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Forget becoming a world-renowned millionaire for his mathematical genius-Grigori Perelman was satisfied enough just by solving a tough problem. In 2002, Perelman proved the Poincaré Conjecture, which had stumped mathematicians since 1904. However, Perelman refused to accept the Fields Medal, the highest honor in mathematics, for the proof. He was the first and, thus far, only person to turn down the award. Four years later, he turned down the awarding of the first Clay Millennium Prize, as well as the accompanying $1 million.
Share the knowledge!
Key Facts In This Video
The Poincaré conjecture was picked by the Clay Institute in 2000 as one of eight of math’s biggest unanswered questions. 00:00
Henri Poincaré posed the Poincaré conjecture: you can have an object with no holes, is finite, and can be made into a sphere in a variety of dimensions. 02:20
The Fields Medal is like the math equivalent of the Nobel Prize. 05:47
Wake up with the smartest email in your inbox.
Our best articles a few times a week.
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FLU-SCHOOLS Aug-24-2009 (940 words) xxxn
Catholic schools urged to prepare for potential flu outbreak
By Carol Zimmermann
Catholic News Service
WASHINGTON (CNS) -- As Catholic schools begin their fall classes amid threats of flu outbreaks, hand sanitizers are going to be more of a staple than ever and school officials will be urged to follow large doses of common sense.
At many schools, more than the usual cleaning up took place over the summer as desks and chairs were scrubbed with bleach in an effort to sterilize classrooms and rid them of possible germs associated with the H1N1 virus, known as swine flu.
But despite schools' best efforts to stay germ-free, flu outbreaks are still anticipated.
If students at Catholic schools are diagnosed as having the H1N1 virus, school officials are advised to follow the same protocol as public schools -- to close the school only as a last resort and instead make sure those who are ill stay home until they are no longer contagious.
This advice was announced Aug. 20 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Department of Education.
Marie Powell, executive director of Catholic education for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, sent notices during the summer to Catholic school officials urging them to be aware of government guidelines for handling the flu and advising them to make the necessary preparations.
In July, Powell attended the White House's H1N1 Influenza Preparedness Summit at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md. During the session she asked about the possibility of children being vaccinated for the H1N1 virus at school without parental notification.
Powell was assured that parental consent forms would be required before any shots would be administered. Currently, vaccines are still being tested to see if they would be effective against the H1N1 virus.
About 500 people, including emergency managers, educators, school nurses and public health officials attended the gathering dubbed the "flu summit."
One participant was Mary Pappas, the sole school nurse for the 2,700 students at St. Francis Preparatory School in the New York City borough of Queens -- the first school in the country to close in April because of a swine flu outbreak. Twenty-eight students tested positive for swine flu and 45 confirmed cases of the flu were linked to the school community.
The same month three Catholic schools in Brooklyn, N.Y., closed for two days as a precautionary measure.
Pappas, who was barraged with students complaining of flulike symptoms, said she had to cope with limited resources -- one phone to call parents -- and limited space and staff.
She advised schools to designate rooms where sick students could wait for parents.
That very advice is part of the CDC recommendations for schools. Another tip the agency suggests is to move students' desks farther apart. The guidelines also note that if many students become infected there may be a need for additional measures such as screening staff members and students daily and telling people at high risk and those with sick family members to stay home.
Some diocesan school superintendents have posted their preparations for the flu on diocesan Web sites.
Kevin Vickery, superintendent of schools for the Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee, Fla., posted a letter to Catholic school parents on the diocesan Web site stressing the need to be "especially vigilant" to keep away the flu virus.
"Throughout the year we will do everything we can to keep our schools functioning as usual," he wrote. He requested that parents encourage frequent hand washings, urge children not to share personal items and keep sick children at home.
Sister Gloria Cain, a School Sister of Notre Dame and school superintendent for the Dallas Diocese, similarly posted a letter to school parents. She said the diocesan schools, in compliance with the CDC guidelines, would not close for suspected or confirmed cases of H1N1 virus "unless there is a magnitude of faculty or student absenteeism that interferes with the school's ability to function."
If the situation changed, she said, schools would follow their crisis management plan in coordination with local health authorities. She said parents would be promptly informed of any changes.
Diocesan communications directors who spoke with Catholic News Service said a key aspect of how schools respond to potential flu outbreaks is in their communication with diocesan officials, local health departments and parents.
In the Los Angeles Archdiocese, a Catholic school closed temporarily in April when it was merely suspected that a student had swine flu. The closing and the media frenzy that followed it turned out to be a false alarm as the student tested negative for the flu.
Tod Tamberg, director of media relations for the archdiocese, said archdiocesan schools would be following CDC guidelines and working closely with health department officials to avoid unnecessary panic.
That is not to say there isn't concern, because as he pointed out, Southern California is on particular alert because "so many of our families have cross-border ties" and also because Los Angeles is a major port of entry.
Joe Zwilling, New York's archdiocesan director of communications, similarly said schools in the New York Archdiocese would be working closely with health officials to avoid the panic that swept through the school community last spring.
In April, one Catholic school in Manhattan had reported several students with flulike symptoms but did not have confirmed cases of swine flu.
Zwilling said the archdiocese was "refining protocols from last spring" about school closings and would be working with government officials.
Ryan Blackburn, director of marketing communication for the Catholic Schools Office of the Chicago Archdiocese, said school officials have been gearing up for potential flu cases for months.
As he sees it, the healthy approach is "good communication."
Copyright (c) 2009 Catholic News Service/USCCB. All rights reserved.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or otherwise distributed.
CNS · 3211 Fourth St NE · Washington DC 20017 · 202.541.3250
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Did You Know...?
All of our inheritable traits are stored in these nifty things called genes. You get half of a gene, called an allele, from each of your parents, and it is the way your two alleles interact that determines what kind of a trait you will get from that gene!
Alleles tend to be either "dominant" or "recessive." This means that usually one allele in a pair is bossier than the other and will override it altogether. Therefore, when we show a dominant allele in writing it will have a capital letter. A recessive allele gets a timid lower case one.
On a grander scale, genes can fight with one another in the same way that alleles do. One gene can tell another to change how it behaves! Sometimes a bossy gene will hide the effects of other genes. So to tell what the meek genes are doing, you may need to keep a particularly bossy gene out of the picture.
On the other hand, if a gene only likes to boss around certain other genes, you'll never know what it's doing unless those other genes are active! For example, if I like to force all red hair genes into making blonde hair instead, but there are no red hair genes around, then I'm not going to be doing much of anything, am I?
Now then, are you ready to start exploring the way genes change a horse's color?
Outlining the Basics
Like to see it in writing? Here's a quick outline of a horse's basic color genetics. Each section is explained in depth in the step-by-step guide, but you can skip ahead to any particular section by clicking on it below.
All colorations start here.
These genes modify an existing body color, sometimes subtly and sometimes in quite an extreme manner. They can affect the mane and tail differently from the body, and can also influence different base colors differently.
Dilution genes do just what their name would suggest: they lighten existing coat colors. Each type of gene does this differently, however, and some genes may only affect one color or another.
White patterns will simply be laid over top of the horse's other colors. They are split into spotting patterns, with solid white patches over the other colors, and roaning patterns, where individual white hairs get mixed into the normal coat.
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What if I say the quality of your life depends on how you perceive money. Much like the quality of your life is affected by how you might perceive relations.
Money is nothing but a record of value you create. When someone offers you Rs 100 for some task, that amount is nothing but a record of value created. You can spend that money on soda or buying a lottery ticket. You can also choose to store that money under your pillow or keep in the bank to earn some interest on it.
That is a simple definition of money. But depending on how you earn it, you might give it your own meaning. If you win some money on the lottery ticket you bought that is easy money. You will spend it likewise. If it is hard earned money you might spend it so. Poor spend it for instant gratification, the rich invest it, shopaholics spend it impulsively. Nothing is wrong with that, but the various ways people spend money makes it even difficult to understand what money really means.
Hence often money is not seen from an objective lens. Its meaning remains vague.
But here is one way to look at money. Whether you keep money under your pillow or in your bank, money is nothing but the value you created by working hard or winning a lottery, doesn’t matter. Money you have is the “inventory” of value you create. This value can be exchanged for value you need to make your life easy. That air travel ticket, that movie ticket, rent, buy burger etc. How much inventory of is enough? Only so much that you don’t have to make those difficult decisions or compromise in your life.
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With the progress of science and technology, the mechanical processing equipment has been continuously optimized and improved, its processing capacity and accuracy have been continuously improved, and the mechanical processing technology has also moved towards the direction of high efficiency and accuracy. The complicated process steps have been gradually optimized and reduced, the machining time of parts has been continuously shortened, and the production efficiency has been greatly improved. However, for some parts with simple processing technology, the processing time of the main process is far less than the auxiliary time such as the clamping time of the workpiece and the tool replacement time according to the traditional processing method of single piece processing, with low production efficiency and high labor intensity.
However, the tooling with reasonable design can realize multi piece or small batch production, which not only reduces the labor intensity of workers, but also greatly shortens the auxiliary time, and improves the production efficiency while ensuring the product quality. Now let’s introduce some parts that need to be used inmetal parts .
processed by CNC machined metal parts
Design principle of multi piece clamping tooling
The rationality of fixture design directly affects the quality, production efficiency and processing cost of the workpiece. In actual production, the design of tooling and fixture is mainly based on the processing technology scheme and the experience of operators. The number of clamping times and the frequency of tool change should be reduced as far as possible, and multiple processes should be completed at a time to save auxiliary time and improve production efficiency. When designing the fixture, the principle of reasonable structure, low cost and easy installation and disassembly shall be followed while ensuring the machining accuracy of the lathe.
Tooling design of screw
The processing technology of the screw is simple, and the metal parts processed by CNC machined metal parts are concentrated at both ends (the middle outer surface is not processed, and the anti-corrosion paint is sprayed at last). When milling the two sides of the plane with the traditional processing technology, only one piece can be clamped on the three jaw self centering chuck at a time. The clamping assistance time is long and the production efficiency is low.
However, the production of screw is large and the construction period is short, so the single piece processing may delay the construction period.
After the special tooling is designed, 8 pieces can be clamped at a time. The tooling is positioned by counterbore. The center of every two holes is cut into a through groove with a width of 2mm to form a half opening. The tooling is made of super hard aluminum with high strength. Because the external surface roughness in the middle of the screw is not required to be high, after the workpiece is installed, the clamping force of the precision bench clamp is used to make the tooling produce a small amount of elastic deformation, and the workpiece is clamped to achieve multi piece processing. With the use of multi piece clamping tooling, four sides can be milled at a time, the tool stroke is greatly reduced, and the production efficiency is nearly 3 times higher.
Because the jaw height of the precision bench vise is limited, if the screw length is ＞ 80mm, the workpiece cannot be fixed in the metal parts processed by cnc machined metal parts with the help of the clamping force of the precision bench vise. Therefore, the special fixture for long screw is designed according to the annual production capacity. The fixture also uses 8 positioning holes with the same diameter as the screw for positioning, and the chip discharge grooves are respectively milled below the 8 positioning holes to facilitate the cleaning of the tooling.
The tooling can clamp 8 pieces each time, and each two pieces are clamped with a special pressing plate to achieve multi piece processing. With this tool, 8 sides can be milled in the CNC metal processing process. The tool travel is short. At the same time, the time for auxiliary clamping and tool replacement is significantly shortened, and the production efficiency is significantly improved.
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Oklahoma City is located in the epicenter of Tornado Alley. Tornados can happen here at any time, and there are yearly averages of 5 severe tornados touching down. We would love to share some other Oklahoma City tornado facts with you. Please see below.
- The F5 tornado that struck the Oklahoma City area on May 20, 2013 resulted in 24 fatalities, 350 injuries and caused $2 billion worth of damage.
- 13 violent tornados (11 F4 and 2 F5) have struck the immediate Oklahoma City area. The most recent was on May 20, 2013 (mentioned above).
- There is a tie for the record amount of tornados to strike in a single day (5). The first was on June 8, 1974 and the second was on May 31, 2013.
- The Oklahoma City area has been struck 21 times by two or more tornados on the same day.
- Of the 6 November tornados on record, two struck on Nov. 10, three on Nov. 19 and the sixth on Nov. 20.
- Since 1950, the longest period without a tornado in the immediate Oklahoma City area is 5 years, 8 months (Oct. 8 1992, through June 12, 1998. The area then was struck by 11 tornados in the following 11 months (June 13, 1998, to May 3, 1999).
Don’t wait any longer to keep your family safe! Contact us today for more information about our reliable storm shelters.
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As for a frustrated toddler life can be a tough road, although they’re excited to display their independence, toddlers aren’t always able to move as quickly as they want or to effectively communicate their needs.
With these combinations you can help in managing two year old behavior and temper tantrums as a mother. But you as a parent can redirect your child and teach them to properly behave by giving them unconditional love, encouragement, attention and somewhat of a routine.
Consider the following practical parental guidelines to get your child’s behavior under control.
Show Your Love for Them
The best and most effective parenting tip ever is to simply show your child how much you love them. Be sure your affection outweighs any punishment or consequences.
Numerous hugs and kisses along with innocent roughhousing will assure your child just how much you love them. Regularly praising and giving attention can also encourage your two year old to follow rules.
Keep the Rules Simple
Instead of overburdening your child with too many rules and frustrating them, only give precedence to the ones relative to safety and then gradually incorporate more rules later on when they’re ready. Eliminate temptations by childproofing your entire home.
Methods to Prevent Temper Tantrums
Temper tantrums are normal for two year old toddlers. However, you can reduce their frequency, intensity, or duration by following these helpful parenting tips as learning tools for a toddler.
– Encourage Your Child to Communicate
Encourage your child to communicate by using words in order to express their feelings or desires. Consider using simple sign language if your toddler isn’t talking yet to avoid frustration.
– Do Not Overreact to “No”
Calmly repeat your request if your toddler tells you “no” and overreacting will only add fuel to the fire of frustration.
– Always Offer a Choice if Possible
This is a very good parenting since it gives the child a sense of freedom, which is ultimately what they want. Encourage your child to be independent by allowing them to choose their bedtime story or which pajamas to wear.
– Follow a Routine
Sticking to a daily routine will help your child know what to expect and therefore lessen the risk for a negative behavior.
Enforce the Consequences at all Costs
Even if you’re the greatest parent in the world, your child is going to eventually break the rules. Try the following parenting tips to motivate your child to cooperate.
– Refuse Your Child’s Privileges
Take away something your child truly values (a favorite toy) if they don’t behave. Never take away something they need such as food, water, or your unconditional love.
– Give Your Child a Traditional Timeout
If your child misbehaves, give them fair warning to stop. If the bad behavior continues, redirect them to a predetermined space for timeout.
The timeout space should ideally be free from distractions and relatively quiet. The child should be in timeout for every year of their age; a five year old should be in timeout for no more than five minutes.
Also, it’s crucial they know why they are in timeout. Afterward, reinforce your love for them and guide them to do something positive or constructive.
Be a Good Role Model for Your Children
Children learn through example, not necessarily words. Therefore, the best way to teach them how to behave is to simply behave yourself. As a parent you should set a good example for child to follow.
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Main messages from World health report 2013: Research for universal health coverage
What is universal health coverage?
Universal health coverage means that everyone has access to quality health services that they need without risking financial hardship from paying for them.
This requires a strong, efficient, well-run health system; access to essential medicines and technologies; and sufficient, motivated health workers.
The challenge for most countries is how to expand health services to meet growing needs with limited resources.
Why is research important for universal health coverage?
Despite a multinational commitment to universal coverage, there are many unsolved questions on how to provide access to health services and financial risk protection to all people in all settings.
Currently most research is invested in new technologies rather than in making better use of existing knowledge. Much more research is needed to turn existing knowledge into practical applications.
Many questions about universal coverage require local answers (e.g. how the system should be structured, health-seeking behaviours, how to measure progress). All countries need to be producers of research as well as consumers.
Three examples among many in the report to help progress towards universal health coverage
Bednets reduce child deaths
Surveys in 22 African countries showed that household ownership of at least one insecticide-treated mosquito net was associated with a 13-31% reduction in the mortality of children under five years of age.
Cash payments improve child health
Review of evidence from 6 countries found that conditional cash transfers, in which cash payments are made in return for using health services, resulted in an 11-20% increase in children being taken to health centres and 23-33% more children making visits for preventive healthcare.
Health care is affordable for ageing European populations
Between 2010 and 2060, the estimated annual increases in health expenditure due to ageing will be less than 1% and falling in five European countries. While the number of older people suffering chronic diseases and disability is expected to grow, the costs of health care were found to be substantial only in the last year of life.
What research trends are highlighted in the report?
More research is being done in more creative ways and the process of doing research is becoming more robust:
- Most low- and middle-income countries now have research foundations to build on.
- Research investment in low- and middle-income countries has grown rapidly (5% per year during the 2000s compared to zero growth in high-income countries).
- More authors of published research are coming from emerging economies, in particular China, but also Brazil and India.
- Increasing partnerships between universities, governments, international organizations and the private sector.
What is needed now?
The World health report 2013 calls for:
- Increased international and national investment and support in research aimed specifically at improving coverage of health services within and between countries.
- Closer collaboration between researchers and policymakers, i.e. research needs to be taken outside the academic institutions and into public health programmes that are close to the supply of and demand for health services.
- Countries to build research capacity by developing a local workforce of well-trained, motivated researchers.
- Every country to have comprehensive codes of good research practice in place.
- Global and national research networks to coordinate research efforts by fostering collaboration and information exchange.
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Excited about cooler temperatures and fall activities? Be sure to save some of that outdoor enthusiasm for the night sky.
On Nov. 12 and 13, the annual Taurid meteor shower will peak for the second time this month for sky watchers in North America. Unlike other celestial fireworks from recurring showers like the Perseids or Leonids, the Taurids aren't so famous for their frequency as they are for the extremely bright fireballs.
The dust from the Taurids, which originate from debris left behind by Comet Encke, hits the Earth’s atmosphere at 65,000 miles per hour and burns up, creating the Taurid meteor shower, according to NASA. Most years the shower is weak, and only a few Taurid meteors can be seen each night. However, there's no full moon to disrupt viewing, so there's a chance of catching a glimpse of a few fireballs.
Where and when to look
A sky map showing the location of the north and south Taurids. (Photo: Star Chart/Twitter)
The Taurids include two streams of meteors that broke off from Comet Encke in separate events. The south Taurid peaked from Nov. 4 to 5, while the north peaks from Nov. 12 to 13. This one-two punch is what creates such a prolonged window to catch the shower in action.
Like other night sky events, it's best to seek out a dark location far away from light pollution and with an unobstructed view of the heavens. Look towards the constellation Taurus after it has risen above the horizon. Astronomers recommend waiting until after midnight, but you'll likely catch some fireballs with a little patience anytime after the sun has fully set.
Great balls of fire
In some years, Jupiter's gravity nudges the shower toward Earth, making more meteors visible. Astronomers call this an "outburst," and that isn't expected to happen this year, as Space.com reports. However, the latest predictions forecast an outburst in 2019, NASA meteor expert Bill Cooke told Space.com.
What makes the Taurids produce a greater stream of large fireballs compared to other meteor showers? One theory is that Comet Encke is a piece of what was once a "super-comet" that broke up in our solar system some 20,000-30,000 years ago. The remains of this super comet (with average sizes ranging from pebbles to small stones) may account for the larger-than-normal fireballs that accompany the Taurids.
Despite their appearance blazing high above, Cooke revealed in a Reddit AMA that we've nothing to fear from these celestial fireworks.
"The odds of a Taurid making it to the ground are small, but if one did make it, it would likely weigh less than a couple of kilograms," he wrote. "The damage caused by this would be very small (broken car window, etc.). Most people think meteorites are these smoking-hot rocks in the middle of a crater, when the truth is the exact opposite. By the time a meteorite hits ground, it is cool enough to handle, and unless it is really big, there is no crater produced."
So bundle up, lay down on your back and take in one of the best meteor showers of the year. You're bound to see something spectacular fly across the night sky.
Editor's note: This story has been updated since it was originally published in November 2015.
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Animal IndustryThe Animal Industry Division (AID) protects the public's health and the health of domestic animals, livestock and pets. The State Veterinarian is responsible for overall livestock and poultry disease programs and toxic substance contamination concerns as they relate to animal health. The division also works on the eradication of animal diseases, which in turn helps provide for the importation and exportation of healthy livestock. These provisions have a significant impact on human health and welfare through the protection of the food supply. Some of the diseases that threaten Michigan livestock are tuberculosis (TB), Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), Pseudorabies, rabies, and various toxicities.
Animal Production Food Safety - The state has a cooperative educational program for veterinarians and livestock producers to help reduce the incidence of drug residues in food animals. There is also a program to improve food safety by enhancing animal health on the farm.
Animal Welfare - AID monitors health and care of animals at a variety of licensed facilities including pet shops, animal control and protection shelters, and riding stables. AID works with local law enforcement and animal welfare agencies to investigate complaints of inhumane treatment of livestock and domestic animals.
Avian Monitoring - AID works with Michigan Allied Poultry Industries, Inc. to maintain Michigan's status as Salmonella pullorum-free.
Bovine Tuberculosis - AID leads Michigan's concerted effort to eliminate TB from cattle and captive deer farms, in partnership with the Michigan Departments of Natural Resources and Community Health, USDA, MSU and the livestock industry. More than 230,000 animals were tested in 2000 and by 2003, every cattle, goat and bison herd in Michigan will be tested.
Equine Infectious Anemia - EIA is a disease caused by a virus that produces anemia, intermittent fever, and severe weight loss. Equidae (e.g., horses, ponies, mules and donkeys) are the only known animals affected by this virus. Once an animal is infected with the virus, it is infected for life, regardless of the severity of the symptoms. Animal Industry Division veterinarians conduct the testing and retesting of animals. This is to prevent the spread of the disease by quarantine and/or euthanasia or slaughter. Currently, there is no vaccine to help prevent infections with the EIA virus.
Licensing Responsibilities - AID licenses and regulates a variety of animal industries including: livestock dealers, truckers, sales and auction markets, renderers (carcass dealers), riding stables, pet shops, animal control/ protection shelters and commercial fish hatcheries and aquaculture facilities.
Reportable Diseases - AID investigates all reportable diseases cases to stop the spread of disease to humans and other animals.
Pseudorabies Eradication - Pseudorabies is a disease that has had significant economic impact on Michigan's pork industry. There is a unique partnership between state and industry that has allowed Michigan to achieve initial pseudorabies-free status. Swine infected with Pseudorabies do not grow to market weight as fast and often have reproductive problems or die, which translates into a higher price for consumers at the meat counter.
Scrapie Risk Reduction - In partnership with MSU and the sheep industry, AID introduced a program that seeks to track the genetic code for the fatal scrapie disease to prevent its spread from flock to flock.
Dr. James Averill - State Veterinarian and Director, Animal Industry Division
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,1607,7-125-1572_2875-8211--,00.html
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en
| 0.925341 | 723 | 2.953125 | 3 |
This week's Question: Researchers at The Ohio State University have embroidered circuits into fabric with 0.1-mm precision — an ideal size to integrate electronic components, such as sensors and computer memory devices, into clothing. With the advance, the team has taken the next step toward the design of functional textiles — clothes that gather, store, or transmit digital information. The development could lead to shirts that act as antennas for your smartphone, workout clothes that monitor your fitness level, a bandage that monitors your health, or even a flexible fabric cap that senses brain activity. What do you think? Will you wear “e-textiles”?
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<urn:uuid:f99c83a3-0407-4412-a85b-a7c652c0bb97>
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
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https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/qotw/24505
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150129.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724032221-20210724062221-00576.warc.gz
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en
| 0.940431 | 132 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Over the next few weeks the preservation intern and I will be building phase boxes for twenty-nine editions of the Public Officers of the Commonwealth. This series, also known as the Bird Books, contain photographs and biographical information for legislators and public officials of the Commonwealth. These items are particularly useful for tracking the term of a legislator and for the pictures of early Twentieth Century legislators. The library maintains a copy of record, library use copies in both the main library and in the Special Collections Department and digital access copies available through the Internet Archive.
The library use copies located in the Special Collections Department are the focus of this boxing project. The leather covers on the editions from 1919 to 1943/1944 are deteriorating, a condition known as red rot. Red rot is a process of leather decay caused by the interaction of sulfuric acid within the leather fibers. It results in weakened leather and a powdery rust colored dust. By housing these volumes in phase boxes the leather covers will be protected from further deterioration due to abrasion from pulling these items off of the shelf. The picture above shows the volumes to be repaired as they are shelved. You'll notice that some appear to be bound in brown leather. In fact that coloring is due to red rot - all of these items are bound with black leather.
For each volume we will be building custom-sized boxes made from acid-free folder stock. These boxes will not only provide the above mentioned protection from abrasion, but will also provide stability for these historic items and will facilitate easier handling by library staff and library users.
The State Library recently scanned all of the Bird Books from the early 1900s to the most recent edition. While digitization is an exciting means of providing greater access to an item and a digital copy can diminish the need for handling the original item, technology's forward moving hardware and software requirements prove a challenge in creating a digital copy that can be guaranteed to be readable in 100 years or more. Traditional preservation, on the other hand, can provide the conditions under which an item can survive for hundreds of years and still be readable. Both digitization and preservation have complimentary points and the processes dovetail nicely: the digital image provides an access copy to legislative researchers the world over and preservation of the primary source provides access to legislative researchers into the future.
-Lacy Crews, Preservation Assistant
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<urn:uuid:e7cb6709-1c68-4e44-acd5-bc7ddacaaf8e>
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CC-MAIN-2014-49
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http://mastatelibrary.blogspot.com/2008/08/from-preservation-lab.html
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en
| 0.92355 | 477 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A concise account of international law by an experienced practitioner, this book explains how states and international organisations, especially the United Nations, make and use international law. The nature of international law and its fundamental concepts and principles are described. The difference and relationship between various areas of international law which are often misunderstood (such as diplomatic and state immunity, and human rights and international humanitarian law) are clearly explained. The essence of new specialist areas of international law, relating to the environment, human rights and terrorism are discussed. Aust's clear and accessible style makes the subject understandable to non-international lawyers, non-lawyers and students. Abundant references are provided to sources and other materials, including authoritative and useful websites.
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<urn:uuid:361e6bfb-e0e4-4d76-a591-28672d2b632e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://readrate.com/deu/books/handbook-of-international-law
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en
| 0.941745 | 142 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division
A Finger in the Wind
Overview of weather and atmospheric conditions during study of natural and urban emissions
Aircraft sampling flight patterns are shown over Central California in this aerial overlay. Researchers collected and analyzed measurements from aircraft sampling, ground-based, and remote-sensing atmospheric data and analyzed them for this study. Enlarge Image
Researchers simulated carbon monoxide (CO) tracers to mimic the flight and in situ observations. The observed (blue) and the simulated (red) CO tracers are binned over 250 meter increments along all of the G-1 flight paths, in percentiles, by altitude. Dots denote 50th percentile, boxes represent the range between 25th and 75th percentile, and lines denote 5th and 95th percentile. Enlarge Image
Results: Like testing the wind direction before taking flight, researchers led by scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory assessed the meteorological conditions during a large observational study of carbon-containing atmospheric particles in central California. Researchers documented the weather conditions during the study and gauged how these affected the sampled areas on a daily basis. This study provides a large body of foundational information of mixing patterns for future analysis of data from the Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study (CARES).
Why It Matters: The phrase "carbon emissions" often conjures images of black exhaust spewing from the back of a diesel truck or belching from an industrial smoke stack. These sources of soot, a.k.a. black carbon, are easily pictured. But carbon is also released from natural, or biogenic, processes not usually visible to the naked eye. As plants and forests grow, they emit volatile chemicals into the atmosphere that react and can form carbon-containing particles. One of the main questions scientists want to answer is what happens when the carbon from human activities, such as industry and transportation, meets and mixes with these natural sources. Knowing the fate of different sources of carbon, and how they mingle and react with each other in the atmosphere, will reveal regional climate interactions and their effect on the global climate.
Methods: The CARES campaign combined aircraft and ground-based sampling of weather and atmospheric conditions, and atmospheric chemistry. The PNNL G-1 aircraft flew over 67 hours of sampling flights in 21 instances. The NASA B-200 aircraft provided remote sensing of aerosol profiles to complement the G-1 aircraft and ground-based data.
For this study, the purpose of research was threefold. First was to provide an overview of meteorology during the campaign which can be used by other scientists to interpret their data. For this purpose, scientists ran the Weather Research Forecasting model and emitted unique carbon monoxide tracers from separate cities to trace and document the source of pollutants. Next, they analyzed the model output to look for periods when the atmosphere was dominated by air from Sacramento, or the San Francisco Bay area. A unique feature of the area is that due to thermally driven wind patterns, the Sacramento area is "cleaned out" periodically and then the aerosols build up again. These winds change the aerosol measurements on a daily basis.
Finally, they found that local atmospheric recirculation can create layers of pollution over Sacramento that can be entrained into the lowest part of the atmosphere, the local boundary layer, the next day. Aircraft-based atmospheric measurements were timed for twice a day to capture this phenomenon by specifically looking at the layers above the boundary layer in the morning. They also found that the Sierra mountains trap the urban pollutants and send them back into the valley. This will have an impact on how SOAs are formed.
What's Next? Their next move is to run the meteorological models with simple tracers, with aerosol field variations and properties. They will allow the aerosols to form and transform within the same meteorology to determine if the model can simulate the observational data. The end game is to develop improved model representations for the aerosol-forming processes such as SOAs.
Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Science Research (ASR) Program. Data were obtained from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program sponsored by the U.S. DOE's Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER), Climate and Environmental Sciences Division. The research was performed by Drs. Jerome D. Fast, William I. Gustafson, Jr., Larry K. Berg, William J. Shaw, Mikhail S. Pekour, ManishKumar B. Shrivastava, James C. Barnard and Rahul A. Zaveri of PNNL; Dr. R. Ferrare of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Drs. Chris A Hostetler and John Hair of NASA Langley Research Center; Mr. Matthew H. Erickson and Dr. Tom Jobson of Washington State University; Drs. Bradley Flowers and Manvendra K. Dubey of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Dr. Stephen R. Springston of Brookhaven National Laboratory; Dr. Bradley R. Pierce of NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service; and Mr. Leon Dolislager and Mr. J. R. Pederson of the California Air Resources Board.
Reference: Fast JD, WI Gustafson Jr, LK Berg, WJ Shaw, M Pekour, M Shrivastava, JC Barnard, RA Ferrare, CA Hostetler, JA Hair, M Erickson, BT Jobson, B Flowers, MK Dubey, S Springston, RB Pierce, L Dolislager, J Pederson, and RA Zaveri. 2011. "Transport and Mixing Patterns Over Central California During the Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study (CARES)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(4):1759-1783. DOI:10.5194/acp-12-1759-2012.
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<urn:uuid:fc849a09-0bed-4d91-b65f-c6e869ee171d>
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CC-MAIN-2015-48
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http://www.pnl.gov/science/highlights/highlight.asp?groupid=749&id=1125
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en
| 0.901982 | 1,227 | 3.15625 | 3 |
You must crawl before you can walk, and walk before you can run. This is something we all know to be true, but sometimes once we walk through those gym doors, our common sense goes out the window and we want to start at advanced movements, techniques, and/or weights. As the Crossfit founder and CEO Greg Glassman has said, “Ahead of efficacy is safety.”
A properly scaled movement safely maximizes relative intensity (load, speed, and range of motion) in order to continue developing that movement.
Let’s use pull-ups as a example. Before you even hang from a bar, you should have control of your hollow position. Once the hollow is mastered on the floor, we can then work on a static hanging position. Without this position, you will have a hard time learning/progressing onto pull-ups. Skipping steps creates poor training habits that will result in frustration.
The next step for long-term development of the pull-up requires athletes to learn strict strength progressions first. Kipping should not be the next step. Think “strength and form before speed”. When the proper strength and control required for a certain movement is not present, the body will find other ways to dissipate the forces being generated to muscles and connective tissue that is not prepared to handle them. This can result in injury.
Going back to step one, the “active hang” (as well as scapular pull-ups) will help to encourage proper body position while contracting the appropriate muscles. The second step is ensuring proper grip strength; the better your forearm/grip strength, the higher amount of pull-ups you are preparing your body to perform. The third step is performing assisted pull-ups (not using bands – our kneeling or toe-assisted pull-ups or negative/eccentric pull-ups)
Once you have mastered those movements, you can move into learn strict pull-up progressions.
As you can see, bodyweight/gymnastic movements have the same mental process as an Olympic lift. In your lifts, you probably have a set-up routine with your hands on the bar and your feet on the platform. With our example of pull-ups, you should also have a mental checklist: are you hanging actively and recruiting the proper muscles? Are you in a good hollow position? Are you maintaining that position throughout the movement?
And remember, this is just the proper progression for a strict pull-up; you can imagine why your coaches emphasize these steps before attempting a kipping pull-up…before anything else, it is for your safety and to ingrain proper movement patterns that will carry over to all of the movements in Crossfit and in life!
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CC-MAIN-2018-51
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http://crossfitthoroughbreds.com/why-your-coaches-be-stressin-when-youre-not-properly-progressin/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823228.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209232026-20181210013526-00009.warc.gz
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en
| 0.932236 | 565 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Lipstick plant (Aeschynanthus radicans), an evergreen flowering vine, produces trailing stems, dark-green foliage and dense clusters of tubular flowers in shades of scarlet, red or orange. Gardeners value the lipstick plant for its cascading growth habit, ease of care and ornamental features. The plant's common name derives from its brightly-colored blossoms, which appear to emerge from dark, tube-like structures. Native to areas of Malaysia, the lipstick plant needs warmth and humidity to thrive, which makes it a popular houseplant in the United States.
Site and Soil
The lipstick plant prefers bright, indirect light from an east or west facing window. The plant tolerates some direct sunlight, though a long period of exposure can result in leaf damage. A well-drained potting mixture, such as an African violet potting mix, combined with crushed charcoal makes an ideal growing medium. A hanging pot emulates the plant's natural habitat, where it typically grows from trees, and increases its aesthetic appeal.
A warm environment with temperatures of 60 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit at all times maximizes the plant's growth. Lipstick plant cannot survive in temperatures below 50 F without sustaining damage. Exposure to cold drafts during the winter can cause the lower foliage to drop. For this reason, the plant should not reside near doorways or frequently used windows.
Considered especially thirsty, lipstick plant likes regular watering during spring, summer and fall, especially if grown in a hanging container. An application once every three to five days keeps the soil consistently moist without allowing standing water to accumulate. During winter, the plant prefers slightly drier conditions and only needs water about once every seven to 10 days.
Lipstick plant thrives with regular misting at least two or three times a day to increase the relative humidity of the air. Using room temperature water reduces shock, which can result in leaf dropping. The plant does not require misting during the winter months, unless the air becomes very dry and the leaves begin to brown at the tips.
Fertilizing lipstick plant once a month during the active growing season provides the nutrients the plant requires to grow and flower abundantly. A balanced 10-10-10 NPK fertilizer formulated for houseplants meets the basic nutritional needs of the lipstick plant. It requires no supplemental feeding during the fall and winter months.
Lipstick plant benefits from pruning immediately after flowering ends. Pruning back each stem to about 6 inches in height encourages new growth. Exceptionally straggly plants may require pruning to about 2 inches above the soil surface to encourage thicker growth. If new growth does not appear after pruning, withholding fertilizer and reducing watering will usually stimulate the plant to begin growing again.
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<urn:uuid:2a9ff1a7-8c5a-4600-943e-1843c333cca5>
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CC-MAIN-2015-06
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http://www.gardenguides.com/118914-lipstick-plant-care.html
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en
| 0.913817 | 561 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A place for everything
Just as in your home, your potting shed or potting area needs a good measure of order. That way, you have everything you need to hand. You’ll need a stable surface to do your sowing. A good supply of pots and compost. And several shelves that allow you to see what’s starting to germinate and what needs a bit more nurturing. If you need to make your own basic shelves, a couple of scaffolding planks supported on old terracotta pots or bricks will do the job nicely.
What to grow?
A trip to a local National Trust garden – or a smaller one that opens its gates as part of the National Garden Scheme – can provide some great ideas. Whether you fall for dahlias, zinnias, sweet peas or asters, if you’ve spotted them flourishing nearby, there’s a better chance they will grow well in your garden too.
Sowing the seeds
Expert gardeners like to plant seeds in rows of three-inch square plastic pots. Admittedly, they aren’t as pretty as round pots, but rows of square ones in a tray mean less gaps for sneaky snails to lurk. Now simply follow the directions on your seed packet until you spot the very first green shoots peeping through.
After that, it’s all about gentle watering, ample sunlight and checking their progress. Too little light or water can produce ‘leggy’ seedlings – too long, spindly and weak to survive.
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<urn:uuid:40899a29-8b7f-48bd-adaa-27fbfcedcd59>
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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https://www.neptune.com/fr/content/blog/2017/may/i-ll-be-in-the-potting-shed/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256571.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521202736-20190521224736-00061.warc.gz
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en
| 0.933553 | 322 | 2.625 | 3 |
The London lights are far abeam
Behind a bank of cloud,
Along the shore the gas lights gleam,
The gale is piping loud;
And down the Channel, groping blind,
We drive her through the haze
Towards the land we left behind -
The good old land of "never mind",
And old Australian ways.
"The Old Australian Ways"
~A B (Banjo) Paterson
The American War of Independence had ended in 1783 but the cost to the U.K. was enormous. Then came the French Revolution and the War with France 1793-1815 which continued the drain on resources. The government opposed emigration at those times as men were needed for the Army and the Navy and to produce war supplies.
However, after these wars the government was broke and unemployment was high as those ex-servicemen needed jobs and the population began increasing.
Industrialisation increased so that prosperity passed the ordinary labourer by. Bad harvests led to an agricultural depression. The Corn Laws were passed so that
Relief for the poor became urgent. In 1834 new Poor Laws led to the rise of Workhouses. The condition of village labourers continued to deteriorate until many reached such a state of despair that they were ready to revolt.
One factor contributing to the economic distress in the counties of southern England, was the decline in the demand for English Southdown wool. This was being ousted from the market by wool from German sheep crossed with Spanish merinos.
This period became so distressing for agricultural labourers and tradesmen that the Parish officials began encouraging them to emigrate to N.S.W.
Standard foodstuffs on migrant ships were:- salt beef, pork1 flour, peas, tea, sugar, rice, raising and oatmeal. The migrants themselves had to provide clothing, bedding, personal articles and they were advised to bring some tools.
The Bounty Immigration Scheme was first suggested by Edward Gibbon Wakefield. He suggested that:
This scheme was gradually adopted. The first set of Bounty Regulations was gazetted by Governor Bourke in October 1835:
At first, before 1835, the passage money was advanced to emigrants by the Government, to be paid back out of their salary, but many refused to pay it back, so the Government converted this Loan into a Free Bounty.
Settlers in N.S.W. were allowed to recruit their own workers in the U.K. Most employed agents to do so. The Government also had an Agent-General in London after 1837, and Agents in other embarkation ports.
Under the Bounty Scheme the settler who wanted workers paid the Emigrants' passages. On arrival these workers were examined by a Board appointed by the Governor and, if the Board were satisfied, the settler would be issued with a Certificate entitling him to claim the Bounty money back from the Government.
Complaints from the settlers before 1841 were uncommon. The Bounty was refused on only about 1% of applications, mostly on grounds of age.
The costs were:
reprinted from Tulle,
vol 17, number 2
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<urn:uuid:4a101940-62fc-49e2-8f33-8b96fd5c2877>
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CC-MAIN-2014-49
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http://www.angelfire.com/al/aslc/immigration.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007510.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00074-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.980163 | 655 | 3.484375 | 3 |
What is sexual and gender-based violence?
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is violence committed against a person because of his or her sex or gender. It is forcing another person to do something against his or her will through violence, coercion, threats, deception, cultural expectations, or economic means. Although the majority of victims and survivors of SGBV are girls and women, boys and men can also be harmed by SGBV.
Different types of sexual and gender-based violence
There are several forms that sexual and gender-based violence can take:
Sexual violence is any act, attempted or threatened, that is sexual in nature and carried out without the consent of the victim. Sexual violence includes rape, sexual abuse and harassment, exploitation, and forced prostitution. It can happen within marriages, especially when there is a lack of consent for sexual activity by one of the spouses.
Any sexual activity with a child (any person who has not yet completed 18 years of age) constitutes sexual violence. It has devastating effects on the development of the child involved, as well as on his or her physical and mental health.
Physical violence such as beating, punching, maiming and killing (with or without weapons) is often combined with non-violent forms of SGBV, including emotional and psychological violence.
Emotional or psychological violence is non-sexual, verbal abuse that is insulting and degrading to the victim. This can include isolating a person from his or her friends and family.
Socio-economic violence, which excludes a person from participating in society. This includes the denial of access of the person to health services, education and work, and the denial of his or her civil, social, economic, cultural and political rights.
Domestic violence is any physical, sexual, psychological, verbal and economic violence between one person and another within the family. It may be committed by family members and/or people considered as family members, whether or not they live in the same household.
Harmful practices include female circumcision, honour killings, polygamous marriages (marriages to more than one person), marriage of a child (any person who has not yet completed 18 years of age) and forced marriage (any marriage imposed against the will of a person).
- Child marriage: According to the Turkish Penal Code, the legal age of marriage is 18. Refugees wishing to marry in Turkey are subject to Turkish law and procedures. Unofficial marriage with a child (any person who has not yet completed 18 years of age) is illegal, considered a crime and is punishable under the Turkish Penal Code.
- Polygamous marriage: As with child marriage, marriage to more than one person (polygamy) is illegal and punishable in Turkey.
All forms of sexual and gender-based violence, including domestic violence, forced marriage and child marriage, violate fundamental human rights and are punishable under the Turkish Penal Code.
Reporting and seeking help
If you are exposed to any type of sexual and gender-based violence by a family member or a person from outside your family, or if you are an eyewitness to such violence, please remember that you have rights under Turkish law. You should report violent incidents, whether directed at you or someone else, to one of the following entities:
- Police stations (Turkish: Polis Merkezleri) or Provincial Directorates of Security (Turkish: İl Emniyet Müdürlükleri),
- Provincial Directorates of Family and Social Policies (Turkish: Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar İl Müdürlükleri),
- Violence Prevention and Monitoring Centres (Turkish: Şiddet Önleme ve İzleme Merkezleri (ŞÖNİM)),
- Social Services Centers functioning under the Provincial Directorates of Family and Social Policies,Public health institutions and hospitals (Turkish: Sağlık Kuruluşları),
- Gendarmerie (Turkish: Jandarma Karakolları),
- Public Prosecution Offices (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Savcılığı),
- Bar Associations (Turkish: Barolar ve Adli Yardım Kurulları) including Women’s Rights Centres of Bar Associations (Turkish: Baroların Kadın Danışma Merkezleri),
- Municipalities (Turkish: Belediyelerin Kadın Danışma Merkezleri) and non-governmental organizations (Turkish: Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları).
You can also report incidents by calling:
- 183: Ministry of Family and Social Policies (MoFSP) counselling line for families, women, children and persons with disabilities. Arabic speaking staff is available.
- 155: Turkish Police Available in Turkish.
- 156: Turkish Gendarmerie Available in Turkish.
(If you do not speak Turkish, you may require the assistance of an interpreter to call the above lines.)
Reporting your situation will enable the relevant services to provide you with the appropriate support. Please get in touch with the entities listed to see what assistance may be most appropriate, and can be provided, for your individual situation.
Please remember that under Turkish law, the Turkish authorities are required to treat all complaints in strict confidence.
If your circumstances do not allow you to report a violent incident on your own, you can approach UNHCR or its partners in order to obtain assistance.
UNHCR and its partners will guide you on the steps for complaining against the perpetrator. In line with the confidentiality principle, your personal information/situation will not be shared with third parties except for the security forces or prosecution office. (These authorities are always informed of official complaints.)
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CC-MAIN-2019-04
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https://help.unhcr.org/turkey/social-economic-and-civil-matters/sexual-and-gender-based-violence/
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en
| 0.947672 | 1,199 | 3.625 | 4 |
Before 1913, there were tariffs, corporate taxes and a variety of excise taxes. Some redistribution is great, like the taxes spent to provide roads and bridges for interstate commerce. Some redistribution is not so great, like the millions upon millions in farm subsidies paid to Archer Daniels Midland Co.
In context, President Barack Obama's comments on redistribution referred to services provided by the government, like roads and bridges, defense, etc., not direct redistribution of wealth among individuals. Even there, government has responsibilities to the poor and disabled (refer to Ronald Reagan's remarks on that topic).
In terms of personal wealth, the existing variety of tax laws have definitely pushed personal wealth up the ladder. It wouldn't hurt to redistribute some of that down by having the mega-rich pay their fair share of running the country.
Between 1979 and 2007, income for the top 1 percent grew 275 percent. The lower 60 percent of earners saw an increase of only 40 percent by comparison. The bottom 80 percent of earners have just 7 percent of the financial wealth in the country. The net value of the average person's paycheck has eroded steadily for decades because tax and business laws are skewed heavily in favor of the very wealthy.
A little redistribution would be a good thing about now.
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<urn:uuid:ef07f1ad-8ad2-44a5-b314-ff4cbe6f61de>
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CC-MAIN-2016-40
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http://blog.al.com/birmingham-news-commentary/2012/09/your_view_some_redistribution.html
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en
| 0.956571 | 255 | 3.046875 | 3 |
We all know that it is important to wash our hands, but did you know about the importance of disinfecting your phone and electronics?
The CDC states that 19% of cell phones are contaminated with fecal matter. That means on average, for every 20 people in a room, one person has dirty hands and their phone.
If you want to establish a safer environment, it’s always best to take on advice from Pro Disinfection Services.
Which is why, in this blog post, we will discuss how to properly sanitize your devices from germs and bacteria so you don’t end up sick!
Use Lemon and Vinegar to Disinfect Electronics
One solution you can make for disinfecting phones and electronics is a mixture of lemon and vinegar. To make this disinfectant, simply mix the juice from a freshly squeezed lemon with apple cider vinegar (ACV).
Mixing these two will create a powerful cleaning agent that is not only safe for your devices, but also kills 99% of bacteria on contact.
This makes it an excellent choice if you are in need of something to clean off your electronics without any harsh chemicals!
To use this mixture as a cleaner: soak up some liquid into the cloth or sponge, and then scrub down all surfaces until there’s no more dirt left behind.
Afterward, rinse thoroughly with water before letting it dry naturally at the day’s end.
You can also use some Q-tips to reach all the nooks and crannies, but be careful not to have any water droplets left behind.
Make Lemon Juice Mixture For Disinfecting
Lemon has been found to be an ingredient that’s effective in killing germs because of its antibacterial properties.
To make a simple lemon juice mixture, take one cup of water and squeeze in the juice from half of a freshly squeezed lemon.
Next, stir together until the sodium and citric acid are dissolved for about five minutes before use (you can do this by stirring it intermittently). You may need to add more water if you feel like there is too much citrus taste left behind.
For best results: soak up some liquid into your cleaning cloth or sponge and scrub down all surfaces with the mixture on them until they’re clean!
Be sure you don’t over-soak your sponge, or you might end up wetting your electronics and making the problem worse.
Once you are finished cleaning, wipe thoroughly with water and let your device dry.
Antibacterial Wet Wipes Will Help
You’ll surely freak out if you knew how intense bacteria build-up is in your electronic devices and that it can lead to serious health problems.
A good solution is using antibacterial wet wipes, which are a great way of cleaning your phone from germs. They both clean the surface while also disinfecting at the same time!
To use them: simply wipe down all surfaces with one or two wet wipes until they’re spotless. Next, rinse thoroughly before letting dry naturally to remove any excess moisture left behind (water is bad for electronics).
If you want something stronger: mix together water and ammonia into a spray bottle and spritz on all surfaces before wiping with an antibacterial wipe – this will kill 99% of bacteria on contact!
Alchohol and a Rug Will Disinfect Electronics
Alcohol is the best-known bacteria and germ killer that is safe to apply to your electronics because it doesn’t leave any residue behind.
Take one small rug and soak up some isopropyl alcohol (90% concentration) onto the surface before wiping down all surfaces of your phone until they’re clean. Be sure to use an old towel or a rag so you don’t get anything else wet by mistake!
Once finished, rinse off with water before letting dry completely – this will ensure that all excess moisture has been removed from the device so it can be safe for everyday use again.
If using on something bigger: mix together equal parts of water and rubbing alcohol in a spray bottle and spritz down all surfaces before following up with paper towels soaked in alcohol.
This should kill 99% of the germs present in your electronics.
In a Nutshell
We hope you’ve learned something from this post about disinfecting your phone and electronics.
You may be surprised by how many germs can accumulate on these devices, which is why it’s so important to take some time out of each day to clean them thoroughly with a germicidal wipe or solution.
Keep this article in mind so you can avoid germs and bacteria that can make you sick.
Jamie Wong has years of experience in the field of disinfection services. As a result, he is able to provide her clients with excellent service and advice on disinfection and sanitizing.
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Here is a simple rule:
1) Advanced students should start shadowing directly without reading the script.
2)Beginning students should read the script once or even twice before they begin shadowing.
Shadowing in English. This is an online lesson for beginners.
Shadowing is very useful to correct your pronunciation, accent, and intonation.
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Drinking Coffee Can Reduce Depression Risk by up to One Third
View printable version
08 May 2020 | NEW YORK – Drinking coffee can reduce depression risk by up to one third, according to a comprehensive new review conducted by a leading researcher in neurology.
Dr. Alan Leviton of Harvard University conducted the review and commented: "Evidence shows that coffee drinkers are significantly less likely to be depressed than people who do not drink coffee.
“Coffee’s positive impact on mental health appears to be related to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and microbiome-promoting properties, which are also associated with coffee drinkers’ reduced risk of developing certain cancers and chronic diseases."
Coffee’s positive impact on mental health may be related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as to caffeine’s ability to block receptors in people’s brains from binding with a chemical that causes fatigue and depressed mood.
The new research released today (Friday), evaluating data from more than 100 meta-analyses and independent peer-reviewed studies over five years and covering 300,000 individuals across the world, was commissioned by the U.S. National Coffee Association (NCA).
The study comes during National Health Month in the United States, as medical professionals around the world warn the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns may create a mental health crisis.
Even prior to the pandemic, one in five Americans suffered from mental illness. Calls to the U.S. government’s mental health crisis hotline rocketed up more than 1000% in April alone as the coronavirus claimed tens of thousands of lives and tens of millions of jobs.
The greatest mental health benefits come from drinking at least two cups of coffee per day. Of almost 10,000 adults in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, those who drank at least 2 cups of coffee per day experienced a 32% lower prevalence of self-reported depression than people who did not drink coffee.
In a study of 14,000 university students in Spain who continue to be followed, those who drank at least four cups of coffee per day were more than 20% less likely to be diagnosed clinically-significant depression.
While further research is necessary to determine the exact relationship between mental health and the more than 1,000 natural compounds in coffee, the study identifies key potential pathways for coffee’s impact on mental health, including:
- Coffee reduces oxidation. Studies included in the review showed people experiencing depression have elevated levels of oxidative-stress indicators in their blood. Women exhibiting depression symptoms tended to have diets lower in antioxidants capacity (attributed, in part, to lower coffee consumption). Coffee is the leading source of antioxidants in Americans’ diets.
- Coffee fights inflammation. Depressed people tend to have higher blood levels of inflammation-related proteins than people who are not depressed, and suicidal ideation has also been associated with inflammation. Medications that are commonly used to treat depression (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs) lower the blood concentrations of some inflammation indicators, raising the possibility that the therapeutic effects of these drugs might, in part, reflect their anti-inflammatory properties. Studies reviewed in the meta-analysis show coffee’s anti-inflammatory properties are associated with decreased depression.
- Caffeine blocks mood-depressing chemicals in the brain. Caffeine blocks receptors in the brain from binding with a chemical (adenosine) that causes fatigue and depressed mood. Studies in the review show that people who drink more coffee have higher adenosine concentration in their blood as the chemical has been blocked from binding with these receptors. Amongst those suffering from bipolar disorder, adenosine binding to neuroreceptors lowers adenosine concentration in the blood and is associated with more severe symptoms. Coffee is the primary source of caffeine in participants’ diets in most large-scale studies.
- Coffee’s impact on gut health promotes mental health. Probiotics are microorganisms that improve gut health and decrease depression in randomized trials. Some components in coffee (“prebiotics”) feed these microorganisms, enhancing the creation of fatty acids and neurotransmitters that confer mental health benefits and are deficient in people who are depressed. Studies reviewed show considerable evidence supports that gut microbiota influence the occurrence of depression.
NCA President & CEO Bill Murray commented: “With the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically increasing stress for many, this new review of coffee’s mental health benefits is welcome news. Evidence across the board points to coffee drinkers living longer, healthier, happier lives.”
NCA’s “Atlas of American Coffee” (the National Coffee Data Trends Report) released in March 2020 showed coffee remains America’s favorite beverage, with 7 in 10 Americans drinking coffee at least once a week and daily consumption up 5% in the last five years. Previous independent research conducted by researchers from the U.S. National Institutes of Health has shown coffee drinkers live longer, with the greatest increase in life expectancy associated with drinking 6-7 cups of coffee per day.
Press Contact: For further information, contact [email protected] or Sinead Foley, +1 (202) 631 4577.
About the National Coffee Association The National Coffee Association of U.S.A., Inc. (NCA), established in 1911, is the leading trade organization for the coffee industry in the United States. The NCA is the only trade association that serves all segments of the U.S. coffee industry, including traditional and specialty companies. A majority of NCA membership, which accounts for over 90% of U.S. coffee commerce, comprises small and mid-sized companies and includes growers, roasters, retailers, importer/exporters, wholesaler/suppliers, and allied industry businesses. Please visit ncausa.org to learn more.
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Table of Contents
A Solution Architect is a critical role in any company that seeks to capitalize on data analytics. In this article, we will outline the key functions of a Solution Architect and discuss why they are so important in the big picture of data analytics.
What is a Solutions Architect Data Analytics?
A Solutions Architect Data Analytics is a professional who helps organizations solve complex data problems. They are responsible for designing and implementing data solutions that support business goals.
Solutions Architects use their skills to design and implement data-driven solutions that help organizations achieve their objectives. They often work with business stakeholders todefine the problem, identify relevant data, and identify solutions.
Some of the key tasks of a Solutions Architect Data Analytics include:
1. Identifying business needs and requirements: Solutions Architects need to understand the business context in order to develop realistic solutions. They must also be able to articulate what the company wants from its data solution.
2. Determining which data is necessary: Solutions Architects need to know which data is essential for solving a problem and which data can be eliminated or simplified. This process can involve extensive analysis of the business context and customer information.
3. Developing innovative data solutions: Solutions Architects must be creative when it comes to coming up with innovative ways to use available data. They should continually seek new ways to optimize processes and improve operational efficiency.
4. Creating workflows and dashboards: Solutions Architects create reports, dashboards, and workflows that help users quickly interpret data insights
The Core Functions of a Solutions Architect Data Analytics
A solutions architect is a key role in data analytics. They are responsible for developing and implementing data solutions across the organization. In this blog post, we’ll explore the core functions of a solutions architect and provide tips on how to become successful in this role.
The first step to becoming a successful solutions architect is understanding your organization’s data challenges. This includes understanding how your data is currently being used, how it can be improved, and what new technologies may be best suited for its storage and analysis. Once you have a good understanding of your data, you need to develop an effective strategy for using it. This includes creating or adapting data models, creating or implementing data analytics solutions, and implementing governance mechanisms to ensure that your data is safeguarded and used properly.
As a solutions architect, you will also need to be able to communicate your findings effectively. This means not only being able to convey the logic behind your analysis but also understanding the different ways that stakeholders will want to use your insights. You should also be able to respond quickly to changes in the environment so that you can continue to improve the efficacy of your data solutions.
If you want to become a successful solutions architect in data analytics, these are some key areas that
What Skills are Required for a Solutions Architect Data Analytics?
A solutions architect for data analytics should possess strong analytical skills, as well as be able to establish and track goals. Additionally, they should be able to collaborate with other team members to create a comprehensive plan for data analysis. Finally, the solutions architect should be able to identify and implement solutions that meet business goals.
developing data-driven analytic solutions
An architect’s key role in data analytics is to develop data-driven analytic solutions that support business goals. In this blog, we discuss some core functions of an architect in data analytics.
1. Understand the business problem: The first step in developing a solution to a business problem is understanding what the problem is. This requires understanding the company’s history, its current state, and its future prospects.
2. Define the data requirements: Next, the architect must define the data requirements for the solution. This includes identifying the types of data needed and the sources from which it can be obtained.
3. Design the analytic solution: Finally, the architect must design a solution that uses data to solve the business problem. This may involve using analytical models, statistical techniques, or machine learning algorithms.
managing and reporting on data analytics projects
Reporting is essential to any data analytics project. It allows you to track the progress of a project, identify and fix any issues, and provide updates to stakeholders. Reporting can be done in a variety of ways, but there are some basic functions that all reporting systems need.
A reporting system needs to:
1) Collect data from various sources and store it in a format that is easy to use.
2) Allow you to analyze the data and understand how it is related to each other.
3) Display the results of your analysis in a way that is easy to understand.
4) Allow you to export the data so that you can share it with others.
As the world becomes increasingly complex, it is more important than ever to have solutions architects who are skilled in data analytics. Core functions of a solution architect include understanding business needs and designing systems that meet those needs, while also keeping abreast of changes in technology and the industry. With this level of knowledge, a solution architect can help your business make informed decisions, keep up with competitors, and stay one step ahead.
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We will start the semester by discussing the difference between imperative knowledge and definitional knowledge, between fixed program and stored program computers, and finally the definitions of syntax, static semantics, and semantics. We cover straight line, branching, and looping programs. Other topics include binary representation of numbers, orders of growth, and debugging programs.
Python concepts covered in this unit include values, types, int, float, boolean, strings (str), tuples, dictionaries (dict), and lists. We will also learn about expressions and statements, especially how to effectively use print statements in your programs. Other topics include assignment, conditionals, loops, assert, functions, scope, object models, mutation, and mutability.
By the end of Unit 1 you should be familiar with the following algorithmic techniques: guess and check, linear search, bisection search, successive approximation, and Newton-Raphson (Newton's method). You will also learn recursive definitions, problem solving techniques, and how to structure programs using decomposition and abstraction, including specifications and parameters.
Unit 1 ends with a quiz covering all material (lectures, recitations, and problem sets) through Efficiency and Order of Growth.
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The conjunctiva of the eye is a layer of tissue that overlays the eye and the inside of each eyelid. It contains the lacrimal glands and contribute to the formation of the tear film, which is necessary to maintain the health of the eye epithelium.
Inflammation of the conjunctiva is known as conjunctivitis. There are a number of types of conjunctivitis, including viral conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis and irritant conjunctivitis. Most cases of conjunctivitis are self-limiting, but treatment is sometimes necessary to prevent complications.
Close up of eye infection during eye examination. Conjunctivitis, episcleritis. Image Credit: ARZTSAMUI / Shutterstock
Bacterial conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by species of staphylococcus and streptococcus. Haemophilus influenzae, pseudomonas species, and E. coli may also cause cause conjunctivitis. Bacterial infection may be primary, or secondary to a foreign body, dry eye, trichiasis, or lacrimal mucocele.
Gram-positive infections like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are relatively less severe and self-limiting. Gram-negative infections like Pseudomonas, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae can be severe with potential complications leading to blindness. Typical treatment is with broad-spectrum antibiotics in the form of eye drops or ointments.
The most common virus that causes conjunctivitis is adenovirus. Herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, picornavirus, poxvirus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are other viruses that can cause conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis can rarely occur in systemic infections with influenza virus, Epstein-Barr virus, measles, mumps, and rubella.
Viral conjunctivitis is self-limiting and does not require treatment with antibiotics unless a secondary bacterial infection develops. Cold compresses can be used to relieve discomfort. Topical vasoconstrictors and antihistamines may relieve itching. For patients with compromised immune systems, a topical antibiotic may be indicated to prevent secondary bacterial infection.
For infections caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), topical antiviral agents can be used.
For infections caused by Molluscum contagiosum, the inflammation will continue until the lesion is removed.
Allergic conjunctivitis can be triggered by seasonal allergens like pollen and mold, as well as perennial allergens like dust mites. Typical signs and symptoms include pigmentation of the conjunctiva, infiltrates at the corneal-scleral margin, and cobblestones. Other allergic symptoms such as rhinitis may be present.
There is no direct treatment for allergic conjunctivitis, though cold compresses and astringent drops may help relieve symptoms. Topical steroids may be used, though they can cause complications like worsening of corneal ulcers. Antihistamine drops have limited effects. Mast cell stabilizing drugs may be effective if used long term.
The goal of treatment in irritant conjunctivitis is to remove the source of irritation. If a foreign body is present, removal of the foreign body is a priority. In the case of a chemical splash, the eyes should be flushed with saline. Topical steroids may be indicated in some cases. Chemical burns of the eye require emergency treatment.
Bacterial conjunctivitis can be prevented through good personal hygiene. Neonatal eye infections are sometimes acquired at birth, and are prevented through the use of antibiotic eye drops.
Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious and can sweep through a school or community rapidly. High standards for hygiene, including the use of disposable towels, can reduce the spread of the infection.
Allergic conjunctivitis can only be prevented by preventing exposure to the allergens that trigger it.
Reviewed by Liji Thomas, MD
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Etalon-1 and -2
Etalon-1 and -2
Etalon is a geodetic passive satellite family of two identical spacecraft of Russia (former USSR). Objectives of the project: Etalon is dedicated entirely to satellite laser ranging (SLR) to permit solid Earth studies: geodynamic processes, development of high accuracy global references, long-period disturbances, geopotential modelling, etc. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
The spacecraft structure is a sphere with a diameter of 1.294 m, mass = 1415 kg. The diameter of the sphere touching the corner cube reflector (CCR) faces is 1.284 m (the difference does not cause any masking). There are a total of 2140 fused quartz CCRs (304 arrays 7 CCRs each and 2 arrays 6 CCR's each) plus 6 germanium CCRs. Each CCR has the same dimensions and is made of the same material. The germanium CCRs are intended for potential future infrared interferometric measurements. The two Etalon spacecraft were built by the United Space Device Corporation, Moscow, Russia.
Figure 1: Photo of the Etalon-1 satellite (image credit: FAS)
Launch: Etalon-1 was launched on January 10, 1989 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome together with two GLONASS satellites (GLONASS-40 and -41; Etalon-1 is also known as Cosmos 1989).
Launch: Etalon-2 (identical S/C) was launched on May 31, 1989 (Cosmos 2034) from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, along with two GLONASS satellites (GLONASS-42 and -43).
Orbit of Etalon-1: Near-circular MEO (Medium Earth Orbit), 19,095 km x 19,156 km, eccentricity = 0.00061, inclination = 64.9º, period = 676 min (11.25 h).
Orbit of Etalon-2: Near-circular MEO, 19,097 km x 19,146 km, eccentricity = 0.00066, inclination = 65.5º, period = 675 min (11.25 h).
Table 1: Main parameters of the Etalon-1 and -2 spacecraft (Ref. 2)
The expected orbital life is hundreds (even thousands) of years for each of the Etalon satellites. The high-altitude MEO orbits and the massive spheres were selected to enhance several specific goals:
• The development of a high-accuracy global reference coordinate system and determination of the Earth's rotation parameters
• Determination of lengths of long baselines
• Improvement of the Earth's gravitational field parameters
• Improvement of the selenocentric gravitational constant.
Initially, there were three satellite laser ranging stations in Russia (at Ternopol,Yevpatoria, and Maydanak) to provide the tracking services. In addition, a network of 10 sites outside Russia are performing ranging measurements. GFZ of Potsdam, Germany, is the data collection and distribution center for Etalon laser measurements in Europe. Naturally, SLR tracking is also provided by the global ILRS (International Laser Ranging Service) community.
1) S. K. Tatevian,A. N. Zakharov, “The Geodynamical Satellite Etalon,” CSTG Bulletin No. 11, Title: New Satellite Missions for Solid Earth Studies, 1989, pp. 3-9
5) N. T. Mironov, A. I. Emetz, A. N. Zaharov, V. E. Tchebotarev, ”ETALON-1, -2 Center of Mass Correction and Array Reflectivity”, Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Laser Ranging Instrumentation, Annapolis, MD, USA, May 18-22, 1992, NASA Conference Publication 3214, pp. 6-9, 1992, URL: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ilrw8_section06.pdf
The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: ”Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors” (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates.
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A Comparison Of Group Technology & Process Layout (3)
A Comparison of group technology & process layout using a model of an actual shop<br />Presented by:-<br />Anish Garg<br />
introduction<br /><ul><li>Process layout:- process layout group machine of same type together in a machine center.</li></ul>There are as many machine centers as there are type of machines. <br />The machines are interchangeable.<br />Queue of waiting batches of part will form at the machine center.<br /><ul><li>Group Technology layout:- group technology groups parts into family of parts which are similar in physical appearance .
Machine which are needed to produce each family of parts are grouped together and is called manufacturing cell.
As many manufacturing cell as there are families of parts.
Machine in the cell are dedicated to working on only certain parts.
Queue may form at every machine because of its dedication.</li></li></ul><li>0verview<br /> This study used a computerized job shop simulation of actual shop to compare group technology with process layout. The shop was a computerized model of the shop at Extrusion Dies, Inc. manufacturer of dies. The shop at EDI contain:-<br /><ul><li>38 machine of those 12 functionally similar.
Each type contain between 1 and 5 major component.
Routing sheet for these component contain between 17 & 42 operation.
Time required for these operation varies between one and half hour to 22 hour.
3 type of material handling equipment are used.
All parts are produced in batches of I at EDI.</li></li></ul><li>Type of layout examined in this study<br />Process layout developed using craft, where each group of similar machine were considered as a department by craft.<br />Grptec layout group of different type of machine were dedicated to commonly occurring sequences of operation. Craft was used to arrange the machine within each cell and to arrange the cell relative to each other.<br />Indmec layout used craft on an individual machine rather than group it arrange 38 dedicated machines relative to each other. And resulting layout was similar to Grptec layout<br />Last the Proded layout was identical to the process layout, except that the machines were dedicated to commonly occurring sequences of operation, rather than being interchangeable.<br />
Four distributions of demand for product<br />The EDI distribution was the same as the average distribution of demand between product at EDI. It was biased toward 2 of the 6 product.<br />The MST distribution was biased toward those products which require the most operations.<br />The LST distribution was biased toward those product which require the least operation.<br />The last FLT assume the equal demand for all the six products.<br />
Ten variable<br />Average time per setup<br />Average distance per move<br />Average no of products completed per year<br />Average machine utilization<br />Average queue length<br />Average waiting time per queue<br />Average flow time per batch<br />Average work-in-process inventory<br />Longest average queue length<br />Longest average waiting time.<br />
Results<br />Average setup time was greater in process model<br />Average distance per move was longer, on the average, in process and proded models. And shorter in the grptec model<br />For the average no of products completed per year there were no significant difference between the model<br />Average utilization should be larger in process model, due to the longer setup time.<br />Average queue length was shortest in the process model and this is true for average waiting time too.<br />Move time tended to longer in process and proded model<br />Average run time were very similar in the four model.<br />The big difference between the models occurs in the amount of time which a batch spent waiting for machines to become available. So much shorter average flow time was in the process model <br />
Result by distribution<br />There were not many significant difference between the distributions, where significant difference occurred is just the EDI distribution.<br />Average setup time was shorter in the EDI model<br />The average machine utilization rate was lowest in LST distribution and higher in EDI distribution.<br />There was no statistically significant difference between the distributions in term of average queue length <br />
conclusion<br />So it is very interesting that, even though more time will be spent moving batches and setting up machines in shop which using process layout, the flexibility of the machines in this shop lead to overall advantages. So longer setup time and move time have little meaning if the product are completed in less time. So group technology may not be the panacea which it may appear to be in the literature. Although there may be some situations in which group technology will be the most appropriate method of shop organization, it is clear that there are some potential problems with its use.<br />
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“People who come to us have symptoms so severe that they are not able to enjoy their life, work or relationships,” says Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute clinician-scientist Dr. Fidel Vila-Rodriguez.
Vila-Rodriguez is leading the Vancouver arm of a clinical trial investigating magnetic seizure therapy (MST) to treat bipolar depression. The study—which is also recruiting patients in Toronto and London, Ontario—will compare the effectiveness and side effects of MST with the current electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) approach.
Results from the first randomized, double-blind study of its kind could lead to changes in how very severe cases of bipolar depression are treated.
“When we see patients, they have invariably already tried other treatments for their bipolar depression, such as psychotherapy and medications,” says Vila-Rodriguez.
Most patients are around 45 years of age and approximately 60 per cent are women. Many may be contemplating suicide or harming themselves in other ways, placing them in a life-threatening situation.
Around one percent of Canadians over 14 years of age will have symptoms of bipolar1. In addition, around 700,000 Canadians were affected by treatment-resistant depression—when a patient does not respond to at least two antidepressants—in 2014.
ECT, which has been used since 1938, is shown to be one of the most effective therapies to put treatment-resistant depression into remission, with a reported 65 to 75 per cent success rate. However, a 2003 study published in the British Medical Journal found that at least one third of patients who underwent ECT reported persistent memory loss, which can deter some patients from pursuing this treatment.
Identifying the best therapy for treatment-resistant bipolar depression
While both ECT and MST induce minor seizures in the brain, patients are placed under general anesthesia to prevent body convulsions. Patients’ heart rate, level of blood oxygenation and blood pressure are all monitored during treatment. However, unlike ECT, MST uses magnetic currents, not direct electricity.
The seizures release neurotransmitters, such as adrenaline, dopamine and GABA—an inhibitory transmitter that stops the seizure. This process triggers neurogenesis, which produces new neurons in the brain.
ECT has been shown to elicit neurotrophic factors, or molecules in the brain that can support the survival and growth of neurons. This effect has been linked to improvements in mood and an overall reduction in severe bipolar depression disorder symptoms. The same results are anticipated for the MST convulsive therapy, but with fewer side effects.
Some studies have shown that MST has significantly fewer side effects related to memory loss in comparison to ECT, although a randomized clinical trial has yet to be conducted. Vila-Rodriguez’s study will fill this knowledge gap.
“If this research shows that MST and ECT are similarly effective, but MST has fewer side effects, MST may quickly replace ECT as the preferred treatment.”
ECT and MST are part of a treatment mix for bipolar depression that includes psychotherapy and medication. And given its potential fewer side effects, MST could offer patients concerned about potential memory loss greater peace of mind.
“For some patients, this type of therapy is like flipping a switch,” says Vila-Rodriguez. “After a few sessions, their enjoyment of life, as well as their productivity, returns.”
The “Efficacy of convulsive therapies for bipolar depression (CORRECT-BD)” clinical trial is recruiting adults 18 years of age and older. To learn more, please visit the study page or contact research coordinator Sahaah Malik at 604-822-7308 or [email protected].
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Uzziah (Hebrew עוזיהו, strength of YHWH) or Azariah (Hebrew, helped by YHWH) (826-r. 810-758 BC according to Ussher, or 809?-vr. 792-r. 767-742 BC according to Thiele) was the ninth king of the Southern Kingdom of Israel in direct line of descent. He is notable for three reasons:
- The evangelist Matthew mentions him immediately after his great-great-grandfather Jehoram in the genealogy of Jesus Christ, thus skipping three generations.
- The dates of his reign, and of alleged viceroyalties served by him under his father Amaziah and by his son Jotham under him, are in dispute. This dispute stems indirectly from an attempted synchrony of a king of the Northern Kingdom (Jehu) with an Assyrian ruler (Shalmaneser III).
- More to the point, he had a prosperous reign, and then did a foolish thing that made him an immediate outcast and cursed the next two generations of kings of the Southern Kingdom.
Early life and family
Uzziah was the son of Amaziah and Jecoliah of Jerusalem. According to Ussher, he was born in 826 BC when his father was thirty-seven years old. Thiele's original dissertation left the question of Uzziah's birth open, leading to a seemingly impossible situation (see below). Leslie McFall, in an attempt to repair Thiele's oversight, suggests that Uzziah became viceroy of the Southern Kingdom at the age of sixteen--and must therefore have been born in 809 BC, when (in the Thiele system) his father was twelve years old. This is possible, but implies that Uzziah's grandfather Joash would have found a wife for his son while the son was very young. This, however, is the least of the difficulties with the Thiele system.
Uzziah married Jerushah, daughter of Zadok, and by her had his son Jotham. This marriage took place in or before the year 783 BC (Ussher) or 775 BC (Thiele). This would make Uzziah either 43 years old (Ussher) or 34 years old (Thiele) at the time. This last would also mean that Uzziah made his marriage while he was still viceroy under his father (see below).
Thiele assumes that Uzziah became viceroy of the Southern Kingdom under his father Amaziah fully twenty-four years before his father's death. This is because the death of Amaziah, and the "beginning of reign" of Uzziah, are twenty-four years out of synchrony in the Thiele system. Larry Pierce tartly observed in 2001 that a strict read of Thiele's original dissertation would lead one to believe that Uzziah began his viceroyalty fully eight years before he was born.
Subsequently, Leslie McFall suggested a corrective: that Uzziah actually became viceroy at sixteen and began his lone reign only after his father had died. But Pierce, in his direct reply to McFall, retorted that the verse discussion Uzziah's succession (see below) says that "the people" acclaimed Uzziah, who was sixteen years old at the time, as king. This, says Pierce, would imply that "the people" somehow elected Uzziah as viceroy under Amaziah, and that four years after Amaziah took the throne himself. Viceroys, Pierce continues, do not gain their offices by popular election but by direct royal appointment. This, therefore, makes the Thiele/McFall interpretation of II_Chronicles 26:1 difficult-to-untenable.
McFall might counter that he did not actually say that which Pierce accuses him of saying, but rather that the people acclaimed Uzziah sole ruler upon the death of his father, and that Uzziah had been sixteen years old when he became viceroy.
Uzziah's accession (or, in Thiele's system, the beginning of his lone reign) followed a great tragedy. King Amaziah realized that certain persons in his administration were plotting to kill him. He fled to Lachish, on the Philistine border--where the remains of a high place stood as recently as 2003. There the conspirators caught up with him and killed him. They brought him back on horseback, and he was buried in the sepulchres of the kings in Jerusalem.The Bible next says that the people acclaimed Uzziah as their next king. The verse in II Chronicles reads thus:
"In his room" is an Elizabethan English phrase meaning "in his place" or "in his stead."
While Ussher assumed that Uzziah became king at sixteen upon his father's death, McFall, a disciple of Thiele, now asserts that Uzziah became king (or rather, viceroy) at sixteen, and became sole ruler upon his father's death, and that those two occasions were twenty-four years apart.
The full length of his reign was fifty-two years. Ussher asserts that Uzziah reigned alone during this entire period. Thiele asserts that he was viceroy for twenty-four years, sole ruler for another eighteen years, and senior ruler (with a viceroy under him) for the last ten years of his reign.
In any event, Uzziah moved swiftly to secure his country's border. He rebuilt the town of Eloth and stationed a garrison in it. Then he declared war against Philistia, successfully attacked the three Philistine city-states of Gath, Jabneh, and Ashdod, and even built military outposts in Philistine territory. He scored similar victories against Arab and Mehunim forces. The Ammonites paid him tribute, and his fame spread as far south as Egypt.
The Bible further says that he did "right" in God's sight, essentially continuing the Godly policies of Amaziah. But, like so many other kings of the Southern Kingdom, he made no headway in removing the high places.
Military strength and public works
The Chronicler gives many details about Uzziah's military strength and the extensive armament industry and public works projects that characterized his reign. He would not seem to have tolerated a continued 160-meter breach in the wall of Jerusalem. The Chronicler specifically mentions the fortified anti-siege towers that he built at the valley gate, the corner gate, and at the corner of the wall. Uzziah also built several military outposts in the desert, and also built several water projects. Much of these water projects were for the benefit of the royal cattle herd and the multiple farms and vineyards that were royal property at the time.
The army was 307,500 strong, with an officer corps of 2600. Uzziah kept these well-supplied with an armaments industry that furnished them with shields, spears, helmets, body armor, bows, and slingshots. By far Uzziah's most interesting contribution was his invention of siege engines, and specifically the first crossbow catapults and ballistae known to the ancient world. He placed these in the fortifications he had built along the wall of Jerusalem and throughout the desert. Most military historians hold that siege warfare began in ernest in the wars of ancient Greece, but typically they propose that the first use of siege engines was in 429 BC. The Bible suggests that these historians ought to revise their theories--unless, as some have suggested, the first siege engine was a battering ram used at Troy and nicknamed "the Trojan horse."
Wood states that Tiglath-Pileser III specifically recognized one "Azriau of Yaudi" as the leader of an anti-Assyrian coalition well able to resist Assyrian expansion. However, Tiglath-Pileser is out of synchrony with Uzziah, according to Ussher.
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18 (NIV)
Uzziah ought to have read that aphorism by his ancestor Solomon. Toward the end of his reign--perhaps in his forty-second year--he indeed became proud and haughty, so much so that he conceived a notion of officiating at a Temple rite. The high priest Azariah gathered eighty priests behind him and confronted Uzziah. Azariah told him that he had not been consecrated to burn incense before YHWH, and that he needed to leave the nave at once. Uzziah indignantly refused and, censer in hand, attempted to proceed.
At that moment he was stricken with leprosy up to his forehead. The priests immediately hustled Uzziah out of the Temple. Uzziah did not resist; he was even in a hurry to leave the Temple himself.
Thiele suggests that Jotham may date his reign from that time, ten or twelve years before Uzziah's death, because in that year, Uzziah needed to make him his viceroy. Ussher, however, dates Jotham's reign from the date of Uzziah's death. However, Ussher seems to agree that Uzziah fell from grace in or near the forty-second year of his reign, which was three years after the accession of King Menahem to the throne of the Northern Kingdom.
Death and Succession
The Uzziah Tablet or OssuaryIn 1931 Professor E. I. Sukenik at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem discovered, in a Russian Orthodox monastery near the Mount of Olives, an inscribed tablet that purports to come from the ossuary of King Uzziah. The legend on the tablet reads,
- They are the remains of a king, and proper respect militates against their disturbance.
- They are the remains of a leper, and as such are hazardous to the health of any who handle them. This inscription, therefore, might have been the first bio-hazard warning in history.
- James Ussher, The Annals of the World, Larry Pierce, ed., Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2003 (ISBN 0890513600), pghh. 553, 564, 565, 585
- Leon J. Wood, A Survey of Israel's History, rev. ed. David O'Brien, Grand Rapids, MI: Academie Books, 1986 (ISBN 031034770X), pp. 298-300
- Multiple authors. "Entries for Uzziah." <http://net.bible.org/> Retrieved June 8, 2007.
- Matthew 1:8
- Larry Pierce, Evidentialism–the Bible and Assyrian chronology TJ 15(1):62–68 April 2001
- Larry Pierce, "Some Objections Considered," in James Ussher, The Annals of the World, Larry Pierce, ed., Master Books, 2003, pp. 921-926 ISBN 0890513600
- Authors unknown. "King Uzziah - Biography." The Kings of Israel, hosted at http://www.geocities.com/ Retrieved June 8, 2007.
- Claiborne, Winford. "Uzziah, Jotham, and Ahaz." International Gospel Hour. Transcript of radio sermon first delivered November 2, 2003. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
- II_Kings 14:19-20
- II_Chronicles 25:27-28
- Authors unknown. "Entry for Uzziah." WebBible Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
- John Argubright. "King Uzziah." Bible Believer's Archaeology, Vol. 1: Historical Evidence That Proves the Bible. BibleHistory.net, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2007. Requires PDF reader.
- II_Chronicles 26:2
- Authors unknown. "God's Judgment Regarding King Uzziah." The Kings of Israel, hosted at http://www.geocities.com/ Retrieved June 8, 2007.
- II_Chronicles 26:6-8
- II_Kings 15:3
- II_Chronicles 26:4
- II_Kings 15:4
- II_Chronicles 26:9
- II_Chronicles 26:10
- II_Chronicles 26:14
- II_Chronicles 26:15
- Wood, op. cit., p. 300
- II_Kings 15:5
- II_Chronicles 26:16-23
- Authors unknown. "Uzziah." Bible Heritage Center, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
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If our Sun were near the center of NGC 362, the night sky would glow like a jewel box of bright stars. Hundreds of stars would glow brighter than Sirius, and in many different colors. Although these stars could become part of breathtaking constellations and intricate folklore, it would be difficult for planetary inhabitants there to see — and hence understand — the greater universe beyond. NGC 362 is one of only about 170 globular clusters of stars that exist in our Milky Way Galaxy. This star cluster is one of the younger globulars, forming likely well after our Galaxy. NGC 362 can be found with the unaided eye nearly in front of the Small Magellanic Cloud, and angularly close to the second brightest globular cluster known, 47 Tucanae. The featured image was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope to help better understand how massive stars end up near the center of some globular clusters.
from NASA http://ift.tt/2zc33My
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New soil health toolbox evaluates plant available nutrients
"Years of research have led to this new way of testing soil," Woods End Founder William Brinton, Ph.D., said. "Three labs are offering the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Health Nutrient Toolbox, and we hope to expand its availability worldwide."
The new soil test was rolled out last year in meetings with growers and consultants, with a very positive response, but the idea has been under development since early 2000, paralleling a huge increase of farmers using cover crops to build soils.
Brinton and Richard Haney, Ph.D., a soil scientist with USDA Agricultural Research Services (ARS) in Texas, collaborated extensively to standardize a cost-effective soil biology test adaptable to commercial labs. The basis was the Woods End Solvita test, which measures microbial CO2-respiration in a simple, pre-calibrated procedure. Then, the USDA-ARS expanded it to include "green chemistry" as a new way of measuring soil nutrients to address farmer fertilizer issues. The result is considered the next step for soil labs performing routine testing.
An open-source system, the main goal of the Soil Health Nutrient Toolbox is to "save growers money on unneeded fertilization while taking stock of their soil's health," Brinton said. "Growers getting a soil health report will see new terms such as 'CO2-Burst,' 'microbial active carbon' and 'water soluble carbon.' These traits are indicators of biological factors linked to soil nutrient supplying powers."
Haney added: "The methods use green chemistry in that the soil analysis uses a soil microbial activity indicator, a soil water extract (nature's solvent) and H3A, a soil extract that mimics organic acids produced by living plant roots to temporarily change the soil pH, thereby increasing nutrient availability. The end result is a Soil Health Score, which represents the overall health of the soil system. It combines five independent measurements of the soil's biological properties."
The toolbox is currently available at three American labs: Woods End, Brookside (New Bremen, Ohio) and Ward Labs (Kearney, Neb.), but growers can ask labs to incorporate the test into their services.
- Plant health improvement agents help growers do more with less
- Ag markets suffered a general divergence Wednesday
- Scientists throw light on the mechanism of plants’ ticking clock
- Stress-tolerant tomato relative sequenced
- Ag markets diverged Wednesday morning
- Farmer community forum focused on farmer data
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Descartes’ Ontological Argument
Descartes’ ontological (or a priori) argument is both one of the most fascinating and poorly understood aspects of his philosophy. Fascination with the argument stems from the effort to prove God’s existence from simple but powerful premises. Existence is derived immediately from the clear and distinct idea of a supremely perfect being. Ironically, the simplicity of the argument has also produced several misreadings, exacerbated in part by Descartes’ tendency to formulate it in different ways.
The main statement of the argument appears in the Fifth Meditation. This comes on the heels of an earlier causal argument for God’s existence in the Third Meditation, raising questions about the order and relation between these two distinct proofs. Descartes repeats the ontological argument in a few other central texts including the Principles of Philosophy. He also defends it in the First, Second, and Fifth Replies against scathing objections by some of the leading intellectuals of his day.
Descartes was not the first philosopher to formulate an ontological argument. An earlier version of the argument had been vigorously defended by St. Anselm in the eleventh century, and then criticized by a monk named Gaunilo (Anselm’s contemporary) and later by St. Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas’ critique was regarded as so devastating that the ontological argument died out for several centuries. It thus came as a surprise to Descartes’ contemporaries that he should attempt to resurrect it. Although he claims not to be familiar with Anselm’s version of the proof, Descartes appears to craft his own argument so as to block traditional objections.
Despite similarities, Descartes’ version of the argument differs from Anselm’s in important ways. The latter’s version is thought to proceed from the meaning of the word “God,” by definition, God is a being a greater than which cannot be conceived. Descartes’ argument, in contrast, is grounded in two central tenets of his philosophy — the theory of innate ideas and the doctrine of clear and distinct perception. He purports to rely not on an arbitrary definition of God but rather on an innate idea whose content is “given.” Descartes’ version is also extremely simple. God’s existence is inferred directly from the fact that necessary existence is contained in the clear and distinct idea of a supremely perfect being. Indeed, on some occasions he suggests that the so-called ontological “argument” is not a formal proof at all but a self-evident axiom grasped intuitively by a mind free of philosophical prejudice.
Descartes often compares the ontological argument to a geometric demonstration, arguing that necessary existence cannot be excluded from idea of God anymore than the fact that its angles equal two right angles, for example, can be excluded from the idea of a triangle. The analogy underscores once again the argument’s supreme simplicity. God’s existence is purported to be as obvious and self-evident as the most basic mathematical truth. It also attempts to show how the “logic” of the demonstration is rooted in our ordinary reasoning practices.
In the same context, Descartes also characterizes the ontological argument as a proof from the “essence” or “nature” of God, arguing that necessary existence cannot be separated from the essence of a supremely perfect being without contradiction. In casting the argument in these terms, he is implicitly relying on a traditional medieval distinction between a thing’s essence and its existence. According to this tradition, one can determine what something is (i.e. its essence), independently of knowing whether it exists. This distinction appears useful to Descartes’ aims, some have thought, because it allows him to specify God’s essence without begging the question of his existence.
- 1. The Simplicity of the “Argument”
- 2. The Distinction between Essence and Existence
- 3. Objections and Replies
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
1. The Simplicity of the “Argument”
One of the hallmarks of Descartes’ version of the ontological argument is its simplicity. Indeed, it reads more like the report of an intuition than a formal proof. Descartes underscores the simplicity of his demonstration by comparing it to the way we ordinarily establish very basic truths in arithmetic and geometry, such as that the number two is even or that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to the sum of two right angles. We intuit such truths directly by inspecting our clear and distinct ideas of the number two and of a triangle. So, likewise, we are able to attain knowledge of God’s existence simply by apprehending that necessary existence is included in the clear and distinct idea of a supremely perfect being. As Descartes writes in the Fifth Meditation:
But if the mere fact that I can produce from my thought the idea of something entails that everything which I clearly and distinctly perceive to belong to that thing really does belong to it, is not this a possible basis for another argument to prove the existence of God? Certainly, the idea of God, or a supremely perfect being, is one that I find within me just as surely as the idea of any shape or number. And my understanding that it belongs to his nature that he always exists is no less clear and distinct than is the case when I prove of any shape or number that some property belongs to its nature (AT 7:65; CSM 2:45).
One is easily misled by the analogy between the ontological argument and a geometric demonstration, and by the language of “proof” in this passage and others like it. Descartes does not conceive of the ontological argument on the model of an Euclidean or axiomatic proof, in which theorems are derived from epistemically prior axioms and definitions. On the contrary, he is drawing our attention to another method of establishing truths that informs our ordinary practices and is non-discursive. This method employs intuition or, what is the same for Descartes, clear and distinct perception. It consists in unveiling the contents of our clear and distinct ideas. The basis for this method is the rule for truth, which was previously established in the Fourth Meditation. According to the version of this rule invoked in the Fifth Meditation, whatever I clearly and distinctly perceive to be contained in the idea of something is true of that thing. So if I clearly and distinctly perceive that necessary existence pertains to the idea of a supremely perfect being, then such a being truly exists.
Although Descartes maintains that God’s existence is ultimately known through intuition, he is not averse to presenting formal versions of the ontological argument. He never forgets that he is writing for a seventeenth-century audience, steeped in scholastic logic, that would have expected to be engaged at the level of the Aristotelian syllogism. Descartes satisfies such expectations, presenting not one but at least two separate versions of the ontological argument. These proofs, however, are stunningly brief and betray his true intentions. One version of the argument simply codifies the psychological process by which one intuits God’s existence, in the manner described above:
- Whatever I clearly and distinctly perceive to be contained in the idea of something is true of that thing.
- I clearly and distinctly perceive that necessary existence is contained in the idea of God.
- Therefore, God exists.
The rule for truth appears here in the guise of the first premise, but it is more naturally read as a statement of Descartes’ own alternative method of “demonstration” via clear and distinct perception or intuition. In effect, the first “premise” is designed to instruct the meditator on how to apply this method, the same role that the analogy with a geometric demonstration serves in passage .
When presenting this version of the argument in the First Replies, Descartes sets aside this first premise and focuses our attention on the second. In so doing, he is indicating the relative unimportance of the proof itself. Having learned how to apply Descartes’ alternative method of reasoning, one need only perceive that necessary existence pertains to the idea of a supremely perfect being. Once one attains this perception, formal arguments are no longer required; God’s existence will be self-evident (Second Replies, Fifth Postulate; AT 7:163–4; CSM 2:115).
Descartes sometimes uses traditional arguments as heuristic devices, not merely to appease a scholastically trained audience but to help induce clear and distinct perceptions. This is evident for example in the version of the ontological argument standardly associated with his name:
- I have an idea of supremely perfect being, i.e. a being having all perfections.
- Necessary existence is a perfection.
- Therefore, a supremely perfect being exists.
While this set of sentences has the surface structure of a formal argument, its persuasive force lies at a different level. A meditator who is having trouble perceiving that necessary existence is contained in the idea of a supreme perfect being can attain this perception indirectly by first recognizing that this idea includes every perfection. Indeed, the idea of a supremely perfect being just is the idea of a being having all perfections. To attempt to exclude any or all perfections from the idea of a supremely being, Descartes observes, involves one in a contradiction and is akin to conceiving a mountain without a valley (or, better, an up-slope without a down-slope). Having formed this perception, one need only intuit that necessary existence is itself a perfection. It will then be clear that necessary existence is one of the attributes included in the idea of a supremely perfect being.
While such considerations might suffice to induce the requisite clear and distinct perception in the meditator, Descartes is aiming a deeper point, namely that there is a conceptual link between necessary existence and each of the other divine perfections. It is important to recall that in the Third Meditation, in the midst of the causal argument for the existence of God, the meditator already discovered many of these perfections — omnipotence, omniscience, immutability, eternality, simplicity, etc. Because our mind is finite, we normally think of the divine perfections separately and “hence may not immediately notice the necessity of their being joined together” (First Replies, AT 7:119; CSM 2:85). But if we attend carefully to “whether existence belongs to a supremely perfect being, and what sort of existence it is” we shall discover that we cannot conceive any one of the other attributes while excluding necessary existence from it (ibid.).
To illustrate this point Descartes appeals to divine omnipotence. He thinks that we cannot conceive an omnipotent being except as existing. Descartes’ illustration presupposes the traditional, medieval understanding of “necessary existence.” When speaking of this divine attribute, he sometimes uses the term “existence” simpliciter as shorthand. But in his more careful pronouncements he always insists on the phrase “necessary and eternal existence,” which resonates with tradition. Medieval, scholastic philosophers often spoke of God as the sole “necessary being,” by which they meant a being who depends only on himself for his existence. This is the notion of “aseity” or self-existence (a se esse). Since such a being does not depend on anything else for its existence, he has neither a beginning nor an end, but is eternal. Returning to the discussion in the First Replies, one can see how omnipotence is linked conceptually to necessary existence in this traditional sense. An omnipotent or all-powerful being does not depend ontologically on anything (for if it did then it would not be omnipotent). It exists by its own power:
when we attend to immense power of this being, we shall be unable to think of its existence as possible without also recognizing that it can exist by its own power; and we shall infer from this that this being does really exist and has existed from eternity, since it is quite evident by the natural light that what can exist by its own power always exists. So we shall come to understand that necessary existence is contained in the idea of a supremely perfect being …. (ibid.)
Some readers have thought that Descartes offers yet a third version of the ontological argument in this passage (Wilson, 1978, 174–76), but whether or not that was his intention is unimportant, since his primary aim, as indicated in the last line, is to enable his meditator to intuit that necessary existence is included in the idea of God. Since there is a conceptual link between the divine attributes, a clear and distinct perception of one provides a cognitive route to any of the others.
Although Descartes sometimes uses formal versions of the ontological argument to achieve his aims, he consistently affirms that God’s existence is ultimately known through clear and distinct perception. The formal versions of the argument are merely heuristic devices, to be jettisoned once one has attained the requisite intuition of a supremely perfect being. Descartes stresses this point explicitly in the Fifth Meditation, immediately after presenting the two versions of the argument considered above:
whatever method of proof I use, I am always brought back to the fact that it is only what I clearly and distinctly perceive that completely convinces me. Some of the things I clearly and distinctly perceive are obvious to everyone, while others are discovered only by those who look more closely and investigate more carefully; but once they have been discovered, the latter are judged to be just as certain as the former. In the case of a right-angled triangle, for example, the fact that the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the square on the other two sides is not so readily apparent as the fact that the hypotenuse subtends the largest angle; but once one has seen it, one believes it just as strongly. But as regards God, if I were not overwhelmed by philosophical prejudices, and if the images of things perceived by the senses did not besiege my thought on every side, I would certainly acknowledge him sooner and more easily than anything else. For what is more manifest than the fact that the supreme being exists, or that God, to whose essence alone existence belongs, exists? (AT 7:68–69; CSM 2:47)
Here Descartes develops his earlier analogy between the (so-called) ontological argument and a geometric demonstration. He suggests that there are some meditators for whom God’s existence is immediately manifest; for them God’s existence is akin to an axiom or definition in geometry, such as that the hypotenuse of a right triangle subtends its largest angle. But other meditators, whose minds are confused and mired in sensory images, must work much harder, and might even require a proof to attain the requisite clear and distinct perception. For them, God’s existence is akin to the Pythagorean Theorem. The important point is that both kinds of meditators ultimately attain knowledge of God’s existence by clearly and distinctly perceiving that necessary existence is contained in the idea of supremely perfect being. Once one has achieved this perception, God’s existence will be manifest or, as Descartes says elsewhere, “self-evident” (per se notam) (Second Replies, Fifth Postulate; AT 7: 164; CSM 2:115).
Descartes’ contemporaries would have been surprised by this last remark. While reviewing an earlier version of the ontological argument, Aquinas had rejected the claim that God’s existence is self-evident, at least with respect to us. He argued that what is self-evident cannot be denied without contradiction, but God’s existence can be denied. Indeed, the proverbial fool says in his heart “There is no God” (Psalm 53.1).
When confronted with this criticism by a contemporary objector, Descartes tries to find common ground: “St. Thomas asks whether existence is self-evident as far as we are concerned, that is, whether it is obvious to everyone; and he answers, correctly, that it is not” (First Replies, AT 7:115; CSM 2:82). Descartes interprets Aquinas to be claiming that God’s existence is not self-evident to everyone, which is something with which he can agree. Descartes does not hold that God’s existence is immediately self-evident, or self-evident to everyone, but that it can become self-evident to some careful and industrious meditators.
2. The Distinction between Essence and Existence
In the Fifth Meditation and elsewhere Descartes says that God’s existence follows from the fact that existence is contained in the “true and immutable essence, nature, or form” of a supremely perfect being, just as it follows from the essence of a triangle that its angles equal two right angles. This way of putting the a priori argument has puzzled commentators and has led to a lively debate about the ontological status of Cartesian essences and the objects which are purported to “have” them. Some commentators have thought that Descartes is committed to a species of Platonic realism. According to this view, some objects that fall short of actual existence nevertheless subsist as abstract, logical entities outside the mind and beyond the physical world (Kenny, 1968; Wilson, 1978). Another commentator places Cartesian essences in God (Schmaltz 1991), while two recent revisionist interpretations (Chappell, 1997; Nolan, 1997) read Descartes as a conceptualist who takes essences to be ideas in human minds.
Descartes’ reference to “essences” raises another important issue more directly related to the ontological argument. In claiming that necessary existence cannot be excluded from the essence of God, Descartes is drawing on the traditional medieval distinction between essence and existence. According to this distinction, one can say what something is (i.e. its essence), prior to knowing whether it exists. So, for example, one can define what a horse is — enumerating all of its essential properties — before knowing whether there are any horses in the world. The only exception to this distinction was thought to be God himself, whose essence just is to exist. It is easy to see how this traditional distinction could be exploited by a defender of the ontological argument. Existence is included in the essence of a supremely perfect being, but not in the essence of any finite thing. Thus it follows solely from the essence of the former that such a being actually exists. At times, Descartes appears to support this interpretation of the ontological argument. In the Fifth Replies, for example, he writes that “the existence of a triangle should not be compared with the existence of God, since the relation between existence and essence is manifestly quite different in the case of God from what it is in the case of the triangle. God is his own existence, but this is not true of the triangle” (AT 7:383; CSM 2:263). But Descartes’ complete view is subtler and more sophisticated than these remarks first suggest. Understanding this view requires a more careful investigation of the distinction between essence and existence as it appears in medieval sources. Although one often speaks of the “traditional” distinction, the exact nature of the relation between essence and existence in finite things was the subject of a fierce debate among medieval philosophers. Seeing where Descartes’ position fits within this debate will provide a deeper understanding of his version of the ontological argument.
The distinction between essence and existence can be traced back as far as Boethius in the fifth century. It was later developed by Islamic thinkers such as Avicenna. But the issue did not become a major philosophical problem until it was taken up by Aquinas in the thirteenth century. The issue arose not as part of an effort to establish God’s existence on a priori grounds (as mentioned above, Aquinas was one of the staunchest critics of the ontological argument), but out of concern to distinguish God from finite spiritual entities such as angels. Like many scholastic philosophers, Aquinas believed that God is perfectly simple and that created beings, in contrast, have a composite character that accounts for their finitude and imperfection. Earthly creatures are composites of matter and form (the doctrine of hylomorphism), but since purely spiritual beings are immaterial, Aquinas located their composite character in the distinction between essence and existence.
Some of the details of Aquinas’ account will emerge from our discussion below. The primary interest of his theory for our purposes, however, is that it led to a lively debate among his successors both as to how to interpret the master and about the true nature of the relation between essence and existence in created things. This debate produced three main positions:
- The Theory of Real Distinction
- The Intermediate Position
- The Theory of Rational Distinction
Proponents of the first view conceived the distinction between essence and existence as obtaining between two separate things. In the eyes of many Thomists, this view was considered to be quite radical, especially as an interpretation of Aquinas’ original position. The latter is sometimes expressed by saying that essence and existence are “principles of being” rather than beings themselves. One problem then with the theory of real distinction, at least as espoused by many of Aquinas’ followers, was that it reified essence and existence, treating them as real beings in addition to the created entity that they compose.
The theory of real distinction was also considered objectionable for philosophical reasons. Following Aquinas, many participants in the debate urged that essence and existence are related to each other as potency and act, so that existence can be said to “actualize” essence. On the theory of real distinction, this view leads to an infinite regress. If an essence becomes actual only in virtue of something else — viz. existence — being superadded to it, then what gives existence its reality, and so on ad infinitum? (Wippel, 1982, 393f).
In response to these difficulties some scholastic philosophers developed a position at the polar extreme from the theory of real distinction. This was the view that there is merely a rational distinction or a “distinction of reason” between essence and existence in created beings. As the term suggests, this theory held that essence and existence of a creature are identical in reality and distinguished only within our thought by means of reason. Needless to say, proponents of this theory were forced to distinguish purely spiritual entities from God on grounds other than real composition.
Giving up the doctrine of real composition seemed too much for another group of thinkers who were also critical of the theory of real distinction. This led to the development of a number of intermediate positions, including Duns Scotus’ curious notion of a formal distinction and the view that essence and existence are modally distinct such that existence constitutes a mode of a thing’s essence.
Like Francisco Suárez, his most immediate scholastic predecessor, Descartes sides with the proponents of a rational distinction between essence and existence. His position is unique, however, insofar as it springs from a more general theory of “attributes”. Articulating this theory in an important passage in the Principles of Philosophy, Descartes claims that there is merely a distinction of reason between a substance and any one of its attributes or between any two attributes of a single substance (1:62, AT 8A:30; CSM 1:214). For Descartes’ purposes, the most significant instance of a rational distinction is that which obtains between a substance and its essence — or what he sometimes refers to as its “principal attribute” (1:53, AT 8A:25; CSM 1:210). Since thought and extension constitute the essence of mind and body, respectively, a mind is merely rationally distinct from its thinking and a body is merely rationally distinct from its extension (1:63, AT 8A:31; CSM 1:215). But Descartes insists that a rational distinction also obtains between any two attributes of a substance. Since existence qualifies as an attribute in this technical sense, the essence and existence of a substance are also distinct merely by reason (1:56, AT 8A:26; CSM 1:211). Descartes reaffirms this conclusion in a letter intended to elucidate his account of the relation between essence and existence:
… existence, duration, size, number and all universals are not, it seems to me, modes in the strict sense …. They are referred to by a broader term and called attributes … because we do indeed understand the essence of a thing in one way when we consider it in abstraction from whether it exists or not, and in a different way when we consider it as existing; but the thing itself cannot be outside our thought without its existence …. Accordingly I say that shape and other similar modes are strictly speaking modally distinct from the substance whose modes they are; but there is a lesser distinction between the other attributes …. I call it a rational distinction …. (To an unknown correspondent, AT 4:349; CSMK 3:280)
Indications are given here as to how a rational distinction is produced in our thought. Descartes explains that we regard a single thing in different abstract ways. Case in point, we can regard a thing as existing, or we can abstract from its existence and attend to its other aspects. In so doing, we have distinguished the existence of a substance from its essence within our thought. Like scholastic proponents of the theory of rational distinction, however, Descartes is keen to emphasize that this distinction is purely conceptual. Indeed, he goes on to explain that the essence and existence of a substance are “in no way distinct” outside thought (AT 4:350; CSMK 3:280). In reality they are identical.
While borrowing much from scholasticism, Descartes’ account is distinguished by its scope of application. He extends the theory of rational distinction from created substances to God. In general, the essence and the existence of a substance are merely rationally distinct, and hence identical in reality.
This result appears to wreak havoc on Descartes’ ontological argument. One of the most important objections to the argument is that if it were valid, one could proliferate such arguments for all sorts of things, including beings whose existence is merely contingent. By supposing that there is merely a rational distinction between essence and existence abroad in all things, Descartes seems to confirm this objection. In general, a substance is to be identified with its existence, whether it is God or a finite created thing.
The problem with this objection, in this instance, is that it assumes that Descartes locates the difference between God and creatures in the relation each of these things bears to its existence. This is not the case. In a few important passages, Descartes affirms that existence is contained in the clear and distinct idea of every single thing, but he also insists that there are different grades of existence:
Existence is contained in the idea or concept of every single thing, since we cannot conceive of anything except as existing. Possible or contingent existence is contained in the concept of a limited thing, whereas necessary and perfect existence is contained in the concept of a supremely perfect being (Axiom 10, Second Replies; AT 7:166; CSM 2:117).
In light of this passage and others like it, we can refine the theory of rational distinction. What one should say, strictly speaking, is that God is merely rationally distinct from his necessary existence, while every finite created thing is merely rationally distinct from its possible or contingent existence. The distinction between possible or contingent existence on the one hand, and necessary existence on the other, allows Descartes to account for the theological difference between God and his creatures.
Now, when Descartes says that a substance (be it finite or infinite) is merely rationally distinct from its existence, he always means an actually existing substance. So how are we to understand the claim that a finite substance is merely rationally distinct from its possible existence? What is meant by “possible (or contingent) existence”? It is tempting to suppose that this term means non-actual existence. But as we saw already with the case of necessary existence, Descartes does not intend these terms in their logical or modal senses. If “necessary existence” means ontologically independent existence, then “possible existence” means something like dependent existence. After all, Descartes contrasts possible existence not with actual existence but with necessary existence in the traditional sense. This account is also suggested by the term “contingent.” Created things are contingent in the sense that they depend for their existence on God, the sole independent being.
This result explains why Descartes believes that we cannot proliferate ontological arguments for created substances. It is not that the relation between essence and existence is any different in God than it is in finite things. In both cases there is merely a rational distinction. The difference is in the grade of existence that attaches to each. Whereas the concept of an independent being entails that such a being exists, the concept of a finite thing entails only that it has dependent existence.
Looking back at the problematic passage cited above from the Fifth Replies, it becomes clear that Descartes intended something along these lines even there. He says that “the existence of a triangle should not be compared with the existence of God”, reinforcing the point that it is the kind of existence involved that makes God unique. And just before this statement, he writes, “in the case of God necessary existence…applies to him alone and forms a part of his essence as it does of no other thing”. Later he adds: “I do not … deny that possible existence is a perfection in the idea of a triangle, just as necessary existence is perfection in the idea of God” (AT 7:383; CSM 2:263). Descartes’ final position then is that essence and existence are identical in all things. What distinguishes God from creatures is his grade of existence. We can produce an ontological argument for God, and not for finite substances, because the idea of a supremely perfect being uniquely contains necessary — or ontologically independent — existence.
3. Objections and Replies
Because of its simplicity, Descartes’ version of the ontological argument is commonly thought to be cruder and more obviously fallacious than the one put forward by Anselm in the eleventh century. But when the complete apparatus of the Cartesian system is brought forth, the argument proves itself to be quite resilient, at least on its own terms. Indeed, Descartes’ version is superior to his predecessor’s insofar as it is grounded in a theory of innate ideas and the doctrine of clear and distinct perception. These two doctrines inoculate Descartes from the charge made against Anselm, for example, that the ontological argument attempts to define God into existence by arbitrarily building existence into the concept of a supremely perfect being. In the Third Meditation, the meditator discovers that her idea of God is not a fiction that she has conveniently invented but something native to the mind. As we shall see below, these two doctrines provide the resources for answering other objections as well.
Given our earlier discussion concerning the non-logical status of the ontological argument, it may seem surprising that Descartes would take objections to it seriously. He should be able to dismiss most objections in one neat trick by insisting on the non-logical nature of the demonstration. This is especially true of the objection that the ontological argument begs the question. If God’s existence is ultimately self-evident and known by a simple intuition of the mind, then there are no questions to be begged. Unfortunately, not all of the objections to the ontological argument can be dismissed so handily, for the simple reason that they do not all depend on the assumption that we are dealing with a formal proof.
Although it is often overlooked, many of the best known criticisms of the ontological argument were put to Descartes by official objectors to the Meditations. He in turn responded to these objections — sometimes in lengthy replies — though many contemporary readers have found his responses opaque and unsatisfying. We can better understand his replies and, in some cases, improve upon them by appealing to discussions from previous sections.
One classical objection to the ontological argument, which was first leveled by Gaunilo against Anselm’s version of the proof, is that it makes an illicit logical leap from the mental world of concepts to the real world of things. The claim is that even if we were to concede that necessary existence is inseparable from the idea of God (in Kant’s terms, even if necessary existence were analytic of the concept “God”), nothing follows from this about what does or does not exist in the actual world. Johannes Caterus, the author of the First Set of Objections to the Meditations, puts the point as follows:
Even if it is granted that a supremely perfect being carries the implication of existence in virtue of its very title, it still does not follow that the existence in question is anything actual in the real world; all that follows is that the concept of existence is inseparably linked to the concept of a supreme being. So you cannot infer that the existence of God is anything actual unless you suppose that the supreme being actually exists; for then it will actually contain all perfections, including the perfection of real existence (AT 7:99; CSM 2:72).
To meet this challenge, Descartes must explain how he “bridges” the inferential gap between thought and reality. The principle of clear and distinct perception is intended to do just that. According to this principle, for which he argues in the Fourth Meditation, whatever one clearly and distinctly perceives or understands is true — true not just of ideas but of things in the real world represented by those ideas. Thus, Descartes’ commitment to the principle of clear and distinct perception allows him to elude another objection that had haunted Anselm’s version of the argument.
The previous objection is related to another difficulty raised by Caterus. In order to illustrate that the inference from the mental to the extra-mental commits a logical error, critics have observed that if such inferences were legitimate then we could proliferate ontological arguments for supremely perfect islands, existing lions, and all sorts of things which either do not exist or whose existence is contingent and thus should not follow a priori from their concept. The trick is simply to build existence into the concept. So, while existence does not follow from the concept of lion as such, it does follow from the concept of an “existing lion.”
Descartes’ actual reply to this objection, which he took very seriously, is highly complex and couched in terms of a theory of “true and immutable natures.” We can simplify matters by focusing on its key elements. One of his first moves is to introduce a point that we discussed earlier (see passage in section 2), namely that existence is contained in the idea of every thing that we clearly and distinctly perceive: possible (or dependent) existence is contained in our clear and distinct idea of every finite thing and necessary (or independent) existence is uniquely contained in the idea of God (AT 7:117; CSM 2:83). So for Descartes one does not have to build existence into the idea of something if that idea is clear and distinct; existence is already included in every clear and distinct idea. But it does not follow that the thing represented by such an idea actually exists, except in the case of God. We cannot produce ontological arguments for finite things for the simple reason that the clear and distinct ideas of them contain merely dependent existence. Actual existence is demanded only by the idea of God, which uniquely contains independent existence.
A natural rejoinder to this reply would be to ask about the idea of a lion having not possible but wholly necessary existence. If Descartes’ method of reasoning were valid, it would seem to follow from this idea that such a creature exists. This formulation of the objection requires Descartes’ second and deeper point, which is only hinted at in his official reply. This is that the idea of a lion — let alone the idea of a lion having necessary existence — is hopelessly obscure and confused. As Descartes says, the nature of a lion is “not transparently clear to us” (Axiom 10, Second Replies; AT 7:117; CSM 2:84). Since this idea is not clear and distinct, the method of demonstration employed in the ontological argument does not apply to it. Recall that the geometrical method of demonstration is grounded in the principle of clear and distinct perception and consists in drawing out the contents of our clear and distinct ideas. If an idea is not clear and distinct then we cannot draw any conclusions from it about things outside thought.
The key difference then between the idea of God on the one hand and the idea of a necessarily existing lion is that the former can be clearly and distinctly perceived. For Descartes, it is just a brute fact that certain ideas can be clearly and distinctly perceived and others cannot. Some critics have charged him with dogmatism in this regard. Why should Descartes be allowed to legislate the scope of our clear and distinct perceptions? Perhaps we can clearly and distinctly perceive something that he could not.
Descartes cannot be saved entirely from this charge, but two important points can be made in his defense. First, he has principled reasons for thinking that everyone has the same set of innate or clear and distinct ideas. When the meditator first proved God’s existence in the Third Meditation, she also established that God is supremely good and hence no deceiver. One consequence of God’s perfect benevolence is that he implanted the same set of innate ideas in all finite minds. Thus, Descartes feels justified in concluding that the limits of his capacity for clear and distinct perception will be shared by everyone.
Second, when responding to objections to the ontological argument such as the ones considered above, Descartes typically does more than insist dogmatically on a unique set of clear and distinct ideas. He also tries to dispel the confusion which he thinks is at the root of the objection. Since the ontological argument ultimately reduces to an axiom, the source of an objection according to Descartes’ diagnosis is the failure of the objector to perceive this axiom clearly and distinctly. Thus, Descartes devotes the bulk of his efforts to trying to remove those philosophical prejudices which are hindering his objector from intuiting the axiom. These efforts are not always obvious, however. Descartes is good at maintaining the pretense of answering criticisms to a formal proof. But his replies to Caterus’ objections to the ontological argument are best read as an extended effort to dispel prejudice and confusion, so as to enable his reader to intuit God’s existence for himself.
Let us return for a moment to the objection that the ontological argument slides illicitly from the mental to the extramental realm. We have seen how Descartes responds to it, but it is related to another objection that has come to be associated with Leibniz. Leibniz claims that Descartes’ version of the ontological argument is incomplete. It shows merely that if God’s existence is possible or non-contradictory, then God exists. But it fails to demonstrate the antecedent of this conditional (Robert Adams 1998, 135). To reinforce this objection, it is sometimes observed that the divine perfections (omnipotence, omniscience, benevolence, eternality, etc.) might be inconsistent with one another. This objection is related to the previous one in that the point in both cases is that Descartes’ argument restricts us to claims about the concept of God and lacks existential import. In order to redress this issue himself, Leibniz formulates a different version of the ontological argument (see Adams 1998, 141f).
Descartes was dead long before Leibniz articulated this criticism but it was familiar to him from the Second Set of Objectors (Marin Mersenne et al.) (AT 7:127; CSM 2:91). He replies by appealing once again to the principle of clear and distinct perception, which states that if something is contained in the clear and distinct idea of something then it is not only possible but also true of that thing in reality. (Descartes might have said that if something is conceivable then it is possible, and a being having all perfections is conceivable, but he has an even stronger principle at his disposal in the rule for truth.) In effect, Descartes thinks he has already satisfied Mersenne and Leibniz’s extra condition. But Mersenne’s version of the objection goes further, urging that in order to know with certainty that God’s nature is possible, one must have an adequate idea that encompasses all of the divine attributes and the relations between them (ibid.) — something that Descartes denies that we have. Descartes responds to this criticism as follows:
For as far as our concepts are concerned there is no impossibility in the nature of God; on the contrary, all the attributes which we include in the concept of the divine nature are so interconnected that it seems to us to be self-contradictory that any one of them should not belong to God (AT 7:151; CSM 2:107).
It is difficult to see how this statement on its own addresses Mersenne’s criticism, but here again we can gain a better grip on what Descartes has in mind by appealing to our earlier discussion in section 2. We noted there that on Descartes’ view there is merely a rational distinction between a substance and each of its attributes, and between any two attributes of a single substance. He also maintains that God has only attributes and no modes or accidental properties. This implies that there is merely a rational distinction between all of the divine perfections, something that he expressly affirms in his correspondence (see, e.g., AT 4:349; CSMK 3:280). In the Third Meditation he also notes that “the unity, simplicity, or the inseparability of all the divine attributes of God is one of the most important of the perfections which I understand him to have” (AT 7:50; CSM 2:34). So not only is there no inconsistency between the divine perfections, but we understand that one of the most important perfections is simplicity (contra Curley 2005), which is just to say that in God there is no distinction between his attributes: God’s omnipotence just is his omniscience, which just is his benevolence, etc. The very distinction between the divine attributes is confined to our thought or reason. This then is what he means by saying in passage that the divine attributes are “interconnected,” which echoes a remark in the Third Meditation passage concerning “the interconnection and inseparability of the perfections” (ibid.). Descartes’ responses probably would not have satisfied Leibniz and Mersenne, but we can appreciate how they have a fundamental basis in his philosophical system.
Perhaps the most famous objection to the ontological argument is that existence is not a property or predicate. Popularized by Kant, this objection enjoys the status of a slogan known by every undergraduate philosophy major worth her salt. In claiming that existence is included in the idea of a supremely perfect being, along with all the other divine attributes, Descartes’ version of the argument appears to succumb to this objection.
It is not obvious of course that existence is not a predicate. To convince us of this point, Kant observes that there is no intrinsic difference between the concept of a hundred real thalers (coins common in Kant’s time) and the concept of a hundred possible thalers. Whenever we think of anything, we regard it as existing, even if the thing in question does not actually exist. Thus, existence does not add anything to the concept of a thing. What then is existence if not a predicate? Kant’s answer is that existence is “merely the positing of a thing” or “the copula of a judgment,” the point being that when we say “God exists” we are simply affirming that there is an object answering to the concept of God. We are not ascribing any new predicates to God, but merely judging that there is a subject, with all its predicates, in the world (CPR:B626–27).
Kant’s formulation of the objection was later refined by Bertrand Russell in his famous theory of descriptions. He argues that existential statements such as “God exists” are misleading as to their logical form. While serving grammatically as a predicate, the term “exists” in this sentence has a much different logical function, which is revealed only by analysis. Properly analyzed, “God exists” means “there is one (and only one) x such that ‘x is omnipotent, omniscient, etc.’ is true.” Russell thinks this translation shows that, appearances to the contrary, the statement “God exists” is not ascribing existence to a subject, but asserting that a certain description (in single quotes) applies to something in reality. Russell’s view is reflected in the standard modern logical treatment of existence as a quantifier rather than a predicate.
It is widely believed that Descartes did not have a response to this objection, indeed that he blithely assumed that existence is a property without ever considering the matter carefully. But this is not the case. The seventeenth-century empiricist Pierre Gassendi confronted Descartes with this criticism in the Fifth Set of Objections (and deserves credit for being the first to enunciate it): “existence is not a perfection either in God or in anything else; it is that without which no perfections can be present” (AT 7:323; CSM 2:224). As with most of his replies to Gassendi (whom he regarded as a loathsome materialist and quibbler), Descartes responded somewhat curtly. But it is clear from the discussion in section 2 that he had the resources for addressing this objection in a systematic manner.
Before examining how Descartes might defend himself, it is important to note that the question at issue is typically framed in non-Cartesian terms and thus often misses its target. Both Kant and Russell for example are interested in the logical issue of whether existence is a predicate. Descartes, in contrast, was not a logician and disparaged the standard subject-predicate logic inherited from Aristotle. Although, as discussed above, he sometimes presents formal versions of the ontological arguments as heuristic devices, Descartes thought that God’s existence is ultimately known through intuition. This intuitive process is psychological in character. It is not a matter of assigning predicates to subjects but of determining whether the idea of a supremely perfect being can be clearly and distinctly perceived while excluding necessary existence from it through a purely intellectual operation. To be sure, Descartes was interested in the ontological question of whether existence is a “property” of substances. For him, however, the analogues of properties are clear and distinct ideas and ways of regarding them, not predicates.
Having said that, Descartes’ best strategy for answering the ontological version of the objection is to concede it, or at least certain aspects of it. Descartes explicitly affirms Kant’s point that existence does not add anything to the idea of something (provided that the terms “idea” and “concept” are regarded as psychological items). Once again we should recall passage from the Second Replies: “Existence is contained in the idea or concept of every single thing, since we cannot conceive of anything except as existing” (Axiom 10, AT 7:166; CSM 2:117). So, Descartes agrees with Kant that there is no conceptual difference between conceiving of a given substance as actually existing and conceiving it as merely possible. In the first instance one is attending to the existence that is contained in every clear and distinct idea, and in the other instance one is ignoring the thing’s existence without actively excluding it. He would, however, stress another conceptual difference that Kant and other critics do not address, namely that between the two grades of existence — contingent and necessary. The clear and distinct ideas of all finite things contain merely contingent or dependent existence, whereas the clear and distinct idea of God uniquely contains necessary or wholly independent existence (ibid.). As discussed previously, the ontological argument hinges on this distinction.
Another intuition underlying the claim that existence is not a property is that there is more intimate connection between an individual and its existence than the traditional one between a substance and a property, especially if the property in question is conceived as something accidental. If existence were accidental, then a thing could be without its existence, which seems absurd. It seems no less absurd to say that existence is a property among other properties (accidental or essential), for how can a thing even have properties if it does not exist? Descartes shares this intuition. He does not think that existence is a property in the traditional sense or is even distinct from the substance that is said to bear it. Recall the view discussed in section 2 that there is merely a rational distinction between a substance and its existence, or between the essence and existence of a substance. This means that the distinction between a substance and its existence is confined to thought or reason. Human beings, in their efforts to understand things using their finite intellects, draw distinctions in thought that do not obtain in reality. In reality, a substance (whether created or divine) just is its existence.
The purpose of this defense of Descartes is not to render a verdict as whether he has the correct account of existence, but to show that he has a rather sophisticated and systematic treatment of what has been one of the great bugbears in the history of philosophy. He does not make the ad hoc assumption that existence is an attribute in order to serve the needs of the ontological argument. Indeed, on Descartes’ view, existence is not a property in the traditional sense, nor can one conceive of something without regarding it as existing. Descartes’ critics might not be convinced by his account of existence, but then they have the burden of providing a better account. The focus of the debate will then be shifted to the question of who has the correct ontology, rather than whether the ontological argument is sound.
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- Hartshorne, Charles, 1965. Anselm’s Discovery, LaSalle: Open Court.
- Hick, John and McGill, Arthur C., 1967. The Many-Faced Argument, New York: The Macmillan Company.
- Kenny, Anthony, 1997. “Descartes’ Ontological Argument,” in Descartes’ Meditations: Critical Essays, Vere Chappell (ed.), New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 177–194.
- –––, 1995. Descartes: A Study of His Philosophy, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 146–171.
- –––, 1970. “The Cartesian Circle and the Eternal Truths,” Journal of Philosophy, LXVII: 685–700.
- Koistinen, Olli, 2014. “The Fifth Meditation: externality and true and immutable natures,” in The Cambridge Companion to Descartes’ Meditations, David Cunning (ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 223–239.
- Newman, Lex, and Alan Nelson, 1999. “Circumventing Cartesian Circles,” Noûs, 33: 370–404.
- Nolan, Lawrence and Alan Nelson, 2006. “Proofs for the Existence of God,” The Blackwell Guide to Descartes’ Meditations, Stephen Gaukroger (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 104–121.
- Nolan, Lawrence, 2018. “Descartes,” Ontological Arguments, Graham Oppy (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 53–74.
- –––, 2005. “The Ontological Argument as an Exercise in Cartesian Therapy,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 35: 521–562.
- –––, 1998. “Descartes’ Theory of Universals,” Philosophical Studies, 89(2–3): 161–180.
- –––, 1997. “The Ontological Status of Cartesian Natures,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 78: 169–194.
- Oppenheimer, Paul, and Zalta, Edward. 1991. “On the Logic of the Ontological Argument” in Philosophical Perspectives 5: The Philosophy of Religion, J. Tomberlin (ed.), Atascadero: Ridgeview, 509–29.
- Oppy, Graham, 1995. Ontological Arguments and Belief in God, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Plantinga, Alvin (ed.), 1965. The Ontological Argument, New York: Doubleday.
- Secada, Jorge, 2000. Cartesian Metaphysics, Cambridge University Press.
- Schmaltz, Tad, 2014. “The Fifth Meditation: Descartes’ doctrine of true and immutable natures,” in The Cambridge Companion to Descartes’ Meditations, David Cunning (ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 205–222.
- –––, 1991. “Platonism and Descartes’ View of Immutable Essences,” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 73: 129–70.
- Scribano, Emanuela, 1994. L’esistenza di Dio: Storia della prova ontologica da Descartes a Kant, Roma-Bari: Laterza.
- Wertz, S. K., 1990. “Why Is the Ontological Proof in Descartes’s Fifth Meditation?” Southwest Philosophy Review, 6(2): 107–109.
- Wippel, John, 1982. “Essence and Existence,” in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, eds. Norman Kretzmann, Anthony Kenny and Jan Pinborg. New York: Cambridge University Press, 385–410.
- Wilson, Margaret, 1978. Descartes, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry at the Internet Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.
Other Internet Resources
- The Ontological Argument, entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Kenneth Einar Himma (Seattle Pacific University)
- Medieval Sourcebook: Philosophers’ Criticisms of Anselm’s Ontological Argument for the Being of God, by Paul Halsell (Fordham University)
- Medieval Sourcebook: Thomas Aquinas: On Being and Essence, by Paul Halsell (Fordham University)
- “On the Logic of the Ontological Argument”, paper by Paul E. Oppenheimer and Edward N. Zalta.
- Philosophy of Religion.Info by Tim Holt.
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When a child is struggling with a learning disability or behavioral disorder, it can be overwhelming for their parents, who often do not know what to do or where to turn for help. This guide shows you how to obtain the necessary assessment(s) that will help you to better understand a child’s strengths and weaknesses. It also describes what an educational “accommodation” is and how it can serve as a bridge to learning. Every child has the legal right to fully access the learning environment and to show what they truly know when taking tests. The authors describe how accommodations specifically target a child’s weaknesses in order to level the playing field in the classroom and during test taking situations. Accommodations can be as simple as giving the child extra time to finish a test or allowing them to take a test in a smaller group to minimize distractions. In addition, this handbook outlines the relevant research to help you understand the big picture of a child’s learning and emotional needs. The authors offer extensive discussion of issues such as attention and concentration, memory, executive functioning, language, visual perception and processing, emotional functioning, and social skills. Throughout, they stress that, by focusing on behaviors and not labels, you will be able to better understand the what’s, whys, and how’s of a child’s learning and emotional challenges.
Audience: Parent, Professional
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Mountain Town News: When snowflakes attack
February 12, 2019
INNSBRUCK, Austria — How long can you survive when buried under snow in an avalanche? The answer, according to several studies conducted by snow scientists, is that it depends. Shorter duration, obviously, is better—but not an assurance of survival. The first avalanche survival curve was assembled in Europe in 1992. More has been done in recent years, the latest study being reported last year at the International Snow Science Workshop in Innsbruck.
That newest study examined reports of avalanche burials compiled during seven winters in Austria and Switzerland. To qualify, both the head and chest of the victim had to be buried.
Survival was relatively high, 87 to 91 percent, if the person was unburied within 7 to 10 minutes.
Rates of survival dropped to 25 to 28 percent for longer periods, of about 35 minutes.
Stated another way in the report by Giacomo Strapazzon and others, the death rate was 18 times higher when the person was buried 36 to 60 minutes. Beyond an hour, a person is 29 times more likely to die than the person buried for 15 minutes or less.
Not all avalanche burials are equal, though. If the person ends up with a pocket of air, the odds improve. The more deeply a person is buried also matters, the report noted.
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An earlier study, released in conjunction with a snow science workshop in Banff in 2014, similarly defined 35 minutes as the outer limit of the curtain call. Beyond that, there's just little chance of survival.
A 2011 study led by Dr. Pascal Haegeli, now of Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, dived deeper, but with a comparison of avalanches in Europe and North America over the course of six winters. Again, the victims had to have their heads and chests covered. But as in the other studies, the odds of survival are reasonably good if the person is uncovered quickly.
However, asphyxiation is only one way to die in an avalanche. Of the 143 deaths in Canada that were examined, nearly 19 percent were due to trauma.
How about the difference between mountain ranges? Haegeli and his colleagues compared three major ranges of Western Northern America (avalanche deaths occurring in the East are rare). 1) The coastal maritime ranges, such as where Mt. Bachelor and Whistler are found; 2) the transitional areas, Cariboos, Monashees, and Selkirks; and 3) the interior or continental Rocky Mountains.
Survival curves for the transitional and maritime snow climates had "considerably" lower survival in comparable periods of immersion, they found. Denser snow and hence avalanche debris could result in fewer oxygen pockets, they theorized. In addition, "denser debris would apply greater compressive forces, thus preventing chest movement."
But again, while quick extrication matters greatly, avalanches altogether are nasty things. Airbags and beacons definitely improve your odds, but they fall well short of guaranteeing survival.
For example, 33 percent of all Canadian avalanche fatalities suffered major trauma. Only half of the trauma-related deaths involved people who had been completely buried. In addition, 44 percent of those who had a trauma-related death had severe trauma, which likely resulted in death shortly after burial regardless of extrication time.
Outdoor Retailer attendees advised to use voices, votes
DENVER, Colo. – Protect Our Winters, the climate advocacy group formed in 2007 by snowboarding pioneer Jeremy Jones, had a party in downtown Denver last week in conjunction with the Outdoor Retailer Snow Show.
There were tables of merchandise including a T-shirt with the message "Eat Fish Vote." Also a billed hat with the message "Eat Ride Vote." But a half-hour before Colorado's new governor, Jared Polis, was scheduled to speak, just a handful of people had gathered.
Then the room began filling. One individual fumed. He had no use for Polis, he said, because Polis, a Democrat, had opposed a proposal called Proposition 112 that would have sharply limited oil and gas in Colorado. Drilling companies charged it would have put the entire state off limits. That was precisely the intent of some supporters who want to see extraction of all hydrocarbons minimized. State voters, though, rejected the proposal in November.
But environmental advocates were more pleased by Polis's pledge to drive push Colorado toward 100 percent renewables by 2040. He's also advancing on transportation. His first executive order as governor pushed several levers intended to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles.
"Ultimately, elections matter," said Polis when he spoke to the crowd, which by then had swelled to 2,000. The announcement by Xcel Energy, Colorado's largest utility, to more rapidly embrace renewable energy was, he suggested, a result of his election.
Converting to cleaner energy, he said, has multiple benefits: reduced greenhouse gas emissions, but also improved air quality. "It's not just about winters. It's about smog and air quality. We care about both."
Wrapping up his 15-minute talk, he urged his listeners, who were mostly in their 20s, 30s and 40s, to use their voices and their votes.
"We need your vote at the table, your voice on local issues, your voices nationally," he said. "If you want to see the renewables' energy future, we need your voice and your activism."
Still OK in Wyoming to ride over coyotes with snowsleds
JACKSON, Wyo. – Some people consider it good sport to get on snowmobiles and chase down coyotes, killing or maiming them by running over them. Apparently, this is common enough that some YouTube videos have been made.
A Wyoming state legislator from Teton County wanted to introduce a bill that would have outlawed the practice. But the ideas didn't make it into a committee hearing, so will not move forward this year, reported the Jackson Hole News&Guide.
Report parses grisly details of grizzly killing of guide
JACKSON, Wyo. – Grizzly bears attacking hunters who have killed elk has been rare. There was a case in 1995 near Radium Hot Springs, in British Columbia, and another case in Montana in 2001.
Last September it happened again in the Teton Wilderness west of Jackson Hole. A 37-year-old hunting guide had taken a client bow hunting in the area, which is thick with grizzly bears. The client, who was from Florida, shot an elk, and they returned the next day to dress out the carcass. When doing so, a grizzly sow and her almost mature cub attacked.
The Jackson Hole News&Guide reports that an investigation by Wyoming wildlife officials has concluded that the outfitter was fatally wounded during the initial attack and likely died within minutes. This is despite his success in halting the mauling with a blast of bear spray. He then staggered 50 yards before succumbing to massive trauma and blood loss.
It was the first time in North America that a grizzly so doused with bear spray killed a person, according to bear conflict expert Steve Primm.
The details were gory and graphic, said the newspaper's Mike Krosmrl. The guide was dismembering the elk carcass, his Glock 10-millimeter handgun 5 to 10 yards away, when they heard the sound of rocks tumbling. Looking up, the client said, he saw two grizzlies running full speed directly toward them.
The client had removed his bear spray, but he had a gun. He didn't shoot, though, fearing he would hit his guide. Instead, he threw the gun toward the guide, but in doing so the gun became useless, as it lost its ammunition.
Having suffered only minor injuries in the attack, the client then fled to a place where he telephoned for help. He was later picked up by helicopter and, after getting into Jackson, the valley's lone town, he quickly flew from Wyoming to his home in Florida.
Grizzlies attack humans when they perceive the need to defend their food or cubs or personal space.
More rarely, they attack people with the intent of eating them. This was different.
"The evidence suggests that the desire of the bears to feed on the elk carcass was the motivating factor in the incident," the state report concluded.
Both the sow and the cub were tracked down and killed.
Does climbing ice need to be suitable for lemonade?
OURAY, Colo. – The ice falls where climbers tested their chops and grit during the recent Ouray Ice Festival constituted a lot of water. But does the ice need to be potable water, suitable for chipping away into a glass of lemonade?
That's the question that was put before the city council in Ouray recently. The ice park uses up to 225,000 gallons of water a day to produce the frozen columns of ice, Peter Foster, vice president of Wright Water Works, told the city council. It currently comes from the city's potable water supplies, meaning it's been treated and is suitable for human consumption.
The Ouray County Plaindealer reported that the idea of alternatives to potable water was to be discussed at further meetings.
A hard luck story, but housing rules prevail
ASPEN, Colo. – A man recovering from a double-lung transplant will have to vacate and sell his deed-restricted housing unit in Aspen, reports The Aspen Times.
The rules governing the housing program say that people are eligible for the housing only when living in Pitkin County a minimum nine months a year and working in Pitkin County.
Even in August 2017, the unit owner's lengthy absence had been noted. Later, he was granted continued absence until November 2018. He didn't make it. He wants more time.
"I ask for a continuation of my leave as I have every intention of returning to Aspen, which has been my home for 40 years," wrote the man, a victim of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "I wish I could give you a firm timeline for my return, but given the complications I cannot at this time. My plan is to return to Colorado at lower elevations to see how my body will adjust to elevations gradually…"
No, the board ruled. He must sell, with a maximum cash-out of $192,814. The next owner will have to similarly adhere to the restrictions, including the minimized appreciation in price.
The Times reports a second individual has also been ordered to move on, as he also no longer works and lives in Pitkin County.
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Most genetic conditions have no cure, where treatment is available this is more often than not with …
The controversial issue of editing the human genome has been in the news recently, with some groups passionately against its use – wanting a moratorium on research using the technology. Researchers in the UK have called for a debate on the issue with the intention of starting a conversation with the public to understand exactly what society, outside the research community, think on the topic. We thought we’d try to explain a bit about what genome editing actually is, how it might affect you, and what arguments are being made for and against it’s use, as well as outlining our position here at Genetic Alliance UK.
Most genetic conditions have no cure, where treatment is available this is normally with the intention of managing symptoms or slowing deterioration rather than stopping the disease all together. Genome editing technology presents a promising way of addressing the cause not just the symptoms of genetic conditions.
Genome editing is not new - scientists have been working with different techniques to modify genes for 30 years, so why are we talking about it now? The pace at which the technology is advancing, and the accessibility of the technology, puts genome editing high up the agenda for scientist and bioethicists.
Previous methods of genome editing such as zinc finger nucleuses (ZFNs) and TALE nucleases (TALENs) have been clumsy and expensive . The CRISPR-Cas9 method uses RNA (which carries instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins) to guide the cas9 enzyme to the precise area of DNA that researchers want to get rid of, or replace. This is much more precise than earlier methods, and is also a much more accessible, inexpensive way of editing genes - meaning that it is much more likely to be used in a clinical context eventually.
The CRISPR-Cas9 technique is currently only used in a research setting and is almost always carried out on animals and animal cells.
In the UK the undertaking of research on human embryos is heavily regulated under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (2008). The Act permits researchers to use donated embryos (usually ‘spare’ embryos left over after a couple has undergone IVF) for research purposes up until the embryo is 14 days old, at which point it must be destroyed. Once an embryo has been altered in any way it is not allowed to be implanted into a woman. To conduct such research the scientist must be given a licence by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Association (HFEA). To be very clear though, any use of genome editing for reproductive purposes is illegal in the UK, and would require Parliament’s approval before it is possible.
It is hoped that genome editing could have many different applications for patients in the future. In the short term, the most likely application is to better understand human biology. In the longer term, researchers may be able to develop clinical applications.
The first licence to be granted in the UK allowing a research team to genetically alter human embryos using the CRISPR-Cas9 method was issued in January 2016. Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute proposed to modify genes to explore why some women have repeated miscarriages. This could potentially lead to breakthroughs for clinical medicine, but it has been indicated that their data would be used to enhance conventional techniques in IVF, not to begin editing genes for reproductive purposes.
Using the technology to find out more about human biology is just one of four categories that research using the CRISPR-Cas 9 method could belong to. The other three would be around research into the method itself, to try and make the technique more accurate, research to develop treatments for application on humans, who already have a genetic condition, and finally, research into the use of the technique in human reproduction.
If the CRISPR-Cas9 method could be used for reproductive purposes in a safe and ethical manner it could present an exciting opportunity to further eradicate serious genetic disease. But this does not mean that a leap like this has ever been made before. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been available on the NHS for couples at risk of passing on a genetic condition to their children since 2009 (read more about our work on this here). In February 2015 legislation for the use of mitochondrial donation in IVF was approved by parliament, there is currently a process to formulate regulation for the technology’s use - when this is ready mitochondrial donation will be available to couples through the NHS. Both of these techniques are conducted during cycles of IVF for couples at risk of having children with genetic conditions - allowing them to safely have their own biological children free from conditions that may have been present in their families for generations.
The first significant objection that we hear about the use of genome modification is around the safety of using this type of technology to produce human life. While the CRISPR-Cas9 technique is much more reliable than its predecessors, this does not mean that it is reliable enough to start using in human reproduction.
Editing the human germline means that changes would be passed on to the children of those who were conceived using the technique. Some people find this problematic, as a small mistake could be passed through generations.
It is true that the CRISPR-Cas9 carries potential risks and as yet we do not know the long term impact of using the technique, but this is the case with many new biological techniques. Concerns about the safety and accuracy of the method at this stage are valid. However concerns of this nature are why there has been no application from the scientific community that the editing of genes in human embryos could be used to treat patients or produce life in its current state. Steps to use the technology on humans would not be allowed until it is definitely safe for future generations as well as the individuals being treated.
That changes would pass between generations could, however, be seen as one of the most exciting implications of the technique. The fact that changes will carry down generations could mean the eradication of life limiting and fatal genetic conditions from families that have been affected for generations.
Panic around safety is slightly premature as there are no plans at present to start using genome editing in reproduction. The technology will, however, evolve quickly and could be ready for use relatively soon. This is why it is important that we start looking at the second of the more significant arguments that are made against genome editing, which are made on the grounds of ethical concerns.
With different types of reproductive technology the argument has been made that parents could be offered the opportunity to pick and choose traits in their child, and of course this is scientifically possible. However, it is a far stretch between using a technique like this to create babies free from genetic disease, and to create ‘enhanced’ humans through genetic modification.
We do not see this as a ‘slippery slope to designer babies’. There is an obvious line, already drawn, between the use of reproductive technology for therapeutic purposes, and the use of such techniques for human enhancement. There has been no implication that public opinion has changed to think it is ethical to cross this line. This treatment/enhancement distinction will be fundamental in the way that technology such as this is regulated.
After scientists in China reported successfully editing the gene mutation for beta-thalassemia in a human embryo, a group of American scientists called for a moratorium on using this kind of technology to edit human embryos. They have urged scientists across the world to stop conducting research of this kind.
Over the summer The Hinxton Group and a collection of medical research charities have highlighted the reasons that they think using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique in research is positive. Both of these bodies have pointed to the definitive difference between using genome editing techniques for basic research, and using genome editing techniques for reproductive purposes. The use of genome editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9, in research, can further our understanding of processes and disease in relation to specific genes.
The technology may not be safe to use in clinical applications right now, but it may be revolutionary in research – to help inform our understanding of human biology. The wealth of knowledge that can be gained from studying genes in this way, without any intention to use it for reproductive purposes, is invaluable to our understanding of genetic conditions. To reject this knowledge would be a mistake - and thus a moratorium is unnecessary.
We have surveyed our members and supporters, to explore the patient view of genome editing. As potentially the group with the most to gain from these scientific advances, we think it is paramount that the genetic and rare disease communities are able to voice their opinions in this debate. The survey has been produced as part of the Neuro-Enhancement: Responsible Research and Innovation (NERRI) project - a report of these findings will be published in due course.
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I had heard about the stupendous iridescence of the Ionian Sea, when you contemplate it from Etna's summit. I determined to undertake the ascent of that mountain; We passed from the region of vineyards, the lava, then snow. The child's legs dancer ran on those steep chine; the scholars who accompanied me went up on the backs of mules. On top it was built a shelter where you can wait for the dawn. This finally appeared: a huge scarf of Iris stretched from horizon to horizon; strange fires shone on the ice of the summit; the earthly and marine vastness revealed to our gaze far as Africa, clearly visible, and Greece that one guessed. It was one of the supreme moments of my life. Nothing was missing, or the golden fringe of a cloud, nor the eagles, nor the bearer of immortality.
Etna since ancient Greece was a source of inspiration for writers and artists. Already in the 'Odyssey, the Cyclops Polyphemus furious Ulysses blinded him his unique eye, hurls blocks of lava, which today are found in the tradition of the seafront in Acitrezza near Catania. In Greek mythology, the Cyclops were the blacksmiths of Hephaestus who forged the thunderbolts in Etna Zeus. With the eruption of 475 BC, described in the First Pythian Ode of Pindar (c.518-c.438 BC), he tells the story of Typhon (or Typhoon), another giant who wandered in volcanic areas, which, imprisoned under the weight of the volcano, he rivomitava the arrows shot at him by Jupiter. Shortly after it is to Thucydides, the historian of the Peloponnesian War, which resembles an eruption occurred in 425 BC, when the lava invaded the territory of Catania, for the third time since the Greeks had arrived in Sicily. According to Diodorus of Sicily and other historical authors (Aristotle, Pausanias and others, the place generally between 736 and 456 BC), the casting of the 396 BC He barred the way to the Carthaginian troops led by Imilcone who, at war with Dionysius of Syracuse, was trying to reach Catania along the coast, so you have the constant support of the fleet of Magone. Then the Virgil inspired by the charm of the place, wrote the poem "Aetna" which retraces the volcanic phenomena, and then in the fourth book of 'Aeneid between these places raises one of the most ardent of the literature, "Dido abandoned" embodying the irrational part that dwells within each of us. The 'beautiful place, the "topos" of the locus amoenus was an issue which gave opportunity to another great poet Ovid how to choose the right wood Sicilian Etna to tell in "Metamorphoses" the abduction of the beautiful Proserpina by Pluto.
Later, in the sixteenth century. and in the seventeenth century. of the combination of fire and ice you could trace a path that ideal by Giacomo da Lentini reaches the "we shall see the fire to ice, snow arder" of Petrarch in the song "Giovene woman under a green laurel", the XXX of the Canzoniere combination of fire and ice, rises to the rank of literary theme. In Lorenzo de 'Medici, however, Etna becomes the figure of the passion of love, but it is only in the poetry of Tasso you get to the fulfillment of this literary journey that elevates the volcano to a source of ardent passions; But the figure also comes across the Alps and Etna Shakespeare in his Titus Andronicus compares the flames of the Sicilian volcano to the flames of hell, but also in Milton it will be the background to the story of the rape of Persephone.
In the Romantic era arrives in Sicily the German poet, Goethe to free from the constraints of bourgeois society and find a more intense relationship with nature that takes on a symbolic significance and allusive, and it is in the nature of the volcano Etna selvagga that it sees the life force to reach the divine; while Guy de Maupassant remain fascinated by the majesty of Etna.
Subsequently also the two largest Sicilian writers, Verga and Pirandello, ambienteranno in these places many of their works, and more recently the futurist Marinetti and the great theater director, Giorgio Strehler, will remain so impressed by the sight of the volcano, which in some of their works, Etna will be a source of inspiration. In the 2000s the image of a mighty Etna rude and will travel around the world thanks to the English band Coldplay who, in the video for their single "Violet Hill" will use the Sicilian volcano as a natural set. To date Etna is natural set for many Italian and foreign brands, photos of local artists Etna erupting also thanks to the advent of social networks have been around the world by offering a broader context that the striking images these have been able to steal.
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Canadian Patent Law/Introduction
Patent law is a statutory regime that is designed to protect inventions. An inventor may apply to have their invention registered with a patent which provides them the right to exclude others from profitting from the invention. Much like copyright law, patent law is a purely statutory system that is in the exclusive domain of the federal government. The area of law is regulated by the Patent Act which outlines the scope of the patent regime, the rights and resonsibilities of a patent holder, the methods of applying for a patent, among other things.
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Learning English - Words in the News
Blood type switch
Scientists have discovered a way by which they can convert A, B and AB-type blood groups into O-type blood. The technique could lead to a dramatic increase in the worldwide stocks of blood available for transfusion. This report from Neil Bowdler:
O-type blood can be transfused safely into humans of any blood-type without medical risk - the problem is that it's not always readily available for those who desperately need blood. Now an international team of scientists believe they have found a way to convert A, B and AB blood types into O-type, making it safe to use in transfusions. Professor Martin Olsson of Lund University Hospital in Sweden is one of the report's authors.
PROFESSOR OLSSON: That's what we're looking at - to get a unified blood supply that is not fragmented due to the different groups. The dream scenario as I see it is that all those blood units drawn from blood donors would be converted if they're not group-O from the start, so to speak. That is approximately half of all blood units.
Professor Olssen says the conversion technique would be cost-effective and would take about an hour at room temperatures. The process promises not only to increase the stock of blood available for transfusions but could also prevent the accidental transfusion of the wrong blood group into patients. Early-stage clinical trials are now underway.
Neil Bowdler, BBC
The dream scenario
Try a comprehension quiz based on this story
Download lesson plan 70 k
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Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (1833)
by Joseph L. Story
Powers of Congress – Internal Improvements
§ 1267. ANOTHER question, which has for a long time agitated the public councils of the nation, is, as to the authority of congress to make roads, canals, and other internal improvements.
§ 1268. So far, as regards the right to appropriate money to internal improvements generally, the subject has already passed under review in considering the power to lay and collect taxes. The doctrine there contended for, which has been in a great measure borne out by the actual practice of the government, is, that congress may appropriate money, not only to clear obstructions to navigable rivers; to improve harbours; to build breakwaters; to assist navigation; to erect forts, light-houses, and piers; and for other purposes allied to some of the enumerated powers; but may also appropriate it in aid of canals, roads, and other institutions of a similar nature, existing under state authority. The only limitations upon the power are those prescribed by the terms of the constitution, that the objects shall be for the common defence, or the general welfare of the Union. The true test is, whether the object be of a local character, and local use; or, whether it be of general benefit to the states.1 If it be purely local, congress cannot constitutionally appropriate money for the object. But, if the benefit be general, it matters not, whether in point of locality it be in one state, or several; whether it be of large or of small extent; its nature and character determine the right, and congress may appropriate money in aid of it; for it is then in a just sense for the general welfare.
§ 1269. But it has been contended, that the constitution is not confined to mere appropriations of money; but authorizes congress directly to undertake and carry on a system of internal improvements for the general welfare; wherever such improvements fall within the scope of any of the enumerated powers. Congress may not, indeed, engage in such undertakings merely because they are internal improvements for the general welfare, unless they fall within the scope of the enumerated powers. The distinction between this power, and the power of appropriation is, that in the latter, congress may appropriate to any purpose, which is for the common defence or general welfare; but in the former, they can engage in such undertakings only, as are means, or incidents to its enumerated powers. Congress may, therefore, authorize the making of a canal, as incident to the power to regulate commerce, where such canal may facilitate the intercourse between state and state. They may authorize light-houses, piers, buoys, and beacons to be built for the purposes of navigation. They may authorize the purchase and building of custom-houses, and revenue cutters, and public warehouses, as incidents to the power to lay and collect taxes. They may purchase places for public uses; and erect forts, arsenals, dock-yards, navy-yards, and magazines, as incidents to the power to make war.
§ 1270. For the same reason congress may authorize the laying out and making of a military road, and acquire a right over the soil for such purposes; and as incident thereto they have a power to keep the road in repair, and prevent all obstructions thereto. But in these, and the like cases, the general jurisdiction of the state over the soil, subject only to the rights of the United States, is not excluded. As, for example, in case of a military road; although a state cannot prevent repairs on the part of the United States, or authorize any obstructions of the road, its general jurisdiction remains untouched. It may punish all crimes committed on the road; and it retains in other respects its territorial sovereignty over it. The right of soil may still remain in the state, or in individuals, and the right to the easement only in the national government. There is a great distinction between the exercise of a power, excluding altogether state jurisdiction, and the exercise of a power, which leaves the state jurisdiction generally in force, and yet includes, on the part of the national government, a power to preserve, what it has created.2
§ 1271. In all these, and other cases, in which the power of congress is asserted, it is so upon the general ground of its being an incidental power; and the course of reasoning, by which it is supported, is precisely the same, as that adopted in relation to other cases already considered. It is, for instance, admitted, that congress cannot authorize the making of a canal, except for some purpose of commerce among the states, or for some other purpose belonging to the Union; and it cannot make a military road, unless it be necessary and proper for purposes of war. To go over the reasoning at large would, therefore, be little more, than a repetition of what has been already fully expounded.3 The Journal of the Convention is not supposed to furnish any additional lights on the subject, beyond what have been already stated.4
§ 1272. The resistance to this extended reach of the national powers turns also upon the same general reasoning, by which a strict construction of the constitution has been constantly maintained. It is said, that such a power is not among those enumerated in the constitution; nor is it implied, as a means of executing any of them. The power to regulate commerce cannot include a power to construct roads and canals, and improve the navigation of water-courses in order to facilitate, promote, and secure such commerce, without a latitude of construction departing from the ordinary import of the terms, and incompatible with the nature of the constitution.5 The liberal interpretation has been very uniformly asserted by congress; the strict interpretation has not uniformly, but has upon several important occasions been insisted upon by the executive.6 In the present state of the controversy, the duty of forbearance seems inculcated upon the commentator; and the reader must decide for himself upon his own views of the subject.
§ 1273. Another question has been made, how far congress could make a law giving to the United States a preference and priority of payment of their debts, in cases of the death, or insolvency, or bankruptcy of their debtors, out of their estates. It has been settled, upon deliberate argument, that congress possess such a constitutional power. It is a necessary and proper power to carry into effect the other powers of the government. The government is to pay the debts of the Union; and must be authorized to use the means, which appear to itself most eligible to effect that object. It may purchase, and remit bills for this object; and it may take all those precautions, and make all those regulations, which will render the transmission safe. It may, in like manner, pass all laws to render effectual the collection of its debts. It is no objection to this right of priority, that it will interfere with the rights of the state sovereignties respecting the dignity of debts, and will defeat the measures, which they have a right to adopt to secure themselves against delinquencies on the part of their own revenue or other officers. This objection, if of any avail, is an objection to the powers given by the constitution. The mischief suggested, so far as it can really happen, is the necessary consequence of the supremacy of the laws of the United States on all subjects, to which the legislative power of congress extends.7
§ 1274. It is under the same implied authority, that the United States have any right even to sue in their own courts; for an express power is no where given in the constitution, though it is clearly implied in that part respecting the judicial power. And congress may not only authorize suits to be brought in the name of the United States, but in the name of any artificial person, (such as the Postmaster-General,8 ) or natural person for their benefit.9 Indeed, all the usual incidents appertaining to a personal sovereign, in relation to contracts, and suing, and enforcing fights, so far as they are within the scope of the powers of the government, belong to the United States, as they do to other sovereigns.10 The right of making contracts and instituting suits is an incident to the general right of sovereignty; and the United States, being a body politic, may, within the sphere of the constitutional powers confided to it, and through the instrumentality of the proper department, to which those powers are confided, enter into contracts not prohibited by law, and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers; and enforce the observance of them by suits and judicial process.11
§ 1275. There are almost innumerable cases, in which the auxiliary and implied powers belonging to congress have been put into operation. But the object of these Commentaries is, rather to take notice of those, which have been the subject of animadversion, than of those, which have hitherto escaped reproof, or have been silently approved.
§ 1276. Upon the ground of a strict interpretation, some extraordinary objections have been taken in the course of the practical operations of the government. The very first act, passed under the government, which regulated the time, form, and manner, of administering the oaths prescribed by the constitution,12 was denied to be constitutional. But the objection has long since been abandoned.13 It has been doubted, whether it is constitutional to permit the secretaries to draft bills on subjects connected with their departments, to be presented to the house of representatives for their consideration.14 It has been doubted, whether an act authorizing the president to lay, regulate, and revoke, embargoes was constitutional.15 It has been doubted, whether congress have authority to establish a military academy.16 But these objections have been silently, or practically abandoned.
1. Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures, 1791, 1 Hamilton’s Works, 231, 232; 1 Kent’s Comm. Lect. 12, p. 250, 251, (2ed. p. 267, 268;) Sergeant on Constitution, ch. 28, [ch. 30;] President Monroe’s Exposition and Message, 4th May, 1822, p. 38, 39.
2. See 1 Kent’s Comm. Lect. 12, p. 250, 251; Sergeant on Constitution, ch. 28, [ch. 30, ed. 1830;] 2 U.S. Law Journal, April, 1826, p. 251, etc.; 3 Elliot’s Debates, 309, 310; 4 Elliot’s Debates, 244, 265, 279, 291, 356; Webster’s Speeches, p. 392 to 397.
3. See M’Culloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat R. 406, 407, 413 to 421; Webster’s Speeches, p. 392 to 397; 4 Elliot’s Debate. 280.
4. Journal of Convention, p. 260, 376.
5. President Madison’s Message. 3d March, 1817; 4 Elliot’s Debates, 280, 281; President Monroe’s Message, 4th May, 1822, p. 22 to 35; President Jackson’s Message, 27th May, 1830; 4 Elliot’s Debates, 333, 334. 335; 1 Kent’s Comm. Lect. 12, p. 250, 251; 4 Elliot’s Debates, 291, 292, 354, 355; Sergeant on Constitution, ch. 28, [ch. 30 ;] 4 Jefferson’s Corresp. 421. President Monroe, in his elaborate Exposition accompanying his Message of the 4th of May, 1822, denies the independent right of congress to construct roads and canals; but asserts in the strongest manner their right to appropriate money to such objects. His reasoning for the latter is thought by many to be quite irresistible in favour of the former. See the message from page. 35 to page 47. One short passage may be quoted. “Good roads and canals will promote many very important national purposes. They will facilitate the operations of war; the movements of troops; the transportation of cannon, of provisions and every warlike store, much to our advantage, and the disadvantage of the enemy in time of war. Good roads will facilitate the transportation of the mail, and thereby promote the purposes of commerce and political intelligence among the people. They will, by being properly directed to these objects, enhance the value of our vacant lands, a treasure of vast resource to the nation.” This is the very reasoning, by which the friends of:. the general power support its constitutionality.
6. 4 Jefferson’s Corresp. 421; 1 Kent’s Comm. Lect. 12, p. 250, 251.
7. United States v. Fisher, 2 Cranch, 358; 1 Peters’s Condensed Rep. 421; Harrison v. Sterry, 5 Cranch, 289; 2 Peters’s Condensed Rep. 260; 1 Kent’s Comm. Lect. 19, p. 229 to 233.
8. Postmaster-General v. Early, 12 Wheat. R. 136.
9. See Dugan v. United States, 3 Wheat. R. 173, 179; United States v. Buford, 3 Peters’s R. 12, 30; United State: v. Tingey, 5 Peters’s R. 115, 127, 128.
10. Cox v. United States, 6 Peters’s R. 172.
11. United States v. Tingey, 5 Peters’s R. 115, 128.
12. Act of 1st June, 1789, ch. 1.
13. 4 Elliot’s Deb. 139, 140, 141; 1 Lloyd’s Deb. 218 to 225.
14. 4 Elliot’s Debates, 238, 239, 240.
15. Elliot’s Debates, 240. See Id. 265.
16. 4 Jefferson’s Corresp. 499.
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Tripod fish is a common name for several different species of fish, consisting of the Ipnopidae, a family found worldwide in deep seas, the Bathypterois grallator, the most renowned species of tripod and the Triacanthidae.
Tripod fish are a temperate and tropical ocean fish, with colour ranges from a bronze to a pale colour, with grey on its head, underside and lower back. It's a deep sea fish living in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, on the ocean floor at depths between 900 and 4,700 meters. The fish can only survive in saltwater.
The unusual anatomy of this fish consists of modified pelvic and caudal fins (or tail fins), that are elongated at the tips and are called rays, or elements. The fish's rays are rigid whilst it perches on the ocean bed, but have been observed in scientific deep sea studies to be flexible when the fish swims away, if it is disturbed, or just moving location.
The tripod is a fairly small fish, measuring between 30-37cm on average. Taking into account its fins though, it can extend in length to just under one meter. The fish is slim and tall, rather than bulky in girth. Since it lives in constant darkness in the deep sea, the eyes of the tripod have virtually disappeared and are ineffective for seeing. Instead, the tripod uses its senses, which operate through the long and feathery extended pectoral fins, to pick up vibrations through the water. The vibrations signal that prey and a mealtime are approaching. The fish then hold out its pectoral fins above its head like antenna, to direct food towards the a very large gaping mouth.
Tripods will eat small planktonic crustaceans, zooplankton, and any tiny organism in the ocean that come their way. Whilst facing towards the direction of the moving current the fish further increases the chances of prey being swept along in its direction. This is how the tripod spends its time, standing around on its unusually-developed tripod anatomy, waiting for food to arrive, or for a mate to come along.
Another interesting feature about the anatomy of the tripod fish is that they are hermaphrodites, having both male and female sex organs. While this is not uncommon amongst deep sea creatures, the tripod fish is unusual in that both its male and female sex organs reach sexual maturity at the same time. Therefore, the fish is capable of fertilising its own eggs. This is a useful feature of its anatomy, when harsh and desolate conditions in the environment it lives in, mean that Tripod fish may not come into contact with a mate for long periods of time, if at all, during their variable lifespan of somewhere usually between three to five years.
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In the newer neighborhoods of Panama City, Panama, wide streets busy with traffic are flanked by sidewalks crowded with pedestrians. Many are on their way to work and even more are shopping in huge department stores that are filled with goods from all over the world.
Panama City’s location on the Panama Canal has made it one of the world’s most important cities for trade. Despite the spotless, air-conditioned malls and man-made groves of skyscrapers springing up along the waterfront, this old city founded by the Spanish during the early days of their conquest still retains much of its colonial charm.
Panama City, Panama has also managed to conserve much of its natural heritage and is probably the only capitol city with large tracts of tropical rainforest within its boundaries. From lookouts in Metropolitan Park, one can watch parrots flying over the canopy of lowland rainforests with the impressive modern skyline of Panama City as a visually stunning backdrop.
A blend of the old, new, and the natural, Panama City, Panama is the most up and coming city in the Americas.
History of Panama City, Panama
Similar to many places in Panama, the area that encompasses Panama City was inhabited by indigenous peoples who lived in small villages near rivers and the coast before the arrival of the Spanish in the early 1500s.
Panama was one of the first places colonized by the Spanish in the Americas and the city of Panama was the first European settlement on the Pacific coast of the new world. Founded in 1519 by Pedro Arias de Avila, Panama City, Panama became a jumping off point for expeditions into South America, and an important stop on the Spanish trade route between this continent and Spain.
Because so much treasure flowed through Panama City, though, it was a perfect target for pirates. Due to their frequent attacks, the city was relocated a short distance to the west to what is presently known as the neighborhood of Casco Viejo about 150 years after the Panama City was founded.
Panama City continued to be an important stop along the trade route between Spain and South America until 1746 when the trade route through Panama was abandoned due to huge losses from pirate attacks. The city temporarily lost importance until a century later when the Panama railroad was built as a result of the California gold rush in the United States. It was actually safer and easier to travel by ship to Panama, cross the isthmus by train, and continue on to California than to risk hostile Indians when traveling overland in North America.
Panama City, Panama became the official capital of the country in 1903 when Panamanians declared independence from Colombia. From this time on, because of the Panama Canal, Panama City, Panama has been one of the most important and strategic cities in the world.
Culture in Panama City, Panama
The culture of Panama City, Panama has been evolving for 500 years to form its own identity and includes influences from its Spanish colonial past, Afro-Caribbean peoples, indigenous tribes, the United States, immigrants from the Middle Eastern and China, and an ever growing community of ex-pats.
Activities in Panama City, Panama
This capital city of over a million inhabitants offers something for everybody who visit or reside in its colonial streets and modern byways. There are a number of museums and churches that are interesting to visit and due to its position at the Panama Canal, shopping for low-priced goods from around the world is always a popular activity as are banking and investing.
Exploring the historic neighborhood of Casco Viejo is a must for anyone visiting Panama City as is a visit to the Panama Canal. Many visitors also check out the ruins of Old Panama.
Visitors to Panama City, Panama who would like to see a sloth, toucans, parrots, monkeys, and other tropical animals will have a good chance at seeing such wildlife along trails in Metropolitan and Soberania Parks.
Types of accommodations available in Panama City, Panama
Befitting such a large and important capital city, there are dozens of hotels of all sorts to choose from in Panama City, Panama. Visitors to the city can stay at bed and breakfasts in Casco Viejo, in modern, large hotels near the airport and Allbrook Mall, and at a wide variety of smaller, mid-range hotels in the Cangreja and Exposicion neighborhoods.
Tourism in Panama City, Panama
Panama City, Panama is a place that most tourists to Panama include in their itineraries. Whether travelers stay a night or two because of its proximity to the airport, are on their way to other areas of the country, or because they hope to walk the old streets of Casco Viejo and see the canal, Panama City is visited by just about everyone who comes to this exciting country.
Real estate in Panama City, Panama
Panama City, Panama has been a very important center for commerce and trade literally for centuries. In recent times, with globalization and the explosion of China’s economy, this city and the all important Panama Canal have become even more valuable for trade. As long as there is a canal, Panama City will be one of the most strategic and important cities in the Americas. That said, real estate in and Panama City is highly valuable and is only going to be worth more as time goes on.
National and global merchants, investors, ex-pats, and Panamanians all need to spend some or most of their time in Panama City, Panama. They need to stay somewhere so whoever owns property in this busy town should consider themselves to be extremely fortunate.
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By Dr. Mercola
Cabbage doesn't receive all the fan-fare that other members of the cruciferous vegetable family do, but it should. What is cabbage good for?
A better question might be, what isn't it good for? As one of the most potent medicinal foods available, including cabbage as a regular part of your diet (two or three times a week, or, even better, four or five) may offer many significant health benefits.
Cabbage Has Cancer-Preventing Properties
The George Mateljan Foundation recently highlighted some of the latest news about cabbage and topping the list was its potential for cancer prevention.1 Nearly 500 studies have looked into this connection and revealed that cabbage's anti-cancer powers are likely related to:
Cabbage contains powerful antioxidants like vitamins A and C and phytonutrients such as thiocyanates, lutein, zeaxanthin, isothiocyanates and sulforaphane, which stimulate detoxifying enzymes and may protect against breast, colon and prostate cancers.
Sulforaphane, also selectively targets cancer stem cells, and by doing so it effectively prevents the cancer from spreading and/or recurring. Antioxidants also help protect your body from oxidative stress.
The George Mateljan Foundation noted:2
"Without sufficient intake of antioxidants, our oxygen metabolism can become compromised, and we can experience a metabolic problem called oxidative stress. Chronic oxidative stress in and of itself can be a risk factor for development of cancer."
You need some level of inflammation in your body to stay healthy, however it's also possible, and increasingly common, for the inflammatory response to get out of hand.
If your immune system mistakenly triggers an inflammatory response when no threat is present, it can lead to significant inflammation-related damage to the body, a condition linked to cancer and other diseases, depending on which organs the inflammation is impacting.
Cabbage contains a wealth of anti-inflammatory nutrients to help keep inflammation in check. Among them are anthocyanins, a type of polyphenol that's particularly plentiful in red cabbage, although all types of cabbage contain anti-inflammatory polyphenols.
Glucosinolates are phytochemicals that break down into indoles, sulforaphane and other cancer-preventive substances. Indole-3-carbinol, for example, halts the cell cycle in breast cancer cells without actually killing the cells.3 The cell cycle is a rigidly controlled series of steps a cell must go through before it can divide in two, involving the duplication of the cell's contents and a final split.
If you can alter specific components of the cell cycle, you can stop the growth of cancer cells without killing normal cells. Indole-3-carbinol interferes with the cell cycle in a way that turns off a gene for an enzyme important in the cell's growth cycle.
Interestingly, different types of cabbage (red, green and Savoy) contain different patterns of glucosinolates, which suggests you should try to eat a variety of cabbage for the best health effects. The George Mateljan Foundation expanded:4
" … glucosinolates are cabbage's trump card with regard to "anti-cancer" benefits. The glucosinolates found in cabbage can be converted into isothiocyanate compounds that are cancer preventive for a variety of different cancers, including bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer."
Cabbage Is Rich in Vitamin K1 and B Vitamins
One serving of cabbage can provide you with 85 percent of your body's daily requirement of vitamin K1, which deserves a special mention because many people are deficient in this vitamin. Vitamin K1 is a fat-soluble vitamin most well known for the important role it plays in blood clotting and bone metabolism, but it's also a known Alzheimer's disease preventive by helping to limit neuron damage in your brain.
Cabbage also contains healthy amounts of B vitamins, including folate (which is better than the synthetic form known as folic acid found in many supplements), vitamin B6, vitamin B1, and vitamin B5. B vitamins are not only important for energy, they may also slow brain shrinkage by as much as seven-fold in brain regions specifically known to be most impacted by Alzheimer's disease.
Digestive Benefits and Ulcer-Healing Properties
Cabbage juice is one of the most healing nutrients for ulcer repair as it is a huge source of vitamin U (which is actually not a vitamin but an enzyme known as S methylmethionine). Research shows that vitamin U, administered as raw cabbage juice, is effective in promoting the rapid healing of peptic ulcers.5
Cabbage juice is also one of the strongest stimulants for your body to produce acid. This is a good thing, as many people have low stomach acid, which is the cause of their digestive problems, and will significantly increase the risk of infection. Having a few teaspoons of cabbage juice before eating, or better yet, fermented cabbage juice from sauerkraut, will do wonders to improve your digestion. Other compounds in cabbage that also have the potential to benefit your stomach and intestinal linings include glucosinolates, anti-inflammatory isothiocyanates, antioxidant polyphenols, and the amino acid-like substance called glutamine.
The Way You Prepare Your Cabbage Matters
Cabbage is best prepared as close to raw as possible, sometimes called tender-crisp, to preserve its many nutrients. Short-cooked and raw cabbage, for instance, were the only kind that had measurable cancer-preventive benefits in one study (long-cooked cabbage did not have measurable benefits!).6 Microwaving is another no-no for cabbage, as just two minutes in the microwave destroys many of the enzymes needed to convert the glucosinolates into cancer-preventive compounds.7
Steaming or sautéing your cabbage quickly, or eating it raw in coleslaw and salads is a better option. Cabbage can also be juiced, as mentioned, and fermented, which will provide your body with healthful amounts of beneficial bacteria and, if certain starter cultures are used, vitamin K2.
Cabbage can also be used as one of the primary vegetables for fermented vegetables. It should comprise at least 80 percent of your vegetable blend when making fermented veggies, so this is an incredibly efficient way to get more cabbage into your diet. Here's a quick guide for how to make your own fermented cabbage (you can find more in-depth instructions here).
- Shred and cut your chosen veggies.
- Juice some celery. This is used as the brine, as it contains natural sodium and not only eliminates the need for sea salt but also keeps the vegetables free of the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
- Pack the veggies and celery juice along with the inoculants (starter culture, such as kefir grains, whey, or commercial starter powder, all of which can be used for vegetables) into a 32-ounce wide-mouthed canning jar. A kraut pounder tool can be helpful to pack the jar and eliminate any air pockets. We hope to have our new starter culture which is optimized with strains of bacteria that will make high doses of vitamin K2 sometime in early 2013 assuming our testing goes well.
- Top with a cabbage leaf, tucking it down the sides. Make sure the veggies are completely covered with celery juice and that the juice is all the way to the top of the jar to eliminate trapped air.
- Seal the jar store in a warm, slightly moist place for 24 to 96 hours, depending on the food being cultured. Ideal temperature range is 68-75 degrees Fahrenheit; 85 degrees max. Remember, heat kills both the good and the not so good microbes!
- When done, store in the refrigerator to slow down the fermentation process.
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(See also MORAL ASPECT OF BANKRUPTCY.)
Bankruptcy (La banqueroute; earlier English terms, bankruptship, bankrupture) in civil jurisprudence as well as in popular signification is the fact of becoming, or the state of being, a bankrupt. In the statute of 1705, 4 Anne, c. XVII, as printed in the Cambridge edition of the English Statutes, the word is spelled bankrupcy, but the statute of 1711, 10 Anne, c. XV, as printed in the same edition, and in the London edition, adopts the present spelling. Being derived from bankrupt, as insolvency is derived from insolvent, the retaining of the letter t has been suggested to be an instance of erroneous spelling (Murray, Dict., s.v. "Bankruptcy"). Etymologically, bankrupt has been said to be made up of the Latin words bancus, "table", and ruptus, "broken", denoting "the wreck or breakup of a trader's business" (Murray, Dict., loc. cit.), "whose shop or place of trade is broken up or gone" (Wharton, Law Lexicon, s.v. "Bankrupt").
Statutory mention of the word bankrupt seems to be earlier than that of the word bankruptcy, and is first to be found in the title of the English statute of 1542, "against such persons as do make bankrupt", a translation, perhaps, of the French "qui font banque route". (Blackstone, Commentaries, Bk. II, c. xxxi, p. 472, Note e). This statute recites that some "persons craftily obtaining into their hands great substance of other men's goods" either flee to parts unknown or keep their houses, not paying "their debts and duties", but consuming "the substance obtained by credit of other men for their own pleasure and delicate living". For distribution rateably of such persons' assets among their creditors this statute provides a summary method which, to quote Blackstone, is "extra judicial" "allowed merely for the benefit of commerce" (II Commentaries, 477). We learn, however, from the recitals of a statute of 1570 that, notwithstanding the law of 1542 "made against bankrupts", "those kind of persons have and do still increase". And therefore a new definition is made of a debtor who "shall be reputed, deemed and taken for a bankrupt", and subjected to an "extra-judicial" method. Such a debtor, it is enacted, must be a native-born subject or denizen who, being a "merchant or other person using or exercising the trade of merchandise", "or seeking his or her trade or living by buying and selling", shall have been guilty of certain specified fraud and concealment. The assets of such a debtor may, pursuant to this statute, be divided rateably among those of the creditors who are native-born subjects. Thus the limitation of meaning suggested by the explanation cited of its Latin etymology was placed upon the word bankrupt, and thereafter a trader only could be adjudged a bankrupt in England. Debtors who were not traders, and whose means were inadequate to payment of their debts in ordinary course of business, were known as insolvents. But statutory definitions of persons to be deemed occupied in trade became very comprehensive. Yet with special regard, apparently, for "noblemen, gentlemen and persons of quality" investing in the "East India Company or Guiney Company" and certain other enterprises, the imputation of being merchants or traders within any "statutes for bankrupts" is, by a statute of 1662, expressly spared to persons putting in money in these stocks. The circumstance of occupation is, under the present English Bankruptcy Act, immaterial. Aliens and denizens had been brought within the law by a statute of the year 1623.
By the law of Scotland bankruptcy is not limited to any particular occupation. But according to Scotch law insolvency, that is, inability to pay debts or fulfil obligations, does not become bankruptcy until, in manner determined by statute, this inability is publicly acknowledged, and is thus, as expressed in the statute, "notour". The purpose of the English Statutes of 1542 and 1570 did not extend beyond distribution of the bankrupt's property among his creditors. Right of recourse against the debtor by ordinary process of law for any remaining indebtedness these statutes expressly preserved. But by the statute of 1705 a bankrupt, duly surrendering all his effects and conforming to the law, might obtain his discharge from liability for debts theretofore contracted. And more modern statutes permit a debtor himself to institute proceedings in bankruptcy. The Scotch law now permits a "notour bankrupt" to apply for what is termed a decree of cessio bonorum, by which he may be discharged from his debts.
The Constitution of the United States (Art. I, § 8) confers upon Congress power to "establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States". Under this provision Congress may disregard any distinction between bankruptcy and insolvency laws of which laws Chief Justice Marshall remarks (Wheaton's Reports, IV, 194) that the line of partition between them is not so distinctly marked as to enable any person to say with positive precision what belongs exclusively to the one and not to the other class of laws. Originally, however, insolvency laws and bankruptcy laws were prompted by opposite motives and were clearly distinguishable. The motive of insolvency laws was the relief of insolvent debtors, by affording them a remedy against imprisonment and, in ancient Rome, other penalties. On the contrary, the motive of bankruptcy laws was, as already seen, the relief of creditors by affording a remedy against dishonest debtors who might possibly not be insolvent, but whose conduct while indebted was deemed to be such as to entitle their creditors to the summary relief which the law "made against bankrupts" afforded. English as well as Roman insolvency laws contemplated the cases of debtors whom ordinary process of law could reach, but the operation of the English statute of 1542 is limited to debtors who "make bankrupt" and against whom such process was ineffectual, and the statute of 1570 is further limited to traders. The court afterwards established, in the reign of George III, for cases of insolvency was "the Court for relief of insolvent debtors"; but bankrupt laws remarks Sir Edward Coke, are to be construed "for the aid, help, and relief of the creditors". And under certain circumstances a solvent debtor may by the United States law be pronounced a bankrupt.
Congress has passed four bankruptcy laws; the Act passed 4 April, 1800, which was repealed by Act of 19 December, 1803; the Act passed 19 August, 1841, repealed by Act of 3 March, 1843; the Act passed 2 March, 1867, and repealed 7 June, 1878, and the Act of 1 July, 1898, yet (1907) in force.
At the time of the adoption of the United States Constitution a suggestion was rejected that the power of Congress concerning bankruptcy should be confined to merchants and traders. Yet by the Act of 1800 only a merchant or other person resident in the United States and "actually using the trade of merchandise by buying and selling in gross, or by retail, or dealing in exchange or as a banker, broker, factor, underwriter, or marine insurer could be adjudged a bankrupt. Voluntary bankruptcy is not mentioned in the Act of 1800, but by the Act of 1841 "all persons" residing in any State, District, or Territory of the United States owing debts not incurred through defalcation as a public officer or in a fiduciary capacity might apply to become voluntary bankrupts. Involuntary bankruptcy was still restricted to merchants and certain other classes of business men. The Act of 1867 provided for both voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy without regard to the debtor's occupation. By the Act of 1898, the several District Courts of the United States, the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, the District Courts of the several Territories, and the United States Courts in the Indian Territory and the District of Alaska are made courts of bankruptcy. A person is within this Act insolvent whose property (exclusive of property wrongfully conveyed, transferred, concealed, or removed) is at a fair valuation insufficient to pay his debts. Any natural person or unincorporated company or business corporation as defined in the Act, and owing at least one thousand dollars (except certain natural persons specified), may be adjudged an involuntary bankrupt. Proceedings in involuntary bankruptcy are to be instituted by petition filed within four months after an act of bankruptcy. Such an act consists in conveying, transferring, concealing, or removing, or permitting to be concealed or removed, any of the debtor's property with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud his creditors or any of them; or in transferring while insolvent any property with intent to prefer a creditor or creditors; or in suffering or permitting, while insolvent, any creditor to obtain a preference through legal proceedings or in not having such preference vacated or discharged. So a general assignment for benefit of creditors and certain proceedings under Insolvent Laws, or application by an insolvent for a receiver or trustee are acts of bankruptcy. On the other hand, "any qualified person", namely, any person who owes debts provable in bankruptcy (except a corporation) "may file a petition to be adjudged a voluntary bankrupt". The assets of the bankrupt are to be divided among his creditors, and the court of bankruptcy is empowered to grant him a discharge, that is, a "release . . . from all of his debts which are provable in bankruptcy, except such as are excepted by this Act".
The power conferred on Congress by the Constitution does not wholly preclude the several States of the Union from passing bankruptcy laws. A State may enact such laws conclusive as to the rights of its own citizens, provided such laws do not impair the obligation of contracts within the meaning of the Constitution, nor conflict with any existing Act of Congress establishing a uniform system of bankruptcy.
So far we have considered our subject from a legal point of view. From the point of view of the political economist, bankruptcy and insolvency laws are of great importance. For cost of production of goods includes risk of bad debts, and therefore laws lessening this risk decrease the cost of production. John Stuart Mill concludes that most individual insolvencies are the result of misconduct. But the occurrence of many business failures in a community at any period is a warning or symptom of "the politico-economical disease" which economists denominate a commercial crisis, and for this deeper causes are sought than mere individual misconduct. By fortuitous causes which could not have been foreseen the most skilful calculations may fail; demand for particular kinds of goods may lag behind a supply which has become excessive because of mistakes of the "captains of industry" as to extent of future demand. And there results a disarrangement of the relation between production and consumption, a disturbance of equilibrium, so that commercial settlements become impossible and a crisis ensues. Notable crises of modern times were: the crisis of Hamburg in 1799, when 82 failures occurred; the English crisis of 1814, when 240 banks suspended; in the United States the "wild-cat" crisis of 1837, when all the banks closed, the crisis of 1857, when there occurred 7,200 failures, and the crisis of 1873. To economists, conditions of this kind, resulting from the causes just mentioned, have seemed to denote the necessity for the establishment of a new equilibrium. And it has been suggested that the Jewish jubilee was a means to that end, and an ordinance somewhat in the character of an insolvency or bankruptcy law.
A political community may fail, as may an individual, in meeting financial engagements. There may thus occur what has been termed state, or public, bankruptcy. Of this an ancient instance was the action of the Roman Senate in reducing the weight of the As after the first Punic War. And similar instances of governmental dishonesty occurred during the Middle Ages. In later times State bankruptcy has often taken the form of enforced conversion, involving partial repudiation, of the State debt. At the close of the reign of Louis XIV of France, the State was bankrupt, and to the celebrated John Law was vainly entrusted its financial rescue. The government set up by the French Revolution became not only bankrupt itself, but by its contest with Austria drove the latter empire into the bankruptcy of 1811. And the bankruptcy of Austria has even been said to have become permanent. Turkey, Spain, and some Spanish-American republics may be mentioned as States becoming bankrupt through repudiation. The same remark may be made concerning some of the States of the United States.
MURRAY, New English Dictionary (Oxford and New York, 1888); WHARTON, Law Lexicon (10th ed., London, 1902); STEPHEN, New Commentaries on the Laws of England (14th ed., London, 1903), II, 190, 215, 220; LAROUSSE, Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle (Paris, 1867), s.v. Banqueroute; La Grande Encycl. (Paris), s.v. Banqueroute; The Statutes at Large (Cambridge, 1763-64), V, 132; VI, 271; VII, 288; VIII, 128; XI, 162; XII, 308; XVI, 340; The Statutes at Large (London, 1769), IV, 525; Statutes of the United Kingdom (London, 1813), 375; COKE, The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England (London, 1797), 277; PARSONS, The Law of Contracts (8th ed.), III, 379, 383, 384, 385; STORY, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (4th ed., Boston, 1873), II, § 1113; ibid., note 2, § 1106; WHEATON, Reports: Supreme Court of the United States (New York, 1819), IV, 208, and (New York, 1827), XII, 213; KENT, Commentaries on American Law, II, 389; United States Statutes at Large (Boston, 1848), II, 19 and 248; ibid., V, 440 and 614; ibid. (Boston, 1868); XIV, 517, and (Washington, 1879) XX, 99; United States Compiled Statutes, 1901 (St. Paul, 1902), III, 3418; ibid. (St. Paul, 1905, Supplement, 1905), 683; BRANDENBURG, The Law of Bankruptcy (2d ed., Chicago, 1901), 66; BELL, Dictionary and Digest of the Law of Scotland (7th ed., Edinburgh, 1890), s. vv. Bankruptcy, Cessio bonorum; BRODIEINNES, Comparative Principles of the Laws of England and Scotland (Edinburgh, 1903), 25, 26; WILLIAMS, The Law and Practice of Bankruptcy (8th ed., London, 1904); MILL, Principles of Political Economy (New York, 1881), Bk. V, ix, § 8; ROSCHER, tr. LALOR, Principles of Political Economy (New York, 1878), Bk. IV, i, § 215; MULHALL, The Dictionary of Statistics (London, 1899), s.v. Bankruptcy; GIBBINS, Industry in England (2d ed., New York, 1898) §§ 259-260; CRABB, English Synonyms (New York, 1879), s.v. Insolvency, etc.
APA citation. (1907). Civil Aspect of Bankruptcy. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02252b.htm
MLA citation. "Civil Aspect of Bankruptcy." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02252b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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Back to Hazards Directory
Emergency Preparedness: Before a Fire
- Establish a fire preparedness plan that takes prevention, response and recovery into consideration.
- Conduct a fire safety appraisal of your facilities and operations.
- Develop smoking regulations (smoking is a major cause of all fires).
- If you have flammable gasses or liquids, make sure you have safe procedures for handling them.
- If your business involves hot work (e.g., welding) make sure safety rules are in effect.
- Employ good housekeeping methods; do not allow trash and rubbish to accumulate.
- Make sure your facilities meet current fire codes.
- Have in place a preventive maintenance program for any operational equipment that may pose a fire hazard.
- Install and maintain fire detection systems (alarms, etc.) and fire suppression systems (fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, etc.) in your facilities.
- Test all detection and suppression equipment per local and national fire codes.
- Ensure that there is an adequate water supply for sprinkler systems.
- Meet with your local fire department to exchange information.
- Keep a list of key customers and all vendors telephone numbers in a secure location.
- Provide an alert and warning system for all your employees.
- Plan fire evacuation routes, mark them clearly and train and drill employees in using them.
- Make sure stairways are not blocked.
- Make sure emergency exits are clearly marked and not locked.
Emergency Response: During a Fire
- Identify the affected area and sound the alarm.
- Call the fire department.
- Evacuate everyone.
- Have someone at your front entrance to meet, brief and escort the fire department.
- Do not use elevators.
Emergency Recovery: After a Fire
- If appropriate, conduct a roll call of all personnel.
- Assess the facility for damage.
- Inspect all utilities and turn off those that are damaged.
- Protect equipment and inventory against further damage from water or exposure to the elements.
- If necessary, arrange for security at the scene.
- Photograph or videotape the damage and document it.
- Notify your insurance company.
- Begin your salvage operations.
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Text-Mining the “Needy Artist”
February 26, 2012 § 1 Comment
The phrase “needy artist” popped up in my research on Mary E. Hutchinson’s early career. I first noticed it in historic (1932) New York Times articles reporting on new open-air art marts such as the Washington Square Sidewalk Show sponsored by an association of needy artists. By text-mining the New York Times from 1910-1943 via ProQuest, I found that the “needy artist” spiked dramatically in 1932-1933 and then receded into the background of the New Deal art programs it helped to create.
For Hutchinson, the figure of the “needy artist” opened up new forums such as the Washington Square Sidewalk Show and cooperative galleries run by artists themselves in a destabilized art market before FDR initiated the New Deal.
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The iconic Arecibo radio telescope recently had another broken cable, which resulted in the complete collapse and destruction of the telescope. It was the largest single-dish radio telescope in the world, but with its demise, China now claims that title. The Chinese Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST) is now the largest and latest single parabola radio telescope in the world.
The Chinese telescope has an aperture of 500 meters and was completed in 2016. It is located in Guizhou Providence in southwestern China and cost $ 171 million to build. Construction took about five years. Its size allows it to detect faint radio waves from pulsars and material in galaxies at great distances.
Interestingly, only 300 of its 500 meters in diameter can be used at any one time. The huge radio telescope will be used for important missions over the next ten years. Experts say the telescope will be an important part of studying the origins of supermassive black holes and identifying faint radio waves to understand the characteristics of planets outside our solar system.
FAST cannot replace the Arecibo Observatory in all aspects of functionality. Arecibo was known to be able to transmit signals and receive reflections from planets. FAST is unable to perform that function by itself. This ability allowed Arecibo to be able to monitor asteroids near Earth. Monitoring of near-Earth asteroids is essential because some may pose a potential danger to Earth.
China also announced that the FAST facility will be open for use by foreign scientists starting next year. It remains to be seen whether the international scientific community will accept the offer to use FAST. There are concerns about Chinese espionage by many governments around the world.
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Extreme wave indexes estimate the occurrence of extreme wave events in coastal and oceanic waters. Extreme wave indexes estimate the number of times a significant wave height exceeds one of three threshold values for at least 12 hours in 24 marine regions. The three wave-height thresholds are four metres, six metres, and eight metres.
This indicator estimates the exceedances of wave-height thresholds for each year from 2008 to 2015 in oceanic areas around New Zealand.
Significant wave height is a measure of the ‘typical’ wave height in a place over a time period. It is four times the standard deviation of the water surface if, for example, you were to measure water moving up and down a jetty piling for an hour. The largest individual wave will typically have a height around twice the significant wave height.
We use three wave-height thresholds because of the regional variation in extreme wave events. In general, the north experiences less exposure to consistently strong winds, and the waves generated by them, than the south. Four-metre tall waves are considered extreme in the northern-most parts of New Zealand but are more common in the south. For the southern-most parts of New Zealand, eight-metre waves better represent extreme wave events.
||Web Feature Service (WFS), Catalog Service (CS-W), data.govt.nz Atom Feed
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SCHOLARS fascinated by one of the most compelling figures in human history will today mark the 2,000th anniversary of the death of the Roman emperor Augustus.
Two millennia after his death, there is still debate about whether he should be seen as a hero of civilisation who spread the wonders of the classical age across Europe or as a self-glorifying despot who wrecked the Roman republic.
If Vladimir Putin is enjoying a little August relaxation, he could do worse than spend a few moments pondering the legacy of this giant of history.
Augustus’ life story is gripping. In the wake of the murder of his great-uncle, Julius Caesar, he grasped opportunities to win sources of income that would support troops; he formed alliances among the Roman elite and his military defeat of Antony and Cleopatra meant the way was clear to take the reins of what would become arguably the greatest empire the world has known.
Romans were weary of the threat of civil war among generals and longed for order. Meanwhile, the senators, the defenders of the republic, were not about to bow before a monarch or a dictator.
Augustus is a rare example of a leader whose military genius was matched by his political skills. He did not grab power in the style of a banana republic dictator.
Rather, through a string of incremental victories – not least the incorporation of Egypt into the empire – he amassed clout until he was the de facto ruler of the state, its true emperor.
Crucially, he gave Romans who might otherwise have fretted about the revolution in their midst cause to cheer.
He sponsored the arts, pursued social reform, constructed aqueducts, transformed the capital into a wonderwork of marble and – critically – brought peace to the city’s citizens. He created a standing army, lessened the dread of barbarian invasions by pushing back the frontiers of the empire and ensured that Roman politics was not defined by incendiary power struggles among aristocrats.
It didn’t hurt his authority that in some regions of the empire he was worshipped as a god, and when he passed away the senate voted him divine honours. As he breathed his last, he might have thought, “Well, that was a job well done.”
The debate about his legacy has rumbled on for centuries and is continued by the Commemorating Augustus project.
Edward Gibbon described him as a “subtle tyrant” who took efforts to show a “tender respect” for a “free constitution which he had destroyed”.
Scathingly, he wrote: “When he framed the artful system of the imperial authority, his moderation was inspired by his fears. He wished to deceive the people by an image of civil liberty, and the armies by an image of civil government.”
Dante Alighieri, on the other hand, celebrated his legacy in exalted terms, arguing that “Christ willed to be born in the fullness of time when Augustus was Monarch.”
He wrote: “[We] we shall find no perfect monarchy, nor the world everywhere at peace, save under the divine Monarch Augustus.”
Dante might have admired Augustus because the fears that defined the life of this 13th century Florentine might not have been very different from those that the emperor banished from the lives of many Romans. The idea of stable Government, safe travel, an absence of invaders, a well-run bureaucracy, a decent water supply and a trustworthy military is still a utopian dream for billions of people around the world.
Gibbon, on the other hand, could see Augustus’ sleights of hand and the way he stripped power from different branches of the state until he was considered a deity.
It is one thing for an empire to have such might concentrated in the hands of an individual when that person has enlightened intentions. But the next but one emperor after Augustus was Caligula, a despot still famed for his debauched madness.
Two emperors later, Rome was subjected to the fiery tyranny of Nero. The reigns of swathes of Augustus’ successors ended in suicide or assassination; just as the capitals mighty buildings crumbled, so did the great institutions charged with preserving order.
Those barbarians eventually reached the gates and the ruins of the city are as striking now for their hubris as for their imperial majesty.
Augustus deserves to be remembered because he provides a cautionary tale for strongmen who have stability and wealth to a country that was once on the verge of chaos and daily face the temptation of amassing yet more power and wealth.
When Putin took the helm of Russia, the former superpower’s military forces were creaking and exhausted, separatists threatened to strip the federation of territories while self-aggrandising ideologues sought power in a capital haunted by memories of recent coup attempts, the economy spluttered and Nato’s empire expanded into the Baltics.
Today, Putin enjoys poll ratings that have shot higher than any firework. Under the nose of the world, he has annexed Crimea; he is the undisputed ruler of the Kremlin and the country’s energy resources have brought Russia renewed wealth and granted Putin the power to coerce and reward the rulers of smaller states.
His challenge is whether he gives in to the temptations of autocracy or whether he seeks to leave Russia not an anointed successor but a system of government that will protect the freedom of the individual. If his reign is followed by turf wars between robber barons and wild nationalists his country and the world will suffer.
But if he blocks the path of a Russian Caligula or Nero he will win the respect of historians for centuries to come. If the ghost of Augustus visits Putin’s dacha, he might have wise words for the premier.
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[Beachy Amish Mennonite Church]
Menno Simons (1496-1561) was an early Dutch leader of the "Radical Reformation" - radical in the sense that they yearned to get to the "root" of the biblical manner of living. They specifically rejected the "magisterial Reformation" of Martin Luther (1483-1546) and John Calvin (1509-1564). This church was called the Anabaptists by others (because they denied the baptism of infants), and was often the object of criticism, charges of heresy, and persecution. The Mennonites were not very different from other churches in their liturgy, theology. Rather, they tried to exemplify Christian living through the examples given by Christ at His Sermon on the Mount. Until very recently, most of those involved with the Mennonite tradition refused to take oaths, refused to be involved in any secular activity, bear arms, vote, or hold public office. They are believers who are "called out" of secular society to the extent that they avoid any unnecessary association with it.
The first Anabaptist congregation of record was founded at Zurich, Switzerland in 1525 by those who disagreed with Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) in his readiness to forge a union of church and state. Anabaptist congregations were also formed in the Netherlands by Obbe Philips (1500-1568) as early as 1534. Philips baptized Menno who was a converted Roman Catholic priest. It was Menno who formed so many congregations that his name became synonymous with the movement. Simon's writings, which emphasize pacifism, are still held in high regard by the movement today. However, their pacifism and rejection of allegiance to the state brought severe persecution and the number of martyrs might have been much more had they not been offered haven in Pennsylvania by William Penn (1644-1718) in America.
Thirteen families settled in Germantown near Philadelphia in 1683, and eventually these families formed a Mennonite congregation. Further Mennonite immigrants from Germany and Switzerland spread over Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, and far into western America and Canada. Thanks to their tradition of nonviolence and pacifism, their colonies were relatively free from discord and often prosperous.
Mennonite beliefs are largely based upon a confession of faith signed in Dordecht, Holland in 1632. The following doctrines were laid out in eighteen articles: faith in God as Creator, humanity's fall and restoration at the coming of Christ, Christ as the son of God who liberated mankind on the cross, obedience to Christ's law as the gospel, the necessity of repentance and conversion for salvation, baptism as a public testimony of faith, the Lord's Supper as an expression of common unity and fellowship, matrimony only among the "spiritually kindred," obedience to and respect for civil government except in the use of armed force, exclusion from the church and social ostracism of those who sin willfully, and future reward for the faithful and punishment for the wicked.
The Lord's supper is served twice a year at most Mennonite Churches, and baptism is generally by pouring and nor by immersion. Most also observe foot-washing ceremony in connection with the Lord's Supper after which they salute one another with the kiss of peace. The two sexes are separate in the last two ceremonies. Mennonites are baptized only on confession of faith, refuse to take oaths before magistrates, oppose secret societies, and strictly follow the teachings of the New Testament. There is also a strong intra-church program of mutual aid and provide worldwide relief through the Mennonite Council Committee.
The local congregation is fairly autonomous and authoritative, although sometimes appeals may be taken to the district or national level. The officers of the church are bishops (often called elders), ministers, and deacons (almoners). Many ministers are self supporting working at other occupations to earn their support when not occupied with the affairs of the church.
The Amish movement is from within the ranks of the Mennonite Church and takes its name from Jacob Amman (1656 - 1730), a Swiss Mennonite bishop who insisted on strict adherence to the confessions of the faith, especially in the matter of shunning excommunicated members. This literalism brought about a separation in Switzerland in 1693. Amish immigrants came to the United States and settled in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, and other western states and into Canada. Many Amish are distinguished by their severely plain clothing are found in the Conservative Amish Mennonite Church and Older Order Amish Mennonite Church. The Amish still cling tenaciously to the Pennsylvania Dutch language and seventeenth-century culture of their Swiss German forbearers. The Amish oppose the use of automobiles, telephones, and higher education and are recognized as extremely efficient farmers.
The major Mennonite body was brought to Germantown, Pennsylvania by Dutch and German immigrants in 1683. The Dordrecht Confession was adopted at a conference of Pennsylvania Mennonite ministers in 1725 as a Mennonite statement of faith. Christian Fundamentals were adopted, and a confession was adopted in 1963 which sought to set forth the major doctrines of Scripture as understand in the Anabaptist-Mennonite tradition. The confessions stresses belief in Christ, the saved status of children, the importance of proclaiming God's Word and "making disciples," baptism of believers, absolute love, nonresistance rather than retaliation as one's personal response to injustice and maltreatment, and the church as a nonhierarchical community. Because of their insistence on freedom from the usual Mennonite attire, this group has been considered "liberal" by some Mennonites.
The general assembly meets every two years and brings together representatives from all area conferences. Discussion is open to all; however, only elected delegates may vote.
Church-wide programs boards are in charge of mission, congregational ministries, education, publishing, and mutual aid work all under supervision of the church's general board. The church sponsors hospitals, retirement homes, and child-welfare services. Membership is strongest in Pennsylvania and the Midwest states.
In 1995, the General Conference Mennonites and members of the Mennonite Church adopted a new Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective. The confession is the most recent in a series of historical Anabaptist faith statements beginning with the Scleitheim Articles, written in 1527. The new confession of faith includes twenty four articles that interpret Mennonite beliefs about God, Jesus Christ, the Holy spirit, Scripture, creation, sin, salvation, the church, Christian life and mission, peace and justice, and the reign of God.
The Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary in Elkhart, Indiana trains General Conference and Mennonite Church pastors, missionaries, pastoral counselors, peace workers, and lay leaders.
These churches are made up of mostly Amish Mennonites who separate from the more conservative Old Order Amish. They were originally led by Bishop Moses M. Beachy in 1927, and they are now found primarily in Pennsylvania and Ohio. They believe in the Trinity and that the Bible is the infallible Word by which all people will be judged, the righteous going to heaven and the wicked to eternal suffering.
These adherents resemble Old Order Amish in clothing and general attitude, but their discipline is milder. They worship in church buildings, have Sunday Schools, and are active in supporting missionary work. They sponsor a monthly publication, Calvary Messenger, and an annual twelve-week Calvary Bible School.
This church started in Germany following the economic and social devastation following World War 1. It was founded by Eberhard Arnold (1883 - 1835), a theologian and writer, and came to North America during the 1960s. The church has now grown to nine communities in the United States, England, and Australia where about 2500 men, women, and children live in common in accordance with the witness of the early Christians as described in Acts Chapters 2 and 4. They live in a community that shares their property, work and worship together, and in all things seek unity. Many more people are associated with the movement without being members.
The church believes that followers of Jesus are empowered by the Spirit to live now in accordance with God's rule and reign as expressed in the Sermon on the Mount. Their mission is to witness Christ as it is possible to lead a new life and share this life with others in a community of Saints.
The Bruderhof affirm the sanctity of all life and oppose every form of violence and killing including abortion, capital punishment, war, and physician-assisted suicide. They believe in the sanctity of marriage (between one man and one woman), and the sanctity of sex (sexual intimacy within marriage only). They do not proselytize but seek to work together with everybody.
This church grew out of the teaching of John Holeman (1832 - 1900) who was a Mennonite who became convinced that the church was in error in many of its teachings and practices. He believed that they had moved form the doctrines and teachings of its past, and preached the necessity of the new birth, Holy Ghost baptism, more adequate training of children in the fundamentals of the Christian faith, disciplining of unfaithful members, avoidance of apostates, and condemnation of worldly minded churches. He separated from the Mennonite Church in 1859 and began to hold meetings with a small group of followers, eventually organizing into the Church of God in Christ, Mennonite.
The church holds that the same confession of faith must be preached and believed in all churches "from the time of the apostles to the end of the world." They also hold that the Bible, is the inspired, infallible word of God, and must govern all doctrine and teaching. They accept the Eighteen Articles of Faith drawn up at Dordrecht, Holland in 1642, and insist that women keep their head covered and that men wear beards. They also are not involved in the military or in secular government.
Most congregations of the Church maintain a Christian school for the education of their children, and have missions in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Haiti, the Philippines, India, Nigeria, and other countries. In the United States, Kansas has the highest concentration of believers.
The Conservative Mennonite Conference is an autonomous affiliation of congregations within the Mennonite church that formed in 1910 in a meeting of concerned Amish Mennonite Church leaders in Pigeon, Michigan. There were five ministers in attendance at this conference who represented Amish Mennonite church that were reluctant to adopt the Old Order Amish Mennonite conservative approach toward culture expression. However, they were also more conservative than the prevailing Amish Mennonite and Mennonite approach at that time. Members are expected to refrain from gambling, alcohol, tobacco, immodest dress, swearing oaths, and premarital and extra-marital sexual activity.
The highest decision making body in the Conservative Mennonite Conference is the semiannual Minister's Business Meeting, which elects an executive board and a general secretary to oversee the day to day operations of the conference. Rosedale Bible Institute in Irwin, Ohio offers college level courses in various Christian studies. The conference sponsors Bethel Mennonite Camp for youth in eastern Kentucky, and the official publication of the CMC is the Brotherhood Beacon.
This body of believers was formerly called the Defenseless Mennonite Church and was founded as a result of a spiritual awakening among the Amish in Indiana under the leadership of Henry Egly. The church stresses the need for repentance and regeneration before baptism. Egly's practice of re-baptizing Amish who experience conversion led to conflict within the Amish community, leading to the formation of the evangelical church. The church continues to emphasize regeneration, separation and nonconformity to the world, and nonresistance.
The church operate a children's home in Flanagan, Illinois, and a camp near Kalamazoo, Michigan. The present name was adopted in 1949; however, by 2000 the church was exploring the possibility of dropping the word "Mennonite" from its name.
This group of Mennonite believers originated from the Russian immigration of Mennonites into the U.S. and Canada during 1873 and 1874. The Conference was founded in 1889 in order to emphasize the evangelical doctrines of repentance, conversion, baptism on confession of faith, and living lives which are committed to Jesus Christ. This group also adheres to belief in the inerrant, inspired Word of God and to a dispensational interpretation of history and the Bible which emphasizes the imminent return of Christ.
This body of Mennonite believers is Dutch and German in background but was organized in the Ukraine. This group seeks a greater attention to prayer and Bible study than are found in the usual Mennonite church. Its founders were heavily influenced by German Pietism, but they retained the congregational polity common to the Mennonite church. There are small bodies which were originally located in Kansas and then which spread to the Pacific Coast and Canada.
There is a radio ministry which broadcasts worldwide in English, German, and Russian, and also a French-language Bible Institute which was established in Quebec, Canada.
The Missionary Church is conservative and evangelical in theology and practice. The churches are free to manage their own affairs but recognize and adhere to the authority of a general conference made up of clergy, missionaries, and laity. The president, vice president, and secretary of this church are elected for a period of four years.
The church is affiliated with one educational institution in the United States - the Bethel College in Mishawaka, Indiana.
The Amish hold to the old traditions of the Amish movement more strictly than the so-called Church Amish. Their "plain dress" requires the use of hooks and eyes instead of buttons or zippers, and members do not use automobiles.
The Old Order Amish do not use church buildings but rather meet in each other's houses. There are no conference and members do not believe in missions or benevolent institutions or centralized schools. Some do contribute to the missions and charities of the Mennonite Church.
The church was named for Jacob Wisler, the first Mennonite bishop in Indiana who separated from the church in 1872 to protest the use of English in the services and the introduction of Sunday schools. Similar to the Old Order Amish Churches, these believers maintain the old style of clothing and make only very limited use of modern technology while keeping separate from the outside world.
Each section of the church has its own district conference and there are conferences twice each year in each community. Each church takes part in relief work, especially for the needy at home and in foreign countries, and they also contribute to the work of the Mennonite Church.
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The research paper is one of the toughest writing tasks any student can get. There are lots of various points that affect the entire paper success, and you should deal with them. And one of these circumstances is the Introduction. This element of the essay structure deals with a great task introducing the essay to the reader and grabbing his attention. And it is a real challenge to start with the right tone and a hook that will engage the reader and make him read further. So, our writing company has prepared fey simple but effective tips for a well-written essay introduction.
The first thing that Introduction of any essay does is the main topic presentation. This is the announcement that goes though few simple but accurate sentences. Also, you are giving the identification of your research that was described in the essay. The introduction is also a tool to introduce the main problem of your essay to the audience and the global issue that it reflects. Some essay experts compare this method with an inverted triangle. It means you tell about a broader issue at the start of your essay and then concentrate on some specific one.
For example, you can tell about the great WWII tragedy in your introduction to encourage your reader to go further and learn about some specific aspect of the problem. Also, it is recommended to use some specific keywords in your research essay and its Introduction. Such words will work as some sort of indicators of the main theme. The title of your essay is also a nice place for a keyword or two. For example, when you are talking about WWII you use word “war” as a keyword, and it indicates that your essay is about that particular time and military theme in general. Such a strong keyword should be used both in the Introduction and title for sure.
All the key factors, words, and other info should be identified before you start writing. This method will save your time later. Just clarify all the necessary terms which you may need while working on your essay and its Introduction. Your expression should be clear and well-prepared info will work for you perfectly. If your Introduction will be not clear enough, you risking losing your reader’s attention right at the start.
But the biggest danger is hidden behind those cases when your topic and specific words are just unfamiliar to the audience you are writing for. You can avoid this problem by providing your readers with a clear introduction to the identification of the terms you are using in the essay. Sometimes it is also useful to introduce your essay and its topic through some sort of an anecdote and quotation. There are also other more literary ways to do that in case your essay topic is too complicated to the reader.
Except for the actual introduction of the main topic and the argument, your paper Introduction should also have some brief literature review. It should depend on the entire length of your paper. Sometimes it may require some harder work from you as you should make a review of the already existing literature on the topic. This point will show your strong knowledge of the following topic and the subject in general. Besides, you also should engage your reader into a discussion.
It always works better for your article when you give an overview of the recent developments in the field of your research than just causing a long and uncertain discussion. Once again about the inverted triangle method. Such review will provide a wider look at the background of your research and the entire topic. Also, this literature you used in your essay will let you focus on the contribution you did for the topic, its problem, and solution. While forming your introduction, you can slightly move to the main problem focus.
While making those references, you not just showing your respect to other researchers, but also describes your own contribution to the entire topic. It means you are pushing the solution further to its development. After this step was done, you can move to the specific point of your own research and its meaning. And the Introduction should clearly display the meaning and value of your research.
Introduction of Your Research Questions
The introduction is not just for your topic identifying and presentation. This is also the part where you should state your research questions. So after you did your station about the entire research and its position among others in the field, you can start with the research questions. These are the questions your reader deals with during the entire essay. Here is also a task for the literature review that frames your whole research and presents your questions to the audience. You should try to develop them from your previous parts of the Introduction. Try to make it smooth and easy without any confusing transitions.
As the entire Introduction is not the biggest part of your essay, you should make all the research questions sound clear and brief. Try to make them focused and accurately for the case. And do not forget about the keywords that should be used for the entire paper. The main purpose of the research question is to make your reader interested and to make a hypothesis of the problem you are trying to solve with your research. All the hypotheses of your Intro should be clear and well-indicated.For those who still struggle with the essay Introduction, our writing company offers a wide range of services. Fill in the order form and tell us more about your problem and we guarantee there is a solution for it. You can be sure our professionals know the way out with no doubts.
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Augmented reality (AR) could change the way doctors perform surgery. Scientists at Maryland Blended Reality Center believe that augmented reality could be the next step in surgical innovation, decreasing errors that are caused by current, less-than-ideal systems.
Visual data about a patient is essential in order for a doctor to perform surgery. Currently, the data is displayed across 2D screens in the operating room. It’s a system that’s been in place since the 1950s, but it’s far from ideal. First, it forces doctors to continuously look away from the patient. And, with different kinds of data displayed separately, it demands that doctors mentally fuse a variety of images together – a skill that takes years of training to develop.
By adding a layer of virtual data over the top of the patient, AR would allow the surgeon to keep their eyes on the procedure at all times. It could also consolidate important information on one display, enabling the surgeon to expend all mental energy on the procedure itself. For example, a headset such as Microsoft’s HoloLens might display vital signs and data on the characteristics of a patient’s aneurysm directly above the area being operated on.
It could lead to fewer errors and complications across all procedures, which would ultimately drive down costs and save lives.
Meanwhile, virtual reality (VR) is helping trainee surgeons practice procedures within an operating theater-like environment. Fundamental VR is one of the companies developing the technology, which combines visual simulations with haptics, so that doctors can feel as if they are operating on real bodies. If this type of technology becomes part of surgical protocol, the results could be massive for surgeons and patients alike, and would be felt for years to come.
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The Open Meadows Foundation offers grants of up to $2,000 for projects that promote gender, racial, and economic justice, and are led by and benefit women and girls, particularly those from vulnerable communities. The projects should reflect the diversity of the community in both its leadership and its organization, and promote racial, social, economic, and environmental justice. In addition, the organizations should have limited financial access or have encountered obstacles in their search for funding. Preference is given to first-time applicants. Interested applicants will find this grant opportunity on GetEdFunding, a free database sponsored by CDW•G of thousands of funding opportunities for educators.
Deadlines: Two cycles for proposals—Fall 2018 Cycle, July 1–August 15, 2018, for proposals; Spring 2019 Cycle, January 1–February 15, 2019, for proposals
DonorsChoose has launched #ISeeMe, a campaign aimed at boosting the amount of culturally responsive materials in US classrooms. These include books written by authors of color or other resources featuring figures from diverse backgrounds.
The American Library is a celebration of the diversity of the American population. Printed in gold on the spines of many of the books in the installation are the names of people who immigrated, or whose antecedents immigrated to the United States. On other books are the names of African Americans who relocated or whose parents relocated out of the American South during The Great Migration.
In 1968 three astronauts embarked on the Apollo 8 mission and witnessed Earth as it had never been seen before. The firstcolor photograph taken beyond Earth’s orbit was later titled Earthrise. An award-winning film from Global Oneness Project documents the story of this photograph. How does the Earthrise photograph provide a context for what it means to be a global citizen?
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It’s not that I am advocating the use of oil as fuel, but knowing that oil is a renewable resource brings humanity closer to abundance mentality that is less apt to fight for limited resources. Of course, knowing that oil is limited and still not prepared to fight for it would be even better. And, knowing that water has 26 times more energy than oil and that the energy is obtainable by today’s technology would be ideal, but I am digressing… This fact about oil I had known for some time, but the material I read was not in a neat, publishable format. This one is.
What would happen if it were proven that "fossil fuels" weren’t the
result of decaying plant and animal matter, were actually created within
the Earth due to simple chemistry and you could not be scared into
believing that we were "running out" of oil and natural gas?
Estimates of how much crude oil we have extracted from the planet vary
wildly. As late as May of 2009 a report published in the International
Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology suggested that we may have used
more than we think.
The idea that we are running out of oil is not a new one. Scientists
have told us that oil is a limited resource which was formed millions of
years ago by the decaying vegetation and biomass of extinct species of
plants and animals. With an estimated 1- trillion barrels of oil already
extracted from deep wells since commercial drilling began around 1870,
many predict that we are nearing the mid-point of remaining oil on the
But there have always been those who claim that oil is a natural
substance that forms automatically in the Earth’s mantle. They say that
it is virtually everywhere, if you can drill deep enough to tap it.
Proponents of so-called "abiotic oil" claim that the proof is found in
the fact that many capped wells, which were formerly dry of oil, are
found to be plentiful again after many years, They claim that the
replenished oil is manufactured by natural forces in the Earth’s mantle.
Critics of the abiotic theory disagree. They claim that capped wells may
appear to refill after a few years, but they are not regenerating. It
is simply an effect of oil slowly migrating through pore spaces from
areas of high pressure to the low-pressure area of the drill hole. If
this oil is drawn out, it will take even longer for the hole to refill
again. They hold that oil is a non-renewable resource generated and
deposited under special biological and geological conditions.
Until now these believers in "abiotic oil" have been dismissed as professing "bad science" but — alas — a new study has proven them correct!
Reported in ScienceDaily, researchers at the Royal Institute of
Technology (KTH) in Stockholm have managed to prove that fossils from
animals and plants are not necessary for crude oil and natural gas to be
generated. The findings are revolutionary since this means, on the one
hand, that it will be much easier to find these sources of energy and,
on the other hand, that they can be found all over the globe.
Together with two research colleagues, Vladimir Kutcherov has simulated
the process involving pressure and heat that occurs naturally in the
inner layers of the earth, the process that generates hydrocarbon, the
primary component in oil and natural gas.
According to Vladimir Kutcherov, the findings are a clear indication
that the oil supply is not about to end, which researchers and experts
in the field have long feared.
In its simplest form, the theory is that carbon present in the magma
Experiments have shown that under extreme conditions of heat and
Vladimir Kutcherov adds that there is no way that fossil oil, with the
help of gravity or other forces, could have seeped down to a depth of
10.5 kilometers in the state of Texas, for example, which is rich in oil
deposits. As Vladimir Kutcherov sees it, this is further proof,
alongside his own research findings, of the genesis of these energy
sources — that they can be created in other ways than via fossils. This
has long been a matter of lively discussion among scientists.
"There is no doubt that our research proves that crude oil and natural
gas are generated without the involvement of fossils. All types of
bedrock can serve as reservoirs of oil," says Vladimir Kutcherov, who
adds that this is true of land areas that have not yet been prospected
for these energy sources.
But the discovery has more benefits. The degree of accuracy in finding
oil is enhanced dramatically — from 20 to 70 percent. Since drilling
for oil and natural gas is a very expensive process, the cost picture
will be radically altered for petroleum companies, and in the end
probably for consumers as well.
"The savings will be in the many billions," says Vladimir Kutcherov.
To identify where it is worthwhile to drill for natural gas and oil,
Vladimir Kutcherov has used his research to arrive at a new method. It
involves dividing the globe into a finely meshed grid. The grid
corresponds to fissures, so-called ‘migration channels,’ through
underlying layers under the surface of the earth. Wherever these
fissures meet, it is suitable to drill.
According to Vladimir Kutcherov, these research findings are extremely
important, not least as 61 percent of the world’s energy consumption
derives from crude oil and natural gas.
The next step in this research work will involve more experiments, but
above all refining the method will make it easier to find places where
it is suitable to drill for oil and natural gas.
Vladimir Kutcherov, Anton Kolesnikov, and Alexander Goncharov’s research
work was recently published in the scientific journal Nature
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Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs are a group of drugs commonly used in both human as well as equine medicine. Drugs such as Phenylbutazone (Bute), Banamine, Ketoprofen, Carprofen, and Naproxen, have been relied upon to help our equine athletes with all types of ailments. These drugs are as the name says anti-inflammatory, but they are also analgesic (moderate or control pain) in their operation and so the list of uses is quite long. Some of the most common uses for these drugs are aids in healing orthopedic conditions, controlling colic, and controlling fevers. Just as in human medicine, veterinarians vary in the amount they use these drugs, since like many good things in life, excess can have its drawbacks. In the case of NSAIDS for horses, these drawbacks or toxicities have, due to their nature, meant that these drugs are sold as prescription only. The side effects of these compounds include gastric irritation and ulceration, colonic irritation and ulceration, and renal (kidney) toxicity. Horses vary in their ability to tolerate these drugs without the deleterious side effects, and although there are some that can take repetitive full doses of these compounds for extended periods of time, the average horse cannot. On the other end of the sensitivity spectrum there are horses that even one or two small doses of these drugs will cause toxicity and possibly even clinical signs of discomfort or pain from the toxicity. There are also some conditions that will exacerbate the toxicity issues any horse experiences. Pre-existing gastric or colonic irritation or ulceration can be especially concerning when using non-steroidal drugs, as these drugs inhibit the protective mechanisms of the stomach and colonic lining and the condition will usually worsen. Dehydrated horses or horses with pre-existing renal disease will be much more sensitive to the toxic effects of this class of drugs and special cautions should be taken to limit the dose and the number of doses administered in these situations.
So, are NSAIDS a friend or foe? The question as much of life is perspective, as an equine practitioner, working to improve the lives of horses; there is no question in my mind that these drugs are my friends. I can't imagine how frustrated I would be if I could no longer use NSAIDS in my practice. Furthermore, my patients would be limited by medical conditions that there was no other reasonable therapy for. This brings up the question of fear of using non-steroidals; no, I am not afraid of using this class of drugs. But yes, having seen the side effects and the toxicity issues, I do have a healthy respect for these drugs and try to prescribe a reasonable dose for a reasonable period of time, to effectively bring about improvement in the medical condition I am treating. In addition to moderating my dosing of these drugs, I also recommend alternatives to the drugs and or "protectants" from the toxicity issues where appropriate. Some of the common alternatives I will employ to limit use of the drugs include rest, ice therapy, massage, intra-articular injections, acupuncture, chiropractics, and injectable as well as oral joint therapy compounds. When it comes to the issue of renal toxicity and or dehydration, I will either employ re-hydration tactics prior to use of the drugs or avoid them completely. When it comes to protective strategies, I have historically used gastro-protectants such as omeprazole (Gastro-guard), ranitidine (Zantac), cimetidine (Tagmet), calcium carbonate, and magnesium and aluminum salts. The first three represent drugs that not only can treat minor symptoms, but when used properly can affect a cure to gastric ulcers. The second three compounds are used for minor conditions, or as a strategy for maintenance for a horse that has had major problems with gastric ulceration, and I want to use a product for control of the ulcers and prevention of recurrence after treatment with one of the first three products. When it comes to colonic irritation and ulceration, these drugs do not seem to help. There is another gastro-protectant drug on the market called Sucralfate, which is suspected to help with issues in the hindgut or colon, but results with this therapy have been mixed. This strategy is usually employed in hospitalized horses, or horses with a severe problem. Over the past few years my work in developing The Assure System®, and the Assure® product line has been to help with the issue of colonic irritation and ulceration, and the company's research as well as clinical case load has shown this to be an effective strategy. Most recently we have developed a product know as Assure® Guard, that combines the effectiveness of the original Assure® product with the powerful antacid calcium carbonate (found in Rolaids and Tums).
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The history of Qin
The Qin Dynasty(Wade-Giles Ch'in; 221 BC
- 207 BC) was preceded by the Zhou Dynasty and followed by the Han
Dynasty in China. Qin, which has a pronunciation similar to the
English word "chin," is a possible origin of the word
"China" (see China in world languages). The unification
of China 221 BC under the First Emperor marked the beginning of
imperial China, a period that lasted until the fall of the Qing
Empire in 1912. The Qin Dynasty left a legacy of a centralized and
bureaucratic state that would be carried onto successive dynasties.
Much of what came to constitute China proper was unified for the
first time in 221 B.C. In that year the western frontier state of
Qin, the most aggressive of the Warring States, subjugated the last
of its rival states, putting an end to the Warring States Period.
The King of Qin, Zheng, named himself Shi Huangdi (First Emperor),
a formulation of titles previously reserved for deities and the
mythological sage-emperors. He is known by historians as Qin Shi
Huang. He wanted his successors to rule China forever with the title
"Second Emperor", "Third Emperor", etc.
In consolidating power, Qin Shi Huang imposed the State of Qin's
centralized, non-hereditary bureaucratic system on his new empire
in place of the Zhou's feudalistic one. The Qin Empire relied on
the philosophy of legalism (with skillful advisors like Han Fei
and Li Si). Centralization, achieved by ruthless methods, was focused
on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures, the forms
of writing and coinage, and the pattern of thought and scholarship.
Characters from the former state of Qin became the standard for
the entire empire. The length of the wheel axle was also unified
and expressways standardized to ease transportation throughout the
country. To silence criticism of imperial rule, the emperor banished
or put to death many dissenting Confucian scholars and confiscated
and burned their books.
To prevent future uprisings, Qin Shi Huang ordered the confiscation
of weapons and stored them in the capital. In order to prevent the
resurgence of feudal lords, he also destroyed the walls and fortifications
that had separated the previous six states. A national conscription
was devised: every male between the ages of seventeen and sixty
years was obliged to serve one year in the army. Qin aggrandizement
was aided by frequent military expeditions pushing forward the frontiers
in the north and south. To fend off barbarian intrusion (mainly
against the Xiongnu in the north), the fortification walls built
by the various warring states were connected to make a wall; this
was an early precursor of the 5,000- kilometer-long Great Wall of
China built later during the Ming Dynasty. A number of public works
projects, including canals and bridges, were also undertaken to
consolidate and strengthen imperial rule. A lavish tomb for the
emperor, complete with a Terracotta Army, was built near the capital
Xianyang, a city half an hour from modern Xi'an. These activities
required enormous levies of manpower and resources, not to mention
Endless labor in the later years of Qin Shi Huang's reign started
to provoke widespread discontent. However, the emperor was able
to maintain stability thanks to his tight grip on every aspect of
the lives of the Chinese.
During his reign Qin Shi Huang made five inspection trips around
the country. During the last trip with his second son Huhai in 210
BC, Qin Shi Huang died suddenly at Shaqiu prefecture. Huhai, under
the advice of two high officials ª the Imperial Secretariat
Li Si and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao forged the altered Emperor's
will. The faked decree ordered Qin Shi Huang's first son, the heir
Fusu to commit suicide, instead naming Huhai as the next emperor.
The decree also stripped the command of troops from Marshal Meng
Tianª a faithful supporter of Fusu ª and sentenced Meng's
family to death. Zhao Gao step by step seized the power of Huhai,
effectively making Huhai a puppet emperor.
Within three years of Qin Shi Huang's death, widespread revolts
by peasants, prisoners, soldiers, and descendants of the nobles
of the Six Warring States sprang up all over China. Chen Sheng)
and Wu Guang two in a group of about 900 soldiers assigned to defend
against the Xiongnu, became the leaders of the first revolution
In the beginning of October 207 BC, Zhao Gao forced Huhai to commit
suicide and replaced him with Fusu's son, Ziying . Note that the
title of Ziying was "king of Qin" to reflect the fact
that Qin no longer controlled the whole of China. The Chu-Han contention
ensued. Ziying soon killed Zhao Gao and surrendered to Liu Bang
in the beginning of December 207 BC. But Liu Bang was forced to
hand over Xianyang and Ziying to Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu then killed
Ziying and burned down the palace in the end of January 206 BC.
Thus the Qin dynasty come to an end, three years after the death
of Qin Shi Huang, and less than twenty years after it was founded.
Although the Qin Dynasty was short-lived, its legalist rule had
a deep impact on later dynasties in China. The imperial system initiated
during the Qin dynasty set a pattern that was developed over the
next two millennia.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
A case can be made that Hamlet has relevance to the modern audience. The fundamental question that emerges from Hamlet is how does one address the issue of injustice in the world? Hamlet's father has been unjustly killed and those in the position of power do not merit it. This is where Hamlet engages in his intense questioning. It is also a condition that faces individuals in the modern setting. Injustice is present and there are individuals in the position of power who do not merit the position they hold. Hamlet's struggle to find justice and moral order in a world that does not display it is a significant theme that has relevance to the modern setting.
I think that another interesting condition of the drama that can be relevant in the modern setting is the idea of emotional cruelty. Hamlet has feelings for Ophelia. Yet, he submits her to the worst of abuses and the most intense of disrespect. The idea of personal cruelty is relevant to the modern setting. Hamlet's most vicious tendencies are displayed on someone who is probably the most tender in the drama. Essentially, one is left wondering how individuals could mistreat people for whom they have feelings? In the modern setting, this same question is posed whenever we see issues of domestic violence, child abuse, or other instances where some of the most savage of behaviors are displayed towards individuals who should not be the recipient of such torment. This is another way in which the play connects to the modern audience.
We’ve answered 324,431 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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Stephen Switzer, landscape designer, horticulturalist and author was one of the most prominent figures in the rise of the 18th-century landscape garden. Having played key roles in the creation of Blenheim in Oxfordshire, Castle Howard in North Yorkshire and Stowe in Buckinghamshire during his early career, Switzer went on to promote the improvement of various aspects of landscape-making.
His combined philosophy of landscape, agriculture and politics led to his seminal work, an influential three-volume treatise on landscape and gardening, Iconographia Rustica, published in 1718. This set out his ideas and viewpoints and became an essential addition to the libraries of the aristocratic elite.
Stephen Switzer was baptised on 25 February 1682 at Micheldever and Stratton parish church in Hampshire. He was the second of two sons belonging to Thomas Switzer (died 1697), a local farmer, and his wife, Mary (died 1682). According to Brogden (2004), the family were part of a long pedigree of farmers from Hampshire who spelled their surname in various ways, the pronunciation of which resembled ‘Sweetsur'.
There are no known details about Switzer's formal education, although his father's early death prompted his brother to take over the management of the family farm (Brogden 2004).
In 1699 Switzer joined the Brompton Nurseries, where he was apprenticed to George London, an influential gardener of the period who worked with Henry Wise. London and Wise went on to become one of the most respected gardening firms in the country.
Over the course of around 15 years, Switzer worked on some of the finest landscapes of the early 18th century, acting as Lieutenant for the firm. It was also during this period that he formed an important connection with the architects Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor, as well as the landscape gardener Charles Bridgeman.
Among Switzer's early projects was the landscaping of Blenheim Palace, which began in 1709. Wise, Vanbrugh, Bridgeman and Switzer all worked on the site, creating a vast landscape boasting two parterres, each one surrounded by bastions and brick walls built in the martial style. There is little doubt that these designs neatly connected the gardens with the 1st Duke of Marlborough's (1650-1722) military successes during the Wars of Spanish Succession (Green 1987, 73).
Another project, arguably far more influential in the development of British designed landscapes, was Switzer's involvement at Castle Howard. From 1699, Sir John Vanbrugh had been employed to create the new family seat for Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle (1669-1738), during which time the designs for the landscape were drawn and debated. Early plans submitted by George London were rejected despite their fashionable details, which included radiating paths and vast allées that swept across the landscape.
Central to the designs was the treatment of Ray Wood, one of the surviving features of the earlier medieval landscape. While London suggested removing the woodland, Switzer went on to introduce a series of meandering paths through the wood that connected a number of clearings or ‘cabinets' with summerhouses, statues and fountains (Finch 2008).
The treatment of Ray Wood with its layout of serpentine walks was the first of its kind in the country and marked a departure from the formal geometric designs that had dominated the late 17th century. It was the ‘Labrynth diverting model', as described by Switzer, which soon inspired the proverb ‘York against London' (Switzer 1718, II). This referred to the Earl of Carlisle's preference for Switzer over George London and the friendly rivalry between York and the City of London.
A short while after these early projects, Switzer published The Nobleman Gentleman and Gardener's Recreation (1715) a treatise that brought together his early experiences in garden design and his accumulated knowledge of horticulture. This would later become the first volume of Iconographia Rustica.
In these volumes Switzer pioneered what he called ‘Rural and Extensive Gardening', which integrated the economics of kitchen gardening and animal husbandry with the aesthetics of landscape design (Dixon Hunt & Willis 1975, 150).
One element that was integral to this philosophy was the idea of the ferme ornée or ‘ornamental farm'. This symbolised the marriage of beauty and utility, where gardens combined the useful, profitable and pleasurable. In essence this translated as long, uninterrupted views from the main house, populated by farm, field and boundary. The functional use of agricultural land was viewed both as an economic tool and an aesthetic device.
‘Where-ever Liberty will allow, would throw my Garden open to all view to the unbounded Felicities of distant Prospect, and the expansive Volumes of Nature herself'
Coupled with Switzer's functional concerns were his political views, moulded by the turbulent period in British politics during the late 17th century. Switzer viewed gardening as a reflection of the social structure and as a material base for high culture (Turner 1978, 491).
His political views and standpoint as a constitutional monarchist permeate his writing. In the Recreation he tells us, when referring to the decline of gardening during the reign of James II: ‘this unhappy Prince pursuing Measures of another nature and having quite other Designs in his Head, no less that that of Arbitrary and Despotick Power' (1718, I, 55 quoted in Turner 1978).
The reign of William III, however, saw the rise of gardening at home while the ‘Defense of Liberties of Europe' were fought for through a succession of wars on foreign soil - most importantly for Switzer, against the absolutism of the French (Turner 1978, 494). Throughout the volumes of Ichnographia Rustica Switzer criticises the formal geometric layout of French and Dutch gardens and contrasts their form with his own idea of landscape:
‘Where-ever Liberty will allow, would throw my Garden open to all view to the unbounded Felicities of distant Prospect, and the expansive Volumes of Nature herself' (1718, I, 35).
In 1729 Switzer published the Introduction to a General System of Hydraulicks and Hydrostaticks, in two illustrated volumes. This proved to be the most scientific work of his career and was of great importance. It was a milestone in the development of the use of hydraulics and - most importantly - in the creation of canals from the mid-18th century on (Brogden 2004).
From the 1720s Switzer worked from a small-scale practice based in Westminster. Having married Elizabeth (further details of whom are unknown) he became a seedsman, running a lucrative trade from premises at Westminster Hall. He soon became a public figure by writing widely on the subject of improvement, dealing more specifically with fertilisers, hydraulics and beneficial legumes (Brogden 2004).
Switzer died on 8 June 1745 at his home in Millbank and was buried five days later at St Margaret's Westminster. He died a rich man having had a significant influence on the creation and form of designed landscapes in the early part of the 18th century.
W. A. Brogden, ‘Switzer, Stephen (bap. 1682, d. 1745)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26855, accessed 26 Jan 2009].
J. Dixon Hunt & P. Willis (eds), The Genius of the Place (Paul Elek, 1975).
J. Finch ‘Pallas, Flora, and Ceres: Landscape Priorities and Improvement on the Castle Howard Estate, 1699-1880' In Estate Landscapes: Design, Improvement, and Power in the Post-Medieval Landscape, ed. J. Finch and K. Giles (The Boydell Press, 2007) pp. 19-37.
D. Green, Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire (Blenheim estate office, 1976).
Switzer, S., The Nobleman Gentleman and Gardener's Recreation (London, 1715).
Switzer, S., Iconographica Rustica vol. II. (D. Brown. 1718).
Switzer, S., Introduction to a General System of Hydraulicks and Hydrostatick (London, 1727).
Turner, J., ‘Stephen Switzer and the Political Fallacy in Landscape Gardening History' in Eighteenth-Century Studies, 11.4 (1978) pp. 489-496.
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Coping with Bipolar Emotions Using Logic
I’m a very logical person. I’m an intellectual. I was raised that way and I remain that way to this day. Likely, because of that, it’s more obvious to me than many that logic can be used to deal with bipolar emotions. I can separate my logical self from my emotional self. It seems to me that the general person does not do this. However, I consider applying logic to emotion a critical skill in coping with bipolar disorder.
The Emotional Self
We all have an emotional self. It’s the part of us that flashes into emotion (usually) because of an external stimuli. So, for example, someone says something hurtful to us and we experience emotional pain and likely want to reach out and hurt that person back. This is a pretty normal emotional chain.
Of course, in bipolar disorder, this emotion may be a great overreaction to the situation. Or, perhaps even worse, our bipolar emotions are not in response to any external stimuli but simply exist because of the disease.
The Logical or Intellectual Self
On the other hand, there is the logical self. This is the self that moderates our emotional self. Our logical self is able to deal with situations in an intellectual and empirically reasonable way. For example, when someone says something hurtful, we still experience emotional pain, but the logical self may stop us from reaching out and retaliating against the other person.
In bipolar disorder, our logical self can be damaged or overwhelmed by our bipolar disorder. I think this is normal. I think that sometimes our logical self just doesn’t function well (or even at all) because of how strong the disease is. However, many times the logical self is still there if we look hard enough to find it.
Coping with Bipolar Emotions Using the Logical Self
So the coping skill that I use, and that I advocate others use, (with or without bipolar, quite frankly) is to use logic to cope with bipolar emotions. This isn’t necessarily easy, but it is doable and can really help moderate the effects that bipolar emotions can have on your life.
Self-talk is the prime example of logic or intellect trying to defeat bipolar emotions. Self-talk comes in a variety of forms. Traditionally, self-talk runs along the lines of, “I’m good enough and people like me.” In other words, self-talk is designed to defeat negative thoughts. That’s fine, but that’s not really what I’m talking about.
Logical Coping with Bipolar Emotions
I’m talking about something more along these lines. For example, someone hurts my feelings by saying something nasty. I feel emotional pain over it. As is typical with bipolar disorder, I overreact to this nasty comment and start to internalize it. I start to think that the person is right. I am bad. I am unlovable. I will die alone.
My logical self, though, is able to look at that situation and see the logical flaw in my thinking. So no matter how far along the emotional chain my emotional self has gone, I’m still able to stand back and say,
I am overreacting to this situation. What I am feeling is not reasonable. These are bipolar emotions. This person said something nasty and that’s not about me, it’s about them. One nasty comment is no reflection on me, my worth or my lovability, but rather, it reflects on the person who said it.
And this works in pretty much every situation. When you’re feeling depressed, your logical self is able to say, “I know I feel depressed right now. This depression will not last forever. I know this is a symptom of bipolar disorder and not really me.”
I think what’s critical is:
- Acknowledging the very real, and often very painful, bipolar emotion.
- Pointing out that it is a bipolar emotion and likely an overreaction to the situation.
- Reminding yourself that this bipolar emotion is not reasonable and we need to talk ourselves down from the overreaction.
- Reminding yourself that we don’t have to act emotionally even if we’re feeling very emotional. We can choose to act from logic and be reasonable.
Acting from the Logical Self
I’m not saying this is easy, and I’m not saying you will be able to do it 100% of the time. But one of the things that gets bipolar people in trouble so often in their lives is an (upper-case) EMOTIONAL reaction to a situation that deserves an (lower-case) emotional reaction. And I don’t believe we have to blow up that way. I believe we can use our logical selves to deal with even the strongest of bipolar emotions.
And, of course, the more you practice this skill, the easier it will get. I promise it works. I do it every day and it’s one of the reasons I manage to do so many of the things I do. You can do it too.
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See Football – What is It?
Association football, commonly called just football, is a competitive team sport typically played between two teams of eleven players. It is also played by about 250 million players around 200 nations and dependencies, which makes it the most popular game in the world. The game is predominantly played between men, although women have been playing since 1920. It has a long tradition of being a contact sport that involves collisions with an opponent’s head, body or legs. This article will give you basic information about the history and rules of the game.
Association football (football or soccer) is played between two teams of eleven players each. The sport is played for single or multiple periods of time. In association football, the game is divided into two phases. The first phase is the normal game, which is a round robin format with four teams each starting with one player from each team.
The second phase of the game is known as “adders” or “cups” where each team starts with ten men. Each team is then given ten minutes to play out the game using the football procedures detailed above. The other difference between soccer and football is that in soccer there is only a single football league that determines the rules and format – which is the European Cup. There are several different codes for football but the most common are English, Spanish, Brazilian, Australian and North American football.
The game of football is a very popular sport in many countries. There are professional leagues and international tournaments all over the world, especially during the World Cup and other major events such as the Olympics. Professional football is also played by a variety of different teams in association football or soccer. Some of these teams include Brazilian, Argentine, Colombian and Italian professional teams.
Most commonly known teams that play football in association football are Manchester United, Chelsea, Barcelona, Wolves, Rangers, Portsmouth, Watford, Queens Park Rangers and Liverpool. Various international soccer tournaments are regularly held throughout the year with the United Kingdom hosting the England cup every year. There have been some changes to the game of football in the United Kingdom in recent years, which have made the game more exciting and fast paced. The Football Association has made some significant changes to the game that have made it a much faster and more exciting game to watch.
As you can see football is not just a part of association football; in fact, it is the most widely played contact sport in the world. You can take part in the fun of football from an early age by playing the game. Many schools in the United Kingdom offer football programs for their students to participate in from a young age. You can also see football on television with such programs as BT Sport 1. If you are an avid football fan, you should visit your local television and see what all the fuss is about. If you enjoy watching football but don’t want to travel to the UK, there are many websites on the internet that cater to your every need when it comes to viewing football online.
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Recent revelations about the National Security Agency have brought a lot of attention to privacy concerns, on behalf of the agency as well as citizens. Amidst all the hubbub, news broke that a new NSA data center in Utah, its biggest yet, will consume enough energy to power 65,000 homes and gulp down 1.5 million gallons of water per day.
Data centers, which house computer data systems, are energy hogs that continue to fatten up thanks to our newfound love of cloud computing. The seemingly insatiable energy appetite of data centers has been well-documented: Facilities are often run at full power 24-7 regardless of demand, gobbling up two percent of the nation’s electricity, and their backup generators are often powered by diesel – not the greenest of fuels.
But how data centers use water, and how much they use, is less well known.
There are nearly 3 million data centers in the US, ranging in size from several servers in an office closet to a 1.4 million square foot in-construction Facebook data center in Iowa. All of them use water, some directly, some indirectly. That is, many large data centers withdraw water directly to cool their servers, while nearly all use electricity generated at power plants – which rely on water for their own cooling needs – to power their servers and cooling systems.
For example, Amazon estimated back in 2009 that a 15 megawatt data center can require up to 360,000 gallons of water a day, leading one of the company’s data center designers to admit that "water consumption (in data centers) is super embarrassing. It just doesn’t feel responsible."
The good news is that water use at data centers does appear to be going down since that candid assessment. How do we know? A handy metric called Water Use Efficiency, or WUE, has been embraced by data center managers.
Here’s just a tiny bit of math: WUE = Annual Water Usage (L)/IT Equipment Energy (kWh)
The resulting number will tell you how many liters of water per kilowatt hour are used onsite to operate the data center. If you want to get a more accurate WUE, and you should, then it’s possible to add the amount of water required to generate the electricity used at the data center in question (The Green Grid provides all the figures and formulas needed).
The ideal WUE is of course 0, meaning that no water is used to operate the data center. But considering our current water-reliant energy system and the tendency of data centers to rely on water for direct cooling, don't expect to find that result any time soon.
Some large online companies are at least becoming more transparent about their water demands. Facebook, for example, has made its results public, posting real-time water and energy use updates for their data centers in North Carolina and Oregon. Ebay offers even more metrics for their data centers, including WUE, although on a quarterly basis.
Other data center heavy hitters are not so public with their WUE scores, but have been promoting their water efficiency work. Google is reducing water use at its data centers by using reclaimed wastewater. Both Microsoft and Yahoo are reducing their water use by installing air-cooling systems, which require just 1-3 percent of the water required for a traditional data center, although such cooling systems require more electricity to operate.
There are many ways for data centers, big and small, to reduce their water use, from raising the temperature and reducing humidity inside the centers to siting them in areas with optimum climate to using recycled water for cooling. All choices to reduce water use will impact energy use and carbon emissions, and vice-versa, in sometimes positive or negative ways. But remember that as more and more Americans rely on the internet to send emails, watch movies and pay bills – or in the NSA's case, keep an eye on all those digital transactions – we place even more strain on energy and water resources. It's just one more example of how the nexus of water and energy systems plays a direct role in our lives.
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The Appalachian Mountains provide an ideal passageway for migrating raptors. This continuous chain runs north to south more than 3,000 miles through eastern North America, from Newfoundland and Quebec to Alabama. In early autumn, bald eagles journey through the Appalachians to spend the winter in scattered locations throughout eastern North America where rivers and lakes remain ice-free and food is available. Other migrating birds of prey may winter throughout the east and along Atlantic coastline or continue traveling south to the Gulf of Mexico and even Central and South America, like the broad-winged hawk, which may end its journey as far south as Argentina.
The Appalachians curve through Pennsylvania in long, narrow ridges that run in parallel lines, creating broad uniform valleys in several regions. In Pennsylvania, the mountains rise to moderate elevations, with a high point of 3,213 feet at Mt. Davis in Somerset County. The ridges and long summits like the Allegheny Front form "leading lines" for raptor migration, concentrating their numbers and giving opportunities for observations. Some raptors also will follow streams, especially if their diet includes fish and other aquatic organisms.
Forming the Appalachians' eastern edge, the Kittatinny Ridge runs 185 miles across Pennsylvania sweeping through 11 counties. It touches the border of northern New Jersey at the Delaware River and stretches almost to the Maryland line. Since the Kittatinny Ridge is the most southeastern ridge of the Northern Appalachians, raptors tend to congregate along this ridge on their way south. Many hawks, particularly Broad-winged Hawks, can fly south of these ridges where the landscape provides uplifting thermals and where they are seen from hawk watch sites such as Militia Hill and Rose Tree Park near Philadelphia.
The Kittatinny Ridge is recognized as a globally significant migration flyway and Pennsylvania's largest Important Bird Area (IBA). At least 16 species of hawks, eagles, falcons and vultures travel the Kittatinny Ridge as they migrate through Pennsylvania and more than 150 species of birds utilize the ridge during autumn and spring migrations and through-out the seasons. For migrating bald eagles and other birds, the ridge and surrounding forests and water-sheds provide critical resting and feeding habitat.
The mountainous also provides vital breeding grounds for many forest interior birds.
Autumn flights along the ridges change with weather and winds. Raptors depend on autumn's northwest winds that strike the mountains creating upward deflection currents which give birds lift. The highest numbers of hawks move through on strong northwest winds following cold fronts. A south wind produces fewer numbers, although birds fly lower, hugging the ridges, often just above the forest canopy.
The sun and clouds also play an important role for migrating birds, especially in the absence of wind. Birds of prey can move effortlessly across the sky by tapping into the energy produced by rising thermal air currents. On clear days, as the sun warms a patch of open ground, or a forest clearing or boulder field, a bubble of warm air rises taking any winged passengers upward. A soaring hawk or eagle can climb hundreds of feet in seconds without expending its own energy. Large groups of hawks, called ket-tles, reveal these invisible thermals with their tight circular flight patterns. As the thermal reaches its peak and begins to disintegrate, the birds simply lock their wings and glide away down the ridge to catch the next thermal. Birds of prey travel great distances this way, conserving valuable energy.
Timing of Autumn Raptor Migration
August – Early August brings Bald Eagles, Ospreys and Black Vultures past the ridgetops.
Late August – Red-shouldered Hawks, Peregrine Fal-cons, Northern Harriers, Sharp-shinned Hawks, Cooper's Hawks and Turkey Vultures begin migrating through.
September – Great numbers of Broad-winged Hawks are seen from hawk watch sites during September. September is also the peak month for Ospreys, Bald Eagles, Broad-winged Hawks and the start of peak numbers of American Kestrels.
October – Peaks of American Kestrels continue, Peregrine Falcons, Merlins, Sharp-shinned Hawks, Northern Harriers, Cooper's Hawks, Turkey Vultures and Black Vultures.
November – Black Vulture, Red-shouldered Hawk, Red-tailed Hawk peaks continue. November is also a good time to see Northern Goshawks, Rough-legged Hawks and Golden Eagles, which peak during late October and November.
December – Migration winds down through December, but many species continue moving south along ridges, including Golden Eagles; Rough-legged, Red-tailed and Red-shouldered hawks; Northern Gos-hawks; Cooper's and Sharp-shinned hawk;, Northern Harriers; Bald Eagles, vultures, and falcons.
Timing of Spring Raptor Migration
February – A few hardy Golden Eagles begin returning north from the Appalachian Mountain wintering grounds.
March – Many raptors begin the return journey to northern breeding grounds. It is common to start see-ing Bald Eagles, Golden Eagles, American Kestrels, Red-tailed, Cooper's, Sharp-shinned, Red-shouldered hawks and Northern Harriers. Ospreys return in late March.
April – Most numbers of migrating raptors peak in April, especially the far-ranging Broad-winged Hawks and Ospreys.
May – Spring migration peaks continue with Ospreys, Bald Eagles and Broad-winged Hawks.
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Running is not the only exercise activity retracing its steps back to its roots by going barefoot, the way our ancestors did before the invention of shoes. A new diet is also encouraging people to eat only the food consumed by cavemen, or food available prior to the advent of the agricultural revolution.
“The cavemen were stronger, faster, had better eyesight, and rarely experienced cancer, depression or stroke,” said fitness and lifestyle coach Armando Mendoza Jr. Mendoza is a frequent speaker on what is called the Paleo Diet at CrossFit Manila, the country’s foremost supporter of the diet.
The Paleo Diet is based on food our ancestors supposedly ate from 2.6 million years to 10,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic Era. It’s a diet, said Mendoza, that’s already encoded in our genes so that our bodies naturally adapt to it. The diet consists of fresh fruits, grass-fed meat, deep-sea fishes and organic vegetables. Oils must come from fruits such as olive, oil palm and avocado, or tree nuts such as coconut, walnut, almond, pecan, hazelnut and macadamia.
The high-protein, high-fruit and veggie Paleo diet is said to be more effective than low-fat, high-carb diets in promoting weight loss and keeping weight off. Since the source of carbs is unlimited (fruits and veggies only, no rice allowed), the body will be slightly alkaline.
That means the probability of acid/base imbalance diseases and their symptoms, such as osteoporosis, hypertension, insomnia, kidney stones, motion sickness, stroke, inner-ear ringing and exercise-induced asthma will be reduced. High Omega 3 fat content from deep-sea fish will prevent inflammatory diseases, while the high-soluble fiber will do the same for gastrointestinal tract diseases.
On the other hand, the Neolithic Diet, or today’s diet of dairy, grains, salt, vegetable oil, legumes, refined sugar and alcohol, promote practically “all known diseases of modern civilization,” such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, hypertension.
Dr. Theresa Pascual, a dermatologist at the Medical City in Pasig, lost 30 lbs in four months when she and her entire family went on the Paleo Diet. Her husband, cardiologist Dr. Eric Pascual, lost 13 lbs in two months, and her daughter Cathy went from a size 12 to size 0.
Pascual said she learned about the Paleo Diet at CrossFit during one of the fitness center’s annual Paleo Diet challenges. The 5’6” doctor started the diet only last July 22, although she had enrolled at CrossFit as early as February.
“When I enrolled last February I couldn’t finish a 100-meter run. That’s how sedentary my lifestyle was. Today I can run nonstop for 23 km,” Pascual said. Her recent personal record for 21-km run clocked in at an impressive two hours and 32 minutes. She started training for running only last August.
As the diet requires, her source of carbs comes from fruits and veggies. During long runs, however, she cheats by eating sugar-loaded energy gels along the way. The burst of energy provided by these gels helps her maintain her running pace. But since she’s running, she said, sugar eventually gets burned off along the way.
“We don’t want them to constantly weigh themselves. We measure loss through inches lost. The goal at CrossFit is not to get thinner, but to get leaner. We don’t want them to get skinny. Skinny is not healthy,” said Miggy Dy Buncio, fitness buff and one of the partners who brought CrossFit into the country two years ago.
Buncio said that while they don’t require their clients to go on the Paleo Diet, they set up Paleo Diet challenges each year where about 80 percent of their members join. That’s how Pascual discovered the benefits of the diet.
The major drawback of the diet, she said, is sourcing the food. Where could she buy grass-fed meat, for instance?
“I couldn’t. I just buy fresh meat available in the market and trim off the fat. Then I make sure it’s cooked without seasonings, salt or sugar,” she said.
Mendoza, however, said sticking to the Paleo Diet for life is not a realistic goal.
“In the end, a lifestyle-based diet is still more important. Paleo Diet mimics the lifestyle of the cavemen. Cavemen didn’t follow an eight-hour work shift, didn’t know stress the way we do, didn’t train like athletes. The demands of modern life are different,” Mendoza said.
Any diet, however, coupled with exercise, is always a good way to jumpstart a weight-loss program. And don’t be too hard on yourself when you cheat, Mendoza said.
“Nobody’s perfect. It’s not the end of the world. No matter how much you cheated on your diet, pull yourself together and get back on track.”
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3.30 Summary of Leviticus Racial Teachings
a. God is at the center of the new society and permeates all human relationships
b. Israel is constituted a holy people by adherence to a covenant with God.
c. The covenant involves obeying an extensive list of approved/rejected behaviors, governing even the most intimate details of life and body.
d. The common characteristic of all the laws is to cause the people to know the difference between the holy and the common, the clean and the unclean.
e. This introduces into their consciousness an extraordinary preoccupation with righteousness. The business of daily life is not survival, but personal cleanliness before God -- either maintaining it or recovering it.
f. The flip side of the complex list of rules is an equally specialized ritual of sacrifice and penance, to make up for the failures to keep all the laws.
g. This is a new servitude unlike that of Egypt, but equally rigorous. The oversight of an autocratic Pharaoh and his taskmasters is replaced by the all-seeing eye of God and His priests. And it is obvious that Israel did not take to it readily.
h. The "sting" of the covenant was the law, the "promise" of the covenant was being God's special possession of all peoples on earth. These two aspects of covenant were indivisible.
i. God makes provision for freeborn non-Israelites to dwell among Israel and share in its favor, so long as they also keep the covenant.
j. God permits Israel to maintain a permanent subclass of foreign-born slaves as personal property.
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Business Intelligence Fundamentals: Data Cleansing. Ola Ekdahl IT Mentors. Introduction to data cleansing SSIS tasks Data Profiling Fuzzy Lookup Fuzzy Grouping. Agenda. Introduction to Data Cleansing.
Business Intelligence Fundamentals: Data Cleansing
Introduction to data cleansing
Data cleansing or data scrubbing is the act of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or inaccurate records from a record set, table, or database. Used mainly in databases, the term refers to identifying incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate, irrelevant etc. parts of the data and then replacing, modifying or deleting this dirty data.
After cleansing, a data set will be consistent with other similar data sets in the system. The inconsistencies detected or removed may have been originally caused by different data dictionary definitions of similar entities in different stores, may have been caused by user entry errors, or may have been corrupted in transmission or storage.
Data cleansing differs from data validation in that validation almost invariably means data is rejected from the system at entry and is performed at entry time, rather than on batches of data.
The actual process of data cleansing may involve removing typos or validating and correcting values against a known list of entities. The validation may be strict (such as rejecting any address that does not have a valid postal code) or fuzzy (such as correcting records that partially match existing, known records).
The Data Profiling task computes various profiles that help you become familiar with a data source and identify problems in the data that have to be fixed.
After using the task to compute data profiles and save them in a file, you can use the stand-alone Data Profile Viewer to review the profile output.
Fuzzy Lookup enables you to match input records with clean, standardized records in a reference table.
Fuzzy Lookup returns the closest match and indicates the quality of the match.
Fuzzy Grouping enables you to identify groups of records in a table where each record in the group potentially corresponds to the same real-world entity.
The grouping is resilient to commonly observed errors in real data, because records in each group may not be identical to each other but are very similar to each other.
The task takes an input row and tries to find the best match or matches in the reference table as efficiently as possible.
By default, this is done by using the ETI to find candidate reference records that share tokens or q-grams in common with the input.
The best candidates are retrieved from the reference table and a more careful comparison is made between the two records.
Once there are no more candidates that could be better than any match found so far, Fuzzy Lookup stops and moves on to the next input row.
Fuzzy Grouping uses Fuzzy Lookup under the covers to perform the grouping.
Fuzzy Grouping passes its tokenization string intact to Fuzzy Lookup.
At run-time, Fuzzy Grouping uses to Fuzzy Lookup to build a temporary ETI against the input data and uses it to determine which input rows are close to each other.
Depending on the number of results it gets back and the resulting similarities between records, it generates groups.
Use the more lightweight DTExec.exe rather than the full SSIS Designer to execute packages in production.
Drop unused columns in your pipeline because they require memory.
For recurring Fuzzy Lookup tasks in which the reference table is considerably larger than the typical input table, you should consider pre-computing the index.
By default, Fuzzy Lookup will load the ETI and reference table into available memory before starting to process rows. If you only have a few rows to process in a particular run, you can reduce this time by setting the WarmCaches property to False.
The number of rows and columns has the greatest impact on performance. The more data you have, the more resources Fuzzy Lookup and Fuzzy Grouping require. The figures in the following sections show specific data for various scenarios.
The average number of tokens per string column on which a fuzzy match is performed also has an impact on performance. Fuzzy transforms are not meant for document retrieval. For longer fields (greater than 20 tokens), it might be more efficient to use the SQL Server full-text indexing features.
Fuzzy Lookup and Grouping
More recordings available at:
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Saturday, August 25, 2012
To progress from one grade to the next in school, you must complete a specific set of tasks and pass all necessary tests in order to proceed to the next grade level.
If you don’t complete these items, you need to repeat that grade until you learn what is needed to move onto the next grade.
At least that is how it used to be, and how it still should be, because that is a valuable lesson not only in school, but also in life that everyone needs to learn.
In life, you need to learn lessons to progress to the next level in your life, and if you don’t, you will find yourself repeating the same type of task, taking the same type of test, over and over again if necessary, which is crazy and it doesn’t have to be that way.
Remember Einstein’s definition of insanity- Doing the same thing and expecting different results.
It doesn’t always have to take years to progress to the next level if you just pay attention, pay close attention, because if you find that you keep repeating the same tasks, and don’t seem to be moving on to the next level of your life, you probably need to stop and re assess what you are doing that is keeping you from moving forward.
It’s when you figure this out that you will finally move onto what you have wanted to accomplish and your next level in life.
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The subjectivist theory of probability was developed by Frank Ramsey, Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985), and Leonard Jimmie Savage (1917–1971).
Bruno de Finetti (1937) and Frank Ramsey seem to have independently developed the subjectivist approach to probability. In turn, Savage drew on the work of Bruno de Finetti (Feduzi, Runde and Zappia 2014: 3).
The subjectivist theory renders a person’s subjective beliefs about probability numerically determinate and then consistent with the rules of the probability calculus (Feduzi, Runde and Zappia 2014: 3), and the key to this are the concepts of “coherence,” the “Dutch book argument,” and “exchangeable” events. But the subjectivist theory of probability in effect abolishes unquantifiable uncertainty by expressing probabilities in terms of numerical “point” probabilities by means of betting quotients that can supposedly be given to all conceivable subjective probabilities (Feduzi, Runde and Zappia 2014: 3).
Neoclassical decision-making theory in the form of subjective expected utility theory has adopted the subjectivist theory of probability, and Leonard J. Savage’s The Foundations of Statistics (1954; 2nd edn. 1972) was a crucial text for this.
Bayesian subjectivist probabilities are often an important part of this.
The result of this in modern neoclassical economics has been to abolish the distinction between risk and uncertainty. As Davidson notes,
“… immutable reality models typically employ a subjectivist orientation. Agents form subjective expectations (usually, but not necessarily in the form of Bayesian subjective probabilities). In the short run, subjective probabilities need not coincide with the presumed immutable objective probabilities. Today’s decision makers, therefore, can make short-run errors regarding the uncertain (i.e., probabilistic risky) future. Agents ‘learn’ from these short-run mistakes so that subjective probabilities or decision weights tend to converge onto an accurate description of the programmed external reality.” (Davidson 1996: 486).The trouble with this is that such a Darwinian “selection” of agents or entrepreneurs will not work if the future is not determinate and yet to be created, and subject to ontological uncertainty. Just because a decision made in the past turned out to be successful on the basis of some subjective probability estimate, it does not follow that decisions today by the same agent on the basis of subjective probability estimates will continue to be successful in the future.
Davidson, Paul. 1996. “Reality and Economic Theory,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 18.4: 479–508.
de Finetti, B. 1937. “La prévision: ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives,” Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré 7: 1–68.
de Finetti, B. 1964 . “Foresight: Its Logical Laws, its Subjective Sources,” in H. E. Kyburg, and H. E. Smokler (eds.), Studies in Subjective Probability. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 93–158.
Feduzi, Alberto, Runde, Jochen and Carlo Zappia. 2014. “De Finetti on Uncertainty,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 38.1: 1–21.
Savage, Leonard J. 1954. The Foundations of Statistics. Wiley, New York.
Savage, Leonard J. 1972. The Foundations of Statistics (2nd. rev. edn.). Dover Publications, New York.
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| 0.863898 | 782 | 2.875 | 3 |
Still, the impulse - earthward toward a genuine congress with the life of American lands - was valid, and under the continuing influence of European Romanticism it was incrementally strengthened through the succeeding three decades. In ''Rachel Dyer'' (1828), the literary lightning rod John Neal noted the trend and predicted that American places apparently bereft of all tradition and character would yield ''abundant and hidden'' sources of literary fertility to authors with sufficient insight to drive the plowshare of imagination down into them. In his novel of the Salem witch scare, Neal himself came close.
But more than Neal and more than Irving and Cooper and Hawthorne, too, it was the lonely iconoclast Thoreau who actually did this and so inaugurated the literature of place in national letters. Instead of lamenting the fact that he couldn't rewrite the ''Georgics'' and like Virgil speak confidently of the happiness of knowing the country gods of his native Mantua, Thoreau determined to make a literature out of the homely facts of his place and time. As early as 1839 - seven years before he began on ''Walden'' - he wrote in his journal that the wise man does not restlessly wish himself ever elsewhere but rather ''each moment abides there where he is.'' As he walked the woods and swamps of Concord or drifted in his boat, apparently aimless, on the surface of Walden Pond, it seemed to him that America was all restlessness and haste and that even the most settled portions of it were yet truly undiscovered. Spiritually speaking, Americans were still confined to that Atlantic beachhead and had not gone beyond so superficial a position to make real entry.
In ''Walden'' Thoreau took his own advice and found that in abiding there where he was, he had truly discovered far more than merely the shores of America. In cultivating his beanfield hard by the Lincoln Road, Thoreau struck down with his hoe through the layers of recent history, through the hidden lives of Irish laborers and black squatters to Indian arrowheads and beneath these at last to the bedrock of the New World. Ploughing in ground his village neighbors thought unpromising, he had in fact driven deep into the American earth and had taken imaginative possession of his portion of it. His harvest was a book that, like a pebble tossed into his pond, widened from the intensely local to the national and even the international. At last it was mythological, for he had succeeded in re-creating in his own time the ancient numinous sense of place, had become the Cecrops of that place.
''Walden,'' as we know, wasn't a commercial success, and Thoreau as an author wasn't, either. Some of his neighbors found his wayward efforts laughable. But George William Curtis, writing after the publication of ''Walden,'' correctly drew the lesson it had to teach American writers, saying that if others would study their own places as carefully as Thoreau had his, ''New England would seem as poetic and beautiful as Greece.''
Others, too, drew the lesson, even if not directly from Thoreau. The regionalists, many of them close to authentic folk sources, learned to make literature out of where they were and what they knew of their places, and this movement came to magnificent culmination in Mark Twain. In 1874, William Dean Howells had asked his friend for something for The Atlantic Monthly, and in thinking over what he might write, Twain suddenly came upon the vast treasure of the Mississippi, buried in his memory and beneath the apparently unpromising life of the seedy little town of his boyhood years. ''Life on the Mississippi'' and ''Huckleberry Finn'' showed American writers finally and forever that personally ancient stores of memory could supply everything requisite for literature, no matter where a writer happened to live, no matter how seemingly unforgiving and unsung the landscape. Memory, the experience of things undergone, could creatively join with the place of that experiencing and serve for that humus of mythology and deep historicity American writers lacked. THUS a later writer, Willa Cather, so unlike either Thoreau or Twain, could come to a similar conclusion, however hard her way to it. Uprooted in childhood from the fond hills and copses of her ancestral Virginia, Cather was plunked down amidst the treeless stretches of south-central Nebraska, a place, so she was later to recall, that seemed to her ''as bare as a piece of sheet iron.'' Not surprisingly, when she had escaped Nebraska for the East to become a writer, her first fictions were tales of resistance: artistic types set against their hostile prairie environment. It was not until she had encountered the ancient Anasazi ruins of the Southwest in 1912 that Cather could come to more creative terms with her prairie home place.
She had fallen in love with the Southwest, and as always, love had inspired imagination. More, it had provoked memory. Those long-silent structures she'd encountered in Arizona's Walnut Canyon had nothing to do with her personal history in a direct, blood sense. But in a larger, generic sense they had everything to do with her: they spoke eloquently of the history of the human race and of the often difficult, precarious accommodations human cultures must make with their environments. Her admiration for this particular accommodation thrust her back on her own past, to those accommodations on the prairie to which she herself had borne witness. ''Life began for me,'' she said, ''when I ceased to admire and began to remember.'' So, she turned back to Nebraska with a different eye, to the recollection of childhood friends, to the stories of pioneer life, the stark, unrhymed poetry of those lives. She saw the great land of the Divide anew, saw that it too had its songs, and determined that she herself would learn to sing them.
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| 0.984027 | 1,216 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Writing can contribute to the prevention of illness and reduce the anxiety associated with things that cause you stress. The following writing technique is different than keeping a daily diary, often called "journaling." The only rule is that you write continuously for 15 minutes. It looks simple to do, and it is. However, the effects are usually dramatic.
Take a sheet of paper and something to write with to a quiet place where you will not be disturbed for 15 minutes.
- Pick any issue that concerns you. You can write about things that have bothered you for years or something that occurred yesterday.
- Write continuously for 15 minutes. If you run out of things to say, just repeat what you have already written.
- Don’t worry about grammar, spelling, or sentence structure.
- While writing, do not read what you have already written.
- Don’t be concerned if you start crying while writing. It's common for this to happen.
- When you finish, tear up what you have written and toss it out so that no one else can read what you wrote. This allows you to write about your most private issues - things that you can not share with anyone.
- Write three to four times a week, if you find it helpful.
An Additional Writing Exercise
Each day, or whenever you wish, write about something for which you are grateful. It may be as few or as many words as you want. Then, whenever you're feeling "blue," read some of the things that you're grateful for to help lift your spirits.
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| 0.968769 | 321 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Energy & Water in Malawi
The country heavily relies on hydropower, which is projected to be increasingly exposed to large climate fluctuations. Électricité de France (EDF), our end-user seeks to better characterise the impacts of climate variability and future change on hydropower generation in Lake Malawi and the Shire river basin by addressing the following questions:
- Can past data help understand and attribute events which have a significant impact on river flow & water availability (like the recent years droughts)?
- Will future hydrological cycle of Lake Malawi and River Shire be changed due to climate change, and how?
- Can seasonal forecasts help anticipate such events a season ahead to better inform hydro-power plants and water resource management?
These issues related to the Lake Malawi and the Shire river catchment are shared by other river catchments in Southern Africa, and thus are relevant to the private energy sector but also to climate policy development in Southern Africa. This service is relevant to better assess the impacts of climate variability and change on energy production, on country-specific energy mix strategy (mainly hydropower, but an outlook extended for wind and solar will also be included) and on the design of renewable energy infrastructures.
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J0617 in IC 443: A neutron star located in a supernova remnant.
Caption: This wide-field composite image was made with X-ray (blue/ROSAT & Chandra), radio (green/Very Large Array), and optical (red/Digitized Sky Survey) observations of the supernova remnant, IC 443. The pullout, also a composite with a Chandra X-ray close-up, shows a neutron star that is spewing out a comet-like wake of high-energy particles as it races through space. Based on an analysis of the swept-back shape of the wake, astronomers deduced that the neutron star is located in the multimillion degree Celsius gas in the remnant. The direction of the wake is puzzling since it should point back toward the center of the remnant. A possible explanation is that it is being pushed aside by fast-moving gusts of gas in the remnant, much like cometary tails are pushed away by the solar wind.
Scale: Wide-field image is 46.5 by 49.3 arcmin; Inset image is 9.8 by 7 arcmin
Chandra X-ray Observatory ACIS Image
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| 0.946414 | 239 | 3.265625 | 3 |
I'm going to end this unit with a few tips on grammar. This is certainly not a course that focuses on grammar, but there are a few little grammar tips that I want to point out to you because they are especially relevant to scientific manuscripts. The first one has to do with the word data. You may not realize, but the word data is actually plural. You don't say the data is or the data shows you say the data are or the data show. Most people get this wrong in speaking and in writing so it's just something you have to teach yourself. After years of editing this now only the plural form sounds right in my head, but it took me a while to get used to it. So you would say these data show, the data support, the data are critical. You would only use the singular form if you were talking about one data point, a datum, which we hardly ever do. Be careful about the use of affect versus effect. It's very easy to mix these two up and it may not be caught by your grammar checker. Affect with an A is the verb form and effect with an E is the noun form. Affect is a verb to influence, effect is the noun form of this influence. So you would say the class affected her or you would say the class had an effect on her. Now there are some exceptions. I just want to point out that, in general, affect is the verb and effect is the noun, but there are a couple of exceptions. I'm going to point them out just for fun. Affect does have a noun form. It's hardly used outside of psychology but in psychology affect denotes a feeling or an emotion or an expression. There's also a verb form of effect. Again, it's only used in a very specific case, but you can say that someone effected a change. This means they brought about a change. Those are the exceptions, but, in general, affect is the verb form and effect is the noun form. This error is common. This is actually a headline from a newspaper I saw this a few years back. Some editor got it wrong. It says terrorist plots effect the beauty industry. Well, of course, we want not effect there but the verb form affect. Now, your scientific manuscript is not going to be rejected just because you make a small grammar mistake like this, but it shows professionalism if you get these things right and it shows sloppiness if you don't. Here's another one that a lot of people don't know. There's actually a difference between compared to and compared with. Compared to is used when you want to point out similarities between different things and this is a less common use. You might use it when you're making metaphors. So the classic example is: Shall I compare the to a summer's day? You're comparing a person to a summer's day. Those things are very different and you're trying to find something similar between them. In the sciences we almost always want to use compared with. Compare with means that you're pointing out differences between similar things which is usually what we're doing in science. We might be comparing two groups of mice or two tumors. For example, if we say "Brain tumors are relatively rare compared with more common cancers such as those of the lung, breast, and prostate. Compared with is correct here because we're comparing things that are similar, different types of tumors, and finding differences between them. Again, in science you almost always want to use compared with and not compared to. So watch out for that one. The use of that and which often gets confused so pay attention to this one. I edit this a lot. That is used when you have a restrictive or essential clause and which is used when you have a nonrestrictive or non essential clause. The easiest way to get this right is to recognize that clauses with which are set off with commas and clauses with that are not set off with commas. And let me give you an example. Here are two sentences. The vial that contained her RNA was lost. When you use that the vial that contained her RNA was lost, you are saying that there is, you are implying, that there is more than one vial. So the vial that contained her RNA was lost but maybe the vial that contained her DNA wasn't. That descriptor that contained her RNA is essential because there are multiple vials and you have to tell me which one you're talking about. Compare that to the second sentence. The vial which contained her RNA was lost in that sentence there's only one vial in question. Everybody knows what vial we're talking about. There's only one. Since there's only one vial in question, the fact that it contains her RNA is not essential. That's extra information so we can set it off with commas or even remove it entirely and it doesn't change the meaning. I'll give you some more examples of that versus which. This was a sentence I was editing. It says other disorders which have been found to co-occur with diabetes include heart disease and foot problems. The which is not correct here because have been found to co-occur with diabetes is an essential clause so instead of which we need a that there. And I think the authors realized that because they did not set the have been found to co-occur with diabetes off with commas so they knew it was essential material. There we're specifically talking about disorders that have been found to co-occur with diabetes so that material is essential so we have to use that. The key question to ask yourself in trying to get this right is, is your clause essential or non-essential. If it's essential you can't eliminate the clause from the sentence without changing the meaning. In that case use that. If it's non-essential information it can be set off with commas and it can be eliminated from the sentence without altering the meaning and then you use which. One more example. Notice the difference between these two. The bike that is broken is in the garage. That implies that there is more than one bike. The bike that's broken is in the garage, but the one that's working maybe that one is in the driveway. It identifies one bike out of many. So the fact that it's broken as opposed to not broken is essential information. It identifies which bike we're talking about. Compare that to the second sentence. The bike, which is broken is in the garage. In this case there's only one bike in question and we are just adding an extra piece of information about that particular bike. It happens to be broken. It's not essential information because there's only one bike that we're talking about so we can set it off with commas and we use which. I'll once again mention the elements of style by Strunk and White. That's a great book to pick up if you have time. They say careful writers, watchful for small conveniences, go witch hunting, remove the defining witches, and by doing so improve their work. And just to show you that even some of the best writers get the little grammar things wrong. The late physicist Richard Feynman was a wonderful writer, also a wonderful researcher. I'll be using some examples from his writing in this course as examples of good writing. But here's something he had written, "When we say we are a pile of atoms, we do not mean we are merely a pile of atoms because a pile of atoms which is not repeated from one to the other might well have the possibilities which you see before you in the mirror." And notice that there are two whiches in there and notice they are not set off with commas. Those are actually essential clauses so both of those should have been thats. It should be that and that. So even the best of us get these things wrong occasionally but pay attention and try to get them right when you can. One more example. Something I was editing, "Stroke incidence data are obtained from sources, which use the ICD classification systems." The authors set off the 'which use the ICD classification systems' with commas here, but actually you can see that that comma, that pause is kind of funny. There shouldn't be a pause. This is not extra information. We need to be told what sources we're talking about and you can see that because if you just stopped the sentence at stroke incidence data are obtained from sources it wouldn't make any sense. It leaves the reader hanging. The type of sources is essential. So we have an essential clause. We don't want to set it off with commas and we want to use that. So we would say, "Stroke incidence data are obtained from sources that use the ICD classification systems." Finally, one last thing to pay attention to is the use of the pronouns they or their when the subject of your sentence is singular. You want to have agreement here. So if you say each student worries about their grade that's actually incorrect. It should be each student read about her grade or each student worries about his grade. I think this one's tricky because in order to do this right you have to make a gender choice. So if you want to keep the whole thing singular you're going to have to choose he or she or him or her and you could write his slash her but that gets a little awkward and so oftentimes that's why we end up choosing their or they instead. So my recommendation to get around this issue is just to avoid using the singular when you find yourself in this situation. Instead of saying each student worries about her grade or each student worries about his grade or each student worries about his/her grade. Just turn it into the plural and say all students worry about their grades. That's a way to avoid having a disagreement here.
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School – Ysgol Llanbedr
Age – Year 1 and 2
Language – English
Length of activity – 7+ hours
AOLE – Humanities, Language, literacy and communication, Health and Wellbeing
This is a teacher’s medium term plan for the village of Lanbedr. It can be easily adapted to suit any school or setting.
Listening as part of collaborative talk
Understanding, response and analysis
Planning and organising for different purposes and context
The number system
Sourcing, searching and planning digital content
Creating digital content
Click on the titles to expand.
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Last week in TidBITS-382, I wrote a short piece warning people not to become complacent about viruses on the Macintosh. I received a number of notes, including one thanking me for the article (the reader ran Disinfectant, which promptly found virus infestations on his hard disk). Most, however, talked about what has become a more serious issue since I was last seriously involved in the anti-virus world - macro viruses, and especially those lurking in Microsoft Word 6.0 documents. Although we covered this topic in TidBITS-312 and TidBITS-314, the subject needs more attention.
Viruses and Macro Viruses -- On the Macintosh, viruses are usually small bits of code embedded in other files that can replicate themselves between files and between machines. Viruses may or may not cause damage; some are deliberately destructive, but some are just annoying. When I wrote about viruses last week, I was thinking about the traditional sort, which infect Macintosh files, mostly applications and the System file. The free program Disinfectant finds these viruses by scanning files for the specific code resources used by the viruses. Most Macintosh viruses are in fact named for their code resource signatures, such as nVIR and MBDF.<ftp://ftp.acns.nwu.edu/pub/disinfectant/ disinfectant36.sea.hqx>
Macro viruses aren't larger versions of viruses. They share the basic virus definition - small bits of code with replication capabilities that are embedded in other files - but instead of being Macintosh code resources, they're written in application macro languages, such as HyperTalk, Word Basic, or - conceivably - even AppleScript or Frontier's UserTalk. Unfortunately, since high-level application macro languages are generally easier than C, assembly, or other low-level programming languages, neophyte scum find it easier to write (or shamelessly copy and modify) macro viruses than more traditional viruses. Since Disinfectant only scans code resources, it doesn't identify macro viruses, and cannot protect you from them.Disinfectant also doesn't attempt to detect another class of malicious programs, called Trojan Horses. These programs often pose as a utility, game, or other useful program, but perform anything from a prank to severe disk damage when they run. Trojan Horses are rare on the Macintosh, and commercial anti-virus utilities should detect known examples.
The first macro viruses I know of were written in HyperTalk. They infected HyperCard stacks, and some still exist today, although few are destructive. HyperCard is alive and well, but it doesn't have the wide distribution and use it did when Apple bundled it for free with every Mac. As a result, HyperCard viruses aren't as much of a problem as they might be. For more information about HyperCard viruses and tools for eliminating them, check out HyperActive Software's HyperCard Viruses page.
Word Macro Viruses -- Of far more concern today are Word (and to a lesser extent, Excel) macro viruses. These viruses, written in Microsoft's Word Basic macro language (available only in Microsoft Word 6.0 and later), are embedded in Word documents. When an infected document is open, the macro viruses can copy themselves into your global template file, and from there into other Word documents.
To judge from the listings maintained by the Virus Test Center at the University of Hamburg, many Word macro viruses (over 1,100) exist, and new ones appear constantly. The problem is simple - since the Microsoft Office applications, including Word and Excel, are cross-platform, macro viruses written by PC users in Word Basic are often virulent even on the Macintosh as long as you run Word 6.0 or later. Of course, those macro viruses that try to do things like issue FORMAT C: commands can't hurt a Mac, but they can replicate themselves. Mike Groh, Software Development Manager at Virex manufacturer Datawatch, noted, "Macro viruses are quickly becoming a larger problem than Mac system viruses ever were at their peak. Improved cross-platform support for the Macintosh has brought with it one of the headaches of the PC world."
A number of readers commented that these macro viruses are commonplace in corporations because people trade Word documents around all the time, and corporations are more likely than individuals to have upgraded to, and standardized on, Word 6.0. Even worse, it's easy for these infected files to find their way into backup tapes and onto CD-ROMs, which makes it easier for them to spread and re-infect cleaned systems.
Eliminating Macro Viruses -- Since you can't use Disinfectant to find or remove Word macro viruses or any other sort of macro virus, you must rely on other tools. The two commercial anti-virus applications I mentioned last week, Virex and SAM, can both identify and eliminate many of these macro viruses, although reports from readers indicate that the viruses change frequently enough that even keeping up with Datawatch's and Symantec's updated virus listings isn't always enough. With over 200 new macro viruses appearing each month, that's not surprising, although Datawatch reportedly tries to do next-business-day turnaround when a customer sends in a new virus.
Microsoft also provides information about macro viruses and tools to help identify them. Notes from readers haven't been particularly positive about the performance and usefulness of the main utility, called MVTOOL, and the Microsoft Web site comments: "MVTOOL is able to scan for and disinfect files that contain the Concept virus. However, it is not able to detect or remove any of the other known macro viruses and is prone to crashing when processing a large number of files." MVTOOL works by notifying you when documents that you open contain macros, and lets you open the documents without the macros, which is useful, but not nearly as hands-off as anti-virus tools should be. Users simply can't be expected to know what is and what is not a macro virus.
Since I mainly use Word 5.1 when I use Word at all, I've never run into a Word macro virus and can't offer advice from personal experience. However, my feeling is that if you use and rely heavily on Word 6.0 or later, particularly if you frequently trade files with other users, it's worth getting and installing not only Microsoft's MVTOOL, but another commercial anti-virus tool such as Virex or SAM. Of course, if you don't need Word 6.0's features, Word 5.1 doesn't suffer from macro viruses at all, and can safely open infected Word 6 files. Ideally, a future version of Microsoft Office would have a feature that would prevent macro viruses.In the end, be careful out there. A major reason that the Macintosh world is plagued by relatively few traditional viruses is that the anti-virus tools are updated so quickly and utilized by such a large number of Macintosh users (and many of the programmers worked together on identifying and eliminating each new virus) that the viruses never had a chance to spread far. Vigilance is the only defense. If you own a commercial anti-virus program that fails to catch a macro virus that infects your documents, be sure to send the infected document (clearly labeled, of course) to the program's manufacturer immediately, so they can add it to their list of viruses to eradicate. Only then can we hope to get the upper hand in the fight against the macro viruses.
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Seattle, WA (PRWEB) June 11, 2013
2013 has brought with it record Lyme disease risk and now concerns about West Nile Virus. In Texas the first human case of West Nile has been confirmed in Anderson County. Health officials are urging people to take measures to protect themselves and their families.
According to the CDC, nine states have reported West Nile virus infections. The CDC website states that most often, WNV is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. Infected mosquitoes can then spread WNV to humans and other animals when they bite. http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html
Last year, Texas reported 1,868 human cases of West Nile illness, including 89 deaths. It was the worst outbreak in the nation.
Here are a few tips to help protect yourself, your family and outdoor working employees.
What Steps Can People Take To Protect Themselves from West Nile Virus Infection?
Symptoms of West Nile Virus (Courtesy of the CDC)
Approximately 1 in 5 people who are infected with West Nile virus will develop symptoms such as fever, headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or rash. Less than 1 percent will develop a serious neurologic illness such as encephalitis or meningitis (inflammation of the brain or surrounding tissues).
About 10 percent of people who develop neurologic infection due to West Nile virus will die. People over 50 years of age and those with certain medical conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, and organ transplants, are at greater risk for serious illness.
Patent-pending Insect Shield technology provides long-lasting, effective and invisible protection against insects. In addition to mosquitoes, Insect Shield apparel products repel ticks, ants, flies, chiggers, and midges (no-see-ums) through 70 launderings. Insect Shield is EPA-registered, odorless and appropriate for the entire family.
About Insect Shield Technology:
Insect Shield® Repellent Apparel and Insect Shield® Repellent Gear are revolutionary products designed to provide long-lasting, effective and convenient personal insect protection. The durable protection provided by Insect Shield apparel and gear is the result of years of research and testing. In July 2003, Insect Shield Repellent Apparel was registered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Insect Shield Technology is utilized by leading lifestyle brands, work wear distributors and international relief organizations across the globe to provide effective protection against insects and the diseases they can carry. Insect Shield is an approved vendor for the US Army and US Marine Corps.
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• Germans Definition & Synonyms
- (pl. ) of German
• German Definition & Synonyms
- (n.) A native or one of the people of Germany.
- (n.) Of or pertaining to Germany.
- (n.) The German language.
- (a.) Nearly related; closely akin.
- (n.) A social party at which the german is danced.
- (n.) A round dance, often with a waltz movement, abounding in capriciosly involved figures.
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Drayson Racing and Aston University (UK) have launched a major partnership to develop and demonstrate low carbon automotive technologies. The partnership will investigate 'second generation' biofuels to create high performance cars with reduced CO2 emissions.
Renewable energy has always been a key concern for Lord Drayson, the former UK Minister for Science, who formed Drayson Racing to act as a racing laboratory to pioneer the development of green technologies and remove reliance on fossil fuels in motor racing. Last year, Drayson Racing achieved the first ever international pole & win for a bio-ethanol fuelled race car in the highly competitive American Le Mans Series endurance race at Road America -- proving the effectiveness of its unique 200 mph+ Flex-Fuel race car while producing approximately 40% less carbon impact than the petrol fuelled cars that it beat.
Next generation biofuels are seen as providing one of the cost effective way of reducing CO2 emissions of internal combustion engines over the next two decades with the extreme conditions experienced in motor racing offering an exciting platform for developing this low carbon technology to a wider audience. They are produced from waste biomass such as straw, wood and sewage sludge, removing reliance on dedicated food crops.
The Drayson Racing and Aston University partnership will in particular investigate;
- The production of 'second generation' biofuels from sources such as organic waste;
- Improving the stability and reliability of 'second generation' biofuels;
- Enhancing the ability of high performance engines to optimise performance;
- Developing materials for use in fuel pumps and other areas which are capable of surviving a highly aggressive biofuel environment.
Aston University's expertise in low carbon and sustainable research includes involvement in the UK's largest study into long-term low carbon vehicle use, investigating the performance of fuel cells, electric, and hydrogen power cars. The University's European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI) is a world leader in biofuels and biomass research. Current projects include the transformation of algae, wood waste and sewage sludge into new forms of energy. Aston's Polymer, Bioenergy, Mechanical Engineering, Photonics and Computer Science research groups will all be working with Drayson Racing.
Lord Drayson, former UK Minister for Science and Innovation, Managing Partner of Drayson Racing and Aston alumnus, said; "I'm thrilled to be working with Aston University on this exciting and important research area which leverages Aston's leadership in biofuels research and their established links with the biotech and automotive industries. We have pioneered the use of second-generation cellulosic bio-ethanol in motor racing for over four years."
He added; "Reducing vehicle emissions is one of the critical challenges of the next 20 years. Road transport accounts for 25 to 35% of CO2 emissions in developed countries, and the major source of these emissions is private cars. We are keen to apply what we have learnt on the track to novel products that will improve the performance of future vehicles while reducing their carbon impact."
Professor Robert Berry, Executive Dean of Engineering at Aston University, said;"This new partnership is extremely exciting for us all. The opportunity to partner with Drayson Racing is particularly unique and motivating: working at the leading edge of this highly competitive sport where engines and drivers are operating at their respective limits will encourage a real acceleration of research results into practice."
Cite This Page:
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Expressing "everyone" with "shei"
"谁也/都" (shéi yě/dōu) is a pattern used to express "everyone" in Chinese. The placement of the question word 谁 is very similar to the way 什么 (shénme) can be used to express "every", along with other question words like 哪儿 (nǎ'er) and 多少 (duōshǎo).
- 谁 都 能 学 汉语。Everyone can study Chinese.
- 谁 都 知道 他 做 了 什么。Everyone knows what he did.
- 谁 都 想 挣 钱。Everyone wants to make money.
Sources and further reading
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For those of you who spend time outdoors, one of the fears we run into is a tick bite. For a long time, this fear was more commonly found on the east coast where ticks are much more present. But with the changes of weather patterns, ticks are becoming more and more common even on the west coast.
So why are ticks such a big deal? Aren't they just a tiny little bug that burrows themselves into your skin until they are done feeding?
Ticks are a problem because they commonly carry a disease known as Lyme Disease. For a long time, we didn't have very efficient ways of treating Lyme Disease. In fact, the actual diagnosis process for Lyme has been very inaccurate, which means many cases of Lyme have gone on for far too long without proper diagnosis.
What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease?
The big problem with treating Lyme Disease is that the symptoms can prevent itself in many different ways, and it is a master at masking itself as something else. Unless you receive what is known as the “bulls-eye rash” from the initial bite, you can go a long time (even years) without knowing what is wrong with you.
Below are some signs and symptoms to look out for if you have been in contact with a tick, or suspect Lyme:
- Rashes- This is typically the bulls-eye rash that is found from a tick bite. If you do see this, take a picture to show the doctor, and get checked out immediately
- Fatigue- The initial symptoms of Lyme can mimic what you would experience with the flu. A very large percentage of people experience tiredness, exhaustion, or lack of energy.
- Achy, Stiff, or Swollen Joints- Many times Lyme causes inflammation within your body, which can elevate achy, stiff, or swollen joints.
- Night Sweats and Sleep Disruption- You may wake up with achy joints, or possibly have temperature fluctuations causing night sweats and other disruptions to your sleep.
- Cognitive Decline- You may notice that you have issues recalling memories, or maybe you struggle with concentrating. There are many different cases for cognitive decline that has been correlated with Lyme
- Headaches, Dizziness, Fever- More common flu symptoms that you may have when first contracting Lyme. Over 50% of cases report having flu-like symptoms.
- Sensitivity to Light and Vision Issues- Having a hard time in well-lit areas can be a sign that your body is trying to fight Lyme Disease.
- Heart Problems- Lyme Disease can enter the tissues of the heart, causing chest pains, heart palpitations, light-headedness, and shortness of breath
Where can Lyme Disease be found?
Lyme Disease has been found on every content in the world, except Antarctica. The most common way we know of to contract Lyme is via a tick bite, however there are theories that any bug that transmits blood can also spread Lyme (such as mosquitoes).
Not all ticks are infected though. Just because you may find one on your body, does not necessarily mean that you will have Lyme Disease. There are testing centers where you can send your tick to test for Lyme and other pathogens. You can find a few of these testing centers down in the shownotes.
Treating Lyme Disease
Dr. Darin Ingels ND is a practicing physician who has Lyme Disease himself. He has worked with many patients to help reduce overall symptomology of Lyme Disease, and has an upcoming book on his approach to treating Lyme Disease. Listen in to this episode to learn some steps on how to treat the disease.
[2:15] Can you discuss your own struggles with Lyme Disease
[6:00] Do you think if you didn't have the stress of opening a clinic you would have been able to avoid the symptoms of Lyme disease
[7:10] Is the herbal protocol you used tailored to you, or was it more specifically tailored towards Lyme
[8:10] What is Lyme Disease, and what are some early symptoms
[11:00] What is the amount of time after receiving a tick bite can they transmit Lyme Disease
[12:45] Tick centers that test for Lyme also test for other pathogens
[13:00] Are ticks the only way to receive Lyme
[14:00] Why are ticks becoming more popular on the West Coast when they normally were only found on the East Coast
[16:50] Why were so many people misdiagnosed with other diseases when Lyme was the main cause
[22:15] Do those with suppressed immune systems who get bit by a tick with Lyme, then would the disease run wild within the body
[23:30] Does Lyme cause other autoimmune issues
[25:45] Can you completely remove Lyme from the body
[27:30] What is your treatment process for treating Lyme Disease
[33:50] Mold can have the exact same symptoms as Lyme Disease
[38:00] In Step 1 of the process, we want to make sure the GI Tract is functioning properly
[40:20] What are some symptoms to look out for in a disfunctioning GI Tract
Learn More About Dr. Darin Ingels
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“Are we to paint what’s on the face, what’s inside the face, or what’s behind it?” Pablo Picasso once asked. Through the intersecting planes of his Cubism, the artist achieved all three, portraying himself as a god-like, omnipresent creator. But at what cost — and at whose expense?
This May, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City will sell Picasso’s first major sculpture, “Tête de femme (Fernande)”, at auction. Christie’s have placed an eye-watering estimate of $30,000,000 on the piece. Lauded as the work which launched Analytical Cubism, it has cemented Picasso as a master of modernism. But few have acknowledged the story of the woman who inspired it: Picasso’s first great muse, Fernande Olivier.
Born Amélie Lang, Olivier first met Picasso in 1904, while working in Montmartre as an artist and model. After moving in with him, she posed for more than 60 portraits, both in Picasso’s Paris studio and during trips abroad. One summer in Spain, the artist created a series of paintings focused on Olivier’s head from multiple viewpoints, capturing her high cheekbones, straight nose and full lips. These experimental portraits culminated in “Tête de femme”.
Some 20 years after her seven-year relationship with Picasso ended, Olivier attempted to create her own self-portrait, writing a series of memoirs about their life together. Six extracts were published in Le Soir before Picasso, who was by this time both famous and wealthy, used lawyers to silence her. Powerful men, unfortunately, have a history of misusing NDAs and making settlements to protect their reputations — and cover up crimes against women.
Eventually published, Olivier’s account exposed an abusive relationship in which Picasso prevented her from both painting and modelling for other artists. He believed that women should not “trespass on men’s preserve” and would even keep her locked inside the house while he went out. While he immortalised her in art, he didn’t value his muse as an artist or woman in her own right. It’s difficult not to see a desire to control in “Tête de femme” — viewers are not only invited to imagine the artist moving around his model while working, but to circle the sculpture and touch its surface themselves.
Olivier had gifted Picasso his seminal subject: from this point onwards, the female form dominated the artist’s practice, across all media. As with any abuser, a pattern emerged in Picasso’s life and art: a woman would provide him with inspiration for his greatest portraits, before being discarded for a younger muse. He even took pride in this attitude: “Every time I change wives I should burn the last one. That way I’d be rid… You kill the woman and you wipe out the past she represents.” Of course, he was still happy to keep making money from the art each one had inspired.
Although Picasso’s muses have frequently been used as chronological markers in his career, their influence over his ever-evolving style has been downplayed and overlooked. This was a narrative which the artist constructed: “Inspiration exists, but it has to find you working”, he once exclaimed, presenting himself as a creative genius, whose success was born out of his talents, and toil, alone. But his version of events is unmistakably a myth.
In 1917 Picasso met Olga Khokhlova, a ballet dancer with the Ballets Russes, who became his first wife. Khokhlova left the company after meeting him; like Picasso’s other muses, she served his creative practice over furthering her own career. During his marriage to Khokhlova, Picasso adopted thinner, more lyrical lines and a Neoclassical approach to depict his muse, who appears poised in countless portraits like “Portrait d’Olga dans un fauteuil” (1918). After the couple’s child, Paulo, was born in 1921, Picasso began to explore motherhood and domesticity, in works which present Khokhlova as a maternal muse in the style of the Madonna.
In 1927, Picasso changed aesthetic direction again, after beginning an affair with Marie-Thérèse Walter. While Picasso aged, his muses became ever younger: Walter was just 17 when they met outside a department store. With and through Walter, Picasso cemented the romanticised image of a submissive female muse who serves the erotic male gaze. Likely because of her youth, she primarily exists in his paintings as passive: a reclining, sleeping muse.
Unsurprisingly, in a secondary art market still dominated by male dealers and collectors, Walter sells particularly well at auction: “Woman sitting by a window (Marie-Therese)” (1932) achieved $103.4 million at Christie’s in May 2021.
But, of course, Picasso soon needed new inspiration. In stark contrast to golden girl Walter, it was dark-haired Dora Maar who next entered his life. Another artist — she was a successful Surrealist photographer — Maar left an indelible mark on his practice. In her darkroom, she taught him to develop black and white photographs, while outside it she indoctrinated him in her ultra-Left-wing politics; both infused not only Picasso’s portraits of her, but the epic anti-war mural, “Guernica” (1937).
Maar was the one who found Picasso a studio large enough for his huge protest painting — the site was the former headquarters of her radical political group, Contre Attaque. Inside the space, Maar photographed Picasso making the mural and helped him with sections of painting it. Leaving his bright palette behind, he created “Guernica” in black and white, influenced by Maar’s photography. There is even a darkroom spotlight in the picture, beneath which appears, for the first time, Picasso’s famous “Weeping Woman”.
That same year, Picasso painted a stand-alone portrait of Maar as “The Weeping Woman”, crying glass tears. If you look closely, you can see black war planes in her eyes; Maar was a profoundly political being. But the portrait is often read, in typically patriarchal narratives that frame women as mere partners, as an inflection of her troubled relationship, and the abusive way in which Picasso treated her. He was still involved with Walter when it was painted, and enjoyed pitting the two women against one another.
Walter once confronted Dora Maar in Picasso’s studio, insisting that the artist’s new muse leave. Picasso continued to paint while they argued, before Walter turned to him, demanding, “Make up your mind. Which one of us goes?” He later recalled, “It was a hard decision to make. I liked them both, for different reasons: Marie-Thérèse because she was sweet and gentle and did whatever I wanted her to, and Dora because she was intelligent … I told them they’d have to fight it out themselves. So they began to wrestle.” Picasso later referred to this incident as one of his “choicest memories”.
The truth was, the artist wished viewers to see him in possession of not one romantic muse, but many. In a double portrait from 1937, “Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée” (1937), Maar’s half profile has interspliced with Walter’s; fusing his muses’ faces, Picasso appears to be boasting on the canvas. He was not subtle about the way he abused his lovers. The painter once declared, “there are only two kinds of women, goddesses and doormats”.
In Ancient Greek mythology, muses were the former: there were nine goddesses on whom artists, musicians and poets could call to be endowed with divine inspiration for their creations. But in the modern age, Picasso was one of many who attempted to shift all power to the male artist, portraying his talents as innate and obscuring the input of his muses. While elevating these women to goddesses in his masterpieces, Picasso was destroying them at home. Upon her separation from Picasso, Maar suffered a nervous breakdown; Walter committed suicide.
Picasso wasn’t the only one to abuse his muses. Italian sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini had the face of his unfaithful model, Costanza Bonarelli, slashed. Edward Hopper’s wife, the artist Josephine Nivison Hopper, helped her husband launch his career; he physically abused her and banned her from painting. “If there can be room for only one of us, it must undoubtedly be he,” she wrote in her diary. Today, she is recognised primarily as the isolated female figure in many of Edward Hopper’s paintings. Seeking to paint visions of an earthly paradise, Paul Gauguin, too, mistreated his teenage models in Tahiti. In 2020, London’s Royal Academy included a disclaimer to accompany Gauguin’s portraits of young Polynesian girls, who he not only fetishised, but sexually exploited.
Indeed, in the wake of #MeToo, galleries are starting to recognise the overlooked — and often pivotal — role of the muse. The Tate Modern dedicated a solo show to Dora Maar in 2019/20, celebrating her experiments in photography, photomontage and painting, while discussing the deep effect she had on Picasso’s practice. (The show would have been good regardless of that relationship.) Perhaps the Met will use the millions it will make from Olivier’s body to enrich its collection with works by female artist-muses like Maar. For too long, these women — enclosed in golden frames, hung on the walls of major museums and sold for millions at auction — have ensured the legacy of men who exploited them while also depending on them, without getting any credit.
“To my misfortune, and maybe my delight, I place things according to my love affairs,” Picasso once remarked. Having made a fortune out of his lovers, it’s rich of the artist to suggest these partnerships were a “misfortune”. His career was built on women whose own needs, careers and stories he deliberately suppressed. Patriarchal accounts of art history have perpetuated this myth of the “Spanish genius”, while the art market has continued to cash in on it. It’s clear, though, that Picasso, choosing many muses who were creatives, extorted their talents.
From his first muse until the last, Picasso was intent on claiming ownership of each woman in his life. He packaged these individuals, and the intimate relationships he had with them, as a saleable product to make him profit. But portraiture is a two-way process; the results reveal both model and artist. Picasso’s expose a man obsessed with presenting himself as an all-powerful creator; but, if we look again, we might see that he, like male artists throughout history, is also a product of his muses.
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Improve Health Care Access of Northern Residents
Goals of the Project
- Design effective processes and forums for collaboration involving
northern community residents and health care organizations to
discuss access issues and generate solutions.
- Describe issues of access to health services from the experiences
of northern residents.
- Identify quantitative and qualitative population health data that are
appropriate and relevant for use by northern communities.
- Build community capacity to use health data and access theory to
understand community experiences in accessing health services,
as well as capacity to influence program planning and policy
- Evaluate the design of health service delivery to improve access
by northern residents.
- Influence healthy public policy to ensure it is appropriate and
relevant for people and communities of the north.
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| 0.900038 | 156 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Source: Journal of Science Teacher Education, Vol. 24, Issue 2, March 2013, p. 269-295.
(Reviewed by the Portal Team)
The purpose of this article is to offer the validity and reliability evidence for teacher science content assessments developed as part of the Diagnostic Teacher Assessments of Mathematics and Science (DTAMS) project.
A total of three separate assessments, which focused on physical science, life science, and earth/space science, have been developed.
The article is organized around two major phases in developing and establishing the validity and reliability of these assessments:
the process of assessment development which included strategies designed to strengthen the validity and reliability of score interpretations, and
empirical results from approximately 4,400 teachers.
This discussion summarizes validity and reliability arguments and outlines potential uses of these assessments.
Validity Evidence from Assessment Development Process
Validity was strengthened by systematic synthesis of relevant documents, extensive use of external reviewers, and field tests with 900 teachers during assessment development process.
These assessments were designed to strategically sample across both a depth of knowledge and a breadth of knowledge dimension.
The subsequent results from 4,400 teachers, analyzed with Rasch IRT modeling techniques, offer construct and concurrent validity evidence.
Potential Uses of DTAMS Science Assessments
These science assessments offer evidence of both validity of potential score interpretations and reliability of those scores from multiple sources of evidence.
Valid and reliable assessments of teacher science content knowledge provide access to direct measurement of a crucial variable of interest to educational researchers, professional development providers, and science teacher educators.
These assessments could be used to determine the impact of workshops, courses, or other experiences on teachers’ knowledge.
These assessments are designed around content knowledge needed to teach middle school science, but are not limited to a depth of knowledge appropriate for middle school students. Thus, using these assessments with middle school students is inappropriate since they are not likely to yield useful information for that population.
These assessments are best suited for measuring impacts of programs that intend to broadly improve middle school teachers’ science knowledge in one of the three content domains.
This implies a best match for valid assessment in programs that include significant, sustained efforts.
These assessments may be used in a comparative manner.
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Most of us, who have been using toilet paper for generations, find the concept of using bidets a bit awkward. However, if we remember the fact that most of our everyday body cleansing is done with water, it will be easier to accept the concept of using bidets. Not only is the bidet a more natural way of cleaning yourself after going to the restroom, it is in fact more hygienic as well. However, given the skeptical nature of human mind, many misconceptions have been making rounds about the usage of bidets.
One of the most common misconceptions about bidet usage is that it will discharge the water up into the bottoms. This is entirely untrue as the device is designed to spray the water on the outer surface of the butt. Moreover, one can control the speed of flow of water as per one’s own comfort level.
Another common misconception that concerns people considering installing a bidet is that it will cause large amounts of water to be wasted. Studies have shown that the average time for which people wash their butts with the help of a bidet is around fifteen seconds. It is therefore quite understandable that the quantity of water used during this duration is definitely much lesser than what it takes to clean one’s hands.
Article By: basicbidet
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Page name: middle earth dragons [Logged in view]
# of watchers: 2
art work on this page is 'Smaug'
dragon created by J.R.R. Tolkien in the Hobbit
art © by the Brothers Hildebrandt
and is featured in The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar
Middle Earth Dragons
Types: Long-worms, Were-worms, Fire-drakes, Cold-drakes
Other names: worms
Meaning: ultimately from the Greek "drakon", meaning "serpent"
Mighty reptilian creatures who ranked among the most feared of the servants of the Dark Lord. Of the origins of dragons, no tale tells; the first of them to be seen was Glaurung, Father of Dragons, who first issued from Angband in the middle of the First Age. After Glaurung came many others to strike fear into Elves and Men for the next three ages; among them were Ancalagon the first winged dragon, Scatha who dwelt in the cold northern wastes, and Smaug, last of the great dragons.
Dragons have powers of intelligence and speech, and many are also able to cast the dragon-spell, a bewildering confusion that affects any who gaze into the eye of the creature.
The dragons were not destroyed at the end of the Third Age; some are said to have survived to our own time, but the great worms and drakes of the Elder Days are no more.
Back to Dragon
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| 0.927883 | 319 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Cotoneaster > Leaves > Curled or stunted leaves
1 of 2
- Patches of white, powdery or felt-like fungal patches on leaf surfaces
- Leaves and shoots may be puckered or distorted
- New leaves and shoots may be smaller than normal
- Powdery white fungal growth may be present on ripened berries
- Symptoms may develop over a single season, or over several years
- More information on powdery mildew...
2 of 2
Woolly apple aphid
- Feeding causes curled and stunted terminal leaves
- Adults produce white waxy material and form cottony white colonies
- Normally feed on new growth, but may be found feeding on new bark near wound sites
- Produce large amounts of sticky honeydew that is colonized by sooty mold
- More information on Woolly Apple Aphid...
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The following map was published
by National Geographic Vol. 178, No.2, August
1990 , less than a year before the civil wars
broke in ex-Yugoslavia, on page 105. The front page of the August issue
Yugoslavia, A House Much Divided
The above map was designed
by the National Geographic Society Cartographic Division.
Design: Bob Pratt
Research: Ross M. Emerson
Production: John L. Beeson, James E. McClelland, Jr.
Map Editor: Jon A. Sayre, Sr.
Consultants: George W. Hoffman, Charles Jelavich [a Croat]
(N.G.) NOTE: Colors represent
areas where an ethnic nationality constitutes 50% or more of the population.
What should you note on the
- The Serbs, here presented
in light green, are majority population over large portions of Bosnia (in
1990) as well as large portions of Tito designed "Croatia".
- Future "Bosniacs"
(here simply "Muslims") - are, at last,
presented at all as a separate "nationality". On the map
they are presented in brown. They are majority population only in a small
discontinuous portion of Bosnia, and in part of Serbia. Why was ENTIRE
Bosnia-Hercegovina given to their control?
- The white areas, according
to the map, are areas with "No predominant ethnic group". Note
that those include:
These were exacly places of heavy battles between different ethnic groups.
Also, the battles raged at the places of contact between majority area
- Last but not least: The ethnic
map of Yugoslavia was not secret. Here we see it in a public publication
accessible to anyone interested. Those (thousands) of Western media people
that repeated over and over that the Serbs "occupied", "conquered",
"landgrabbed" portions of Croatia, Bosnia - had to know that
they were involved in pure propaganda.
The above presented map was
accompanied by a short history of the area. We will provide excerpts from
a few (Quote:)
(Province): To dilute Serbian hegemony, President Tito (1953 to
1980) promoted greater self-rule for the provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo,
although they remanined subordinate to the Republic of Serbia. Though the
Serbs are the largest group in Vojvodina, ethnic Hungarians constitute
a large minority.
(Province): The hearland of medieval Serbia - dirt poor but mineral
rich - Kosovo is home to some 1.7 million ethnic Albanians. Predominantly
Islamic in faith, they are Yugoslavia's fastest growing population and
a source of enmity to Serbian nationalists who view Kosovo as a kind of
Serbs make up 40 percent of Yugoslavia's population. Determined to maintain
national unity... Serbs revere the memory of their 14th-century emperor,
Stefan Dus"an, who extended Serbian rule in the Balkans. Fierce fighters,
the Serbs defied Turkish control and preserved the Serbian Orthodox faith
through centuries of occupation.
Once part of the Serbian empire, this isolated mountainous kingdom gained
fame as a sanctuary for Serbian freedom fighters after the Battle of Kosovo
Field. For centuries... Montenegro maintained its autonomy during the Ottoman
and HERCEGOVINA: Religious mavericks, Bosnians once included the
wrath of popes by following a heretical sect as Bogomils. Later they and
the people of Hercegovina provided the largest number of Slavic converts
to Islam during Ottoman rule. Muslims were recognized as an ethnic nationality
[by Tito's Communists] in 1969. Today the republic is 40 percent Islamic.
...Balkan brew of Slavs... Serbian(!!!) Macedonia became a republic when
the modern Yugoslav state was formed [for the second time - by the Communists]
One of the "peasant nations" of the Habsburg empire... Through
the centuries its cities were outposts of German culture. That the Slovene
language was preserved is a tribute to continued use by the peasant population
and Roman Catholic clerics.
...flourished in 10th and 11th centuries, after which it was dominated
by the Hungarian kingdom.
OUR NOTE: The country
of Yugoslavia was formed in 1918. Its first name was the "Kingdom
of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes". Those three nations were the constituent
nations of Yugoslavia. Thus, they have the right to (using peaceful
means) negotiate leaving the union.
of Kosovo are NOT constituent nation of Yugoslavia. They are minority
in the true sense of the term. To make a precedent and give Albanians of
Kosovo "right" to secede would open a whole new Pandora's box
in the international relationships.
[ Ethnic maps of Yugoslavia ]
[ Communist Yugoslavia ]
The truth belongs
to us all.
free to download, copy and redistribute.
May 3, 1998
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| 0.931774 | 1,076 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What does public accounting mean?
Public accounting refers to a business that provides accounting services to other firms. Public accountants provide accounting expertise, auditing, and tax services to their clients. This can include the handling of many accounting functions on an outsourced basis. Auditing the financial statements of clients.
What is the difference between public accounting and industry?
Industry experience: Public accountants work with a broad range of clients from individuals to corporations or other large organizations. They can be involved in many industries, including the government. A private accountant may only get exposure to one industry.
Is public accounting stressful?
Public accounting is one of the most stressful and intensive professions which requires patience and dedication.
What does a private accountant do?
Private accountants work with internal business or financial managers to plan their company’s cost of doing business and to evaluate fiscal performance. [Private accountants’] daily activities revolve primarily around management reporting.
What pays more public or private accounting?
In private accounting, for example, the salary midpoint (or median national salary) for entry-level general accountants in their first year is $48,500. Public accountants in audit/assurance services with up to one year of experience can expect a midpoint salary of $48,750.
What is the 8 branches of accounting?
The famous branches or types of accounting include: financial accounting, managerial accounting, cost accounting, auditing, taxation, AIS, fiduciary, and forensic accounting.
What are the 3 major areas of accounting?
There are three major areas of accounting:Financial Accounting: Financial accounting is where accounting deals with external parties interested in the business firm. Managerial Accounting: Cost Accounting:
What are the major areas of accounting?
Here are some of the different areas of accounting and what they entail.Financial accounting. Management accounting. Governmental accounting. Public accounting. Cost accounting. Forensic accounting. Tax accounting. Auditing.
What are the two types of accounting?
The two primary methods of accounting are accrual accounting (generally used by companies) and cash accounting (generally used by individuals).
What are the three types of accountants?
What Are the Different Types of Accountants?Staff Accountant. A staff accountant is a great option for anyone who has a bachelor’s degree in accounting and who wants a variety of work. Certified Public Accountant. Investment Accountant. Project Accountants. Cost Accountant. Management Accountant. Forensic Accountant. Auditor.
What is the highest position of an accountant?
Chief Financial Officer
How many types of accounts are there in SBI?
How do you classify accounts?
According to modern approach, the accounts are classified as asset accounts, liability accounts, capital or owner’s equity accounts, withdrawal accounts, revenue/income accounts and expense accounts.
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People with a tendency to suffer from allergic conditions are said to be atopic.
About 15 per cent of the population are affected by one or more atopic conditions. Atopic eczema affects about 15 per cent of children and up to 5 per cent of adults in the UK.
The immune system of people with atopic eczema is active in a particular way. They especially make large amounts of a protein called IgE.
IgE is one of a handful of proteins called immunoglobulins or antibodies – the purpose of which are to act as catalysts for the protective cells of the immune system to recognise and lock on to the protein components of foreign invaders.
IgE is present in small amounts in everyone. However, in atopic eczema more is produced because of increased sensitivity to substances that are inhaled or eaten, or substances in contact with the skin.
These could be animal dander, foodstuffs, house dust mite, or bacteria or yeasts that live on the skin in everyone and usually cause no problems. Most individuals with atopic eczema react to all of these things to varying degrees.
The distinction between atopic eczema, allergic contact eczema ('dermatitis') and irritant contact eczema is that in the first two the immune reaction sits in the middle and determines whether an individual will or will not react.
In irritant contact eczema, the antigen-antibody system is bypassed and the skin reaction occurs as a direct result of the chemical effects of the irritant on the skin.
In allergic contact eczema, the person slowly develops a skin reaction to a specific substance that has been in contact with their skin.
Features of atopic eczema
Although the first episode of atopic eczema can be delayed to adulthood, the majority of people have a history that goes back to their childhood.
About half of affected children show improvement by the age of six and 85 per cent by the time puberty starts.
About 70 per cent of people have a family history of at least one of the atopic conditions. This points to genetic links to atopy, but the relationship is complex.
A combination of genetics and environmental exposures probably determine whether an individual develops atopic eczema, but we do not yet know what the most important influences are.
The main symptom, as with all types of eczema, is itch. Generally the skin is dry but the most affected skin looks red, with a slightly raised but ill-defined margin when the eczema is active.
Lumps or blisters, some oozing of fluid from the skin surface and scaling of the skin, are all features of flare-ups.
After the acute episodes the skin will settle down to a less active longer-term appearance, which is a bit less angry looking but shows more in the way of thickening, scoring and darkening of the skin where it is most scratched.
In infants and children, the affected skin is mostly the face and as they get a bit older the rash spreads to the body and limbs. The napkin area is usually spared, although it may be inflamed from the effect of urine or the overgrowth of yeast organisms on the skin (thrush).
White children tend to get the most trouble on the 'flexures' – the skin creases on the meeting surfaces of the joints. Elbows, wrists, behind the knees and fronts of the ankles are typical.
Black and Asian children tend to be affected on the opposite side of the joints, such as the point of the elbow or front of the knees. Adults show more involvement of the face and trunk again.
Superficial infection of the skin causes increased redness and heat, weeping and perhaps crusting. Small blisters may contain pus.
Infected eczema does not usually give signs of general infection, such as a raised temperature.
The diagnosis of atopic eczema is usually quite straightforward on the basis of the symptoms, appearance and positive family history of atopy.
Although blood tests will be likely to show generally raised levels of the IgE antibody this is not in itself either necessary or helpful to the doctor.
The IgE RAST test (a blood test) looks at more specific allergens such as general food groups, house dust mite and animal dander.
However, these should be interpreted with caution and may only be useful for a proportion of younger individuals with eczema.
Keeping a food diary can be helpful to identify food triggers.
Your doctor may perform a range of other allergy tests if he or she believes them to be beneficial.
The following is an overview of treatments.
Easier said than done, especially when there may be many possible allergens, when they are common items that are hard to avoid or when it is unknown what the most important allergens are.
In general terms: cotton clothing is less irritating, animal dander, such as from cats and dogs, should be avoided as much as possible and reasonable steps should be taken on the house to reduce general dust and house dust mite levels (damp dusting, regular vacuuming, anti-allergen bedding).
Exclusions of foods are rarely helpful and are now little used in treatment.
Moisturise the skin
The problems of using enough moisturiser are mainly practical ones. The skin still dries out during the course of the day, so re-application is necessary but is often inconvenient to do. However, the greater the use of moisturisers, the less is the need for active treatments such as steroid creams.
Hand washing removes oils and moisture from the skin, so there should always be a supply of moisturiser at the sink (as well as a non-soap based hand cleaner like aqueous cream or emulsifying ointment).
Prescriptions for moisturisers need to be of adequate amounts to enable their liberal use.
It's perfectly normal for bacteria to be present on the surface of our skin. But in eczema the skin defences are weakened, and bacterial invasion of the deeper layers occurs, triggering immune reactions.
Flare-ups of eczema are often due to infection and need treatment with antibiotics.
Antibiotic creams are of limited value because they are poorly absorbed but can be helpful in the short term for mild exacerbations, usually in combination with a steroid cream.
More active eczema needs antibiotics by mouth over a course of a week to 10 days long.
Steroid creams are the main anti-inflammatory treatment and are manufactured in different forms, with different degrees of potency.
Although, it's true that over-use of steroids can cause skin problems, such as thinning and permanent redness, it's important to keep this problem in perspective.
Cautious use of the minimum amount and potency is safe even in the long term. The problems of under-treated eczema, with all the knock-on effects that arise from it, are far worse than those from the use of steroid creams to get it under control.
This is especially true of children where a reluctance to use steroid is understandable, but detrimental to their care.
Calcineurin inhibitors are increasingly used as an alternative to steroid creams and can reduce the need to use potent steroids for long periods, particularly on the face.
They should only be used intermittently and applied to areas of active eczema. Sun exposure should be limited, to reduce any potential risks of skin cancer from long term use.
Other treatments are used for eczema that is particularly hard to control.
Carefully controlled ultraviolet light treatment can be useful but needs to be rationed to limit the increased risk of skin cancer in the long term.
Oral drugs, which dampen the immune system, are the main treatments for severe eczema and can be used in the medium to long term, provided they are monitored for the occurrence of side-effects. This usually can be done by periodic blood tests.
Short courses of steroids by mouth at fairly high dose are sometimes also used to bring active eczema under control.
Evening primrose oil or gamolenic acid capsules have now been discontinued as treatment for eczema because there has been no convincing evidence that it works.
Chinese herbal treatment is also potentially problematic for various reasons. Despite some apparent successes, the way in which it works is unclear.
Some Chinese herbal products have been found to contain added steroids, and there's no regulation controlling either the safety of such products or the qualifications of those prescribing them. Therefore, at the moment one can't recommend them with any confidence.
Other types of eczema
Other people also read:
Eczema: Eczema is an itchy inflammation of the skin, associated to a varying degree with other features.
Topical corticosteroids: Why are there different strengths of corticosteroids?
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Pyroclastics or tephra is a general term for all sizes of particles ejected into the air during volcanic eruptions. Includes particles as tiny as volcanic ash and as large as bombs and blocks.
The image at left shows a very close-up view of volcanic ash. Each one of the ash particles in this image is smaller than a single pixel on your computer screen! These ash particles are pumice, volcanic glass that is full of gas bubbles. The bubbles, called vesicles, form as gas bubbled out from molten rock that spewed out during a huge eruption of Brokeoff Mountain in Lassen Volcanic National Park.
The chart on the right shows the names we use to describe different sizes of tephra. Bombs and blocks can be enormous! Some of the blocks thrown out of the Woods Mountains volcanic center in Mojave National Preserve are 15 meters across!
Metric vs. English system chart
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This page was last updated on 12/5/98
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NCSA, a government-funded research center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, has been on the frontiers of computing since it was founded in 1986. NCSA Mosaic, the first graphical Web browser, for example, emerged from its doors in 1992.
The center's latest creation is a massive storage area network (SAN), which is hooked directly to 256 separate computers. The entire 70 terabytes of disk -- slated to grow to 110 terabytes this summer -- is made up of one single file system, so each one of the computers can address the entire amount of storage.
That is pushing the envelope of storage technology, says Michelle Butler, NCSA's technical program manager responsible for storage. "We are on the bleeding edge," she says. "No where else in the world today can you hook up 256 Linux machines [to this much storage], and have each of them see the exact same data as the machine right next to it."
Among other things, this provides an enormous performance boost, says Butler. The 256 computers -- all Intel-based Linux servers from IBM -- are clustered together. Because the storage for the cluster is one single file system, all 256 machines can write to the same file in parallel. "Data gets written to disk 256 times faster," says Butler, "because they're all doing it at once."
The system also gets a speed boost because the disks share data directly over their Fiberchannel connections, rather than going out over a network. NCSA is using Brocade 12000 network switches and storage technology made by LSI, and purchased from IBM.
As if this wasn't enough storage, later this summer NCSA will be installing another 170 terabytes of storage, which will serve a second cluster of 768 Linux machines.
This huge SAN is part of an even larger experiment in large-scale computing in which NCSA and five other research facilities around the country are creating a massive storage- and compute grid which will have more than 1 petabyte (1 quadrillion bytes) of storage capacity. Called TeraGrid, the grid is being built by NCSA along with supercomputing centers at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of California at San Diego, Argonne National Laboratory, and the California Institute of Technology.
A New Type of Science
The high-performance 110 terabyte storage system NCSA is creating is doing more than just pushing the envelope in computer science, says Butler. It's also enabling a whole new class of research projects by the scientists who use NCSA's computing facilities.
Supercomputing in the past has focused on CPU-intensive computing, according to Butler. "The supercomputing world has been taught over the years not to do data-intensive tasks, because I/O is slow, so your CPU cycles are sitting there spinning while I/O is going on," she says.
Now, however, NCSA is starting to see a new class of more data-intensive applications. Researchers trying to predict the weather, understand how black holes work, or do genetic sequencing are starting to use NCSA's computing power to crunch large quantities of data, says Butler.
So are some of NCSA's industrial partners, which are commercial companies the research center works with to ensure that its research is meeting the needs of the private sector as well as pure researchers.
One heavy equipment manufacturer, for example, was able to use NCSA's visualization resources to model the cab of one of its new machines. That led to the realization that design prevented someone sitting in the driver's from reaching all the levers needed to operate the equipment.
"Having all this storage available is enabling us to do this kind of science, which is not something we could do in the past," Butler says.
Story courtesy of CIO Update.
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World No Tobacco Day that falls on May 31 is an initiative by the World Health Organization (WHO). The main aim of celebrating the day is to create awareness and inform the public about the dangers of using tobacco. It encourages people to quit smoking and other tobacco products by making them aware about the potential harms of it.
According to WHO, tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year and out of these about five million deaths are due to the direct use of tobacco and the rest are due to smoke. The main objective of this day is to create awareness about the harms of smoking and motivating people to quit this harmful habit. As a result it aims in improving public health by reducing tobacco consumption.
What is Tobacco?
It is a leafy plant grown in hotter climates and can be smoked, chewed or sniffed. It contains nicotine which acts as a stimulant. When tobacco enters the system then the nicotine in it is released into the bloodstream. This addictive substance is the main cause of respiratory diseases, strokes and heart failure and also linked with several kinds of cancers.
Knowing about the hazardous effects it is important to take action now. This year the theme of the day is "Get ready for plain packaging". Plain packaging focus on the reduction measure that restricts the use of logos, colours, images which reduces the attractiveness of tobacco products, restricts the advertising and promotion which in turn increases the effectiveness of health warnings.
Tobacco use is responsible for nearly 6 million deaths each year worldwide, 600,000 of which are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, about 35 per cent of the adults in India consume tobacco in some form or the other.
Smoking is the most widespread addiction in our world today. Around 1.1 billion people are smokers across the world of which about 13.5K people die of smoking every day. Smoking harms almost every organ of the body, it happens slowly which often causes years of suffering.
Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide which is very harmful to health. These chemicals like tar and nicotine get into the lungs which causes cancer. Many chemicals from tobacco smoke pass through the lungs into the bloodstream and results in high blood pressure and increase heart rate. It also slows blood flow due to which the oxygen supply get reduced to feet and heart.
Tar contains so many toxic chemicals which get deposit in the lungs and increases the risk of lung cancer, emphysema and bronchial disorders. The best way to reduce the risk is to reduce the intake of tar while smoking.
You can reduce the tar content by using the Stoptar Smoking filter available in the market that helps to reduce the intake of nicotine and tar. These filters are the best way to reduce the negative effect of smoking on the body. Many people have started using the Stoptar filter and have reduced their interest in smoking.
Quitting smoking is a major step towards longevity. It has immediate and long-term benefits, with former smokers have the same health risks as non-smokers within 15 years. However, it's never too late to reap the benefits of quitting. The younger you are when you stop smoking, the greater your chances of living a long and healthy life.
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Electrical discharge machining
Electrical discharge machining (EDM), also known as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die sinking, wire burning or wire erosion, is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained by using electrical discharges (sparks). Material is removed from the workpiece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One of the electrodes is called the tool-electrode, or simply the "tool" or "electrode," while the other is called the workpiece-electrode, or "workpiece." The process depends upon the tool and workpiece not making actual contact.
When the voltage between the two electrodes is increased, the intensity of the electric field in the volume between the electrodes becomes greater than the strength of the dielectric (at least in some places), which breaks down, allowing current to flow between the two electrodes. This phenomenon is the same as the breakdown of a capacitor (condenser) (see also breakdown voltage). As a result, material is removed from the electrodes. Once the current stops (or is stopped, depending on the type of generator), new liquid dielectric is usually conveyed into the inter-electrode volume, enabling the solid particles (debris) to be carried away and the insulating properties of the dielectric to be restored. Adding new liquid dielectric in the inter-electrode volume is commonly referred to as "flushing." Also, after a current flow, the difference of potential between the electrodes is restored to what it was before the breakdown, so that a new liquid dielectric breakdown can occur.
- 1 History
- 2 Generalities
- 3 Definition of the technological parameters
- 4 Material removal mechanism
- 5 Types
- 6 Applications
- 7 Advantages and disadvantages
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Bibliography
- 11 External links
Two Russian scientists, B. R. Butinzky and N. I. Lazarenko, were tasked in 1943 to investigate ways of preventing the erosion of tungsten electrical contacts due to sparking. They failed in this task but found that the erosion was more precisely controlled if the electrodes were immersed in a dielectric fluid. This led them to invent an EDM machine used for working difficult-to-machine materials such as tungsten. The Lazarenkos' machine is known as an R-C-type machine, after the resistor–capacitor circuit (RC circuit) used to charge the electrodes.
Simultaneously but independently, an American team, Harold Stark, Victor Harding, and Jack Beaver, developed an EDM machine for removing broken drills and taps from aluminium castings. Initially constructing their machines from feeble electric-etching tools, they were not very successful. But more powerful sparking units, combined with automatic spark repetition and fluid replacement with an electromagnetic interrupter arrangement produced practical machines. Stark, Harding, and Beaver's machines were able to produce 60 sparks per second. Later machines based on their design used vacuum tube circuits that were able to produce thousands of sparks per second, significantly increasing the speed of cutting.
The wire-cut type of machine arose in the 1960s for the purpose of making tools (dies) from hardened steel. The tool electrode in wire EDM is simply a wire. To avoid the erosion of material from the wire causing it to break, the wire is wound between two spools so that the active part of the wire is constantly changing. The earliest numerical controlled (NC) machines were conversions of punched-tape vertical milling machines. The first commercially available NC machine built as a wire-cut EDM machine was manufactured in the USSR in 1967. Machines that could optically follow lines on a master drawing were developed by David H. Dulebohn's group in the 1960s at Andrew Engineering Company for milling and grinding machines. Master drawings were later produced by computer numerical controlled (CNC) plotters for greater accuracy. A wire-cut EDM machine using the CNC drawing plotter and optical line follower techniques was produced in 1974. Dulebohn later used the same plotter CNC program to directly control the EDM machine, and the first CNC EDM machine was produced in 1976.
Portable-EDM Broken tap remover
Portable edm broken tap remover works by spark erosion principle, no direct connect to work piece, then no damage to threads.
Electrical discharge machining is a machining method primarily used for hard metals or those that would be very difficult to machine with traditional techniques. EDM typically works with materials that are electrically conductive, although methods for machining insulating ceramics with EDM have also been proposed. EDM can cut intricate contours or cavities in pre-hardened steel without the need for heat treatment to soften and re-harden them. This method can be used with any other metal or metal alloy such as titanium, hastelloy, kovar, and inconel. Also, applications of this process to shape polycrystalline diamond tools have been reported.
EDM is often included in the "non-traditional" or "non-conventional" group of machining methods together with processes such as electrochemical machining (ECM), water jet cutting (WJ, AWJ), laser cutting and opposite to the "conventional" group (turning, milling, grinding, drilling and any other process whose material removal mechanism is essentially based on mechanical forces).
Ideally, EDM can be seen as a series of breakdown and restoration of the liquid dielectric in-between the electrodes. However, caution should be exerted in considering such a statement because it is an idealized model of the process, introduced to describe the fundamental ideas underlying the process. Yet, any practical application involves many aspects that may also need to be considered. For instance, the removal of the debris from the inter-electrode volume is likely to be always partial. Thus the electrical properties of the dielectric in the inter-electrodes volume can be different from their nominal values and can even vary with time. The inter-electrode distance, often also referred to as spark-gap, is the end result of the control algorithms of the specific machine used. The control of such a distance appears logically to be central to this process. Also, not all of the current between the dielectric is of the ideal type described above: the spark-gap can be short-circuited by the debris. The control system of the electrode may fail to react quickly enough to prevent the two electrodes (tool and workpiece) from coming into contact, with a consequent short circuit. This is unwanted because a short circuit contributes to material removal differently from the ideal case. The flushing action can be inadequate to restore the insulating properties of the dielectric so that the current always happens in the point of the inter-electrode volume (this is referred to as arcing), with a consequent unwanted change of shape (damage) of the tool-electrode and workpiece. Ultimately, a description of this process in a suitable way for the specific purpose at hand is what makes the EDM area such a rich field for further investigation and research.
To obtain a specific geometry, the EDM tool is guided along the desired path very close to the work; ideally it should not touch the workpiece, although in reality this may happen due to the performance of the specific motion control in use. In this way, a large number of current discharges (colloquially also called sparks) happen, each contributing to the removal of material from both tool and workpiece, where small craters are formed. The size of the craters is a function of the technological parameters set for the specific job at hand. They can be with typical dimensions ranging from the nanoscale (in micro-EDM operations) to some hundreds of micrometers in roughing conditions.
The presence of these small craters on the tool results in the gradual erosion of the electrode. This erosion of the tool-electrode is also referred to as wear. Strategies are needed to counteract the detrimental effect of the wear on the geometry of the workpiece. One possibility is that of continuously replacing the tool-electrode during a machining operation. This is what happens if a continuously replaced wire is used as electrode. In this case, the correspondent EDM process is also called wire EDM. The tool-electrode can also be used in such a way that only a small portion of it is actually engaged in the machining process and this portion is changed on a regular basis. This is, for instance, the case when using a rotating disk as a tool-electrode. The corresponding process is often also referred to as EDM grinding.
A further strategy consists in using a set of electrodes with different sizes and shapes during the same EDM operation. This is often referred to as multiple electrode strategy, and is most common when the tool electrode replicates in negative the wanted shape and is advanced towards the blank along a single direction, usually the vertical direction (i.e. z-axis). This resembles the sink of the tool into the dielectric liquid in which the workpiece is immersed, so, not surprisingly, it is often referred to as die-sinking EDM (also called conventional EDM and ram EDM). The corresponding machines are often called sinker EDM. Usually, the electrodes of this type have quite complex forms. If the final geometry is obtained using a usually simple-shaped electrode which is moved along several directions and is possibly also subject to rotations, often the term EDM milling is used.
In any case, the severity of the wear is strictly dependent on the technological parameters used in the operation (for instance: polarity, maximum current, open circuit voltage). For example, in micro-EDM, also known as μ-EDM, these parameters are usually set at values which generates severe wear. Therefore, wear is a major problem in that area.
The problem of wear to graphite electrodes is being addressed. In one approach, a digital generator, controllable within milliseconds, reverses polarity as electro-erosion takes place. That produces an effect similar to electroplating that continuously deposits the eroded graphite back on the electrode. In another method, a so-called "Zero Wear" circuit reduces how often the discharge starts and stops, keeping it on for as long a time as possible.
Definition of the technological parameters
Difficulties have been encountered in the definition of the technological parameters that drive the process.
Two broad categories of generators, also known as power supplies, are in use on EDM machines commercially available: the group based on RC circuits and the group based on transistor controlled pulses.
In the first category, the main parameters to choose from at setup time are the resistance(s) of the resistor(s) and the capacitance(s) of the capacitor(s). In an ideal condition these quantities would affect the maximum current delivered in a discharge which is expected to be associated with the charge accumulated on the capacitors at a certain moment in time. Little control, however, is expected over the time duration of the discharge, which is likely to depend on the actual spark-gap conditions (size and pollution) at the moment of the discharge. The RC circuit generator can allow the user to obtain short time durations of the discharges more easily than the pulse-controlled generator, although this advantage is diminishing with the development of new electronic components. Also, the open circuit voltage (i.e. the voltage between the electrodes when the dielectric is not yet broken) can be identified as steady state voltage of the RC circuit.
In generators based on transistor control, the user is usually able to deliver a train of pulses of voltage to the electrodes. Each pulse can be controlled in shape, for instance, quasi-rectangular. In particular, the time between two consecutive pulses and the duration of each pulse can be set. The amplitude of each pulse constitutes the open circuit voltage. Thus, the maximum duration of discharge is equal to the duration of a pulse of voltage in the train. Two pulses of current are then expected not to occur for a duration equal or larger than the time interval between two consecutive pulses of voltage.
The maximum current during a discharge that the generator delivers can also be controlled. Because other sorts of generators may also be used by different machine builders, the parameters that may actually be set on a particular machine will depend on the generator manufacturer. The details of the generators and control systems on their machines are not always easily available to their user. This is a barrier to describing unequivocally the technological parameters of the EDM process. Moreover, the parameters affecting the phenomena occurring between tool and electrode are also related to the controller of the motion of the electrodes.
A framework to define and measure the electrical parameters during an EDM operation directly on inter-electrode volume with an oscilloscope external to the machine has been recently proposed by Ferri et al. These authors conducted their research in the field of μ-EDM, but the same approach can be used in any EDM operation. This would enable the user to estimate directly the electrical parameters that affect their operations without relying upon machine manufacturer's claims. When machining different materials in the same setup conditions, the actual electrical parameters of the process are significantly different.
Material removal mechanism
The first serious attempt of providing a physical explanation of the material removal during electric discharge machining is perhaps that of Van Dijck. Van Dijck presented a thermal model together with a computational simulation to explain the phenomena between the electrodes during electric discharge machining. However, as Van Dijck himself admitted in his study, the number of assumptions made to overcome the lack of experimental data at that time was quite significant.
Further models of what occurs during electric discharge machining in terms of heat transfer were developed in the late eighties and early nineties, including an investigation at Texas A&M University with the support of AGIE, now Agiecharmilles. It resulted in three scholarly papers: the first presenting a thermal model of material removal on the cathode, the second presenting a thermal model for the erosion occurring on the anode and the third introducing a model describing the plasma channel formed during the passage of the discharge current through the dielectric liquid. Validation of these models is supported by experimental data provided by AGIE.
These models give the most authoritative support for the claim that EDM is a thermal process, removing material from the two electrodes because of melting and/or vaporization, along with pressure dynamics established in the spark-gap by the collapsing of the plasma channel. However, for small discharge energies the models are inadequate to explain the experimental data. All these models hinge on a number of assumptions from such disparate research areas as submarine explosions, discharges in gases, and failure of transformers, so it is not surprising that alternative models have been proposed more recently in the literature trying to explain the EDM process.
Among these, the model from Singh and Ghosh reconnects the removal of material from the electrode to the presence of an electrical force on the surface of the electrode that could mechanically remove material and create the craters. This would be possible because the material on the surface has altered mechanical properties due to an increased temperature caused by the passage of electric current. The authors' simulations showed how they might explain EDM better than a thermal model (melting and/or evaporation), especially for small discharge energies, which are typically used in μ-EDM and in finishing operations.
Given the many available models, it appears that the material removal mechanism in EDM is not yet well understood and that further investigation is necessary to clarify it, especially considering the lack of experimental scientific evidence to build and validate the current EDM models. This explains an increased current research effort in related experimental techniques.
Sinker EDM, also called cavity type EDM or volume EDM, consists of an electrode and workpiece submerged in an insulating liquid such as, more typically, oil or, less frequently, other dielectric fluids. The electrode and workpiece are connected to a suitable power supply. The power supply generates an electrical potential between the two parts. As the electrode approaches the workpiece, dielectric breakdown occurs in the fluid, forming a plasma channel, and a small spark jumps.
These sparks usually strike one at a time, because it is very unlikely that different locations in the inter-electrode space have the identical local electrical characteristics which would enable a spark to occur simultaneously in all such locations. These sparks happen in huge numbers at seemingly random locations between the electrode and the workpiece. As the base metal is eroded, and the spark gap subsequently increased, the electrode is lowered automatically by the machine so that the process can continue uninterrupted. Several hundred thousand sparks occur per second, with the actual duty cycle carefully controlled by the setup parameters. These controlling cycles are sometimes known as "on time" and "off time", which are more formally defined in the literature.
The on time setting determines the length or duration of the spark. Hence, a longer on time produces a deeper cavity for that spark and all subsequent sparks for that cycle, creating a rougher finish on the workpiece. The reverse is true for a shorter on time. Off time is the period of time between sparks. A longer off time, for example, allows the flushing of dielectric fluid through a nozzle to clean out the eroded debris, thereby avoiding a short circuit. These settings can be maintained in microseconds. The typical part geometry is a complex 3D shape, often with small or odd shaped angles. Vertical, orbital, vectorial, directional, helical, conical, rotational, spin and indexing machining cycles are also used.
In wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), also known as wire-cut EDM and wire cutting, a thin single-strand metal wire, usually brass, is fed through the workpiece, submerged in a tank of dielectric fluid, typically deionized water. Wire-cut EDM is typically used to cut plates as thick as 300mm and to make punches, tools, and dies from hard metals that are difficult to machine with other methods. The wire, which is constantly fed from a spool, is held between upper and lower diamond guides. The guides, usually CNC-controlled, move in the x–y plane. On most machines, the upper guide can also move independently in the z–u–v axis, giving rise to the ability to cut tapered and transitioning shapes (circle on the bottom, square at the top for example). The upper guide can control axis movements in x–y–u–v–i–j–k–l–. This allows the wire-cut EDM to be programmed to cut very intricate and delicate shapes. The upper and lower diamond guides are usually accurate to 0.004 mm (0.16 mils), and can have a cutting path or kerf as small as 0.021 mm (0.83 mils) using Ø 0.02 mm (0.79 mils) wire, though the average cutting kerf that achieves the best economic cost and machining time is 0.335 mm (13.2 mils) using Ø 0.25 mm (9.8 mils) brass wire. The reason that the cutting width is greater than the width of the wire is because sparking occurs from the sides of the wire to the work piece, causing erosion. This "overcut" is necessary, for many applications it is adequately predictable and therefore can be compensated for (for instance in micro-EDM this is not often the case). Spools of wire are long — an 8 kg spool of 0.25 mm wire is just over 19 kilometers in length. Wire diameter can be as small as 20 µm (0.79 mils) and the geometry precision is not far from ± 1 µm (0.039 mils). The wire-cut process uses water as its dielectric fluid, controlling its resistivity and other electrical properties with filters and de-ionizer units. The water flushes the cut debris away from the cutting zone. Flushing is an important factor in determining the maximum feed rate for a given material thickness. Along with tighter tolerances, multi axis EDM wire-cutting machining centers have added features such as multi heads for cutting two parts at the same time, controls for preventing wire breakage, automatic self-threading features in case of wire breakage, and programmable machining strategies to optimize the operation. Wire-cutting EDM is commonly used when low residual stresses are desired, because it does not require high cutting forces for removal of material. If the energy/power per pulse is relatively low (as in finishing operations), little change in the mechanical properties of a material is expected due to these low residual stresses, although material that hasn't been stress-relieved can distort in the machining process. The work piece may undergo a significant thermal cycle, its severity depending on the technological parameters used. Such thermal cycles may cause formation of a recast layer on the part and residual tensile stresses on the work piece. If machining takes place after heat treatment, dimensional accuracy will not be affected by heat treat distortion.
The EDM process is most widely used by the mold-making, tool, and die industries, but is becoming a common method of making prototype and production parts, especially in the aerospace, automobile and electronics industries in which production quantities are relatively low. In sinker EDM, a graphite, copper tungsten, or pure copper electrode is machined into the desired (negative) shape and fed into the workpiece on the end of a vertical ram.
Coinage die making
For the creation of dies for producing jewelry and badges, or blanking and piercing (through use of a pancake die) by the coinage (stamping) process, the positive master may be made from sterling silver, since (with appropriate machine settings) the master is significantly eroded and is used only once. The resultant negative die is then hardened and used in a drop hammer to produce stamped flats from cutout sheet blanks of bronze, silver, or low proof gold alloy. For badges these flats may be further shaped to a curved surface by another die. This type of EDM is usually performed submerged in an oil-based dielectric. The finished object may be further refined by hard (glass) or soft (paint) enameling and/or electroplated with pure gold or nickel. Softer materials such as silver may be hand engraved as a refinement.
Small hole drilling
Small hole drilling EDM is used in a variety of applications.
On wire-cut EDM machines, small hole drilling EDM is used to make a through hole in a workpiece in through which to thread the wire for the wire-cut EDM operation. A separate EDM head specifically for small hole drilling is mounted on a wire-cut machine and allows large hardened plates to have finished parts eroded from them as needed and without pre-drilling.
Small hole EDM is used to drill rows of holes into the leading and trailing edges of turbine blades used in jet engines. Gas flow through these small holes allows the engines to use higher temperatures than otherwise possible. The high-temperature, very hard, single crystal alloys employed in these blades makes conventional machining of these holes with high aspect ratio extremely difficult, if not impossible.
There are also stand-alone small hole drilling EDM machines with an x–y axis also known as a super drill or hole popper that can machine blind or through holes. EDM drills bore holes with a long brass or copper tube electrode that rotates in a chuck with a constant flow of distilled or deionized water flowing through the electrode as a flushing agent and dielectric. The electrode tubes operate like the wire in wire-cut EDM machines, having a spark gap and wear rate. Some small-hole drilling EDMs are able to drill through 100 mm of soft or through hardened steel in less than 10 seconds, averaging 50% to 80% wear rate. Holes of 0.3 mm to 6.1 mm can be achieved in this drilling operation. Brass electrodes are easier to machine but are not recommended for wire-cut operations due to eroded brass particles causing "brass on brass" wire breakage, therefore copper is recommended.
Metal disintegration machining
Several manufacturers produce MDM machines for the specific purpose of removing broken tools (drill bits, taps, bolts and studs) from work pieces. In this application, the process is termed "metal disintegration machining" or MDM. The metal disintegration process removes only the center of the tap, bolt or stud leaving the hole intact and allowing a part to be reclaimed.
Closed loop manufacturing
Closed loop manufacturing can improve the accuracy and reduce the tool costs
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of EDM include machining of:
- Complex shapes that would otherwise be difficult to produce with conventional cutting tools.
- Extremely hard material to very close tolerances.
- Very small work pieces where conventional cutting tools may damage the part from excess cutting tool pressure.
- There is no direct contact between tool and work piece. Therefore, delicate sections and weak materials can be machined without perceivable distortion.
- A good surface finish can be obtained; a very good surface may be obtained by redundant finishing paths.
- Very fine holes can be attained.
- Tapered holes may be produced.
- Pipe or container internal contours and internal corners down to R .001".
Disadvantages of EDM include:
- The slow rate of material removal.
- Potential fire hazard associated with use of combustible oil based dielectrics.
- The additional time and cost used for creating electrodes for ram/sinker EDM.
- Reproducing sharp corners on the workpiece is difficult due to electrode wear.
- Specific power consumption is very high.
- Power consumption is high.
- "Overcut" is formed.
- Excessive tool wear occurs during machining.
- Electrically non-conductive materials can be machined only with specific set-up of the process.
- Jameson 2001, p. 1.
- Krar, Stephen F. and Gill, Arthur R. (2003) Exploring Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 0831131500. p. 6.2.1
- Jameson 2001, p. 8.
- Jameson 2001, pp. 10–12.
- Dulebohn, "Tracer controlled machining by electrically induced erosion", U.S. Patent 3,614,372, filed 4 December 1969, issued 19 October 1971.
- Jameson 2001, pp. 12–17.
- Mohri, N.; Fukuzawa, Y.; Tani, T.; Saito, N.; Furutani, K. (1996). "Assisting Electrode Method for Machining Insulating Ceramics". CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology. 45: 201. doi:10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63047-9.
- Liu, Y. H.; Li, X. P.; Ji, R. J.; Yu, L. L.; Zhang, H. F.; Li, Q. Y. (2008). "Effect of technological parameter on the process performance for electric discharge milling of insulating Al2O3 ceramic". Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 208: 245. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.143.
- Morgan, C. J.; Vallance, R. R.; Marsh, E. R. (2004). "Micro machining glass with polycrystalline diamond tools shaped by micro electro discharge machining". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 14 (12): 1687. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/14/12/013.
- McCarthy, Willard J. and McGeough, Joseph A. "Machine tool". Encyclopædia Britannica
- Descoeudres, Antoine (2006). Characterization of electrical discharge machining plasmas. Thèse EPFL, no 3542.
- Weng, F. T.; Shyu, R. F.; Hsu, C. S. (2003). "Fabrication of micro-electrodes by multi-EDM grinding process". Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 140: 332. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00748-9.
- Narasimhan, J.; Yu, Z.; Rajurkar, K. P. (2005). "Tool Wear Compensation and Path Generation in Micro and Macro EDM". Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 7: 75. doi:10.1016/S1526-6125(05)70084-0.
- Koelsch, James (October 2009). "EDM: A Changing Competitive Calculus," Manufacturing Engineering, Society of Manufacturing Engineers
- Han, F.; Chen, L.; Yu, D.; Zhou, X. (2006). "Basic study on pulse generator for micro-EDM". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 33 (5–6): 474. doi:10.1007/s00170-006-0483-9.
- Ferri, C.; Ivanov, A.; Petrelli, A. (2008). "Electrical measurements in µ-EDM". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 18 (8): 085007. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/18/8/085007.
- Van Dijck, Frans (1973). Physico-mathematical analysis of the electro discharge machining process. PhD Thesis Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
- Dibitonto, D. D.; Eubank, P. T.; Patel, M. R.; Barrufet, M. A. (1989). "Theoretical models of the electrical discharge machining process. I. A simple cathode erosion model". Journal of Applied Physics. 66 (9): 4095. doi:10.1063/1.343994.
- Patel, M. R.; Barrufet, M. A.; Eubank, P. T.; Dibitonto, D. D. (1989). "Theoretical models of the electrical discharge machining process. II. The anode erosion model". Journal of Applied Physics. 66 (9): 4104. doi:10.1063/1.343995.
- Eubank, P. T.; Patel, M. R.; Barrufet, M. A.; Bozkurt, B. (1993). "Theoretical models of the electrical discharge machining process. III. The variable mass, cylindrical plasma model". Journal of Applied Physics. 73 (11): 7900. doi:10.1063/1.353942.
- Singh, A.; Ghosh, A. (1999). "A thermo-electric model of material removal during electric discharge machining". International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 39 (4): 669. doi:10.1016/S0890-6955(98)00047-9.
- Bilstein, Roger E. (1999). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicle (NASA-SP4206). DIANE Publishing. p. 145. ISBN 9780788181863.
- Jameson 2001.
- Semon, G. (1975). A Practical Guide to Electro-Discharge Machining, 2nd ed. Ateliers des Charmilles, Geneva.
- Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994). Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide. Industrial Press Inc. pp. 175–179. ISBN 0-8311-3049-0.
- ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM). header.com
- Kucukturk, G.; Cogun, C. (2010). "A New Method for Machining of Electrically Nonconductive Workpieces Using Electric Discharge Machining Technique". Machining Science and Technology. 14 (2): 189. doi:10.1080/10910344.2010.500497. (2010).
- New Arc Detection Technology for Highly Efficient Electro-Discharge Machining
- Engineering Design For Electrical Discharge Machining
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Pulmonary plethysmography; Static lung volume determination; Whole-body plethysmography
How the test is performed
You will sit in a small, airtight room known as a body box. You will breathe or pant against a mouthpiece. Clips will be put on your nose to shut off your nostrils. Depending on the information your doctor is looking for, the mouthpiece may be open at first, and then closed.
You will be breathing against the mouthpiece in both the open and closed positions - they give different information to the doctors. As your chest moves while you breathe or pant, it changes the pressure and amount of air in the room and against the mouthpiece. From these changes, the doctor can get an accurate measure of the amount of air in your lungs.
Depending on the purpose of the test, you may be given some medication before the test.
How to prepare for the test
Let your doctor know if you are taking any medications, especially ones for breathing problems. You may have to temporarily stop taking certain medications before the test.
Wear loose clothes that allow you to breathe comfortably.
Avoid smoking and heavy exercise for 6 hours before the test.
Avoid heavy meals before the test. They can affect your ability to take deep breaths.
How the test will feel
The test involves rapid and normal breathing, and should not be painful. However, you may feel short of breath or light-headed. You will be monitored at all times by a technician.
The mouthpiece may feel uncomfortable against your mouth.
If you have trouble in tight spaces, the box might make you anxious. However, it is clear and you can see outside at all times.
Why the test is performed
The test is done to see how much air you can hold in your lungs during rest. It can help your doctor determine if a lung problem is due to damage to the lung structure, or a loss of the lungs ability to expand (get bigger as air flows in).
Normal values depend on your age, height, weight,ethnic background, and gender.
What abnormal results mean
Abnormal results point to a problem in the lungs. This problem can be due to a breakdown of the lung structure, a problem with the chest wall and its muscles, or a problem with the lungs being able to expand and contract.
Lung plethysmography will not find the cause of the problem. However, it will help the doctor narrow down the list of possible problems.
What the risks are
- Shortness of breath
Although this test is the most precise way to measure how much air you can hold in your lungs, it is not often used because of its technical difficulties.
Hegewald MJ, Crapo RO. Pulmonary function testing. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel?sTextbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 24.
Reynolds HY. Respiratory structure and function: mechanisms and testing. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 85.
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.
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Your body is transparentized in a virtual environment
A Ph.D. candidate, Ryota Kondo, and Professor Michiteru Kitazaki at Toyohashi University of Technology, in cooperation with Professor Masahiko Inami at the University of Tokyo, Associate Professor Maki Sugimoto, and Associate Professor Kouta Minamizawa at Keio University have found that the visual-motor synchronicity of only the hands and feet can induce a sense of illusory ownership over an invisible body interpolated between virtual hands and feet. It can provide the illusory ownership over the invisible body at a distance, or enable the operation of one's own transparentized body in a virtual environment.
Illusory body ownership can be induced by visual-tactile synchronicity such as the rubber hand illusion (passive method) and by visual-motor synchronicity such as the full-body illusion (active method). These methods enable us to communicate in cyberspace as well as in real environments. Virtual reality technology enables us to experience the illusory ownership of bodies of different shapes, sizes, genders, ages, etc. The illusory ownership of an invisible body in a first-person perspective has been realized with the passive method, and it reduces social anxiety to an audience (Guterstam, Abdulkarim & Ehrsson, Sci. Rep. 2015).
However, it is not clear whether the ownership of an invisible and dynamic body can be obtained at a distance.
Currently, researchers at Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, in collaboration with the researchers at the University of Tokyo and Keio University, have developed a new method to induce a sense of illusory ownership over an invisible body by focusing on the body action.
They presented only the gloves and socks two meters in front of and away from the participants using a head-mounted display (Figure 1, left). Twenty naïve volunteers answered a questionnaire after a five-minute observation with free body actions. The motion of the gloves and socks were synchronized or asynchronized with the participant's action. The illusory body ownership was rated higher when the virtual gloves and socks moved synchronously with their own movements than the asynchronous condition. They felt as if their own had become increasingly transparent when the motion was synchronized as compared to when the motion was asynchronized.
The experiments showed that the illusory ownership of the invisible body was not significantly different from the visible whole body (Figure 1, right), and that the proprioceptive self-location drifted toward the invisible body that was at a distance in front of the participants.
Ryota Kondo, a graduate student of the Program of Leading Graduate School at Toyohashi University of Technology said, "I want to create experiences of illusory ownership of various bodies. A person may have a negative feeling with his/her body, and he/she may want to have a different body from his/her current body. Virtual reality technology offers us the opportunities to have the different bodies that we desire." Professor Michiteru Kitazaki, a perceptual psychologist and the leader of the research at Toyohashi University of Technology explained, "Human behaviors and mind would change when they have the illusory ownership of different bodies. Thus, we must investigate how our communication would differ in the future society if our body ownership and appearance could be significantly modified during the course of our daily lives."
These findings suggest that we can own a distant invisible body only from our hands and feet. It is useful to show complex body skills to another person and in turn he/she can imitate them for learning because the invisible/transparentized body scarcely occludes the scene, and the body ownership may facilitate skill learning.
Human communication is affected by body gestures and appearance. This study proposes the idea that our communication would change and might become body-appearance free in the future if we could have different bodies daily in cyberspace.
Reference: Kondo, R., Sugimoto, M., Minamizawa, K., Hoshi, T., Inami, M. and Kitazaki, M. (2018). Illusory body ownership of an invisible body interpolated between virtual hands and feet via visual-motor synchronicity. Scientific Reports, 8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25951-2 (15th May 2018)
Funding: This study was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (15H01701) and Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research (16K12477) by JSPS, MEXT, Japan.
Toyohashi University of Technology
1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku
Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture, 441-8580, JAPAN
Inquiries: Committee for Public Relations
E-mail: [email protected]
Toyohashi University of Technology was founded in 1976 as a National University of Japan, and is a leading research institute in the fields of mechanical engineering, advanced electronics, information sciences, life sciences, and architecture. Website: http://www.tut.ac.jp/english/
Related Journal Article
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Baby’s gut is not ready for solid food before 6 months
When babies are born, their gut is sterile. They do not yet have bacterial colonization in their gut to help with breaking down food, vitamin production or gas production to propel stool through the gut. As the baby drinks breast milk or formula, the gut slowly colonizes healthy bacteria to help with digestion and vitamin production. This colonization can create gassiness in the beginning causing some mild discomfort in some infants while other experience colic.
Breast milk and formula are easily digested foods that help this natural process occur. Introducing solid foods before the gut is appropriately colonized and ready to process more complex foods can create increased gassiness, constipation, and discomfort.
Babies start to become interested in what parents are doing, including eating, around 4 month of age. This happens because babies’ eyesight is better, they are more social, and are awake for more time during the day. It is important that parents do not mistake this natural interest in his or her surroundings as a petition for solid food. To allow young infants to participate at meal times, breastfeed or formula feed just before the family meal to alleviate hunger. Then allow them to sit at or near the table to explore the sights, sounds, and smells of mealtime.
At 6 months of age the gut is ready and the baby’s motor skills are right
By 6 months infants have the motor skills for solid foods. They are able to sit up, hold their head up, and control their mouth and tongue movements to effectively move food from the front of their mouth to the back for swallowing. Additionally, they fully understand that their hands are under their own control and can begin to practice the complicated coordination of picking up food from a tray and transferring to their mouth.
Lastly, no research has confirmed that feeding infants solid foods prior to 6 months helps a baby “sleep through the night.” Sleeping through the night is a learned behavior. Infants must practice self-soothing to sleep longer. Filling their belly with food will not necessarily increase night sleep. The good news is that if foods are introduced before 6 months, there is no link to increased childhood obesity, as previously believed.
The best practice is to exclusively breastfeed or formula feed until 6 months of age. At that time, the baby’s gut is ready to digest and expel the more complex nature of solid foods as well as being developmentally ready with sufficient motor skills to make eating safe.
Parents can support healthy growth and development of their infant through good nutrition that starts in infancy. Recognizing infant nutritional needs, as well as not confusing natural development for signs of hunger, and making sure the infant has mastered necessary motor skills prior to introducing solid foods will make the experience healthy and happy for both baby and parents.
About the instructor
Dr. Deanna Marie Mason PhD
More than 20 years of clinical experience helping families:
Bachelor's Degree in Registered Nursing, Master’s Degree in Pediatric Nurse Practitioner and PhD in Nursing. University professor, patient education specialist, pediatric researcher, published author and reviewer to first-line international scientific journals, continuous philanthropic activity related to health promotion and education, wife and mother of two children.
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Symbolism in shakespeare's macbeth light and dark represent good and evil in the play (v i 19), symbolizes lady macbeth's fear of darkness or evil the image of blood plays an important role in the event of duncan's murder. One of the themes of the play is the struggle between good and evil good and evil remember that macbeth himself is not a totally evil man there is much about him that is good and he experiences ongoing struggles with his conscience. Yet the association between macbeth and the witches introduces a different side to his character that will eventually lead to the murder of king duncan later in the play, it is macbeth who seeks out the witches character analysis: the witches in macbeth character analysis: benvolio. A bbc bitesize secondary school revision resource for higher english on macbeth's themes: guilt, order and the play begins with disorder as a battle is raging stars, hide your fires come thick night etc darkness allows evil to flourish in seeking to make the witches.
Temptation, sin, and the human condition in shakespeare's macbeth a thesis submitted to the graduate faculty of the reminds the audience of the dangers of spiritual evil through his play association between witches and the devil was never universally acknowledged with certainty. The play we were about to see is alan cumming's sensational one-man version of macbeth, shakespeare's most complex meditation on the nature of evil. Motifs: imagery in macbeth these recurring images give the play a feeling of evil, of otherworldly forces closing in on a fast the words darkness and dark and blackness create a whole different set of responses in-class assignment. Get an answer for 'what are some quotes in macbeth that provide examples of darkness imagery' and find homework help for other macbeth questions at enotes. Ambition and evil are the basic elements in william shakespeare's macbeth darkness imagery in william shakespeare's macbeth to arouse the emotions of the audience and to contribute to the major theme of the play the darkness imagery in macbeth contributes to its ominous atmosphere. Imagery of light and darkness in 'macbeth' as we can see in the play 'macbeth', a perfect example of the english writer's use of this poetical method as a matter of fact , lady macbeth wanted the powers of darkness and evil to aid her in her malignant intents.
Macbeth: darkness, evil and tragedy macbeth is a play full of darkness, evil, and tragedy it is the story of a man who goes against his conscience and commits a horrible deed which leads to his destruction and loss of everything he has around him. Get an answer for 'macbethsome of the major symbols in the play owl, sleep a symbol of night and darkness, also represents macbeth in the reference to the owl (macbeth in this passage macbeth calls upon the spirits of darkness and evil to blot out the stars so that the evil. The relationship between women and evil in macbeth updated on may 10, 2012 der lady macbeth becomes macbeth's instrument of darkness because she is his main driving force behind the murder of duncan and the attempt they tempt macbeth and play on his ambition by telling him he. Biblical imagery in macbeth when they shall see the smoke of her burning lady macbeth here calls upon the darkness to enshroud her in a veil of smoke so that she may not see the evil deed she desires to commit macbeth: macbeth: the complete play with annotations and commentary.
Transcript of macbeth: animal imagery and symbolism macbeth an analysis of animal imagery and symbolism by reshma suresh the uses of animal imagery in macbeth the uses: it makes the play more interesting used to describe events and in a more engaging way disgusting and evil these witches.
Wwwthe-criterioncom the criterion: an international journal in darkness in act 4 of his play macbeth to describe the agents of disorder the witches, macbeth, and scotland are all described as dark because they represent the agents of chaos (darkness and evil in shakespeare's macbeth. Shakespeare uses intricate imagery with the association of the word but is now associated with the darkness of evil in the play's final scene, macduff confronts macbeth to avenge the murders of his children and his wife at macbeth's hand. Free essay: macbeth as a play about the conflict between good and evil macbeth is a tragedy, which addresses the inner conflict of people's morality. Get free homework help on william shakespeare's macbeth: play summary, scene summary and analysis and original text, quotes, essays, character analysis, and filmography courtesy of cliffsnotes in macbeth , william shakespeare's tragedy about power, ambition, deceit, and murder, the three. Within macbeth, the imagery and symbolism of darkness plays a prominent role in its representation of the themes of evil, chaos, and concealment. The instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest speaker banquo (to macbeth) meaning/significance a warning/fortelling of what will happen to macbeth that evil tries to tempt us with half truth and it will lead speaker malcom (end of play speech) meaning/significance.
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China's Plan to Clean Up Air in Cities Will Doom the Climate, Scientists Say [Inside Climate News]
"China is erecting huge industrial complexes in remote areas to convert coal to synthetic fuel that could make the air in its megacities cleaner. But the complexes use so much energy that the carbon footprint of the fuel is almost double that of conventional coal and oil, spelling disaster for earth's climate, a growing chorus of scientists is warning.Click on the link to read more.
Efforts by China to develop so-called "coal bases" in its far-flung regions have received scant attention beyond the trade press, but scientists watching the effort say it could cause climate damage that eclipses worldwide climate protection efforts.
The facilities, which resemble oil refineries, use coal to make liquid fuels, chemicals, power and "syngas," which is like natural gas but extracted from coal. The fuels and electricity are then transported to China's big cities to be burned in power plants, factories and cars.
Currently 16 coal base sites are being built and many are operational. One being constructed in Inner Mongolia will eventually occupy nearly 400 square miles—almost the size of the sprawling city of Los Angeles."
The figure below shows the impact of China alone. Good stats.
It is interesting to note what the next story will be:
Next, coming soon: How the U.S. set up China as a pollution haven and exported its air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions at the expense of U.S. workers and communities.This has been the topic of many of my own research papers. The headlines are good - the reality is somewhat different.
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Currently there are over 1.25 billion units on the road (0.32 billion in the USA), a minimum of 5 billion brakes or 10 billion pads. In addition the industry manufactures around 90 million units per year which represents around 400 million brakes. All these deposit debris to the surroundings. The vehicle numbers represent the market potential for this design.
Dust is an environmental and health concern. The “Brake Pad Partnership” concluded that some 50% of brake dust becomes airborne and estimated that 580 tons of copper/year finds its way into California waterways - recommending “source control” rather than water treatment. European research estimates that brake wear will contribute up to 55% of non-exhaust air pollution from vehicles. The particle sizes less than 2.5nm penetrate deep into the lungs and international research concludes “the identified compounds are known to have adverse effects even with mutagenic and carcinogenic potency to humans.”
The proposal of “source control” has seen significant R&D devoted to copper free pads - significant time and money in order to satisfy this legislation demand. The alternative to “source control” is to “collect at source.”
No viable or cost effective on-vehicle dust collection system exists on the market. The Clean Brake Performance Module (CBPM), designed by Joe Gelb, is the only cost effective on-vehicle dust collection system that may be readily fitted to any vehicle. It embraces the entirety of the brake, has no moving parts and absorbs no power. Clean air flows into the disc vents and flows radially outwards. At the disc rim the module employs 2 lipped members to “tap-off” an amount of the airflow dictated by the degree of lip overhang into the vent outlet area. It is then directed into a bypass channel formed by the module outer casing to an outer high pressure region. The air then flows downwards to a low pressure region and back towards the disc surface where it “scrubs” the disc surface of dust as it is driven outwards to the rim of the disc. At this point a second lip guides the total airflow into a filter channel forcing it through the filters and back towards the disc surface. The air is thus constantly recycled and filtered. Once the recycling process has been established (whenever the wheel is rotating) the majority of air will pass through the disc vent so maximizing cooling.
Independent first prototype testing by LINK Engineering showed dust collection to be 92% by weight. In addition it was seen that disc thickness wear was reduced by 58%, inner pad by 17% and outer pad by 29%. It was also seen that over the majority of test cycles the brake temperature was reduced. The added advantage of a totally enclosed brake is that it reduces the effects of NVH as it inherently acts as a noise barrier.
The outer casing may be personalized to emphasize the character of the vehicle - constructed from carbon fiber, glass fiber, pressed brushed stainless steel or anodized aluminum alloy.
- 2016 Top 100 Entries
ABOUT THE ENTRANT
Name: Joe Gelb
Type of entry: individual
Number of times previously entering contest:1
Joe is inspired by:
Help clean up our environment by reducing this toxic material (brake dust) globally!
Software used for this entry:
Patent status: patented
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Fern Hill: Dylan Thomas walk down Memory Lane
Dylan Thomas Fern Hill can be interpreted as mans biggest desire to be a child once again. In Fern Hill, the writer talks about the glorious days of his youth and also his struggles with accepting old age and death. In this poem, the writer takes the reader along on a detailed exploration of his childhood memories. The struggle to accept and respect times rhythms and cycles, turns and limits, can affect everyone, as indicated by this poem. Thomas explains the bitter feelings of reality finally hitting you and causing you to realize that the carefree childhood must end through time and age. The writer realizes that his childhood is gone, and that he can only look forward to growing old and dying now. Feeling the loss of his precious childhood, he uses countless detailed examples to urge the readers to take into consideration the importance, and the true joy and happiness, of childhood. The readers are asked to cherish their childhood memories with the help of many literary techniques cleverly used in this poem, such as the usage of symbolism and imagery. The readers are able to feel his happiness throughout the journey through his memories. Readers also feel his struggle to understand why time can decide the length of his life.
The first aspect of the poem to be talked about is the beautiful characteristics of childhood, as revealed by Thomas in his memories of childhood. As the poem begins, the readers see an aging man who is, possibly, turning bald. The writer shares with the readers the vision he sees in his mind of himself as a young boy on his familys farm. The writer, as a young boy, was green and carefree, famous among the barns (10) and had the trees and leaves/ trail with daisies and barley/ down the rivers of the windfall light (7-9). The readers see what he is thinking about, as if they were looking at the same picture book. They feel what he is feeling, as if they were real to both them and the writer. All their senses are motioned into the pleasures of this joyful time in the boys life.
The readers hear the sounds of the singing of the calves and the clear, cold barking of the foxes, as the writer plays his horn in his memories. The readers ense the lovely calmness of the Sabbath days that seemed to ring slowly in the pebbles of the holy streams (18). They are encouraged to visualize the hay fields high as the house (19-20); they hear the tunes from the chimneys (20). On hearing the writer describe his bedtime memories, the readers are swept away into their own memories of bedtime. The writers tells about owls bearing the farm away (24). An image of peaceful nights is brought forth with the nightjars/ flying with the ricks, and the horses/ flashing into the dark (25-28). A sense of harmony and admiration is called to the readers minds as the writer recalls awaking each morning to the sight of the farm. Each morning as he wakes up, the farm is white with the dew (29), the roosters are crowing and the horses are whinnying as they walk out of the stables onto the fields in the warm sun. Every new day was a new beginning for the young writer. In the sun that is young once only,/ Time let me play and be (12-13). By looking at memories of his carefree days of youth, readers know that his childhood was happy and complete. As he is recalling his younger days, he realizes that, as a child, he had no concept of time.
The writer stops describing the awe-inspiring days of his youth and brings the readers back to present reality. He suggests that he is now aged and is not only reminiscing, but is very concerned with the whole issue of aging and death.
Nothing I cared, in the lamb white days, that time would take me
Up to the swallow thronged loft by the shadow of my hand
In the moon that is always rising
Nor that riding to sleep
I should hear him fly with the high fields
And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land. (46-51)
Although the writers vulnerability in his reflection of lifes rhythms is revealed in this poem, his final understanding of life is shown. As a boy, he believed that he would always be young and ran [his] heedless ways (40). The writer now knows that the reality of life is that life is all too short, especially the brief days of youth, and that is the only way he must accept it. The last three lines of the poem bring us to the distressing reality of the joys and sadness of life. Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means, time held me green and dying though I sand in my chains like the sea (52-54). The writer explains that all good things for all people must come to an end, and when they do, everyone will look back on the times that they had and wish that it could be that way forever.
Dylan Thomas cleverly uses a series of effective literary techniques, and also, a beautiful flow of the stanzas, in describing the many memories of the childhood. Long lines of free verse are used to enhance the writers recollection of carefree, joyful youth, as well as the writers suggestion of an open-minded acceptance of the rhythms of time. Like a song, each stanza has nine lines, a similar meter, and repeated phrases. The second stanza is a mirrored reflection of the first stanza, having the similar phrases and words. The use of the phrases time let me and golden in the is seen again in the parallel lines of the second stanza. The opening of the poem, as I was young and easy, is also repeated in the last stanza, showing the writers thoughts to come to a conclusion, where he makes his final comment about accepting times natural rhythms.
Besides the lyrical style of Thomas being beautiful, the imagery in this poem is also very beautifully used. Thomas uses numerous images to describe the farm and his feelings, and many are often repeated in the poem. Words such as lordly, honored, prince, huntsmen and herdsmen are used to describe his feelings of superiority on the farm. Images like prince of appletowns, famous among the barns, honored among wagons and foxes and peasants give the readers a taste of the joyful and carefree games of childhood.
The use of symbolism is evident in Fern Hill. Light is a major theme in this poem. There are many times, in this poem, where Thomas uses the suns light as a sign of the freshness of life. All the sun long it was running, it was lovely, the hay/ Fields high as the house, the tunes from the chimneys, it was air/ and playing, lovely and watery/ and fire green as grass (19-22). In the writers immature eyes, he saw daylight as a sign of the beginning of a new day just waiting to be explored. And then to awake
The sky gathered again/ and the sun grew round that very day./ So it must have been after the birth of the simple light (28-33). To the writer, light is a necessity of life. In contrast, night, compared to light, takes a different meaning in the poem. Night is used to symbolize death, or the death of another day.
An example showing the beauty of childhood is represented as memories of the writers childhood are spilled out to the readers. The writer recalls his carefree boyhood, as each line is full of memories. As a child, each day was a new adventure, and the writer did not understand that as each day came by, he had less and less time to live. There is a sense of joy at the beginning of this poem; the writer is singing and playing on this farm of many treasures. Yet, amidst this enjoyable memory is a sense of sadness as we realize youth, and all its joy that comes with it, does not last forever. The writer realizes he can never be a child again, and so, as an adult, he finally realizes the value and importance of childhood and all its joys and happiness. The writer knows that time decides when his death is and that the only thing he can do now is to sit back and wait. This poem helps readers to recognize the struggle to accept life as it is along with its boundaries and limits, and time cycles and rhythms, and to appreciate the joys and sadness of life. After exploring the writers memories with him in this poem, readers learn, through their own memories, to cherish the joys. Readers also acknowledge the sadness of it not being there anymore. So, by knowing both, readers are taught the importance of each and every day of their lives.
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https://eduzaurus.com/free-essay-samples/dylan-thomass-poem-fern-hill-young-mans-struggle-in-accepting-aging-and-death/
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Now that we have the beginnings of a game framework, let's do something fun with the canvas element.
Parallax scrolling is a term used to describe a technique where several layers are transposed on top of each other, with those in the background scrolling more slowly then those in front. This creates the illusion of depth, and is used extensively in 2D games.
The RepeatingGameObject class allows an image to be repeated and scrolled inside a defined area. Up until now we have been drawing an image in it's entirety. RepeatingGameObjectis different in that it takes an image and draws it such that it fills up an area that has been defined (the dimensions of which are independent of that image that is being drawn). We will use this to take a large image (like a panoramic mountain view) and display just a small section of it at a time to create a background image.
You may have noticed the xScroll and yScroll properties of the GameObjectManager, which are passed to the draw and update functions on the GameObjects. These values define how much the camera has been moved along the x and y axes. The RepeatingGameObject class uses these values to scroll the texture they display, creating the illusion of movement.
First we need to define the area that the RepeatingGameObject will draw to. The x and y properties of the underlying GameObject class define the top left position, while the new width and height properties define the size of the drawing area. [code]
The scrollFactor property is used to change the amount of scrolling that is reflected in the RepeatingGameObject object in regards to the xScroll and yScroll values passed to the draw function. By setting scrollFactor to a value less than one we get slower movement, and thus the illusion of a more distant object. [code]
The draw and drawRepeat functions do the hard work of actually rendering the tiled and offset texture. [code]
Here we use the ApplicationManager to create three new instances of the RepeatingGameObject class. Each is used to display a new parallax layer, using the z (depth) and scrollFactor values to create progressively deeper and slower moving RepeatingGameObject instances.
The end result is quite convincing. The parallax scrolling gives a nice sense of depth, and the whole effect has been achieved with one additional class.
Check out the demo here, download the source code here, and browse the code documentation here.
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| 0.884672 | 509 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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