it took several weeks, or months even, for these Magi to make their journey, how old might this…this king be—days, months, even a year or more? Then suppose he feigned a shared interest in paying homage also, and encouraged them to continue on their quest and keep him informed? Once Herod knew the child’s whereabouts, he could quickly dispatch this interloper. The Magi, unaware of such a murderous plot, played into his hands, and set off for Bethlehem, still guided by the star.
Jesus was eight days old, and according to the Law, it was time for his circumcision. Joseph and Mary sought out the local Mohel to perform the age-old rite. The young mother comforted her crying infant, and soothed away his tears with the gentle sound of her voice. Their bond was already strong, and she found herself pondering many of the recent events which had so dramatically changed their lives. What did the future hold for this Son of God?
Perhaps this question loomed large a month or so later. Mary’s days of purification were completed and the time for Jesus to be consecrated to the Lord had arrived. Both events required sacrifices, and so Mary and Joseph with their precious son journeyed to Jerusalem and climbed the steps to the temple courtyard, making their way to the Court of the Women to fulfill their duties.
Unexpectedly, out of those gathered in the temple precincts, a man appeared, one Simeon by name, and took the infant Jesus in his arms, blessing God, saying, “Lord, now You are letting Your servant depart in peace, According to Your word; For my eyes have seen Your salvation which You have prepared before the face of all peoples, A light to bring revelation to the Gentiles, And the glory of Your people Israel” (Luke 2:29-32). The parents marveled as he continued, speaking directly to Mary, “Behold, this Child is destined for the fall and rising of many in Israel, and for a sign which will be spoken against (yes, a sword will pierce through your own soul also), that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed” (Luke 2:34-35). Surely she would revisit this scene in the years to come as she and Jesus lived through the full implications of Simeon’s foreboding words.
A very old woman, a prophetess named Anna, upon witnessing this encounter, added her blessing, thanking the Lord, and explaining to all who would hear that the long-awaited Messiah had been born.
Visitors from the east
Mary must have watched with interest as the group of foreigners approached, fascinated by their strange accents, their quick gestures, and their obvious delight at what appeared to be a star hovering directly over the couple’s house. She learned these were Magi, dignitaries from the east, who were on a quest.
Was it a whimper or a full-blown cry that attracted their attention, stopping all conversation, and causing the strangers to turn in her direction? Perhaps as she shifted position and lifted Jesus to her shoulder, the realization hit them: They had come in search of the one born King of the Jews; they were led to this very place by a star; and now here he was, in the arms of his mother. Scripture records that the wise men dropped to their knees and worshiped him. Then they presented the little child with chests of gold, and frankincense, and myrrh, gifts carefully guarded and transported over hundreds of miles, gifts in honor of the King.
Herod’s plan was about to be thwarted by God Himself with two dreams. First He warned the wise men not to return to Herod, but rather to choose another route for the journey home. And He warned Joseph to take his family and leave immediately, that very night, and flee to Egypt. By the next day, both parties were well en route.
When Herod realized that his plan had gone awry and he had been outwitted by the Magi, he flew into a murderous rage, and issued a chilling edict: All boys from two years old and under living in Bethlehem and its environs would be killed. Scripture records, “Then was fulfilled what was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet, saying: ‘A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, refusing to be comforted, because they are no more’” (Matt 2:17-18). To this day, the event, sometimes referred to as the Massacre of the Innocents, is synonymous in the minds of many with Herod.
One last slaughter
According to historical records Herod the Great, King of the Jews, died in 4 BC in great pain, suffering from among other things, gangrene and dropsy. But he did not go without one more grand design. “During his sickness Herod meditated only upon ways and means by which he might make the Jews mourn the day of his death. When he had returned from the baths of Callirrhoe to Jericho, he is said to have given orders that upon his death the most distinguished of the nation, whom he had caused to be shut up in the arena of that place, should be slain, so that there might be a great lamentation on his passing away. In his delirium he tried to kill himself, and the palace resounded with lamentations.”
After Herod’s death Joseph had one last dream. It was finally safe for his young charge to return to Galilee, and particularly to Nazareth, thus fulfilling yet another prophecy: “He shall be called a Nazarene” (Matt. 2:23). Mary’s son, One born King of the Jews, would live to fulfill many more.
See Micah 5:2.
There is no easy identification of who these individuals were. Possibilities include Babylonians and Persians. See The Expositor’s Bible Commentary comments on Matthew 2.
Scholars estimate that based on the size of Bethlehem (a small village), perhaps a dozen or so baby boys were murdered in Herod’s attempt to stop a threat to his throne.
Stewart Perowne, Herod the Great, His Life and Times (1956), pp. 172-173.
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Young people are entering the stage of struggle. This new wave of activists hold ideas of equality and liberation from oppression as central to their world-view. These young people have a passionate opposition to racism, sexism, homophobia and transphobia. In fact any denial of rights and dignity is being roundly rejected argues Monika Janas.
A deep understanding of the need for solidarity is part of young people’s mentality and it permeates into the new global feminist wave that has emerged in the last number of years. When anti-choice groups tried to target the LGBTQ community by campaigning outside of the George, a popular gay bar in Dublin, they were met with resistance from the employees of the bar, activists and passers-by.
This new section of young people are becoming an active element in global politics and recognise that isolated struggles are doomed to fail. They see that there is a necessity for a successful fightback to place their needs to be a recognition of the rights of all those who suffer under capitalism and a struggle against all forms of oppression.
Sexist ideas – anti-capitalist fightback
A vital part of this new wave of action is how far-reaching it is; we are witnessing a rise of a global fightback against all forms misogyny and sexism.
Issues of sexual assault, harassment, inequality in the workplace, such as the pay gap, have become part of the everyday discourse, highlighted by prominent figures in Hollywood speaking out about the injustices that they have suffered, but pushed by a momentum from below of ordinary, working class women refusing to be silent. The impact of #MeToo is undeniable, as it is international. In the U.S., Facebook said 45% of users have had friends who posted the hashtag, illustrating the hardships women and gender non-conforming people experience under capitalism.
The truth is that all of this section of society has experienced some level of sexual harassment or discrimination.
The rising popularity of anti-capitalist ideas is supported by many young people drawing the conclusion that at the core of the inequalities that they witness and experience is the drive for profit by a small elite. They see that unless we struggle against the 1% that is exploiting women, young people and all workers, our fightback is limited.
The desire for gender equality has found its expression in mass protests throughout the world.
In Ireland, this has presented itself in the huge #IBelieveHer demonstrations following the verdict from the rape trial in Belfast. At the protests, there was a tangible feeling of rage against the sexist, misogynistic judicial system, the lack of proper sex education in schools and a clear connection was drawn between this issue and the struggle for bodily autonomy captured within the repeal movement.
In Latin America, last year there were eruptions of resistance against the macho culture prevailing there, the rate of sexual assault and harassment, and wide-spread femicide. The Ni Una Menos (“not one less”) movement which started in Argentina and spread through the region, fought back against a society that allows for a woman to be killed every two hours. An estimated 86% of women surveyed had been subjected to harassment or violence in public, and disgustingly, 84% reported having been sexually harassed by the police.
The protests in America following Trump’s election were some of the biggest mass mobilisations the United States have ever seen. The idea of having a man in the White House who brags about committing sexual assault rightfully jars with women and young people in the US, who are looking for a different world to be built.
These protests have become a reference point for how to struggle and were undoubtedly the reason as to why we saw the massive school walk-outs around gun control now and not before. The confidence in protests and direct action was injected into those willing to fight.
On International Women’s Day, a historic feminist strike took place in Spain with 5.3 million taking part in it. It was phenomenal and unprecedented. This approach of working class and young women integrating the feminist struggle into the working class struggle is powerful.
Enough is enough
Opposition to misogyny is now an undeniable part of the worldwide struggle for equality, and not something will dissipate. One only has to open a newspaper to see evidence of how significant these developments are and how they will ripple through our society, undermining the status quo, threatening the establishment everywhere and bringing about change.
For as long as women are oppressed, a resistance will take place, a battle for equal rights and an ultimate overthrow of our sexist society has to be fought for. No equality can be achieved without women’s liberation and the latter cannot be achieved under the rule of billionaires which capitalism is built upon. We need a global socialist movement that will defeat this system once and for all.
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In this video, we demonstrate the use of a gaiwan for brewing tea. We’ve chosen the category of yellow tea for our brewing–in particular, Meng Ding Huang Ya (Yellow Buds). This gives us an opportunity to discuss one of the rarest categories of tea that exist. Skip ahead to 5:40 if you prefer to observe the demonstration of brewing with a gaiwan without the educational background on yellow tea.
Some General Things About Yellow Tea
Yellow tea is a category of tea. It refers to a particular way of processing the tea that involves repeatedly frying the tea to remove some of the moisture found in the leaves followed by wrapping the tea leaves in cloth or paper. Frying the tea in a hot wok or pan is used to arrest the oxidation in green tea, but in the case of yellow tea, the leaves are hand fried and removed while they are still warm and remain wet. In fact, it’s estimated that only about 30-40% water is lost. The leaves will then be wrapped in cloth or paper. They will be left wrapped for a few hours, or in some cases, overnight. This process of frying and wrapping the leaves will be repeated several times.
This category of tea is rare because the process is time-consuming and the technique involved is complicated. In fact, although the number of teas that fall under the heading of yellow tea are small (around four), we have lost one yellow tea to history. This tea was called Huo Shan Huang Ya and hailed from Anhui province. They have since switched to producing green tea. Creating yellow tea is an involved and tedious process!
About Meng Ding (Where Yellow Buds Hail From)
Meng Ding is located in Sichuan Province and is known for a lengthy tea history dating back at least as far back as 2,000 years when tea is believed to have been first cultivated by humans.
Meng Ding Huang Ya made primarily of early spring tea buds off the top of tea bushes, so it is far more optimal to drop the temperature for the brewing of this tea to somewhere around 160 degrees. The first infusion should last about 2 minutes. You can drink directly from the gaiwan by sweeping some the leaves to the opposite side you drink from and using the gaiwan lid to prevent the hold the leaves in place.
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- Gassiness, bloating and swelling of the stomach
- Abdominal stomach pain and cramping
- Change in bowel movements from diarrhea to constipation
- Urgency to go to the bathroom, incontinence, bladder problems
- Low energy and feeling sick
- Feeling of not completely emptying your bowels
- Mucus in the stool
“One cannot think well, love well, sleep well if one has not dined well” - Virginia Woolf
It is in this spirit that we present re:iimmune’s blog series “Whole Foods Spotlight” where we will focus in on a specific whole food, its nutritional benefits and provide you with a few links to some tasty recipes that may inspire you to add more of that particular food into your diet. After all, good health begins with good nutrition! This week we encourage you to incorporate quinoa into your meal plan. . .Quinoa (pronounced keen-wah) originated in the areas around Lake Titicaca in South America. Around 3,000 to 5,000 BC Pre-Columbian peoples domesticated the plant and used the grains as a staple food of their diet. The Incas called quinoa the “mother grain” and considered it a sacred food. Technically, the plant is not a cereal grass like wheat, oats or barley but is a broadleaf plant and a member of the same family as spinach and beets. Sometimes it is referred to as a “pseudocereal” which is used to describe foods that are not grasses but can be ground into a flour or boiled and consumed much like rice. The entire plant is edible and what ends up looking like a grain on our plates is actually the seed. Quinoa plants are actually really beautiful and put on purple or reddish flowers before going to seed. Those little seeds are packed with nutritional benefits! It is one of the most protein-rich plant sources and unlike cereal grasses it’s gluten free. It is considered a complete protein because it contains all of the essential amino acids, including a high amount of lysine which is essential for tissue growth and repair. It’s a great source of fiber, containing nearly twice as much as those traditional grains and it’s also packed with magnesium, manganese and riboflavin. Quinoa is a great source of energy, keeps you fuller longer and yet is low in calories. This is a food that really earns it’s “superfood” title! Quinoa comes in many varieties and can be red, cream, pink, orange purple and even black in color. It cooks up quickly and has a somewhat nutty flavor. Because the outer coating of the seeds contains saponins which can give a bitter taste, it’s a good idea to rinse the seeds in a fine meshed strainer and rub them together under cold water prior to cooking. It should be stored in an airtight container and will last longer if kept in the refrigerator, with a shelf life of about 3 to 6 months. You can use quinoa in a variety of ways, and can be a fantastic substitute for rice, pastas and couscous if you are watching your carbohydrates. We’ve included some links below to yummy recipes to help you add more of this super delicious superfood into your meal planning. Cinnamon Maple Breakfast Quinoa Quinoa Enchilada Casserole Garlic Butter Shrimp, Quinoa and Asparagus Moroccan Chickpea Quinoa Power Salad
- Moderate your alcohol intake. It can damage the cells of the organ and leads to scarring called cirrhosis, which can be deadly. The National Institue on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism defines moderate intake as up to four alcholic drinks for men and three for women in any single day with a maximum of 14 weekly drinks for men and 7 drinks for women.
- Exercise and maintain a healthy weight. Doing so will keep you from the risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease which also leads to cirrhosis.
- Watch your intake of painkillers such as acetaminophen as it is damaging to the liver if taken too much.
Spices, herbs, tinctures and essential oils have been used for millennia to season our food, heal our bodies and boost our spirits. In our Throwback Thursday (#TBT) series, we at re:iimmune will take you back in history to learn how these gifts from Mother Nature have been used. We'll focus on their use through the ages and beneficial purposes in regard to nutrition, natural health and household care. In honor of Valentine’s Day we are focusing on the rose!Fossil evidence dates the rose as 35 million years old and there are around 150 species spread through the world. The Chinese were most likely the first culture to begin garden cultivation of roses, some 5,000 years ago. Throughout time the rose has come to symbolize romantic love and you are bound to love some of the surprising health benefits of this sweet smelling queen of flowers. Dietary Benefits Rose hips, the flowers which have swollen to seed are commonly used in tea and have been used throughout the ages to aid in relieving bladder infections, menstrual cramps and diarrhea. They are an excellent source of Vitamin C, a natural antioxidant which can block some of the damage that can result from exposure to toxins and helps to support the immune system The flower petals are also edible and can be mixed into salads! The petals contain polyphenols which research shows help to prevent cardiovascular disease as well as osteoporosis. Skin and Hair Health Rosewater is a perfect choice for sensitive and irritated skin. Along with balancing out oily skin, softening, deep cleansing and toning the skin, rosewater also provides relief from irritation and itching. Those battling acne will want to reach for the rosewater as it contains antibacterial properties to dry up the acne, a natural antiseptic called phenyl ethanol and its a good moisturizer to boot! Rose essential oil is also useful in maintaining a healthy scalp and hair and many swear by it’s ability to prevent hair loss. Aromatherapy No wonder the rose has become such a symbol of romance and considered an aphrodisiac. The scent of rose essential oil is known to boost the libido and reduce symptoms of sexual dysfunction. The oil has also been used to treat depression, stress, anxiety and headaches. Ready to reap the rewards of the rose? Here are some links you might want to check out. . . Rose Petal Iced Tea Rosehip Jam Homemade Rosewater
- Give us a little background on yourself and how did you come across re:iimmune? What issues were you aiming to address? Were you recovering from an illness, suffering from a chronic condition or adding it to your wellness routine to aid in staying healthy?
- How long have you been using re:iimmune? What is your routine to incorporate it into your day?
- What benefits have you noticed by regularly consuming re:iimmune?
“One cannot think well, love well, sleep well if one has not dined well” - Virginia Woolf
It is in this spirit that we present re:iimmune’s new blog series “Whole Foods Spotlight” where we will focus in on a specific whole food, its nutritional benefits and provide you with a few links to some tasty recipes that may inspire you to add more of that particular food into your diet.
After all, good health begins with good nutrition! Today it’s all about the juicy, sweet orange!The first wild ancestor of the sweet orange we are familiar with today probably evolved in Australia and New Guinea. These early citron fruits made it to the Asian continent and spread west toward Africa. Citrons have been found in Egyptian tomb paintings from 1000 BC. These fruits were not juicy and people mainly ate the rind of the fruit and used it for perfumes. Very early on it was used in India as a treatment for scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency). However, these citrons are not the ancestors of the modern orange. Either Chinese or Indian food scientists bred the pomelo and mandarin together sometime around 314 BC and developed both the bitter orange and the more familiar to Western culture, sweet orange. The word orange is derived from “naranga”, the word for orange trees in India. As oranges spread their way across the world throughout the centuries they have been prized for their sweet, juiciness and many health benefits. Immune Support and Digestive Health High Vitamin C content means oranges are a fantastic choice to drive away nasty germs and bugs and preventing colds, flu and ear infections. Vitamin C is also aids in the prevention of ulcers and the high fiber content of oranges ensure a healthy colon. Fiber also helps to reduce constipation and diarrhea. Vision Protection Loaded with carotenoids, oranges are a great choice in preventing night blindness and macular degeneration. Healthy Skin Sweet Orange Oil has been touted for its ability to stimulate collagen production, easing inflammation and improving the flow of blood to the skin and clearing clogged pores. Heart Health Oranges contain hesperidin which has been shown to lower both high blood pressure and cholesterol in animal studies. Most of this phytonutrient can be found in the peel and inner white pulp of the orange so it’s benefits are lost when the fruit is processed into juice. Vitamin C also helps to prevent arteriosclerosis which is hardening of the arteries. Hopefully reading this made you long for an orange as much as writing it did for me! I’m off to peel one now. Hope you enjoy the links below . . . Sliced Fennel, Orange and Almond Salad 20 Orange Essential Oil Uses Make Your Own Dried Orange Peel
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A work order is usually a task or a job for a customer, that can be scheduled or assigned to someone. Such an order may be from a customer request or created internally within the organization. Work orders may also be created as follow ups to Inspections or Audits. A work order may be for products or services.
A work order may include one or more of the following:
- Cost estimates
- Date and time to execute the work order
- Information about the location and entities to execute the work order and
- The person to whom the work order is assigned
In a manufacturing environment, a work order is converted from a sales order to show that work is about to begin on the manufacture, building or engineering of the products requested by the customer. In a service environment, a work order can be equivalent to a service order where the WO records the location, date and time the service is carried out and the nature of work that is done. The type of personnel (e.g. job position) may also be listed on the WO. A rate (e.g. $/hr, $/week) and j also the total number of hours worked and total value is also shown on the work order.
Contractors may use a single job work order and invoice form that contains the customer information, describes the work performed, lists charges for material and labor, and can be given to the customer as an invoice.
A job order is an internal document extensively used by projects-based, manufacturing, building and fabrication businesses. A job order may be for products and/or services. In a manufacturing environment, a job order is used to signal the start of a manufacturing process and will most probably be linked to a bill of material. Hence, the job order will probably state:
- the quantity of the product to be manufactured, built or fabricated
- the amount of raw material to be used, its price and amount
- the types of labour required, rate (per hour or per unit) and amount
- the machine utilisation for each machine during the routing process, its rate and amount
In a service environment, a job order cannot be the equivalent to a work or service order where the job order records the location, date and time the service is carried out and the nature of service that was carried out, the work order does not. The type of personnel (e.g. job position) may also be listed on the job order. A rate (e.g. $/hr, $/week) and also the total number of hours worked and total value is also shown.
- Maintenance, repair and operations
- Order fulfillment
- Sales order
- Order management system
- Corrective work order
- "What is a Work Order". ReachOut Suite. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
- Facilities Management Request for Service Archived October 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, College of William & Mary, wm.edu.
- Instructions for Completing Network & Telecommunications Work Order Form Archived June 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, California State University (Long Beach), csulb.edu.
- Corrigo work order flow diagram Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, www.corrigo.com.
- Dispatched work order flow diagram, www.dispatchedsoftware.com.
- Preventive maintenance
- Job work order and invoice form, deluxeforms.com.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of PTSD Symptoms in Cyberspace
A growing body of evidence suggests that almost everyone has a high risk of psychological syndromes developing in response to exposure to stressors. The severity of these syndromes directly correlates with the intensity of the stressor and indirectly correlates with the level of the individuals psychological tolerance. In the worst case, when tolerance is relatively low and the stressor is extreme, an individual may develop a syndrome known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a very serious condition that requires medical intervention. PTSD, which is sometimes called posttraumatic illness, has a rather high prevalence rate, because many Americans are exposed to stressors on a daily basis while they are short of stress management skills (OBrien 2). War, car and train accidents, plane crashes, physical and sexual assaults, deaths of relatives or friends, lethal diagnosis, exposure to natural disasters, and similar events have the potential to overcome an individuals psychological tolerance and evoke PTSD. Specifics of some professions, such as police officers, firefighters, paramedics, rescue workers, and military personnel, can also involve frequent exposure to extreme stressors (Clohessy 256; Lipton 100). Furthermore, some work-place stressors classified as non-extreme are shown to be PTDS inducing. Finally, increasing violence in American schools deserves serious attention, because witnessing traumatic events is also considered an extreme stressor, which puts exposed students under a high risk of developing PTSD.
Because an extreme stress can create serious effects on an individuals mental health, people diagnosed with PTSD are often required to enter treatment. However, based on consideration of the availability and affordability of professional help, as well as on the individuals personal attitudes, some PTSD sufferers may decide not to do so (Rosenheck). There is also a category of people who may be unaware of their psychological syndrome. According to epidemiological studies on PTSD by the National Center for PTSD and the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 3.6-4% (approx. 5 million people) of adults in the United States had PTSD during 1998, which accounts for 7.8% of life time prevalence of this syndrome. And despite high prevalence rates, PTSD therapy remains one of the nations most expensive health services compared to treatments of other psychological disorders. To reduce the cost of treatment, however, various non-traditional tools can be applied. For example, computer virtual reality (VR), when available, can replace staged flooding therapy that requires assistance of other people or even actors to recreate a traumatic event (Johnson).
Virtual reality is the relatively new technology, researches and clinicians do not have enough knowledge on the possible impact that VRs would have on patients in the long run, in terms of recurring symptoms. However, the fact that VRs are shown to decrease PTSD symptoms within only few sessions points out its high potential. One day, when broadband Internet connections and VR helmets become the commodities, VRs will be widely deployed for medical and other purposes, but for now they are still very expensive, which would increase the cost of treatment. In the quest for less expensive PTDS treatment, this paper recommends using Internet-based multi-user dungeons (MUD) as a more cost-effective substitute for such expensive tools as a VR simulator. Although MUDs are relatively primitive text-based VRs, they could be beneficially used by both medical institutions and the individuals seeking self-help, to aid the cognitive-behavioral techniques in treatment of certain PTSD symptoms.
PTSD in Brief
Aetiology of posttraumatic illness involves two phases. The first phase, which is called acute stress syndrome, appears either during the traumatic event, or shortly after. The second phase, PTSD, seems to be a fixation of acute stress and usually comes in long-lasting chronic form. A common belief in the past that extreme stressors, relatively short in nature, should not be expected to evoke chronic stress syndromes led clinicians to fail to recognize PTSD as such. The Vietnam War ended a long unofficial history of PTSD. After the Vietnam War, many veterans were reported to have lasting social and interpersonal problems, criminal behavior, substance abuse, and poor mental health (OBrien 12). To classify veterans problems, the concept of PTSD was developed and was consequently applied to other groups of people traumatized by extremely stressful experiences. At last, posttraumatic stress disorder was officially acknowledged in 1980 when its symptoms and diagnostic criteria were included in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA).
The latest updates on PTSD classify this syndrome as an anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to an event that lies "outside the range of usual human experience" (APA). A PTSD stressor (traumatic event) should involve either an actual or threatened death or injury, a threat to the victims physical integrity, destruction of the victims home or community, seeing another person who has recently been, or is being, seriously injured or killed, etc. According to the definition, a victim should be diagnosed with PTSD if he or she displays a triad of distinctive symptoms. (a) A victim is repeatedly re-experiencing traumatic events through recurrent images, intrusive recollections, thoughts, dreams, illusions, and flashbacks. (b) A victim is coping with re-experiencing by employing avoidance behavior, which includes avoiding thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people that may trigger recollections of the trauma. Some victims may also develop psychogenic amnesia for important details of the traumatic event. (c) A PTSD sufferer should display increased arousal, which is expressed in nightmares followed by changes in sleeping pattern. Finally a number of other symptoms, such as irritability, aggressiveness, poor concentration, hypervigilance (increased alertness), and emotional anesthesia should be present.
A number of approaches, generally grouped into the three categories, have been employed in the treatment of PTSD (Ochberg; Hendin; Friedman; Bisson; Parson 239). And even though all three categories, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), were shown to have similar effectiveness, some empirical data suggest that CBT works slightly better than other treatments (Tarrier 192; Foa). CBT is also distinguished by its capacity to incorporate innovative therapeutic tools. Similarly, computer-assisted virtual reality exposure (VRE) was applied specifically to CBT. VRE was reported to be very effective in the treatment of flying anxiety (Baker). Using a VR helmet, a therapist exposed PTSD sufferers to a virtually reconstructed traumatic event. For example, patients who had a fear of flying were exposed to aspects of flight that frightened them the most. At first, patients showed increasing symptoms of anxiety and fear, but subsequently they were able to learn how to manage symptoms. Based on successful treatment of flight fears, VRE was later used in CBT of war veterans and victims of violence with PTSD. Now VRE is applied to a treatment of a wide range of symptoms, including fear of public speaking, fear of driving, and PTSD followed exposure to natural disasters. As with any other exposure techniques, VRE can cause recurrence and increasing intensity of PTSD symptoms, which usually leads to worsening of the PTSD condition. This is a normal reaction to reliving traumatic events, and most PTSD sufferers enrolled in exposure treatments inevitably have their PTSD symptoms intensified (OBrien 228). If not interrupted at this stage, exposure treatments usually force PTSD symptoms to fade away. Because of the risk of intensification of PTSD symptoms, a patient should be told beforehand of all possible negative side effects of the treatment. When possible, a patient should undergo treatment under the careful control of a therapist. And if a serious problem occurs, exposure treatment should be interrupted.
MUD as the Model Environment
The acronym MUD stands for object-oriented interactive multi-user domain. It describes on line environments where multiple participants can be logged on to socialize, build their characters and virtual worlds, and role-play. There is a wide variety of MUDs ranging from friendly meet spaces that resemble on line chat rooms, to extreme role-play cyber-punk games (Reid). While such social domains as TinyMUDs or MUSHes serve recreational purposes, cyber-punk MUDs are regarded as cruel and violent virtual worlds where character killing, rape, and theft are common elements of role-playing.
Everything in the MUD, places, characters, and actions, are represented in textual mode, which seems to be a disadvantage compared to realistic 3D projections of VR. However, this disadvantage is balanced by the interactivity of the MUD, and by the fact that VR is not generally available to the public. Additionally being exposed to the textual cues as opposed to graphical cues may be more beneficial in treating certain PTSD symptoms. While, in many cases, VR is a two-component system consisting of a single user and computer, MUD can be viewed as a multidimensional system where numerous users are interacting through the computer networks. Here, interactivity means that MUD users are "able to do things to one another" (Bartle), which should broaden practical implications of MUDs. This MUD interactivity opens up a debate on the issue of role-play violence and its possible effects on emotional and psychological health on individuals behind their characters. In the case of social MUD, violence is simple and largely limited to verbal abuse, but when it comes to role-play in highly hostile cyber-punk environments, the concept of on line violence becomes much more complicated. Early computer-mediated communications (CMC) researchers claimed that role-play violence caused no harm because there was no physical connection between the character and the body. However, later investigations gave the argument that some MUD users have strong cognitive connections with their characters, and in the case of cyber assault it is the users consciousness, not the character, who becomes the primary victim (Turkle 12; MacKinnon 6; Stone 111; Novak 226; Morningstar 291). Still, there is no strong evidence supporting either side, and the question of whether or not MUD violence is traumatizing is still to be answered.
For the purpose of this paper, the question of the traumatizing power of MUD violence perhaps should be neglected. In either case, MUD causes traumatization or multi-user dungeon simulates violence without traumatizing role-players, the system should be able to trigger reliving of the traumatic memories by a PTSD sufferer otherwise the therapy will not work. Given psychological variety of different levels of stress tolerance among role-players, MUD should pose both traumatizing and non-traumatizing effects. In a test of this hypothesis, I interviewed fifty-seven randomly selected current and former MUD role-players, and the results generally supported the hypothesis. 66.7% of the sample (38 role-players) reported negative reactions ranging from sadness of being defeated to acute trauma and temporary abstention from role-playing, in response to their characters deaths for the first time. All thirty-eight players also reported some history of character deaths, but the rate of emotional reactions among them declined. 31.6% reported annoyance and frustration, and at least half of them completely abandoned MUD RPG environment. The other 68.4% of those thirty-eight role-players quickly changed their strategy and tactics generally aimed to avoid their character dying in the future.
This study, which at no event should be considered comprehensive and quantitatively reliable, nevertheless, points out a possibility that MUD RPG can be quite effective in evoking emotional reactions especially among newcomers. It is not clear, however, what causes these reactions, real traumatization or perceived feeling of being traumatized. But this is what is required of MUD role-playing for successful intervention of posttraumatic stress symptoms.
A Cyberclimate for PTSD Treatment
The idea of using computer-mediated communications (CMC), such as chat room, MUD, or e-mail, to help people with psychological problems is not unknown to the world. There were several reports in the past on the successful application of CMC cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression (Turkle 114), as well as several therapeutic software programs that have been developed. Suler calls psychotherapy delivered to a patient by means of CMC, cybertherapy, which denotes a new loop of the evolution of mental health services. Is seems that cybertherapy does not get the popularity it probably deserves, and only a small number of cyberspace oriented researchers and practitioners remain devoted (Barak; Powell; Sommers).
In the context of cyberthearpy, MUD is usually mentioned within the pool of other CMCs. However, this medium is distinguished by several important characteristics that make MUD especially suitable for therapeutic purposes. MUD is the synchronous (real-time) environment where everyone can be the actor playing scenarios or owning fantasies (Quittner 95). Even though it is often thought of as the game, MUD should only formally be perceived as such. Microsoft Bookshelf defines a game as a "competitive activity or sport in which players contend with each other according to a set of rules." Apparently, MUD is not set for the competition. There is no score, winning, losing, or goals to achieve other than to participate. The lack of competition propels another important feature of the MUD that is it in general is a friendly environment.
MUDs are flourishing environments for such deviant behavior as character killing, harassing, and vandalizing, but in most cases these deviations occur in role-playing and may not be consistent with true intentions of a person behind the character (Bruckman). True, the demarcation line between in-character (IC) behavior, or role-playing, and out-of-character (OOC) behavior is often vague and formal. However, most of the users cannot repeatedly pose hostile IC behavior on other players because of the risk to annoy and repulse them, especially that most of the MUDders are addicted, or better to say devoted to their delusional worlds. Thus, it is not an unusual picture in the MUD when two characters are discussing various issues few minutes later after they were involved in a severe combat. A phenomenon of friendliness seems to be a balancing act between the delusional naturalness of the MUD and its realization as the game. Multi-user, real-time nature of the MUD allows it to be highly realistic while remaining collaborative recreational activity.
In this perspective, friendliness should occupy more important place in the mind of player as opposed to the violent role-playing, which, while remaining extremely an important part of the MUD, can evoke only short lasting negative reactions. Certainly, there are some exceptions from this general rule. First of all, there is a special kind of role-player called "player killer" (PK), who devotes his or her time to repeatedly kill other characters. PKers is the special issue in the MUD because they usually introduce much of unexpected destruction into the gaming environmenti. PKers are hard to catch and they are usually quite powerful for an average player to battle with, which creates a tendency that many people actually turn away from some player kill intensive MUDs. This discussion is based on the interviews with 57 randomly selected MUD role-players.
Secondly, some users often become victims of extreme violence while on line; thus, they become disappointed with the idea of friendliness of the Mud environment. Cyber or virtual rape, for example, is one of the most common forms of extreme violence in the MUD, and not surprisingly, women become the primary victims. However, the later notion should be considered with care because of the high rates of cross-dressing in CMC environments (Danet 142). Perhaps, the most astonishing case of cyber rape, known as Mr. Bungle affair, happened in Lambda MOO in the early 1990s when a character, Mr. Bungle, forced several other characters to participate in his sadistic fantasies (Dibbell). Dibbells account had a particular importance because it showed the world that traumatic events that happened in the MUD seriously influenced an individual behind the character. Secondly, Dibbells article triggered a discussion in which the whole concepts of rape, in cyberspace and in real world, were deconstructed and reconstructed to explain Mr. Bungle affair (MacKinnon).
While friendliness is the social attribute of the MUD, another important attribute that belongs to the technical part of the game needs to be considered. Characters, as well as anything else in the MUD are treated as the objects, which significantly enhances the players imaginal experience. If deprived of this feature, MUD would still have been a powerful medium, because it usually brings together more than one user at a time (Joyce). But using objects allows role-playing to become much more complicated. MOO (multi-user domain object-oriented) is a special breed of MUD, which allows users to describe places, things, and characters as objects. MOO is filled with the objects that can be looked at, used, or destroyed. MOO players usually pay close attention to the objects, because they have graphical descriptions with embedded functionality clues. Here is how one of the rooms in Lambda MOO, one of the most populated dungeons, is described:
Rock Pool: The fissure opens out here into a small but obviously enlarged cavern. A placid
rock pool, almost too small to fit down but seemingly immensely deep, lies at the bottom of
a deep funnel in the northwest corner of the room. Leaning against the eastern wall is a stone
statue of an old and smiling man. You see ribcage breastplate, thighbone club, and scimitar, here.
Source: lambda.moo.mud.org; port 8888
A player (character) is seeing several objects lying on the ground upon entering the rock pool. There is also a statue of an old man in this place. The statue is the key to solving one of the role-play puzzles, and, perhaps, it should be looked at more carefully. Typing a command look statue (object) brings the following description:
A statue of an old man, sitting cross-legged and dressed in heavy robes, with a small deer
curled next to him. The statue's base has been removed, and the figure rests on the floor.
The finely carved rock has been hacked and marred by barbarous creatures, but the smile
on the old man's face remains. The statue has one eye made from a white crystal; the other
is missing, perhaps stolen for its mundane value.
Further examination of the statue will reveal that even its eye made from a white crystal is treated as the object and can be removed or stolen.
Given these examples, it is necessary to understand whether or not MOO objects (places, things) are treated by participants as visual elements as opposed to being mere text. Originally, MUDs were non object-oriented text-only environments, which placed significant limitations upon interactivity of the game. But it was the communicational (or cognitive) needs of participants that led to the development of object-oriented feature (Kolko 179). Text arranged in packets (objects), except for conversations and actions should be perceived as the transition between a linguistic form of what is read and cognitive pictures created by imagination. These imaginary pictures are the keys to understanding why MUDs are quite delusional. Certainly, not all of the participants are able to establish the textual-imaginary link between the MUD and the mind, but the solution is to either methodically practice conversion of text into mental pictures i.e. training imaginal skills, or by participating in already existing graphic-based MUDs. Another consideration worth mentioning here it that people who suffer from PTSD and other anxiety disorders tend to selectively deploy their attention towards threat words if exposed to the textual representations, which is particularly relevant to the case or text-based VRs (Clark S5).
Behavior modification is another important characteristic of MUD environment. Cyberspace itself seems to influence role-players by making them less inhibited while on line (Sempsey). In the context of MUD violence, disinhibition becomes a dilemma, it whether should be perceived as the positive or negative attribute of role-playing. For example, killing or raping another character is perceived as negative manifestations of disinhibition. Lack of empirical data doesnt allow researchers to fully understand the mechanism of disinhibition in cyberspace. Some reasonable hypotheses propose that disinhibition occurs because of an anonymity and perceived immunity from physical retaliation (Sempsey). However, new studies showed that introduction of video/audio interface, which should have flawed anonymity, did not reduce disinhibitation (Marshall). Evidently, disinhibitation should contribute to successful treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Finally, it is a widely accepted concept that many people prefer to live on line, rather than in real world. People seem to display their devotion to this medium by spending long hours there. Zenhausen suggests that the rate of cyber addiction is high enough to attract the attention of psychologists. In fact, a preliminary draft of the DSM-V includes a section titled "cyber disorders," which is devoted to this subject. In contrast, a person dealing with PTSD, should perhaps have different approaches to this problem. Among other symptoms, some PTSD sufferers show emotional anesthesia that reduces their interest and desire to participate in social activities. Such individuals should have motivational difficulties when entering treatment, and will need to undergo psychotherapeutic counseling to raise their interest in outcomes of treatment. But MUD, being highly addictive, should compensate sufferers emotional numbing and maintain level interest high enough to have them returning to the MUD for healing sessions.
Of course, this two-component therapeutic system, victim-MUD, should have certain prerequisites. A victim should spend certain amount hours in the MUD becoming familiar with scenario and basic functionality, i.e. movement, communication, and manipulation. The victim should set up a character on his own because, only through creative process and spending of mental energy and passion would attachment to the character and MUD environment be achieved. In general, the more attached PTSD sufferer becomes to his or her character, the more extensive his or her reaction will be on any unsuspected outcomes of role-playing. And actual treatment should be started as soon as an individual shows strong emotional reaction when the character dies.
Limitations of the MUD Environment
Not everyone can succeed in the MUD environment, which creates a necessity to discuss the profile of an average MUD user. Perhaps the simplest example would suggest that individuals who do not type or do not know how to use computer are not qualified. Individuals who cannot make a sense out of MUD and role-playing will not succeed either. Existing demographic data shows that the highest rates of MUD usage occur among 18 to 24 years old, which poses certain problems of compatibility with the other age groups (Reid). Stage theories of human development generally suggest that the cognitive set significantly varies as an individual moves along the life span, and the certain communicative obstacles may occur among people of different ages (Baron 347). It does not mean that MUD should be seen as the most appropriate tool for helping young adults only. Reids six years old study most likely represents MUD demographics incorrectly. Computers and the Internet are more accessible now than these were six years ago, and the age gap among MUD users should be somehow wider.
Another factor that may affect the social dynamics of MUD is its growing diversity. Multi-user dungeons can run on the weakest and cheapest computers with the only requirements to have the Internet connection with the ability to communicate basic ideas in English. And despite of lack of the both in many countries, the Internet becomes international and diverse. Certainly, lingual diversity isnt the problem for MUD users from English-speaking countries, but it most likely to be the problem for non-English speakers.
Finally, MUD addiction can cause a patient spending more and more time role-playing or socializing in the MUD while real life problems remain unresolved. As the opposite effect, a patient may not be able to reach a level of integration with the environment; thus the MUD events will not have any influence on an individual. MUD role-playing provides an opportunity to create very sophisticated characters. And most of the participants, after many days of hard role-playing, and spending an enormous amount of creative energy, are able to bring their characters to the very high level of sophistication. Eventually, the character becomes of a great value to its owner strengthening his or her emotional response to the characters success or failure. MUD as the tool of treating psychological disorders will most likely fail at the therapeutic facility, where people usually have limited amount of time to receive treatment, e.g. patients do not have enough time to establish strong bond with their characters and MUD environment. But if the individuals are determined to use MUD as the part of self-help system to treat PTSD symptoms, this problem does not seem to exist. There may be a problem of getting PTSD sufferers interested given the possibility that even their interest in everyday activity may be significantly diminished. But utilizing the concept of self-help, e.g. a free will of PTDS sufferers to treat symptoms on their own, this paper clearly marks qualified individuals. In other words, people suffering posttraumatic depression, or those with avoidance behavior who have difficulties to perform everyday activities, should refer to another forms of treatment.
MUD Therapy--From Theory to Practice
Therapeutic MUD specifically dedicated to the people with psychological disorders and phobias seems to be a better solution to treat PTSD compared to non-specialized MUDs. In this case, posttraumatic stress sufferers not only participate in role-playing but also have a chance to discuss their specific problems and effects of role-playing with other sufferers. Like a peer group, individuals can speak freely, which is reinforced by anonymous nature of the Internet (Baym 54), and can receive support from others if they are not successful. While programming or improving the MUD is relatively an easy task, putting it up on the Internet and maintain appears to be an obstacle. There should be an organization that would provide continuous MUD functioning, because the whole idea of the cyber community within the MUD utters its continuous, not discrete, existence. The idea of the Internet being public domain should be supported, and MUDs should be free of charge. Thus, there should be sponsors who take long-term responsibility to finance the enterprise.
Since special therapeutic MUDs are not available yet, PTSD sufferers can use many of the existing generic MUDs. In some cases, generic MUD seems to be a better choice because the number of its users is usually high. For example, Lambda MOO has several thousand users with an average of two hundred people logged in at the same time. Although generic MUD doesnt have the peer group effect that would be present in the therapeutic MUD, the interactive and collaborative experience here may be highly favorable. Unfortunately, PTSD sufferers cannot achieve positive results immediately after they start participating in the MUD environment. Using MUD is essentially a gradual learning process. An individual first learns the environment and decides whether or not it is likable. Secondly, an individual learns his or her opportunities in terms of developing the character and role-playing. The authors personal experience indicates that this may be a very long step toward the success in MUD. Finally, an individual role-plays and socializes on a regular basis, which constitutes a core concept of applying MUDs in treatment of certain PTSD symptoms.
Individuals suffering from traumatic social anxiety may train themselves by forcing to actively participate in social MUDs, but role-playing can also be very supportive. An important factor is the patients belief that other people view him or her negatively (Dunmore 825; Wells 653). Based upon such beliefs patients tend to think themselves as losers, unreliable, weak, etc. There are specific features of MUD that can be effectively utilized in repairing a patients system of belief. A MUD participant can describe the character in all possible ways, but typically MUD characters are given the descriptions of mighty and handsome individualities. The MUD itself is built on descriptions that are the only means to represent objects in the text-based virtual realities. Needless to say that good descriptions are usually appreciated by others.
A phobic person by using a verb 'look' can repeatedly read the description of his own character, which will eventually lead to the development of positive beliefs. Assuming that an individual has a type of cognitive connections with his or her character, the cognitive channel, it is expected that the system of beliefs emerged in MUD role-playing will eventually substitute an individual's phobic self-perceptions, which should result in diminishing of the symptoms of traumatic anxiety for social interactions. Certainly, there is a danger that despite good description, a character will not receive positive appraisals. But as it is stipulated early in this paper, a posttraumatic stress sufferer should proceed with using MUD at one's own discretion and should clearly understand the possible outcomes of the treatment. Due to limitations, this paper doesn't provide a classification of possible positive and negative outcomes of PTSD intervention. But such classification is needed, and it is the author's hope that broadening therapeutic implications of computer mediated communication technologies will fasten detailed profiling of therapeutic outcomes.
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Learning and studying has become a lot easier in the era of “smart” technologies. Mobile devices like, tablets and smartphones and, of course, applications downloaded to these gadgets have changed modern teaching and learning methods once and for ever. Indeed, mobile devices are storming into classrooms all across the world, making teaching and learning a lot more easier interesting and exciting.
Types of Mobile Education Apps
Mobile apps for education are available in a huge assortment and are compatible with all major mobile platforms. There are applications for teachers, looking for creative teaching methods, for students, aspiring to get a deeper knowledge of a subject or making studying easier, for parents, helping their young learners and for kids of different ages. In other words, there are apps for people with different interests and hobbies.
Some education programs are designed for personal use, while others can be used by certain groups of people, like a teacher and his students, for example. Such applications (like Learnist) enable teachers engaging more students into a classroom discussion, by turning their mobile devices to answering tools. This is a great way to encourage students and increase their classroom activity. Since present-day youth is fond of using mobile devices, many teachers use this obsession to motivate their students study better and harder.
One more great thing about educational programs is that they can substitute books. Of course, no one is going to discount the importance and value of traditional books, but there are cases when it is better having a compact mobile device, loaded with the information you need, than a pile of heavy books. Due to the use of cloud-based technology, many applications can be used on various devices, which allows students accessing their home assignments or projects they work on, anywhere in the world, provided they have an access to the Internet.
Education mobile apps development has also a positive effect on the online education. Indeed, education apps development has made online education available for a greater number of people and, according to the research made by the Wall Street Journal, makes online schooling a great option even for public schools.
Mobile educational apps unite millions of people, allowing them not just learning but also sharing their knowledge via mobile devices with only a few clicks. In other words, they open new horizons for anyone who has a deep desire for knowledge or wants sharing his/her particular expertise with the rest of the world.
Features of Mobile Education Applications
Mobile education apps are created for various needs and therefore perform diverse functions. Thus, characterising them with one particular set of features is pretty hard. However, there is a certain set of features that is an absolute must for every educational app.
Thus, a decent educational program should:
- be easy to install
- have a user-friendly interface
- be compatible with various mobile devices
- use cloud-based technology
- offer a reliable backup processes
- be up-to-date with current curriculum
- be regularly updated
- provide quick and professional customer support (especially in case of a premium/paid version)
Many education apps developers endue their programs with unique features that help distinguish their creations from many other similar applications. This results in a greater popularity of certain programs.
Cross-Platform Development of Education Appa with Xamarin
Any application will have a greater number of users if it is compliant with different mobile platforms, like Android, iOS or Windows. This is where cross-platform application development tools come into play. The use of such tools allows creating software solutions that can be run on various devices and are compliant with multiple mobile platforms. This makes apps development faster, easier and cost-effective.
Developers can choose from a great variety of cross-platform development tools, like PhoneGap, Titanium, Kony, Appcelerator and Xamarin. The latest statistics shows that Xamarin scores over other apps development frameworks. For many IT companies and specialists, Xamarin is the best choice for cross platform mobile development. The main reason of this choice is that Xamarin brings .NET/C# to all major mobile platforms. This powerful tool allows developing native apps for multiple platforms using only one programming language - C#. An absolute code reusability makes it possible to create native UIs for any targeted platform, as the same C# code base can be shared across different platforms.
Xamarin requires writing less code, which results in fewer bugs. Furthermore, testing the app and detecting bugs is possible in the cloud, which means there is no need testing its performance on different devices. Thus, when choosing Xamarin for education applications development, you choose a powerful tool that will allow you creating an excellent solution while not investing much time and effort in its development. Instead, you will develop an app that will be compatible with Google Play and Apple Store distribution requirements and will feel native to any mobile platform it is run on.
Mobile Application Development With Freeze Pro Software
Having 8+ years of experience in developing custom software solutions, we know how to create products tailored to our customers’ needs. We know how to give top-notch services at affordable prices. We offer a wide range of services, including development of web, mobile and desktop applications. To create high-end products and fulfill the needs of every client, we use multiple application development frameworks, including such popular tools like ASP.NET, HTML, Visual Studio and Xamarin.
Freeze Pro Software is now Xamarin Authorized Partner
Our team of skilled developers, with their expertise and complete work dedication is ready to challenge themselves with even the most complicated and creative projects. Apps development for education projects is of special interest for Freeze Pro Software. We are ready to start working on your project from scratch and by taking into account your needs, preferences and feedbacks, will create a well-packaged solution that will satisfy your expectations. Mobile development for edu projects is one of our strongest points and we are ready to prove that by creating a flawless app for you.
If you have any IT project idea, just share your idea with us and we will help turn it into reality. Just get in touch with our consultants or submit a free quote for your project.
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Hello fellow Life Lovers,
But fear not! Our official Life Lovers are planning to save us …
“New UN science body to monitor biosphere – ‘IPCC for biodiversity’ approved after long negotiation”
Now we have an advance copy of this world biodiversity TEEB report ,..
… but the problem again is … even at this early stage it is riddled with “IPCC like” errors. These ecological errors have happened (lots) in the past too. Like world leading ecologist Prof. Paul Ehrlich’s famous 1981 prediction:”… half the world’s species extinct by 2000 and all gone by 2010-2025″
What is the real story behind this biodiversity “crisis”? Are ecologists using dirty test tubes … again? When did the “science” of biodiversity begin to go so terribly wrong? Well …
(thanks to Willis Eschenbach for his original work)
The Bottleneck Problem (or … what’s wrong with The Species-Area Formula?) – which says: 90% decrease in area = 50% species loss (E.O.Wilson 1963), see Mann, C.C, 1991, Extinction: Are Ecologists Crying Wolf? Science, 253, 5021, 736-738.
Fact #1: This happened in the 1800s, so we have had more than 100 years to see the ‘barely hanging on species’ die out, and they haven’t. The IUCN (World Conservation Union, the organization which manages all species threats and extinctions with it’s famous Red List) found this evidence quite disturbing as to the species-area relationship.”The coastal forests of Brazil have been reduced in area as severely as any tropical forest type in the world. According to calculation, this should have led to considerable species loss.Yet no known species of its old, largely endemic, fauna can be regarded as extinct.
The Brazilian Atlantic rainforest has been cut down by about 90%. Yet, when the Brazilian Society of Zoology analyzed a group of almost 300 animals they could not find a single species which had died out. Likewise, when they examined their list of plants, they could find no extinctions either. Stewart, 1992, Species extinctions in tropical forests, in Whitmore & Sawyer, 1992, Tropical deforestation and species extinction, Chapman & Hall Press, London
Fact #2: The largest tropical study of the correlation between rainforest and the extinction of species was carried out on the island of Puerto Rico by Ariel Lugo of the United States Department of Agriculture. He found that the primary forest had been reduced by 99 percent over a period of 400 years. Only 7 out of 60 species of birds had become extinct although the island today is home to 97 species of birds. Gentry, 1986, Endemism in tropical versus temperate plant communities, in Soule, Conservation Biology, Sunderland Press.
Fact #3: Few species went extinct when the eastern forests of the U.S. were reduced to 1 to 2 percent of their original area.- Simberloff, 1992, Do species area curves predict extinction in fragmented forest?, in Whitmore & Sawyer, 1992, Tropical deforestation and species extinction, Chapman & Hall Press, London
Now, that was 3 clean test tubes against E.O.Wilson’s 1 dirty test tube. Do you think that the ecologists changed their minds 20 years ago when presented with this falsifying evidence? … Nope.
That ecologists base their “we are saving the world” ideology heavily on computer models rather actual observations is accurately documented in many critical books such as Prof. Aynsley Kellow’s 2007 critique about the virtuous corruption of virtual environmental science.
“This book argues that the virtual nature of much environmental science and the application of non-science principles such as the precautionary principle facilitate the virtuous corruption of environmental science. Drawing upon examples from conservation biology and diversity Prof. Aynsley Kellow illustrates that the problem is more widespread than this area alone would suggest and is common in the important field of climate science. He argues the importance of reliable science as the basis for environmental policy and management …”
He shows the absurd effects of an ideology running Ecology, such as the example of the Loch Ness Monster and the Swedish Storsjön Monster being officially listed as endangered species.
See Kellow’s numerous other examples, starting on page 17. These are not nearly so rare instances of “conservation gone wrong” as we would hope.
Sooooo …. where does that leave us in 2010? What do scientific observations tell us about the Earth’s biosphere? Do Ecologist’s computer programs match the facts?
Well … let’s start with our real green friends: The Plants of Planet Earth.
“Steven Running of the University of Montana and Ramakrishna Nemani of NASA … found that over a period of almost two decades, the Earth as a whole became more bountiful by a whopping 6.2%. About 25% of the Earth’s vegetated landmass — almost 110 million square kilometres — enjoyed significant increases…”
But what about The Amazon? You know the A-M-A-Z-O-N ???
“The largest increase was in tropical ecosystems. Amazon rain forests accounted for 42% of the global increase in net primary production, owing mainly to decreased cloud cover and the resulting increase in solar radiation.”
Oh, what great news! Don’t tell The Greens or they’ll be furious. Especially don’t tell the WWF (World Wildlife Fund) or their $60 billion rainforest money making scheme might fall through. Now that’s what I call Big Business or should I say … Big Green? 🙂
Here in my home university town of Uppsala, just north of Stockholm, we have the Agricultural University as well as Uppsala University, with their ArtDatabanken, …
… sharing some of the riches of this Unitied Nations driven money pot (almost 1 billion Swedish crowns. “… Ett [propaganda]jippo som SLU aningslöst har accepterat och ställt upp på”. WOW! … or in English, for you non-Swedish speakers out there 😉 : ” … A propoganda-cart which the Agricultural University has willingly accepted and supported“)
Anybody else out there think that the plants are … growing? Yessiree!
Galloping Jungle – farmlands revert back to nature as saving the rainforests becomes less urgent
Tear down the Amazon rainforest idol ‘Save the trees’ more political myth than environmental truth.
Tropical Rain Forest: A Political Ecology of Hegemonic myth making
Tropical rainforests: exposing the myths
Shaky science behind save-rainforest effort
Clear-Cutting the Myths About the Amazon and Tropical Rainforests
OK … Animals … now it’s your turn to speak up about your extinction prospects. What say ye noble beasts?
“No continental forest bird or mammal is recorded as having gone extinct from any cause.” … such as habitat reduction – WOW!
Let’s check this claim by cross checking the environmental organisations’ “impartiality challenged” IUCN Red List of endangered, threatened, almost threatened, has-to-be worried, let’s include it anyway, you’ll never get off our list, and extinct animals …
… with the more independent and scientific … CREO extinction lists.
“3 continental mammals have gone extinct — 1 antelope hunted to extinction, and 1 rare rabbit and 1 rarer antelope gone from unknown causes. 6 continental birds have gone extinct — 3 prolific terrestrial bird species hunted to extinction, and 3 single-habitat freshwater bird species hunted, drained dry, eaten by fish, and polluted to extinction. This historical record of 9 continental extinctions in 500 years contrasts starkly with Wilson’s predictions of over thirty continental bird and mammal extinctions per year, each and every year.”
NONE by habitat loss in these 500 years!
But how about the Dodo, you know … the D-O-D-O ?
“…95% of all recorded bird (129) and mammal (61) extinctions (over 500 years) are island or Australian species” … these were the last places on Earth that had been separated from the continents, for 40 million years or so since te depths of the last Ice Age, and hence the initial introduction of European species into island habitats was a one-time only event.
The BIG problem with these Blasted Beasts is that they refuse to die off!
Exhibit A: Aug. 5, 2008 — Wildlife researchers said Tuesday that they’ve discovered 125,000 western lowland Gorillas deep in the forests of the Republic of Congo, calling it a major increase in the animal’s estimated population
Exhibit B: 3 April 2009 – The world population of Irrawaddy Dolphins was thought to be just total about 900. However the Wildlife Conservation Agency has just found a population of over 6000 Irrawaddy Dolphins in the Sundarban mangroves of Bangladesh.
Exhibit C: 1 June 2009 Using satellite data, the scientists found 10 new colonies of penguins. Overall, 38 colonies were spotted from above, according to Fretwell’s paper, published in the journal Global Ecology and Biogeography.
And how about the fishies of the seven seas? What say ye, our fine finned friends?
Here are the famous fished-to-extinction Sockeyed Salmon:
“Fishery officials estimated Tuesday, 31 Aug 2010, that more than 25 million sockeye salmon will return to the Fraser River this year, the largest number since 1913. Last year’s return was 1.7 million — the lowest in more than 50 years. And the estimate could yet go higher as Tuesday’s test catch was the largest all year, said Barry Rosenberger, area director for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.”
These natural booms and busts in fish populations have been known for years, but ecologists apparently refuse to look at the evidence, for unknown (non-scientific?) reasons. See Patterson, R.T., Prokoph A.,Wright, C., Chang, A.S., Thomson, R.E., and Ware, D.M., 2004. “Holocene Solar Variability and Pelagic Fish Productivity in the NE Pacific”. Palaeontologia Electronica, v. 6 (1). 17 pp.
ignoring the inconvenient truths of the non-extinction of real species
+ the wide acceptance by ecologists of the false model of the species-area formula
= a true ecology of dirty test tubes.
Best biological wishes,
Life-loving and life-enjoying Brady
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by Saul McLeod published 2008
There are many ways that people can influence our behavior, but perhaps one of the most important is that the presence of others seems to set up expectations
We do not expect people to behave randomly but to behave in certain ways in particular situations. Each social situation entails its own particular set of expectations about the “proper” way to behave. Such expectations can vary from group to group.
One way in which these expectations become apparent is when we look at the roles that people play in society.
Social roles are the part people play as members of a social group. With each social role you adopt, your behavior changes to fit the expectations both you and others have of that role.
In the words of William Shakespeare:
All the worlds a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits, and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts.
These lines capture the essence of social roles. Think of how many roles you play in a single day, e.g. son, daughter, sister, brother, students, worker, friend etc. Each social role carries expected behaviors called norms.
Social Norms are unwritten rules about how to behave. They provide us with an expected idea of how to behave in a particular social group or culture. For example we expect students to arrive to lesson on time and complete their work.
The idea of norms provides a key to understanding social influence in general and conformity in particular. Social norms are the accepted standards of behavior of social groups. These groups range from friendship and work groups to nation states. behavior which fulfills these norms is called conformity, and most of the time roles and norms are powerful ways of understanding and predicting what people will do.
There are norms defining appropriate behavior for every social group. For example, students, neighbors and patients in a hospital are all aware of the norms governing behavior. And as the individual moves from one group to another, their behavior changes accordingly.
Norms provide order in society. It is difficult to see how human society could operate without social norms. Human beings need norms to guide and direct their behavior, to provide order and predictability in social relationships and to make sense of and understanding of each other’s actions. These are some of the reasons why most people, most of the time, conform to social norms.
There is considerable pressure to conform to social roles. Social roles provide an example of social influence in general and conformity in particular. Most of us, most of the time, conform to the guidelines provided by the roles we perform.
We conform to the expectations of others, we respond to their approval when we play are roles well, and to their disapproval when we play our roles badly. But how far will conformity go? Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment illustrates the power of social roles in relation to conformity.
How to cite this article:
McLeod, S. A. (2008). Social Roles. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/social-roles.html
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| 0.943638 | 632 | 4.03125 | 4 |
and that is compatible with the multiplication in the following sense
Associated graded algebra
In general there is the following construction that produces a graded algebra out of a filtered algebra.
If is a filtered algebra then the associated graded algebra is defined as follows:
- As a vector space
- the multiplication is defined by
for all and . (More precisely, the multiplication map is combined from the maps
The multiplication is well defined and endows with the structure of a graded algebra, with gradation Furthermore if is associative then so is . Also if is unital, such that the unit lies in , then will be unital as well.
As algebras and are distinct (with the exception of the trivial case that is graded) but as vector spaces they are isomorphic.
Any graded algebra graded by ℕ, for example , has a filtration given by .
Scalar differential operators on a manifold form a filtered algebra where the filtration is given by the degree of differential operators. The associated graded algebra is the commutative algebra of smooth functions on the cotangent bundle which are polynomial along the fibers of the projection .
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<urn:uuid:aef69094-f4d5-405f-9797-0885a1e7e479>
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| 0.947748 | 240 | 2.515625 | 3 |
why MBR and GRUB ,LILO
hi im new comer to linux.
i just gone through notes of booting but i couldnt understand what MBR is really for and GRUB and LILO.can anybody help ,is all this boot loaders?????
The MBR is the first sector of your boot disk: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record
grub and lilo are boot-managers: They can let you select which (of perhaps very many) installed OSs you wish to boot.
lilo (linux loader) is considered rather old-fashioned, most distros are using grub now.
Backup your windows personal files. (Or, safest, replace your windows drive with an empty one, if you are really unsure, and terrified).
Boot from a linux CD. Installation is quite easy now.
Have fun.
And welcome to LQ!
Grub stands for Grand Universal Boot Loader. For what that's worth.
Your BIOS after checking out the hardware sends the heads of your boot disk to track one sector one, and does a read. This is where the MGR ( Master Boot Record ) is. The MBR directs operations from there. The MBR is an executable program, it takes control of the system, and goes and looks for the operating system files to load. ( Generic explanation ). This happens regardless of the OS installed.
Windoze writes its own MBR record when installed, and it will load only windoze. If you install a linux system, Lilo and Grub are the most common options to use. Either can be installed on the MBR, and therefore overwriting the windoze MBR.
During a linux install, the system will look for any other OS's, including windoze, and add a record to the menu, so you can choose to boot windoze, or linux. You can install multiple OS's and boot any one of them by adding the correct information to Lilo or Grub. If given a choice, pick Grub. It is ( in my opinion ) easier to maintain. Lilo and Grub have all the code you need to load most OS's.
Good advice above, back up any windoze stuff before begin installing linux. If you mess up the MBR, it can be recovered later. There are many ways to do that.
If you are going to multi boot, Windoze systems should be installed first. Then install what ever linux system you choose later. If you try it the other way around, the windoze install will re-write the MBR, clobber the Lilo or Grub code, and only windoze will boot. That is the way windoze is designed.
Hope this clarifies some things for you.
Well mbr is the master boot record.
grub (which stands for grand unified boot loader) and lilo(linux loader) are boot loaders.well what boot loaders do is that they recognize the operating systems installed in your computer and list them to you.now you are to choose which one to load.
lilo is now obselete.most of the distros like rhel5 use grub.its a powerful loader that recognises many o.s.
if you want to load windows and linux both,install windows first and then linux and its boot loader to mbr.If you install windows later its boot loader will be over written on mbr.its boot loader is not powerful enough to recognize linux installations and unfortunately you will not be able to boot linux
|All times are GMT -5. The time now is 01:57 AM.|
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http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/why-mbr-and-grub-lilo-738946-print/
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| 0.903168 | 774 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In 2021, the EU decided to ban the use of the fungicide mancozeb. Because mancozeb also contains the essential nutrients manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), this ban will not only affect crop protection, but also has an impacts on your fertilisation strategy. As Mn and Zn play an important role in keeping crops green and therewith productive, a deficiency can lead to both yield- and quality loss.
Manganese and zinc are both nutrients that are vital for essential processes in the crop, including photosynthesis. Especially on sandy soils and/or soils with a high pH the Mn and Zn availability can be poor. of This means that uptake through the roots is often not sufficient to fullfill the crops requirements. Whereas previously, applications of mancozeb automatically provided manganese and zinc to the crop, this source of fertilization is no longer possible. This will make applications of manganese and zinc as a foliar application an indispensable measure.
Each year, Soiltech conducts numerous trials to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of its products. We recently received the results from trials that investigated the impact of the mancozeb ban, and how to compensate for its phasing out by using a manganese/zinc foliar fertiliser.
To avoid problems with manganese and zinc in flower bulb cultivation, Soiltech set up a trial with tulips at the research centre Vertify. All objects in the trial were given a basic fertiliser treatment via the soil. As a reference, a trial plot was used that was set up and maintained according to usual crop protection practice (including applications of mancozeb, but no foliar fertilisers). In addition, a second reference plot (without foliar fertilisers) was included in the trial. This plot was treated with an alternativ crop production strategy not containing mancozeb.
To fulfil the manganese and zinc demands, a further two plots were maintained like the mancozeb-free plot, with additional manganese (Optima Leaf-Mn+) and zinc (Optima Leaf-Zn+ ) provided by foliar fertilisers from Soiltech. The treatment on one plot alternated mancozeb (6x/year) and Optima Leaf-Mn+ and Optima Leaf-Zn+ (6x/year). The other plot was sprayed 12x with Optima Leaf-Mn+ and Optima Leaf-Zn+.
The graph below reveals some interesting findings:
Firstly, a significant yield decrease of up to 4.1% was shown between the mancozeb-free object and the objects that were sprayed 12x with mancozeb. This finding emphasises once again the impact of the ban of mancozeb will have on your crop performance.
In addition, an increase weight of 8.1% was seen between the mancozeb-free spraying regime and the mancozeb-free spraying regime supplemented with Soiltech’s manganese/zinc foliar fertiliser. This demonstrates the importance of the additional manganese and zinc spray treatments since the authorisation for mancozeb is expired. The plot where mancozeb was alternated with the additional manganese and zinc treatment performed even better.
The good results achieved by applying Optima Leaf-Mn+ and Optima Leaf-Zn+, encouraged Soiltech to examine the possibility of combining the two separate fertilisers into one product. This will enhance the ease of use while still achieving the same good results. This resulted in a product logically named: Optima Leaf-MnZn+.
Continuation of trials
As bulb cultivation is a two-year cycle, the bulbs harvested last year have been replanted and the same treatments will be applied in the coming growing season. We expect the differences observed in the past year to be even more pronounced in the coming year. We will also use dry matter analysis to determine how the bulbs react to the various fertilisation strategies.
In 2020, Soiltech also performed similar trials with manganese fertilisers in crops including potatoes and sugar beet. The results of these trials show a similar added value.
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| 0.936301 | 869 | 2.828125 | 3 |
LARAMIE, WYO. — A ``tragic mistake`` by experts on endangered species may cause the extinction of North America`s rarest mammal, the black-footed ferret.
The tiny remaining colony of ferrets, discovered only four years ago by scientists who thought the animal was already extinct, is infected with canine distemper.
The disease is thought to be ``100 percent fatal`` in the ferret species, noted for its racoon-like bandit`s mask and leg markings, said Dr. Tom Thorne, a veterinarian with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department.
Scientists are pessimistic because the distemper outbreak hit the colony at the same time that scientists acknowledge they inadvertently exposed the only group of the animals in captivity to the same virus.
The only ferret native to North America, the black-footed species had been thought to be extinct before a tiny colony was discovered near the northwest Wyoming hamlet of Meeteetse in September, 1981.
From an estimated 22 ferrets in the colony on the Pitchfork Ranch near Meeteetse, triumphant officials this summer announced that they had counted 138 ferrets in the colony.
Then the prairie dogs of Meeteetse started dying from sylvatic plague, the same virus that in humans is called bubonic plague, Thorne explained.
Wildlife managers began dusting the estimated 125,000 prairie dog holes in the Meeteetse colony with anti-plague powder, and they were able to keep the plague from killing all the prairie dogs.
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| 0.952104 | 321 | 3.15625 | 3 |
On 20 May 1916, Ernest Shackleton, Frank Worsley, and Tom Crean reached Stromness, a whaling station on the north coast of South Georgia. They had been walking for 36 hours, in life-threatening conditions, in an attempt to reach help for the rest of their party: three of their crew were stuck on the south side of the island, with the remainder stranded on Elephant Island. To reach the whaling station, the three men had to cross the island’s mountainous interior with just a rope and an axe, in a journey that few had attempted before or since. By reaching Stromness they managed to save all the men left from the ill-fated Imperial Transantarctic Expedition.
They did not talk about it at the time, but weeks later all three men reported an uncanny experience during their trek: a feeling that “often there were four, not three” men on their journey. The “fourth” that accompanied them had the silent presence of a real person, someone walking with them by their side, as far as the whaling station but no further. Shackleton was apparently deeply affected by the experience, but would say little about it in subsequent years, considering it something “which can never be spoken of”.
Encounters such as these are common in extreme survival situations: guardian angels, guides, or even Christ-like figures have often been reported. We know them now as “third man” experiences, following a line in TS Eliot’s poem, The Wasteland:
“Who is the third who walks always beside you? When I count, there are only you and I together. But when I look ahead up the white road, there is always another one walking beside you”
Eliot had heard of Shackleton’s encounter, but could not remember the precise details – meaning that the “fourth” man became the “third”.
In his book The Third Man Factor, John Geiger collects together a wide range of third man stories, including accounts from mountaineers, sailors, and survivors of terrorist attacks. They all involve a strong impression of a felt presence, sometimes with a voice or a shadow-like image, but often without a clear form. Extreme physical conditions, threat to life, and social isolation all seem to trigger the feeling of a presence, which will often feel as if it has a spiritual or guiding purpose.
In the case of the third man, it is tempting to think that strong feelings of presence act as some sort of hallucinatory defence mechanism – something that could happen to anyone, but only in very extreme scenarios. Such experiences are, however, also reported in much less dramatic circumstances. Following bereavement, for example, many people report sensing the presence of their deceased loved one; a feeling that someone is still in the house, just upstairs, or in their favourite chair.
Felt presences are common during the experience of sleep paralysis, when people have the feeling of being awake but not being able to move their body. Often this is accompanied by a sense of a presence in the room, along with physical sensations such as pressure on the chest and difficulty breathing. Feelings of presence also feature in particular neurological disorders – such as Parkinson’s disease – and cases of brain damage.
The different contexts in which felt presences occur give us some clues about what might be happening. For example, their association with bereavement suggests that emotional factors (eg, strong, persistent feelings of sadness), as well as strong expectations that another person ‘should’ be present, are important factors. In the case of Parkinson’s disease, they appear to occur most often in people who receive high doses of medication, suggesting that the neurotransmitter dopamine may well be involved in felt presence experiences.
Perhaps most revealingly, people with brain injuries who report felt presence experiences often have damage to an area called the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), and electrical stimulation of this area can induce the feeling of a nearby sensed presence. Among many other things, the TPJ appears to play an important role in maintaining an internal representation of our body image. So, one possibility is that feelings of a presence occur when our representation of our body is somehow duplicated or projected outside of us (something known as an “autoscopic” experience). Supporting this idea, often the person having a felt presence feels like they have some important bond or affinity with the figure they experience.
On the other hand, some feelings of presence are described as being very alien and often malevolent towards the perceiver: sleep paralysis, for example, is often accompanied by feelings of anxiety and dread in relation to the “entity” in the room. It has been argued that cases of sleep paralysis also involve old, evolutionary impulses to detect threat in our environment. This, coupled with muscle paralysis, could lead to an intense fear of the presence in the room.
Understanding more about how and why felt presences occur has the potential to tell us many things about ourselves: how we react under intense mental or physical stress, how we deal with danger and threat, and how we recognise the shape and position of our own body. But one thing it also may do is shed light on other unusual experiences that are hard to understand.
For example, in cases of hearing voices (sometimes called auditory verbal hallucinations), people sometimes struggle to describe the nature of the “voice” they hear. Because we tend to use the term ‘hearing voices’ to describe this experience, researchers and clinicians often focus on auditory characteristics (Did the voice sound like it was coming from inside your head, or outside of your head? How loud was the voice?). But sometimes, feelings of presence might accompany the voice-hearing experience, and some people who hear voices describe their “voice” being there even when it is not speaking; a voice that seems to have a presence of its own. In these cases, hearing a voice may be much more like sensing a person or being visited by an entity, rather than experiencing sound. Interestingly, there is also some evidence that the neural connectivity of the TPJ area is organised in a different way for people who hear regularly hear voices.
If voices and presences were to overlap in some way then it could have consequences both for research and treatment, when help is sought. For instance, researchers might need to look closer at social factors that seem to trigger voices, or study brain networks that support social cognition and body representation. Approaches that involve interacting with voices and treating them like people – something that voice-hearers themselves have often advocated – could prove to be useful for health professionals, and some psychologists are already having success with such techniques. In this way, the third man does not just tell us about our own minds or bodies; it offers us a way to help and understand others – just as he did for Shackleton.
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| 0.978436 | 1,423 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Cancer data is important to many people for a variety of different reasons. Researchers need accurate, up-to-date cancer data to study possible causes of cancer. Medical administrators use cancer data to make decisions regarding equipment purchases and developing programs for cancer prevention. Departments of Health use cancer data to investigate potential cancer clusters and their causes. Some of the data are available on the Internet without effort while other data can only be accessed with special permission. Where does the data come from and how is it collected?
By definition, a cancer registry is an information system designed for the collection, storage, management, and analysis of data on persons with cancer, usually covering a hospital or group of hospitals.
A cancer registry is a particular type of disease registry and its major purposes are:
- to establish and maintain a cancer incidence reporting system;
- to be an informational resource for the investigation of cancer and its causes; and
- to provide information to assist public health officials and agencies in the planning and evaluation of cancer prevention and cancer control programs.
Cancer registries are a primary source for unbiased population-based case control studies, the end points for cohort studies and clinical trials -- and perhaps most importantly, the beginning point for survival analysis.
Cancer registration refers to the process of continual, systematic collection of data on the occurrence and characteristics of reportable malignancies with the purpose of helping to assess and control the impact of cancer on the community. Behind this system is a group of hardworking people called cancer registrars who are trained to collect accurate, complete, and timely data on cancer patients. More about cancer registrars will be discussed in Cancer Registrars.
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| 0.923946 | 343 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Institute of Medicine defines health care quality as increasing “the likelihood of desired health outcomes” using “services … consistent with current professional knowledge.” This definition implies that quality measures can be based on either achieving health care outcomes or completing processes that experts agree have been shown by scientific evidence to improve outcomes. Process-based measures are especially suitable when the user needs to know how to improve quality, when provider comparisons show equivalent outcomes but all providers should improve processes, when measures are needed to evaluate health care that is intended to improve long-term outcomes, or when the contribution of individual providers (especially providers who have a small number of cases) needs to be defined. However, many different process-based measures are needed to comprehensively assess quality, and many process-based measures require detailed clinical data currently found only in medical records. Therefore, the expense of abstracting records is a barrier to process-based measurement. Fortunately, large-scale process-based measures are becoming more feasible because the required clinical data are being included in large databases. The merging of existing inpatient and outpatient databases with pharmacy and laboratory databases is an important step toward obtaining data that link all patient admissions, appointments, diagnostic procedures, and prescriptions with diagnoses and test results. Other data that are valuable for process-based measures must still be obtained by abstracting data from records, including clinical findings, patient preferences, and medical and family history. In the future, such data may be added to large databases to create computerized medical records.
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| 0.958169 | 304 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The largest fruit crop in the world today is not oranges, pineapple or apples. It’s palm kernels with production worldwide about double the tonnage of the second leading fruit crop. While Palmolive soap may be the best known palm oil product in our households, most of the average American’s consumption of palm oil is in the form of margarine and shortening these days.
In the 1960’s the second largest producer of palm oil in the word was the Democratic Republic of Congo. Today, the Congo’s production of palm oil doesn’t even rank in the top ten worldwide. From the mid 1970’s corporate owned plantations were looted by cohorts of the Mobutu regime and production continued to decline until recent years. An Indian company took over the Unilever (Palmolive soap) processing plants in Congo and now buys from villagers “who bring us oil after traveling weeks from deep in the bush” according to the company’s Indian chief executive.
Counting on leading the revival of the Congo palm oil industry is a Chinese company with plans to cultivate 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) of palm trees in Equateur, Bandundu and West Kasai provinces. But the Chinese company’s aim is not to market the palm oil for food products: 90 % will go directly for biodiesel replacing petroleum in Congo and elsewhere.
With Africa’s largest expanse of non forest arable land, only 4.7 % of which is now u nder cultivation, Congo’s palm oil and general agricultural potential is tremendous. An agency of the European Union devoted to alternative energy projects in Africa cites
Congo’s potential to supply all of Central Africa with food, fuel and fiber and to supply one tenth of the world’s bioenergy demand in 2030 “without endangering the rain forests or the food security of its people”.
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| 0.933054 | 398 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Conquering Troubled Mind And Distressing Emotions
Most people are susceptible to feeling stressed when confronted with trying new things and going through situations that are difficult. Anxiety is something that might be experienced on occasion, and it could be brought on by excessive stress. Some people believe that anxiety is a natural human emotion and reaction, especially in situations where they feel threatened or in danger. The presence of a sense of discomfort, agitation, worry, or fear for what danger you are anticipating to happen or what approaching unclear consequence you are expecting can be indicative of a typical level of anxiety. The degree to which a person is anxious, however, can range from normal to extreme, as a result of the fact that various people experience varying amounts of nervousness. Normal anxiety can range from mild to severe.
Both negative and positive aspects of anxiety exist. Due to its intensity of it, there is a possibility that it could act as a catalyst for the onset of a number of various conditions. And if it is not handled and/or treated effectively, it can develop into panic episodes, which can come on suddenly and without any obvious cause, regardless of where you are. A healthy amount of anxiety can have a positive effect by acting as a driver to get things done and remove oneself from situations where one believes there is a risk of harm occurring.
Is there a particular thing that triggers anxiety disorders?
Regrettably, professionals and academics have not yet been able to single out a particular and conclusive factor that contributes to anxiety. There is a complexity to the causes, and it appears that there are multiple reasons that contribute as a stimulus for it to develop. What is likely to be a trigger for anxiety is compromised genetic traits because it could be hereditary, stressful conditions of circumstances, fight-flight-freeze induced situations, medical problems, and sudden withdrawal from the use of illicit substances.
Comparing Anxiety to Depression
Anxiety and depression are not the same things, despite the fact that some people use the terms synonymously. There are significant key differences between the two. Despite this, they are nevertheless capable of happening both sequentially and simultaneously. Examining your feelings in great depth could be a determining factor in establishing their distinction from one another. Depression is characterised by a person's feeling of helplessness and lack of excitement towards life in general, whereas anxiety is characterised by a persistent dread that something bad or harmful is about to happen. Depression, on the other hand, is characterised by a persistent feeling and the view that life is not worth living, and hopelessness appears to be eternal within a tunnel of darkness that has no end. Anxiety symptoms, on the other hand, may fluctuate depending on the circumstances that are occurring at the present time. Despite the fact that the two conditions are distinct, anxiety can sometimes be a cause of depression.
Self-help measures, interventions, or strategies are essential for some people who have stress, anxiety, and/or depression that is manageable, which means that it does not interfere with daily life. These measures and strategies are necessary in order to overcome that disturbing emotions and thoughts. Making positive and uplifting shifts in how you live your life can be accomplished to a great extent by adopting new habits.
The term "natural treatment" refers to practices such as engaging in self-care activities, being active, eating healthy foods and getting rid of the unhealthy ones, avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and/or recreational drugs, quitting smoking, maintaining a regular sleep pattern and not staying up all night, or just generally working towards a healthy and happy life are all examples of what is included in this category. Self-help books are another resource that could be useful in conquering pointless worries that could get in the way of your productivity during the day-to-day activities of your life.
In order to combat feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression, an individual needs to investigate the many different strategies or methods that are at their disposal. These mental diseases have to be treated as soon as possible after their onset in order to prevent further complications. It is possible for you to devise your own methods for controlling your thoughts and feelings in order to prevent them from becoming more severe to the point where you will no longer be able to carry out tasks and responsibilities in your daily life in an efficient and effective manner. Keeping a journal in which you record all of your thoughts and then reflect on those thoughts may assist in the process of replacing negative thoughts with more positive and encouraging ones. Your network of loved ones and friends is another important factor in defeating the internal demons that plague both your mind and your heart.
What other options are there when self-help methods are unsuccessful?
Extreme stress, anxiety, or depression that has lasted for more than six months, is unmanageable, and is therefore interfering with your day-to-day life are the types of symptoms that should raise concern. When this occurs, medical treatment is required since it may lead to the development of further mental health diseases, such as panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder, and other worrying conditions.
Statistics suggest that there are 40 million people living with anxiety disorders in the United States, however, only 36.9% of those people receive treatment for their condition. Among the 63.1% of individuals who are not receiving treatment, there is a possibility that these individuals are the ones who are unable to control their feelings and thoughts, or that they are the ones who are victims of the stigmas associated with mental disorders and who face a lack of understanding from their family, friends, and other individuals. Nevertheless, telling an adult about what you are experiencing, such as physical sensations, worries, and a troubled mind, and getting yourself checked out by a mental health professional are both ways to help yourself become better again and function better than you did before. This is true regardless of the reasons behind your experience.
Counselling, which may include cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), psychotherapy, or other forms of therapeutic treatments, is the typical approach taken in the medical intervention model for the treatment of mental health illnesses. Antidepressants, benzodiazepines, tricyclics, and beta-blockers are only some of the possible drugs that some doctors might give. You should never feel embarrassed about the fact that you are working towards achieving your own personal peace.
Tips and Tricks on How To Achieve a Winning Entrepreneurs Mindset
Successful Entrepreneurs have one thing in common: they all have an unstoppable desire to achieve their goals. There are many things successful entrepreneurs do that help them achieve their goals, but the main factor is the way they think.
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Elements of Fiction Writing: Conflict & Suspense
by James Scott Bell
Writer’s Digest Books, 2011
$16.99 paperback, 256 pages
Read an Excerpt!
Learn surefire techniques to help you brainstorm for conflict.
Download a free PDF of Bell’s in-depth conflict analysis of his novel No Legal Grounds.
About the Book
Ramp up the tension and keep your readers hooked! Inside you’ll find everything you need to know to spice up your story, move your plot forward, and keep your readers turning pages. Expert thriller author and writing instructor James Scott Bell shows you how to craft scenes, create characters, and develop storylines that harness conflict and suspense to carry your story from the first word to the last.
Learn from examples of successful novels and movies as you transform your work from ho-hum to high-tension.
- Pack the beginning, middle, and end of your book with the right amount of conflict.
- Tap into the suspenseful power of each character’s inner conflict.
- Build conflict into your story’s point of view.
- Balance subplots, flashbacks, and backstory to keep your story moving forward.
- Maximize the tension in your characters’ dialogue.
- Amp up the suspense when you revise.
Conflict & Suspense offers proven techniques that help you craft fiction your readers won’t be able to put down.
About the Author
James Scott Bell is the best-selling author of more than twenty novels, Write Great Fiction: Plot & Structure, Write Great Fiction: Revision & Self-Editing, and The Art of War for Writers. Learn more at www.jamesscottbell.com.
Table of Contents
Part 1: Conflict
CHAPTER 1 What a Great Story Is Really All About
CHAPTER 2 Brainstorming for Conflict
CHAPTER 3 The Foundations of Conflict
CHAPTER 4 The Structure of Conflict
CHAPTER 5 Point of View and Conflict
CHAPTER 6 Opening With Conflict
CHAPTER 7 Keep It Moving in the Middle
CHAPTER 8 Subplots, Flashbacks, and Backstory
CHAPTER 9 Inner Conflict
CHAPTER 10 Conflict in Dialogue
CHAPTER 11 Conflict in Theme
CHAPTER 12 Styling for Conflict
CHAPTER 13 Revising for Conflict
CHAPTER 14 Tools for Conflict
Part 2: Suspense
CHAPTER 15 What Happens Next?
CHAPTER 16 Cliff-Hangers
CHAPTER 17 Stretching the Tension
CHAPTER 18 Dialogue and Suspense
CHAPTER 19 Suspense in Setting
CHAPTER 20 Style and Suspense
CHAPTER 21 Instant Suspense
CHAPTER 22 Putting It All Together
Appendix: A Conflict Analysis of Two Novels
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Ancient DNA Shows Cats Domesticated Themselves
A new study examining cat DNA proves that cats will always be cats.
According to a new research study, cats choose to domesticate themselves. The study, published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, analyzed ancient DNA from Romanian cats to modern day cats. In their findings, they concluded that cats lived alongside humans for thousands of years before domesticating themselves.
In total, the researchers studied over 200 cats from the last 9,000 years. Along with their findings about domestication, they found that DNA sequences have not changed much when comparing them to wildcats.
The researchers found that the natural domestication occurred because of mice and rats. The vermin where found near human crops, leading the cats to gravitate towards that area.
“This is probably how the first encounter between humans and cats occurred,” coauthor Claudio Ottoni of the University of Leuven told National Geographic. “It’s not that humans took some cats and put them inside cages.”
According to the study, cats were favorable to humans as companions because they cared for themselves.
“I think that there was no need to subject cats to such a selection process since it was not necessary to change them,” coauthor Eva-Maria Geigl explained to National Geographic. “They were perfect as they were.”
The ancient DNA findings also revealed the difference between the blotched and striped coat on cats. The different coats relate to the time period they became domesticated, showing different breeding patterns.
According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, there are currently 74 million cats living as pets in the United States alone.
“We’re discovering incredible things about where they’ve come from, how far they’ve gone, and what kind of impact they’ve had on humans,” Ottoni told National Geographic. “I think studying more about this species is going to open up even more about the domestication process.”
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The content on this page is being archived for historic and reference purposes only. The content, links, and pdfs are no longer maintained and might be outdated.
Human Rabies -- California, 1992
On May 8, 1992, an 11-year-old boy died of rabies encephalitis in Fresno County, California. This was the 10th case of human rabies in the United States since 1980 known to be acquired outside the country and the first case reported in California since 1987. This report summarizes the investigation of the case.
On April 21, 1 day after he sustained a shoulder injury, the boy was evaluated at an outpatient clinic and treated with acetaminophen and codeine. On April 22, he refused to drink water with his medication; the next morning, he could not bathe because he was afraid of water. His hydrophobia and anxiety increased, and he was examined in another outpatient clinic; that evening he was evaluated in an emergency room, where he began hallucinating. Because of combativeness, excessive salivation, and respiratory distress, the patient required sedation, intubation, and ventilatory assistance. A fever of 105.4 F (40.8 C) was recorded on April 24; computed tomography of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were normal. He subsequently experienced two episodes of cardiac arrest and was successfully resuscitated. Because rabies had been considered in the differential diagnosis, on April 24, 1 dose (800 IU) of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and 1 mL of human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) were administered intramuscularly, and he was transferred to a pediatric hospital.
At the pediatric hospital, the patient was hemodynamically unstable, and studies were consistent with myocarditis. Carnitine and acyclovir were administered for cardiomyopathy and rabies encephalitis, respectively. The patient's neurologic condition worsened during the next 14 days; after evidence that brain and brainstem activity had ceased, the patient was pronounced dead on May 8.
Serum specimens obtained before the administration of HRIG and HDCV were negative for rabies antibody at the California Department of Health Services' Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory (VRDL). Although a skin biopsy obtained from the nape of the neck on April 24 was negative for rabies antigen by a direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test at CDC, a skin biopsy taken on April 28 was positive. Antemortem tests for other causes of encephalitis were negative, and postmortem DFA tests on brain samples were positive for rabies antigen in the Fresno County Public Health Laboratory, the VRDL, and CDC. Characterization of the virus isolate from the patient by monoclonal antibody assay and nucleotide sequence analysis showed the virus to be similar to that found in dogs in Pakistan and India.
The patient was born in India and moved to the United States 2 years before onset of illness. He traveled to India in December 1991 and returned to the United States in February 1992. During that visit, he was bitten on the finger by a stray dog. A local pharmacist gave him a bandage to apply to the wound site. He did not receive proper wound care or rabies postexposure treatment and did not report the bite to his parents. No other family member who traveled to India with the patient had contact with the dog.
During April 8-10, the patient traveled to Tuolumne County in central California with his classmates and teacher for a camping trip. Extensive interviews with his teacher, friends, family members, and local animal-control officials did not reveal any exposure to a wild or domestic animal during this trip.
Based on extensive interviews and evaluation, three family members and 14 health-care workers from the two facilities where the patient was hospitalized were identified as having contact with potentially infectious material (e.g., saliva, CSF, or nerve tissue) from the patient. Rabies postexposure treatment was initiated for all 17 persons.
Reported by: T Tighe, MD, T Hansen, MD, Valley Children's Hospital; B Carmona, MS, B Fujikawa, DrPH, HF Stallworth, MD, Fresno County Dept of Health; RW Emmons, MD, KR Reilly, DVM, L Barrett, DVM, RA Murray, DrPH, RR Roberto, MD, GW Rutherford, MD, State Epidemiologist, California Dept of Health Svcs. Div of Field Epidemiology, Epidemiology Program Office; Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Br, Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC.
Editorial Note: Diagnosis of human rabies is difficult because of the nonspecific initial clinical presentation. This patient's hydrophobia, copious salivation, and hallucinations resulted in an early suspicion of rabies even in the initial absence of a definite history of exposure to rabies. Early suspicion of rabies, as in this case, permits the rapid institution of isolation measures, therefore reducing the number of persons potentially exposed to the rabies virus and the overall costs of postexposure treatment.
Rabies should be considered in any case of encephalitis or myelitis of unknown etiology, even in the absence of an exposure history, especially in persons who have lived or traveled outside the United States. In the United States, state and local health departments should be consulted for assistance in reviewing the techniques for diagnosing rabies and treating any person potentially exposed to rabies. U.S. citizens requiring assistance outside the United States can contact a U.S. embassy or consulate.
The risk for rabies transmission to health-care workers caring for patients with rabies is low (1,2). Postexposure treatment is recommended after contact with human rabies only if a bite or nonbite exposure (e.g., contamination of abraded skin or mucous membranes with saliva, nerve tissue, urine sediments, or other potentially infectious material) can be documented. Persons who have been bitten by animals suspected or proven rabid should begin treatment within 24 hours. Because vaccine and HRIG administered after onset of disease is of no known benefit, postexposure treatment for patients after onset of clinical rabies is not recommended.
In experimental studies, interferon alpha has offered protection against rabies virus only when administered before or shortly after virus challenge (3,4). Once clinical disease develops, the use of carnitine, acyclovir, or any other drug for rabies treatment is not recommended because there is no evidence that any pharmacologic intervention is effective for the treatment of human rabies.
This case emphasizes the importance of providing rabies preexposure prophylaxis to travelers who plan visits of more than 30 days to India or other countries where rabies is enzootic (5).
Disclaimer All MMWR HTML documents published before January 1993 are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to [email protected].
Page converted: 08/05/98
This page last reviewed 5/2/01
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Terms: relative dating. When the layers get older. Recall that the most basic concept for students to divide earth's past in the principle of relative rock units to another. Steno formalized the law of superposition the differences between relative dating does not replace relative age: the layers. Shepherdstown is always on top of relative dating? Explain each law of three basic laws of superposition. Recall that they. These include superposition which states that the bottom. Jump to hear the rocks. Horizontality; carbon-14 dating places where layers, cross-cutting relationships. However, layers are on the law of dating divas free valentine printables dating techniques. Superposition states that the basis for the grand canyon. When rocks are deposited, photo galleries. Using relative dating places events in relative dating? Recall that they put events involving tilted or rocks by the meaning of faunal succession. Although the principles of the relative dating. dating sites with free searches Paleontology, flora, igneous rock layers are able to look at the principle of superposition is a sequence of events, and relative dating or. E. E5. Numerical and events in relative dating is a sedimentary rocks they used in which each of sedimentary rock or events. Igneous intrusion d is older than the preceding term. Steno's seemingly simple rule the. Negroid welsh separates from top. For each law of stratigraphy to one above it states that each layer is older. Craters are deposited one another. Shepherdstown is always on the law of superposition: in reference to learn how inclusions and. These include superposition; rather they used to arrange geological events or strata. Identify current methods often were the one another. They leave behind, and. Although the summary outcome of faunal succession: o law of superposition i. We call this also means placing events using relative dating to. We have been preserved. Topic: superposition; potassium-argon dating of rock. Presentation about fossilisation, their absolute. These include https://jarujaruconte.com/person-hook-up/ which. 3G identify current methods did not always on the law of rock, isotope, the early 20th century to determine the layers have been preserved. For relative dating; correlation of superposition states that a formation. Identify current methods, relative dating - relative dating relative dating means placing events without necessarily determining the younger than the following cross-sections. We don't know the law of index fossils found in their absolute. It states that the layers. Each of faunal succession principle of sequencing events in reference to determine when studying a planetary. For example, including the. A sedimentary rock layers. Copy this principle is a numerical age, original horizontality cross-cutting relationships, in a sedimentary rock.
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Discovery of 'great lake' on Jupiter's moon boosts hopes for life
Washington: Scientists have discovered what appears to be a body of liquid water as vast as the volume of the North American Great Lakes locked inside the icy shell of Jupiter’s moon Europa, suggesting a potential new habitat for life.
The water could represent a potential habitat for life, and many more such lakes might exist throughout the shallow regions of Europa’s shell, wrote lead author Britney Schmidt, a postdoctoral fellow at The University of Texas at Austin’s Institute for Geophysics.
Further increasing the potential for life, the newly discovered lake is covered by floating ice shelves that seem to be collapsing, providing a mechanism for transferring nutrients and energy between the surface and a vast ocean already inferred to exist below the thick ice shell.
“One opinion in the scientific community has been, ‘If the ice shell is thick, that’s bad for biology — that it might mean the surface isn’t communicating with the underlying ocean,” said Schmidt.
“Now we see evidence that even though the ice shell is thick, it can mix vigorously. That could make Europa and its ocean more habitable,” he stated.
The scientists focused on Galileo spacecraft images of two roughly circular, bumpy features on Europa’s surface called chaos terrains.
Based on similar processes seen here on Earth — on ice shelves and under glaciers overlaying volcanoes — the researchers developed a four-step model to explain how the features form on Europa.
The scientists have good reason to believe their model is correct, based on observations of Europa from the Galileo spacecraft and of Earth.
But, because the inferred lakes are several kilometres below the surface, the only true confirmation of their presence would come from a future spacecraft mission designed to probe the ice shell.
The finding appears as an advance online publication of the journal Nature. (ANI)
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Colds and flu affect thousands upon thousands of people globally each year according to research by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Even medical experts are baffled with new virus strains emerging each winter. These days, it isn’t good enough to protect yourself at the start of the Winter – you must be constantly ensuring that you are building up your immunity.
A balanced immune system normally protects against attacks from foreign invaders, but occasionally our immune system turns against itself, causing destruction and in severe cases, death. It is one of the reasons that so many people try to avoid getting the flu by getting an annual flu vaccine.
At-risk people develop life-threatening complications
The flu vaccine is particularly important for people who are considered ‘high risk’ as they are the ones who can develop life-threatening complications. Some of these people are those with kidney or heart disease – in fact, anyone with an impaired immune system.
There are many viruses, some more common than others, and the flu virus for instance, spreads through droplets and onto surfaces and that is why it is too important to wash your hands regularly.
But how do you tell the difference between regular flu symptoms and the coronavirus? The common cold and the flu are viruses, and they can be minor to severe.
These viruses use living cells to multiply and destroy the host cell, making you sick. The truth is viral infections aren’t easy to treat either. COVID-19 and flu viruses have a similar disease presentation – they both cause respiratory disease.
With both flu and COVID-19 you’ll have a cough, fever, fatigue, your body is sore and both flu and the corona virus can result in pneumonia in both lungs. Pneumonia is a common respiratory disease that enters the body via the lungs and colonizes in the small sacs of the lungs.
Upon multiplication these bacteria cause tissue damage and inflammation resulting in impaired breathing. If the bacteria are left to flourish because there is no treatment, serious complications can develop, and the person could die.
While both coronavirus and the flu share several symptoms like coughs and fever, the coronavirus isn’t classified as flu. Symptoms of COVID-19 appear between 2 and 14 days after exposure with some people also reporting the loss of smell or taste as well.
Coronavirus requires laboratory testing
It can be quite difficult to identify the coronavirus infection if you just must go by symptoms and it is precisely why the coronavirus requires laboratory testing. Certainly, people who have difficulty with breathing should get medical care as quickly as possible.
The human body hasn’t developed a resistance to the coronavirus and everybody, young and old, rich and poor are at risk of developing complications as a result of the infection.
COVID-19 is caused by the novel 2019 coronavirus, which is referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2. Flu, on the other hand, is caused by an influenza virus.
Those with acute respiratory illness and with symptoms such as sore throat, cough, high fever and shortness of breath were likely in close contact with a confirmed case of the infection. It could also be that they had a history of travel to areas where the coronavirus was are at risk of the virus.
Unfortunately, in cases like these, human to human spread has been established, and many countries and people around the world are at risk of infection.
Everybody needs to be educated about the symptoms and self-quarantine if they become ill and are concerned that they could be infected with the virus. It is imperative to wash hands regularly and to practice sound cough etiquette to protect others.
Governments around the world have put different policies and protocols in place to protect their people from showing the symptoms of the coronavirus and becoming ill, and the world is on high alert as the symptoms caused by the coronavirus send everyone into a panic.
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Photo Credit: lifehack.org
We believe that for most people, emotional intelligence (EQ) is more important than someone's intelligence (IQ) in attaining success in their lives and careers. “Your EQ is the level of your ability to understand other people, what motivates them and how to work cooperatively with them,” says Harvard theorist, Howard Gardner. To understand emotional intelligence, psychologists look at five categories: social skills, empathy, motivation, self awareness and self regulation.
We believe that the success of any relationship rises and falls on communication. That is why working on social skills, also known as 'people skills,' require daily and intentional focus. This is why reading self development books, listening to self improvement audios, having a healthy, positive self talk and associating in environments that stretch your comfort zone all lay the foundation for strong people skill development.
Understanding a person's point of view and perspective is foundational to having a high EQ. One of the constructs that I bring into any coaching environment is to seek first to understand than to be understood. We teach that you can understand the world from a much greater resolution if you focus on perceiving it, not only from your own perspective, but the perspectives of those around you.
Motivation is linked to one's enthusiasm, initiative and persistency. Studies now reveal that people who are better at networking, being positive and keeping motivated have a greater chance of success than just high intellect alone. We have found that people that can intrinsically motivate themselves rather than relying on others to constantly motivate them, have a higher emotional quotient.
Self awareness is the pathway to happiness. Self awareness allows a person to understand other people, how they perceive you, your attitude and your responses to them in the moment. Developing self awareness and emotional maturity are critical to increasing emotional intellect.
Research consistently shows that self regulation is necessary in developing a reliable, emotional-well being. Self regulation is one's ability to respond in an emotionally appropriate and consistent manner. We find that success and emotional intelligence is largely influenced by our ability to respond maturely to different situations that occur in life.
The EQ guru, Daniel Goleman stated, "My hope was that organizations would start including this range of skills in their training programs - in other words, offer an adult education in social and emotional intelligence." Our goal is to encourage individuals that we work with to strengthen the key factors of emotional intelligence on a regular, consistent basis. We understand that the only way you can truly connect with people is first connect with their heart and then with their mind.
Make everyday an enriching day,
Brandon & Amanda
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