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Research in the UK suggests that the antidepressant amitriptyline hydrochloride—sold under the brand names Elavil, Endep, Vanatrip, Amitid, Amitril, Tryptizol, Laroxyl, Sarotex, Lentizol, and as generic amitryptyline—might cause reduced brain function and death in the elderly. The Rottenstein Law Group compassionately advocates for those who have suffered serious adverse amitriptyline side effects. If you (or a family member) has taken amitriptyline and believe it harmed you, contact RLG for a free, confidential legal consultation immediately.
What Is Amitriptyline? When Is It Prescribed?
Amitriptyline is the generic name for the drug amitriptyline hydrochloride. First developed as Elavil by the American pharmaceutical giant Merck & Co., Inc., this prescription medication is used to treat depression, eating disorders, post-herpetic neuralgia, and migraine headaches. Merck obtained approval to sell the drug in April 1961, and doctors still prescribe it in the form of oral tablets ranging from 10 mg to 150 mg in strength. Amitriptyline is one of the most common antidepressants on the market.
Amitriptyline belongs to the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) drug class, which behaves similar to more recently developed serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Both classes prevent receptors in the human brain from absorbing serotonin that has already been released. Serotonin helps maintain feelings of well-being in people, so preventing its re-absorption alleviates negative feelings. Unlike SSRIs, TCAs and SNRIs also prevent re-absorption of norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline), which regulates stress levels. The difference between TCAs and SNRIs is that SNRIs do not block “muscarinic,” “alpha 1 adrenergic,” and “histamine H1” receptors. TCAs do block these receptors, causing more adverse side effects than SNRIs.
Amitriptyline Might Cause Life-Threatening Side Effects
In June 2011, researchers at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, investigated the “anticholinergic activity” caused by various drugs, including amitriptyline. Over a two-year period they studied the drugs’ effects on 13,000 U.K. individuals over the age of 65. They scored the participants’ drugs’ “anticholinergic burden” (ACB) on a scale of 0-3 and tallied them for each patient. They found the following:
- The risks associated with anticholinergic drugs were cumulative, so patients taking more than one drug were more likely to suffer adverse side effects;
- Participants whose combined ACB scores of five or greater suffered a four percent reduction in cognitive abilities;
- Twenty percent of participants whose ACB scores were four or greater died during the two-year study. By contrast, only seven percent of those not taking anticholinergic died during that period; and
- For every additional ACB point scored, the odds of dying increased by 26 percent.
According to the study, amitriptyline’s ACB score was three—severe. The researchers’ findings appear in the June 2011 issue of the medical journal Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
Other Side Effects
According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s National Center for Biotechnology Information, amitriptyline causes numerous other side effects, incuding:
- slow or difficult speech;
- dizziness or faintness;
- weakness or numbness of an arm or a leg;
- crushing chest pain;
- rapid, pounding, or irregular heartbeat;
- severe skin rash or hives;
- swelling of the face and tongue;
- yellowing of the skin or eyes;
- jaw, neck, and back muscle spasms;
- uncontrollable shaking of a part of the body;
- unusual bleeding or bruising;
- seizures; and
- hallucinating (seeing things or hearing voices that do not exist).
RLG’s Lawyers Will Make Things Easier
The process of demanding compensation for the harm you’ve suffered can be complicated, even if it doesn’t seem fair that you should have to go through even more trouble to be made whole again. The lawyers of the Rottenstein Law Group believe that obtaining legal satisfaction from those who harmed you shouldn’t require more hardship. That’s why we do everything we can to streamline the process, and we will file an amitriptyline lawsuit on your behalf if necessary.
If you have taken amitriptyline and believe it harmed you, contact RLG today.
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What is Cancer?
Technically speaking, cancer is over-active cell division, which creates more new cells than the body needs. More generally, when cells divide and increase at a rate faster than cell death, they collect in the body, forming a tumor.
You may ask, "If cells are dividing, aren't they getting smaller? If so, why is over-active cell division a problem?" BUT, cell division is the process your body goes through in order to duplicate cells. Normally, duplicates are only made to replace old cells, or to repair a spot in your body that is injured and needs replacement cells fast.
In order to divide and result in two identical cells, the original cell must first replicate all of its organelles, proteins, and DNA so that an identical set of these cellular components can be put into the new (daughter) cell.
REMEMBER: DNA provides the instructions for the development and functioning of all cells. If the DNA does not replicate or divide successfully, it could lead to cell abnormalities and possibly cell death.
Below is a general review of the NORMAL cell cycle and cell division in human cells:
Cell Cycle (Interphase):
- G1 Phase: "Growth Phase" during which cell grows to prepare for DNA replication
- S Phase: "Synthesis Phase" during which all DNA is replicated and each chromosome has 2 sister chromatids
- G2 Phase: "Second Growth Phase" during which cell makes proteins and other cellular components necessary for cell division
After Interphase, the cell goes through Mitosis, or M Phase, during which the cell divides, resulting in two identical cells
Steps of Mitosis: PMAT
In the following images, blue represents chromatin, green is microtubules, and pink is kinetochores. Explanations of these proteins are provided on the proteins page.
Prophase: During prophase, the genetic material condenses into two identical chromosomes, centrosomes (that produce and organize microtubules) form and move to opposite ends of the cell, and the nuclear envelope begins to degrade. Centrosomes are denoted by the dense regions of green at either pole of the cell.
Metaphase: During metaphase, the chromosomes align along the equator of the cell, microtubules from the centrioles attach to each chromosome at the kinetochore (a protein structure on the chromosome where microtubules attach), and the cell prepares to stretch into 2 distinct cells.
Anaphase: During anaphase, the chromosomes split and one sister chromatid of each chromosome is pulled to each pole by microtubules attached to the centriole. As microtubules contract, spindle fibers extend along the length of the dividing cell to push the two individual cells closer to division.
Telophase: During telophase the two daughter cells become distinct from each other because the nuclear envelope is re-formed in each of the cells and chromosomes de-condense into loose chromatin. This "rebuilding" of the daughter cells occurs simultaneously with Cytokinesis, which is the last process of division in the creation of two daughter cells.
The cell cycle is performed and controlled by many different proteins, such as microtubules, centrosomes, and kinetochores. Through the study of cancer, scientists can discover what proteins cause over-active cell division, learn about how the protein functions in the cell, and manipulate it to see they can change the protein's role in the cell.
See the Cell Cycle in Action!
Now, imagine the cell cycle in a cancerous cell. Cancerous cell division occurs at a much faster rate!
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Spotlight: Econ Op-eds in Summary (Week ended 04th March'20)
1. Ominously rising foodflation needs medium to long-term strategy to improve agricultural productivity
By: W.A. Wijewardena
· Rising food prices led to a recent increase in inflation levels in Sri Lanka. A prolonged drought and rising producer prices had negated expected price drops. While some higher food prices were blamed on the middlemen, research has suggested that middlemen margins are low for paddy and that higher margins on vegetables are to compensate for the costs including transport and waste.
· Importing food items might create an over-supply as the Maha season stocks come in the next month. At current productivity levels, rice farmers benefit with a low output. The long-term solution to food inflation will be to improve productivity in main agricultural crops in the country. The excess supply from improved yields could be used in producing industrial goods for exporting.
· Paddy cultivation also requires a large quantity of water. In Sri Lanka, while water is supplied almost free, droughts will affect the production. Water-efficient paddy cultivation methods developed worldwide should be adopted. All the stakeholders in the agriculture sector should come together to implement a comprehensive reform strategy targeting the medium to long-term horizon.
2. Debt in Times of Economic Crisis
By: Ahilan Kadirgamar
· Sri Lanka’s economic woes were long in the making, with high debt and efforts to roll over debt with consecutive IMF agreements. These agreements often come with market friendly neo-liberal policies attached to them, which include measures that increase imports and the rapid flow of finance capital. This has only thrown the country further into debt.
· A debt ridden and stagnating economy raises the cost of capital and reduces demand for goods, in effect crippling SMEs, which are major employment creators in Sri Lanka. This in turn would reduce incomes of people, pushing them towards loans with high interest rates which leave them in higher debt.
· One such example was the IMF’s recommendation that the recently implemented rate caps should be temporary. Thus, the alternative to this crisis should begin with barriers against the onslaught of market forces that not only entrap rural women in debt, but harm small businesses and even paralyze states like Sri Lanka.
(Compiled by: Chayu Damsinghe, Promodhya Abeysekara & Asel Hettiarachchi)
Disclaimer: This information has been compiled from sources believed to be reliable but Frontier Research Private Limited does not warrant its completeness or accuracy. The bullet points provided for each summarised opinion article is written by Frontier Research and has no connection to the respective author. Furthermore, the information contained in these reports/emails are confidential and should not be shared publicly. Disclosure, copying and distribution is strictly prohibited.
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FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array) : FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array) Presented by :
Cochin History : History Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
n- address i/p can implement n i/p logic fun.
Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
Programmable AND plane followed by programmable or wired OR plane.
Sum of product form
Two level programming adds delay Next - : Next - Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
Programmable AND plane and fixed OR plane.
All these PLA and PAL are Simple Programmable Logic Devices (SPLD).
Logic plane structure grows rapidly with number of inputs Next - : Next - To mitigate the problem
Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD)
programmably interconnect multiple SPLDs.
Extending to higher density difficult
Less flexibility Comparison : Comparison FPGA : FPGA A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a Programmable Logic Device(PLD) with higher densities and capable of implementing different functions in a short period of time.
FPGA Routing Techniques
FPGA Design Flow FPGA overview : FPGA overview 2-D array of logic blocks and flip-flops with programmable interconnections.
User can configure
Intersections between the logic blocks
The function of each block World of Integrated Circuits : Full-Custom
Programmable PLD FPGA World of Integrated Circuits Why do we need FPGAs? Which Way to Go? : Which Way to Go? Low development cost Short time to market Reprogrammable High performance ASICs FPGAs Low power Low cost in
high volumes Other FPGA Advantages : Other FPGA Advantages Manufacturing cycle for ASIC is very costly, lengthy and engages lots of manpower
Mistakes not detected at design time have large impact on development time and cost
FPGAs are perfect for rapid prototyping of digital circuits
Easy upgrades like in case of software
Unique applications Logic Blocks : Logic Blocks Purpose: to implement combinational and sequential logic functions.
Logic blocks can be implemented by:-
Look up tables( LUT)
Wide fan-in AND-OR structure.
Granularity: is the hardware abstraction level.
According to granularity, two types of Blocks :
Fine Grain Logic Blocks
Coarse Grain Logic Blocks Fine Grain : Fine Grain The Cross Point FPGA
Transistors are interconnected.
Logic block is implemented using transistor pair tiles. Slide 13: 2. Plessey FPGA :-
2-input NAND gate forms basic building block
Static RAM programming technology Fine Grain : Fine Grain Advantage:
Blocks are fully utilized.
Require large numbers of wire segments and programmable switches.
Need more area. Coarse Grain Logic Blocks : Coarse Grain Logic Blocks Many types exists according to implementations
Multiplexer Based and Look-up-Table Based are most common
1. The Xilinx Logic Block:
A SRAM function as a LUT.
Address line of SRAM as input
Output of SRAM gives the logic output
k-input logic function =2^k size SRAM
K-i/p LUT gives 2^2^k logic functions Slide 16: Advantage:
k inputs logic block can be implemented in no. of ways
Large no of memory cells required if i/p is large Slide 17: 2. Altera logic block:-
Up to 100 i/p AND gate fed into OR gate with 3-8 i/ps
Few logic block can implement the entire functionality
Less area required
If i/ps are less, usage density of block will be low
Pull up devices consume static power Effects of Granularity on FPGA Density and Performance : Effects of Granularity on FPGA Density and Performance Tradeoff
Granularity increase -> Blocks less
More Functional Blocks-> more area
Area is normally measured by total number of bits needed to implement the design. So look the example Example : Example FPGA Routing Techniques : FPGA Routing Techniques Comprises of programmable switches and wires
Provides connection between I/O blocks, logic blocks etc.
Routing decides logic block density and area consumed
Different routing techniques are:-
Xilinx Routing architecture
Actel routing methodology
Altera routing methodology Slide 21: Xilinx Routing architecture
connections are made through a connection block.
SRAM is used to implement LUT. So connection sites are large
Pass transistors for connecting output pins
multiplexers for input pins.
wire segments used are:-
general purpose segments
clock lines Slide 22: Actel routing methodology
more wire segments in horizontal direction.
i/p & o/p vertical tracks can make connection with every horizontal track.
Routing is flexible.
more switches are required => more capacitive load. Slide 23: Altera routing methodology
It has two level hierarchy.
first level => 16 or 32 of the logicblocks are grouped into a Logic Array Block(LAB)
connections are formed using EPROM
Second level=> LABs are interconnected using Programmable Interconnect Array(PIA) Programming Methodology : Programming Methodology Electrically programmable switches are used to program FPGA
Properties of programmable switch determine on- resistance, parasitic capacitance, volatility, reprogrammability, size etc.
Various programming techniques are:-
SRAM programming technology
Floating Gate Programming
Antifuse programming methodology Slide 25: SRAM programming technology
Use Static RAM cells to control pass gates or multiplexers.
1= closed switch connection
For mux, SRAM determines the mux input selection process. Advantage
Standard IC fabrication Tech. is used
Requires large area Slide 26: Floating gate programming
Tech used in EPROM and EEPROM devices is used
Switch is disable by applying high voltage to gate-2 between gate-1 and drain.
The charge is removed by UV light
Advantage:-No external permanent memory is needed to program it at power-up
Extra processing steps
Static power loss due to pull up resistor and high on resistance Slide 27: Antifuse programming methodology
2 terminal device with an un programmed state present very high resistance.
By applying high voltage create a low resistance link.
Low series resistance and low parasitic capacitance summary : summary Why better ? : Why better ? FPGA programmed using electrically programmable switches
Routing architectures are complex.
Logic is implemented using multiple levels of lower fan-in gates.
Shorter time to market
Ability to re-program in the field to fix bugs FPGA Disadvantage FPGAs are generally slower than their application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
Can't handle as complex a design, and draw more power. Application : Application Reconfigurable computing.
Applications of FPGAs include DSP, software-defined radio.
The inherent parallelism of the logic resources on the FPGA allows for considerable compute throughput. FPGA Design and Programming : FPGA Design and Programming To define the behavior of the FPGA the user provides a hardware description language (HDL) or a schematic design.
Then, using an electronic design automation tool, a technology-mapped net list is generated.
The netlist can then be fitted to the actual FPGA architecture using a process called place-and-route.
The user will validate the map, place and route results via timing analysis, simulation, and other verification methodologies.
Once the design and validation process is complete, the binary file generated used to configure the FPGA. Slide 32: THANK YOU
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Click on the type of cancer you would like to know more about.
Basal cell carcinoma
Rodent ulcer; Skin cancer - basal cell; Cancer - skin - basal cellOverview
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of all skin cancer cases. Basal cell carcinomas are found most commonly on the head, particularly the face, nose, ears, and the arms, but can also be found on the trunk and legs.
Review Date: 5/12/2011
Reviewed By: Sandra Osswald, MD
There are many factors that may increase your risk. These are some factors to consider:
Sun exposure is a very important risk factor. Chronic sun exposure, history of sunburns and indoor tanning may increase your risk of skin cancer.
Having fair skin and light hair/eyes such as blond or red hair and blue or green eyes may increase your risk.
Family history of skin cancer
Personal history of a previous skin cancer
History of radiation treatments
History of immunosuppression, such as organ transplant patients requiring chronic medications to weaken their immune system (even more for Squamous cell carcinoma)
Inherited syndromes such as Nevoid Basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Basal cell carcinomas have varying appearances. Common appearances are a pearly or translucent bump, a crusted or ulcerated nodule or scar-like lesion. Sometimes, superficial basal cell carcinomas can manifest as a thin, red plaque and look like a patch of eczema. Basal cell carcinomas can even be pigmented and may look like a melanoma.
If you discover any worrisome findings, consider getting a professional full skin examination.
Diagnosis begins with a skin examination. A specialized lighted device, called a dermatoscope, is sometimes used to examine certain lesions carefully. If there are any suspicious lesions noted on examination, your doctor may ask if you would agree to a skin biopsy. This procedure involves removing the lesion or a sample of the lesion of concern so that it may be sent for pathologic evaluation. Pathologic evaluation can determine if the lesion is a skin cancer and if so, what type of skin cancer it is. Biopsies can usually be performed as an outpatient office procedure under local anesthesia. When the pathology is reviewed, you are then notified of the results and if any further testing or treatment is recommended.
Treatment for skin cancer will depend on the type, size and extent of the skin cancer. Smaller skin cancers may be treated by your Dermatologist, while certain cancers on the face or larger or more extensive skin cancers may require Mohs surgery and/or multidisciplinary care. Our Mohs surgeon has specialty training in this technique and is located with our CTRC clinic. If multidisciplinary care is required, we will often coordinate efforts among our many available subspecialties. Specialties that we often coordinate with include our colleagues in Medical and Surgical Oncology, ENT, Ophthalmology, Plastic Surgery, Nuclear medicine and Radiation therapy.
Treatment options will be discussed with you. Treatment options may include:
Electrodesiccation and curettage. This treatment may be used for superficial skin cancers. The doctor will scrape away cancer cells using a curette and use an electric needle to destroy cancer cells.
Excisional surgery. The doctor will cut out or excise the tumor with a margin of healthy tissue. The margin of tissue will depend on the type and extent of the skin cancer. Usually, this tissue is sent for pathologic evaluation.
Mohs surgery. This procedure is used for skin cancers that need to be removed from areas such as the face or digits, where there is not a lot of normal tissue to spare. This procedure allows skin cancer to be removed without taking an excessive amount of surrounding normal tissue. Mohs surgery gives excellent curative rates as 100% of the margin is evaluated for tumor. This technique is also best for larger, recurrent or more aggressive tumors where looking at the entire margin is critical.
Chemotherapy, topical and systemic, and biologic therapies. There are a variety of topical medications, such as 5 fluorouracil (Efudex, Carac), and systemic medications that can be used to destroy cancerous cells, as well as immunomodulators that can alter your immune system.
Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can be used particularly for patients in whom surgery is not the best option as well as for adjunctive treatment.
There are many ways you can help prevent skin cancer.
Seek the shade, especially between 10am and 4pm
Cover up your skin with dark, tight woven clothing over your arms and legs; wear large brimmed hats and sunglasses
Wear sunscreen everyday that provides broad spectrum coverage, both UVA and UVB, and is at least SPF 30
Don't use tanning beds and don't burn
Examine your skin from head to toe every month and see your doctor every year for a professional skin examination
If you would like to request an appointment with a physician, or if there is a direct referral from a physician, please call:
Appointments: (210) 450-9840
Fax: (210) 450-6092
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There are different phases of play that a child will go through as he/she is developing. How long a child stays in each phase is dependent on the child, but each stage is important because a child will learn valuable skills as they learn to play and play to learn.
- Unoccupied Play-this is when a child is not playing, but may be observing others. The child may stand in one spot or perform random movements.
- Solitary (Independent) Play-this is when a child can focus and pay attention to the activity they are involved in. They are usually unaware or uninterested in what others are doing around them. The child explores and usually experiments with cause and effect behaviors.
- Onlooker Play-this is when a child may observe what others are doing and may make comments to those participating, but does not actually join the play.
- Parallel Play-this is when children may play next to each other with like materials, and may imitate each other’s actions, but they are not necessarily playing togethers.
- Associative Play-this is when children may be interested in each other and socializing together but they do not have an organized activity they are participating in together. They may be in a group interacting, but they are all doing their own thing.
- Cooperative Play-this is when children are interested in each other and in the activity they are doing together. They will have an organized activity with assigned roles as they work together cooperatively.
I love that I get to teach kids and parents how to play. Sometimes when there is a skill (like playing) that usually comes natural to children, it can be tricky figuring out how to break things down to teach that skill to a child. That’s one of the reasons I love the P.L.A.Y. Project, it gives families the methods and techniques they need to help their child progress through those developmental stages that every child needs to go through.
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Medical Words in English that You Need to Know
Today I will not burden you with complicated and obscure medical terms in English. I will only acquaint you with the basic medical words in English which you will need to know in case – God forbid – you end up in the hospital in another country. To navigate the healthcare system in, for instance, the United States, you’ll need some basic medical vocabulary (unless you happen to keep a medical dictionary on hands). It may also be useful to know how enough English vocabulary to talk about health problems in other circumstances.
Learn these English words, and you will not only understand what doctors are talking about, but you’ll be able to understand English language television shows that have a medical theme.
- Emergency Room (ER)
- Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
- Operating Room (OR)
Medical Abbreviations in English
- EKG = echocardiogram
- B.I.D. = (from Latin “bis in die.” Typically written on prescriptions.)
Commonly Used Words Related to the Medical Field
- Urine sample
- Blood sample
- Painkiller/pain reliever
- Biopsy (of abnormal cells)
Clarifying the Following Terms
Now let’s move on to words that are associated with each of these terms.
- Broken bone (fracture)
- Bug = virus
Names of Medical Personnel in English
- Doctor = MD
- Family doctor
Don’t get sick, and enjoy learning English!
See you soon!
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We are at an interesting place in food cultivation and consumption. We have an ever-growing consumer awareness of our food systems, where our food comes from, and what we require of our food.
On the other hand, we have giants like Monsanto¹, who are not in the business of growing food at all really, controlling our food growth and ingredients down to the very basics of the food itself – the DNA.
Working behind the scenes of agriculture, Monsanto has been busy leveraging themselves as the sole controlling source for seed availability to farmers for many years.
And beyond seed, they have made our milk and dairy products incredibly unsafe to eat and drink. Monsanto is the corporation who introduced rBGH – or recombinant bovine growth hormone – to our nation’s dairy farmers. Worse, they have tried very hard to make the use of rBGH worldwide.
Through falsifying studies² and getting the help of the FDA, we now have, regularly in our milk and cheese and butter products, an array of hormones and antibiotics and other undesirables.
rBGH causes the accelerated production of milk in cows. This often leads to painful mastitis in cows. Mastitis is an infection of the milk glands, and with infection comes many problems.
Pus for one. Milk with rBGH is guaranteed to have pus in it. Not very yummy is it? To ameliorate the infection cows need a host of powerful antibiotics. So you can rest assured that milk produced from rBGH cows is full of antibiotics.
We now know there is a problem with “super bugs.” These are infections that have developed immunity to antibiotics. With antibiotics running in our systems from our food, bacteria are able to mutate and resist multiple types of antibiotics.
In addition to the pus and antibiotics, there are also powerful hormones in our food that’s treated with rBGH. We’re talking very powerful. Powerful enough to cause the cows’ ovaries to be ten times their normal size in addition to mass milk production.
And now Monsanto would like to control our corn and soybean seeds so that, worldwide, farmers are dependent on Monsanto’s seeds.
These seeds are genetically altered to resist herbicides – a deadly chemical that was Monsanto’s original moneymaker and what many Americans and Vietnamese know so well as Agent Orange.
Monsanto would like us to think that, not only is their herbicide safe on our lands and in our stomachs, but their genetically altered seeds are also safe for consumption.
The real kicker in all of this? Monsanto also wants us to regard them as the expert in sustainable agriculture. This is the biggest green wash going.
All of our conventional food in stores, restaurants, and even schools have GMO elements. How dangerous is this? We don’t fully know this and important information is kept secret by big corporations – mainly Monsanto.
Factory farms, GMOs, herbicides and pesticides…..we’re in an awful state in our food production and consumption, and it’s really hard, although getting easier, to find products not affected by these large corporate systems of food production.
Consumers don’t have a lot of choices for convenience and even knowledge of exactly where their food comes from.
This is why it is so important for us to keep demanding food that is organic and sustainably cultivated. And while we’re at it, even if we’re not a fan of animals nor care for their welfare, it only makes sense to our health (and the health of the planet) to demand that our farmers use humane methods of husbandry.
This also means that we need to research the food we buy and eat. Support local, sustainable farms by joining a CSA or getting food from a farmers market. Buy, as much as possible, organic food and dairy products.
We can see that consumer demand is already really changing the face of mainstream supermarkets. Let’s keep it up and really turn on the pressure!
- Much of the information I wrote about here I got from watching the 2008 documentary “The World According to Monsanto,” a French documentary that is not readily available in the US.
This can be viewed in full-length version here -
- A short, 18 minute online documentary by Jeffrey Smith summarizes really well the skewed research and bad science used by Monsanto and the FDA -
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Happy 225th Birthday to the Bill of Rights!
Last Thursday, December 15th, marks the 225th anniversary of the day in 1791 when the Bill of Rights (the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution) were ratified by the states. Our friends at the Ashbrook Center put together a quiz to mark the day and frankly to see how much American history we remember from our high school civics class.
President Franklin Roosevelt declared December 15th “Bill of Rights Day” in 1941. Roosevelt, “who described the Bill of Rights as ‘the great American charter of personal liberty and human dignity,’” understood the importance of understanding and learning American history.
It’s unfortunate that our public schools have drifted far away from those days of teaching matters of great historic importance to our youngest Americans and future leaders of this great nation. This lack of knowledge about the wise decisions and compromises made by of our Founding Fathers explains a lot about the post-election hysteria happening on American college campuses. With no constitutional context on which to judge the outcome of our most recent election, I guess it is hard for Millennials to understand how our Republic works. There is no excuse, however, for editorial writers at The New York Times and by some in our state legislature who seek to circumvent the U.S. Constitution by abolishing the Electoral College and who seek to abolish several guaranteed rights.
So Happy Anniversary Bill of Rights! Join me and many others in taking this quiz that will test your knowledge about what those 10 amendments are all about. Have fun and let me know how you fared.
Posted on Thu, December 22, 2016
by Annette Meeks
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Curry Holden - A Landmark Visionary
Dr. Curry Holden,
the first Director of the
West Texas Museum
(now the Museum of Texas Tech University),
is credited with
the discovery of Lubbock Lake in 1936.
It all started when the young Kimmel cousins
brought him a Folsom point found there. Throughout
the decades, Holden’s research championed protection
of the Lubbock Lake site.
He oversaw excavations,
worked with community leaders, and raised
community awareness with his own guided tours
into the early 1970s. His ceaseless efforts
are chronicled in celebration of the
Landmark’s 80th anniversary of discovery.
His vision is the foundation for the Landmark’s
current mission and success.
Explore the distinguished career of the man who was
a driving force behind many efforts to research
and preserve the region’s history.
On exhibit through Sunday, October 2, 2016.
This year, Curry Holden - A Landmark Visionary joins our other exhibits that explore the history, science, landscape, and cultures of the Landmark.
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This past summer 100 children from Ahousaht, Ditidaht, Ehattesaht/Chinehkint, Hupacasath, Huu-ay-aht, Mowachaht/Muchalaht, Tseshaht, Uchucklesaht and Ucluelet First Nations participated in Uu-a-thluk science camps. Since 2005, Science Venture and the University of Victoria have partnered with Uu-a-thluk to bring a combination of science and Nuu-chah-nulth cultural knowledge to kids in Nuu-chah-nulth communities.
The camps would not be possible without the ongoing collaboration and donations from sponsors. With the generosity of our donors, Uu-a-thluk raises between $5,000 and $8,000 each year. As a result, close to 1,000 kids have participated in this camp over the past 10 years.
“As a business that operates in the marine environment in Nuu-chah-nulth traditional territory, Uu-a-thluk Science Camp is a great fit for our community donation program,” said Tim Rundle, General Manager for Tofino-based Creative Salmon. “Creative Salmon’s aquaculture operation relies on knowledgeable, dedicated employees who care about operating in the ocean in a respectful manner.”
The science camps aim to familiarize children grades 4-6 with scientific concepts, especially those concepts related to sea resources and management. The five camps incorporate teachings from elders who hold a wealth of knowledge about managing our resources with a focus on fisheries and marine ecosystems. Some elders who participated in this year’s science camps were Hank Gus, Tseshaht Beach Keeper, Rowena Cootes from Uchucklesaht who helped out at the Hupacasath/Uchucklesaht camp, and Ray Williams, Mowachaht/Muchalaht elder who conducted traditional teachings on salmon at Friendly Cove. Each year, campers have the opportunity to participate in field trips that explore the marine environment through the lens of science.
“The photo scavenger hunt was a big hit,” said Michelle Colyn, Capacity Building Coordinator referring to the activity that took place on Nettle Island in Barkley Sound. “Youth learned about how the sun bounces off objects to highlight colours, and we gave the kids some paint colour samples to find similar colours in the marine environment.”
Currently there are only a few Nuu-chah-nulth First Nations in post-secondary programs related to resource management or fisheries science. Teaching scientific concepts through hands-on learning helps foster interest among young children for different areas of science such as marine science, medicine/health, chemistry, biology and environmental science/conservation. Through being exposed to science in this way, the kids can recognize many possibilities for careers in science.
“We feel we need to support young West Coast residents interested in learning, caring for and growing sustenance from the ocean,” said Rundle. “We are very happy to help out with science camps, and Uu-a-thluk can count us in as supporters for years to come.”
Uu-a-thluk would like to thank the following sponsors for supporting the 2015 science camps:
Cermac Canada Limited
Creative Salmon Co.
Native Fishing Association
Pacific Boat Brokers
Pacific Halibut Management
Pacific Sea Cucumber
Port Alberni Port Authority
Ratcliffe & Company
Village of Zeballos
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The EPA continues to push their big CO2 lie
Their claims are at best misleading, and most are straight up lies.
There has been no change in Northern Hemisphere snow cover for 35 years.
The area of sea ice on Earth is nearly the same as 35 years ago. There was a drop from 2005 to 2012, but it has since “recovered.”
The temperature of Earth’s troposphere (where the greenhouse effect occurs) has hardly changed for 25 years.
Sea level has been rising for 20,000 years – most of that time much faster than now. Sea level is 400 feet higher than it was when the first Americans walked across the Bering Strait from Russia.
Life evolved and thrived with CO2 at much higher levels than now. If CO2 caused any of the other effects the EPA claimed (ocean acidity, extreme weather, health, etc.) the earth and oceans would be barren.
Gina McCarthy and the EPA are using tax dollars to support the biggest fraud in history.
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Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina
versión impresa ISSN 0004-4822
WICK, Emmanuel et al. Recent debris flows in the Frontal Cordillera of Mendoza: an example of natural risk on the Road 7. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2010, vol.66, n.4, pp. 460-465. ISSN 0004-4822.
In this paper is presented a study dealing with the debris flows that reached the national road 7 in January 2005, in the km 1,118.5, Mendoza province. The area is located in the Frontal Cordillera near the limit of the Precordillera. A detailed geomorphologic map has been realized for this study using a Quickbird satellite imagery of the year 2006. Various calculations of volumes, velocities and peak discharges have been performed with the field data and using a geographic information system (GIS). The geomorphologic survey has permitted to propose three propagation scenarios in case of a new event. These allowed creating a map of debris flows susceptibility for the stretch of the road that has been studied. Finally, it has been proposed protection and mitigation measures, based on the results of the study, to protect the road from a new event.
Palabras llave : Debris flows; Road 7; Mendoza; Map of susceptibility; Mitigation measures.
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Kansas All Books Connect
Kansas ABC is a reading initiative consisting of tools and services to help educators and parents match books to kids to promote successful reading practice.
Kansas Education Resource Center (KERC)
The Kansas Education Resource Center contains tools for teachers to use in aligning classroom instruction and assessment to Kansas’ academic standards.
The Lexile Framework for Reading
Lexile measures describe the reading level of a student and the difficulty of a text on a single scale and are linked with scores on the Kansas reading assessments in Grades 3-8 and high school. Teachers and parents can use Lexile measures to select books that are likely to improve the reading and comprehension skills of students.
Division of Learning Services
Career, Standards and Assessment
Career and Technical Education
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| 0.763908 | 157 | 3.40625 | 3 |
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|Quick reference medical handouts used
by Pediatric offices
Back Pain in Children
Back pain, especially chronic back
pain, is uncommon in children. However, when a child does complain
of a backache, they are more likely than an adult to have a
serious problem causing their discomfort. Therefore, children
with back pain should be seen by their doctor, especially if there
was no injury or the pain is not improving after a few days.
Other warning signs are a child four years old or younger with
back pain, or a child of any age who has back pain and:
- Fever or weight loss
- Weakness, numbness, trouble
walking or pain that radiates down one or both legs
- Bowel or bladder dysfunction
- Pain that interferes with sleep
- Pain that is constant or present
Things that predispose children to
developing back pain include:
- Gender, since back pain is more common in females.
- Age, since children at 12 years and over experience
significantly more back pain than younger children.
- Obesity and poor posture.
- Heavy schoolbags carried on one shoulder or in one hand.
- Incorrectly packed backpacks.
- Sedentary lifestyle, such as watching a lot of television or
sitting in front of the computer.
- Injuries caused by vigorous sports like football or horse
riding, flexibility dependent sports such as gymnastics or
dance, and power sports such as weightlifting or rowing.
- Soft tissue injuries, such as strains and sprains.
Parents would be wise to see a
doctor when their youngster complains of back pain. The most
common cause of back pain in children is a sports injury, which
can cause a muscle pull or ligament strain.
The pain can be treated with anti-inflammatory medicines, such as
ibuprofen, rest, and ice. Improvement should be noted in five to
Other medical causes of back pain
- Spondylolysis: this is a
frequent cause of back pain, occurring in almost 5% of
children. It is caused by a defect in the lower vertebra of
the spinal column. The pain is usually worse with activity and
improves after a rest period. Treatment for mild cases
involves limiting the activities that make the pain worse,
while more severe cases may require bracing and rarely
surgery. Some children with this condition may not have any
- Spondylolisthesis: some
children with spondylolysis develop a forward slippage of
their 5th vertebra with their sacrum. Mild cases require
observation only, but more severe cases may require surgery.
- Disk herniation: this is
a rare cause of back pain in children, but a herniated disk
may cause back pain and numbness or weakness. Treatment is
usually with bed rest and rarely surgery for severe cases.
- Diskitis: this is an
infection of the disk space and can cause fever, back pain,
irritability (especially in younger children), muscle spasms
in the back and it may cause some children to hold their spine
straight and/or refuse to stand or walk. The infection may
also cause changes on an x-ray (narrowing of the disk space).
A bone scan or MRI may need to be done to confirm the
diagnosis, especially early in the infection when x-rays may
be normal. Treatment is with bed rest a long course of
antibiotics (controversial, and some studies suggest you may
get better without antibiotics).
- Pyelonephritis: this is a
kidney infection that can cause back or flank pain. Children
will usually have a sharp pain on one side of their back,
fever, nausea, and pain or burning with urination. You should
call you doctor immediately if you suspect your child has this
- Scheurman's kyphosis: a
growth disorder of the vertebrae seen most commonly in
adolescent males which may produce a humpback curvature
(kyphosis) Moderate to severe cases may require bracing,
but mild cases usually require no treatment.
- Fibromyalgia - although more common in adults, this
nuisance chronic pain disorder does occur in adolescents,
causing back and neck pain with associated muscle spasm and
- Sciatica - pain radiating down the buttock and leg,
caused by compression of the sciatic nerve.
- Idiopathic scoliosis - sideways curvature of the
spine with an unknown cause; it is usually not painful. Any
persistent pain associated with a fixed curvature must be
- Tumors On rare occasion,
tumors can be responsible for back pain. Spinal tumors usually
happen in the middle or lower back. Pain is constant and
progressive; it is unrelated to activity and/or happens at
- Infection of the Bone (osteomyelitis)
The doctor may use one or
several diagnostic tools in order to diagnose the cause of the
child's back pain. These include:
- X-ray. The doctor may take
several X-ray pictures of the spine and pelvis from various
- Bone scan. More sensitive than
X-rays, bone scans use a substance the doctor injects into a
vein to detect infections, tumors and fractures with a special
- CT scan. Specialized X-rays that
show a three-dimensional image, computed tomography (CT) scans
let the doctor see bone injuries more clearly.
- MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) scans use radio waves to let the doctor see the spinal
cord, nerve roots, disks or other soft tissues.
Suggestions to reduce the chance your child might develop back
- Give your child a backpack to carry schoolbooks. Make sure
the backpack is worn correctly over both shoulders, and that
the heavier items are packed close to the child's back.
- Encourage regular 'walking and stretching' breaks when doing
homework because sitting for long periods of time can fatigue
- Limit television and computer time.
- Teach them how to sit properly in a chair - for example,
instead of slouching, they should sit up straight with their
bottom square on the seat.
- Make sure their lifestyle includes plenty of exercise.
- Encourage your child to warm up and cool down thoroughly
when exercising to reduce the risk of injury.
- Use proper sporting techniques and appropriate safety
equipment (such as helmets and padding).
- Suggest a regular program of gentle stretching to help
prevent tight muscles.
- Make sure you look after your back too - children learn best
posted 08-13-04 on kidsgrowth.com
As a reminder, this information should not be relied on as
medical advice and is not intended to replace the advice of your childs pediatrician.
Please read our full disclaimer.
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| 0.895622 | 1,531 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Whether you believe supplements are good for you or not, most publicity leads people to believe that supplements are not controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and therefore have the potential to do more harm than good.
The FDA does control the manufacture, labeling, and distribution of supplements.
In 1994, Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health Education Act (DSHEA). This act established standards for dietary ingredients from defining what is a dietary supplement and identification of ingredients to labeling. The act gave the FDA authority over dietary supplements to include developing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) under Title 21 Code of Federal Regulation. This act was opposed by doctors and the drug industry primarily because supplements were considered food.
Between 1994 and 2003, there was much discussion and pressure brought to bear on the FDA to create a set of GMP for the supplement industry and increase enforcement. This was reasonable because since enactment of DSHEA, the industry was self-policing, using guidance from the food and drug manufacturing GMP.
In 2003, the FDA finally drafted GMP for the manufacture, warehousing, and distribution of dietary supplements. Public hearings were held around the country with industry. I attended the one in Oakland, CA. In June, 2007, the final GMP was issued. Many industry concerns had been addressed so there was general acceptance of them and the steps required for compliance. Manufacturers and distributors had up to three years to be in full compliance, based on their number of employees.
Supplement manufacturers must prove, through testing, the identity, strength, composition, and purity of each active ingredient in each product. If the company lists an expiration date — not required as supplements don’t expire as do drugs, they just loose potency — they must prove 100% potency on the expiration date. This is in addition to testing for microbial contamination and compliance with California’s proposition 65. If the company sells internationally, requirements of the importing country must also be met. These requirements are often stricter than the FDA. For single ingredient products, this process is fairly simple. However, many products contain multiple ingredients. Each ingredient must be tested. Tests must be run by an accredited lab and can run from less than $50 to hundreds of dollars per test.
In 2007, it was rumored the FDA was going to hire 3,000 inspectors dedicated to enforcing the dietary supplement regulations. In addition, contracts were signed with some states to provide assistance through their Departments of Health. As of 2010, the FDA has conducted 115 inspections. Figures for 2011 are not available, but I have heard the total number is now over 700. Companies have been fined and shut down. Violations have ranged from simple sanitation violations to not listing or testing all ingredients and including unauthorized drugs.
The FDA is serious about ensuring the quality and safety of nutritional supplements. More and more companies are spending tens of thousands of dollars each year to be inspected by private companies to ensure compliance before the FDA shows up. A few are hedging their bets, which they will lose. Others are closing because they can’t afford to comply.
Most manufacturers of nutritional supplements are responsible. They are complying with the GMP. The FDA is maintaining control and oversight.
Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons
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Categories: American Notables | Famous Actors of the 20th Century | Academy Award Winners of the 20th Century | Golden Globe Winners of the 20th Century | Emmy Award Winners of the 20th Century | This Day In History April 05 | This Day In History June 12 | Presidential Medal of Freedom.
One of the world's most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s. His performance as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor five times.
Eldred Gregory Peck was born on April 5, 1916 in the San Diego, California neighborhood of La Jolla, the son of Gregory Pearl Peck, a New York-born chemist and pharmacist, and his Missouri-born wife Bernice Mary "Bunny" (née Ayres). His father was of Irish (maternal) heritage and English (paternal) heritage, while his mother had Scottish and English ancestry. Through his Irish-born paternal grandmother Catherine Ashe, Peck was related to Thomas Ashe, who took part in the Easter Rising less than three weeks after Peck's birth and died while on hunger strike in 1917. Peck's parents divorced by the time he was six years old; his maternal grandmother raised him for the next few years.
In October 1942, Peck married Finnish-born Greta Kukkonen (1911–2008), with whom he had three sons, Jonathan (1944–75), Stephen (b. 1946), and Carey Paul (b. 1949). They were divorced on December 30, 1955. On December 31, 1955, the day after his divorce was finalized, Peck married Veronique Passani (1932–2012), a Paris news reporter. They had a son, Anthony Peck, and a daughter, Cecilia Peck. On June 12, 2003, Peck died in his sleep at home from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87. His wife, Veronique, was by his side. Gregory Peck is entombed in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels mausoleum in Los Angeles, California.Mr. Peck was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 by President Lyndon Johnson.
Have you taken a DNA test for genealogy? If so, login to add it. If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA.
Gregory is 27 degrees from George Bush, 30 degrees from Rick San Soucie and 30 degrees from Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on our single family tree. Login to find your connection.
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A low-growing eastern North American plant (Phlox subulata) forming dense, mosslike mats and widely cultivated for its profuse pink or white flowers.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. a plant of the genus Phlox (Phlox subulata), growing in patches on dry rocky hills in the Middle United States, and often cultivated for its handsome flowers.
- n. See under Moss.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. low tufted perennial phlox with needlelike evergreen leaves and pink or white flowers; native to United States and widely cultivated as a ground cover
- n. low wiry-stemmed branching herb or southern California having fringed pink flowers
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.
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The son of Demetrius I and brother of Demetrius II, both kings of the Seleucid state of Syria, Antiochus VII spent his youth in the Greek islands. In 141, his brother was captured while fighting the Parthians. Cleopatra Thea, Demetrius II's queen, meanwhile was regent; but a usurper, Tryphon, had risen and threatened to seize full power. At this point, Antiochus VII, an energetic prince, arrived in Syria (139), married Cleopatra Thea, and put Tryphon to flight. A passage in the Bible (I Maccabees 14:1–14) suggests that he first assured himself of the neutrality of possible opponents, such as Judah. By 138, Antiochus had ended Tryphon's career, and he delivered an ultimatum to the Jews to acknowledge him as overlord. When they refused, he sent one army against them, which was defeated, and, later, in 135/134, he himself led a siege, which captured Jerusalem. Internal dissension among the leaders of Judah aided him. Antiochus razed Jerusalem's walls and made John Hyrcanus, who had recently assumed leadership, his vassal. Rejecting suggestions to exterminate the Jews, he appointed Hyrcanus high priest and allowed religious autonomy. With Palestine secured, Antiochus set out to restore his forefathers' eastern realm. With enthusiastic support from the Hellenized cities he drove the Parthians from Mesopotamia and invaded Media. The Parthians, perhaps hopeful of stirring up civil war behind him, released Antiochus' brother, who had been a prisoner since 141. In early 129 the Parthians made a surprise attack on the Seleucid winter quarters and slew Antiochus, who left five children by his queen. Syria lapsed into civil war, with all hopes of empire gone.
How many hands have touched a coin in your pocket or your purse? What eras and lands have the coin traversed on its journey into our possession? As we reach into our pockets to pull out some change, we rarely hesitate to think of who touched the coin before us, or where the coin will venture to after us. More than money, coins are a symbol of the state that struck them, of a specific time and place, whether contemporary currencies or artifacts of a long forgotten empire. This stunning hand-struck coin reveals an expertise of craftsmanship and intricate sculptural details that are often lacking in contemporary machine-made currencies. Antiochos sought to restore his empire to its original glory achieved under his father’s rule. However, more than just a memorial to Antiochos VII, this coin is a gorgeous artifact commemorating the greater Seleukid kingdom passed from the hands of civilization to civilization, from generation to generation. - (C.4227)
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| 0.969125 | 591 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Join Jim LaPier for an in-depth discussion in this video Create a basic roof, part of Learning Vectorworks (2014).
…Now that all of our walls are drawn, we can cover our house with a roof.…Again, we'll create a new design layer to hold the roof elements.…I'll go to Tools > Organization > Design Layers, and select floor two and hit New.…I'll call this roof, and say okay.…I'll make sure that the layer wall height is set to zero and…the elevation is twenty one foot four and say okay.…Now, I'm going to turn scan two invisible and say okay.…
In the layer options make sure that Show, Snap, and Modify Others is turned on.…This will allow us to use the Floor two exterior walls as the base for our rood.…To create the roof, we're going to use a closed polygon to define our roof shape.…Select the 2D polygon tool, make sure that the outer boundary mode is selected and…draw a circle around the outside of our house.…We've just created a closed 2D polygon on the roof layer.…Now, we'll go to AEC and click Create Roof.…
Here, we have all of the options for our roof.…For this particular instance, I'm going to set the roof pitch to four to 12 and…
- Setting up your workspace
- Working with classes and layers
- Entering values
- Working with geometry
- Creating 3D objects
- Modeling architecture
- Texturing and lighting
- Adding annotations
- Creating viewports
- Printing and sharing
Skill Level Appropriate for all
AutoCAD 2015 Essential Trainingwith Scott Onstott8h 35m Beginner
AutoCAD Architecture 2015 Essential Trainingwith Paul F. Aubin7h 27m Intermediate
1. The Interface
2. Environment Conventions
3. Basic Geometry
4. Basic 3D Shapes
5. Architectural 3D Modeling
8. Viewports and Sheets
9. Printing and Sharing
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Theory of Knowledge
Sophie's World: A Novel About the History of Philosophy
This book provides a nice introduction into the theory of knowledge. Written in novel form, it provides a beginner's guide to philosophy in an entertaining way. The book explores 3,000 years of Western philosophy from the early Greek philosophers to modern philosophers like Nietzsche and Satre. Written by a French author, the book does not include the conceptual pragmatist school of philosophy (Peirce, James, Dewey, and Lewis) that is focused in the United States. This book is highly recommended as an introduction or review of the field of philosophy, albeit in an entertaining way.
"The Foundation of Improvement," Gerald Langley, Kevin Nolan, and Thomas Nolan, Quality Progress, June, 1994, ASQC, Milwaukee, pp. 81-86, 1994
This paper provides an update to the 1987 Quality Progress paper that introduced the Model for Improvement. The revisions to the improvement framework make the Model more widely applicable and easier to learn and use. Three fundamental questions for improvement are presented:
1. What are we trying to accomplish?
2. How will we know that a change is an improvement?
3. What changes can we make that will result in improvement?
The paper also describes six areas of knowledge that can help guide improvement efforts: appreciation of a system, the use of data,
understanding variation, developing a change, testing a change, and cooperation.
This book represents another contribution on how the human mind makes judgements. The author argues that we are hard-wired to make purpose is to "alarm" us to these cognitive illusions, because he does not feel that the research and findings in this area (especially the work of Tversky and Kahneman) have been taken seriously by the general public. The impact on economic theory is only beginning to be realized. The"seven deadly sins" of judgement are over-confidence, illusory correlation's, hindsight bias, anchoring, representation, probability blindness and reconsideration.
"Deming and the Vindication of Knowledge in the Philosophy of C. I. Lewis", Nina Cunningham, Quality Management Journal, April, 1994, pp. 7-15
Deming's writings on the "Theory of Knowledge" relied heavily on the teachings of C. I. Lewis. This article shows how Lewis approached the paradox of complete knowledge and the concepts of uncertainty and relativity. Shewhart and Deming saw in Lewis' philosophical approach a useful basis for concepts that seemed to work in practice.
In this book, Plous gives a marvelous overview of many key issues in the world of social psychology. As the various theories are explained, they are presented in a way that is easily accessible to those who have not read much on psychology. Plous uses the large volume of research in social psychology to help explain each of the theories. In particular Plous widely cites research published in the last 15 years, so that even those
Perception Memory and Context,
How Questions Affect Answers, Models of Decision Making, Heuristics and Biases, and The Social Side of Judgement and Decision Making.
Readers will find that this book offers much practical knowledge about problems and issues confronted in everyday life.
De Bono provides a handbook for new ways of thinking. This book summarizes his 25 years of work on creative thinking. Much of the material has been previously published, but this book brings his ideas up-to-date and in one place. The first part of the book provides the theory on why we think the way we do and the way our brains are organized to support this thinking. De Bono emphasizes that creative thinking can be learned and practiced like other skills. The second section of the book contains the methods and tools of "lateral" thinking. The methods include the use of provocation, the creative pause, the six thinking hats, and the creative hit list. The last section of the book discusses implementation of De Bono's ideas in an organization. This is a good reference book for creative thinking methods
"Pragmatic Knowledge and Its Application to Quality," Michael R. Lovitt, 1992- ASQC Quality Congress Transactions-Nashville, ASQC, Milwaukee, pages 909-915, 1992
This paper discusses the concept of pragmatic knowledge based on the work of C. I. Lewis. An individual's knowledge is presented as a linkage of processes combining the content of awareness, concepts, judgments, values, and actions. The impact of Lewis' work on Shewhart and Deming is also discussed. The paper shows how the Model for Improvement ties pragmatic knowledge to quality improvement.
Roger Lewin, a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Liverpool, is one of the best-known science writers in the United States. This book is based on correspondence and interviews he has had with the world's leading researchers in the "new science" of complexity. Most of these researchers are associated with the Santa Fe Institute, which Lewin refers to as the "crucible of the new science of complexity." Some key ideas
associated with complexity include the "three pillars" of complex adaptive systems: emergent behavior, crystallization of order, and complex computation at the edge of chaos. In nonlinear systems, small inputs can lead to dramatically large consequences. The famous "butterfly" effect, very slight differences in initial conditions produce very different outcomes, is discussed.
Influenced by the work of William James, Dewey was one of the founders of functional psychology. He is most noted for his contributions to education. He was devoted to free inquiry and the scientific method. Early versions of the PDSA Cycle can be found in this book as Dewey discusses the formal steps of instruction:
The occurrence of a problem or a puzzling phenomenon (Plan),
A sequence of specific facts and events (Do),
Ideas and reasoning (Study),
Application of their result to specific facts (Act).
The fact that these steps include both deductive and inductive thinking provides the foundation for the learning and improvement process.
Lozanov did the seminal work on accelerated learning and many others have contributed to its development. The methods of accelerated learning try to create a relaxed state of mind and actively engage both sides of our brain. The techniques present material in such a way that it is absorbed by both our conscious and unconscious mind.
The authors of this book propose a way of seeing cognition not as a representation of the world out there, but rather as an ongoing process, rooted in our biological structure, and bringing forth a world through the process of living itself. Knowledge is defined simply as "effective action in the domain of existence." Living beings are characterized as a class in that they are continually self-producing, or "autopoietic" organizations.
Distinct from the living being is the environment, and between the being and the environment there is structural congruence. A key idea here is that the changes that result from the interaction between the living being and its environment are "triggered" by the environment but determined by the structure of the being. After discussion of the above ideas, the authors conclude with the idea that at the core of all the troubles we face today is our very ignorance of knowing.
"Process Improvement," Ron Moen and Thomas Nolan, Quality Progress, September 1987, ASQC, Milwaukee, pp. 62-67, 1987
This paper first introduced the API "Model to Improve Quality" which has its basis in the theory of knowledge. The paper describes the context for process improvement and describes the three phases of the model (called "strategy for process improvement" in the paper). The model is an adaptation of the Deming or Shewhart cycle. The relationship between the basic methods of quality improvement and the model is
discussed in the paper.
The authors/editors gather papers from the best in the field of psychology to explain how humans make judgements and what types of biases are common. The broad topics covered are:
Causality and Attribution Availability
Covariation and Control
The authors make these somewhat remote topics accessible to the reader having no previous education in psychology. The topics are arranged in a fairly independent manner such that one can read in any order of interest without losing much. The examples help to make the principles real to those struggling to make sound decisions for their organizations and themselves.
Popper's central thesis in this collection of essays is that we can learn from our mistakes. Knowledge grows though correcting our mistakes. We must have some aim to precede this "trial and error" approach to learning. Popper summarizes and critiques three different theories concerning human knowledge: ultimate explanation, theories as instruments, and conjectures, truths, and reality. He discusses the difference between science and meta-physics. He provides an alternative philosophy to the idea that knowledge must have a foundation to relate everything back to.
An Analysis Of Knowledge And Valuation
Lewis expands on his pragmatic philosophy from Mind and the World Order. In particular, he establishes the connection between our concepts, beliefs, actions, and values. To Lewis, knowledge is prediction. Knowledge is also pragmatic in the sense that predictions lead to actions to achieve outcomes of intrinsic or contributory value. When outcomes match predictions, degree of belief is increased; when they do not, degree of belief is decreased. The influence of pragmatism on Deming is clearer after reading this book
Lewis, who calls himself a "conceptual pragmatist," presents his view of human knowledge. Lewis believes that there are three main components of an individual's knowledge: that which is given in experience, the interpretation of what is given through concepts, which the individual formulates over time and "brings with him" to experience, and judgments or beliefs. Lewis' philosophy had a profound effect on Walter Shewhart's development of the PDSA cycle. Serious students of Shewhart and Deming will find the roots of much of the philosophy of these quality giants revealed in this masterpiece.
In this book Paulos discusses how we should understand the use and abuse of statistics in news stories. His real life examples on the use of statistics and how they can be used to mislead, is for anyone interested in gaining a more accurate view of the news and the world in which we live. Paulos is very entertaining and closes this book with some excellent advice on what questions should be asked when reading a news
story or reacting to figures.
From the inside jacket cover: This book is about luck – or more precisely how we perceive and deal with luck in business and life. Set against the backdrop of the most conspicuous forum in which luck is mistaken for skill-the world of trading – Fooled by Randomness is a captivating insight into one of the least understood factors in all our lives…The author succeeds in tackling and explaining three major intellectual issues:
the problem of induction, the survivorship biases, and our genetic unfitness to the modern world.
In Learning in Action, Garvin lays out the concept of learning in a straightforward and easy-to-read manner. He defines the process of learning and the types of learning, and then ties it together in coverage of the challenges organizations have in establishing a paradigm or continuous learning (which includes action). His book's core offers a practical examination of the three primary routes to corporate learning: collecting
intelligence from outside sources (via interview and observation, for example); accumulating data through targeted actions (such as post project reviews and special programs); and experimenting with alternative outcomes by manipulating variables (including prototype creation and exploratory design testing). Most managers today understand the value of building a learning organization. Their goal is to leverage
knowledge and make it a key corporate asset, yet they remain uncertain about how best to get started. Garvin argues that at the heart of knowledge and make it a key corporate asset, yet they remain uncertain about how best to get started. Garvin argues that at the heart of learning process-acquiring, interpreting, and applying knowledge-then examines the critical challenges facing managers at each of these organizational learning lies a set of processes that can be designed, deployed, and led. He starts by describing the basic steps in every stages and the various ways the challenges can be met. Garvin next introduces three modes of learning: intelligence gathering, experience, and experimentation. He shows how each mode is most effectively deployed.
This book contains 19 chapters with the inviting titles: Why can’t I find a four-leaf clover? Why do clever people get things wrong? The title of the book grabs our attention because we may have experienced waiting for a rental car bus at the airport, only to have two or three show up after 15 minutes at the same time! The authors do a great job in helping to explain how our senses sometimes fool us. The authors use diagrams and
drawings to help to make their points.
Gower gives an historical overview of the development of the scientific method in this book. The PDSA cycle is often thought of as the “scientific method with the addition of act.” Most descriptions of the scientific method stop at study with the statement or published results. Deming noted that people in business and industry must not only learn but act. In this volume, Gower gives an historical chronology that starts with Galileo
and ends with Rudolf Carnap. Along the way contributions of such people as Francis Bacon (not Roger), Isaac Newton, The Bernoullis, Thomas Bayes, John Herschel, John Stuart Mill, William Whewell, Henri Poincare, Pierre Duhem, John Venn, Charles Peirce, John Maynard Keynes, Frank Ramsey, Hans Reichenback, and Karl Popper. In the concluding chapter, Gower discusses the continuing development of the method and contributions by others including Thomas Kuhn.
There have been several editions of this book since Professor Hayakawa first introduced it to his students as a workbook in the late 1930’s. It was first published in 1941 as a method to overcome the dangers of propaganda. Semantics as a study of human interactions has a basic assumption - cooperation is preferable to conflict. He has the reader take a scientific approach having them test their observations through the
scientific method. One of the key ideas from this book is how our thoughts and language impact our behaviors singly and in social groups -- what can happen when we have duality of purpose in our thoughts and actions; the blind acceptance of words, meanings and ultimate action by our social groups without deep understanding or knowledge. Dr Hayakawa takes a special effort to identify the scientific method and how it can be used in application to language and thought.
Paulos discusses the cost to our society in terms of the “innumeracy” of the citizen. Innumeracy is defined as the inability to deal comfortably with the fundamental notions of number and chance. Paulos claims that far too many of our citizens are challenged in this area, but otherwise are knowledgeable. He maintains that we enable this by the acceptance of our lack of skills with math by statements such as, “Math was always my worst subject,” or some are even proud of their inability by boosting, “I can’t even balance my checkbook.” Paulos maintains that we would never accept this sort of thing for such subjects as English.
"This freedom to doubt is an important matter in the sciences and, I believe, in other fields. It was born of a struggle. It was a struggle to be permitted to doubt, to be unsure. And I do not want us to forget the importance of the struggle and, by default, to let the thing fall away. I feel a responsibility as a scientist who knows the great value of a satisfactory philosophy of ignorance, and the progress made possible by such a
philosophy, progress which is the fruit of freedom of thought. I feel a responsibility to proclaim the value of this freedom and to teach that doubt is not to be feared, but that it is to be welcomed as the possibility of a new potential for human beings. If you know that you are not sure, you have a chance to improve the situation. I want to demand this freedom for future generations." ~ Richard P. Feynman
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ava technology has maintained a strong foothold in the Web development world since Java Servlets and JSP hit the scene more than 6 years ago. Java technologies are mature and particularly well adopted in the enterprise where they are used on a variety of large scale Web applications.
There are, of course, alternatives to using JSP, servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) to build Web applications. Simpler scripting languages such as PHP have achieved great success for many reasons, most notably that they have a short learning curve and wide availability for hosting. Then there is ASP and the .NET framework; these center around Microsoft operating systems and server software. If you run Windows, chances are you already have IIS running on your computer and you can very quickly write a simple ASP page that performs some action.
|What You Need
|General programming skills, some experience with Web programming in any language. Access to a database or installation of a local database and basic SQL knowledge. This article uses SQL Server 2000 but can be applied to any database.
All platforms/languages are similar in some ways and dissimilar in others, however Java is frequently perceived to be a more difficult introduction to Web programming. It is true that as platform freedom and flexibility increase, so does complexity. And thus, Java technologies are at least potentially more complicated than their counterparts. But this is slowly changing. JSP 2.0 has new ease-of-development features that increase the use of simple tags and decrease the amount of Java code you need to make high performance Web applications. And, happily, this means that a Java-based Web site is well within reach for almost any Web developer.
In this tutorial, I'll show how to get a Java-based Web site up and running quickly, even if you have little or no Java experience. I'll show you how to install the latest and greatest version of Apache Tomcat, do a quick overview of the new JSP 2.0 tag libraries (JSP Standard Tag Library or JSTL), and write a JSP page that will connect to and retrieve data from a database.
At the conclusion of this tutorial you will have created a database-driven dynamic Web page (see Figure 1) that will display results from a database table and allow you to insert new records using a form.
|Figure 1. The Finished Product. At the conclusion of this tutorial you will have created this database-driven dynamic Web page.|
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This house is part of the South Berwick Village District on the National Register of Historic Places. One of the first settlers to farm in the area of today's South Berwick Village was Thomas Butler, born in 1674. About 1790, his descendants built the Butler House still standing near the intersection of Portland Street and Agamenticus Road.
A 1913 photo in the Old Berwick Historical Society archives has a note that reads, “Old Butler House… 2nd oldest house in town.” While this is not necessarily accurate, the Butler House surely is one of the oldest houses on Portland Street. The large hill rising up behind the house has been known to this day as Butler’s Hill (or Powderhouse Hill, for the ammunition storage that used to be up there).
Thomas Butler and his Descendants by George H. Butler, M.D., written in 1886, details a long string of Butler descendants at the site.
This photo from about 1900 shows the rear of the Butler House and the soldiers monument traffic island just beyond it, viewed from the heights of Butler’s Hill. The Thomas Jewett House can be seen to the left, across Portland Street.
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| 0.951622 | 243 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In early November Dr. Omer ben Salem Al-Fayyumi, who recently defended his Ph.D. dissertation at the prestigious Al Azhar University in Cairo, visited Israel. At a meeting organized by the Interfaith Encounter Association, he presented a religious framework for a historical reconciliation between Muslims and Jews.
Here are some excerpts from the dissertation's abstract:
The land between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River is Holy to both Muslims and Jews… My dissertation discusses the importance of reliance on Islamic and Jewish moral values and the texts of our holy books to implement a viable solution for the conflict over the Holy Land
The researcher suggests that Jews view the inhabitants who live in the Holy Land as (Hebrew: הַגֵּר הַגָּר אִתְּכֶם וְאָהַבְתָּ) “foreigners residing among you,” … if the Jewish people view the Palestinians as “foreigner residing among you” as defined in Leviticus 19:34, peace will be possible. Why? The Bible commands that non-Israelites be treated with love and respect the same way as Israelites: “The foreigner residing among you must be treated as your native-born. Love them as yourself, for you were foreigners in Egypt. I am the LORD your God.”
On the Other hand, Muslims have to view the Jews who live in the Holy Land –… as Qoum Moussa (Arabic: قَوْمِ مُوسَىٰ) or People of the book (Q3:113). .. if the Muslim people view the Jewish inhabitants of the Holy Land as co-religionists or as Qoum Moussa” as defined in Q7:159, peace will be possible. Why? The Qur’an commends and commands as follow: “Of the people of Moses there is a section who guide and do justice in the light of truth.” And also, Q60:7 ” It may be that Allah will grant love (and friendship) between you and those whom ye (now) hold as enemies. For Allah has power (over all things); And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”
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| 0.943554 | 496 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Climate conditions in the state of Georgia are inherently better than those in the arid region of the Horn of Africa, which reportedly has been plagued extreme drought and famine. Even so, some concern over dry conditions, here, is building.
"Our water supply is in good shape, with our reservoirs at 88 percent," said Suzanne Brown, spokeswoman with the Clayton County Water Authority.
"We're still at 97 percent of full pool," said Roderick Burch, the finance director for the Henry County Water and Sewerage Authority. "We're still in really good shape. Throughout the month of July, we averaged 18.4 million gallons per day, peaking at 20.1 million gallons on July 11."
Still, abnormally dry conditions are impacting the two counties. This summer, arid weather covers nearly all of Georgia, according to the July 2011 Georgia Climate Summary released Thursday State Climatologist David Stooksbury.
"Scattered showers in July reduced drought in South Georgia, though there are still areas of exceptional drought," said assistant state climatologist, Pam Knox, who prepared the climate summary.
"A few parts of southern Georgia are in worse shape than the last drought [which began in 2007]," Knox said. "But dry conditions [also] increased in North Georgia."
The National Drought Mitigation Center's U.S. Drought Monitor reported about 88 percent of the state is experiencing moderate-to-exceptional drought conditions.
The report indicates that more than 68 percent of the state, south of Spalding and Butts counties, is experiencing extreme-to-exceptional drought. Conditions are less arid to the north, in Butts, Spalding, Henry, and Clayton counties, which are experiencing moderate-to-severe drought.
Average monthly rainfall continues to be reduced from normal, according to the National Weather Service at Peachtree City. Rainfall amounts recorded at the Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson observation site were 63 percent of normal for the month of July, with 3.11 inches of accumulated rainfall.
Knox said drier conditions are exaggerated when reduced rainfall amounts are coupled with warmer than normal temperatures. "Hot temperatures plagued the whole state," Knox said. "For the sixth straight month, temperatures across Georgia were above normal. In Atlanta, the monthly average temperature was 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit (2.4 degrees above normal), and in Macon 83.2 degrees (2.1 degrees above normal)."
The assistant state climatologist said all National Weather Service stations in Georgia showed readings among the top 12 warmest July months and top five warmest June-through-July periods.
Atlanta experienced its fifth-warmest July, and the fifth-warmest June-through-July period, since records began in 1878, she said. This year also had the region's second-warmest February-through-July period on record.
Knox said she expects there will be another active tropical storm season, as with the 2010 season. She said that storms, last year, however, followed tracks that just missed Georgia, minimally affecting the state's rainfall and water supplies.
"[Presently,] the water supply in North Georgia is not in bad shape," she said. "Lake Lanier in northern Georgia hit its lowest level since Sept. 20, 2009, due to evaporation and lack of runoff into the lake. High temperatures have caused a lot of evaporation from the surfaces of water supplies, but, overall, there hasn't been any big concern with water."
Water authority officials in Henry and Clayton counties said they do not anticipate the state will make any changes to existing outdoor watering schedules.
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This easy lesson will show you how to create on a simple way simple text modification using the shape.This lesson is for the peopels who opening flash for the first time.You don't have to know anything about this program to create this tutorials. Let's go!
Open a new flash document.
Press Ctrl+J key on the keyboard (Document Properties) and set the dimensions of your document as whatever you like. Select any color as background color.Set your Flash movie's frame rate to 24 and click ok. See the picture below.
Double click on layer 1 to rename its name in text.
After that, take the Text Tool (A) and type any text on flash stage.
Then, click on frame 20 and 35 and press F6 key. After that, while you're still on frame 35, take the Selection Tool (V) and dobule click on text to select it. After that, type some other text. See the picture below.
After that, while the new text is still selected, press Ctr+B key (Break apart) twice time. Now, you have this:
Repeat step 6 also for keyframe 20 and 1.
Take the Selection Tool (V) and click once on frame 20 to select it. After that, go to the Properties Panel (Ctrl+F3) below the stage. On the left side, you will see Tween drop down menu. Choose shape on it. See the picture below.
Click after that on frame 50 and press F6 key.
Then, click on frame 60 and press F7 key. After that, go back on frame 20 and press Ctrl+C key (Copy). Then, click on frame 60 and press Ctrl+Shift+V key (Paste in Place).
Take again the Selection Tool (V) and select the keyframe 50. Aftre that, repeat step 8.
Download source file (.fla)
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<urn:uuid:853aa1bf-2654-4adc-b2d5-45cc7685df82>
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CC-MAIN-2016-18
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| 0.812956 | 400 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Filter by Topic
Many difficulties can arise with a pregnancy even after the sperm successfully fertilizes the oocyte. A major problem occurs if the fertilized egg tries to implant before reaching its normal implantation site, the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants anywhere other than in the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Ectopic pregnancies cannot continue to term, so a physician must remove the developing embryo as early as possible.
Rh incompatibility occurs when a pregnant woman whose blood type is Rh-negative is exposed to Rh-positive blood from her fetus, leading to the mother s development of Rh antibodies. These antibodies have the potential to cross the placenta and attach to fetal red blood cells, resulting in hemolysis, or destruction of the fetus 's red blood cells. This causes the fetus to become anemic, which can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. In severe cases, an intrauterine blood transfusion for the fetus may be required to correct the anemia.
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https://embryo.asu.edu/search?text=embryo%20donation&f%5B0%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A2988&f%5B1%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A310&f%5B2%5D=dc_subject_embryo%3A51
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| 0.90155 | 210 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Setting aside the Leonard Peltier matter for a moment, there is a recent development at a local Cincinnati area high school.
The Issue: In 1937 the School Board decided to change the name from the bland “Comets” to the Anderson Redskins.
Much later, the name provoked controversy for its potential racism and in 1999, apparently after much debate and emotion on both sides, the School Board decided to keep the name. However, out of respect for Native American religious beliefs the Board later modified the school mascot and removed the Peace Pipe and Tomahawk from its logo.
The issue has resurfaced and on March 19th there was a well-attended School Board meeting. The matter of the school name was not on the agenda but the Board did allow some community comment.
I had no desire or intention to begin the debate; I was there only to support an eighty-year tradition. I placed my name on the roster believing that I would be one among many given a few minutes to voice an opinion on the issue to change or not to change the school’s name. It didn’t go as planned, and I was the first one to broach the Redskins issue. I had been doing more research during the day and prepared a brief statement.
Background: There are a few fundamental facts that need to be understood or at a minimum aired for community awareness.
There is no doubt where I stand when it comes to Native American history and rights. Prominent on the home page of the NPPA website since its inception on April 30, 2000 is the following:
Correcting Wrongs of the Past : Anyone who has even a basic understanding of the history and plight of Native Americans recognizes their terrible treatment at the hands of the U.S. Government. That history cannot be altered. Nothing can change the broken promises and treaties and subjugation of the first peoples to inhabit this continent. (Footnote 1)
Two young people spoke passionately in support of changing the school’s name. One mentioned a number of abuses including the infamous Trail of Tears.
There are many fundamental facts relevant to early North American history and the First Americans. There is often a misconception that before the arrival of the white Europeans that in some way the continent was a peaceful place, a Valhalla where the various tribes lived in harmony with their neighbors. History shows otherwise. Before the Pilgrims arrived there was ample inter-tribal warfare where some tribes destroyed or enslaved others. This was no different than what was happening during this same period, and throughout history, in Europe, Asia and elsewhere around the world—quite simply the result of human nature.
As heinous as the Trail of Tears was, it’s also important to remember that the displaced Cherokees brought with them their own African slaves. (Fn.2)
It is undeniable that American history is replete with white supremacy. Theodore Roosevelt wrote that Indian “life was but a few degrees less meaningless, squalid and ferocious than that of the wild beasts who seemed to the White settlers devils and not men,” and that “Nineteenth-century democracy needs no more complete vindication for its existence than the fact that it has kept for the white race the best portions of the new world’s surface.”
The recent efforts to remove Confederate monuments are arguably a reaction against those early attitudes and perceptions. Many monuments were erected in the 1960s as a backlash to the Civil Rights Movement. But, as we know, many of our early Presidents and founding fathers were slave owners. Recently some, to the extreme, have even suggested renaming Washington D.C. Would it be beneficial to call it, for instance, D.C. Town?
But at what point do we stop? All the good, bad and ugly that built this great nation is integral to our collective history.
If one person is offended by a word that matters to them—a perceived slur—they must be heard, along with all others who offer the same or differing opinions.
However, and without fostering a rhetorical premise, there are at least three Native American high schools in the country that proudly proclaim themselves as Home of the Redskins.*
Would it be appropriate to force the same standard on those schools and communities that have embraced the term as one of pride, honor, bravery, and their shared history and heritage?
At the school board meeting many people on both sides of the issue were wearing orange, the high school’s color. Some showed support to keep the school name, others also wore buttons with #wordsmatter. Certainly they do, but the color worn showed that people were concerned and passionate, regardless of their opinion. Does the connotation of certain words change with time? Certainly, and in that regard, context also should matter.
Eight decades ago when the School Board chose the Redskins name, its meaning and history—and unquestionably it did have a dual meaning—they apparently chose the one that represented all those positive traits of Native culture that they wanted to proudly represent their school. (Fn.3)
(Not altogether ironically, just the other evening (3/21/18) on the History Channel was a segment entitled, The Men who Built America/Frontiersmen, and at one point showed the storied Warrior Chief Tecumseh preparing for battle against the U.S. Militia by applying red paint to his face [not an uncommon practice]. That was the final battle he lost as his coalition with the British collapsed. Our collective American history is very complex.)
The School Board has formed a Committee that as of the moment is but a mere shadow of the previous one that contemplated the naming issue. That early Committee was broad and inclusive of many interests in the community. Half of the current Committee consists of School Board members that give the appearance that the Board will be making a recommendation to itself. Perhaps this may be challenged as a procedural issue or legal matter. The Committee undoubtedly should listen, unbiased, to all opinions, research the matter thoroughly and honor their mandate for due diligence and make a recommendation independently to the School Board. The Board will make the final decision but the entire community needs to be heard.
Please see the 2004 Editorial Essay, Pilgrimage to Pine Ridge. (Fn.4)
“In the Spirit of Coler and Williams”
2) http://inamerica.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/25/pain-of-trail-of-tears-shared-by-blacks-as-well-as-native-americans/ (Last accessed 3/21/18)
3) As early as 1769 references to the term Redskin:
* Red Mesa High School, Arizona; Wellpinit High School (Middle school; Warriors), Washington State; Kingston High School, Oklahoma.
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Cass Sunstein mounts a defense of the most striking characteristic of modern constitutional law; the inclination to decide one case at a time. Examining various controversies, he shows how - and why - the Court has avoided broad rulings on issues from the legitimacy of affirmative action to the 'right to die,' and in doing so has fostered rather than foreclosed public debate on these hard topics. He offers an original perspective on the right of free speech and the many novel questions raised by Congress's efforts to regulate violent and sexual materials on new media such as the Internet and cable television. And on the relationship between the Constitution and homosexuality and sex discrimination, he reveals how the Court has tried to ensure against second-class citizenship - and the public expression of contempt for anyone - while leaving a degree of flexibility to the political process. 'One Case at a Time' also lays out, and celebrates, the remarkable constellation of rights - involving both liberty and equality - that now commands a consensus in American law.
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Bird Flu Spreading in Asia
Reviewed by Hitoshi URABE
"Bird Flu Spreading in Asia"
Voice of America
The article reports that a highly deadly and contagious bird flu has been confirmed in Vietnam, South Korea, and now in Japan, with the suspicion by WTO that ten people in Vietnam may have been killed by the disease considered to be dangerous only to birds under normal circumstances.
Japan's media are still running around to report the measured taken by the government and safety concerns of the people at the outbreak of disease in Yamaguchi prefecture located in the western part of Japan, which, until confirmed to be the highly contagious bird flu, killed six thousand chickens. So far, in Japan, the outbreak seems to be a singular event in one chicken farm and experts are assuming that migratory birds have carried the disease causing the epidemic in Japan for the first time since 1925. Japan, among other countries, stopped import of eggs and chicken meat from South Korea last year when the flu was reported there, but unfortunately there are no effective means to stop migratory birds crossing the border.
The timing was not very preferable, either. Restaurants, fast-food outlets, and retailers are now struggling to find ways to cope with the stopped US beef import because of BSE found there. In fact, agricultural experts are currently visiting the US and Canada to find ways to reopen the US beef import, which had supplied 30% of all the beef consumed in Japan until it was banned toward the end of last year.
Meanwhile, people have been weary of SARS. Airports have heightened its health security levels and the reports on newly found SARS patients in China are conveyed as major news by media every time.
One bright spot in all this gloominess, however, is that people seem to be not panicking at all. The news of the bird flu, and of SARS, have been calmly received by the public. As for BSE, people grumble about rising beef prices along with other meat, but very few have indicated their concern in consuming beef served or sold domestically.
Some critics have claimed that people, after experiencing a number of quasi-crisis in health and food safety in the past few years, have become more knowledgeable, which allow them to face with the recent events calmly. But others say that people have simply become numb to the flood of reports coming out, and once the danger becomes visible, such as people actually beginning to see symptoms of SARS, BSE, or bird flu, on humans, hysteria would erupt.
Nobody is certain as to which interpretation is correct, but nobody, at lease in Japan, wants to find that out by the means of any of such events being realized.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis far exceeds a disease of can be often a joints. It is a chronic condition affecting the whole body. In this article I'm going to consider Rheumatoid Arthritis and especially its possible link and additionally association with smoking. For the benefit of those not familiar in addition to the condition I'll add a certain introductory material, so bear in my experience.
The Science Bit
Well, as the name suggests, Rheumatoid Arthritis is a short arthritic condition. The other common form of Arthritis is termed OsteoArthritis. OsteoArthritis is due to wear and tear on the joints and is really a disease of old rrn the. Rheumatoid Arthritis differs in many respects from OsteoArthritis. First payouts, it can occur anytime. Its onset is continually sudden and Symptoms act like joint pain are typical. The disorder causes arthritis and is progressive. If by chance unchecked it damages including destroys joints. It is pretty common and affects about 1% of your population. The cause is really not known, but there was clearly a genetic component which confronts environmental factors. Rheumatoid Arthritis is an auto-immune disease. In auto-immune immune disorders, the immune form goes 'haywire' and causal agents attacking normal healthy debris. In addition to joint damage this disorder is often associated with fatigue fashionable general feeling of 'being unwell'
Smoking and Rheumatoid Arthritis
So that it is all this to do with smoking? A Swedish study has found that smoking is a crucial risk factor in developing the problem. Other factors are real, of course. For instance, women are more liable to the disorder than men; it is more common gone by 40 to 60 age group then there is often a family history. Workers at the Karolinska start in Stockholm looked to ascertain if there was a link between Rheumatoid Arthritis and smoking cigarettes. Their research found in which heavy smokers, who smoked not less than 20 years, were two and a half times more likely to an antibody closely the condition and especially using a severe form of the condition. The researchers concluded that smoking may are the cause of 35% of cases the place that the antibody is present and also 20% of cases with. It is thought as opposed to smoking, particularly heavy joining, acts as a trigger for the disease in those who currently have a genetic predisposition. The risk remains high even in whoever has quit smoking. Smoking remains the only known modifiable source of developing Rheumatoid Arthritis thereby provides a further incentive to give that up smoking, or better much more, to never start.
The Personal Touch
I was inspired to write this article because my wife is affected with a severe form of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Also, as i am she is an ex-smoker. It is possible that smoking may have in some way contributed to the start of her condition, although she was never a heavy smoker. We can never really know. Nevertheless, a very important thing my wife did, for her overall health, was to quit..
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- An example of something that would be described as definitive is a conclusive decision made by an authority figure.
- A use of the adjective definitive would be a definitive history book, which would be a complete history on a specific subject.
The definition of definitive is something that is settled in a final way or something that is authoritative.
- that decides or settles in a final way; decisive; conclusive: a definitive answer
- most nearly complete and accurate; authoritative: a definitive biography
- serving to define; limiting or distinguishing precisely: definitive details
- designating or of a postage stamp for regular use, issued for an unlimited period
Origin of definitiveMiddle English diffinitif from Old French definitif from Classical Latin definitivus from past participle of definire, define
a definitive postage stamp
- Serving to define or identify as distinct from others: “The Enlightenment pushed this project further trying to make science and its hallmark method definitive of the rational life” ( Peter Machamer )
- Supplying or being a final settlement or decision; conclusive: “The fall of the city Constantine had founded marked the definitive end of the Christian Eastern Empire” ( James Carroll ) See Synonyms at decisive.
- Authoritative and complete: a definitive biography. See Usage Note at definite.
- Mass produced in indefinite quantities over an indefinite period of time. Used of postage stamps.
- Biology Fully formed or developed, as an organ or structure.
- Grammar A word that defines or limits, such as the definite article or a demonstrative pronoun.
- A definitive postage stamp.
(comparative more definitive, superlative most definitive)
OriginSee also: définitive
From Middle French définitif
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Guidelines for Solar Observers
Solar observing is unique among the objects that AAVSO observers pursue because it is so bright. The most important guideline for solar observing is observe safely. This cannot be stressed enough, and if you are uncertain about any of the following equipment and safety recommendations, please request assistance before making any observations of the Sun with your equipment.
Safety and equipment guidelines
- Do not look directly at the sun without the protection offered by a filter. For naked eye viewing, a piece of #14 welder's glass provides adequate protection. Do not use overexposed film, dark glasses, or other media that are not designed specifically for solar viewing.
- Remember that the heat from the sun also presents a danger to your equipment, particularly to finder scopes and eyepieces with cemented elements. If you plan to observe by projection, set the focus well outside of where you would require it for direct viewing and then slowly refocus onto the projection surface. You may prefer to use older style eyepiece designs such as the Ramsden and Huygenian instead of modern multi-element designs because the former typically do not employ adhesives in their construction. Finally, place a cap(s) over your finder scope(s).
- If you plan to observe the sun directly, place a full-aperture filter over the objective of your scope or, if you have reduced the normal aperture with a stop, place it over the effective aperture ("hole"). There are many materials currently on the market such as mylar, nickel-glass composites and special films intended for solar use that work well in this application. Do not use older devices such as a Herschel wedge.
Observing and recording guidelines
- Make observations with an aperture range from 50mm to 80mm. If the aperture of your telescope is greater than 80mm, reduce it with an aperture stop. Note that a reduction in aperture can result in a productive gain in focal ratio with only small losses in resolution and brightness.
- Scan the disk at several different powers. Use low power (40x-50x) and medium power (60x-70x) to see the entire disk and to identify the major groups and their structures. If seeing conditions permit, use high power (80x-90x) to aid in identifying tiny groups and achieving an accurate count.
- Try to observe at the same time each day in order to maintain familiarity with the locations of groups.
- Learn the Zurich and McIntosh classification systems so that you can use the evolutions of groups to achieve an accurate estimate.
- Scan both limbs carefully. Often they contain spots that are hard to detect in cursory scans.
- Be certain to count all of the groups and spots that you see.
- Make several passes at counting groups and spots in order to take advantage of sudden improvements in seeing conditions.
- Observe as frequently as you can in order to keep track of group evolutions and, thereby, improve the accuracy of your counts.
- When you cannot observe for several days, use on resources the Internet to help keep track of evolutions (see attached list of addresses). DO NOT use these resources to "scale" your own observations. Most sources available via this medium use equipment and procedures that are different from the ones you use and can be expected to achieve different results.
- When preparing a sunspot report for submission to the AAVSO, check to be sure that you have calculated the Wolf number (10g + f) correctly. NOTE: This tip does not apply to observers who use AAVSO's SunEntry software, which automatically checks arithmetic.
- Submit your reports in a timely fashion. Remember that, to have your results included in the Solar Bulletin for a given month, your report must be received by the chairman of the Division by the 10th of the month following the month of observations. If you wish, you may submit your observations on a daily basis as you make the observations rather than sending them in one report at the end of the month.
Last Updated: April 30, 2012 - 11:41am
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"R U OK?Day is a national day of action dedicated to inspiring all Australians to ask family, friends and colleagues, ‘Are you ok?’ By regularly reaching out to one another and having open and honest conversations, we can all help build a more connected community and reduce our country’s high suicide rate."
"Connection and open, honest conversations are good for our wellbeing – whether or not we’re struggling with a problem. It helps us to feel valued and supported by the people around us. There's also an emerging body of research which links supportive social relationships and a sense of social connection with protective factors in suicide prevention."
As I wrote recently (here) the incidence of mental health issues such as depression or anxiety, are very high amongst those who live with chronic illness. As a group those with chronic illness are faced with illnesses and disability that are measured in years or, in some cases, life times. The physical toll is often high, but it is the mental and emotional toll, which often goes unknown by all but the sufferer, which frequently creates the greatest burden. It is important that we start the conversation about the mental health burden of chronic illness, particularly when unlike many of the chronic physical conditions, it can be addressed successfully with appropriate support.
The issue is complex. Stress is often multi-factoral and many are reluctant to discuss their difficulties for fear of being perceived as weak or the stigma associated with mental health issues. Dysautonomia is an umbrella term for a complex series of disorders that arise from the malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Some forms are rare, but even amongst the more common forms, they are rarely discussed and not easily identified. Patients often experience long and stressful journeys to diagnosis. Even once diagnosed, the complexities of the disorders and lack of information and treatment pathways lead to ongoing high levels of stress. Add to that the severity of sometimes disabling long term symptoms experienced by many and it is not surprising to find that if actually asked, many patients will respond that they may be functioning but they are not necessarily OK.
Those with chronic illnesses that are rare or poorly understood such as the Dysautonomias, often face a long and soul crushing journey to diagnosis. With symptoms that are frequently vague or fluctuating, patients are told "it's all in your head", "you just need to get out more", "you're depressed". Many are faced with insinuation or outright accusations of malingering or lying. The story is repeated again and again on forums around the world. Even long after diagnosis these words continue to haunt patients who continue to hide their stress levels for fear of reignitig old accusations.
Being a chronic illness many find that their friendships and social relationships fall away over time. Friends who initially came around with a casserole or offered to take a child to school, call around with ever decreasing frequency or, simply disappear. Social isolation is a huge issues for many. Especially those patients in isolated or rural areas, or those in countries where little is known of the disorder. Even in larger cities and centres where there are more patients, it can be difficult to organise face-to-face meet ups with patients who are fatigued, have mobility issues and, thanks to the quirks of the disorder, may have to cancel engagements at the last minute. Whilst fellow patients may understand this, often friends and family do not and social invitations slowly evaporate. In my own case, many friends I thought would always stay by my side disappeared as my ill health increased. My circle of friends decreased over time until now I can count them on one hand. Although I would say chronic illness does aid in rapidly sorting the wheat from the chafe and whilst I may not have the same quantity of friendships the quality is far better. (online friendships have been a saviour, but that is another post).
Intimate relationships change. Husband and wife, becomes carer and patient. Trying to maintain a marriage in these circumstances can be very difficult without dedication. Often outside guidance and counselling is required to traverse the new and changing relationships. Marriage breakdown is common and even dating is often difficult. The strain of constant illness, inability or infrequency of intimacy, financial concerns, difficulty in maintaining roles such as house keeper, parent or cook can all mount to create problems in relationships. Additional difficulties can arise when a partner requires aid with personal care needs such as showering and toileting. Where does the role of husband stop and carer begin? Navigating these changes can be very difficult for couples many of who attempt to do this in private for fear of embarrassment or feeling like a failure.
Parent/child relationships also change. Adult children may be forced to move in with aging parents. Conversely, young children can become carers for their adult parents. Parenting with chronic illness is difficult. Being able to care for small children when you can barely stand or are worried about passing out can be both heartbreaking and dangerous. Guilt is common. Even when the children enter the teenage years they may be forced to care for sick parents or are unable to socialise with friends and relationships can become strained.
Many teenagers with Dysautonomia are unable to go to school or participate in regular teenage pursuits such as parties or sports. They are reliant upon parents at a time when they are normally asserting their independence. Again conflict can arise and strain exists for both patient and carer.
Work commitments are often challenged and unemployment is not uncommon for many patients. This creates not only a financial burden to families, but also a loss of identity. The first question asked at social functions is often "what do you do?" For someone recently unemployed this can be difficult to deal with and often those asking the questions are stumped as to what to ask next. For many, a career equals identity. We understand when someone says they are a doctor or teacher. There is a whole social schema that goes with each label. For many, myself included work was a joy. After years of study and working hard I had a job that I enjoyed and felt was making a difference in the lives of others. To give that up after a year of battling increasing Dysautonomia symptoms felt like the ultimate surrender. I felt like a failure. Added to that was the guilt of the financial burden I was placing upon my husband which was and continues to be high.
Independence is often the first casualty of chronic illness. Simply being able to do the grocery shopping by yourself can be difficult. Many patients who experience frequent syncope are no longer allowed to drive which leaves them reliant on others for transportation. Being able to garden or go to the movies can be a Herculean task. A patients' identity can often seem lost with each small piece of independence that disappears. Spontaneity is no longer possible. A friend calling over for a quick, unexpected coffee can be overwhelming. Patients need to prepare for outings and entertaining through rest, medications, extra fluids and salt, after which they still may be unable to participate thanks to the unpredictable nature of the disorder. It is the normal social situations that others take for granted, particularly the small things such as going to a cafe, that are frequently reported as most missed by patients. And the inability to do such simple things often serves to highlight what they have lost.
Cognitive problems are also common in Dysautonomia thanks to poor cerebral perfusion, fatigue and medication issues. Patients are embarrassed by lapses in memory, inability to complete simple tasks, read a book or follow a conversation. For many, on a bad day, speech is impaired both cognitively and mechanically. Many withdraw from social interaction as they are either self-conscious or simply unable to take in all the competing information.
All of these issues are on top of the physical symptoms of the disorder with which patients contend with 24/7 (tachycardia, bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, syncope, pre-syncope, weakness, fatigue, poor thermoregulatory control, gastrointestinal symptoms, urinary frequency, seizures, to name but a few). Whilst the physiological symptoms of Dysautonomia can be difficult to live with, it is the impact that they have on daily life, the social, psychological and emotional issues that many patients find the most challenging.
The support for those suffering chronic illness is greatly lacking. Care fatigue ensues amongst friends and family as time passes and a patient either doesn't get better or, gets worse. Chronic illness doesn't fit into the normal sick paradigm associated with acute illness. There is no easily identifiable illness or injury, no clear and distinct treatment path and frequently no identifiable resolution after which the patient can resume their regular role in society. This leaves chronic illness patients vulnerable both medically and more importantly psychologically.
People stop asking if you're okay. As one of my readers wrote, "when I asked her why she didn't call to ask how I was, she responded "it's just your normal. I thought you were used to it"". Chronic illness patients are frequently forgotten until a crisis occurs. We develop means of coping, putting one foot in front of another, because there is no choice. There is no resolution as the disorder is chronic, you must learn a way to cope. Patients may smile and laugh , because they have learnt to find humour in the small things, but that doesn't mean everything is okay. It doesn't mean they are okay. It doesn't mean they are coping. Many are barely holding it together. Being strong for years on end is difficult. Sometimes we all need to be asked "R U OK?"
Please take the time to ask the people in your lives R U OK? If you have someone in your life living with a chronic disabling illness like Dysautonomia take the time to truly ask "R U OK?" It wont take long and they will appreciate that you care. You don't have to solve their problems, just listen and be there. Start the conversation.
If you are unsure how to ask someone, R U OK? Day has some fantastic resources available.
Importantly, if you're the one who isn't OK, but you're not sure how to tell someone or ask for help, they have information and resources here.
You don't have to be in Australia to participate. Nor do you have to stick to one day a year. You can ask "R U OK?" anywhere, and any time. Start the conversation and change a life.
Cheers Michelle :)
If you like, feel free to share.
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Bio-metrics- form of Identification and access control, Bio-metrics finger scanner turns a scan of a finger into unique numbers, per person, for the ID system.
ID Management/Finger Scanner System
The eSchoolCore finger scanner is produced by IdentiMetrics and has been proven as an accurate system of measurement for Student Information Systems, School Management and it never copies or stores finger prints. Instead it creates a unique binary code for each student's specific finger within a second, insuring maximum security of the student's identity.
Former First Lady Michelle Obama having lunch.
How can schools utilize scanning students fingers?
- Attendance, easily keeps track of all school attendance, late arrivals or early outs. Students and parents can also track attendance and absences with secure portals.
- Lunch Line, meal times move quickly, with the scanner system it also includes free and reduced lunches leaving students with less burdens, more lunch time and little stress.
- Library Check in/out, eliminates the library cards missing, damaged, forgotten giving students more relaxed reading time, study hall use.
- Bus/events, Leave the bus stop frenzy behind with the finger scanner it will automatically detect the right and wrong bus and also help count heads at school events, reducing errors for school transportation.
- Health, no one likes emergencies or accidents, parents get an automatic notice when it is needed.
- Safety, students are safe and secure with at touch of a finger parents and teachers know where their students are.
Benefits of the Finger Scanner System:
Safe & Secure
Upon the subject of education I can only say that I view it as the most important subject which we as a people may be engaged in.
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| 0.935443 | 354 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Government of Mongolia has a national cervical cancer strategy, which includes increasing and improving the quality of cervical cancer screening, treatment and prevention.
The Government applied to the Merck Gardasil Access Program to receive donated HPV vaccines and was notified in July 2011 that their application was successful. Merck agreed to donate 44,800 doses for a small introductory campaign.
On October 4, 2011, the Ministry of Health officially approved the use of the HPV vaccination in four sites, the Baganuur and Bayangol Districts of Ulaanbaatar and the Selenge and Umungovi Aimags reaching 14,491 eligible girls ages 11-15.
Gardasil, a human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention vaccine, was determined by the Ministry of Health to be the most cost effective vaccine in preventing up to the 70% of the viral strains which lead to cervical cancer in Mongolia.
But is it the case that the vaccine can really prevent girls from contracting HPV?
The end point of all the efficacy studies for Gardasil was not, in fact, prevention of cancer. Researchers couldn’t actually assess the development of cervical cancer following the vaccine because this process normally takes 20 to 40 years and their studies stopped after just five.
So instead, Merck’s scientists decided that the presence of atypical cervical cells was a valid “surrogate end point,” or substitute for cancer. They used this hypothesis despite the fact that there is no evidence that the types of cervical lesions they chose as their end point would eventually lead to cancer.
Merck has never acknowledged that their entire premise for the efficacy of Gardasil rests on pure speculation. In fact, many if not most atypical cervical cells resolve on their own without intervention.
Mongolian women had been living without any vaccine for the past years. I don’t understand what’s really wrong with that. There are many statistics that show that the vaccine has numerous side effects.
After receiving Gardasil, 71 girls died in the US. But this number only shows the US vaccination numbers; we don’t know the true number of how many girls had this vaccine and became ill because of it.
According to interview conducted by Unuudur Newspaper with L.Bayarsaikhan, a doctor in the US,
“Children don’t usually die suddenly when they are healthy but there are certainly lots of teenage girls who have died relatively suddenly after Gardasil or developed severe neurologic reactions. Therefore, if you are going to try to balance safety and efficacy when you prescribe something like a vaccine; you have to know how effective it’s going to be.
Does this really prevent cervical cancer in young women? And does it prevent it in women who have already been exposed to these viruses? … So I don’t know how other doctors prescribe something like Gardasil … Basically, they make an assumption that since the FDA has licensed it … the manufacturer would only market something that’s safe, doctors go ahead and prescribe. And what they may not be aware of is that it is extremely hard to link a side effect to a vaccine, for many reasons. Getting a judgment against a manufacturer is very difficult and it has become more difficult due to some recent litigation that reduced manufacturer liability for vaccines in general”.
Many parents still didn’t understand that they maybe putting their daughters at risk.
I’m afraid of the side effects people may experience in few months or a few years and if they do, who will be responsible for them?
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After more than 100 years of residency in London’s Natural History Museum, the world famous cast of a Diplodocus carnegii skeleton, known as “Dippy”, is going on tour to inspire and educate more people than ever before.
The prospect of moving a world-famous museum specimen like Dippy is a daunting one and presents a unique set of challenges. And behind the tour of the 21.3 metre-long sauropod superstar to museums, community centres and even cathedrals, will be an entourage of handlers, fixers and “make-up artists” to ensure everything goes smoothly.
It may sound like a rather obvious statement but moving a giant dinosaur is not an easy task. I saw this for myself last year when I was lucky enough to film with David Attenborough in Argentina. We joined Diego Pol and his team from the Museo Paleontologico Egidio Feruglio after the discovery and excavation of seven skeletons belonging to a brand new species, a type of titanosaur that later turned out to be the largest of all the dinosaurs.
Of course I marvelled at the 8ft-long femurs and vertebrae almost as tall as myself. But what surprised me more were the methods by which the team secured and transported the 140m-year-old fossilised bones. After the team used mechanical diggers and noisy pneumatic drills to remove the hundreds of tonnes of sand and rock, they swapped for trowels and brushes to tenderly separate the fossils from their surroundings.
Then, in order to transport the fossils, each one was wrapped in wet toilet roll. Yes, toilet roll. Hundreds and hundreds of metres went into wrapping up each specimen. There was so much loo roll that you could cover a football pitch with the stuff. It allowed the team to wrap the fossils with a soft protective membrane that would cover the delicate contours perfectly.
Plaster of Paris was then added, layer by layer. Although fossils are made of rock, they can be surprisingly fragile and need to be protected. Each one was then lifted onto the back of a truck and transported back to the museum, some four or five hours away by road. Only there wasn’t a road for much of the first part of the journey, so the team actually had to construct a road to transport the precious cargo safely.
Fossils are moved and transported for a variety of reasons, and are always done so with the utmost of care. Isla Gladstone is senior curator for the Natural Sciences collections at the Bristol Museum & Art Gallery and is responsible for a huge fossil specimen going on show this year. “We’re currently preparing to display the fossil skeleton of an 8m-long pliosaur for an exhibition this summer,” she told me.
“Work to move it began after its discovery in a clay pit in 1994. The museum helped excavate huge blocks of rock containing its bones and removed them using diggers and fork-lifts. Ten years’ delicate work followed to chip away the rock and release over 100 fossil pieces.”
It is clear that excavating fossils is a delicate and risky task but this is only half the work that needs to be done. The actual articulation of the fossil bones to create an impressive 3D jigsaw-like display is equally tricky.
Made up of 292 bones, Dippy is actually a plaster cast of the original skeleton, rather than the fossils themselves. While it may be easy to think that Dippy is a cast and not a “real” skeleton, the cast is still hugely important in its own rights.
Palaeontologist and renowned fossil preparator Nigel Larkin believes that the biggest problem with Dippy is not just the size but the age and material of the casts. “I was involved in dismantling the tail and replacing the rear legs when the tail was raised off the floor in the mid 1990s,” he said. “The casts are very old and made of plaster. That means they are now very brittle.”
Casts should, and normally do, have the same status as real fossils and are specimens in their own right. Often, a cast is all you have available to study, as the original may be on the other side of the world. And in some cases, the actual fossil has actually subsequently been lost or destroyed.
Larkin says that mounting the actual fossils is no easier, as they are typically fragile and very heavy. “The ethics of mounting fossils in museums mean that no holes can be drilled in to them. They have to be held in position securely with external materials, lined with (specialised) archival foam where it would otherwise touch the fossil.”
But museums still want any mounted dinosaur to actually look good, and Steve Brusatte (a palaeontologist at the University of Edinburgh) believes this an equally important consideration. “The biggest problems with mounting fossils – particularly skeletons – is not just the sheer weight of the specimen but also making the mount-work as unobtrusive as possible,” he said. “This is obviously a difficult balancing act both aesthetically and literally.”
As Dippy hits the road and tours the UK, spare a thought about all the work that needs to go into excavating dinosaur fossils and mounting them or their casts. Making the casts is a whole story in itself, now involving lasers, robots and multi-bladed machines. Have a think the next time you’re in a museum about how you would make sure the skeleton is both physically safe and looking as lifelike and inspiring as possible.
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What do you think? Should biofuel be deployed more widely? Have your say at www.itsourworld.co.uk
IT'S free. It's easy to source and it's about as sustainable as it's possible to be. The latest renewable energy source is being heralded as the perfect solution to climate fears – and it's on its way to a road near you.
Biomethane is a by-product of treated sewage. Microbes break down the raw material and release the gas which can then be used in slightly modified engines. It emits less carbon and is easier and cheaper to produce than other forms of biogas.
Despite coming from sewage it doesn’t smell – it’s almost identical in composition to the natural gas extracted from under the North Sea. It is so colourless and odourless they actually have to add a “gas” smell so leaks can be detected when necessary.
And it looks as though biomethane is coming our way thanks to the BIONIC project co-ordinated on a European basis by Merseytravel and active in Spain, Bulgaria, Romania, Sweden and the UK.
Merseytravel is helping to bring sustainable, locally produced biofuels to businesses in the North West.
Merseytravel and Lancashire County Council are leading efforts to promote the production and use of sustainably produced biofuels which reduce CO2 emissions without impacting on food or rainforests.
Diesel buses will only require minor modifications to their engines to run on methane. The only noticeable difference will be how quietly they are to drive.
As well as biomethane the project is also looking at the use of waste cooking oil to make biodiesel.
The aim is to work alongside local producers to increase the market for “good” biofuels.
“United Utilities is already working to extract methane from sewage and it’ll be powering their fleet of tankers from next year,” says Andrew Leadbetter, Environmental Officer for Merseytravel.
“It’s feasible that within a few years buses and other large vehicles could be powered by biomethane. It makes sense. Not only would it otherwise be wasted but the reduction in emissions would be a real benefit.”
Andrew and the team are also looking at ways in which used cooking fat could be harvested from industrial kitchens and used to make biodiesel.
“There is a producer in Knowsley called ReFuel which is making high quality Biodiesel from cooking oil already. They use oil that would otherwise have to be disposed of – it reduces air pollution and lowers carbon emissions by almost 90%.”
Modern diesel engines can use biodiesel without modification. With annual cost savings of around £1,500 on an average mileage, 44-ton HGV it’s already proving popular.
Merseytravel has been instrumental in co-ordinating dialogue between countries on biofuel technology.
The organisation was moderator of the latest project BIONIC meeting in Bulgaria last month which culminated in the fifth national conference of Bulgarian energy agencies.
Neil Scales, Chief Executive and Director General of Merseytravel, says: “We’re an organisation with the environment at our heart so to be working to shape the future of biofuel technology on an international basis is where we want to be. The aim is to bring best practice to the region.
“We’re gaining new experiences and understanding that, as well as supporting our work, will enable us to share this on a broader basis with Merseyside businesses.”
For more information about the BIONIC project and to find out how you can get involved visit the website www.bionic-project.eu
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Guest Blog: To Stop Having an Earth Overshoot Day, Stop Shooting the Earth’s Protectors
Nick Meynen is an author of literary non-fiction books and a regular contributor to Meta, The Ecologist and MO* magazine. He works as a Policy Officer for Environmental and Economic Justice at the European Environmental Bureau (EEB).
This blog appeared first in Metamag: The News Channel of the European Environmental Bureau.
It may be the start of August – but 2018 should really be over.
Humanity already used the amount of resources that the earth can regenerate this year. At the same time, violence against those who protect the earth is on the rise.
Earth Overshoot Day never fell as early as this year: on 1 August. From now until December we’re eating up resources that have accumulated over the past 4 billion years. An increasing number of these resources are steadily evolving towards “out of stock”.
Earth Overshoot Day is calculated by dividing the world’s biocapacity (the amount of natural resources generated by Earth that year), by the world ecological footprint (humanity’s consumption of Earth’s natural resources for that year), and multiplying by 365.
Moving back to sustainable levels of extracting resources doesn’t catapult us to the Stone Age. Back in 1987 the date was 19 December, leaving only 12 out of 365 days in overconsumption mode. But sustainability will require more than some woolly appeals to citizens to consume and live greener. Once extracted, a resource will be sold, used, dumped. Therefore, the key is to “keep the oil in the soil, the coal in the hole and the gas under the grass” – to borrow a slogan from the global movement for environmental justice. The problem of taking more from the earth than it can regenerate needs to be tackled at the source: where the digging happens.
Keeping resources in the ground often boils down to a very unequal battle between a local community and a multinational machine with billions more in capital to bribe and bully its way through an often all too thin layer of environmental protections. The record number of environmental activists killed in 2017 should be seen in that perspective: the efforts to try to keep resources in the ground are rising, but so is the violence against the earth’s protectors.
All these facts and figures matter, but so do stories. Stories have far greater power to move people than facts. Think of Boris Johnson touring the UK with his ‘£350 million for the National Health Service (NHS)’ bus. The news was fake but the story was great and history was made. So what’s the story based on facts that we already have, a story that can steer us away from the ongoing self-destruction?
There are the stories of earth protectors that were killed while doing what they did to protect us all. Berta Caceres’sgrassroots campaign successfully pressured the world’s largest dam builder to pull out of a dam in Honduras, but victory came after she was assassinated in her home by armed intruders, after being on a military hit-list. Heroes like Berta need to be remembered and world governments need to express more recognition for their invaluable work.
But there are also the stories of success without assassinations. Indigenous peoples from India won a decade long fight against a London based multinational who wanted to mine their most precious resource: a holy mountain full of living resources. The divest movement pulled 5000 billion+ out of the fossil fuel sector. European activists occasionally succeed in stopping the production of a German coal mine, the largest source of CO2 emissions in Europe. In the Atlas of Environmental Justice, around 20% of the 2500+ flashpoints of environmental conflicts are success stories. If we want to #MoveTheDate of #EarthOvershootDay in a good direction, we sure need to tell the stories of struggle that are reshaping how humanity lives on this earth.
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The Pyramid Texts
Step Pyramid - Pharaoh Djoser - 1st Pyramid Builder - 3rd Dynasty
Pyramid of Sekhemkhet - 3rd Dynasty
Mastaba Faraoun - Tomb of Shepseskaf - 4th Dynasty
Pyramid of Userkaf - 5th Dynasty
Pyramid of Unas - 5th Dynasty
Headless Pyramid of Menkauhor - 5th Dynasty
Pyramid of Teti and His Queens - 6th Dynasty
Pyramid of Pepi I and His Queens - 6th Dynasty
Pyramid of Pepi II and His Queens - 6th Dynasty
Pyramid of Djedkare - Ises I - 6th Dynasty
Pyramid of Merenre - 6th Dynasty
Mastaba of Mereruka - 6th Dynasty
Pyramid of Khendjer - 13th Dynasty
Pyramid of Qakare Ibi - 14th Dynasty
Tomb of Horemheb 18th Dynasty
Serapeum at Saqqara
Mastabas of Saqqara, Ankhmahor, Kagemni, Ptahhotep, Idut, Nebet, Ti
Archaeologists unearth 'huge number' of sealed Egyptian sarcophagi in Saqqara - October 2020
Saqqara is a vast, ancient burial ground in Egypt, serving as the necropolis for the ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis. Saqqara features numerous pyramids, including the world-famous Step pyramid of Djoser, sometimes referred to as the Step Tomb due to its rectangular base, as well as a number of mastaba tombs. Located some 30 km (19 mi) south of modern-day Cairo, Saqqara covers an area of around 7 by 1.5 km (4.35 by 0.93 mi).
At Saqqara, the oldest complete stone building complex known in history was built, the Pyramid of Djoser, built during the Third Dynasty. Another sixteen Egyptian kings built pyramids at Saqqara, which are now in various states of preservation or dilapidation. High officials added private funeral monuments to this necropolis during the entire Pharaonic period. It remained an important complex for non-royal burials and cult ceremonies for more than 3,000 years, well into Ptolemaic and Roman times.
North of the area known as Saqqara lies Abusir, and south lies Dahshur. The area running from Giza to Dahshur has been used as a necropolis by the inhabitants of Memphis at different times, and it was designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979. Some scholars believe that the name Saqqara is not derived from the ancient Egyptian funerary deity, Sokar, but supposedly, from a local Berber Tribe called Beni Saqqar.
Saqqara, located 20 km / 12.5 mi. south of Giza, used to be the most important necropolis of Memphis, the capital city of the Old Kingdom on the opposite shore of the Nile river. It was the original burial site for the kings of the first two dynasties. It was still referred to as burial grounds during the18th and 19th dynasties.
Major pyramids located in Saqqara include the Pyramid of Djoser - generally identified as the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone - the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II. Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's successor Sekhemkhet, known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's.
South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller pyramids, including those of Pepi I, Djedkare Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most of these are in a poor state of preservation.
The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in, or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb, which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the Mastabat al-FirÕaun.
A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed to be the tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft) high, although the original height was closer to 14 m (46 ft).
Nearly all Fourth Dynasty kings chose a different location for their pyramids. During the second half of the Old Kingdom, under the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, Saqqara was again the royal burial ground. The Fifth and Sixth Dynasty pyramids are not built wholly of massive stone blocks, but instead with a core consisting of rubble. Consequently, they are less well preserved than the world-famous pyramids built by the Fourth Dynasty kings at Giza. Unas, the last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, was the first king to adorn the chambers in his pyramid with Pyramid Texts. During the Old Kingdom, it was customary for courtiers to be buried in mastaba tombs close to the pyramid of their king. Thus, clusters of private tombs were formed in Saqqara around the pyramid complexes of Unas and Teti.
During routine excavations in 2011 at the dog catacomb in Saqqara necropolis, an excavation team led by Salima Ikram, and an international team of researchers led by Paul Nicholson of Cardiff University, uncovered almost eight million animal mummies at the burial site next to the sacred temple of Anubis. It is thought that the mummified animals, mostly dogs, were intended to pass on the prayers of their owners to their deities.
In July 2018, German-Egyptian researchers' team head by Dr. Ramadan Badry Hussein and University of Tubingen reported the discovery of an extremely rare gilded burial mask which probably dates from Saite-Persian period in a partly damaged wooden coffin. The last time a similar mask was found, was in 1939.
The eyes were covered with obsidian, calcite, and black hued gemstone possibly onyx. "The finding of this mask could be called a sensation. Very few masks of precious metal have been preserved to the present day, because the tombs of most Ancient Egyptian dignitaries were looted in ancient times," said Hussein.
In November, 2018, seven ancient Egyptian tombs were located at the ancient necropolis of Saqqara by an Egyptian archaeological mission, with a collection of scarab and cat mummies, dating back to the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties.
According to the former minister Khaled el-Enany, three of the tombs were used for cats some dating back more than 6,000 years, while one of four other sarcophagi revealed at the site was unsealed. Within the remains of cat mummies were unearthed gilded and 100 wooden statues of cats and one in bronze dedicated to the cat goddess named Bastet. In addition, funerary items dating back to the 12th Dynasty were found besides the skeletal remains of cats.
In September 2018, several dozen cache of mummies dating 2,000 years back were found by a team of Polish archaeologists led by Assoc. Prof. Kamil Kuraszkiewicz from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the University of Warsaw. The Polish-Egyptian expedition works under the auspices of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw.
Investigations were carried out for over two decades in the area to the west of the Djoser Pyramid. The most important discoveries include the tomb of vizier Merefnebef with a funerary chapel decorated with multi-colored reliefs (uncovered in 1997) as well as the tomb of courtier Nyankhnefertem (uncovered in 2003).
The expedition also explored two necropoles. Archaeologists revealed several dozen graves of noblemen from the period of the 6th Dynasty, dating to the 24th-21st century BC and 500 graves of indigent people dating approximately to the 6th century BC - 1st century AD. The researches established that most of the bodies were poorly preserved and all organic materials, as well as, the wooden caskets had decayed. The tombs discovered most recently (in 2018) form part of the younger, so-called Upper Necropolis.
The research of the Polish-Egyptian expedition also focuses on the interpretation of the so-called Dry Moat, a vast trench hewn around the Djoser Pyramid. According to Assoc. Prof. Kuraszkiewicz, the most recent discoveries confirm the hypothesis that the Dry Moat was a model of the pharaoh's journey to the netherworld, i.e., a road the deceased ruler had to follow to attain eternal life.
In mid-December 2018, the Egyptian government announced the discovery at Saqqara of a previously unknown 4,400-year-old tomb, containing paintings and more than fifty sculptures. It belongs to Wahtye, a high-ranking priest who served under King Neferirkare Kakai during the Fifth Dynasty. The tomb also contains five shafts that may lead to a sarcophagus below.
On April 13, 2019, an expedition led by Department Member of Czech Institute of Egyptology Mohamed Megahed discovered a 4,000-year-old tomb near Egypt's Saqqara Necropolis. Archaeologists confirmed that the tomb belonged to an influential person named Khuwy, who lived in Egypt during the 5th Dynasty.
"The L-shaped Khuwy tomb starts with a small corridor heading downwards into an antechamber and from there a larger chamber with painted reliefs depicting the tomb owner seated at an offerings table", reported the head of the excavation team Mohamed Megahed.
According to CNN, it is surprising that there are some paintings that maintained their brightness over a long time in the tomb mainly made of white limestone bricks. Another interesting fact is that the tomb had a tunnel entrance generally typical for pyramids.
Archaeologists say that there might be a connection between Khuwy and pharaoh because the mausoleum was found near the pyramid of Egyptian Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi, who ruled during that time.
On October 3, 2020, Khalid el-Anany, EgyptÕs tourism and antiquities minister announced the discovery of at least 59 sealed sarcophagi with mummies more than 2,600 years ago. Archaeologists also revealed the 20 statues of Ptah-Soker and a carved 35-centimeter tall bronze statue of god Nefertem.
On October 19, 2020, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of more than 2,500 years of colorful, sealed sarcophagi. According to archaeologist Mostafa Waziri, archeologists team unearthed gilded, wooden statues and more than 80 coffins.
Secrets of the Saqqara Tomb - October 28, 2020
Ancient alien theorists believe it is a replica of a flying machine.
The Saqqara Bird is a bird-shaped artifact made of sycamore wood, discovered during the 1898 excavation of the Pa-di-Imen tomb in Saqqara, Egypt. It has been dated to approximately 200 BCE, and is now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The Saqqara Bird has a wingspan of 180 mm (7.1 in) and weighs 39.12 g (1.380 oz). Its purpose is not understood because of a lack of period documentation.
Some think the Saqqara Bird may be a ceremonial object because the falcon, the bird after which the Saqqara Bird is modeled, is the form most commonly used to represent several of the most important gods of Egyptian mythology, most notably the falcon deity Horus and the sun deity Ra Horakhty. Others have posited it may have been a toy for an elite child, or that it could have functioned as a weather vane. Some have also speculated it may have been used as a sort of boomerang, as such technology was common and well known in ancient Egypt in the form of a throwing stick used for hunting waterfowl. Another hypothesis is that this bird was positioned on the masthead of sacred boats used during the Opet Festival Reliefs showing those boats are found in the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak and date to the late New Kingdom
Some have suggested that the Saqqara Bird may represent evidence that knowledge of the principles of aviation existed many centuries before such are generally believed to have first been discovered. Egyptian physician and dowser Khalil Messiha has speculated that the ancient Egyptians developed the first aircraft. In spite of these claims, however, no ancient Egyptian aircraft have ever been found, nor has any other evidence suggesting their existence come to light. As a result, the theory that the Saqqara Bird is a model of a flying machine is not accepted by mainstream Egyptologists. Richard P. Hallion notes that it is "far too heavy and unstable itself to fly.
ANCIENT EGYPT INDEX
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SACRED PLACES INDEX
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CRYSTALINKS HOME PAGE
PSYCHIC READING WITH ELLIE
2012 THE ALCHEMY OF TIME
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The most common procedure performed by a dentist is to take care of small cavities by filling them. Cavities are formed when the acids from bacteria start to attack the hard outer layer of the tooth. If left unchecked, they can continue to advance and cause further issues.
For many years, the go-to way to fill teeth was with metal fillings. The main reason for this was due to the relatively low cost of the materials and that they are easy to use. However, as time has gone by, metal fillings have proven to be less than ideal. The metal expands and contracts with heat, which would force the dental fillings in rexdale to start to separate from the tooth. The strength was also less than that of a natural tooth, so it could break too easily.
Thanks to dental technologies, we know have amazing tooth-colored composites. This material can be made to match any shade of tooth color (or even made to be a whiter shade if wanted). It bonds to the tooth much better than metal and also does not get affected by hot or cold temperatures. The strength is also much closer to that of a natural tooth, so it can even help to strengthen a tooth if too much of the structure has been removed.
Dental fillings in Rexdale, Ontario can be taken care of just like a natural tooth. Ensure you are following proper oral hygiene procedures and continue to visit your dentist for your bi-annual visits.
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GENETIC ALLIANCE BY CLAIRE MENA
While dietary supplements do give reason to consume with caution, certain supplements, particularly vitamins, can play an important role in a child’s health.
Throughout my life I have gone through bouts of anemia. When I disliked meat as a child, my iron levels dropped and the pediatrician recommended a diet filled with leafy greens, whole grains, and my least favorite—cream of wheat. The iron levels continued to fluctuate with diet and various life factors, and when I began college, a cafeteria offering overcooked burgers and wilted spinach was not compatible with a well-balanced meal. Again, the anemia spiked and so iron supplements came to the rescue. Within a short amount of time, periods of exhaustion and fatigue were nearly eliminated with a simple daily pill.
Like me, millions of Americans take various forms of dietary supplements to ensure a sufficient intake of vitamins and minerals. Supplements such as calcium for strong bones, and iron for anemia, can play a vital role in assisting children as they grow to be strong and healthy. The market expands beyond vitamins and minerals and includes other supplements such as Hydroxycut for weight loss, Creatine for muscle gain and Viagra for sexual enhancement for adults. In total, Americans spend more than $30 million a year on various dietary supplements averaging about $100 per person.
As consumers in the U.S., we typically shop with certainty that the products in the store are safe and even tested, if necessary. We assume the baby food on the shelf contains only the ingredients listed on the back and we trust the children’s Advil isn’t mixed with any additives or fillers. Yet this confidence cannot be held for dietary supplements. Dietary supplements do not look like food or medicine; they are packaged, purified ingredients and can be found containing illicit pharmaceuticals. In 2014, various weight loss products such as Magic Slim, Super Fat Burner, and Forever Beautiful, were recalled for containing substances deemed unsafe by the FDA such as Meridia, a weight loss drug, and the laxative, phenolphthalein.
In another case, Doctor’s Best Red Yeast Rice, a dietary supplement used to treat high cholesterol, was found laden with additives such as chlorzoxazone (a muscle relaxant), ibuprofen, and diclofenac. Unlike prescription medications, the FDA does not know what dietary supplements are on the market. With minor oversight to regulate these products, Kapoor and Sharfstein (in Breaking the Gridlock: Regulation of dietary supplements in the United States) describe the market as disorganized, deceptive, and dangerous.
Many individuals question how such little oversight can be possible. How does a dangerous, even life threatening product, enter the market and sit on the shelves of our local pharmacies? In 1994, Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) in hopes of defining and regulating dietary supplements. Consequently, it became possible to sell a dietary supplement on the market without evidence to prove the product is safe or effective. Under the law, any product can be advertised as a tool to promote health as long as it does not claim to prevent, cure or treat a condition. Yet many individuals continue to fall victim to this wording, believing the products ensure a certain result.
Although DSHEA set these guidelines for dietary supplements, many manufacturers continue to make illegal and unauthorized claims. Certain products are falsely advertised as an aid to prevent, treat or cure a condition. This not only encourages a consumer to buy an unnecessary product, but can deter seeking alternative, more effective treatments. According to Kapoor and Sharfstein, a 2003 review of 273 websites selling dietary supplements found 55 percent made illegal claims regarding treating or preventing illnesses. More recently, manufacturers for hundreds of products have been cited by the FDA for falsely claiming to treat conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. And without a system enforcing the supplements to be tested prior to selling, trial and error of the product can come at the expense of the consumer.
While dietary supplements do give reason to consume with caution, Dr. Sharfstein believes that certain supplements, particularly vitamins, can play an important role in a child’s health. Often, vitamin D is recommended for babies and children that take iron for iron deficiency. The greater focus though, should be on ensuring a well-balanced diet filled with nutrients necessary for a child to grow. One cup of milk contains around 308 mg of calcium and three ounces of beef contains about 3.5 mg of iron. When deciding whether to use dietary supplements with your child, it is important to check with your child’s pediatrician, discuss various options, and address any underlying issues that could be causing a deficiency. •
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Claire Mena is an Engagement and Outreach Specialist at Genetic Alliance. She previously worked in breaking news and now focuses on the relationship between health care and enhancing patient-centered information. You can find her @clairemelise
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This powerpoint presentation utilizes famous people to get the students talking in Spanish. The question pops up asking the students ¿Cómo se llama esta muchacha? or ¿Cómo se llama este muchacho?
The next text that pops up gives them 2 choices of a name. For example, "¿Se llama Christina o Se llama Miley?"
Next the picture floats in. This is a picture of a celebrity that is named one of the 2 name choices.
The last text pop up is a confirmation after the class chorally responds, "Se llama Miley." The teacher confirms with the text pop up, "Sí, se llama Miley."
The kids really get into it. It is 42 pages/slides long, so it seems like it is long, but the kids like it and don´t complain about the length.
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Angry Face May Convey Physical Strength
Although we may not realize this, true anger is more than an emotional state; it can literally be seen in lowered brows, thinned lips, and flared nostrils.
In fact, social scientists call this the “anger face.” Researchers at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and at Griffith University in Australia have now identified the functional advantages that may have caused the specific appearance of the anger face to evolve.
Their findings appear in the current online edition of the journal Evolution and Human Behavior.
“The expression is cross-culturally universal, and even congenitally blind children make this same face without ever having seen one,” said lead author Aaron Sell.
The anger expression employs seven distinct muscle groups that contract in a highly stereotyped manner.
The researchers sought to understand why evolution chose those particular muscle contractions to signal the emotional state of anger. The current research is part of a larger set of studies that examine the evolutionary function of anger.
“Our earlier research showed that anger evolved to motivate effective bargaining behavior during conflicts of interest,” said Sell.
The greater the harm an individual can inflict, noted Leda Cosmides, the more bargaining power he or she wields.
Cosmides, professor of psychology at UCSB, is a co-author on the study along with John Tooby.
“This general bargaining-through-menace principle applies to humans as well,” said Tooby.
“In earlier work we were able to confirm the predictions that stronger men anger more easily, fight more often, feel entitled to more unequal treatment, resolve conflicts more in their own favor, and are even more in favor of military solutions than are physically weak men.”
Starting from the hypothesis that anger is a bargaining emotion, the researchers reasoned that the first step is communicating to the other party that the anger-triggering event is not acceptable, and the conflict will not end until an implicit agreement is reached.
This, they say, is why the emotion of anger has a facial expression associated with it.
“But the anger face not only signals the onset of a conflict,” said Sell.
“Any distinctive facial display could do that. We hypothesized that the anger face evolved its specific form because it delivers something more for the expresser. Each element is designed to help intimidate others by making the angry individual appear more capable of delivering harm if not appeased.”
For our ancestors, Cosmides noted, greater upper body strength led to a greater ability to inflict harm; so the hypothesis was that the anger face should make a person appear stronger.
Using computer-generated faces, the researchers demonstrated that each of the individual components of the anger face made those computer-generated people appear physically stronger.
For example, the most common feature of the anger face is the lowered brow. Researchers took a computerized image of an average human face and then digitally morphed it in two ways: One photo showed a lowered brow, and the other a raised brow.
“With just this one difference, neither face appeared ‘angry,’ ” said Sell.
“But when these two faces were shown to subjects, they reported the lowered brow face as looking like it belonged to a physically stronger man.”
The experiment was repeated one-by-one with each of the other major components of the classic anger face — raised cheekbones (as in a snarl), lips thinned and pushed out, the mouth raised (as in defiance), the nose flared and the chin pushed out and up.
As predicted, the presence by itself of any one of these muscle contractions led observers to judge that the person making the face was physically stronger.
“Our previous research showed that humans are exceptionally good at assessing fighting ability just by looking at someone’s face,” said Sell.
“Since people who are judged to be stronger tend to get their way more often, other things being equal, the researchers concluded that the explanation for evolution of the form of the human anger face is surprisingly simple — it is a threat display.”
These threat displays — like those of other animals — consist of exaggerations of cues of fighting ability, Sell continued.
“So a man will puff up his chest, stand tall, and morph his face to make himself appear stronger.
“The function of the anger face is intimidation,” added Cosmides, “just like a frog will puff itself up or a baboon will display its canines.”
As Tooby explained, “This makes sense of why evolution selected this particular facial display to co-occur with the onset of anger.
Anger is triggered by the refusal to accept the situation, and the face immediately organizes itself to advertise to the other party the costs of not making the situation more acceptable. What is most pleasing about these results is that no feature of the anger face appears to be arbitrary; they all deliver the same message.”
According to Sell, the researchers know this to be true because each of the seven components has the same effect. “In the final analysis, you can think of the anger face as a constellation of features, each of which makes you appear physically more formidable.”
Nauert PhD, R. (2014). Angry Face May Convey Physical Strength. Psych Central. Retrieved on February 7, 2016, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2014/08/29/angry-face-may-convey-physical-strength/74264.html
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DeepMind is one step closer to emulating the human mind. Google engineers claim their artificial neural network can now use store data similarly to how humans access memory.
The AI developed by Alphabet, Google’s parent company, just received a new and powerful update. By pairing up the neural network’s ability to learn with the huge data stores of conventional computers, the programmers have created the first Differential Neural Computer, or DNC — allowing DeepMind to navigate and learn from the data on its own.
This brings AIs one step closer to working as a human brain, as the neural network simulates the brain’s processing patterns and external data banks supplying vast amounts of information, just like our memory.
“These models… can learn from examples like neural networks, but they can also store complex data like computers,” write DeepMind researchers Alexander Graves and Greg Wayne in a blog post.
Traditional neural networks are really good at learning to do one task — sorting cucumbers, for example. But they all share a drawback in learning to do something new. Aptly called “catastrophic forgetting”, such a network has to erase and re-write everything it knows before being able to learn something else.
Learn like a human, work like a robot
Our brains don’t have this problem because they can store past experience as memories. Your computer doesn’t have this problem either, as it can store data on external banks for future use. So Alphabet paired up the later with a neural network to make it behave like a brain.
The DNC is underpinned by a controller that constantly optimizes the system’s responses, comparing its results with the desired or correct answers. Over time, this allows it to solve tasks more and more accurately while learning how to apply the data it has access to at the same time.
At the heart of the DNC is a controller that constantly optimizes its responses, comparing its results with the desired and correct ones. Over time, it’s able to get more and more accurate, figuring out how to use its memory data banks at the same time. The results are quite impressive.
After feeding the London subway network into the system, it was able to answer questions which require deductive reasoning — which computers are not good at.
For example here’s one question the DNC could answer: “Starting at Bond street, and taking the Central line in a direction one stop, the Circle line in a direction for four stops, and the Jubilee line in a direction for two stops, at what stop do you wind up?”
While that may not seem like much — a simple navigation app can tell you that in a few seconds — what’s groundbreaking here is that the DNC isn’t just executing lines of code — it’s working out the answers on its own, working with the information it has in its memory banks.
The cherry on top, the DeepMind team stated, is that DNCs are able to store learned facts and techniques, and then call upon them when needed. So once it learns how to deal with the London underground, it can very easily handle another transport network, say, the one in New York.
This is still early work, but it’s not hard to see how this could grow into something immensely powerful in the future — just imagine having a Siri that can look at and understand the data on the Internet just like you or me. This could very well prove to be the groundwork for producing AI that’s able to reason independently.
And I, for one, am excited to welcome our future digital overlords.
The team published a paper titled “Hybrid computing using a neural network with dynamic external memory” describing the research in the journal Nature.
Enjoyed this article? Join 40,000+ subscribers to the ZME Science newsletter. Subscribe now!
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When typing the word, right-click it and choose Spelling & Grammar → Show Spelling and Grammar. This will bring up a window similar to the one below. It should say that the word was not found in the spelling dictionary.
Click Learn to teach the word to the current dictionary.
~/Library/Spelling/LocalDictionary only contains some of your corrections. This depends on which language you have currently selected. For example, my
~/Library/Spelling/ folder contains multiple custom dictionaries depending on the language that I have currently set. As well as
LocalDictionary, I have files named
en_GB. Editing these files instead of
LocalDictionary can help set custom words when they refuse to be read from
0 directories, 5 files
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Launch vehicle Energia being developed as a part of the
Energia-Buran Reusable Space System is a versatile, heavy-lift
launch vehicle capable to deliver large payloads up to 100
t attached to the exterior to orbits and near-Earth space.
Mass of payloads delivered to:
- low orbits of artificial Earth satellite - up to 100
- the geostationary orbit - up to 20 t
- the lunar mission trajectory - up to 32 t.
LV Energia ensures all-azimuth launches, however, orbits
of 51°, 65° and 97° inclinations are taken as reference
orbits defined by areas in which stage I depleted boosters
1206 organizations and 100 ministries and agencies participated
in the Energia-Buran Space System development. Famous scientific
and production centers of Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and
other republics of the USSR were involved in this developmental
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On April 4th 2022, the IPCC published their most recent report on climate change. According to the report, the planet is currently looking at global warming levels of more than 3°C, which would have detrimental consequences for life on earth.
On the same day, the Interactives Team of Funke Mediengruppe (GER) published a project that illustrates the gravity of these consequences. Regions where climate change is projected to make life hard or impossible by the end of the century are visualized on a 3D globe with colors indicating the level of exposure to certain climate-change related effects: heat, sea level rise, water stress and tropical cyclones. Three-dimensional columns across the globe indicate the number of people living in the area.
Next to a more guided scrollytelling containing the most important context and information, the website also features an “explore” option that readers can use to interact with the data and visualization themselves. They can explore the far-reaching consequences for selected aspects of climate change (heat, sea level rise, water stress, tropical cyclones) across the world, both for today and projections for the year 2100. Additionally, regions and states that are expected to be hit hardest are listed. Users can choose a specific country to understand which regions within the country are most affected by the different climate change effects and how many people would be exposed to these events based on today’s population.
An extensive FAQ was added to explain jargon and basic concepts of climate research and policy, such as “RCP”s, “climate model” and more.
In conclusion, different aspects of climate change and its effects are communicated in a simple and engaging manner: interactive elements allow users to dig into details, and the narrative elements offer an overview that is to the point. Readers understand not only what the consequences of climate change are and where, but also how many people will be affected by this.
“One of the most striking and immediately useful visual tools the judges have seen. From the framing of the story, the unification of the myriad impacts of climate change and the ability to scale from a global perspective to a local perspective, this is the kind of digital native storytelling judges would love to see from news outlets in the future.”
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Madrigals are “unaccompanied contrapuntal part-songs on a secular poetic theme”... the theme usually being Love, Sex, Death or Dancing (much like all popular music).
We particularly enjoy singing madrigals of the English school, c1580-1625, which were written mostly for domestic entertainment in the pre-Netflix era; but we also perform continental pieces from a similar period, and some later items.
Late Elizabethan England saw a great outpouring of composing talent, and our aim is to bring this wonderful material to modern ears…
The English Madrigal School was the brief but intense flowering of the musical madrigal in England, mostly from 1588 to 1627, along with the composers who produced them. The English madrigals were a cappella, predominantly light in style, and generally began as either copies or direct translations of Italian models. Most were for three to six voices.
The development that caused the explosion of madrigal composition in England, however, was the development of native poetry — especially the sonnet — which was conducive to setting to music in the Italian style.
The most influential composers of madrigals in England, and the ones whose works have survived best to the present day, were Thomas Morley and John Wilbye. Morley’s style is melodic, easily singable, and remains popular with a cappella singing groups. Wilbye’s madrigals are distinctive with their expressiveness and chromaticism; they would never be confused with their Italian predecessors.
Madrigals continued to be composed in England through the 1620s, but the air and "recitative music" rendered the contrapuntal style unfashionable.
There were at least 25 composers of the period whose work survives - often only a small amount of it.
Many were either church musicians or musical tutors in large households, since such patronage was the only option for a musical career.
Here are brief bios of a few of those whose works we sing:
John Bennet (c.1575 – after 1614) – very little is known, but he probably knew the composer John Dowland, in homage to whom he wrote “Weep O Mine Eyes”.
John Farmer (c. 1570 – c. 1601) – organist at two Dublin cathedrals, patron the Earl of Oxford
Orlando Gibbons (c1583–1625) – famous for his church music and keyboard compositions. He became organist at the Chapel Royal, with Thomas Tomkins (see below) as his deputy. His best known madrigal is The Silver Swan – possibly the best-known work of the genre.
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The theft and access to data by unauthorized system has been an epidemic because of security of lax password. The common method of authentication verifies individual identity by user login name and password in today’s IT world. It cannot be guaranteed that user password is the owner’s password and hence it is very essential to secure the information’s integrity, availability, and confidentiality.
The secrecy of password is human’s frailties. The purpose and intent of the password is negated by the techniques of the user to avoid the password.
The frailties faced by human nature are to forget passwords, to write passwords down, to share passwords, to use common password, stolen passwords, and to avoid password security.
There is various technical security services are confidentiality, authentication, data integrity, encryption, non-repudiation, accountability, availability etc.
The tool audit analysis checks unauthorized activities for purpose of planning and charge-back. The availability for system resources ensures with redundant systems and communications pathways. The three major non-technical security services for technical security services are administrative security, personnel security, and physical security.
Administrative security involves assure and require operations in compliance with security. Personnel security provides training personnel. Physical security has the process of testing, developing, and executing to recover from loss.
Hence many IT companies have researched on the control of access and protection of data by online system to obtain security solutions which are reliable than username and password mechanism. Because of lax password-only security, data access and theft by unauthorized system is a national epidemic.
Download Btech Seminar on Network Security & Cryptography
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Perfume was first used by the Egyptians as part of their religious rituals. The two principal methods of use at this time was the burning of incense and the application of balms and ointments. Perfumed oils were applied to the skin for eithercosmetic or medicinal purposes. During the Old and Middle Kingdoms, perfumes were reserved exclusively for religious rituals such as cleansing ceremonies.
Then during the New Kingdom (1580-1085 BC) they were used during festivals and Egyptian women also used perfumed creams and oils as toiletries ar cosmetics and as preludes to love-making.The use of perfume then spread to Greece, Rome, and the Islamic world. And it was the Islamic community that kept the use of perfumes since the spread of Christianity led to a decline in the use of perfume.
With the fall of the Roman Empire, perfume’s influence dwindled. It was not until the twelfth century and the development of international trade that this decline was reversed.
Perfume enjoyed huge success during the seventeenth century. Perfumed gloves became popular in France and in 1656, the guild of glove and perfume-makers was established. The use of perfume in France grew steadily. The court of Louis XV was even named “the perfumed court” due to the scents which were applied daily not only to the skin but also to clothing, fans and furniture.
The eighteenth century saw a revolutionary advance in perfumery with the invention of eau de Cologne. This refreshing blend of rosemary, neroli, bergamot and lemon was used in a multitude of different ways: diluted in bath water, mixed with wine, eaten on a sugar lump, as a mouthwash, an enema or an ingredient for a poultice, injected directly… and so on.
The variety of eighteenth-century perfume containers was as wide as that of the fragrances and their uses. Sponges soaked in scented vinaigres de toilette were kept in gilded metal vinaigrettes. Liquid perfumes came in beautiful Louis XIV-style pear-shaped bottles. Glass became increasingly popular, particularly in France with the opening of the Baccarat factory in 1765.
As with industry and the arts, perfume was to undergo profound change in the nineteenth century. Changing tastes and the development of modern chemistry laid the foundations of perfumery as we know it today. Alchemy gave way to chemistry and new fragrances were created.
The French Revolution had in no way diminished the taste for perfume, there was even a fragrance called “Parfum a la Guillotine.” Under the post-revolutionary government, people once again dared to express a penchant for luxury goods, including perfume. A profusion of vanity boxes containing perfumes appeared in the 19th century. This picture shows a woman at her dressing table.
Due to its jasmine, rose and orange-growing trades, the town of Grasse in Provence established itself as the largest production center for raw materials. The statutes of the perfume-makers of Grasse were passed in 1724. Paris became the commercial counterpart to Grasse and the world center of perfume. Perfume houses such as Houbigant , Lubin, Roger & Gallet, and Guerlain were all based in Paris.
Soon bottling became more important. Perfume maker Francois Coty formed a partnership with Rene Lalique. Lalique then produced bottles for Guerlain, D’Orsay, Lubin, Molinard, Roger & Gallet and others. Baccarat then joined in, producing the bottle for Mitsouko (Guerlain), Shalimar (Guerlain) and others. Brosse glassworks created the memorable bottle for Jeanne Lanvin’s Arpege, and the famous Chanel No.5.
1921- Couturier Gabrielle Chanel launches her own brand of perfume, created by Ernest Beaux, she calls it Chanel No.5 because it was the fifth in a line of fragrances Ernest Beaux presented her. Ernest Beaux was the first perfumer to use aldehydes (see perfumery ingredients) regularly in perfumery.
The 1930’s saw the arrival of the leather family of fragrances, and florals also became quite popular with the emergence of Worth’s Je Reviens (1932), Caron’s Fleurs de Rocaille (1933) and Jean Patou’s Joy (1935). With French perfumery at it’s peak in the 1950’s, other designers such as Christian Dior, Jacques Fath, Nina Ricci, Pierre Balmain.. and so on, started creating their own scents.
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Theme - 6
Runes - the Futhark script
Long before Latin letters came to Norway, a north-European script was developed among Germanic people. From around the second or third century AD, a lettering system appears which is thought to have been worked out by Germanic (including Norse) traders who encountered Mediterranean writing systems - Greek, Latin and Italo-Celtic.
The letters, as they appear here with their Latin equivalents, are formed of rather twiggy arrangements of straight lines. This would help in their production, for they were mostly carved on wood and sometimes on stone, where it is hard to make curved lines, unlike writing on parchment with a pen and ink. Any man with a knife at his belt (probably most men at the time) would have been able to carve them in a piece of wood. This alphabet is one version of the futhark script, which varied from time to time, and from place to place.
As a script for writing on wood or stone, futhark resembles the ancient Irish writing-system of ogham, also with a Latin inspiration but very different to look at.
The name of the script - futhark - comes from the first six letters of the alphabet above, but it is also called 'runic script' or 'runes'. This word appears to mean 'secret knowledge', and must reflect its impact on a generally illiterate society. When people first saw the power of such writing, they must have imagined that it was some almost divine and mystical thing. In fact, a legend about the runes describes the god Odin hanging dying on a tree:
on the windswept Tree,
for nine days and nights.
I was stuck with a spear ...
I peered downward
and I took up the runes.
Screaming, I took them -
then I fell back.
Here the power of literacy has become mythically associated with a divine struggle. Odin is suffering in order to gain the secrets of literacy - the runic script. In fact there was nothing particularly magical or religious in the origins of the runes or futhark, though some people (including many Nazis in the 1930s) have wanted to find some profound mystical Teutonic meaning in them. In fact the script developed in perfectly normal everyday communication, in trade, merchants' labels, marking personal property and graves. It is unlikely to have been used originally for lengthy passages of writing, but for shorter inscriptions of this sort.
It provides a link to Scotland and Ireland, too, since Vikings brought their script to the Orkney islands and elsewhere. The chambered cairn at Maeshowe contains several runic inscriptions. The concerns of the graffiti artists can be guessed from the translation of the runes:
"Ingibjorg, the fair widow: many a woman has gone stooping in here."
"It is said that treasure is hidden here well enough."
"Treasure was carried off three nights before they broke this mound."
And very high up on one wall a joker called Eyjólfr has written: "Ejjólfr Kolbeinssonr carved these runes very high up."
Mayo - Vestvågøy - Mid-Argyll
This project has been supported by the EU as part of the Culture 2000 programme.
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- RENNES, France (Reuters) - France on Monday reported a new case of mad
cow disease, the country's 31st of the bovine brain-wasting illness in
the country since 1990.
- The disease-stricken cow, found in a
herd in the Brittany town of Plonevez du Faou, was born in 1992, after
a 1990 ban was imposed on cattle feed containing ground-up animal parts,
an Agriculture Ministry official said.
- The 306 cows in the herd were slaughtered
on Sunday and their carcasses would be incinerated, the official said.
Most of the cases of mad cow disease in France have been found in the west
of the country. The 30th case was declared on Saturday in the Sarthe department.
- The European Union imposed a worldwide
ban on British beef imports in March 1996 after the government there acknowledged
the possibility that bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the scientific name
for mad cow disease, could be transmitted to humans, in the form of a new
variant of the deadly Creutzfeldt Jacob disease.
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The most familiar numbers are the natural numbers, 0, 1, 2, ..., used for counting. If negative numbers are included, the result is the integers. Ratios of integers are called rational numbers, which can be expressed as terminating or repeating decimals. If all infinite and non-repeating decimal expansions are thrown in as well, the scope of numbers extends to all real numbers, which can be extended to the complex numbers in order to include all possible solutions to algebraic equations. More recent developments are the hyperreal numbers and the surreal numbers, which extend the real numbers by adding infinitesimal and infinitely large numbers (see infinity). For measuring the size of infinite sets, the natural numbers have been generalized to the ordinal numbers and to the cardinal numbers.
All ancient cultures devised their own number systems for the practical purposes of counting and measuring. The development of the idea of place-value notation and the introduction of zero into the base-10 number system that we use today. This system seems to have reached the West from India via 12th-century translations of Arabic mathematical writings. From the basic process of counting we get the natural numbers.
See also numeral and number system.
The concept of numbersThe idea of number is a basic concept. The distinction between one and many is probably the easiest for a child to understand. A girl on a beach can pick up one pebble although she can see many more. If she picks up a handful, she obviously has more than one pebble but far less than the total number she can see. To obtain a precise idea of how many she has, she can count the number of pebbles in her hand and find, for example, that there are 12. "Twelve" is the name given to that number of pebbles It is a property possessed by all collections of 12 objects: 12 cows, 12 seagulls, and 12 books.
Positive and negative integersWhole numbers, such as 1, 7, and 319, are called positive integers and have been used ever since humans began to count. In the Middle Ages the Hindus developed the concept of negative integers to deal with amounts owing in a trading transaction. A man might own five (+5) sheep and owe three (-3), so that he really owns only 5 - 3 = 2 sheep.
As long as mathematical operations are limited to counting, integers are sufficient as numbers. But as soon as people started to measure they found that nature is not organized into integer lengths and areas. A farmer could make a measuring stick (a ruler) by marking off a piece of wood into similar lengths equal to, say, the length of his foot. He might find that one of his animals was 5 "feet" long, whereas its offspring was only 2 "feet" long. Then he might find an animal that was 3 1/2 "feet" and another 2 1/3 "feet" He would thus discover a whole new family of numbers, called rational numbers. Any number that can be written in such a form as 8/3 – as a fraction (the ratio of two integers) – is a rational number. Such numbers can be positive or negative and all integers are rational.
In the 6th century BC Greek mathematicians discovered that a square with sides one unit long has a diagonal whose length cannot be measured exactly. No matter what scale of length is used, and no matter how finely it is subdivided into fractions, such a length cannot be measured with precision nor can it be written as a fraction. The system had to be extended again to include this new class of numbers, which are now called irrational numbers.
Today we use zero (0) to denote the absence of a number, but this has not always been so. The Roman numeral system, for instance, had no zero. It was introduced for its present role in about 600 BC by Hindu mathematicians, who formulated rules for calculating with it: multiplying by zero always gave a zero result and addition or subtraction of zero leaves a number unaltered. Hindu mathematicians also recognized that dividing by zero does not produce a result that can be defined by the number system.
Infinite and imaginary numbersThe concept that there are infinitely large numbers was first discussed by the Greek mathematician Archimedes. Starting with the largest number in the Greek number system, "a myriad myriads" ( a hundred million), he constructed even larger numbers. He then estimated the number of grains of sand in the universe and showed that this was less than his largest number.
Archimedes showed that there is no upper limit to a number system. Infinity, unlike zero, is not a number. No matter how large a number is there is still an indefinite number larger than it. Infinity can never be reached.
With the concepts of zero and infinity, humans had a complete number system that could be pictured as every real number along a line stretching from minus infinity to plus infinity (see number line). But with the development of squares and square roots, mathematicians encountered such problems as: what is the square root of -5? At first such problems were thought to be impossible to solve because there is no real number which, when squared, gives a negative result. Then in the 16th century Italian mathematicians introduced the 'imaginary' quantity i which, when squared, gives the result -1. Numbers involving i are called imaginary numbers.
Complex numbers consist of a real part and an imaginary part, such as 5 + 3i. They can be manipulated in the same way as purely real numbers. Many branches of modern engineering and electronics use them.
The system of numbers commonly used today was adapted from the Arabic numbering system which, in turn, was based on Hindu ideas. In this system the position of a digit (numeral) in a number is significant. Using the basic digits 0 and 1 to 9 it is possible to construct any number. This base-10, or decimal, system was introduced into Europe by Adelard of Bath in about 1100 and by 1600 was in almost universal use.
What is the base?The base, or radix, is the number of digits in a number system. Position is important because in a number such as 333, the first 3 stands for 300, the second for 30, and the third for 3 units. But any convenient base can be used. Modern digital computers, for example, use the base of 2 – the binary system of numbers – because its only digits, 1 and 0, can easily be represented by "on" and "off" positions of switches.
Related categories TYPES OF NUMBERS
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact
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There is no such thing as Standard Philippine English. There is a fine article on standard English (SE) in Wikipedia, which I advise readers to look up to understand the intricacies of standard English.
How Philippine English differs with standard English?
Grammar. Philippine English traditionally follows American English spelling and grammar while it shares some similarity to Commonwealth English. Philippine English follows the latter when it comes to punctuation as well as date notations.
Is Philippine English a legit English?
It’s official. Philippine English accent is a legitimate variety of the English language, according to Dr. Danica Salazar, world English editor for the Oxford English Dictionary, the principal historical dictionary of the English language. “The Philippine English is not slang.
Is Filipino a standard language?
Filipino, the standardized form of Tagalog, is the national language and used in formal education throughout the country. Filipino and English are both official languages and English is commonly used by the government. Filipino Sign Language is the official sign language.
How do you characterize standard Philippine English?
Pronunciation. (1) Philippine English is RHOTIC, but the local /r/ is an alveolar flap, not an AmE retroflex. (2) It is syllabletimed, following the rhythm of the local languages; full value is therefore given to unstressed syllables and SCHWA is usually realized as a full vowel.
What is standard Filipino English?
“Standard Filipino English” is defined in this monograph as “that type of English which educated Filipinos speak, and which is acceptable in educated Filipino circles.” (This term should not be confused with the so-called “mix-mix” or “halo-halo” type of speech, which is fairly common in the Manila area, and which may …
Why do Filipinos use English differently?
Being able to utilize English fluently is usually taken as a sign of good education, resulting in a majority of Filipinos interacting in social media using the language. In the modern-day culture, different social networking sites have been popularized among Filipinos.
Is Filipino English accent good?
Generally, the Filipino English accent is a very neutral accent that helps ESL learners learn English easily. Besides the proper emphasis of the vowel and consonant sounds, Filipino English speakers always speak English at a normal speed. Truly, the Filipino English accent is friendly and comprehensible.
What is Philippine English How did Philippine English evolve?
The Philippine English has evolved from the native speakers of the language who served as models in schools and other social organizations during colonization. Dialects that characterize Filipino cultures remained asa dominant influencing factor in dealing with linguistic mechanics.
Why Filipino is the official language of the Philippines?
It is the native tongue of the people in the Tagalog region in the northern island Luzon. It was declared the basis for the national language in 1937 by then President of the Commonwealth Republic, Manuel L. … From strictly linguistic point of view, Filipino and Tagalog are varieties or dialects of the same language.
What is your mother tongue if you’re a Filipino?
Tagalog is the mother tongue for nearly 25 percent of the population and is spoken as a first or second language by more than half of all Filipinos.
What is the official language of Philippines?
Discrimination as a Problem
Most Filipinos from the age of teens to middle-aged who have not been able to pursue college can speak basic English because they’ve learned it from school for many years since elementary to high school.
How does British English differ from American English?
The main difference is that British English keeps the spelling of words it has absorbed from other languages, mainly French and German. Whilst American English spellings are based mostly on how the word sounds when it is spoken.
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WebMD Health News
Louise Chang, MD
Oct. 19, 2009 (Philadelphia) -- There's a new reason to drink plenty of
water and skim milk: Both may help to prevent painful gout attacks, new studies
"With gout, we spend a lot of time telling patients what they can't do -- to
avoid beer and red meat, for example," says University of Auckland
rheumatologist Nicola Dalbeth, MD, who headed the milk study.
"It's useful to have something we can tell them they can do" to help control
their disease, she tells WebMD.
The studies were presented at the annual meeting of the American College of
Gout, a type of arthritis that occurs most frequently in overweight,
middle-aged men, is caused by the buildup of uric acid and needle-like crystals
in the joints.
While there is certainly a genetic link to the disease, there is no question
that lifestyle is a key contributing factor.
One recently identified trigger for the painful attacks is dehydration. So
researchers set out to determine if drinking water could be an antidote.
Using ads on Google, the researchers recruited 535 people who said they had
a gout attack within the past year. Participants' medical records were used to
confirm the diagnosis.
Within two days of an attack, participants logged onto a special web site
and answered questions about what they ate and drank in the 24 hours preceding
the attack. Then, they were asked to log in another time, when they were
gout-free, and answer the same questions.
Results showed the more water they drank, the lower their risk of recurrent
gout attacks. "For example, having five to eight glasses of water in the past
24 hours was associated with a 40% lower risk of having a gout attack, compared
with drinking none or one glass of water in the past day," says Tuhina Neogi,
MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at Boston University School of
Neogi stresses that people with gout shouldn't substitute water for other
treatments their doctors prescribe.
"But this suggests that dehydration may indeed be an important trigger for
gout attacks, and that drinking water may be a simple intervention to help
reduce the risk of recurrent attacks," she tells WebMD.
Previous studies have shown that people who drink a lot of milk have a lower
risk of developing gout, Dalbeth says.
So she and colleagues decided to study the effects of skim milk on blood
uric acid concentrations, which, when elevated, raise the risk of gout.
The researchers collected blood and urine samples from 16 volunteers
immediately before they drank soy or skim milk and then hourly over a
Results showed that after they drank soy milk, levels of uric acid rose 10%
over a three-hour period. Drinking skim milk led to a 10% drop in uric acid
levels. In comparison, Zyloprim, a standard medication used to treat gout,
results in a 20% to 30% drop in uric acid, Dalbeth tells WebMD.
She credits a substance in skim milk called orotic acid that promotes uric
acid removal by the kidneys.
The researchers are now studying the longer-term effects of milk in people
Elaine Husni, MD, a rheumatologist at the Cleveland Clinic, says it's too
early to make recommendations based on either study. "But water and milk are
such common staples and they're something people can control."
For more on the causes, symptoms, and treatment of gout, see WebMD's Gout Slideshow.
SOURCES:American College of Rheumatology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Oct. 17-21,
2009.Nicola Dalbeth, MD, University of Auckland, New Zealand.Tuhina Neogi, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine, Boston University
School of Medicine.Elaine Husni, MD, Cleveland Clinic.
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Human brain bigger than chimp’s from foetal stagePublished On: Wed, Sep 26th, 2012 | Neurobiology | By IANS
Human brain is larger than that of their chimp cousins from the foetal stage itself, says the first ever study to track and compare their brain growths.
Satoshi Hirata of Kyoto University and colleagues Tomoko Sakai and Hideko Takeshita have found that human and chimp brains begin to show remarkable differences very early in life.
“Nobody knew how early these differences between human and chimp brains emerged,” said Hirata. In both primate species, the brain grows increasingly fast in the womb initially, the journal Current Biology reports.
After 22 weeks of gestation, brain growth in chimps starts to level off, while that of humans continues to accelerate for another two months or more. (Human gestation time is 38 weeks compared to chimps’ 33 or 34 weeks), according to Kyoto University.
The findings are based on 3D ultrasound imaging of pregnant chimps from 14 to 34 weeks of gestation and comparison of those foetal images to those of human foetuses.
While early brain differences were suspected, no one had previously measured the volume of chimpanzee brains as they develop in the womb, until now. The findings are part of a larger effort by the research team to explore differences in primate brains.
In another Current Biology report published last year, they compared brain development in chimps versus humans via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of growing chimpanzees from the age of six months to six years.
“Elucidating these differences in the developmental patterns of brain structure between humans and great apes will provide important clues to understand the remarkable enlargement of the modern human brain and humans’ sophisticated behaviour,” Sakai said.
Fetal brain development in chimpanzees versus humans, Sakai, Tomoko; Hirata, Satoshi; Fuwa, Kohki; Sugama, Keiko; Kusunoki, Kiyo; Makishima, Haruyuki; Eguchi, Tatsuya; Yamada, Shigehito; Ogihara, Naomichi; Takeshita, Hideko, Current biology : CB doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.062 (volume 22 issue 18 pp.R791 – R792)
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Bringing Nature Home
How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants
by Douglas Tallamy
The bad news about birds just keeps on coming. Climate change. Habitat loss. You name it. We could lose more than 300 species of birds just to climate change alone. And not just in the U.S. Sir David Attenborough recently said “ ” to avoid catastrophic die-off of key species.
What are we to do? I refuse to sit around and do nothing or give in to despair, because friends: there *is* something we can all do. Will it stop climate change or restore our pristine environment? No. But we can help bridge the gap between where we are now and where we need to be in the future, with one simple step.
CHOOSE NATIVE PLANTS FOR YOUR LANDSCAPE.
I just finished this excellent little book, and honestly Tallamy was preaching to the choir with me because I was nodding my head emphatically at every paragraph.
Tallamy’s angle on saving birds is that by planting native plants, we support native insects, which in turn support birds. Honestly, I used to think about supporting wild birds mostly in terms of plants that produced berries for them to eat. But a huge percentage of a bird’s diet comes from the insect world (bats and rodents, too), especially when they are raising their young.
But how bad are things, really? Here in Minnesota, in particular, we value our outside spaces so much that we seem surrounded by “nature” all the time. But the problem is our nature is not exactly all natural: we plant non-native species that offer no value to wildlife, or worse, turf grass that requires constant pollution to maintain and *still* offers no value to wildlife.
A handful of the staggering statistics cited by Tallamy:
– The United States’ songbird population has declined 50% in the last 50 years.
– Only 3-5% (depending on whom you ask) of the land in the lower 48 United States is still undisturbed.
– 50,000 alien species of plants and animals have colonized North America.
There is a simple relationship between species survival and habitat area. If you destroy half of a natural area, half of the species within that area will die. Tallamy extrapolates that we could lose 97% of our native North American species of plants, insects, and animals. Think about that. Pretty sobering.
So why do people buy non-native ornamental plants for their landscapes? At this point, it’s hard to see why you would. After reading this book, I definitely won’t. But unfortunately the nursery industry is going to cater to what its customers are asking for and not enough of them are asking for natives.
Tallamy gives many examples of the woes brought upon our continent by foreign ornamentals; it’s not just that they displace native plants, but they also often bring new foreign pests and diseases along with them, that thrive in an area where no natural predator has developed to keep them in check. Hello, Emerald Ash Borer.
So what native plants should we prioritize in our landscapes? Here’s where this book starts to take a helpful turn for the positive. Tallamy gives detailed descriptions of several native species that support not just one but many species of insects that in turn support the rest of the ecosystem.
Tallamy uses lepidoptera (butterflies) as his test and ranks woody plants by how many different lepidoptera species they support. He chose lepidoptera mainly because large bodies of research exist about them. Using lepidoptera as an indicator of value is not perfect, but it is very interesting. For example, our native North American Oak trees (genus Quercus) support 534 different butterfly species! Wow. Coming in close second are our native Willows (genus Salix), Cherry & plum (genus Prunus), and Birch (Betula). For shrubs, he lists blueberries & cranberries (Vaccinium) & hazelnut (Corylus).
He then describes—in detail—the insect world that depends on several of these key species, showing how the support goes up the food chain. For example, downy woodpeckers like to forage for insects in the soft wood of large willow trees.
One of my favorite chapters was “What does bird food look like?” with detailed descriptions of several bugs, where they live, what plants they need, etc. I never thought of milkweed beetles as bird food, for example.
After reading this book, I am looking at scenes like this with a different attitude. Multiple levels of the food chain in action right here on this dying compass plant. Aphids, ants, you name it. I’ve also been seeing goldfinches and other birds I had never previously seen around here, all over my yard this year. It’s so rewarding.
So. If you are *at all* concerned by the mounting body of evidence that we are at the doorstep of a massive extinction event, give this book a shot. I *highly* recommend it. Then start deciding what native plants you’d like to add to your landscape—shrubs and small trees can still be planted here in the northland for another two weeks at least, as long as you keep them well-watered until the ground freezes hard. OK? OK.
Maybe the sea change has already begun: the Washington Post just published a piece on this very topic! Positive change that I can be a part of? SIGN ME UP.
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It all started in the 1st century AD by the Romans who built the first in a series of forts. In the 11th century, the Normans constructed the Keep that still dominates Castle Green to this day. The medieval Lords of Glamorgan began work on the House during the 15th century.
The Bute family left their mark on the entire city in the 19th century, they also transformed the House into the opulent Victorian Gothic home it is today. During World War II the walls which surround the Castle were used as air raid shelters; a place of safety for thousands of Cardiff citizens. A reconstruction of the shelters has been opened for visitors to explore. (Website of Cardiff Castle)
After touring the Castle and the Keep, we had fun shopping in a gift shop that had traditional handmade wooden spoons. We bought one as a souvenir!
“The Welsh love spoon is precisely what it sounds like—a spoon elaborately adorned and presented to a romantic partner (or hopeful partner).
The earliest known example of a Welsh love spoon dates to 1667 and is currently housed in the collection of the Welsh Folk museum in Cardiff. In the early days, love spoons were commonly a type of soup spoon and were functional. However, this aspect of the tradition appears to have faded quickly when the spoons became more decorative. Welsh love spoons likely maintain a longer lifespan by keeping them as a decoration that is hung on a wall than used to serve food as well.” Source
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George Frideric Handel
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Handel was born in Germany but spent much of his life in England. Handel music includes many operas and oratorios, including that most famous of all oratorios, the Messiah. He also wrote the Water Music; the Music for the Royal Fireworks; and works in many other genres.
Handel aged approximatedly 42 years old.
This oil painting on canvas is entitled Portrait of Georg Friedrich Händel. It is dated c. 1726-28 and is said to have been painted by Balthasar Denner (1685-1749).
It is currently located in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Handel at the piano. Date: circa 1720.
This oil painting on canvas is known as The Chandos Portrait of Georg Friedrich Händel.
(The First Duke of Chandos was one of Handel's most important patrons and probably sponsored this painting.)
This painting was formerly attributed to James Thornhill but now authorities are unable to say who the painter was.
It is currently located in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England.
Handel at age 68.
This oil painting on canvas, entitled George Frideric Handel, was created in 1756 by Thomas Hudson, 1756.
The painting was purchased with funds from the Handel Appeal Fund and Her Majesty's Government in 1968.
It is now located in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Interior view of Händelhaus (Handel House), Halle, Germany. Handel was born in this house in 1685 and lived there until he left Halle in 1703.
George Frideric Handel signature
A page of "Worthy is the Lamb", the final chorus of oratorio, Messiah, by Handel.
This is a view of Handel's autograph score (music score written in the composer's own hand). It is dated 1741.
The above-mentioned score is held by the British Library, London, England.
A broadside (poster) for a Boston, Massachusetts, performance of Handel's Messiah, in 1860.
The text reads in part:
"The Handel and Haydn Society will give their annual Christmas oratorio, THE MESSIAH,
at the Boston Music Hall, on Sunday evening, Dec'r 30th, 1860".
The Great Handel Festival at the Crystal Palace, London, England, in 1857.
Engraving of a photograph by Negretti and Zambra.
Source: The Illustrated London News, 27 July 1857.
A hand-colored etching showing the Royal Fire Works and Illuminations in Whitehall, London, and on the River Thames on Monday 15 May 1749. Handel composed his Music for the Royal Fireworks for this event.
The fireworks and Handel's music were viewed by King George II and were to celebrate the signing of the Treaty at Aix la Chapelle in 1748 marking the end of the War of Austrian Succession. Unfortunately, during the display, an accident occured which set fire to several thousand fireworks and killed three spectators.
The text at the top of the etching reads: "A VIEW of the FIRE-WORKES and ILLUMINATIONS at his GRACE the Duke of RICHMOND'S at WHITEHALL and on the River Thames on Monday 15 May 1749. Performed by the direction of Charles Fredrick Esq.".
A prompt book for Handel's opera, Radamisto, which was performed at the King's Theatre, London, in 1720. Handwritten instructions for the actors appear on the shown pages. This is one of the earliest prompt books still in existence.
This prompt book is currently held by the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
Photo: Andreas Praefcke.
An advertisement for the perfomance of Handel's oratorio, Samson, by the "Handel and Haydn Society with Full Orchestra", at Platt's Music Hall, San Francisco, California on March 3, 1863.
Handel's Water Music, suggested by the reflection of 18th century musicians and their instruments in still waters, is here depicted by a postage stamp issued by Great Britain in 1985.
Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel, two mightly classical composers who were born in the same year (1685), are here depicted (against the backdrop of the world they lived in) on this stamp issued by Monaco in 1985. This stamp commemorates the 300th anniversary of the year of their birth.
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Author: David Paul Wagner
(David Paul Wagner on Google+)
Note: This picture gallery page includes drawings, paintings, photos and images of George Frideric Handel, his music, activities, friends and family, and the various places where the composer lived and wrote.
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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
The levels of frequency response of an audio signal, or controls which allow their adjustment.‘judicious use of EQ helps me create a space for each sound’as modifier ‘you can save your own EQ settings’
- ‘Even a dummy can hear how excellent this EQ sounds.’
- ‘On well-produced material, the EQ was fine, but on some older recordings, we found ourselves having to tweak the Windows Media Player EQ to get the best sound.’
- ‘There was also a very nice array of reverb, dynamic, EQ and other signal processing available.’
- ‘The volume goes high enough to keep those who like loud music happy and with 4 preset EQ settings you can also have limited control of the sound.’
- ‘If you're mixing a track and boost the EQ, does the result sound better or worse?’
1970s: short for equalization or equalizer.
- ‘EQ enables us to use feelings to boost and complement our IQ’‘he had a high IQ but a low EQ’
- ‘We have all heard of IQ, and most of us by now have heard of EQ.’
- ‘Teachers should consider both the IQ (intelligence quotient) and the EQ (emotional quotient) of the child's development.’
- ‘His work has recently focused on developing EQ "profiles," which reveal the specific competencies that characterize high performers in a range of professions.’
- ‘I would add that from what I have read on EQ, or Emotional Intelligence, people skills matter even more.’
- ‘In Emotional Intelligence, Daniel Goleman argues for an increased awareness of the relationship between IQ and EQ: "In a sense we have two brains, two minds and two different kinds of intelligence: rational and emotional."’
1940s: on the pattern of IQ.
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.
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Role of vaccine manufacturers in the process of immunization
The role that vaccine manufacturers play in the immunization process is carefully examined. A brief background of vaccines and immunization is provided followed by a short description of the vaccine manufacturing process.
Keeping an eye on the whole process of vaccination, group discussions were aimed at understanding the role of vaccine manufacturers. On the basis of detailed analysis of the immunization process and its challenges; reasons are given as to why vaccine manufacturers are important, and why their role in the immunization process must be considered before changes are made to the existing ...view middle of the document...
After manufacture, the vaccine must go through three phases of testing to test the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of the drug.
When vaccination is done, the presentation of the pathogen to the body’s immune system allows the body to build up an immunological memory to fight infection if further contact with that pathogen occurs.
A. Role of Vaccine Manufacturers
Vaccine manufacturers form the backbone of the immunization process - manufacturers contribute the knowledge of how to make the vaccination effective. Most importantly, manufacturers must know how to create a vaccine containing the proper balance of pathogen, so that the vaccine is strong enough to elicit an immune response but not so strong as to make the patient sick.
Manufacturers must be efficient and accurate and must comply with health regulations to ensure a quality product. This role is important because without the proper application of the knowledge discovered through research and development, patients would never receive immunization. To protect both the purity of the vaccine and the safety of the workers who make and package the vaccine, conditions of laboratory cleanliness need to be observed throughout the procedure. All transfers of virus and media are conducted under sterile conditions, and all instruments used are sterilized. Fault or error by manufacturers affects the whole process of immunization and could result in undesired consequences leading to sickness of patients or even death.
B. Why Vaccine Manufacturers must be considered before change is made to existing system?
Vaccine manufacturing is obviously the first and the basic step in the whole process of immunization. There are various phases involved in the process of vaccine manufacturing and changes cannot be made to the immunization process without first considering the impact on vaccine manufacturers.
Proposed changes must lead to a vaccine that is still feasible for safe manufacture; if the changes may put the manufacturers at a health risk, vaccine manufacturers will be reluctant to agree to the change. The proposed change will have to consider that the vaccine manufacture process is very complex, and that although the proposed change may work well in a laboratory setting, scale-up to mass production might not be possible. In addition to this it is also...
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1) VZV IgM serology is a sensitive means of picking up acute infection. T/F
False: Several false negative results occur from VZV IgM testing. Many labs no longer offer the assay.
2) Most people who don’t have a clinical history of chickenpox have negative VZV IgG on laboratory testing? T/F
False: Most people (80%+) who have no clinical history of chickenpox actually have VZV IgG antibodies on lab testing and are thus immune.
3) IgG seroconversion can more reliably be detected after VZV vaccination as opposed to natural infection? T/F
False: Natural infection produces the strongest IgG response. False negative IgG results occasionally produced after vaccination.
4) PCR can potentially be used to discriminate between vaccination and wild type strains of VZV? T/F
True: PCR genotyping can potentially discriminate if the assay is designed for this purpose.
5) Cotton is a better material than polyester at picking up VZV virus? T/F
False: Polyester is a better material than cotton and is recommended in viral PCR swabs.
6) When the rash has crusted over, the PCR is ineffective at picking up VZV? T/F
False: Crusts contain high levels of virus and OCR is usually effective at testing this specimen type.
7) PCR is an effective method of distinguishing between a chickenpox and a shingles rash? T/F
False: It is the same virus, so PCR will not discriminate between the two clinical entities.
8) VZV Immunofluorescence is commonly used in laboratories to make the diagnosis of chickenpox? T/F
False: It certainly can be used, but in my experience, is certainly not common amongst routine diagnostic laboratories for the diagnosis of VZV.
9) VZV is able to be cultured on cell lines? T/F
True: but with poor sensitivity. Viralculture now rarely used to make a diahnosis of VZV in diagnostic laboratories.
10) Electron microscopy can discriminate between VZV and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)? T/F
False: The two viruses look the same on electron microscopy.
Click here to return to the MCQ page
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Communicating with Empathy in PYP3
Last week PYP3 students looked at images of children feeling angry, frustrated, bored, hurt, hungry, stressed, etc. and learned how to empathise by first describing what they see and then offering support. For example:
“I can see you feel angry, is there something I can do to help?”
“I noticed tears in your eyes, are you feeling sad?”
“You look hungry, would you like some of my food?”
“I can see you are crying, can I sit with you?”
This week, this was connected with their new unit of inquiry, The Art of Performance, by asking them to create short performances demonstrating how to communicate with empathy. They had some great ideas and were very focused and on task when rehearsing. When presenting, many students experienced stage fright. This was a great learning opportunity as Ms Lorelei extended the lesson to talk about the feelings we have when presenting/performing in front of an audience. Presenting is an important part of the IB curriculum, culminating in the PYP Exhibition and the MYP Personal Project. It is great to start learning how to manage the feelings associated with presenting early on in school life!
A favourite line from the PYP3 performances was: “We need more buddies, not baddies!”
It was great to hear that some of the students have been taking ACTION to communicate with empathy on the playground. For example, one PYP3 student saw that a boy had fallen down on the football pitch. He approached the child and said, “I can see you are hurt, can I help you get back up?” Well done, PYP3!
The key RAK concepts for this unit are: COMPASSION, EMPATHY and CARING. All PYP students have enjoyed participating in the Random Acts of Kindness (RAK) Social & Emotional Learning (SEL) lessons with Ms Davina, our Social Counselor/Teacher.
When working with the PYP3 students, we have talked about how to respond with empathy to a wide range of emotions. Here is a lovely article from The Mighty including a great resource, the Wheel of Emotions:
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On the small liberal arts campus of Oberlin College in Northeast Ohio, you would expect to see some funky hairdos, a smattering of fixed-gear bikes, and certainly some people strolling barefoot to class. But you might not expect to find their bathroom stalls peppered with “Poop Haikus.”
At the Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, musings on human excrement dominate the toilet landscape.
One student writes:
“Normally I hate
Pooping in a public place
Here I feel proud”
Why the sense of pride? Because the building is a Living Machine. Literally.
It’s an in-house wastewater treatment and reuse system that mimics the processes of natural wetlands. Student (and faculty) poop fuels the machine, and the water used to flush it down is recycled over and over, after passing through an elaborate cleaning system.
An electronic dashboard displays the amount of recycled vs. city water used at any given moment in the building.
I toured “the machine” with biologist John Peterson and building manager Sean Hayes. We set out to follow the flush.
The first stop is an underground tank, full of—you guessed it—poop.“I think I just saw something coming in!” exclaimed Peterson after lifting the lid of the tank, and Hayes crouched down to confirm the turd sighting. This first tank is where the anaerobic action happens—microbes that don’t dig oxygen live here and start breaking down and converting the organic waste.
Then the sludge travels to another underground tank, this one with a bubbler that aerates the system. A different set of bacteria hang out here and greedily munch on the carbs and proteins, further breaking down the mess. They’re also helping convert a key element, nitrogen, into a plant-friendly form.
After this, the mixture heads indoors, into a series of open tanks in a greenhouse. You can watch the greenhouse live on a webcam (though I can’t say it’s compelling television). Big tropical plants sprout from the tanks; Calla Lilies are in bloom during my visit. The plants suck up nitrogen and their roots house more beneficial bacteria. In addition to burning up organic matter and removing pathogens, it’s important for wastewater treatment schemes to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which if released into the environment, contribute to harmful algal blooms.
Next stop is a gurgle through the clarifier basin—where the sludge settles and is sent back to the underground tanks to keep the microbe levels high—and then the clear water is piped underneath the gravel bed of the greenhouse. This is referred to as the “marsh.” Here, more anaerobic microbes finish the cleaning job.
When a toilet needs refilling—or the landscaping needs watering—the clean, treated water is passed through an ultraviolet light to kill any lingering pathogens, and then it’s put into action.
The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.
The Living Machine technology was invented by biologist John Todd in the late nineties (hear him talk about it), and versions of it are now in place in several buildings across the country.
The usefulness of the technology here in Oberlin, where water isn’t scarce, is less about its practical benefits and more about the educational ones. Local schools organize field trips to see the machine at work, and college students organize campaigns to promote on-campus pooping. Even internet gazers get involved with interactive tools and webcams.
It introduces the concept of internal recycling and systems-thinking, says Peterson. “It challenges people to think: what’s waste vs. what’s resource?”
Peterson says coming to this building is an experience—an experience that starts with a trip to the bathroom. As a friend of mine who had visited the campus proudly told me, “Yep, I made a contribution.”
Explore a waterless way to deal with human excrement: the composting toilet
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Stephen Hawking’s 70th birthday reminds us of his celebrated claim that, given the thousands of Earth-like planets outside the solar system, on purely statistical grounds life almost certainly exists somewhere else. The celebrated SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) programme assumes that living things will inevitably evolve to get smarter and smarter and may be sending out signals to be picked up by their distant fellows. So far, alas, it has heard nothing but noise.
At 1.15 today in a public lecture at University College London, the biochemist Nick Lane will pour a dash of metaphorical cold water on that notion. He argues that advanced life (and that stretches from amoeba to us) is unique: that the chance of its origin is so remote that it happened only once, and almost certainly has no equivalent anywhere else.
Stephen Hawking once said: “When I hear of Schrödinger’s cat, I reach for my gun.” Whatever the reality of that simultaneously dead and alive feline, in 1943 the German scientist gave a series of talks in Dublin entitled What is Life?, which set out to define just what that state means to a physicist. He saw that what unites all living things is that they have an inside and an outside. They need energy to keep the two apart; without it, they die. Within their walls they make their own environment, safe from the random chemical noise all around. Life is no more than a local patch of order.
To keep the cruel and chaotic world at bay needs a rampart. Simple membranes can be made in the laboratory in conditions like those of four billion years ago, and will form globules that can trap other chemicals within. Other experiments hint that small molecules able to copy themselves, albeit inefficiently, can also be made – and many of their raw materials are floating around in the universe, occasionally falling to Earth in objects like the Murchison Meteorite. Such steps to the earliest life must have been slow indeed as natural selection, that series of successful mistakes, fashioned the first simple cells.
However, that earliest existence stagnated for a billion years – and their descendants, today’s bacteria, are still pretty torpid. They went nowhere because they could not generate enough energy to impose a decent dose of order on their internal being. Evolution proper did not really get going until the appearance of proper cells, with nuclei. These “eukaryotes” at once set off down a variety of paths, culminating in ourselves. Even the least elaborate versions are far more sophisticated than what had gone before.
The Entry of the Eukaryotes seems to have been a one-off, an overture to the opera of advanced existence. It depended not on the gradual trudge of natural selection (which does no more than tinker with the imperfect to make it slightly less so) but on one spectacular, unique and unexpected event. It involved a coalition: an agreement between early cells and bacteria, which were welcomed as collaborators. That, as in many coalitions, ended with one party in charge and the other a reluctant servant. The bacterial labourers now act only as power stations for their hosts. Their efforts led to a massive leap in cell size and in productivity, with many more genes at work than before, a hundred thousandfold increase in efficiency, and an explosion of innovation.
Without those cellular generators – mitochondria, as they are called – life would still be in the slow lane. All non-bacterial creatures share mitochondria, sex and the cell nucleus, each of which seems to have evolved only once (unlike, for example, eyes, which have appeared dozens of times) as a further hint that a single moment sparked off an evolutionary race which in the end led to Stephen Hawking’s talents.
Natural selection may well be grinding away on all those Earth-like satellites out there, and might even have generated some primitive forms of living creature. But the call for a single unique shift to a high-powered economy able to impose order upon itself happened just once in four billion years on our own planet, and is unlikely to have been answered anywhere else. That much reduces Hawking’s estimate of the chances of a brain like his being at work in a distant galaxy.
He, like many of his colleagues, has been critical of governmental attempts to foster junk science by insisting that physics researchers predict what the impact of their discoveries will be before they have made them. Nobody who believes that could occupy the same planet as any scientist – so perhaps it is not intelligence that we should be looking for in the void.
• Nick Lane’s lunch-hour lecture will be available at ucl.ac.uk from 1.15pm today.
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mammal(redirected from Mammalian heart)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
mammal,an animal of the highest class of vertebrates, the Mammalia. The female has mammary glands, which secrete milk for the nourishment of the young after birth. In the majority of mammals the body is partially or wholly covered with hair; the heart has four chambers, and only the left aortic arch is present; and a muscular diaphragm separates the chest from the abdominal cavity. Mammals are warm-blooded; that is, they have a relatively constant body temperature independent of the temperature of their surroundings. The mature red blood cells (erythrocytes) usually lack a nucleus. Except for the egg-laying monotremes (the platypusplatypus
, semiaquatic egg-laying mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, of Tasmania and E Australia. Also called duckbill, or duckbilled platypus, it belongs to the order Monotremata (see monotreme), the most primitive group of living mammals.
..... Click the link for more information. and the echidna, or spiny anteater), mammals give birth to live young. A marsupialmarsupial
, member of the order Marsupialia, or pouched mammals. With the exception of the New World opossums and an obscure S American family (Caenolestidae), marsupials are now found only in Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, and a few adjacent islands.
..... Click the link for more information. is born in a more undeveloped state than the young of other mammals, although all are relatively helpless at birth. In some marsupials and in higher mammals the young receive prenatal nourishment through a placentaplacenta
organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It is a unique characteristic of the higher (or placental) mammals. In humans it is a thick mass, about 7 in. (18 cm) in diameter, liberally supplied with blood vessels.
..... Click the link for more information. . The order Carnivora, or flesh-eating animals, includes terrestrial families such as the cat, dog, and bear as well as the aquatic seal, sea lion, and walrus. Other aquatic mammals are the whale, porpoise, and dolphin of the order Cetacea and the manatee and dugong of the order Sirenia. Unusual adaptations are also found in the bat (order Chiroptera); in the elephant (order Proboscidea); in the sloth, armadillo, and anteater (order Edentata); and in the beaver, woodchuck, porcupine, and squirrel (order Rodentia). The order Soricomorpha includes the shrew and the mole, and the spiny and hairy hedgehogs form Erinaceomorpha; both orders were formerly classed as Insectivora. There are two groups of ungulates, or hoofed mammals: most members of the order Perissodactyla, including the horse and the rhinoceros, are odd-toed, with the third digit the largest; those of the order Artiodactyla, including the deer, antelope, camel, pig, and cow, are even-toed, with the third and fourth digits symmetrical and functional. Humans, monkeys, apes, and lemurs belong to the order Primates. Some remains of mammals are identified as from the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era, but mammals remained small creatures during the Mesozoic. The group became diversified relatively rapidly in geological terms in the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era after the dinosaurs had become extinct.
See E. P. Walker et al., Mammals of the World (2 vol., rev. ed. 1968); S. Anderson, ed., Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals (1984); G. B. Corbett and J. E. Hill, World List of Mammalian Species (1986); H. H. Genoways, ed., Current Mammalogy (2 vol., 1987–89).
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Facilitating the Development of Modelling Competencies Through the Secondary School Years
One method of engaging secondary students in mathematics classes is through taking a real world modelling approach to the teaching of mathematics, beginning in the middle years (Years 8/9) and developing students’ modelling abilities into the senior secondary years. Of interest in this process is how teachers craft lessons and manage task sequences over time, during one year level and over several years and year levels of schooling, in order to facilitate students’ progress. Further, how can a group of like-minded teachers set up pathways through the middle to the senior years of secondary schooling so the conduit remains open and flowing in the same direction?
This paper documents a case study in an Australian secondary school where such an approach is being established. In particular, the tasks, task sequences, technological tools, and pedagogy employed by one teacher are being investigated. The purpose is to provide an approach through which Year 9 students experience a sense of success that is pivotal to their continued engagement with the modelling process. Both the teacher moves and the students’ moves in this process are being examined. Bearing in mind that the teacher’s aim is that his students have well developed modelling skills within a classroom context by Year 11, students’ transitions between the phases of the modelling process—going from a general statement to the mathematical problem; from the mathematical problem to the formulation of an approach; from formulation to solution; and from the solution of the mathematical problem to interpretation, are of particular interest. Hence, what students do or fail to do in each of these phases is being documented. As Haines and Crouch (2004) point out, transitions especially those “between the real world and the mathematical world are demonstrably difficult for students” (p. 106). Likewise, how these transitions between modelling phases are facilitated, and how this impacts on the modelling approach are being explored. The presentation will focus on selected aspects of this challenging program.
Haines, C., & Crouch, R. (2004). Ability and competence frameworks in mathematical modelling and applications. In H-W. Henn & W. Blum (Eds.), ICMI Study 14: Applications and modelling in mathematics education (Pre-Conference Volume, pp. 103-108). Dortmund, Germany: University of Dortmund.
Galbraith, P.G., Stillman, G.A., Brown, J.P., & Edwards, I. (2005). Facilitating the development of modelling competencies through the secondary school years. Paper presented at the 12th International Conference on Mathematical Modelling and Applications, London.
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Sugar is an integral part of diets and lives. When consumed in moderation, sugar can provide some of life's great pleasures.
Why smallholder cane farmers need support...
Around 80 per cent of the world’s sugar is derived from sugar cane, grown by millions of small-scale farmers and plantation workers in developing countries. Sugar cane is a tall, bamboo-like grass that grows to a height of 6m (20ft) and is largely grown in tropical countries. The remaining 20 per cent of the world’s sugar supply comes from sugar beet – a root crop resembling a large parsnip, grown mainly in the temperate zones in the North. In general, the costs of producing sugar from sugar cane are lower than for sugar beet.
The global sugar industry is vast and complex and smallholder farmers who need to sell their cane sugar often struggle to influence this trade. Traditionally, the international trade laws that govern sugar imports have made it difficult for smallholder farmers to access the more lucrative markets of Europe and North America. These force them into competition with more powerful, wealthy countries that have greater financial resources to dedicate to sugar production and greater political power to subsidise and promote their sugar industries.
The price that smallholder farmers receive for cane can fail to cover the costs they incur to produce it, leaving them in a debt trap and with little capital to reinvest in farms. This affects the entire community, as sugar cane farmers often rely heavily on their families for help, limiting people’s opportunities for education and perpetuating the cycle of poverty. This also means that cane producers do not receive the support they need in meeting the challenges of new market conditions, including access to funding to invest in improving productivity (such as fertiliser and transport), agricultural training, and new and improved technology. Read more about why smallholder sugar farmers need support.
For more than 30 years, under the EU sugar regime, cane producers from the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of countries (ACP) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) were able to sell cane to the EU market via quotas with guaranteed high payments, equal to those paid to EU beet producers. But this is all set to change in 2017, when changes to the EU Common Agricultural Policy mean that this preferential treatment will end, potentially closing the EU as a market for cane sugar from ACP countries. In the light of these policy changes and the likelihood of cheaper beet sugar flooding the European market, cane farmers from ACP countries face an uncertain future.
How is Fairtrade making things better?
Fairtrade sugar was initially launched in several European markets in the late 1990s, followed by the UK in 2000, in order to improve the position of small-scale sugar cane growers and their dependent communities, which were being undervalued by the global sugar market. Through Fairtrade certification, and by working in partnership with sugar cane processors, sugar cane farmers can get improved access to international markets and develop the necessary business skills and technical capacity to be more competitive in the global market. Currently, 99 farmers’ organisations representing 62,700 smallholder cane farmers are part of Fairtrade certification for sugar. This includes farmers in extremely poor countries such as Malawi, Mozambique and Swaziland.
Unlike for many other products, there is no Fairtrade Minimum Price for sugar. A stakeholder review of the sugar standards in 2009 highlighted the complexities of price setting in the sugar sector – a sector that is characterised by structural differences in sugar supply chains, government-set prices and distortions caused by international trade regimes. The conclusion was that it would be more effective for sugar prices to be negotiated between producers and traders rather than through the minimum price mechanism. The main economic provision of Fairtrade Sugar Standards is the Fairtrade Premium of $60 per tonne of sugar ($80 per tonne for certified organic sugar) in addition to the negotiated price. In 2013-14, sugar farmers received approximately £7.8 million in Premium income. More than 50 per cent was invested in the running and improvement of their producer organisations, while 25 per cent was used to make direct payments to farmers, and 16 per cent used for other farmer services including provision of tools and inputs, farmer training and implementation of good agricultural practices.
This investment is beginning to make an impact and the UK’s contribution to global Fairtrade sugar sales is significant. Fairtrade sugar sold in the UK comes from countries including Belize, Fiji, Guyana, Jamaica, Malawi, Mauritius, Paraguay and Swaziland. In Malawi, farmers have used the Premium to build essential community infrastructure such as water boreholes, building primary schools and electrification of villages. In-kind support to farming families through provision of maize, essential household goods has improved food security in the region. Read more about the impact of Fairtrade sugar in Malawi.
In Belize, which supplies most of the UK’s Fairtrade sugar, the impact has been transformational. Fairtrade Standards have ensured that the farmer’s association functions democratically and represents it 5,400 members. Investments of the Premium in a Quality Improvement Programme and integrated pest management have boosted productivity by 21 per cent, resulting in a 30 per cent increase in farmers' cane revenue. Watch this video for a preview of Fairtrade’s impact in Belize.
Fairtrade’s support goes beyond individual farmer stories. For cane farmers at Manduvira co-operative in Paraguay, April 2014 was a milestone as they became the proud owners of a sugar mill ensuring that they are now able to capture more value from the sugar supply chains. This $15 million project was funded through a combination of national and international loans, contributions from the Fairtrade Premium, and the Fairtrade Access Fund.
Is the job done?
Fairtrade sugar has seen remarkable growth in the UK and this impact is being felt by cane farming families. But a formidable challenge remains in the coming years with changes to international trade rules that affect sugar. Changes in EU legislation in 2017 will make life harder still for smallholders in countries that sell to the UK. These smallholders will continue to need support from Fairtrade.
Also, many of the farmers we work with would like to sell more Fairtrade sugar, and there are still millions more we haven’t reached. Today, less than 1% of the world’s cane sugar is Fairtrade. Meanwhile, more and more companies are making commitments to source their sugar sustainably. They’re looking for ways to use it across their business, in all kinds of sweet treats and beverages. The Fairtrade Sugar Program enables sugar producers to work with these companies and access these great new opportunities, including Italian confectionery company Ferrero's plan to source 20,000 tonnes of Fairtrade cane sugar between 2016 and 2019.
Support Fairtrade Sugar Farmers
The British public and companies choosing Fairtrade sugar sent more than £5million in Fairtrade premium back to sugar cane smallholders last year. Fairtrade sugar is stocked by many major retailers and supermarkets. See a list of stores where you can buy Fairtrade sugar.
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| 0.948434 | 1,451 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Seeing What You Read
Students practice visualizing what they read and hear in a text. They listen to selected passages from a text read by the instructor. Students discuss the visual pictures they see when listening to the text. After listening to a different text, they draw a picture of what they see.
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| 0.875208 | 60 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Salsa, a popular Latin American dance, and UX design have a lot of elements in common . And designers can apply some of these principles into their process.
The most important aspect in salsa (or even ballroom dance) is getting the connection right between the dancers. Similarly, for a design to succeed, the designer has to connect with the end user- understand their mental models, predict how the user would navigate, consider the user’s likes and dislikes , and design appropriately. The designer cannot design a product just because s/he finds it cool or creative.
Good dance has well synchronized sequences. This is similar to the sequence of tasks a user does. Designers usually define scenarios to define how the product will be used. The smoother the sequence is, the better the end user experience.
Movements are building blocks to any dance, which define a sequence. Similarly, every interaction in a design defines how well the task can be completed.
Patterns of foot work, swivels and turns help be a better lead and a receptive follower. The designer also needs to understand patterns in usage of elements, problems faced by users and design in a way which would be well-received by user. Patterns in rhythm and beats set the overall mood on the dance floor. Similarly, the designer needs to consider current trends or ‘mood’ to create the appropriate designs.
Space and path (floor path) are important factors which defines how the dancers will traverse and the direction (such as forward, backward, sideways). Similarly, in a design users would traverse across the interface, and the designers need to make sure that the users traverse as smootly and elegantly as possible and complete their tasks easily. On the visual front, the designer needs to take care of both positive and negative spaces for the interface to work well.
Time (or tempo) in dance defines the speed of the dancer. Dance, music (unlike other forms of art like painting) incorporates linear time pattern, which means it moves through time and space. This is an important factor for designers too. Can the user complete a task in a short time? How long do I display a notification when the user receives a mail? And, how quickly should it fade away?
In Salsa , whether dancing with a partner or in a group, there’s always a lead. The lead always aims to provide concise lead with accuracy. The other/s follow the lead; yet they have their own style and movements. If the lead is difficult to follow, the partner stops partnering him. Hence, the lead must adapt to the partner’s skills (based on whether the partner is a novice or an intermediate dancer or an expert), the available space on the dance floor and change the lead appropriately. The designer is like this lead who leads users to perform a certain desired task by understanding the user’s strengths.
Finally, one would always love to dance again with the same person if they had a good experience dancing with him/her. Just like how we designers need to ensure we have repeat users for our products!
So ensure a good ‘dance’ for your users!
Thanks to Afshan and Sannidhya for putting on their editorial hats and reviewing the draft.
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| 0.952772 | 670 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Precision Land Leveling (PLL) is a farming technique that involves the mechanical process of grading and smoothing land to achieve a uniform and precise plane surface. This technique is becoming increasingly important in the face of water scarcity, as it allows for more efficient utilization of available water resources and can improve water productivity at the farm level.
The traditional method of PLL involves using bucket type soil scrapers and tractor mounted rear blades, but this process can be laborious and expensive. To overcome these challenges, new technologies have been developed to streamline the PLL process, such as laser-guided grading systems that use GPS to achieve precision and accuracy in land leveling.
One of the main benefits of PLL is that it can help to reduce water consumption by ensuring that water is distributed evenly across the land surface, thus minimizing runoff and increasing infiltration. This can lead to significant water savings and improved crop yields.
In addition, PLL can also help to reduce soil erosion, improve soil structure and increase soil fertility, leading to improved crop health and reduced input costs. Moreover, the uniformity of the land surface achieved through PLL can facilitate the use of mechanical planting and harvesting equipment, which can further reduce labor and input costs.
Overall, PLL is an effective and practical solution to address the water scarcity challenges faced by farmers, and it has the potential to improve farm productivity and sustainability while reducing input costs. As technology continues to improve, PLL is likely to become an increasingly popular technique among farmers around the world.
Using Laser Land Leveling Technology for Enhancing Water Productivity and Efficiency in Agriculture:
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Land Leveling is a highly effective technology for improving water productivity and minimizing water application losses in farming. This technology was first introduced in Punjab in 1985 through the on-farm water management (OFWM) program, and has since proven to be a highly efficient tool for achieving precise land leveling in a shorter amount of time.
The use of LASER technology in PLL has many advantages over traditional leveling methods. It provides greater precision, uniformity, and accuracy, resulting in a smoother land surface that is better suited for optimal crop growth. This uniformity also allows for more efficient water application, reducing water losses due to runoff and increasing infiltration rates, which can lead to significant water savings and improved crop yields.
Furthermore, LASER land leveling is highly efficient, reducing the amount of labor required for land leveling and reducing the time and fuel needed for machinery. This can significantly reduce input costs for farmers, making it an attractive option for those looking to improve their profitability and sustainability.
In addition to its practical benefits, LASER land leveling also has environmental benefits. It can reduce soil erosion and the need for pesticides and herbicides, leading to improved soil health and reduced input costs, while contributing to the long-term sustainability of agricultural production.
Overall, LASER land leveling is a highly effective and practical solution for improving water productivity and achieving precise land leveling in a shorter amount of time. Its benefits extend beyond improved crop yields and water savings, providing a more sustainable and efficient approach to land leveling for farmers
Components of a LASER Land Leveling System for Precision Farming:
The LASER land leveling system is a highly advanced technology that enables precise land leveling and improved water productivity in agriculture. The system consists of several key components that work together to achieve accurate and uniform land leveling.
The LASER controlled land leveling system includes a LASER transmitter, which emits a LASER beam that is intercepted by a signal receiver. The receiver is typically mounted on a leveling blade attached to a tractor, which is used to grade and level the land surface. The LASER beam provides a precise reference point for the receiver, allowing for accurate and uniform land leveling.
The system also includes an electrical control panel, which is mounted on the tractor and interprets the signal from the receiver. The control panel opens or closes a solenoid hydraulic control valve, which raises or lowers the leveling blade as needed to achieve the desired land surface elevation.
One of the key advantages of the LASER land leveling system is its ability to operate on single or dual graded slopes ranging from 0.01 to 15 percent. This allows for precise leveling of land surfaces with varying degrees of slope, making it a highly versatile and efficient tool for farmers.
Overall, the LASER land leveling system is a highly effective and efficient technology for achieving precise land leveling and improving water productivity in agriculture. Its components work together seamlessly to provide accurate and uniform land surfaces, reducing water loss due to runoff and improving crop yields.
Benefits of Precision Land Leveling with LASER Technology:
Precision Land Leveling using LASER technology has several benefits that have been proven through impact assessment studies. The use of this technology reduces the cost of land preparation, saves irrigation water, and increases crop yields. LASER technology ensures a high degree of accuracy in a shorter amount of time compared to traditional land leveling methods, resulting in cost savings for farmers. Uniform land surfaces improve seed germination and increase fertilizer use efficiency, resulting in improved crop yields.
An impact assessment study carried out by PIPIP Monitoring and Evaluation Consultants in 2018 revealed that Precision Land Leveling using LASER technology resulted in a 25% water saving, 23% improvement in crop yield, 11% enhancement in fertilizer use efficiency, and 18% saving in farm labor. This translates to an annual net revenue generation of PKR 410,000 and an Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) of 29.6%. Overall, LASER Land Leveling technology offers a range of benefits that can improve the efficiency and productivity of agriculture. Here are some of the key benefits:
- Minimizes cost of operation: LASER Land Leveling reduces the cost of land preparation by reducing the amount of soil that needs to be moved. This results in significant cost savings for farmers.
- Ensures better accuracy in less time: With LASER technology, land leveling can be completed with a high degree of accuracy in much less time than traditional methods. This saves time and resources for farmers.
- Saves irrigation water: Precision Land Leveling reduces water application losses and increases the efficiency of water use. This saves irrigation water and reduces the cost of water for farmers.
- Uniform seed germination: By creating a uniform land surface, Precision Land Leveling ensures that seeds are planted at a consistent depth, resulting in uniform seed germination and better crop establishment.
- Increases fertilizer use efficiency: With a uniform land surface, fertilizer can be applied more evenly, resulting in better uptake of nutrients by plants and increased fertilizer use efficiency.
- Enhances crop yields: Precision Land Leveling has been shown to increase crop yields by up to 23 percent, according to an impact assessment study carried out by PIPIP Monitoring and Evaluation Consultants.
- Saves farm labor: Precision Land Leveling reduces the need for manual labor, which results in cost savings for farmers and improves efficiency.
- Gateway to mechanization: Precision Land Leveling using LASER technology is a precursor for on-farm water management (OFWM) interventions and other mechanization technologies in agriculture.
Overall, LASER Land Leveling technology offers a range of benefits for farmers and agricultural practitioners, including cost savings, time savings, and improved water use efficiency, and increased crop yields.
Financial Assistance for LASER Land Leveling in Punjab, Pakistan:
The government of Punjab has recognized the importance of Precision Land Leveling using LASER technology and has taken steps to encourage its adoption among farmers. In the past, the government provided one-time financial assistance to 11,500 farmers and service providers in the Punjab for the procurement of LASER land leveling units. This financial assistance has helped many farmers adopt this technology and improve their agricultural productivity.
Currently, the government is providing financial assistance of Rs.250, 000/- per unit to farmers and service providers in the irrigated areas of Punjab. This financial support is aimed at reducing the cost of adoption of this technology and encouraging more farmers to invest in LASER land leveling units.
The financial assistance can be a significant help to farmers who may not have the resources to invest in this technology on their own. This support from the government can go a long way in promoting the adoption of Precision Land Leveling with LASER technology and improving agricultural productivity in the region
Procedure Obtaining LASER Land Leveling facility
- Obtain the application form for financial assistance for LASER land leveling from the office of Deputy Director Agriculture (OFWM)/Assistant Director Agriculture (OFWM) or download it from the OFWM website.
- Additional information about the financial assistance can be obtained from provincial, divisional, district, and tehsil level OFWM offices or from the OFWM website.
- Fill out the application form with accurate and complete information.
- Attach all the required documents as mentioned in the application form.
- Submit the application form along with the required documents to the concerned office.
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| 0.91961 | 1,869 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The research team, with the assistance of dairy managers and staff, are knee-deep in a project that targets prevention, diagnosis and treatment of bovine respiratory disease in dairy calves.
“Classic diagnosis of BRD and decisions about how to treat affected calves are based on mostly subjective observations that don’t necessarily predict what’s actually happening within the calf’s respiratory system. This makes it difficult to identify calves when they first become sick,” says Sharif Aly, BVSc, MPVM, Ph.D., principal investigator, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine.
“The scoring system will help veterinarians and herd managers identify sick calves based on the probability that a given calf's score is indeed indicative of BRD, hence allowing for more informed treatment decisions,” Dr. Aly says of the UC Davis project.
It is being funded by University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources and is a subsidiary of a large USDA project titled “Integrated program for reducing bovine respiratory disease complex in beef and dairy cattle.”
“The scoring system will be used as a diagnostic tool to identify sick animals for treatment in a more timely fashion, hence improving animal welfare and minimizing the use of antibiotics to treat animals that are not suffering from BRD,” he adds.
According to Aly, BRD, which includes pneumonia, is the cause of 22 percent of all pre-weaned heifer deaths. Additionally, it is the most common cause of death post-weaning in dairy heifers.
Data from USDA's 1991 National Dairy Heifer Evaluation Project, Dairy 1996, Dairy 2002 and finally the most recent Dairy 2007 study, show that all identify BRD as the second most deadly disease in unweaned heifers and the most deadly in weaned heifers.
“Our role as care-takers of animals is to reduce disease burden and improve animal welfare. Hence it is imperative that we research BRD with the goal of reducing its incidence,” he says.
How the scoring system works
According to Aly, designing the weights (scores) for a BRD clinical sign should be based on BRD risk. Similarly, once the scores for all clinical signs assessed are added up, the cut-off for determining whether a calf has BRD should be evaluated for its accuracy through a validation study.
“Working closely with calf raisers on dairies, our goal is to standardize and validate a BRD scoring system that can be used for preweaned dairy calves. We plan on achieving our goal by first estimating the appropriate score that should be assigned to each BRD clinical sign,” he says.
The next step, according to the research team, is to simplify the scoring system by identifying whether a clinical sign is present rather than a gradient of the clinical sign's presentation, which researchers say may increase the scoring system’s reliability.
Lastly, a final goal is to validate the BRD scoring system on a large number of calves under different management systems.
“Validating the scoring system is important as it will help us estimate the system's diagnostic accuracy, specifically its ability to identify true BRD calves (sensitivity) and true non-BRD calves (specificity),” Aly says.
Progress to date
In June, dairy producers in California will get a survey seeking information about calf management practices on their dairies.
The survey responses, according to researchers, will give the study team a “snapshot” of how management practices associated with pneumonia are carried out on dairies throughout California.
Based on these responses, the project will enlist a subset of cooperator dairies to be involved in a detailed assessment of management practices in collaboration with the herd veterinarian.
As the project continues, the researchers will use the validated scoring system to follow calves and estimate incidence rates, treatment rates and death loss from birth to weaning on California dairies to provide additional individual animal data on risk factors, according to Aly.
Though the current project focuses on California, as it is in cooperation with California dairy producers and managers, the findings are expected to be applicable to dairies nationwide in the U.S., specifically southwestern states, which have similar environments and management practices to California dairies.
Benefit to producers
“The outcomes of this study are expected to add an objective means to identify BRD cases in the field by utilizing a validated scoring system that translates a total score into a probability of true disease status,” Aly says.
Users will be able to access the scoring system in English and Spanish to offer workers a tool to make an informed decision to treat or not treat.
The validated BRD scoring system and the detailed risk assessment of management practices on dairies will together make up a comprehensive BRD risk assessment tool, Aly says.
Upon completing the assessment, veterinarians and herd managers will receive recommendations to reduce risk of BRD in the herd’s calves and can plan discussions with other key decision makers on the dairy.
“Through better understanding of the risk factors for BRD, better prevention and control strategies can be developed for improving the health and welfare of dairy calves in California and beyond,” Aly says. PD
Stephanie Skernivitiz is a freelance writer based in Cleveland, Ohio.
TOP RIGHT: Dr. Sharif Aly is the lead researcher on this project.
MIDDLE: Dr. William Love, a Ph.D. graduate student, assisted by Paul Rossito (center), staff research associate and Dr. Sharif Aly (right), collects a sample from a calf.
BOTTOM RIGHT: This photo shows Dr. Sharif Aly auscultating a calf. Photos submitted by Dr. Sharif Aly.
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| 0.938293 | 1,199 | 3.09375 | 3 |
One of the interesting facts about addiction is that alcohol abuse affects people of all ages. However, researchers have recently noted increasing alcohol abuse trends in older adults. Baby boomers – people currently aged 53-71 – are drinking more and suffering from the consequences. Every adult, child, and senior citizen should understand the trends, risks, and warning signs of drinking heavily in later life.
Data Supporting Trends in Elders Over Drinking
The Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services in New York posts data for daily enrollment in OASAS Certified Chemical Dependence Treatment Programs. The Dunes East Hampton is a certified facility, and our enrollment data figures into the treatment program results. For the 2015 year, the most recent reported for the state, opioid enrollment rates alone-outranked alcohol enrollment rates. The largest age populations admitted during that year were over the age of 45 and accounted for almost half of all program enrollees.
In a study from New York University published in December 2016, researchers discovered notable increases in the number of American adults aged 50 and older who responded with habits in past year use, past month use, binge drinking, and abuse disorders. The study evaluated trends in use from 2005-2014. The representative survey sample included men and women as well as adults who admitted to healthy lifestyles and chronic or acute conditions. Alarmingly, at-risk individuals who face chronic conditions report binge drinking and other unhealthy alcohol behaviors. The rate in dangerous drinking behaviors has also significantly increased in older women.
While it may be hard to believe, there is an increase in alcohol abuse trends in older adults. Not every baby boomer abuses alcohol, but the trends show clear over drinking tendencies. Many of these adults may have impressed upon their children the dangers of binge drinking and alcoholism, only to develop a risky habit in later life. The good news is that many older adults respond well to rehabilitation programs and do not relapse at the same rate as the younger population.
Why Do Older Adults Turn to Alcohol
Every alcoholic’s story is different, but certain factors may increase the likelihood of an alcohol abuse problem. According to addiction treatment specialists, two triggers often stand out: a lost sense of purpose and major life changes (empty nest or retirement). Without a structured routine, a reason to get up in the morning, and clear motivation, many people, young and old, search for distractions or ways to escape from the real world. Instead of turning to volunteer work, part-time employment, or hobbies, older adults may turn to alcohol to fill feelings of emptiness.
Denial often plays a role in alcohol abuse during later life. Many individuals grew up around and drinking alcohol. In younger years, they may have consumed the substance in moderation and as part of a robust social life. In later life, they may make rationalizations about increasing consumption rates and unhealthy habits. “I earned it,” “I’m retired,” and “I’m accustomed to enjoying cocktail hour,” can all turn into rationalizations for ever-increasing amounts of alcohol.
Until older adults identify the root cause of the problem and address it, alcohol will continue to play a central role in daily life, slowly decrease an individual’s quality of life, and isolate a senior from the joys of later life. Many seniors dependent on alcohol need a guiding hand to help them understand the risks of drinking and the rewards of sobriety during golden years.
The Risks of Drinking in Later Life
Many seniors think that indulgence in later life is acceptable. They may justify their habits without thinking about the potential physical and psychological risks of over drinking. The aging body is very different from the younger one. As parents, aunts, uncles, and community members, seniors can choose to support their health in later life or sabotage it.
According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, women should not exceed three drinks a day up to a maximum of seven drinks per week. Men should not drink more than four drinks per day up to a maximum of 14 drinks per week. Any drink in excess increases the risk of complications. If those numbers surprise you and you drink far more than the recommended amount, you may want to consider cutting back or seeking treatment.
In later life, especially, alcohol-related complications may arise more quickly. Liver damage, cancer, falls, and cognitive impairment risks all increase as alcohol use increases. Furthermore, alcohol impairment may damage familial and social relationships, lead to embarrassment, and contribute to isolation and depression. Older adults also commonly take medications that may interact with alcohol.
No one should ever take benzodiazepines, opioids, acetaminophen, aspirin, insulin, or prescription blood thinners in conjunction with alcohol. Doing so increases the risk of complications and death. For many drug interactions, the damage occurs before users realize it. Your health and status as a grandparent, parent, and loved one is not worth the risk.
Warning Signs of Alcohol Abuse Trends in Older Adults
If individuals and those close to them recognize warning signs of alcohol abuse trends in older adults, talking about the potential problems can help. For alcohol abuse trends in older adults, signs of depression, isolation, overindulgence at family events, and regular cognitive impairment (not otherwise explained) may indicate substance abuse. Many seniors may suffer from a mental illness alongside alcohol addiction, so a dual diagnosis treatment program may be the best option for them.
Some seniors may also experience co-occurring substance abuse problems. When taken with legitimate prescriptions including opioids and benzodiazepines, alcohol consumption risks increase significantly. The interactions may render a senior catatonic and depress respiration to dangerous levels.
Help for Seniors at the Dunes East Hampton
In the United States, Alcoholics Anonymous supported 1,262,542 members as of January 2016. Lawyers, doctors, counselors, teachers, and blue-collar workers all face the risk of alcohol abuse and social, emotional, and physical complications. No one should ever feel ashamed about admitting a reliance on alcohol or reaching out for help. Life is hard, especially with alcohol abuse trends in older adults, and so many falter when it comes to drugs and alcohol.
At The Dunes East Hampton, we strive to provide a private and respectful environment focused on alcohol abuse support for people of all ages. We routinely serve older adults, and we thoroughly understand the stigma and the power in rehabilitation and hope for the future.
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| 0.943064 | 1,313 | 2.515625 | 3 |
An ancient terrain, rich in biodiversity and even richer in its cultural heritage. Agrigento, Girgenti in Sicilian, and Akragas to the Greeks, when it was a major city and colony of Magna Graecia, may have lost its former glory, but a renaissance is under way. The remains of the seven temples, with Concordia (440-430 BC) the most striking and best preserved, is one of the striking historical symbols of Sicily and has UNESCO World Heritage status.
The modern city has often said to have blotted the landscape of the historic site and the ancient Kolymbetra Garden, located in the small valley between the Dioscuri and Vulcan temples, was abandoned for many years. Now, however, with the work of FAI (Fondo Per L’Ambiente Italiano), the Italian equivalent of the National Trust, the garden has been beautifully restored. FAI had set up a long-term landscape and renovation project to reconstruct the garden, which in recent centuries had grown to include ancient, exotic fruit trees and a unique natural habitat. FAI’s contribution in restoring the Kolymbetra Garden (re-opened to the public in 2001), brought together botanists, archaeologists, zoologists and others, and was crucial in preserving a unique environmental history.
The wider province of Agrigento is also rich in culture and history. This is the land, too, of Luigi Pirandello, a native of Agrigento who knew the importance of a ‘fruitful soil’ – the imagination – in the development of the creative instincts of artists and writers. In nearby Raculmuto, where he was born and lived for most of his life, Leonardo Sciascia, a sharp critic of Italy’s political class and the cultural hold of the mafia on Sicilian society, was driven by his understanding of the complexities of his land. Food, along with other aspects of local art and culture, remained crucial to Sciascia’s Sicilian identity as a writer. Sicilian food is important too in the work of Andrea Camilleri, one of Italy’s greatest contemporary writers, who originates from nearby Porto Empedocle, It is the backdrop to the plots involving his popular Sicilian detective Inspector Montalbano, with many surrounding areas featuring in the books – loosely Agrigento is ‘Montelusa’ and Porto Empedocle is ‘Vigata’. Given Montalbano is a gastronome as well as being a critic of the abuses of power on the island, the books provide a rich insight into Sicily’s pleasures as well as problems.
Where to stay?
Maria Deleo’s delightful Villa Deleo is right on the seafront in Realmonte, near the Scala dei Turchi (the Turkish Steps), where each day begins with Giovanna’s own Granita di Mandorle, Cannoli and other specialities on the terrace overlooking the sea. In the past Andrea Camilleri has sat on this terrace, smoking, contemplating and talking. http://www.villadeleo.it/it/
Fattoria Mose an organic agriturismo where you can taste a variety of local food and is within easy reach of Agrigento.http://www.fattoriamose.com
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| 0.954612 | 710 | 2.75 | 3 |
Nicotiana rustica Seeds
Aztec Tobacco, Indian Tobacco, Wild Tobacco, Sacred Tobacco, Mapacho, Makhorka, Thuoc Lao
Nicotiana rustica is a beautiful and historically profound tobacco that will grow to about 1.5m high. This heirloom annual self-seeds readily and collected seeds can be sown every year in spring! The European conquerors of America watched in amazement when smoke emerged from the mouths of American Indians. Not long afterwards, Europe, too, was smoking. Nicotiana tabacum, the cultivated variety with its more refined taste, was only discovered later. In World War II, when supplies from the tropics came to an end in Europe, people grew Nicotiana rustica, which is easier to cultivate and to roll into cigarettes. This is the real wild tobacco, Nicotiana rustica used by North American Indians for thousands of years and still in use in native ceremonies. It is also grown for smoking in parts of South America, Asia and Africa. It is also a common admixture of Ayahuasca in some parts of the rainforest. Nicotiana rustica is also used for entheogenic purposes by South American shamans. Growing in the rainforest it contains up to nine times more nicotine than common North American varieties such as Nicotiana tabacum. Other reasons for its shamanic use are the comparatively high levels of MAOI beta-carbolines, including the Harmala alkaloids, harman and norharman. Most commonly, it is allowed to soak in water, and the water is then insufflated; it is also smoked in cigars and used as an enema and as an anthelmintic effective against tapeworm infections. From late spring to early summer it bears greenish yellow flowers which are followed by seedpods. Only collect seeds from pods that have gone brown and are splitting open on their own. Store the seeds in a cool dry place till the following spring. Sow them early spring and keep indoors till the last expected frost for your area. The seeds of Nicotiana rustica are small and are best mixed with some fine sand for even sowing. The seeds should only be firmed down gently and not be covered. Plant the Nicotiana rustica seedlings outdoors after last frosts at 30 to 90cm intervals. More potent than cultivated tobaccos, with more nicotine content, it is a source of nicotine sulphate, an insecticide for the control of aphids, thrips, whiteflies and mites.
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http://www.bidorbuy.co.za/item/64671557/20_Tobacco_Seeds_Nicotiana_rustica_Aztec_Tobacco_Indian_Tobacco_Wild_Tobacco_Sacred_Tobacco.html
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| 0.947441 | 526 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Spruce budworm, Larva of a leaf roller moth (Choristoneura fumiferana), one of the most destructive North American pests. It attacks evergreens, feeding on needles and pollen, and can completely defoliate spruce and related trees, causing much loss for the lumber industry and damaging landscapes.
Alternative title: Choristoneura fumiferana
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| 0.873971 | 109 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Beautiful but treacherous, the Scotch thistle is the bane of farmers and ranchers everywhere — but it can also make a huge mess in your home garden. Find out what to do about these plants in this article.
Identifying Scotch Thistle
Scotch thistle plants (Onopordum acanthium) boast amazing blooms atop their towering stems, but this invasive species has become a menace to livestock across the country. Its ability to act as a living barbed wire, preventing cows, sheep and other animals from reaching valuable water sources, has earned the title of noxious weed in most states. Even though it’s not as big of a problem for home gardeners, managing Scotch thistle in your landscape is important in the battle against this troublesome plant.
Although it’s a familiar plant to anyone living in a rural area, Scotch thistle is actually an import from Europe and Asia, used as an ornamental plant in the 19th Century. Those early gardeners had no idea the trouble they would unleash with their pretty thistles. The adaptability of this plant is one of its most frightening features. For example, the life cycle of Scotch thistle can change based on the climate, so it may be an annual in one area, but a biennial or short-lived perennial in others.
Positive identification of a Scotch thistle is easy – the sharp-edge, hairy leaves are a dead giveaway. Rosettes of leaves can reach up to six feet across and stems may grow from six to eight feet tall. The breathtaking globe-shaped purple flowers are loved by many, but the seeds they produce can survive in the soil for up to 20 years. Considering that plants produce up to 40,000 seeds, that can create a pretty serious infestation for a long time.
Scotch Thistle Control
As much as Scotch thistle information makes them out to be true monsters of the plant world, they’re surprisingly easy to control in a small scale, which is typically how you’ll find them in the home garden. A few Scotch thistles won’t put up much of a fight, but make sure if you cut them down once they’ve started flowering to burn or bag that flower. Unlike most plants, Scotch thistle flowers can produce ripe seeds even after being severed from the stem.
The best time to treat Scotch thistle is when it’s still just a rosette on the ground, then a thorough coating of glyphosate is all you need. If you’re not ready to break out the herbicide, or your Scotch thistles are in a delicate area, you can hand dig them. Just be sure to wear thick gloves to protect against their sharp thorns.
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Commentary: Includes: STAMP OUT Syntax includes: NP1[agent] STAMP NP2[patient[concrete]] NP1[agent] STAMP PP[motion]
The elephant stamped through the brush.
'No!' The child whined and stamped her foot.
In the process of wine making, you have to stamp the juice from the grapes.
WordNet 3.0 Sense Numbers: 1, 8
Commentary: Includes: STAMP OUT, STAMP DOWN Syntax includes: NP1[agent] STAMP (OUT/DOWN) NP2[patient[abstract]]
We all need to stamp out hunger!
The pressure is on hospitals to stamp out bacterial bugs.
Please help stamp out boring 'space acronyms.'
The government really needs to stamp down on the illegal drug
The Chinese government continued to stamp out loyal communist
subjects throughout Mao's reign.
WordNet 3.0 Sense Numbers: 6
WordNet Verb Particle Constructions, Multiword Expressions:
NOTE: Includes metaphorical uses. Compare carefully to sense 4. In the [concrete] examples, a concrete INSTRUMENT (a rubber stamper) is being used to produce an image on another concrete item (a letter/wax for example), but the instrument is not permanently attached to the item.
NOTE: Compare to Sense 4; Sense 3 is NOT the affixation of a postage stamp. INCLUDES: STAMP OUT
The judge stamped the prisoner's parole form as 'DENIED'.
The book was stamped, 'The Witchery of Archery'.
On the reverse side of this coin was stamped the first type of carriage.
I stamped the image on shimmery white paper and put it in my scrapbook.
The minister stamped soldiers as servants of the king.
WordNet 3.0 Sense Numbers: 2, 7, 9
NOTE: In this sense a concrete item (a postage stamp) is being permanently attached to another concrete item (a letter, for example). Use this sense ONLY if this specific condition is met.
Please stamp all the letters and throw them in the mailbox.
WordNet 3.0 Sense Numbers: 4
Commentary: Syntax is: NP1[agent[plural]] STAMP NP2[patient[human]]
NOTE: Compare to Sense 3; in Sense 5, the agent must be a group of people acting on another person or group of people.
Four hundred articles about film have stamped the author as a critic.
In 1943, they stamped her as a Jew, and that was the beginning of
Because of Mark's accent, people automatically stamped him as a
lazy Southern bumpkin.
WordNet 3.0 Sense Numbers: 3, 5
Commentary: Is: RUBBER STAMP (or RUBBER-STAMP)
Wolfowitz rubber-stamped the documentation necessary to elevate his
friend to the top.
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In 2012, more than one-in-three men from disadvantaged backgrounds lived alone in their early 40s. This compared with only one-in-seven men from rich backgrounds living without a partner. This disparity has strengthened the link between the incomes of families across generations, thus reducing social mobility.
These are among the findings of a new working paper published by the Institute for Fiscal Studies entitled ‘Intergenerational income persistence within families’. The paper explores the importance of family background for household income using a variety of sources, and was produced with funding from CLOSER.
It is well known that the sons of richer parents tend to go on to have higher earnings. However, this new research shows that they also benefit from being more likely to have a partner, and from that partner being more likely to have higher earnings. Even among men in couples, the partners of men from richer backgrounds earn 73% more than the partners of men from poorer families.
Female earnings are an increasingly important component of household income and so these trends significantly reduce the household incomes of men who grew up in poor families compared with those of men who grew up in rich families. And this is a new phenomenon. Amongst men born 12 years earlier, the differences in partnership status and partner earnings by family background were considerably smaller. This change in household composition has strengthened the link between the incomes of parents and children and hence reduced social mobility.
Key findings include:
• The earnings gap between men with richer parents and their counterparts from less well-off backgrounds is widening. In 2012, employed 42-year-old men whose parents were among the richest fifth of households earned on average 88% more than those from the poorest families. In 2000, the equivalent gap for men of the same age was 47%.
• More than one-in-three men aged 42 from the poorest fifth of families did not live with a partner in 2012, compared with only one-in-seven men from high-income backgrounds. This is the result both of lower rates of marriage and of higher rates of relationship breakdown amongst men from low-income families. Men from low-income households were more than twice as likely to be divorced as those from high-income backgrounds (11% rather than 5%) and almost twice as likely never to have been married (36% rather than 20%). Amongst men born 12 years earlier, there was little difference in partnership status by family background.
• Those from rich backgrounds paid more than twice as much in income tax and National Insurance as those from poor backgrounds in the year 2012. This reduces the intergenerational persistence in inequality: employed men from rich backgrounds have gross earnings 88% higher on average than those from poor backgrounds, but net incomes only 63% higher. The differential tax burden has grown over time.
• Men from poorer backgrounds are twice as likely to be out of work as those from richer backgrounds. Only 7% of men growing up in the richest fifth of households were out of work at age 42 in 2012, while more than 15% of men from the poorest fifth of households were out of work. Men from poorer backgrounds are also more than twice as likely to receive disability benefits as those from better-off families (11% rather than 4%). As men in work typically have more income than those not in paid work, this accentuates the level of intergenerational income persistence.
Alison Park, Director of CLOSER, said:
“This new research highlights the role of longitudinal studies in helping us understand how society is changing from generation to generation. It shows how existing differences in the earnings of men from richer and poorer backgrounds are exacerbated by a new divide, with poorer men in their early 40s being less likely than those from wealthier backgrounds to be living with a partner.”
Chris Belfield, a research economist at IFS and an author of the paper, said:
“Focusing solely on the earnings of men in work understates the importance of family background in determining living standards. As well as having higher earnings, those from richer families are more likely to be in work, more likely to have a partner and more likely to have a higher-earning partner than those from less well-off backgrounds. And all these inequalities have been widening over time.”
Notes to Editors:
1. The IFS working paper entitled “Intergenerational income persistence within families” by Chris Belfield (Research Economist at the Institute for Fiscal Studies), Claire Crawford (University of Warwick and IFS), Ellen Greaves (University of Bristol and IFS), Paul Gregg (University of Bath) and Lindsey Macmillan (UCL Institute of Education). www.ifs.org.uk
2. This research was carried out as part of CLOSER (Cohort and Longitudinal Studies Enhancement Resources). CLOSER aims to maximise the use, value and impact of the UK’s longitudinal studies. Bringing together eight leading studies, the British Library and the UK Data Service, CLOSER works to stimulate interdisciplinary research, develop shared resources, provide training, and share expertise. CLOSER is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Medical Research Council. Its lead research partner is the UCL Institute of Education.
3. About UCL (University College London): UCL was founded in 1826. We were the first English university established after Oxford and Cambridge, the first to open up university education to those previously excluded from it, and the first to provide systematic teaching of law, architecture and medicine. We are among the world’s top universities, as reflected by performance in a range of international rankings and tables. UCL currently has over 38,000 students from 150 countries and over 12,000 staff. Our annual income is more than £1 billion. www.ucl.ac.uk
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Imagine having to undergo hours of treatment every day, just to help your body process the foods you’ve eaten.
That’s a painful reality for some children, like 16-year old Heather Rayser of northern California.
For the last nine years, Heather has had to use saline and a mixture of medicines fed through a permanent tube in her abdomen, to flush out her digestive system.
It is a process that takes hours every day and is often very painful. “I really can’t go anywhere or do much because my treatments take so long,” said Heather.
But thanks to an innovative procedure, doctors at Nationwide Children’s Hospital are offering Heather new hope.
For the first time, Dr. Steven Teich is implanting a small device in the lower back of pediatric patients, which stimulates the sacral nerve and allows the body to function more normally.
He's director of the Surgical Neuromodulation Program at Nationwide Children’s.
“Our success rate so far has been about 90 percent,” said Dr. Teich. “For many patients, it’s making a tremendous difference and allowing them to be like everybody else,” he said.
Sacral nerve stimulation, sometimes called sacral neuromodulation, is used to help patients desperate to control their bowels or bladder, when other treatment options have failed.
During the procedure, surgeons implant a device which addresses communication problems between the brain and the nerves that control bowel and bladder function.
If the nerves are not communicating properly, the muscles may not function properly, which leads to incontinence.
“The implanted device delivers mild electrical impulses to the pelvic nerves,” said Dr. Teich. "The pelvic nerves then begin to tell the muscles when to contract, ultimately helping control the ability to urinate or have a bowel movement.”
The first stage of therapy is a test phase, involving the temporary placement of an electrical stimulator.
If the patient shows significant improvement in bowel or bladder control during the test phase, the surgeon implants a permanent electrical stimulator, which Heather had implanted in May.
The Rayser family is now anxiously waiting to see if the device is the answer Heather has been hoping for to allow her to go back to school and finally be a normal teenager.
“To see everything Heather’s physically and mentally had to endure these nine years has been very difficult,” said Heather’s mom, Kellie Rayser. “I don’t expect a miracle to happen overnight, but my dream for her is that she’ll be able to cut back on the time and pain her treatments cause her and live like a normal teenager.”
“For the first time that patients like Heather can remember, they don’t have a colostomy and can be just like everyone else,” said Dr. Teich, also surgical director of Nationwide Children’s Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Professor of Clinical Surgery at OSU College of Medicine.
For the average patient, it can take six months to a year after the device is implanted for the colon to begin functioning normally.
The patient can feel the stimulator working, but it does not cause discomfort. Every five years, patients need to have the batteries in their stimulators replaced.
Dr. Teich is also part of a new Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction at Nationwide Children’s, the first known center in the world to perform sacral nerve stimulation for patients with the birth defect, imperforate anus.
Sacral nerve stimulation is only considered for patients meeting specific criteria, and only after traditional treatment methods have been explored.
“Our success rate so far has been that 90 percent of the kids are completely better and can function without washouts or catheters,” said Dr. Teich.
“This raises the bar for kids who think they are going to have to spend the rest of their lives with severe urine or bowel problems. Families are relieved that there is another option for them.”
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New Opportunities is a proud participant of the State of Iowa Department of Education Financial Literacy Network.
Resources for financial literacy educators and for families to use at home have been made available as of March 31, 2020. Please visit:
Self Sufficient Kids, Life Skills Kids Need.
(Image name: Little girl learning)
For information about Financial Literacy and how to teach kids about money, please visit: Annuity.org
This savings challenge game from selfsufficientkids.com is a great way to teach kids about saving money and watching it grow! Have your child name something they would like to have, and help them begin saving for their goal. Please click the ‘Savings goal sheet’ link below to download the challenge sheet. The first sheet is an example, and the second is blank for you to start your own challenge at home! Happy Saving!
Savings goal sheet Please click here to download the Savings Challenge!
THE JELLY BEAN GAME
(Photo name: Jelly Bean Game image 1)
The Jelly Bean Game is a fun game from Pretty Providence that helps teach teens
and kids about money management and how to make a budget!
What you will need for this game:
- Printed Copies of The Jelly Bean Game
- Snack Bags
- Jelly beans or another favorite candy, 20 per bag/player
- Print copies of The Jelly Bean Game, either one per person or enough
so that kids can do it in small groups of two or three.
- Fill snack bags with 20 jelly beans each.
- Read instructions on the first page of the Jelly Bean Game and discuss the
questions after each round.
TEACHING KIDS MONEY MANAGEMENT:
Wondering where to begin helping your children learn money management skills? Checkout this blog post with great tips from MaryAnne at Mama Smiles Blog.
She shares her best advice on teaching kids about saving money in a world of credit cards, online billing, and bank accounts.
Ready for Responsibility?
Introducing chores to your household:
You may be wondering if it is time to incorporate an allowance for your child, or whether or not he/she is old enough to begin practicing self-sufficiency and responsibility. Here is a chart with examples of appropriate chores for children based on age.
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The various inputs received by the amygdala often transmit conflicting signals. It is not uncommon for excitatory and inhibitory neurons to synapse on the same neuron. The arrival of an excitatory signal triggers a wave of depolarization along the membrane of a post-synaptic neuron known as an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP). Inhibitory signals have an opposite effect. Such signals cause a wave of hyperpolarization along the membrane of a post-synaptic cell known as an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP). When they arrive at the same neuron, these opposing signals travel along the post-synaptic membrane until they reach the axon terminal, where they are then integrated. If enough EPSPs arrive at the axon terminal simultaneously, the membrane potential will rise above threshold, and an action potential will fire. The presence of IPSPs, however, will lower the membrane potential. If enough IPSPs have fired, these inhibitory signals will stop the neuron from firing.
In times of stress, excitatory neurons in the amygdala fire rapidly, sending excitatory signals to other areas of the brain. It is this type of firing that leads to a feeling of panic or fear. The inhibitory interneurons in the amygdala modulate these emotions by releasing GABA. The release of GABA, and its subsequent recognition by post-synaptic receptors like the GABAa receptor, inhibits the excitatory signals that result in feelings of anxiety and fear. GABA thus has a calming, tranquilizing effect on our emotions and prevents us from becoming overwhelmed in stressful situations. GABA is important in maintaining a normal level of firing for all kinds of different systems; for information about GABA and epilepsy, a disease characterized by seizures due to uncontrollable firing of certain neurons, go to http://www.sfn.org/briefings/epilepsy.html.
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A Logic course for all ages. Traditional Logic is an in-depth study of the classical syllogism. Along with a basic understanding of the Christian theory of knowledge, the set presents the four kinds of logical statements, the four ways propositions can be opposed, the three ways in which they can be equivalent, and the seven rules for the validity of syllogisms. Includes both text, key, workbook and quizzes.
Softcover, Text, Answer Key, Student Workbook & Quizzes.
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| 0.901529 | 103 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Each winter, Nova Scotians dust off their snowmobiles, snowshoes, skis or skates for some fun in the snow. They often cross one of our province’s more than 3000 lakes or clear snow on an inlet to ice fish. Whatever your passion, it’s important to understand when it is safe to be on those frozen bodies of water and when it should be avoided. Naturally occurring ice is unpredictable. Never go on the ice alone! Make sure you have proper safety equipment with you at all times, and keep these tips in mind before you head out.
Gauging the strength of ice is very difficult. There is no such thing as 100% safe ice.
- Never walk or drive on cloudy ice.
- Only go on clear, thick ice.
- Spring ice is NEVER safe.
- Ice thickness is never consistent: it will be flat on top, but not on the bottom.
- Snow on ice acts as an insulator: it makes ice warmer and weaker.
- Extreme cold snaps will weaken ice.
- Ice formed over running water (rivers and streams) is more dangerous than ice formed over standing water (lakes and ponds).
The recommended minimum depth for activities on new, clear, hard ice is:
|7 cm (3 in.) or less||STAY OFF|
|10 cm (4 in.)||ice fishing, walking, cross-country skiing|
|12 cm (5 in.)||one snowmobile or ATV|
|20-30 cm (8-12 in.)||one car or small pickup|
|30-38 cm (12-15 in.)||one medium truck (pickup or van)|
On the Ice: What to Bring
Taking the right gear is key to staying safe on the ice. Here are the essentials:
- Appropriate clothing: layers, waterproof jacket/pants, warm hat, gloves and socks
- Snowmobile floatation suit or life jacket/personal flotation device (PFD)
- Appropriate footwear (e.g., crampons to convert footwear for use on ice)
- Ice picks (stored in an accessible pocket where they will be easy to reach if needed)
- Throw rope—and know how to use it!
Self-Rescue & Rescuing Others
Make sure you know how to escape if you break through ice, and how to help someone escape a similar situation. If you break though:
- Do not panic. Your clothing will trap air and keep you buoyant.
- Turn towards the direction you came from and place your hands and arms flat on the unbroken surface.
- Kick your feet and try to push yourself up on top of the unbroken ice on your stomach, like a seal.
- Once you are lying on the ice, don’t stand up. Roll away from the break until you are on solid ice.
If someone else breaks through:
- Stay calm and think out a solution.
- Don't run up to the hole. You might break through and then you’ll both need help.
- Use an item to throw or extend to your friend to pull them out of the water—if you don’t have a rope, improvise with items such as jumper cables, skis, etc.
- If you can't rescue the person immediately, call 911 on a cell phone.
For more safety tips on ice safety, please visit adventuresmart.ca.
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Clubfoot is a common congenital abnormality in which the foot is turned inward. The condition derives its name from the resemblance of the curved foot to the head of a golf club. Clubfoot is an anomaly that can affect one or both feet. It is usually an isolated condition, although it is occasionally associated with other skeletal abnormalities, such as spina bifida. While a clubfoot does not, in itself, cause pain or other symptoms during infancy, the condition must be addressed soon after birth since, left untreated, it can result in serious medical problems once the child begins to walk.
Risk Factors for Clubfoot
Although the primary cause of clubfoot is unknown, the following factors increase the risk for being born with the condition, particularly if found in combination:
- Being male
- Having a family history of the condition
- Being surrounded by too little amniotic fluid during gestation
- Maternal smoking or drug use during pregnancy
- Maternal infection during pregnancy
While it was previously believed that clubfoot resulted from the fetus's position in utero, this theory has been disproven.
Complications of Clubfoot
There are many important reasons that a clubfoot should be treated early in life. For one thing, because of its odd shape, the affected foot may be considerably smaller than its partner, requiring special footwear. More significantly, as the child learns to walk, mobility will be adversely impacted because the child may not be able to step on the sole of the foot. Complications of clubfoot may include:
- Abnormal growth of calf muscles
- Irregular gait
- Lesions or calluses on the feet
Beyond all the physical disabilities and discomforts that an untreated clubfoot will cause, there are serious emotional consequences to consider such as lack of self-confidence, poor body image, and a sense of isolation.
Treatment of Clubfoot
Because of the amazing flexibility of newborn bones and joints, clubfoot treatment usually begins within 2 weeks of birth. In an attempt to avoid surgery, the baby's foot may be maneuvered into a correct anatomical position and casted so it will remain properly aligned as it grows. Alternatively, the Ponseti or French methods may be used. These involve stretching, taping and bracing the affected feet daily and/or nightly so that they are constantly being repositioned correctly. These nonsurgical interventions, however, are not always successful.
When an operation is required to treat a clubfoot, the surgery is usually performed when the baby is between 9 and 12 months of age to ensure that not only the child's foot and ankle, but the affected tendons and ligaments, are positioned correctly. The surgery may be an osteotomy in which a section of bone is removed or a fusion (arthrodesis) in which two or more bones are joined using a graft. After surgery, the child will be casted during recovery and may have to wear a brace nightly for several years.
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| 0.956035 | 615 | 3.59375 | 4 |
how radio astronomy can benefit Pakistan
Syed Faisalur Rahman
April 24, 2023
Pakistan has long been recognised for its nuclear and missile capabilities but the country is still lagging in many areas, including space exploration, semiconductors, antenna design, radio-frequency (RF) engineering, high-performance computing and astronomy. However, by investing in radio astronomy research and development, Pakistan has the potential to improve its technical capabilities in telecommunications, defence, medical imaging, and big data sciences.
Radio astronomy is a field that studies the universe through the analysis of radio waves emitted by celestial objects. From pulsars to black holes, radio astronomy has played a critical role in our understanding of the universe. Furthermore, radio astronomy research can also lead to spin-off technologies that can benefit other industries.
One of the best examples of the potential of radio astronomy research is Wi-Fi. Astronomers at Australia’s national space agency CSIRO developed methods to realign scrambled radio signals from black holes, leading to the discovery of this widely used technology. Similarly, the data acquisition mechanisms in radio astronomy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have similarities that can potentially lead to advances in medical imaging technologies.
Investing in radio astronomy research also has the potential to foster collaboration and innovation across diverse groups. For example, universities in Pakistan can be encouraged and funded to launch amateur radio astronomy projects, by providing students with a platform to learn about radio astronomy, leading to the discovery of new celestial objects and phenomena. On a larger scale, Pakistan’s national space research organisations (SUPARCO, NCGSA, IST, ISPA, etc.) and telecommunications organisations can develop at least one international-level radio astronomy research facility. India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), for example, is a relatively low-cost facility in comparison with other major radio telescope facilities around the world.
Research organisations, like the National Center of Physics (NCP) in Islamabad, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry in Karachi, can also join the efforts by providing science goals. A lot of interdisciplinary research in areas like astrophysics, astroparticle physics, astrochemistry, astrobiology, exoplanet atmospheres, solar physics can be done by promoting collaborations between various institutes of Pakistan which have their own expertise in specific areas. This will foster a culture of collaboration among various R&D organisations in Pakistan and help pave the way for more research avenues in the future.
Emerging powers like India, with projects like Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), and South Africa, with its involvement in Square Kilometre Array (SKA), are greatly benefitting from their investments in radio astronomy and other big science areas in the form of spin-off technologies, scientific and industrial human resource development, advancement in instrumentation capabilities, which in turn benefit industries and strengthen universities in general. Such investments will not only help these countries in the future, but they have already started reaping benefits today. Their success story is similar to how European countries benefitted from the development of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)’s. CERN transformed Europe which was devastated by the two world wars into a global hub of innovation and scientific cooperation. The development of particle accelerators and other technologies at CERN led to the creation of the World Wide Web and many other technological advances.
The SKA project is expected to create thousands of jobs and stimulate the development of new industries and technologies. Eight other African countries are taking part in SKA by working as distant stations for the African node. This participation will not only help in advancing the science goals but their collective efforts and involvement of their institutions in such an advanced scientific endeavour will greatly benefit future generations and the efforts will likely change the perception of Africa in the world too.
Another benefit for South Africa and other SKA partner African countries is that they will also get a chance to work with scientists and research organizations from United States, China, Australia, Europe and India, which will greatly enhance their own capacity too.
Exploring Radio interferometry in Balochistan
Radio interferometry is a technique used in radio astronomy to combine data from multiple telescopes. Pakistan has a unique opportunity to establish radio quiet zones in its vast and uninhabited regions of Balochistan. By building an array of radio telescopes, Pakistan can create a radio interferometer that would greatly enhance the country’s capabilities in the field of astronomy.
In addition to Balochistan, Pakistan could explore the possibility of setting up radio telescopes in other parts of the country, which can be interconnected to create a larger, more powerful radio interferometer. This could lead to higher-resolution radio images and facilitate the development of advanced astronomical technologies. Such investments could also help to alleviate the grievances of the Baloch people, who often feel neglected.
This ambitious long-term project will require significant investment, but the potential benefits are immense. It can facilitate international collaborations while also enabling universities, institutions, and individuals from different areas of Pakistan with diverse backgrounds and expertise to work together towards common goals. This can lead to the development of new techniques and technologies that can be applied across multiple fields, promoting innovation and scientific advancements.
To ensure the success of this project, it is crucial to involve local institutions, researchers, and technicians from Balochistan, as well as institutions and personnel from other parts of the country. This will promote constructive collaboration for common goals, which unfortunately has been lacking in Pakistan. Such collaboration could lead to advancements in science and technology that would benefit not only Pakistan but the wider global community.
The potential impact of this project could be similar to that of CERN which brought together scientists from across the continent to collaborate on groundbreaking research that has transformed our understanding of the universe. CERN helped Europe in realising the potential of joining hands for common big goals which will benefit future generations. Similarly, the establishment of radio telescopes in Pakistan could lead to a similar spirit of cooperation and innovative technologies.
Pakistan should strive to develop telescopes that are compatible with international standards such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) or the international Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) which captures images of black holes using a virtual Earth-sized telescope. By doing so, Pakistani institutions and researchers could participate in major astronomy research collaborations, including projects like the capture of the first-ever direct image of a black hole, which was achieved by the international EHT collaboration in 2019.
By participating in these projects and developing telescopes locally, Pakistan can significantly improve its instrumentation design and development capacity, signal processing capabilities, and high-performance computing infrastructure. Additionally, the development of advanced technologies and quality human resources capable of conducting advanced scientific research would be a tremendous benefit to the country.
The development of new antennas and RF engineering techniques can benefit multiple industries, including telecommunications, defence, and medical imaging. Radio telescopes require sophisticated antennas and RF engineering to detect and process radio signals from celestial objects. Developing these technologies for radio astronomy can lead to advances in antenna design and RF engineering that can be applied in other industries.
Radio astronomy research can also provide economic and human resource development benefits. Radio astronomy facilities require highly skilled personnel to operate and maintain, which can lead to the development of a highly skilled workforce. These skilled individuals can then contribute to other industries and help to strengthen the country’s economy.
Moreover, radio astronomy research can attract investment and funding from international organisations and institutions, leading to economic growth and development. The construction and operation of a radio telescope facility can also lead to the development of supporting industries, such as the production of specialised components and materials.
To move forward, Pakistan needs to not only think about its socioeconomic development but also about progress in science and technology. The country needs to pursue big scientific goals which can help forward our civilisation as explorers, as Muslims did during the Golden Age. Unfortunately, we have abandoned this pursuit, and as a result, we are paying the price of lagging behind in many areas, including basic socioeconomic economic development.
Taking steps towards scientific progress
The question of whether Pakistan should participate in large science projects is a complex one that definitely involves financial considerations too. However, there are several measures that Pakistan can take to make room for such projects. Pakistan must take decisive steps to create the necessary financial resources for large science projects. By selling off failing state-owned enterprises such as Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) and Pakistan Steel Mills (PSM), reducing the size of government departments, and incentivizing private sector investment, the country can create a brighter future for itself and its people.
To encourage Pakistan’s private sector to invest in such projects, the government can incentivise them by providing tax benefits, similar to the practice of donating to registered charities in many parts of the world. This would encourage businesses to take an active role in building a better future for Pakistan by investing in science and technology.
Investing in radio astronomy should be treated as a strategic national investment. Pakistan has the potential to unlock the power of radio astronomy and take its place among the stars, contributing to the global knowledge economy and positioning itself as a leader in science and technology.
Syed Faisalur Rahman is a member of two major international Radio Astronomy collaborations (EMU-ASKAP and WALLABY-ASKAP), and holds a PhD in space sciences. He currently serves as CTO of My Impact Meter and also mentors startups as part of Newchip Accelerator, an Austin, Texas-based global accelerator. All facts and information are the sole responsibility of the writer
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In the study, there was a large bookshelf—so large that it attracted the attention of the international investigators who were searching the property. They had followed the collector home; they had a judicial order to search his house in a suburb of Buenos Aires. They were right to examine the bookshelf. It opened into a secret passage, and at the end was the room that housed the collection—75 astonishing artifacts from Germany’s Third Reich.
The collection of Nazi memorabilia included a bust of Hitler, a statue of the Imperial Eagle, and a medical device to measure the size of a human head, which was used in service of theories about race and head size. There were objects decorated with swastikas, including an hourglass, a knife, a box that held harmonicas meant for children, and another box containing a magnifying glass. One of the most important parts of the discovery is an image of Hitler holding a similar magnifying glass. (The photo has not been released to the public.)
This is a huge find, the largest collection of Nazi artifacts ever discovered in Argentina. It began after “illicit artwork” appeared in a gallery in Buenos Aires, the Associated Press reports. The name of the collector has not been released, but he is under investigation. Authorities believe that the objects may have originally belonged to high-ranking members of the Nazi party, who fled to Argentina after the fall of the Nazi regime.
The sale of Nazi memorabilia is restricted in some countries, and online auction sites have restricted the sale of such objects in part to depress the market for recreations. Argentinian anti-discrimination law restricts the sale and possession of such objects, too.
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THE MINUTE President Trump entered the Oval Office, President Barack Obama’s environmental legacy was in danger. The clean air and water regulations and the land protections he established, all without Congress’s assent, were as fragile as some of the precious habitat they were meant to protect.
Yet Thursday brought indication that Mr. Trump may unravel the environmental achievements of more than one president. The Post reported that Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke sent recommendations to the White House that include scaling back some of the most prominent national monuments created in the past three decades. Unsurprisingly, Bears Ears National Monument, which Mr. Obama created at the end of his presidency, is top on the list for downsizing. But also on the chopping block is the nearby — and utterly spectacular — Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, which President Bill Clinton established in 1996. Some monuments that are not set to shrink could nevertheless lose some protection. More fishing could be permitted in sensitive marine monuments, for example.
The details are secret, which is a problem in itself. What is clear enough is that an extensive tour of southern Utah and consultation with local tribes, who pushed for preservation, did not impart on Mr. Zinke the proper awe for the natural wonders he is now endangering. In June the secretary issued an initial report on Bears Ears that did not suggest restraint in rolling back the national monument.
Narrowly interpreting the law under which national monuments have been established, Mr. Zinke indicated that only isolated “rock art, dwellings, ceremonial sites, granaries” in Bears Ears deserve national monument protection, arguing that it was appropriate only to “identify and separate the areas that have significant objects.” This is not how presidents have used the law since the days of Teddy Roosevelt, who set aside more than 800,000 acres of the Grand Canyon. Presidents for decades have preserved spectacular, irreplaceable and integrated natural landscapes, not just one butte or cliff dwelling at a time.
When we asked the Interior Department for more information, a spokeswoman pointed to sections of Mr. Zinke’s report that called for Congress to establish other sorts of protections for the land he would withdraw from Bears Ears, perhaps declaring some of it a national recreation area. If Congress wants to move Bears Ears’ boundaries or establish different levels of protection on the land, it can do so. The president should not withdraw protections before that happens. The same goes for Grand Staircase, a breathtaking area of the country that was saved the indignity of having a coal mine drilled into it only because of Mr. Clinton’s actions 20 years ago.
Some of those pushing to reopen these lands see them as just another place to graze or mine. They are wrong. These places are unique. Grand Staircase’s jutting rock formations tell a geologic story over hundreds of miles. Bears Ears’ rust-red landscape is replete with streams, buttes, natural arches and Native American artifacts. Landscapes of this scale and spectacle are unique and irreplaceable. The nation owes it to future generations to preserve them.
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is a philosophical position that asserts a negative value judgment towards birth
, standing in opposition to natalism. It has been advanced by figures such as Arthur Schopenhauer, Paul Ehrlich, Heinrich Heine, Emil Cioran, Philipp Mainländer, Philip Larkin, Chris Korda, David Benatar, Matti Häyry, Thomas Ligotti and Richard Stallman. Groups that encourage antinatalism, or pursue antinatalistic policies, include the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement and the Club of Rome.Arguments for antinatalism
Supporters of the position assert that antinatalistic policies could solve problems such as overpopulation, famine, and depletion of non-renewable resources. Some countries, such as India and China, already have policies aimed at reducing the number of children per family, in an effort to curb serious overpopulation concerns and heavy strain on national resources. Paul Ehrlich, in his book The Population Bomb, argued that rapidly increasing population would soon create a crisis, and advocated that coercive antinatalistic policies would have to be pursued on a global level in order to avert a worldwide crisis. Although the crisis he predicted did not occur in the timeframe he expected (his predictions, coming in 1968, anticipated disaster by the late eighties), he stands by the book and maintains that without future depopulation efforts the problem will worsen.
Other proponents of antinatalism appeal to the ethical side of the issue. David Benatar, for example, argues from the hedonistic premise that the infliction of harm is generally morally wrong and to be avoided. Therefore, he asserts that the birth of a new person always entails nontrivial harm to that person, creating a moral imperative not to procreate.Criticism of antinatalism
Some parents hope that their children will provide for their parents in old age; this opinion is viewed by antinatalists as extremely selfish. Criticism of antinatalism may also come from views that hold value in bringing potential future persons into existence, but there are also views holding that there is no such obligation.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Schopenhauer.jpgArthur Schopenhauer
(1788–1860), famous exponent of the antinatalist positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinatalist
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The fact that biowaste goes unprocessed and underused is a major problem worldwide. Biowaste causes both greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient loads in bodies of water. In addition, biowaste is stored in landfills or dumped into the environment all over the world. Giving up fossil energy and fertilisers made of virgin raw materials requires finding replacement products, and the reprocessing of biowaste could offer a solution to the dilemma. However, on a global scale, the energy or nutrients contained in biowaste are not yet being effectively recovered.
Solution: biowaste into biogas and fertilisers
Doranova manufactures biogas plants that process biowaste into biogas and fertilisers. The plants can minimise the greenhouse gas emissions of waste and reduce the loading they cause to water systems by efficiently fermenting the incoming matter. Doranova plants even enable the processing of the dirtiest of biowastes, such as manure containing stones and sand, which has caused major processing challenges in the past. Therefore, the solution might also have export potential.
Doranova’s revenue logic and benefits
Doranova and its subcontractors are selling their customers plant solutions and maintenance agreements. In the future, Doranova will also offer an option where it manages the plants in collaboration with a local partner. In addition to implementing the solution technically, upon a separate contract Doranova will also continue its involvement to guarantee the productivity of the plant with the customer, which reduces the customer’s risks related to payback.
Benefits to customers and end users
The customer is provided with a biogas plant that can be used for generating electricity, heat or carbon dioxide, or, alternatively, raw material for transport fuel. At the same time, it is possible to produce nutrients that can be recycled back to agriculture. Biowaste can thus be processed in an economically sensible manner that reduces environmental damage. The payback period of the plants is seven to ten years, in addition to which the customer can use Doranova’s employees in the construction of the plant, if it so wishes. This is particularly important to public-sector customers.
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4.1. Structure: The Dentist's Drill
Hotspots in radio galaxies were first discovered in the occultation experiments of Swarup, Thompson, and Bracewell (1963). Since then hotspots at the source extremities have been a defining characteristic of FRII radio galaxies.
The high resolution images of the hotspot regions in Cygnus A are shown in Fig. 7. There are two hotspots in each lobe, designated A and B in the northern lobe, and D and E in the southern lobe (Hargrave and Ryle 1974, Miley and Wade 1971). The presence of multiple hotspots, and in particular compact `primary' hotspots (B and E, in the case of Cygnus A), and more diffuse `secondary' hotspots (A and D), appears to be common in powerful radio galaxies (Laing 1989, Lonsdale and Barthel 1986), although more complex morphologies are also seen (Black et al. 1992).
Figure 7. The contours show the total intensity at 15 GHz, 0.1" resolution of the southern (left) and northern (right) hotspot regions in Cygnus A (reproduced from Carilli, Dreher, and Perley (1989a). The contour levels are 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 21, 30, 39, 48, 57 mJy/beam for the northern hotspot, and 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, 45, 64, and 91 mJy/beam for the southern hotspot. The line segments denote the direction of the projected magnetic field, derived from the polarized emission, after correction for Faraday rotation. We follow the nomenclature of Hargrave and Ryle (1974), who designated the large and small hotspots in the northwest lobe as A and B, and D and E in the southeast lobe, repectively.
Early models to explain multiple hotspots in powerful radio galaxies included complex shock structures in axisymmetric jets (Norman et al. 1982), and local instabilities along the contact-discontinuity (Kronberg et al. 1977). However, the generally accepted model today for multiple hotspots is the `dentist drill' model, in which jets alter direction on time-scales shorter than the timescale it would take for an `abandonned' hotspot to fade to the background surface brightness level due to expansion loses ( 105 yrs; Carilli et al. 1988). This model is consistent with a number of observations, including: lobes which are wider than expected from axisymmetric models, primary hotspots that are recessed from the ends of the radio lobes, and jets which are not always straight from the core to the hotspot (Williams and Gull 1985, Carilli et al. 1988, Williams 1991, Cox et al. 1991, Black et al. 1992). In this model the primary hotspot represents the newest hotspot where the jet impinges obliquely on the side wall of the radio lobe, extending and widening the lobe in this new direction.
The secondary hotspot could be explained by one of two models. First, the secondary may be powered by collimated outflow from the primary, i.e. the `splatter spot' model (Williams and Gull 1985, Smith 1984). An argument in favor of this model in some sources is that the projected magnetic field in the primary hotspot points towards the secondary hotspot (Lonsdale and Barthel 1986). However, the question remains: how to obtain such well collimated powerful outflow from the primary to the secondary, especially considering the large angles implied in sources like Cygnus A? One proposed solution is re-collimation of the post-shock primary hotspot fluid through a de Lavall nozzle (Lonsdale and Barthel 1986, Norman 1992), although the physical viability of such a solution has been called into question by a number of authors (Wilson 1989, Cox et al. 1991). This also leaves open the question: why is the total energy in the secondaries about an order of magnitude larger than in the primaries in most sources (Valtaoja 1984)?
An alternative model for powering the secondaries is to assume that the secondaries are the old hotspots, i.e. the location of previous jet termination. Besides the hotspot magnetic field structure already mentioned, the difficulties in this case are that the structure of the secondaries resembles that expected for a terminal Mach disk as discussed below, and that the spectra of the secondaries are consistent with current, or very recent, particle acceleration. A solution to these questions has been proposed by Cox et al. (1991) and Hardee and Norman (1990), in which the secondaries are still being fed by the remnant of the jet which has `broken' along its course. The 3D simulations of Cox et al. (1991) are particularly relevant, in that they show transient, and complex, hotspot structures at various times during the lifetime of the source, consistent with the myriad structures seen in hotspot regions in many powerful radio galaxies (Black et al. 1992).
In this second case, the well-developed secondaries may then correspond roughly to terminal `Mach disks' predicted for axisymmetric jets. The double-ridge structure seen at high surface brightness levels in both hotspots A and D in Cygnus A has been modeled in detail by Clarke et al. (1989). They predict similar double structure in the terminal Mach disk of a jet with a passive helical magnetic field, when the jet is oriented at a small, but finite angle with respect to the sky plane ( 15°). Of course, the simulations by Clarke et al. (1989) were in 2D. More recent work suggests that terminal Mach disks tend to be very unstable when generalized to 3D, and that the more likely scenario for a jet terminus is a series of oblique shocks (Clarke priv. comm.). Dreher (1981) discusses hotspots in Cygnus A and other radio sources and demonstrates convincingly that elongated structures like the ridges in the Cygnus A hotspots are most-likely two dimensional (disk-like), and not one dimensional (rope-like).
A final point that is relevant in the interpretation of the shock structures at the jet terminus in Cygnus A is the bow shock discovered in the rotation measure distribution by Carilli et al. (1988). The bow shock preceding the primary hotspot B in the northern lobe was detected via its contribution to the rotation measure distribution in this region. The bow shock is seen as an `arc' of discontinuous change in rotation measure (RM) roughly concentric with the primary hotspot, with a standoff distance of about 3". This jump in RM signals the point at which the thermal particles and tangential magnetic fields in the ICM are compressed by the shock due to the supersonic advance of the primary hotspot.
Detecting this radio quiet bow shock has a number of important implications on our understanding of source dynamics. First, it confirms the basic double-shock structure for the jet terminus in powerful radio galaxies and that the radio emission is contained within the contact discontinuity, at least in Cygnus A. Second, the fact that the bow shock projects onto the lobe dictates the three dimensional geometry of the source such that the primary hotspot B lies along the near-side wall of the radio source.
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Little Red Riding Hood Gets Feminist
How the Brothers Grimm did a hatchet job on Red Riding Hood. She was way more gutsy in the old folk tales…
Fairytales originated from folk tales told by peasants, generally women, usually to amuse themselves while engaging in those tedious tasks that consumed a large portion of their lives. This is why motifs of women’s work was so often included in the stories, as with Sleeping Beauty’s soporific spindle, the spinning of straw into gold in Rumplestilskin, and the sewing of shirts from nettle-flax in “The Wild Swans”.
Fairytales – no longer for everyone to enjoy. They’re for rich people, actually.
Despite these stories being seen as lower-class (and we can head off the forest path to talk about feminism, poverty and class if you happen to be doing a women’s studies paper on the topic), fairytales were later appropriated by the French aristocracy and adapted to reflect the sort of value system and manners that considered civilised at the time. Told as a type of parlourgame by both men and women, folk tales were a chance for women to exercise their creativity and intelligence while challenging patriarchal values. The result of these little parties was the transcription of tales into written form, transforming what was once inclusive storytelling available for all with ears to hear into an exclusive, private experience for the literate nobility alone – and their children.
The Fairytale Goddess becomes the Wicked Witch
To suit the social constraints of the time, the female-based point of view of the original folk tales was often distorted. Hence the original goddess-figure became an evil witch or stepmother and the active female heroine became an active male. Charles Perrault, often cited for his stories, normally preferred ‘heroines’ who were hard-working, mannerly and obedient, passive and virtuous and self-controlled at all times.
So where does Little Red Riding Hood come into it?
The Little Red Riding Hood fable was very different from the ideal, and her story functions as a cautionary tale to children. Although Red dutifully goes on an errand for her mother, she stops along her way to chat with “Gaffer Wolf” and this somehow dooms her to be punished. So she halts in her errand for a moment and talks to a stranger, what of it? She gets eaten up, that’s what; for Perrault offers no nearby woodsman with convenient surgical skills.
The Grimm brothers allow her a second chance at redemption, but make the point that she has learnt her lesson. Is there a lesson to be learned? Well, yes; to the code of the time there was indeed something immoral about talking to strange wolves, which Perrault makes clear in the little rhyming moral he includes at the end of his story. Animals, due to their lack of reason and baser instincts, are often seen as symbolising the sexual drive. In a carnivorous beast such as a wolf this metaphor can be extended to that of a sexual predator. Even in contemporary times a lascivious way of calling attention to a woman’s – er, more desirable attributes – is known as a wolf-whistle.
Perrault makes it clear in his quaint little rhyme that certain wolves are mild and gentle, following pretty young ladies into their very homes and bedrooms; and these are the most dangerous wolves all. This is what the story is meant to convey – women should not stop to talk to strange men lest they get themselves into some kind of trouble.
The moral code of the time was that knowledge of sexual matters was dangerous, and could lead to a similarly fraught society. Ms. Hood’s transgressions (getting into bed with a strange cross-dressing beast not being the least of them) were indeed punishable by death. And the manner of death itself is significant – in (symbolically) giving into her own sexual drives she is consumed by sexuality itself; literally swallowed whole. Looking a little closer, one can see an oral motif emerge. Red stops to speak to the wolf whilst delivering edible goodies, and is eaten herself. And of course there are the final, iconic last words: “Grandmother, what big teeth you have!”
The Company of Wolves. Art by KatSaw.
The yucky, anti-feminist Brothers Grimm ending to Little Red Riding Hood
OR: “Be a good little girl or the wolf will get you…”
A somewhat more disturbing facet of this interpretation can be reached when one equates this undesirable physical consumption with that of a different sort – rape. In ‘ideal’ circumstances, women have been associated with purity, or at least propriety. In leaving the heroines passively powerless the tales allow them to become not only physically compromised but blamed for it afterwards. In the Grimms’ version, Ms. Red and her grandmother are cut from the wolf’s belly and saved (to the Grimms, violence was not an issue as long as it had a moralising value).
On a different occasion she happens to meet another wolf, who greets her politely. This time she recognises the wicked look in his eyes and outwits him with the help of her grandmother. So the lesson has been learned – do not walk alone in the forest, do not talk to strangers, and do not under any circumstances allow yourself to be consumed. Because it will be all due to your own fault and childish ignorance.
The original fairytale has a happy (feminist) ending. Hurrah!
This anti-feminist Brothers Grimm ending is entirely different to the original folk tale, or the versions that survive anyway. It is often distributed under variations of the title “The Grandmothers’ Tale”, and although being an oral-based tale and having the opportunity to be freely altered by the teller, in many versions the girl saves herself by virtue of her own wit, and sexuality is dealt with in a more natural way. In some versions the wolf will ask her which path she wishes to take; the one of needles or the one of pins (another connection to ‘women’s work’ in these stories). In some the girl chooses for herself, in others the wolf might choose for her. It does not affect the story much, but there is an innate symbolism in these small tools. According to seamstress lore, the pin has connotations of chastity, while the needle (due to the ability of the eye to be threaded) is a sign of sexual maturity. So if the girl chooses the path of needles it is understood that she is ready to embrace her own sexuality. The metaphor of a girl encountering a male admirer is still present, but the girl is given a sexual choice from the onset.
Angela Carter‘s wonderful take on the fable aside, in all its various incarnations Little Red Riding Hood is a layered, allusive tale that is still very relevant today. Adapted by advertising and pop culture, appropriated by artists and reimagined by multiple authors and screenwriters, the story continues to be relevant in our culture despite its humble beginnings, as well as being a staple for children at bedtime.
Long live Little Red Riding Hood. Keep it strong, keep it feminist, keep a handy tool or two in your basket and keep your eye on that wolf.
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Special Diet: Diets for Health Conditions
The American Diabetes Association has stated that around twenty-million persons in America alone have a form of diabetic issues.
Recognizing food and food preparation is important for persons with diabetes and their loved ones. Numerous doctors and dietitians promote consuming routinely, just in small amounts; counting carbs in order to control blood sugar level levels. Stabilizing carbohydrate intake and also drugs as well as insulin aids to figure out a person’s blood sugar degree after eating. Counting carbs may aid in meal preparation as well. The following foods contain carbs.
Pasta, rice, and also grains
Breads, grains, and also crackers
Milk, soy milk, as well as yogurt
Sugary foods; such as cookies, cakes, and gelato
Fruits and also fruit juices
Planned, routine dishes at regular times of the day – as well as not avoiding meals, are possibly the very best points that a person with diabetes might do to keep their blood glucose degrees constant. Blood sugar level regulation can additionally be aided through consuming consistent amounts of carbs at every dish, as well as examining your blood sugar level frequently.
One other tip involves tracking meals with a dish planner, which will tell you the number of carbs you have eaten from meal to dish; make certain that you include any kind of snacks you have actually consumed also. Generally, ladies must eat between two as well as four carbs for every dish, with between zero and two carbs for every snack choice. Guy ought to take in between three and 5 carbohydrates at each dish, with between zero and also two carbs for every treat they consume. A dietitian can help you to establish the ideal quantity of carbs you personally need to consume for every dish as well as treat.
Usage of foods that are low in salt and include whole grains are healthier for you. Eating 4 to eight ounces of meat, or meat replaces each day, is also. Limitation the amount of fat you consume to one or two servings each dish, selecting fats that are healthy, such as canola oil, nuts, or olive oil. Either restriction or stay clear of completely fats that are discovered in butter, bacon, high-fat meats, or strong shortening. Food preparation for persons with diabetes is the method you need to cook for any individual in the family. Reducing sugar, fat as well as salt reduced’s everybody’s threats for diabetes and also extra chronic illness.
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In much the same way that some kids play with Legos, some scientists play with BioBricks—that is, interchangeable biological components that can be used to build synthetic biology devices and systems. (Why build block castles when you can build living things?!) The Registry of Standard Biological Parts, founded at MIT, is a catalog of such biological building blocks. It is interesting to browse, as it reads like a car part catalog. Each component class (such as promoters, terminators, and protein-coding sequences) has a designated symbol, and visitors to the site can browse these classes. Alternatively, one can browse the parts and devices by function, such as biosynthesis, cell death, and viral vectors. The Registry is a must-visit site for synthetic biologists, as well as anyone with a curiosity for what makes living organisms tick.
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Gardener Scout Interest Badge
(Redirected from Scout Gardener Interest Badge)Jump to navigation Jump to search
Do either A. flower garden or B. vegetable garden
A. THE FLOWER GARDEN
- Plan a flower sequence for an ornamental bed to ensure blossom from October to March. Plant and grow successfully for one season six kinds of flowers from seeds or cuttings.
- Prepare and then discuss with the examiner a plan for a layout of an herbaceous border with particular reference to continuity of bloom, colour schemes and comparative height.
- Identify and have a general knowledge of six in each category of the following chosen by the examiner in a park or garden:
- ornamental trees and/or shrubs,
- indigenous plants,
- rockery plants.
- Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of controlling plant pests and diseases. Demonstrate how to spray washes and use dusting powders.
- Discuss the following:
- types of soil and the preparation and care of soil.
- how to make a compost heap.
- how and when to apply fertilizers and manures.
- the amount of water required by plants.
- methods of propagating plants.
- Explain the propagation, planting and lifting of bulbs.
- Show the examiner a rose bush, shrub or tree pruned by yourself and discuss the choice of tools and purpose of pruning, budding, and grafting.
B. THE VEGETABLE GARDEN
- Plan, prepare and maintain a vegetable garden at your home or school for at least one season in which at least six different types of vegetables are produced.
- Discuss the principles of the trench-gardening method. Explain how crop rotation can ensure proper plant nourishment, minimise certain insect damage and provide sufficient vegetables all year round.
- Make and maintain a compost heap. Discuss the following with the examiner:
- the use of animal, green and liquid manure,
- the use of wood ash,
- the importance of mulching.
- Demonstrate the use of home-made pesticides, insecticides, and fungicides.
- Make an item of gardening equipment such as a soil sieve, scoop, spade, hoe, rake, or bucket.
- Demonstrate the cleaning, bunching, or packing of vegetables. Explain how vegetables can be stored in order to keep them dry and safe from vermin and insects.
- Explain the nutritional value of
- three root or tuber vegetables,
- three fruits or vegetables which bear above the ground,
- three leafy green vegetables.
Requirements in PDF
- Scout Interest Badges
- Food For Life - Starter Badge
- Food For Life - Silver Badge
- Food for Life - Gold Scout Interest Badge
- Farmer Interest Badge
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The Etymological FallacyAlias: Abuse of Etymology
Formal logic fails us because of its assumptions. The postulates from which the mechanism springs are normally abstractions of a high order, words rather than things. The finest of automobiles will not run on a road of air; it must have solid ground under the wheels. The Greeks, with their assumption that words were real things, naturally enough soared into rarefied regions. Human thinking has been short of oxygen ever since. … "Logos" is Greek for "word"; "logic" is the manipulation of words.
Source: Stuart Chase, The Tyranny of Words (1938), Chapter 13, p. 226.
The etymology of a word is an account of its historical derivation from older words often from a different language. An older, usually archaic, word from which a current word is historically derived is called its "etymon". The term "etymological fallacy" is applied to two types of error:
- Semantic: The etymological fallacy as a semantic error is the mistake of confusing the current meaning of a word with the meaning of one of its etymons, or of considering the meaning of the etymon to be the "real" or "true" meaning of the current word. If one's goal is to communicate, then the "real" or "true" meaning of a word is its current meaning. Since the meanings of words change over time, often considerably, the meaning of an etymon may be very different from the current meaning of the word derived from it. The fact that a word historically derives from an etymon may be interesting, but it cannot tell us the current meaning of the word.
For instance, the English word "decimate" means "to destroy a large portion of", but is derived from a Latin word having to do with a tenth of something―see the Source, below, for more on its etymology. Some people who know this insist that "decimate", therefore, means to destroy exactly one-tenth, rather than a large part, and may claim that as its "real" or "true" meaning. However, current English is not Latin.
Source: Ammon Shea, "Does ‘decimate’ really mean ‘destroy one tenth’?", Oxford Dictionaries, 9/10/2012
- Logical: The etymological fallacy as a logical mistake results when one reasons about the etymon as if the conclusion applied to the current word. This is a logical error similar to equivocation, which involves confusing two meanings of the same word; but it differs from equivocation in that the etymological fallacy involves the meanings of two different words, though those words are historically connected.
Robert J. Gula, Nonsense: A Handbook of Logical Fallacies (2002), pp. 48 & 161.
The Etymological Fallacy, Fallacy Files Weblog, 6/12/2006
In the chapter from which this passage comes, Chase is arguing that formal logic is of little or no value because it involves manipulating words unconnected with reality. The passage commits a fallacy and sets up a logical boobytrap:
- The Greek word "logos" is actually highly ambiguous, having the following meanings in addition to "word": speech, argument, explanation, principle, reason, among others. But Chase mentions only one of these meanings, namely, the one which supports his argument, rather than others which undermine it―such as "argument" and "reason", which have an obvious bearing on the meaning of the English word "logic". However, assuming that "logos" really only meant "word", would that support his claim that formal logic is simply the manipulation of words? The suffix "-logy" which occurs in such English words as "biology", "psychology", and even "etymology", has the same source as "logic". Does this mean that every science ending in that suffix is really just words about its subject matter, unconnected to reality? Of course not. Just as "biology" came to mean the science of life, so "logic" has come to mean the scientific study of reasoning. Thus, Chase has fallaciously appealed to etymology to support his conclusion.
- Chase's analogy comparing formal logic to an automobile is very weak; hadn't he ever heard of airplanes? An alternative analogy would compare formal logic to a plane which can travel much faster than a car by lifting off of the ground and soaring into the atmosphere of abstraction. Of course, there may still be a danger of flying so high that the air becomes too thin, but what is Chase's evidence that this has happened to formal logic? Perhaps the analogy as Chase gives it should be taken only as a colorful illustration of his point, rather than as a reason in its favor, so that it doesn't constitute a fallacious analogy. However, it is at least a boobytrap that might trip up a naive or unimaginative reasoner.
Source: G. B. Kerferd, "Logos" in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards, Editor in Chief (1972), Volume 5, pp. 83-84.
A reader known only as "Huns" has a problem with this entry. Huns' email is on the long side, and raises distinct issues that require different answers, so I will insert my replies on a white background in between Huns' comments on a yellow background. Take it away, Huns:
As I see it, stating that the currently accepted meaning of a word overrides its etymology incurs two problems. First, there is the abuse of language. For example, the word "homophobia" was originally coined to describe a person who was afraid of homosexuality, or of becoming a homosexual. It was internally consistent; we can pull the meaning of "homo" from the context (sexuality rather than human- or self-relation), and we also know what a "phobia" is because we've heard of dozens of phobias―and they are all about fear. Unfortunately, a journalist deliberately misapplied the term to people whose aversion is moral or aesthetic rather than fear-based. After that, more people followed suit, and the word became a generalized slur. In other words, as presented, the fallacy gives anyone a free pass to change the meaning of a word―deliberately or accidentally―as long as they were the first to successfully hijack it.
You're making two main points here: firstly, that I have an overly-permissive attitude to semantic change which, secondly, can lead to the kind of abuse illustrated by the word "homophobe". I'll address the second of these points later.
If you think about it, my view could be considered too restrictive rather than overly permissive. According to your account of the word "homophobe", there was a time when "homophobe" meant "a person with a phobia towards homosexuals or homosexuality". Then, the journalist that you referred to "hijacked" the word by giving it a new meaning. Specifically, what happened was a low redefinition of the word "homophobe", which was redefined to apply to anyone with a negative attitude towards homosexuality, including many who are not phobic.
The operative word in your description is "successful" as applied to "hijacking", that is, anyone who sets out to redefine a word must get enough people to use the word in its new sense that it becomes the meaning for the consensus of speakers of the language. This is a very high hurdle to jump, and it's likely that most attempts to "hijack" words fall short.
You may be right that the word "homophobe" has been hijacked, but I'm not so sure. There's no doubt that some people do use the word as you describe, but I'm not convinced that this is now the accepted meaning of the word. If not, the word has not yet been successfully hijacked. Moreover, you are free to resist hijacking, since you have as much input to the consensus as any other user of the language.
I'm sympathetic to your complaint that the meaning of "homophobe" has become divorced from the meanings of its prefix―"homo-"―and root―"phobe"―both of which come from ancient Greek. Compositionality―that is, the characteristic in which the meaning of something is a function of the meanings of its parts―is an important characteristic of language, making it possible to figure out the meaning of a new word from the meanings of its parts. Unfortunately, sometimes words lose their compositionality―for instance, the word "decimate", mentioned in the original entry above, comes from the Latin word for "ten". Other English words derived from the same source, such as "decimal", have retained a meaning close to the Latin meaning. In contrast, the month "December" also comes from the same root and was so called because it was the tenth month in the early Roman calendar. Should we change the name of October to "December" for that reason?
The lack of compositionality of the broad meaning of "homophobe" is a good reason to resist its hijacking, but it would be silly to insist that August should really be called "October"―the eighth month, from the Latin for "eight", also found in "octopus", an eight-legged animal.
If your goal is to communicate with people there's not much alternative to recognizing that the meaning of words in a public language is established by a consensus of its speakers. You can use a word in an idiosyncratic way on occasion, so long as you explain what you mean by it, but you couldn't do so in a wholesale way and still be understood. Language is, in a sense, essentially democratic. We can't, like Humpty Dumpty in Through the Looking-Glass, mean just whatever we want by the words we use.
Consequently, anyone wishing to shout down someone with an aversion to homosexuality now has an abusive term to use: "homophobe." The term, the meaning of which was utterly transparent before, has now become a loaded word. The implication that the target is afraid is used as a barb to upset them, as human psychology associates fear with weakness. If the person is actually afraid, it's at least accurate, but to impugn someone's personal taste as "fearful" is both inaccurate and unfair. At the same time, the accuser has a foothold for invalidating the psychological response they deliberately provoked, smarmily stating that "words change over time", they get to have their cake and eat it, too.
As a person who often takes up homophobes (and people who are homo-averse for reasons other than fear) on their arguments, I don't see this as a good thing. While I'm on the side that might seem to benefit from the use of this word as a bludgeon, I don't see it as honest. I see it as unnecessarily provocative, something to punish and badger the opposition with and keep the debate emotional when rationality would be far better. It makes debates take longer than they need to and it invites criticism from the homo-averse, who can hold up this very reasoning as evidence that the opposition is badgering them. So, not only is it unfair to my opponent―which makes it illegitimate for me to use―but it also potentially shoots me in the foot the minute I use it.
I certainly agree with you that "homophobe" is a loaded term―see the entry for Loaded Words―specifically, it has a negative emotive charge for the reasons that you suggest. However, you seem to be conflating two distinct aspects of words here: the literal meaning of a word and its emotive "charge". Even if the literal meaning of "homophobe" has broadened, it's still a highly-negative word. Recognizing the literal meaning of a word is not a license to ignore or exploit its emotive charge in the way you describe. For instance, consider any negative epithet for a racial or ethnic group: the fact that the literal meaning of the word may simply be any member of that group would not justify ignoring its negative force. Speaking of loaded language, I hope I wasn't "smarmy" in the entry, above.
The second problem is that "as a term is currently used" itself implies criteria without defining them, and implicitly appeals to popularity. If 75% of the people are using a definition that's been deliberately loaded, and 25% have rejected the loaded definition and prefer the original, who prevails and why? Would it be different if it was 60%/40% or 50%/50%?
As with all other informal fallacies, it isn't always fallacious to appeal to popularity. Language is a special case because we use it primarily to communicate with other people. However, this very fact means that we must also use words with sensitivity to their emotive overtones, the baggage that comes from their history, and the meanings of their parts.
How do we know when there is a consensus? Semantic change is usually a gradual process, and there's no precise point at which a word changes meaning, any more than there's a precise point at which a person ceases to be young and suddenly becomes old. Instead, there's a grey zone―no pun intended!―between youth and old age, and similarly between what "homophobe" used to mean and whatever it ends up meaning. I suspect that "homophobe" is still in the grey zone, but I'll leave it to the linguists and lexicographers to decide what the consensus is.
I would therefore propose that the etymological fallacy should include some clause to acknowledge the phenomenon of deliberately hijacking words, deliberately loading them up on meanings designed to incite emotional reactions, etc., as these tactics are used fallaciously.
In lieu of such a clause, I hope that this exchange will serve.
Acknowledgments: Thanks to Topher Cooper for suggesting the fallacy, and to Emil William Kirkegaard for pointing out an error in the analysis of the example.
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|Tractate Berachot, Chapter 6
Tosefta 261[A person] who begins [his Berachot (blessings)]2 with [God’s name that is represented by Hebrew letters] Yud Heh (i.e. Adonai)3 and ends [his Berachot] with [God’s name that is represented by Hebrew letters] Yud Heh (i.e. Adonai) is a wise person.4 [A person who begins his Berachot] with [God’s name that is represented by Hebrew letters] Aleph Lamed (i.e. El or Elohim),5 but ends [his Berachot] with [God’s name that is represented by Hebrew letters] Yud Heh (i.e. Adonai) is an average person.6 [A person who begins his Berachot] with [God’s name that is represented by Hebrew letters] Yud Heh (i.e. Adonai), but ends [his Berachot] with [God’s name that is represented by Hebrew letters] Aleph Lamed (i.e. El or Elohim) is a boor.7 [A person who begins his Berachot] with [God’s name that is represented by Hebrew letters] Aleph Lamed (i.e. El or Elohim), and ends [his Berachot] with [God’s name that is represented by Hebrew letters] Aleph Lamed (i.e. El or Elohim) follows a foreign way.8
מסכת ברכות פרק ו
הפותח ביוד הי וחותם ביוד הי הרי זה חכם. באלף למד וחותם ביוד הי הרי זה בינוני. ביוד הי וחותם באלף למד הרי זה בור. באלף למד וחותם באלף למד הרי זה דרך אחרת.
- Mishna Berachot 9:5 states that the Rabbis instituted that people should greet each other using God’s name. In reference to that the Tosefta states a new law regarding the usage of God’s name in Berachot.
- The Tosefta is referring to Berachot that have God’s name both in the beginning of the Beracha and at the end, such as the Beracha of Kiddush on Friday night. It begins with the phrase Baruch Ata Hashem … and ends with the phrase Baruch Ata Hashem.
- There is a prohibition in the Torah to say God’s name in vain. See Shemot 20:7. Due to that prohibition Jews are very careful with pronunciations of God’s various names. In addition to that Jews are also very careful with writing of God’s names since some of them cannotbe erased and the paper on which they are written has to be buried out of respect and cannot be simply thrown in the garbage. God’s four letter name is written in the Torah, as יהוה, known in English as Tetragrammaton. Outside of the service in Bet Hamikdash on Yom Kippur it was never pronounced. When Berachot are said the name that is used is אדני (Adonai) which means “My Master”. In general speech, not in religious services, even the name Adonai is not pronounced and instead the name השם (Hashem) is used, which simply means “The Name”. There are various abbreviations that are used in Hebrew to represent these names without directly spelling them out. The name Hashem is usally abbreviated as ה’. The name Adonai is often abbreviated as יי. The four letter name is often abbreviated by its first two letters יה. This Tosefta uses this abbreviation to refer to the four letter name, but not to that name itself, but rather as it would be pronounced in a Beracha, namely Adonai. I would like to point out that Higayon Aryeh is incorrect in commenting that the Tosefta means that the Rabbis have decreed that people should pronounce the actual four letter name of God in the Berachot since no such evidence exists that such thing was ever done, but rather it refers to the name Adonai as I already explained.
- The Rabbis coined the text of all Berachot that God’s name in them should be pronounced as Adonai. Therefore a person who follows the Rabbi’s instructions exactly is considered to be a wise person, meaning that he is learned in Torah.
- God’s names אל (El) or אלהים (Elohim) both mean “God”. TheTosefta refers to both of them by the shorter form El. These names of God are of lower sanctity and are therefore never used in Berachot as a direct reference to God.
- If the person began his Beracha by saying Baruch Ata El … and ended it by saying Baruch Ata Adonai … then he is considered to be an average person, meaning someone who is not very learned in Torah since he did not follow the exact prescription of the Rabbis regarding the pronounciation of the Beracha, but he is also not considered to be very crude, like a boor since he completed the Beracha using the correct name, and we consider that the completion of the Beracha is the final statement of the person’s intent. See Talmud Bavli (Berachot 12a) where it says that by Berachot everything goes after the ending.
- For the etymology and explanation of the Hebrew word Bur see above Tosefta 6:23, note 8. Since he completed the Beracha with the name El we consider it to be as if he did not follow the prescription of the Rabbis, since in Berachot everything goes after the ending, and he is therefore considered to be a boor. I think that the reason the Rabbis called such a person a boor, meaning that he is not learned in Torah and he has no fear of God, as opposed to an Am Haaretz who is a God fearing person, but not learned in Torah, is because the person ended up saying God’s name in vain twice by ending the Beracha with the name El. He did not fullfil the obligation of the Beracha since he did not follow the correct prescription of the text and therefore said both of God’s names, Adonai in the beginning of the Beracha and El in the end of the Beracha, in vain. Since he said God’s name in vain so much he is considered to have no fear of God and is therefore called a boor.
- Professor Saul Lieberman in an article (Saul Lieberman, “Light on the Cave Scrolls from Rabbinic Sources”, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 20 (1951), pp. 395-404.) translates the words Derech Acheret to mean “heterodoxy”, which means a view that does not follow established, or orthodox opinions, such as the opinion of the Rabbis, but rather a dissenting view of a radical group of Jews who wanted to be stricter than the Rabbis, namely the Essenes, who authored the text called Manual of Discipline (also known as Community Rule) found among the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947 (manuscript 1QS), in which they specifically avoid the use of God’s name Adonai. He explains that this group of Jews refused to pronounce God’s name, Adonai, even in Berachot where it was not only explicitly permitted but required to do so. Lieberman further points out that in the Manual of Discipline (manuscript 1QS, plate XI, verse 13) there is a Beracha written in the form ברוך אתה אלי … (Baruch Ata Eli) – Blessed You My God. For a detailed discussion of the Manual of Discipline, its authors, as well as its text in English see Preben Wernberg-Møller, “The manual of discipline, Volume 1 of Studies on the texts of the desert of Judah”, Brill Archive, 1957. For a complete list of all places in the Dead Sea Scrolls where the name El appears in a Beracha see James H. Charlesworth, “Graphic concordance to the Dead Sea scrolls”, Westminster John Knox Press, 1991, p. 91, entry ברוך.
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a lipid made of a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails
cell membranes composed of two layers of phospholipids, with the tails pointed inwards towards each other, and the heads facing outward
cell surface markers
a membrane protein that identifies the cell type
a membrane protein that binds to signals outside the cell
transports substances unable to diffuse across a cell membrane
energy is required to move a substance across a cell membrane
no energy is required to transport substances across cell membranes
when randomly moving molecules fill up a space evenly
the amount of a particular substance in a given volume
a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance
substances moving down the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)
small, nonpolar molecules passing directly through the lipid bilayer
transport proteins helping ions and polar molecules to diffuse through the bilayer
channel proteins (pores)
tunnels that open for ions and polar molecules to pass through the cell membrane
a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane by changing shape
the process of water diffusing across a selectively permeable membrane
channel proteins that aid in osmosis, and only allow water molecules to pass through
the solute has high concentration, the water has low, water moves out of the cell
the solute has low concentration, the water has high, water moves into the cell
the solute and water have an equal concentration to the cell's cytoplasm, water moves into and out of the cell at equal rates
colllect excess water in unicellular eukaryotes and force the water out of the cell
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport 3 sodium ions out of a cell, and 2 potassium ions into a cell
the process of a large substance moving into a cell using a vesicle
the process of a large substance moving out of a cell by means of a vesicle
anything that serves to direct, guide or warn
a cell that responds to a signal sent by a signaling cell
a protein that binds to specific signal molecules, causing the cell to respond
transport proteins opening or closing in response to a signal
A term used to describe plant tissue where the cells have lost turgor and are not firm.
The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
swollen as from a fluid; bloated
Another term that describes the concentration of solution
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16th Century Samurai "Dō-Maru" Chest Armour
This late 16th century original and beautifully preserved dō-maru, was once worn by a Samurai archer on horseback. The hotoke dou (chestplate and backplate) is made of six moulded lacquered brass scales that are held together by braided cotton cording, and is hinged on the right side, closing on the left side with a braided cotton cord. The six kusazuri which were meant to protect the upper thigh, groin and buttocks are attached to the hotoke dou with a series of braided cotton cords. Both the the kasazuri and the muna-ita or upper section of the hotoke dou are decorated with exposed brass bands which are ribbed and serrated. The upper most part of the muna-ita retains its original painted design pattern of interlaced flowers and tiger heads, which were emblematic of the clan to which the samurai who wore this armour belonged. The shoulder covers retain their original silk quilted covers and attach to the muna-ita with braided cotton cords. This is an exceptional piece of history as well as art. This dō-maru is original with minor restoration, the braids cords attaching the side and shoulders, and in exceptional condition.
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.kalarara.com/product/armatura-samurai-da-cavallo/
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en
| 0.964442 | 273 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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