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The Syllabus for UPSC CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test):
Paper I - (200 marks) Duration: Two hours
- Current events of national and international importance
- History of India and Indian National Movement
- Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic geography of India and the World.
- Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
- Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
- General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require subject specialization
- General Science.
Paper II- (200 marks) Duration: Two hours
- Interpersonal skills including communication skills
- Logical reasoning and analytical ability
- Decision making and problem solving
- General mental ability
- Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. -Class X level)
- English Language Comprehension skills (Class X level).
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This article by Homa Hosseinmardi is republished here with permission from The Conversation. This content is shared here because the topic may interest Snopes readers; it does not, however, represent the work of Snopes fact-checkers or editors.
The past two election cycles have seen an explosion of attention given to “echo chambers,” or communities where a narrow set of views makes people less likely to challenge their own opinions. Much of this concern has focused on the rise of social media, which has radically transformed the information ecosystem.
However, when scientists investigated social media echo chambers, they found surprisingly little evidence of them on a large scale – or at least none on a scale large enough to warrant the growing concerns. And yet, selective exposure to news does increase polarization. This suggested that these studies missed part of the picture of Americans’ news consumption patterns. Crucially, they did not factor in a major component of the average American’s experience of news: television.
To fill in this gap, I and a group of researchers from Stanford University, the University of Pennsylvania and Microsoft Research tracked the TV news consumption habits of tens of thousands of American adults each month from 2016 through 2019. We discovered four aspects of news consumption that, when taken together, paint an unsettling picture of the TV news ecosystem.
TV Trumps Online
We first measured just how politically siloed American news consumers really are across TV and the web. Averaging over the four years of our observations, we found that roughly 17% of Americans are politically polarized – 8.7% to the left and 8.4% to the right – based on their TV news consumption. That’s three to four times higher than the average percentage of Americans polarized by online news.
Moreover, the percentage of Americans polarized via TV ranged as high as 23% at its peak in November 2016, the month in which Donald Trump was elected president. A second spike occurred in the months leading into December 2018, following the “blue wave” midterm elections in which a record number of Democratic campaign ads were aired on TV. The timing of these two spikes suggests a clear connection between content choices and events in the political arena. https://www.youtube.com/embed/yN_Mp9ZsVXA?wmode=transparent&start=0 The 2018 midterm elections saw campaign ads reach new levels of partisanship.
Staying in TV Echo Chambers
Besides being more politically siloed on average, our research found that TV news consumers are much more likely than web consumers to maintain the same partisan news diets over time: after six months, left-leaning TV audiences are 10 times more likely to remain segregated than left-leaning online audiences, and right-leaning audiences are 4.5 times more likely than their online counterparts.
While these figures may seem intimidating, it is important to keep in mind that even among TV viewers, about 70% of right-leaning viewers and about 80% of left-leaning viewers do switch their news diets within six months. To the extent that long-lasting echo chambers do exist, then, they include only about 4% of the population.
Narrow TV Diets
Partisan segregation among TV audiences goes even further than left- and right-leaning sources, we found. We identified seven broad buckets of TV news sources, then used these archetypes to determine what a typical unvaried TV news diet really looks like.
We found that, compared to online audiences, partisan TV news consumers tend not to stray too far from their narrow sets of preferred news sources. For example, most Americans who consume mostly MSNBC rarely consume news from any other source besides CNN. Similarly, most Americans who consume mostly Fox News Channel do not venture beyond that network at all. This finding contrasts with data from online news consumers, who still receive sizable amounts of news from outside their main archetype.
Finally, we found an imbalance between partisan TV news channels and the broader TV news environment. Our observations revealed that Americans are turning away from national TV news generally in substantial numbers – and crucially, this exodus is more from centrist news buckets than from left- or right-leaning ones. Within the remaining TV news audience, we found movement from broadcast news to cable news, trending toward MSNBC and Fox News.
Together, these trends reveal a counterintuitive finding: Although the overall TV news audience is shrinking, the partisan TV news audience is growing. This means that the audience as a whole is in the process of being “distilled” – remaining TV viewers are growing increasingly partisan, and the partisan proportion of TV news consumers is on the rise.
Why It Matters
Exposure to opposing views is critical for functional democratic processes. It allows for self-reflection and tempers hostility toward political outgroups, whereas only interacting with similar views in political echo chambers makes people more entrenched in their own opinions. If echo chambers truly are as widespread as recent attention has made them out to be, it can have major consequences for the health of democracy.
Our findings suggest that television – not the web – is the top driver of partisan audience segregation among Americans. It is important to note that the vast majority of Americans still consume relatively balanced news diets.
However, given that the partisan TV news audience alone consumes more minutes of news than the entire online news audience, it may be worth devoting more attention to this huge and increasingly politicized part of the information ecosystem.
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Realtors and economists are once again bullish about the American housing market. But though home prices are currently rising at the fastest rate in seven years, their long-term trajectory is far from guaranteed. According to forty years of data from 25 countries, a boom in housing prices is no more likely to be permanent as to end in a painful bust. So what determines whether rising prices stick around?
A significant part of the value of a house depends on what the next generation will be willing to pay for it, explains Sergio Rebelo, a professor of finance at the Kellogg School of Management. “So we are always making a guess about how well the next generation is going to do.” And the rosier our view of the future, the more we are willing to pay for existing homes.
Still, economists who tried to understand booms and busts in housing markets have had a notoriously difficult time of it. Economists assume that, while the future is uncertain, people generally agree about the likeliness of different future outcomes and operate rationally on this knowledge. And in a world where everybody has the same expectations, Rebelo points out, learning good news about the future today should drive prices up, well, today. But in practice, home prices change gradually; on average booms last six years and busts five. (See Figure 1.)
Figure 1: Housing price indices from U.S., Japan, Switzerland, and U.K. from 1970 to 2010.
Complicating matters further, Rebelo explains that “in many episodes we have a hard time finding variables that correlate well with large house price movements.” That is, factors like rental prices and employment rates, which people might use to determine whether buying is a good idea, are simply not strong predictors of house prices.
Disagreement About the Future
So Rebelo, along with colleagues Craig Burnside, a professor of economics at Duke University, and Martin Eichenbaum, a professor of economics at Northwestern University, made a key assumption: even though we are all rational beings with access to the same information about the economy, we may nonetheless interpret the information differently. In other words, we can all look at the same predictors of future U.S. growth, but still “agree to disagree” about just what those predictors indicate.
So, just how realistic is the researchers’ assumption that knowledgeable people might disagree? Consider that in 2005—just one year before housing prices began their decline and three years before financial markets imploded—the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis suggested that house prices could potentially rise another 40 percent. In reply, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas said to Alan Greenspan,“Mr. Chairman, I’d like to propose that he buy my house in Washington.”
Thus, via word-of-mouth, optimism about the housing market can gradually spread through a population—much as would a socially contagious disease.
Rebelo and his colleagues put their assumption to work in a model that describes both gradual boom–bust cycles and permanent price increases. In the model, some people believe that the long-term fundamentals of the economy will change for the better, and that house prices should rise, whereas other people believe that the fundamentals of the economy should stay the same, so prices should not change. (A third group of people is agnostic about future house prices.)
People meet randomly. When two people with different views meet, the one who is more certain of his viewpoint convinces the other that his viewpoint is correct with some probability. Thus, via word of mouth, optimism about the housing market can gradually spread through a population—much as would a socially contagious disease. (Indeed, the model borrows mathematical techniques from Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, who used them to describe the spread of smallpox.)
So What Happened in 2006?
If the fundamentals of the economy are revealed to have changed for the better—after a strong uptick in employment, for instance, or an important international trade agreement—everyone agrees about market prices, and any increases in housing prices are permanent.
But where there is disagreement about market prices (with optimists believing them to be low and wanting to buy, and pessimists believing them to be high and wishing to sell), the model can produce boom–bust cycles. In a boom–bust cycle, an increase in the number of optimists drives prices up. But, Rebelo explains, “what makes the price come down is there’s not as many people excited about buying a home all of a sudden."
These dynamics can be useful for understanding what happened to the U.S. housing market in 2006, says Rebelo. “Some people say, ‘Oh, prices crashed because there was new regulation imposed on the financial industry. But this argument gets the causality all wrong. Nothing happened in 2006. Absolutely nothing. We simply ran out of new home buyers."
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People use poster board or "paper board"--a type of cardboard usually sold in thin sheets or as two thin cardboard sheets layered with a foam centre--in a wide array of projects. As a single sheet of poster board can bend easily, people often need to "stiffen" the poster board to make it sturdier. Whether you need sturdier poster board for posters, signs, ornaments, costumes or even faux jewellery, you can easily stiffen it for any project with a few art and home supplies.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Flat surface
- Poster boards
- Printer paper
- Paper cutter (optional)
- Glue (white or puzzle)
- Plastic putty knife
Layer poster board and/or printer paper pieces to make a stiffer, single poster board. On a hard, flat work surface, cut identical pieces of poster board with your scissors or a paper cutter. Brush a thin layer of white school glue or white-to-clear puzzle glue across one piece. Align a dry piece of poster board or printer paper over the top of the wet poster board, and stick together. Rub the edge of your plastic putty knife across the piece to flatten and create the first "air-bubble free" layer of your stiffer poster board.
Repeat with additional layers. Air-dry your layered board after applying three to four layers as the wet glue can cause the board to curl or feel damp. When the board no longer feels damp to the touch, glue on additional pieces of poster board or paper as desired.
If any edge of your layered poster board doesn't have enough glue, apply a thin bead of glue to the edge. Run your putty knife gently along it to press together the layers and then wipe away any excess glue with a lint-free, white microfiber cloth.
Glue thin fabric or canvas to the back of your poster board to stiffen it. Brush a thin layer of glue on the board. Place your fabric/canvas on the centre of the glued surface, and then flatten the fabric outward across the board to each corner and the sides using your putty knife or the palm of your hand.
Allow the surface to air-dry, and then apply additional coats of glue to the fabric and poster board back as necessary until the board has stiffened to the level required for your project.
Tips and warnings
- If you want to create poster board with a stiff centre, start with the thickest piece of poster board that you have. Brush glue on the piece, and then add layers to both side of the board--gradually decreasing the thickness of the poster board or paper pieces as you add the final layers.
- If you're project requires the use of an extremely stiff piece of poster board and/or cutting of an intricate design from the stiff board, create and cut out your design on a thin piece of poster board first. After decorating the design, glue on a thicker and wider board or fabric to the back--to give it support/stiffen it---and then cut away any remaining excess board or fabric.
- If you need to stiffen "foam core" poster board, mix one part water to two parts white school glue and pour the solution down through the foam centre of the board to harden the foam.
- Use only white microfiber cloths as coloured cloth can leave a dye stain behind on wet glue surfaces.
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The History of Blacksmithing
Who has a more personal connection to high-temperature metals processing than the blacksmith?
Do you think blacksmiths no longer exist? Think again. This field is experiencing a bit of a resurgence as people look for a craft with an artistic component that can provide a usable product for those who are looking for something out of the ordinary.
Many of today’s blacksmiths work with the tools and techniques utilized for many centuries. The first evidence of smithing by hammering iron into shape is a dagger found in Egypt dating to 1350 B.C. Although in Egypt, it was likely the product of a Hittite tradesman. The Hittites likely invented forging and tempering, and they kept their ironworking techniques secret. When the Hittites were scattered, their ironworking skills were spread to Greece and the Balkans. This early Iron Age occurred about 800-500 B.C. The smith can also be found in the classical mythology of the Romans, Greeks, Phoenicians and Aztecs.
Early smiths likely heated iron in wood fires. They found that wood converted to charcoal produced a better fire – the intensity of which could be increased with an air blast. The smith began to specialize in the Middle Ages, especially with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. The whitesmith was someone who worked with lead, and the blacksmith was the ironworker. The farrier was a specialist in the making and fitting of horseshoes, while the chainsmiths and nailsmiths had their specialties. The number of folks with the last name of “Smith” demonstrates the prevalence of the vocation. Other surnames such as Miller and Cooper have similar origins.
In the 16th century, cast iron came into greater use. A Frenchman named Jean Tijou introduced the art of decorative blacksmithing in the late 17th century. The flair seen in today’s art is, at least in part, due to the early work of this smith. Most blacksmiths are drawn to the art of the trade versus its utility. The uniqueness of the goods produced by today’s blacksmiths is what attracts buyers.
Some of today’s blacksmiths have more sophisticated equipment, but many have chosen to do it the old-fashioned way. In either case, the forge is heated to temperatures of 2000-3000°F using coke and a blower or bellows to concentrate the air. The steel is usually heated to around 2000°F. The key tools of a smith are still the anvil, tongs and a hammer. A securely mounted leg vise complements the anvil. The anvil can be quite expensive, and every part of it – the face, horn, square and circular holes – serves a unique purpose.
Today’s interest in blacksmithing can be seen in a variety of ways. The Western Maine Blacksmith Association has put together a traveling forge to share this bygone-day art with more people. A quote from the co-president of the organization sums it up: “People’s interest in the association is they are interested in seeing how people did things back in the days when they actually did things.”
In the Adirondacks of New York, blacksmithing is being taught in summer camps as well as schools in the area. The smith responsible for beginning these programs has personally taken blacksmithing classes in Massachusetts, Maine and two classes in New York City. In North Carolina, a blacksmith has begun a course at a local community college. It is fortunate that opportunities exist for people to learn this skill so that one of the longest-established crafts known to civilized man will continue to survive the test of time.
Lest you think that smithing is a skill-less trade, the road to becoming a journeyman smith in the American Blade Association requires a rigorous knife-making test. The knife must be able to slice apart a 1-inch rope, cut through a 2x4 and retain enough sharpness to shave hair from the maker’s arm. In the final test, the knife must withstand being bent in a vice more than 90 degrees without breaking.
Hopefully, this glimpse into the world of the blacksmith – of today and yesteryear – will spark an interest of your own.
For more information on the history of heating and processing metals, visit our sister site, Industrial Heating, for articles on industrial heating from 1000BC to 1930.
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The United States of America took possession of the island in 1857, claimed under the Guano Islands Act of 1856, and it became a British Overseas Territory from 1886 to 1934. Its guano deposits were mined by U.S. and British companies during the second half of the 19th century. In 1935, a short-lived attempt at colonization was begun on this island, with a population of four in the settlement Meyerton—as well as on nearby Howland Island—but was disrupted by World War II and thereafter abandoned. Feral cats were eradicated from the island in 1964.
American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by U.S. military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and remnants of structures from early settlement are located near the middle of the west coast; visited annually by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2000 est.)
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Who doesn’t love mammatus clouds? These eerie, pouch-like structures that develop in sinking air are the atmosphere’s version of bubble-wrap: you want to extend your arms and pop them.
Although they’re an indicator of high atmospheric instability, they also usually signify that the worst weather has either moved off or is somewhere else
That was the case last night between 8 and 9 p.m. when mammatus were seen and photographed in both northern Virginia and the District. Thunderstorms were occurring in eastern Maryland.
Here are some of the dramatic pictures submitted to us via Twitter and Facebook - alllow a few seconds to load:
The University of Illinois explains how these clouds form:
As updrafts carry precipitation enriched air to the cloud top, upward momentum is lost and the air begins to spread out horizontally, becoming a part of the anvil cloud. Because of its high concentration of precipitation particles (ice crystals and water droplets), the saturated air is heavier than the surrounding air and sinks back towards the earth.
The temperature of the subsiding air increases as it descends. However, since heat energy is required to melt and evaporate the precipitation particles contained within the sinking air, the warming produced by the sinking motion is quickly used up in the evaporation of precipitation particles. If more energy is required for evaporation than is generated by the subsidence, the sinking air will be cooler than its surroundings and will continue to sink downward.
The subsiding air eventually appears below the cloud base as rounded pouch-like structures called mammatus clouds.
Did you notice these clouds last night?
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year 2030. Sustainable Development Goal 14 Target 14.1 “by 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds (…)” provides a deadline for progress on reducing marine litter which is informed by SDG indicator 14.1.1b, “marine litter.”
There is a need to understand what data is available on marine litter and how this data can be brought together. The GEO Blue Planet Initiative is working to support UN Environment and global community in identifying and integrating existing data and are requesting submissions to a survey on existing marine litter databases and datasets.
We invite all stakeholders (including observation experts, citizen science initiatives, and database curators) to provide their expert input for this inventory of existing marine litter databases and datasets. All feedback is welcome and deemed relevant, as information from this survey will be used for the official SDG monitoring of SDG indicator 14.1.1.
Survey url: https://form.jotform.com/91395440653157
Please direct questions to [email protected].
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| 0.863113 | 246 | 3 | 3 |
Free Spelling Assessment Test
Dictate the fifteen words below to the student at a rate of one every fifteen seconds (four per minute). Instruct the student to print each word as you say it. Check each word as the student prints it to see if it is correct. As soon as the student has made three mistakes, cease the testing and begin Lesson 1 of Level 2.
Begin with Level 2 Curriculum. Your student is spelling at a Grade 6 level or below.
Try Before You Buy!
We recommend creating an account at the Maloney Method. It is easy and gives you access to the following with no further obligations.
You can find a full listing of Products by clicking the Product link on the main menu or click Here.
ORDER THE FULL SET
(ALL LESSONS) Age 4 to 14
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| 0.904387 | 224 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Editor's Note: This is the ninth in a series of essays on exploration by NASA's Chief Historian, Steven J. Dick.
Societal Impact of the Space Age
As controversies swirl about funding, resources, motives and methods for spaceflight, it is well to consider the consequences of exploring space – and of choosing not to do so. Earlier essays have already analyzed in broad terms some of the potential consequences of not exploring, especially the lack of creativity that an inward-looking society may bring, by analogy with Ming China. Others have pointed out that the Age of Discovery was only a mixed blessing, especially when it came to culture contact.
The consequences of space exploration as already undertaken stand before us for examination. They occur on many levels: commercial applications, education and inspiration to youth, applications satellites, scientific benefits, and philosophical implications. All are open to analysis, and as we approach the fiftieth anniversary of the Age of Space, we should examine, with historical objectivity, precisely what the impact of the Age of Space has been.
Image above: Three crewmembers of mission STS-49 hold onto the 4.5 ton International Telecommunications Organization Satellite (INTELSAT) VI after a six- handed "capture" was made minutes earlier during the mission's third extravehicular activity (EVA). From left to right: Mission Specialists(MS) Richard J. Hieb, Thomas D. Akers, and Pierre J. Thuot.
One feature unlikely to be paralleled with the Age of Discovery, at least in the near future, is contact with other cultures. Shipboard observers often carefully noted exotic plants and animals seen during the course of their voyages, and the ultimate experience was contact with exotic humans.
In the Age of Space, the search for microbial life has been a main driver of space exploration, in particular with regard to Mars, but also now extended to more exotic environments like the Jovian moon Europa. With that search for life on new worlds, planetary protection protocols have been put in place, both for our own planet and others.
Contact with intelligent extraterrestrials beyond the solar system will remain a more remote possibility, and when and if it happens we should learn from the history of culture contacts on Earth.
But the immediate impact of the Space Age is far more diverse than the ultimate discovery of life in space. In her new book Rocket Dreams: How the Space Age Shaped Our Vision of a World Beyond
, Marina Benjamin argues that space exploration has shaped our worldviews in more ways than one. "The impact of seeing the Earth from space focused our energies on the home planet in unprecedented ways, dramatically affecting our relationship to the natural world and our appreciation of the greater community of mankind, and prompting a revolution in our understanding of the Earth as a living system," she wrote.
Benjamin thinks it is no coincidence that the first Earth Day on April 20, 1970, occurred in the midst of the Apollo program; or that one of the astronauts developed a new school of spiritualism; or that people "should be drawn to an innovative model for the domestic economy sprung free from the American space program by NASA administrator James Webb." Exploration shapes world views and changes cultures in unexpected ways, and so does lack of exploration.
Space has had more tangible impacts on society. To take only one, imagine where we would be without applications satellites. We now take for granted photographs of weather and Earth resources data from space, as well as navigation and worldwide communications made possible by satellite.
Along with human and robotic missions, the late twentieth century will be remembered collectively as the time when humans not only saw the Earth as a fragile planet against the backdrop of space, but also utilized near-Earth space to study the planet's resources, to provide essential information about weather, and to provide means for navigation that was both life-saving and had enormous economic implications. Worldwide satellite communications brought the world closer together, a factor difficult to estimate from a cost-benefit analysis. Names like Landsat, GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites), Intelsat and Global Positioning System may not be household words, but they affect humanity in significant ways not always appreciated.
Important as they are, applications satellites pale in significance to what space may represent for the future of humanity. While some argue that robotic spacecraft are cheaper and less risky than human spaceflight, it is my belief that humans will nevertheless follow robotic reconnaissance as night follows day.
Humans will not be content with a Space Odyssey carried out by robotic surrogates, any more than the other great voyages of human history. Robots extend the human senses, but will not replace the human mind in the foreseeable future, even with advances in artificial intelligence. HAL in Arthur C. Clarke's famous novel and movie was not as smart as he thought, and will not be for a long time. As President Bush said in announcing his new initiative in January 2004, humans will spread through the solar system, fulfilling the vision of what British philosopher Olaf Stapledon 55 years ago called "interplanetary man."
Eventually humans will spread into the cosmos at large. One cannot set a timeline, but by 3001 "interstellar humanity" will likely follow. We do not know what surprises and challenges we will find. But they will be there and humans will revel in them. That is the nature of humans with their inbuilt curiosity and penchant for exploration, one might say the very definition of what it is to be human.
Historians and social scientists have analyzed this kind of argument, and not all agree that the utopian ideal of spreading humanity to outer space is a valid reason for going, or that utopia is what we will build when we get there. In a democratic society such arguments must be fully voiced. Others have demonstrated the complex relation of such space goals to social, racial and political themes. One such study is De Witt Kilgore's recent book Astrofuturism: Science, Race and Visions of Utopia in Space
. In this book Kilgore examines the work of Wernher von Braun, Willy Ley, Robert Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke, Gentry Lee, Gerard O'Neill and Ben Bova, among others in what he calls the tradition of American astrofuturism.
Such studies remind us that, like it or not, the idea of space exploration has been woven into the fabric of society over the last 50 years, even as exploration has raised our cosmic consciousness. The historical analysis of that transformation, in ways large and small, should help us make informed choices about our future in space.
Marina Benjamin, Rocket Dreams: How the Space Age Shaped our Vision of a World Beyond
(Free Press: New York, 2003).
Dick, Steven J., "Interstellar Humanity," Futures: The Journal of Forecasting Planning and Policy
, 32 (2000), 555-567.
De Witt Douglas Kilgore, Astrofuturism: Science, Race and Visions of Utopia in Space
(University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, 2003).
Olaf Stapledon, "Interplanetary Man?", in Robert Crossley, ed., An Olaf Stapledon Reader
, pp. 218-241.
Steven J. Dick
NASA Chief Historian
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Valenza Pauline Burke, later known as Paule Marshall, was born on April 9, 1929, in Brooklyn, New York. She was the daughter of Ada and Samuel Burke, both emigrants from Barbados, and she grew up in a neighborhood with a significant number of other families from the West Indies. Although she went through a period of rejecting her West Indian heritage as a child, her writing was ultimately inspired by the conversations between her mother and other Bajan (Barbadian) women. In her essay From the Poets in the Kitchen, she explains how the women would use the English language as an instrument for narrative art, changing around the rhythm and accent to create a distinctive dialect.
When Marshall completed high school, she enrolled in Hunter College with plans of becoming a social worker. After a one-year absence from college due to illness, she decided, with the influence of some of her friends, to become an English Literature major instead. She enrolled in Brooklyn College and by 1954 had graduated cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa.
After college Marshall began to write feature stories for Our World, a small Black publication. During this time she was writing for herself at home. Her first novel, Brown Girl, Brownstones, took shape over five years and was published in 1959. This book deals with the coming of age of a West Indian girl while simultaneously exploring the Black emigrant experience in America. Some of her later novels and short stories include Soul Clap Hands and Sing (1961), Reena (1962), Some Get Wasted (1964), To Da-Duh: In Memorandum (1967), The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (1969), Praisesong for the Widow (1983), and Daughters (1991).
Marshall’s fiction is rooted in Black cultural history. Her novels place an emphasis on Black female characters and she used these characters to address contemporary feminist issues from an Afrocentric perspective. She challenged her readers to understand the political, social, and economic structures societies are built on. Through her literature, she highlighted the oppressive systems that are in place. She also challenged people of African descent to reinvent their own identities. In addition to being an author, Paule Marshall was also a professor of English and creative writing at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond. She received many awards in her career, including the Guggenheim Fellowship (1960), the American Book Award (1984), the Langston Hughes Medallion Award (1986), and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship (1992).
Paule Marshall, who suffered from dementia, passed away on August 12, 2019, in Richmond, Virginia. She is survived by her son, Evan K. Marshall. She was 90 years old.
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| 0.975428 | 559 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Baschet brothers created striking visual forms which are determined by sound. Their work is also strongly inspired by the notion of the social function of art, in particular public participation.
As pioneers, they did not hesitate to blend the visual arts, cinema, live performance, poetry, music, architecture, acoustics, social action, education and therapy: their motto was “artists are also researchers”.
The quest for new sounds led the Baschet brothers to combine new materials of the time, usually through folding metal sheets into geometric shapes.
Their sculptures range from small folded sheet metal of a few centimeters up to structures several meters high with loud, impressive and complex sounds.
Their exhibitions were shown in prestigious museums throughout the world – the United States, Japan, Germany, UK, Spain – as well as in small villages in France, always with the aim of making art accessible to all.
Bernard Baschet (1917-2015)
An meticulous worker, engineer, entrepreneur, philosopher, acoustician, designer and a research director of the pioneering “Musical Research Group” in the ‘60s, he was captivated by the potential of his brother’s sound inventions and decided to devote himself to what would become their life’s work: the creation of a new family of musical instruments.
François Baschet (1920-2014)
Spontaneous and spirited, a cabaret artist, inventor, writer, sculptor, acoustician and designer, he invented an inflatable guitar that accompanied him during his trip around the Pacific in 1952. This guitar and his collaboration with his brother sparked a new approach to music, visual arts and instrument-making.
The Baschet brothers’ story began in the early 1950’s when Francois Baschet travelled around the world with his guitar. He found it too cumbersome so invented an inflatable guitar!
On his return to France, he and his brother Bernard, who was an engineer, set out to “sculpt” new sounds. They realised that they could not invent new sounds with classical instruments of the orchestra, which had been invented two centuries earlier. Instead, through a very scientific approach, they sought new forms and materials to make new sounds.
From the very beginning, the sound, the visual and the social aspect of their work were the crucial and intertwined elements.
Broadly, their work developed in four phases, always with these three elements in mind:
PHASE I: MUSIC & CONCERTS. Having set out on a mission to invent new sounds, they needed new musical techniques to accompany them. In 1954, they partnered with Jacques and Yvonne Lasry, a composer and an organ player, and continued to refine the instruments. The “Lasry-Baschet Sound Structures” group was born. From their first concert, in 1957 in the Maison des Centraux, Paris, they would invite the audience to play their new creations after the show. They toured France, Europe and the US playing concerts, including the Century 21 Expostion in Seattle in 1962 which gained them notoriety. Around this time, they appeared in several prestigious press outlets, including Life magazine, Le Figaro, the BBC, the New York Times, the New Scientist and the Ed Sullivan Show (three times !). In 1959, they were asked by Jean Cocteau to provide the music for his film, The Testament of Orpheus (1960) – the first of many soundtracks on which the unique Baschet sounds would feature.
PHASE II: EXHIBITIONS. In 1963, the Lasry family emigrated to Israel and the Baschet Brothers’ work entered a new sculputal phase. Their first major exhibition was in 1963 at the Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris, entitled ‘Object’. Always with the idea of public participation in mind, the exhibition’s warning labels read “Please touch!” 1965 saw their first major exhibition outside France, at the New York Museum of Modern Art, which purchased one of their pieces. For many years, they exhibited across the world, including in Belgium, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Mexico, Japan, Germany and Spain. In 1966, they again made a foray into film. The French satirical, art house film “In and Out of Fashion” (also known as “Are you Polly Maggoo?”) spoofing the fashion industry and its excesses featured metal dresses -worn with great difficulty – created by the Baschet sculptures. In 1970, they were invited by the organisers of the Universal Expo in Osaka Japan, to make 17 giant sound structures. The Baschet Sound Structures Association maintains links with the Baschet Japan Association which has collaborated in the restoration of these pieces and regularly performs musical creations.
PHASE III: MONUMENTS. From 1968, the Baschet Brothers’ began to conceive of monuments, including clock towers, fountains and school bells – all with the same aim of making art accessible to all. The first one was a fountain at the World’s Fair in San Antonio, Texas which was operated by foot pedals. In the same year, they designed the school bell for the local primary school in Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, which the Association has recently restored. There are some 20 monuments, some in the Parisian region and others in Spain, Germany and the US. The Association is currently trying to trace and restore these sculptures.
PHASE IV: INSTRUMENTARIUM. Towards the end of the 1970’s, the Baschet Brothers became interested in using their creations to expand sound education. They began to develop what would later become the Baschet Educational Instrumentarium – the full set of 14 instruments designed to be accessible to children, and ideal for a class of 28 pupils. The design process took several years, collaborating with several educators but a project with the Guggenheim Foundation, New York called “Learning to Read Through the Arts” accelerated the process, along with studies with local specialists who worked with autistic children. These educational activities remain at the heart of the Baschet Sound Strucutres mission.
See interactive map of the Baschet legacy around the world
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| 0.969535 | 1,283 | 2.875 | 3 |
We believe these seven elements are critical to effective U.S. climate legislation:
Science Based Targets:
Select annual targets for U.S. emission reductions consistent with peer-reviewed science, which shows that rapid reductions in fossil fuel emissions are needed to return to safe levels of atmospheric CO2, below 350 parts per million.
Carbon Fees and Rebates (Green Checks):
Impose gradually rising carbon fees on fossil fuels as they enter the economy, sufficient to ensure that clean energy (such as wind, solar and geothermal) becomes cost-competitive with fossil fuels within a decade. Return all revenues from carbon fees in monthly per-person rebate checks to all American households, so that everyone can afford the energy they need during the transition to efficient use of clean energy.
Maintain EPA Authority:
Preserve EPA's existing authority to regulate carbon dioxide emissions.
Enact New Complementary Regulatory Programs:
Supplement EPA’s existing authority with strengthened energy-efficiency regulation, protection of natural forests and improved agricultural practices that favor clean energy and conservation of resources.
Public Investment to Remove Barriers to an Efficient, Clean-Energy Economy:
Shift subsidies from fossil fuels and make additional investments that will assist with a rapid transition to efficiency and clean energy, including improved public transit, improved energy transmission-line infrastructure, and energy research and development.
Assist Developing Countries with a Rapid Transition to Clean Energy:
U.S. efforts alone cannot prevent catastrophic climate change. U.S. assistance and appropriate incentives are needed to insure a rapid transition to clean energy in developing countries.
Annual Evaluations of the Progress:
Annual evaluations are crucial to determine whether science-based targets are met and whether these targets need to be modified. Annual reports should also identify the additional measures needed to assure the success of the program. These reports should provide specific recommendations and be subject to public comment.
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| 0.904382 | 389 | 3.09375 | 3 |
- Why Barracudas?
- Work for us
Some kids naturally feel the love for veg but others can be less enthusiastic. While it’s important to develop healthy attitudes to food early on, these recipes will help you get kids to eat and love more veg.
A comfort food favourite for many kids (and adults!), sausage rolls are an easy crowd pleaser. You can boost this family favourite with your veg of choice. We’ve chosen carrots ( beta carotene, fiber, vitamin K1, potassium, and antioxidants), courgettes (vitamin K, vitamin C, potassium and dietary fiber) and leeks (dietary fiber, vitamin B6, iron and magnesium) and garlic (manganese, vitamin B6, vitamin C)
1 small leek
1 clove garlic, crushed/finely chopped (optional)
350 g sausage meat (from butcher/take the meat out of your favourite brand)
1 sheet of puff pastry
1 egg / milk for glazing
Preheat oven to 180°C / 350℉
Line a baking tray with greaseproof paper
Heat a little oil in a large pan and add the garlic and grated veggies. Cook on a low heat until soft, usually about 5 minutes
Add the veg to the sausage meat, mix well and leave to cool
Cut the pastry into two long rectangles (if you have a square sheet just divide this in the middle)
Spoon the cooled sausage mixture in a long line in the middle of each piece of pastry leaving about 1 cm either side
Seal the pastry up, you can press a fork down on the pastry to make sure the pastry is properly sealed
Cut the sausage rolls into your preferred size and apply the egg wash/milk
Cook for 20-30 minutes, depending on the size of your sausage rolls, until they’re cooked through and golden brown
Serve on their own or with salad/pickles
A great alternative to shop bought pesto which, whilst it’s a great store cupboard staple, can be high in salt. Make this in advance and freeze in small containers or ice cube trays for a quick mid week fix.
A bit like Marmite, broccoli is often a love it or hate it kind of vegetable. This is a veggie with punch. Broccoli is a great source of vitamins K and C as well as vitamin A, folate and potassium. All great things for growing children.
This homemade pesto is a great way to get these goodies inside your kids if they don’t feel the love yet!
350 g (about 1 head) broccoli
30 g basil
30 g parmesan cheese
½ garlic clove
3 tbsp olive oil
1 tbsp lemon juice
Salt and pepper to season
Cut the broccoli into florets
Stream (preferably to retain all the goodness) or boil broccoli until tender, usually about 4-6 minutes
Drain and plunge in ice cold water to retain the vivid green colour (can skip this stage)
Place broccoli, basil, parmesan, garlic, oil and lemon in a blender and blitz until smooth. Add salt and pepper to taste
What better treat than a pizza night?! This is an easy way to get the kids to eat more vegetables. Replace the traditional dough with this alternative cauliflower pizza base.
2 lbs or 1 kg cauliflower
45 g goats cheese
1 tsp dried Italian herbs of your choice (oregano is a good choice)
Hidden veg tomato sauce or pesto (see recipe above)
Sweetcorn, peppers, tomatoes
Preheat oven to 200℃
Prepare a baking tray with a sheet of baking paper
Steam cauliflower if fresh, if using frozen cauliflower there’s no need to cook, just defrost
Place in blender and blitz until it looks like rice
Squeeze out the excess moisture (use strong kitchen roll or a clean tea towel/muslin)
Mix together with the egg and goats cheese and herbs (this won’t produce a dough-like texture that you can roll into a ball)
Spread the mixture on the baking sheet and press into place, about 0.5cm thick
Bake for 30-35 minutes until golden then flip over using the baking paper and put back in the oven for 10-15 minutes (you won’t need the baking paper as the bottom is now cooked)
Add your favourite toppings and bake for a further 5 minutes until cooked
Serve with sweet potato wedges
Double the mixture, wrap in foil and freeze half the raw ‘dough’ to use later.
This is a treat with hidden properties to their bodies too! Not only do the veg create a super moist cake they also include some excellent nutrients: carrots contain beta carotene, fiber, vitamin K1, potassium, and antioxidants, courgettes provide vitamin K, vitamin C, potassium and dietary fiber) and oranges are packed with fiber, vitamin C, thiamine, folate, and antioxidants.
250 g butter, softened
200 g caster sugar
3 large eggs
250 g self-raising flour
1 tsp bicarbonate of soda
2 oranges (zest)
1 tsp mixed spice
100 g carrots (grated)
100 g courgette (grated)
For the icing
1 orange (zest), plus 2-3 tbsp juice
140 g icing sugar
Heat oven to 160℃
Grease and line 2 x 20” round cake tins
Beat butter, sugar, eggs, flour, bicarbonate of soda, zest and mixed spices together
Stir in the carrot and courgette
Divide the mixture between the tins and bake for 20-25 minutes (check with a skewer if it comes out clean after inserting, it’s done!)
Leave to cool whilst making the topping:
Mix the icing sugar and orange juice for a thick and drizzly consistency
Once the cakes are cool drizzle over the icing and top with the orange zest (makes 2 cakes)
We know how important it is to encourage healthy eating patterns in kids from an early age and that this can sometimes be a struggle. Read our blog for parents of fussy eaters for more tips. If you struggle with packed lunches and snacks take a look at our blog on healthy lunch ideas.
Sorry there are no available camps.
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| 0.859137 | 1,351 | 2.53125 | 3 |
1. There is a significant financial benefit for Polish nationals to migrate to the United Kingdom in search of work. Even modest savings would allow Polish workers on the minimum wage in the UK to save what they would earn in an entire year at home. The much higher benefits for families in the UK compared to Poland will also act as a significant pull factor. Poland is the major source of migrants to the UK but similar considerations apply to the other new Eastern European members of the EU, known as the A8. Any significant increase in A8 migration would undermine the government’s efforts to reduce net migration to the ‘tens of thousands’ by the end of this Parliament.
Polish Population in the UK
2. Following Polish accession to the European Union in 2004, a large number of people migrated from Poland to the UK in search of work. The new EU nationals were free to come to the UK to work as a result of the previous government’s decision not to impose transitional controls; only the UK, Ireland and Sweden opened their labour markets immediately. The Annual Population Survey estimated that in 2010 there were 550,000 Polish born residents in the UK In 2004 there were just 95,000.
3. The vast majority of Polish nationals who migrated to the UK did so in search of work. The profile of A8 migrants shows that they are disproportionately young compared to the UK population, they are relatively highly educated, and have higher rates of participation in the labour market.
4. Unemployment in Poland at the time of accession was close to 20%. Following accession the unemployment rate fell quite rapidly to about 10% in 2006. Those who migrated to the UK in 2004 must have been influenced by high unemployment but that will have been a less important factor after 2006. Although unemployment has risen somewhat in Poland since the onset of the recession, it remains at about 10%, just below the EU average.
Figure 1. Unemployment in Poland 2000-2011.
Incentives for Polish Migration
5. This reduction in unemployment suggests that a major driver of more recent Polish migration has been the considerably higher standard of living in the UK and the potential to make savings in the UK which translate into significant sums of money in Poland. Anecdotal evidence suggests that single workers often live in multiple occupancy housing as a means of keeping costs down; most migrants from the A8 plan to stay in the UK for less than four years and do not see their move as permanent.
Financial Incentives of Migration to the UK for Single Workers
6. In the UK, a single person earning the minimum wage will take home £254 per week after tax but including benefits. (See Annex A) This is an annual income of just over £13,200. If Polish workers were to make a modest saving of 20%, they would be saving about £50 per week. Yet this weekly saving is the equivalent of around 250 Polish Zloty at the current exchange rate – roughly what a worker would earn in a week in Poland on the minimum wage. (See Annex B)
Financial Incentives of Migration to the UK for a Family of Four
7. An individual in the UK who has a dependant spouse and two children, earning the minimum wage would receive a weekly income, including benefits, of £543, or annually just over £28,200. (See Annex A) Again, if a Polish family made a 20% weekly saving, this would equate to around £110 which is worth 540 in Polish Zloty. In Poland, a person in the same circumstances would have a weekly income of 375 Zloty (after tax and including benefits). (Annex C) Thus, if they could save 20% of their earnings in the UK, they would be saving almost one and a half times what they would have earned in Poland.
Higher standard of living in the UK
8. Aside from the savings that can be made in the UK which translate into significant sums of money in their native Poland, a family is able to enjoy a far better standard of living in the UK than at home. In order to compare wages across countries, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) data has been used which allows for the different costs of living. (See Notes)
9. In Poland a family on the minimum wage would have a weekly income of 375 Zloty. Once the differing costs of living have been accounted for, this is the equivalent of around £145. In the UK, the same family on the minimum wage would have a weekly income of £543 which is almost four times what they would earn at home. Even a family which had been in the favourable position of being on the average wage in Poland would still be able to increase their standard of living significantly. At home they would have a weekly income of around 615 Zloty. Once the differing costs of living have been accounted for, this is the equivalent of around £235. In the UK however, their income on the minimum wage would be £543 or almost two and a half times as much as they would receive at home. (Annex D).
Minimum Wage Household Incomes in the UK
|GBP||Total household income at min. wage|
|Net weekly income||184||184|
|Working Tax Credit||17||53|
|Child Tax credit||0||99|
|Total direct benefits||17||186|
|Council Tax Benefit||0||12|
|Total housing benefits||53||174|
|Total Income per week||254||543|
|Total Annual Income||13218||28241|
|Savings of 20%||51||109|
Source: DWP Tax Benefit Model
DWP Tax Benefit Model is based on a selection of hypothetical families. The family lives in a local authority or privately rented property appropriate to its size and pays average amounts of rent and council tax for the 2010/2011 financial year.
Household Income of a Single Person in Poland on the Minimum Wage in Polish Zloty and converted to £s
|Single Adult on Minimum Wage in Poland after Tax and including Benefits|
|Minus Income Tax||801|
|Minus Social Contributions||3879|
|Household Net Income||13381||257|
|Household Net Income in £s||2699||52|
Based on exchange rate
Household Income of an individual with a dependant spouse and two children in Poland on the Minimum Wage in Polish Zloty and converted to £s
|Individual with Dependant Spouse and Two Children on Minimum Wage after Tax and including Benefits|
|Minus Income Tax||-|
|Minus Social Contributions||3879|
|Plus Family Benefit||1908|
|Plus Housing Benefit||3390|
|Household Net Income||19480||375|
|Household Net Income in £s||3930||76|
Based on exchange rate
Comparison of household incomes in Poland and the UK
Based on Purchasing Power Parity for Actual Individual Consumption Data from OECD, 2010:
Poland – 1.781125
UK – 0.676954
Exchange Rates (OANDA, as at 29/3/2012):
£1 = 4.95731 Polish Zloty
€1 = 4.15008 Polish Zloty
Eurostat data on minimum wage earnings
Average Wage Earnings, Polish Statistics Authority
Tax and Benefit Data extracted using OECD Tax-Benefit Calculator
Polish Household Incomes
The OECD Tax-Benefit Calculator has been used to calculate the approximate take home pay of an individual in two scenarios in Poland, a single worker with no dependants and a worker with a dependant spouse and two children. Calculation is based on a salary of 18,061 Zloty, due to restrictions with OECD Calculator. The minimum wage, derived from EUROSTAT data, is slightly lower at 16,756 Zloty.
Purchasing Power Parity
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) data adjusts for the differing costs of living in two countries which simple exchange rate mechanisms cannot account for. PPP therefore compares household incomes in different countries after taking account of the different costs of living.
Data from the OECD Tax-Benefit Calculator is based on data from 2010 and is the latest available.
3 April, 2012
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| 0.953559 | 1,725 | 2.96875 | 3 |
|Energy as it relates to Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Protection (UNDP, 1998, 36 p.)|
Poverty has received scant attention from an energy perspective. This is most remarkable given that energy is central to the satisfaction of basic nutrition and health needs, and that energy services constitute a sizeable share of total household expenditure among the poorest households in developing countries. Energy is not an end in itself, but rather a means to achieve the goal of sustainable human development. Although low energy consumption is not a cause of poverty, the lack of available energy services correlates closely with many poverty indicators. Nearly 2 billion people - about a third of humanity - continue to rely on biomass fuels and traditional technologies for cooking and heating, and about 1.5-2 billion people have no access to electricity.
Current approaches to energy are not sustainable and will, in fact, make energy a barrier to socio-economic development, especially for people living in poverty. What is needed now is a major reorientation toward sustainable energy technologies, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and cleaner conventional fuels. The availability of new energy technologies offers the prospect of low-cost, localized solutions to national energy concerns.
This paper examines the importance of energy in addressing poverty eradication and environmental regeneration in light of key elements of the debate, current experiences and appropriate policy instruments. The authors explore energy's relationship to various facets of the poverty-environment nexus, including health issues, economic concerns, social welfare issues, and environmental degradation, and suggest a series of concrete policy measures designed to promote energy services that will lead to poverty eradication and environmental regeneration. Their persuasive argument for sustainable energy is enhanced by a series of examples illustrating strategies that have been successful in improving energy services for people living in poverty.
United Nations Development Programme and European Commission
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en
| 0.937083 | 362 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Many disciplines are instituting new helmet rules as research highlights the benefit of safety headgear.
As more and more research is showing, safety helmets, certified to modern standards, have proven to protect riders from severe impact and traumatic brain injury. And many equine associations are taking note and requiring their use.
But not all helmets are created equal. As more competitions require “approved helmets” that meet the standard of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), make sure the helmets you and your clients are purchasing are the real deal.
Look inside a helmet to verify it’s approved—the label should show the helmet was certified by the Safety Equipment Institute (SEI). And safety doesn’t have to be expensive—a $40 helmet or a $500 designer model meets the same safety standard.
Show Rules Changing
In recent years, the issue of helmet use has taken center stage among many disciplines and those that typically don’t use helmets are taking a second look. Helmets are becoming mandatory on many show grounds, especially for junior riders, so here’s a quick look at where the major players stand.
One of the most prominent associations, The U.S. Equestrian Federation (USEF), has been toughening its helmet rules since approved helmets arrived on the scene in 1990.
In 2012, the USEF instituted a rule that affects all riders at hunter/jumper shows. During the winter shows, the new GR801.2 made it compulsory for anyone on a horse to wear an approved helmet, “properly fitted” and with the chin strap secured. The rule is targeted to trainers and grooms who ride at the show.
The 2011 change in Dressage rules (DR120.5) requires all riders in national tests to wear protective headgear while mounted at a show. The rule also requires riders under age 18, those competing in Para-Equestrian tests, and riders on horses that aren’t competing, to have appropriate headgear.
Since 2011, Eventing (EV114.1b) also requires everyone at a competition to wear protective headgear when mounted, with harness adjusted and secured.
Riders in international competitions must abide by rules of the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI). Like USEF, the FEI has expanded its rules for 2012.
In the saddle, all FEI jumper riders must wear a hard hat at all times. Dressage competitors who are 18 and younger and all who ride horses six years or younger, must also comply.
A broader FEI rule, effective January 1, 2013, will require all riders to wear properly fastened protective headgear.
The American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA), the world’s largest breed association, had a rule change proposed for review at the 2012 convention to require all hunt seat riders to wear approved helmets. However, no action was taken on the proposal. AQHA, like many breeds, currently requires helmets only over fences.
The Right Fit
As many of the rules state, helmets need to be “properly fitted,”?and for good reason. An ill-fitting helmet will not be as effective in preventing injury.
To stay in place, the helmet must conform to the rider’s skull without any pressure points. Often, helmets come with padding that can be added or removed to achieve a good fit.
For a snug fit, riders should wear hair behind the helmet. Hair up and under the helmet affects the fit, and can make the helmet more likely to move.
The second most important component to a good fit is the retention system (harness), which should conform to the nape and jawline. And many manufacturers advise adjusting the chin strap so you fit two fingers between strap and skin.
With the new rules, helmet manufacturers are stepping up with some great advances in making sure that helmets are worn properly. Today’s helmets feel comfortable while fitting securely. “The Samshield helmets are so comfortable, I have found myself sometimes forgetting that I still have it on after a ride,” says dressage champion, Heather Blitz.
Troxel has sold over three million helmets, and just introduced its new CinchFit strap for enhanced stability. Elastic on the strap conforms to the back of the head in a Comfort Cradle. Troxel plans to use this strap on its entire line of helmets.
Charles Owen offers a new GRpx technology that has “self adjusting cups that create a grip at the base of the skull, resulting in an increased security for the rider,” according to the company’s Danielle Santos.
Pegasus offers a range of 17 shell sizes for regular and slim head shapes. Pegasus founder Ron Friedson explains the technology of the helmet like a race car: “On impact, with our helmets the shell and liner separate—the shell pops off and energy is dissipated. The liner protects your head.”
Ovation helmets are good choices for schooling. Amy Pembleton notes, “The Deluxe Schooler is the most popular. People like our helmets because they are very light weight and very tight to the head. All have an adjustable dial in the back that makes for that snug fit.”
Jayne Hickey of Greenway Saddlery. Scottsdale, Arizona, says, “A lot of riders go to the Ovation helmet. It fits, and is light weight. It has a low profile and low cost.”
Small children can be the hardest to fit. Ovation offers a size 6 helmet, for a head size of 18-7/8 inches. A “small” helmet can fit a range of sizes, from child to petite adult, and on a child a helmet can still look oversized. “A child’s head size and shape is not like an adult’s,” says Friedson.
Ovation helmets also have removable, washable fabric liners of Coolmax. If riders share helmets, each can supply her own liner.
Comforts to Consider
When the temperature heats up, cooling vents improve air circulation when you ride, and the more the better. Most vents now feature mesh covers to let air in and keep everything else out.
Top dressage rider Pierre St. Jacques describes the Samshield helmet, “They are very comfortable and cool with that vent in the front. I live in Florida and wear it year round.”
Blitz says, “Air passing through and over the top of your head helps cooling a lot.”
Two new designs even offer sun protection. The OneK Defender Pro adds a retractable, built-in sunshield. “It’s shatterproof polycarbonate, and won’t crack or break,” says Pembleton. The shield also protects eyes against dust. And Charles Owen’s new SP8 has a visor that Santos describes as “deeper and wider to offer shade to the whole face and upper neck of the rider. Top riders who wear the product have commented that the wider brim makes riding in the sun more pleasant and with less squinting.”
And for those that are concerned with the clunkiness of headgear, fear no more. Manufacturers are making sleeker designs every year and low-profile helmets are now the norm.
Schooling helmets feature glossy or rubberized finish shells in various colors for durability and cleaning. Show helmets step it up a little with a matte finish, often with a soft synthetic suede.
For show, Troxel just introduced the Avalon. The Charles Owen GR8 and AYR8 are popular in the hunter and dressage disciplines. These helmets are outselling the GPA, which is seen more on jumper riders.
Hickey notes, “The AYR8 is what many wear now at dressage shows. The midnight blue color sells to dressage riders—it matches a navy coat.”
Several brands offer a helmet resembling the old velvet hunt cap, with a fabric cover over the shell. Traditionalists who prefer the button and the bow may opt for the Charles Owen Classic or a velvet Pegasus helmet.
As helmets gain in popularity across all disciplines, there is no shortage of options for every rider. As many sports ahead of us have found, head protection is no small matter.
For More Information, check out:
Riders4helmets.com–International Helmet Awareness Day, and symposiums on helmet safety.
Saddleupsafely.org–Horseback riding injury prevention.
phoenixperformance.com (Tipperary helmets)
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TO NON-sufferers, an asthmatic might be somebody who just suffers a bit of breathing difficulty fixable with a quick puff of an inhaler. In fact, three people die every day in Britain because of asthma and someone suffers a life-threatening attack every ten seconds.
These are sobering facts, but not quite so worrying as the findings of a Royal College of Physicians report that doctors and sufferers alike are not recognising the problems that asthma can cause. As a result, Britain has one of the highest asthma mortality rates in Europe.
Plainly, something has gone badly wrong. The Royal College found prescribing mistakes in nearly half of asthma death cases and that care of the condition could have been better in four of every five cases.
Fixing this has to begin with the physician. The internet enables people to learn about how to manage ailments, including chronic conditions. But variations in diseases mean that in most cases there is still no substitute for being examined by a doctor who can tailor a prescribed course of treatment to the individual sufferer.
That ought to be true of asthma, but the Royal College’s diagnosis is that it isn’t. As most people will believe their doctor’s guidance, the prime location for the problems with asthma has to be in the surgery.
One pin-pointed problem is that asthma deaths are often preceded by excessive use of an inhaler. A rise in repeat prescriptions, says the Royal College, is a clear flag that something has gone awry. GPs should be able to spot that and call in the patient before things go terminally wrong.
Even in hospital where there are specialist doctors, treatment is not right. Again, half of those who died were found to have been treated as mild or moderate cases when in fact they were seriously ill. Many who died had also been treated for a serious attack four weeks before their death, indicating that their condition was more serious than had been realised
If better systems of preventative detection and better education of doctors is the first step, better education of sufferers and their families is the second. They too often fail to realise that an attack may kill them. Calling for an ambulance or taking an attack sufferer to hospital occurs too infrequently.
Even parents of asthmatic children do not understand the need to oversee their child’s use of an inhaler. Use of them at school or while out playing is common, but do many of these child users really know how to use them properly?
Deaths from heart attacks have been reduced not just because of improved drugs and better diet and exercise regimes but also by a wider understanding of what upper body pains may signify and the need to get paramedic or hospital attention as quickly as possible. A similar programme for asthma is urgently needed.
Baltacha’s life an inspiration
‘I HAVE this image of ‘Battling Bally’ giving her all on court in every match,” said Jo Durie, a former British No.1 women’s tennis player, of Elena Baltacha, who rose to equal heights in the sport.
Many will have been familiar with that public battling quality, but few realised her private life was an even greater struggle against chronic illness, a fight which has now sadly ended at the age of 30.
Although only ten of those years were spent in Scotland, she endeared herself to Scots by making the country where she spent her formative years learning her sport, in Perth and Paisley, the one she represented in national team competitions.
To play professional tennis is to put body and mind to the utmost all-round test – athleticism, agility, precision, endurance, and quickness of thought are subject to equal demands – in a manner which, arguably, no other sport does.
To carry on subjecting oneself to that punishing regime for ten years after learning of a chronic liver disease which will entail bouts of debilitating illness and medication tells of a very determined and dedicated person. Her death is immensely sad, but we suspect that she would rather it were inspirational. Just as her playing inspired many to take up tennis, so her private life can inspire those with chronic conditions that long-term illness is not necessarily something you succumb to.
Elena lived with her condition, did not let it dominate her and constantly strove to be all she could be in her chosen career. And she rose to heights that many might dream of but never reach. She gave her all, on court and off it, and that’s inspirational.
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"Sea Level Rise Could Reduce The World Economy By 10 Percent This Century"
New research predicts that by 2100, damage from flooding and rising seas could cost the world almost a tenth of its economy.
The paper, by researchers at the University of Southampton, modeled the economic effects of future sea level rise, using various projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of future carbon emissions and global warming, along with various models of future economic growth, population growth, and population movement.
According to the IPCC’s projections, sea level will rise 25 to 123 centimeters, depending on whether humanity does a lot to tackle climate change or just coasts along with business-as-usual. Using those models, the researchers concluded 0.2 to 4.6 percent of the world’s population will be flooded annually by the end of the century, resulting in annual losses of 0.3 to 9.3 percent of global GDP.
For reference, 5 percent of the world’s population in 2100 could mean 600 million people — many of whom will live in deeply impoverished regions like southern Asia. As for GDP, 9.3 percent of that could be over $100 trillion.
The researchers also looked into scenarios in which people around the world attempt to protect themselves and their coasts by expanding dikes, levees, and other protection systems. The paper concludes such efforts could reduce the damage from flooding by two or three orders of magnitude, at a cost of $71 billion per year under the most demanding circumstances.
“If we ignore sea-level rise, flood damages will progressively rise and presently good defences will be degraded and ultimately overwhelmed,” said Professor Robert Nicholls, one of the paper’s co-authors. “Hence we must start to adapt now, be that planning higher defences, flood proofing buildings and strategically planning coastal land use.”
Other efforts at flood mitigation and adaptation can include resorting to wetlands and beaches as natural barriers, and better city planning. In the wake of Sandy and other major storms, American cities like New York, Houston, and Miami are prepping new drainage systems, conservation efforts, zoning changes, and infrastructure improvements. The entire state of Massachusetts is undertaking a similar project.
“This long-term perspective is however a challenge to bring about, as coastal development tends to be dominated by short-term interests,” Nicholls added. “For example, real-estate and tourism companies, which prefer to build directly at the waterfront with little thought about the future.”
That huge difference between the costs of action versus inaction is also reflected in most of the work on climate change as a whole. A 2006 assessment by Lord Nicholas Stern, under the auspices of the British government, determined climate change could eventually reduce the world’s economy five to twenty percent annually. Stern later said that, in light of new evidence, the report probably undershot the damage. (The original report also said that by mid-century, as many as 200 million people around the world could be displaced by flooding.)
“If we do not reduce greenhouse gases swiftly and substantially, some regions will have to seriously consider relocating significant numbers of people in the longer run,” said Jochen Hinkel, the lead author of the Southampton paper.
It could also get worse. The University of Southampton work doesn’t take account of several factors that could worsen the damage: changing cyclone activity due to climate change and other natural influences, as well as sinking land thanks to groundwater, oil, and gas extraction. A December paper from James Hansen and other prominent climate scientists and economists also suggested the IPCC is significantly low-balling climate change’s threat this century. Their numbers say sea level rise could be several meters.
On top of all this, simply relying on dike and levee protection rather than a full-on global press to cut carbon emissions could make matters worse. “If you build dikes, people feel safe and move into the exposed area and that increases the amount of infrastructure,” Bob Kopp, a Rutgers University climate scientist not affiliated with the study, warned reporters. “If your dikes slip up, you increase your losses even more.”
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What is it about?
Political cartoons make meaning by drawing on scenarios that must be immediately recognizable by their intended audience. Crucial meaning-making mechanisms in these scenarios are visual metaphors. In this paper we investigate 69 Chinese and 60 American political cartoons published in 2018 and 2019 that pertain to the two nations’ trade conflict. We find cross-cultural similarities and differences in the use of key metaphors: TRADE CONFLICT IS JOURNEY; TRADE CONFLICT IS WAR; and TRADE CONFLICT IS GAME. We also chart how "USA" and "China" are portrayed. America is often depicted metonymically as Donald Trump or Uncle Sam in both nations' cartoons. The Chinese cartoons depict "China" via the stereotypical "Chinese citizen." We end by briefly discussing some other knowledge sources that are necessary to understand the cartoons, pertaining to (1) intertextuality, (2) idioms and expressions, (3) themes and "topoi"; and (4) comics' symbols.
Photo by Ewan Kennedy on Unsplash
Why is it important?
Lakoff and Johnson have claimed, in Metaphors We Live By (1980) that we can only think metaphorically, namely by coupling abstract, complex phenomena (here: TRADE CONFLICT) with concrete, physical, perceptible phenomena (here: JOURNEY, WAR, GAME). Such structural metaphors reveal universal ways of making meaning -- not just in language but also in pictures. It is worthwhile investigating the similar and different ways in which Chinese and American cartoonists make use of these universal metaphors in depicting a highly sensitive political issue. A research project like this one shows how structural, universal metaphors acquire culturally-specific dimensions.
Read the Original
This page is a summary of: Metaphor and metonymy in Chinese and American political cartoons (2018–2019) about the Sino-US trade
conflict, Pragmatics & Cognition, December 2020, John Benjamins, DOI: 10.1075/pc.20013.zha.
You can read the full text:
The following have contributed to this page
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Submitted to: Physiologia Plantarum
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/18/1996
Publication Date: N/A
Citation: Interpretive Summary: The author presents a comprehensive view of the state of understanding of the mechanism of desiccation-tolerance employed by the poikilohydric species, Tortula ruralis. The manuscript contains a full treatise of earlier work and presents new data not previously presented. The work describes how this important species has evolved a mechanism to survive complete desiccation of its cells by activating the synthesis of certain proteins, rehydrins, upon rehydration of dried cells that speed the repair of the damage caused by this stress. The author presents new work that describes how this plant, and perhaps other species, prepare for rehydration by storage of important components during the drying phase. These components are rapidly released when water re-enters the dried cells. This is a comprehensive and peer reviewed article.
Technical Abstract: Plants that can withstand the desiccation of their vegetative tissues represent all but one class (the gymnosperms) within the kingdom Plantae. Desiccation-tolerant plants can be grouped into two categories; 1. poikilohydric: plants whose internal water content rapidly equilibrates to the water potential of the environment and 2. Modified-poikilohydric: plants that all employ mechanisms to retard and control the rate of water loss. Desiccation-tolerance can be achieved by mechanisms that incorporate one of two alternatives, viz. cellular protection or cellular recovery (repair). Poikilohydric species, in particular the moss Tortula ruralis, appear to utilize a tolerance strategy that combines a constitutive protection system and a rehydration inducible recovery mechanism. The moss is capable of storing mRNAs during slow drying that are rapidly utilized upon rehydration presumably to speed recovery. Rapid dried moss has to rely yon rapid synthesis of the same mRNAs upon rehydration. Several "rehydrins" proteins whose synthesis is specific to the rehydration phase have been identified. Northern analysis of rehydrin cDNAs reconfirm the importance of translational controls in producing rehydrin proteins and an additional role of transcription and/or mRNA stability in the response of Tortula to desiccation. These studies indicate that there is more to desiccation- tolerance mechanisms that simple protection of the cells from drying, but rather rehydration induced events are important in the overall manifestation of this trait.
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Justice for all. Patience in the face of annoyance. Compassion for the sick. Mercy on the poor. Forgiveness toward one's enemies. Such maxims for life have pervaded societies for millennia. Underneath such truisms lie the moral virtues -- those themes of goodness that help the person and the society to function well. We learn very early in life to be fair, to be patient, to give out of our abundance that others may live, to say we are sorry and move on well.
We learn these virtues from authority figures, teachers, parents and peers. Sometimes we inhale the received wisdom without a moment's thought. Have we ever asked as a society, "How exactly do we go about being just? How do we actually walk a path of forgiveness? If we refuse to be just, what are the consequences for individuals' well-being and for our social group? When we do forgive, what are the consequences?" The questions need not have answers that are inhaled without thought, because each of these questions can be tested scientifically. For example, if one person in a family forgives and another clings tightly to the grudge, what happens to the family dynamics? This can be tested.
In 1985 at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, we began a journey of investigating the scientific outcomes when people forgive. It has kept our attention now for over a quarter of a century. The first step in good science is to define one's terms. Forgiveness, we found from the ancient literature across Hebrew, Confucian, Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, and Hindu writings, has a common theme. Forgiveness, we further found from modern philosophical writings, has the same underlying theme. When unjustly treated by others, a person forgives when she struggles to abandon resentment and to offer beneficence toward the unjust person or people. Forgiveness, we saw, is part of mercy and so it can appear to come from a position of weakness as the unjustly treated person offers the olive branch. Yet, forgiveness is anything but weak because the forgiver is not condoning, excusing, forgetting, or necessarily even reconciling with the other because none of these qualities is a moral virtue centered in goodness as is forgiveness. When a person forgives, he does not abandon justice, but instead exercises this virtue along with the mercy that is forgiveness.
After taking time to learn what forgiveness is and is not, we devised a pathway that in theory should help people, who willingly choose to do so, to forgive. That pathway is now described in the book Forgiveness Is a Choice, published by the American Psychological Association. The book outlines twenty "guideposts" or steps in the forgiveness process. The short version of that process is this:
- First, the one who forgives examines the degree to which the injustice has affected her emotions, such as anger, hatred, resentment and so forth. Feeling rotten inside is a great motivator to change.
- Second, if a person decides to change his inner world, affected by the other's injustice, he then decides to practice forgiveness, understanding that he is offering merciful goodness and not condoning.
- Next comes what the late Lewis Smedes called "seeing with new eyes," as the forgiver sees that the injuring person is more than the offenses she has committed. The forgiver sees the unconditional worth of the other as a person, which can lead to empathy and compassion and eventually to the willingness to offer goodness to the other out of mercy. It is here that forgiveness takes root, opening up the possibility of restored emotional and relational health.
Yet, all of this is still a scientific question and not untested assertion. So, we put the pathway of forgiveness to the test through randomized clinical trials with the following groups among others: emotionally abused women, college students hurt by emotionally distant parents, the elderly hurt by family members, incest survivors, people recovering in a drug rehabilitation facility, men who were angry and who had cardiac problems, and hospice patients who wanted to tie up the loose ends of family estrangement before passing on. In each study, as people willingly walked the path of forgiveness by offering the gift of mercy to the unjust, those in the forgiveness groups experienced emotional health improvement compared to those in the control groups. In the incest study, for example, these positive results included the elimination of psychological depression, which remained low even one year after the forgiveness program ended. Science tells us that forgiveness bolsters emotional health and provides a way of healing for those treated unjustly.
The next step was to bring this work into the peace movement, and our first foray was a rather dramatic one: in 1999, the International Forgiveness Institute worked behind the scenes as the Rev. Jessie Jackson talked with President Milošević in Belgrade regarding having mercy on imprisoned American soldiers. In the end, the president chose the path of mercy and forgiveness, releasing them.
A logical next step was to ask yet another scientific question: If forgiveness can improve the psychological health of adults, can it do so for children? In 2002, we launched our most ambitious project to date, the development of forgiveness education curricula for children in war-torn, impoverished, and/or oppressed areas of the globe to help them learn about forgiveness and to practice it in a small way in school and in the family, if they so choose. All of the instruction is delivered by the classroom teacher, to preserve cultural nuances. All lessons are delivered through the medium of story, such as Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who, or Disney's The Fox and the Hound. As children see story characters making their way out of difficulty via both justice and forgiveness, they are given insight into these virtues and how they can be worked out in small and large groups. Our studies of classrooms in both Belfast, Northern Ireland and Milwaukee's central city show that as children learn about forgiveness, their levels of anger go down. It is our hope that such anger reduction, if it continues, may help them to quiet enough that they can begin to see, when they are adults, the best paths toward justice. The Belfast work is featured in the award-winning documentary The Power of Forgiveness, produced by Journey Films.
Forgiveness education as one path toward peace is catching on worldwide, as seen in the recent requests for our educational materials from educators and psychologists in such areas as Iran, Rwanda, Colombia, Nigeria, Korea, and others. Is forgiveness a major factor in bringing about peace? This is a scientific question, and with enough time and perseverance, we should be able to answer it.
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I personally never really understood where the stereotype that women are bad at map-reading comes from. When most of the women in my life are more composed, logical, and organised than I or any of the guys I know, it seems odd that girls should be known as poor navigators.
If you do happen to be female and utterly hopeless with maps, though, a recent study suggests that you might benefit from playing video games more often, with findings suggesting that those who regularly pick up a controller have a better sense of direction and get lost less often.
Carried out at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, the study began by scanning the brains a sample of self-confessed non-gamers, the majority of whom were female. With maps of their noggins filed away, half of the participants were sent home to get on with their lives as normal. The others were (presumably after being provided with a Nintendo 64 and a copy of the game) instructed to play 3-D platformer Super Mario 64 for 30 minutes a day for the next two months.
With the test period over, participants were invited back and their brains scanned once again. Interestingly, researchers found that those who took Mario out for a spin on a daily basis had actually developed new grey matter in the hippocampus, the region of the brain associated with memory and orientation.
Later tests revealed that those who had played the Nintendo game throughout the two-month period were better at creating mental maps and exhibited better navigational skills, and it was thought that the nature of the game they played, which requires players to guide Mario through increasingly complex three-dimensional levels, had actively altered the structure of participants’ brains, making them more capable at remembering and plotting routes.
▼ It’s not yet clear whether dedicated gamers will also be rewarded with new acrobatic skills such as these
Lead researcher Dr. Simone Kühn suggested that playing video games like Super Mario 64 may in fact help keep our brains healthy, noting that although becoming easily disoriented can be an early sign of dementia, “video game playing could maybe prevent some of the decreases in structure and function seen in these degenerative diseases.”
Hear that, kids? Your parents were wrong. Now go and get some brain exercise and help Mario rescue that princess.
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Women may have a new ‘knight in shining armor’ in the search for protection against HIV: A team of bioengineers are developing a dissolvable ‘tampon’ that delivers HIV-preventing medication minutes before having sex.
Currently, women must rely on men wearing condoms to protect themselves from the virus. But there is a stigma against using condoms ‒ men say rubbers decrease their pleasure too much ‒ that often leaves women with the choice between not having intercourse and unprotected sex.
But now researchers at the University of Washington have published a preliminary study that uses fibers created by electrospinning ‒ a process that uses an electrical charge to pull tiny fibers from liquid ‒ in which they dissolve a polymer that contains a drug currently used to treat symptoms of HIV ‒ maraviroc ‒ directly into the walls of the vagina. The team explained that, when the fibers combine with moisture, they quickly hydrate and dissolve to create a gel. During sex, the gel would spread around the vagina, deliver the anti-HIV drug and protect against HIV.These fibers could be incorporated into a tampon-like applicator or a vaginal ring (similar to the NuvaRing, which delivers localized birth control hormones).
The product could be a leap forward in topically applied HIV protection methods, according to Medical News Today. Current advancements in microbicides have focused on gels or films containing HIV drugs that could be applied inside the vagina just before sex. But the research team points out those drugs haven’t done well in clinical trials because women find them difficult to use.
Topical microbicides require high drug doses for maximum efficacy. “The goal of achieving a high antiretroviral dose is complicated by the need to simultaneously retain the dose and quickly release drug compounds into the tissue,” the UW bioengineers said in their abstract.
“For drugs with limited solubility in vaginal gels, increasing the gel volume to increase the dose can result in leakage,” the team added. “While solid dosage forms like films and tablets increase retention, they often require more than 15 minutes to fully dissolve, potentially increasing the risk of inducing epithelial abrasions during sex.”
Studies in South Africa have already shown that using microbicide gels as PrEP, or pre-exposure prophylaxis, can reduce HIV transmission by about 54 percent, Healthline reported. The advantage of the tampon-like applicator is that the fibers retain a large amount of microbicides, yet dissolve quickly without leaking. The UW researchers were able to develop sample fibers where almost 30 percent of their total mass was made up of the drug. By comparison, the researchers say that only around 3 percent of current microbicides' mass consists of drugs.
"We envision a product that could dissolve, pretty much instantaneously, into a gel and then spread around the vagina during sex," Cameron Ball, lead author on the paper and a doctoral student in bioengineering at UW, told The Huffington Post.
"We want something that dissolves quickly so that people can say, 'Hey, I wasn't planning on it, but I'm going to have sex in five minutes so I need to use this product, and I want it to be completely dissolved before that’," he added.
Ball and his team are still looking for funding to continue their research. Their next step is to test the product on rabbits for safety and effectiveness, he told Healthline. The use of maraviroc saves them some time, as the drug has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The polymer fibers are also widely used by the pharmaceutical industry already.
"It would probably take five years to get into a clinical study phase, with humans, and then depending on how that goes, it would probably take up to another five years before these types of things might be seen on the shelf of a local Walgreens or CVS," Ball told The Huffington Post.
But once that happens, he believes gynecologists and patients will quickly adopt the product. “Everyone gets excited when they hold it,” Ball told Healthline.
The eventual goal is to develop a tampon that would prevent against HIV, herpes and pregnancy. “This could prove especially useful in developing countries, where women may not have easy access to other kinds of birth control,” Healthline reported.
They are also working on a version of their product for rectal use, Ball said.
"We think the fiber platform technology has the capability of being developed into multifunctional medical fabrics that address, simultaneously, challenges related to biological efficacy and user preferences," Kim Woodrow, an assistant professor of bioengineering and an author of the study, told Medical News Today.
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“Portrait of Hieronymus Holzschuher” by Albrecht Durer
“Portrait of Hieronymus Holzschuher” by Albrecht Dürer depicts a local patrician who was a senator and member of the executive council in the city of Nuremberg.
It was probably commissioned for an official celebration and exhibited at the city’s town hall. The cultural flowering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and 16th centuries, made it the center of the German Renaissance.
The German Renaissance developed from the Italian Renaissance and spread Renaissance humanism, which influenced the many advances made in the fields of architecture, the arts, and the sciences.
Including the developments of printing and the Protestant Reformation that were to dominate the 16th century all over Europe.
Dürer was born in Nuremberg, and his vast body of work includes engravings, prints, altarpieces, portraits and watercolors, and academic books.
Dürer established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He founded communications with the many primary Italian artists of his time, and from 1512 he was patronized by emperor Maximilian I.
Dürer’s introduced classical motifs into Northern art. Also, through his association with Italian artists and German humanists, he became one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance.
His reputation was enhanced by his theoretical treatises, which covered mathematics, perspective, and proportions. Both the Lutheran and Episcopal Churches also commemorate Dürer.
The first documentary mention of the city of Nuremberg was in 1050 as the location of an Imperial castle. The city expanded dramatically in importance due to its strategic place on crucial trade routes.
During the late 12th century, the German emperors transferred the city administration and the municipal courts to the Imperial mayor of the city.
This gradual transferral of ever-increasing powers to the city mayor finally broke out into open hostility with the military and the captains of a Nuremberg castle, which greatly influenced the independent traditions of the city.
Nuremberg was referred to as the ‘unofficial capital’ of the Holy Roman Empire, mainly because the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) and courts met at Nuremberg Castle.
The Diets of Nuremberg were the deliberative body of the Holy Roman Empire, which was an essential part of the administrative structure of the empire.
In 1219, Frederick II granted the ‘Great Letter of Freedom,’ which granted town rights, the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy. Nuremberg soon became one of the great trade centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe.
Portrait of Hieronymus Holzschuher
- Title: Portrait of Hieronymus Holzschuher
- Artist: Albrecht Dürer
- Year: 1526
- Type: Oil on canvas
- Dimensions: 51 × 37 cm (20 × 14.5 in)
- Museum: Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
- Artist: Albrecht Dürer
- Born: 1471 – Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire
- Died: 1528 (aged 56) – Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire
- Nationality: German
- Movement: High Renaissance
- Notable works:
A Tour of the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
- “Bathsheba” by Sebastiano Ricci
- “Santa Maria della Salute in Venedig vom Canal Grande” by Canaletto
- “Portrait of Jakob Muffel” by Albrecht Dürer
- “Portrait of Hieronymus Holzschuher” by Albrecht Dürer
- “Woman with a Pearl Necklace” by Johannes Vermeer
- “The Generosity of Scipio” by Jean II Restout
- “Seascape” by Arnoldus van Anthonissen
- “Christ on the Mount of Olives” by Matthias Stom
- “Netherlandish Proverbs” by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
A Tour of Germany’s Museums
- The Pergamon Museum
- Neues Museum
- Altes Museum
- Alte Nationalgalerie – National Gallery (Berlin)
- Bode Museum
- Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
- Spy Museum Berlin
- Jewish Museum, Berlin
- Deutsches Historisches Museum – German Historical Museum
- DDR Museum
- German Resistance Memorial Center
- Art Galleries
- Greek and Roman Art
- Egyptian Art
- Kunsthalle Munich
- Deutsches Museum – German Museum of Masterpieces of Science and Technology
Northern Renaissance 02 The Birth of the Artist
Visiting Albrecht Dürer’s house
Albrecht Durer: A collection of 153 paintings
“What beauty is, I know not, though it adheres to many things.”
– Albrecht Dürer
Photo Credit: 1) Albrecht Dürer [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
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The cultivation of tobacco has a more heinous past than most people realize. Tobacco has been grown for centuries, and to this day people smoke everything from shisha to cigars. While people are smoking, they are funding an institution that has killed billions. Unfortunately, smokers are addicts and the majority of smokers start young and have no knowledge of this information.
When America was first being colonized, tobacco was a major source of revenue, much like how cotton became. Tobacco was grown in the Midwest and was shipped to Europe and other countries in exchange for other goods and money. During this period of time, Native Americans were forced from their land, tortured killed.
After the land was obtained, colonizers enslaved African Americans (like with cotton) to tend to tobacco farms. These slaves (just like many who work on tobacco farms) became addicted to nicotine, and dried and rolled tobacco became another incentive to drive the black slaves.
Fast forwarding to the present and smoking has become a leading global health epidemic. One in five USA deaths results from tobacco. This is not including the massive debts and misery left behind.
Currently, tobacco is cultivated in many regions of the world. Recent reports have cited that child labor is increasing in terms of tobacco cultivation; yet another terrible travesty that is happening right now. Somewhere at this moment there is a little child working for pennies to create the rich man’s stogie.
While cigarettes continue to kill and damage society, a new alternative has arisen that for some odd reason is not being embraced by public health officials. Electronic cigarettes, or vaporizers, have created a smoking alternative that tobacco executives are not happy about, so unhappy, that they have gone to new lengths to secure the death-driving cigarette market.
Electronic cigarettes are not regulated at this time, and looming taxes threaten the industry. Upon investigation (which anyone can do), one will find some interesting connections, such as lobbyists who have been funded BY the tobacco companies. Some may even prefer to find a contractor such as ABC Contracting to help with their projects.
Cigarette companies have begun labeling their starter vaporizers with worse warning labels than actual cigarettes. Simultaneously, Big Tobacco has discovered the previously thought to be non-existent predicate product. If the tobacco companies are to acquire this e-cigarette, their device will be void of the taxes that the smaller, competing companies will be offering.
There has been speculation that the VTM industry will slowly decline as analysts witness the progression of mods, coils and advanced technology. These devices require knowledge of concepts like ohms, watts, voltage, ml, nicotine, VG:PG ratios and even the laborious task of tank-filling. Even some vapers will state that the industry will decline, however, the e-cig industry will most likely make a comeback when taxes drop (recently the VTM sect has experienced more growth than the e-cig sect which together are exponentially growing, potentially taking over tobacco sales).
While cloud blowing might be a phase for some, many are die-hard and enjoy vaping in the exact same sense that adults enjoy wine, fragrances and foods. The bottom line is that people enjoy shifts from the ordinary. A fine example of this is the hookah; a timeless classic that will never fade away- because- shisha tastes good and nicotine is addicting. Zero nicotine hookah pens on the other hand, are slowly declining in sales. This is because they are more or less trendy products.
Others will remain around and will continue to love vaping. Vaporizers are NOT going to phase out; too many people are finding success in the alternative. There are more than 1000 forums on Facebook alone; there is no smoke in mirrors. Just by studying the numbers and using common sense, its easy to see why vaporizers and e-cigarettes will not faze away. In all actuality, they very well could take over.
Regardless of trends and taxes, vapes are here to stay. Many vapers have stated that if taxes are to increase the prices of e-liquids and vapor hardware, they will seek the black net, order from Asia or practice DIY. The ingredients in e-liquid are extremely simple, so simple in fact, that an ordinary person can go to a convenient store, head home and mix up a batch. The only needed ingredient that poses itself as an obstacle is liquid nicotine which would be very easy to smuggle in or import.
The fact is that people who start smoking don’t intend on being hooked forever; it always seems like we are strong enough to kick it. In all reality, everyone starts out thinking that way and statistics do not lie. 1 in every 5 US deaths is attributed to smoking. Smoking causes other problems other than death, like debt and familial grief. Second hand smoke harms the people and children around smokers and smoking has been associated with a lack of productivity (and a huge monetary commitment/loss).
The more anti-e-cigarette health advocates that speak against smoking are actually fueling the industry. Smokers who have friends that quit because of e-cigs decide to try them. The news is spreading, and the vape community is only continuing to expand with a company. This is as people educate themselves and read studies and information online.
Vaping is taking the economy by storm. Thousands of vapor stores and online e-liquid distributors are finding great success in e-liquid custom labeling and vaporizer fabrication. While the market is saturated with thousands of people seeking how to start an e-liquid company, the path becomes diluted. To accommodate these vapor store owners, custom labeling and wholesale programs are available to assist new e-cig store owners looking to create their own e-liquids and make custom labels for e-juice bottles. In the e-cigarette market, establishing a brand is paramount in locking sales.
Every e-cigarette and vapor store caters to a niche of vapers. Storeowners and vapor vendors are always looking to beat the competition in terms of product quality, revenue and increasing foot traffic. Having a unique brand secures sales distinct to that store. Wholesale custom labeling programs allow retailers to design their own graphics, logos and advertisements. These programs are set up to streamline the process of selling your own e-liquid line.
Wholesale custom labeling is popular for e-cigarette and vaporizer store owners in that these companies save vendors time and money while offering brand customization. E-cigarette vendors are able to maintain control and creative direction over their slogans, designs, graphics and inventory. Best of all, these programs have been designed to save money for storeowners. The best cheap e-liquid can be purchased and then branded and customized for that e-liquid and vapor distributor.
Prospective storeowners run into issues with China Wholesale branding as these companies speak broken English. In addition, store-owners must worry about customs, prolonged shipping times, conversations at inconvenient hours and inadequate pricing. Most custom labeling for e-liquid takes place in the USA, unless pokemon-esque graphics appeal to that store’s demographic.
By shopping through China e-cig wholesale, vapor businesses disrupt the American economy as well as run the risk of inferior e-liquids which could contain dangerous chemicals . Custom e-juice from China can have traces of elements unregulated and can taste bad. The best custom e-liquid and e-juice branding is provided by American companies, such as BizLocal, who have translators and factory workers streamlining inventory for stores. These USA wholesale distributors create custom labels and brands for those who qualify for their vaporizer retail programs.
Making a vaporizer store is all about establishing a brand. With the creative direction presented by industry experts, translators and advertisers, these USA wholesale companies bring business owners the best prices on the best e-liquids. E-cig vendors can shop confidently knowing that their unique custom labels have been fabricated and customized by wholesale representatives and sales associates who have their best interest at heart. Because the e-liquid market is competitive, it is important to go with a good vaporizer wholesale company who sells custom e-liquids and makes private labels.
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A curious observation is the uniform way that committees review curriculum for each field of study. Too often, authorities have a knee-jerk impulse to declare that 'all curriculum areas will be the same.' In fact, real and significant differences exist between fields of study.
Rooted in the word 'history' is 'story.' And America's story is exceptional. It's amazing. Younger students should learn that we have always been and continue to be a land of immigrants – a land committed to bold new ideas.
Too often, teachers assume that they are introducing a book or concept to students for the first time. In fact, many units are repeated over the course of a student's K-12 experience.
The building blocks of mathematical thinking are requisite for more advanced conceptualization. If a student is not ready to move on, then the teacher must take time to assist that learner.
Schools are launching pads, launching our kids into their futures. Unfortunately, a lot of what we teach now looks identical to what we taught 40, 50, or 60 years ago. There's a need for both timeless curriculum content and timely content. What seems to be falling by the wayside is timely content.
People in the United States are highly transient. Families move from state to state. So why do we take a full year – in some states, two years – to study state history? It takes time away from more important topics.
Education is a business – the growth business. It cultivates the growth of our learners, translates the growth of new knowledge, and builds professional growth.
Mapping does not purport to create an idealistic vision where all teachers agree, love one another, and gather around a campfire and sing 'Curriculum Kumbaya.' What it can develop is a sense of place, of respect, and of new grounds for discussion, disputes, and direction.
In America, we have 19th century school conditions and a curriculum that prepares our kids for the 1990s.
Without question, students need to practice, review, and drill skills, but they should do so only in the spirit of working toward more complex mastery of those skills. Redundant drill of skills is inherently boring and insulting to the learner, and it is one of the most effective methods for turning students off to learning.
As educators, we are only as effective as what we know. If we have no working knowledge of what students studied in previous years, how can we build on their learning? If we have no insight into the curriculum in later grades, how can we prepare learners for future classes?
We often assume that all teachers within a discipline address the same curriculum. This isn't always the case. We frequently find gaps between goals and what is actually taught, and these gaps can have a lasting impact on a child's learning.
Feeling pummeled by the outside pounding of tests and standards, a teacher can easily hide and simply turn to the immediacy of the classroom. It is not surprising that many teachers burrow in their rooms with all that they know about their students. There is no place to take the information.
The function of a guideline isn't to tell you what kids have actually experienced; it's to provide goals.
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- Open Access
Five year trends in the serve size, energy, and sodium contents of New Zealand fast foods: 2012 to 2016
Nutrition Journal volume 17, Article number: 65 (2018)
The nutritional composition of foods and beverages consumed away from the home has important implications for population health. Our objective was to determine if the serve size, energy, and sodium contents of fast foods sold at chain restaurants in New Zealand (NZ) changed between 2012 and 2016.
Serve size and nutrient data were collected in annual cross-sectional surveys of all products sold at 10 major fast food chains. Changes over time may occur due to alterations in product availability or individual product reformulation. Linear regression adjusting for food group and chain was used to estimate overall changes in serve size and nutrients. Random effects mixed models were used to estimate reformulation changes on same products available for two or more years.
Across all products (n = 5468) increases were observed in mean serve size (+ 9 (3, 15) g, + 5%), energy density (+ 54 (27, 81) kJ/100 g, + 6%), energy per serve (+ 178 (125, 231) kJ, + 14%), and sodium per serve (+ 55 (24, 87) mg, + 12%). Sodium density did not change significantly. Four of 12 food groups (Desserts, Pizza, Sandwiches, and Salads) and four of 10 fast food chains (Domino’s, Hell Pizza, Pizza Hut, and Subway) displayed large, undesirable changes for three or more (of five) outcomes (≥10%; p < 0.05). One food group (Asian) and one chain (St Pierre’s) displayed large, desirable changes for two or more outcomes. The only significant reformulation change was a drop in sodium density (− 22 (− 36, − 8) mg/100 g, − 7%).
The serve size and energy density of NZ fast food products has increased significantly over the past 5 years. Lower sodium concentration in new and reformulated products has been offset by overall increases in serve size. Continued monitoring and development and implementation of Government-led targets for serve size and nutrient content of new and existing fast food products are required.
Consumption of food prepared away from the home is increasing globally, and is an important contributor to population diets in many countries . In the United States (US), food away from home as a share of household food expenditure has risen from ~ 26% in 1970 to >50% in 2014 , with children consuming one quarter of their dietary energy from restaurant foods and beverages . A similar trend is emerging in New Zealand (NZ) with food away from home contributing 25% in 2016 . No recent data are available on the contribution food away from home makes to the energy intakes of New Zealanders, but in the most recent adult nutrition survey (2008/09) 14% reported consuming restaurant food and 28% reported consuming fast food over the past 24 h, with the highest rates observed for young adults (19 to 30 yrs.; 15 and 42%, respectively) . Moreover, a recent (2017) market research panel survey reported 80% of NZ adults have consumed fast food in the past month, and 27% consumed fast food more than five times in that month .
Fast food can be defined as food which is generally cheap, requires minimal preparation and where no table service is provided . The contribution that fast food makes to food away from home in NZ is currently unknown. However, fast food is of particular concern for population health because it is an independent predictor of body size . Furthermore, compared with foods prepared at home, fast foods are generally more processed, higher in adverse nutrients such as sodium and saturated fat, and lower in positive nutrients such as fibre . Serving sizes of foods and beverages available at fast food restaurants in the US have also increased steadily over time .
There is a clear mandate from the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce serving sizes and population consumption of sugar and sodium [11,12,13]. As such, there is pressure for fast food companies to provide healthier options. Several countries have responded by implementing national sodium reduction strategies and taxing foods and beverages high in sugar and sodium [15,16,17], and recently Public Health England outlined a series of actions to reduce children’s energy intakes, including portion size reduction . However, the focus to date has been on packaged foods, and although existing nutrient profiling models exist which could be modified fast foods , there are currently no agreed serve size or nutrient guidelines for fast food companies to work towards. Moreover, the availability and composition of products available at popular global fast food chains varies markedly by country .
In NZ, there is currently no Government-led national sodium strategy or any food or beverage taxes aimed at improving health. However, there is a Government-led (voluntary) front-of-pack labelling system for packaged foods , and a national childhood obesity plan ; the obesity plan includes ‘The Healthy Kids Industry Pledge’ where food companies have been encouraged (since 2015) to make voluntary pledges to improve their products and help reduce obesity rates for children. However, there are no product guidelines for industry; McDonalds is the only fast food chain to have made a pledge to date, and there are no specific, measureable goals to improve the serve size or nutrient content of their products. This is despite evidence that there is plenty of opportunity to improve the healthiness of NZ fast foods; a 2013 survey found burger combo meals sold at NZ fast food chains contribute up to 68% of the adult recommended dietary intake for sodium, and more than 94% of the WHO maximum recommended ideal free sugars intake .
The first objective of this project was to determine if the overall serving size, energy and sodium contents of fast foods sold by major NZ chain restaurants changed between 2012 and 2016, and whether any observed changes differed by food group or chain. This objective was assessed for all fast food products available for sale, where changes over time could arise due to new products having a different nutrient profile to discontinued products, and/or reformulation of products available for sale over time. The second objective more specifically examined reformulation within products available for sale in two or more years.
Annual cross-sectional surveys were undertaken between 2012 and 2016 of all food and beverage products available for sale at major fast food chains in NZ (≥20 stores nationwide). Fast food chains were defined as per Fleischhacker et al. and described in the Background. The following data were collected by trained fieldworkers between February and March each year: product name, serving size, and nutrient information. It is not mandatory for any of this information to be available or displayed under the Australian and NZ Food Standards Code , and thus serving size and nutrient data were missing for some products. Data were recorded directly from company websites. Visits to one large store representing each fast food chain were also completed to capture any information not available on-line. Stores selected for visits were in Auckland, New Zealand’s largest city, and chosen based on size and location to provide the largest product range possible.
Food and beverage data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and classified using a three-tiered food classification system based on that developed by The Global Food Monitoring Group . Identical products available for sale across years were matched manually using product name. Once matched, a unique code was allocated to each product to enable it to be tracked over time for reformulation analyses.
There were five main outcomes of interest: serve size (g), energy density (per 100 g), sodium density (per 100 g), energy content per serve (kJ), and sodium content per serve (mg). Serve size was defined as the amount intended to be consumed in one sitting. For the majority of products the serve size was the same as the product unit or package size. However, for pizza and chicken products intended to be shared by a group, the serve size was as recommended by the manufacturer (n = 1539 and 115 total products, respectively).
Preparation of the dataset for analysis
Additional file 1: Appendix 1 shows the preparation of the dataset for analysis. The initial dataset included 14,840 products. Three phases of data cleaning were completed: In phase 1 products with no recorded information on any outcome of interest were removed (n = 7281). In phase 2, duplicate products with different serving sizes were removed. For example, sides such as barbeque ribs were available in two sizes and thus only the largest serving size was retained (n = 137). Finally, in phase 3 all food groups and fast food chains with <100 products available for sale across all 5 years, and/or with data missing for one or more years were removed (n = 2091 products).
The total number of product records included in each year were first summarised overall and by fast food group and chain separately. Descriptive information on serving size, energy, and sodium contents were presented for each year including the number of products with available information, mean, standard deviation, median and range. The sample was considered sufficiently large for the central limit theorem to apply, where the mean of the sample was considered approximately equal to the mean of the population .
For Objective 1, linear regression models were used to estimate the change in serve size, energy, and sodium contents with adjustment for fast food chain and food group to account for variation in the types of products sold during the study period. Overall analyses therefore estimated the change in nutrients over time, averaged across all food groups and fast food chains. Year was included as a continuous variable in the model (coded as 2012 = 0, 2013 = 0.25, 2014 = 0.5, 2015 = 0.75, and 2016 = 1) such that the coefficient gave an estimated change over 5 years. The interaction between year and fast food chain was tested in the main model to see if the observed change on nutrients was different between fast food chains. The same interaction was tested between year and food group. Where significant interaction was present, subgroup analyses were carried out for individual food groups and chains separately. However, results for sub-groups must be interpreted with caution due to multiple comparisons and diminishing statistical power. Average percentage change over the 5 years was calculated by dividing the adjusted mean change by an estimated mean for 2012 i.e. the overall mean minus half of the adjusted mean change. For completeness, all regression models were also run with year as a categorical variable to estimate the change between individual years e.g. 2012 to 2013, 2013 to 2014 etc.; these analyses are not included in the main results but are available in Additional file 1: Appendices 4 and 5.
For Objective 2 on reformulation analyses, random effects mixed models were used to estimate the 5-year change on serve size, energy and sodium contents for same products that are available for sale in two or more years. A random product effect was included in the regression model to account for within product change. Same covariates were considered in the fixed effects model as for Objective 1. Due to the limited number of products available for sale in two or more years, analyses by food group were only completed for outcomes where a significant change was observed over time.
All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All statistical tests were two-sided at 5% significance level, with no adjustment for multiple testing.
Characteristics of the data set
The total number of product records included for Objective 1 analysis was N = 5468 across 12 food groups and 10 major fast food chains (Additional file 1: Appendix 2). Overall product availability was relatively consistent across years (1359 in 2012, 1803 in 2013, 1211 in 2014, 1460 in 2015 and 1589 in 2016) but varied by food group and chain, ranging from n = 130 for Desserts to 1626 for Pizza, and from n = 173 for St Pierre’s (Sushi) to 1098 for McDonalds. The total number of unique products available for sale in two or more years and included in Objective 2 analysis was N = 1025 (Additional file 1: Appendix 3), including 632 products available in 2 years, 194 in 3 years, 107 in 4 years, and 92 available across all 5 years (a total of 2734 product records).
Objective 1: change over 5 years for all products, and by food group and fast food chain
The unadjusted mean (SD) serve size across all products in all years was 186.2 (135.8) g (Additional file 1: Appendix 2). The model-adjusted mean difference (95% CI) estimated over the 5 year period was + 8.8 (3.1 to 14.8) g, or equivalently an increase of 4.8% (Fig. 1). Significant interaction was found between year and food group, and between year and fast food chain (p < 0.0001). Large (≥10%), significant increases in serve size were observed for 3/11 food groups (Chicken (+ 70%), Desserts (+ 36%), and Pizza (+ 25%)), and 3/10 fast food chains (Domino’s (+ 10%), Hell Pizza (+ 34%) and Pizza Hut (+ 44%)). Large, significant decreases in serve size were observed for two food groups (Asian (Chinese food and Sushi; − 13%) and Sandwiches (− 11%)) and one fast food chain (St Pierre’s; − 14%) (Fig. 1).
The mean (SD) energy density of all products over the 5 year period was 893.5 (484.6) kJ/100 g. There was a significant increase of + 54 (27 to 81) kJ/100 g predicted by the linear regression over the 5 years, or + 6% (Fig. 2). Significant interaction was found between year and food group, and between year and fast food chain (p < 0.0001). One food group (Sandwiches) showed a large, significant increase in energy density (+ 78%), but no food groups showed large (i.e. 10% or more) significant decreases. Across fast food chains one showed a large, significant increase in energy density (Domino’s Pizza; + 15%), and none showed large, significant decreases (Fig. 2).
The mean (SD) sodium density across all products over the 5 years was 352.6 (316.6) mg/100 g. Overall, there was no significant change observed over the 5 year period (− 3.2 (− 20.4 to 14.1) mg/100 g; Fig. 3). However, significant interaction was found between year and food group, between year and fast food chain (p < 0.0001). Large, significant increases in sodium density were observed for Salads and Sandwiches (+ 102% and + 39%, respectively), and for Subway (27%). Large, significant decreases in sodium density were also observed for three fast food chains (Burger King (− 23%), Hell Pizza (− 12%) and Pizza Hut (− 13%), but no food groups.
Energy per serve
The mean (SD) energy per serve across all products over the 5 years was 1346 (803) kJ, and there was a significant increase over the 5 years of 178 (125 to 231) kJ or + 13% (Fig. 4). Significant interaction was found between year and food group, and between year and fast food chain (p < 0.0001). Large, significant increases in energy per serve were observed for four food groups (Desserts, Pizza, Salads, and Sandwiches; + 65, 34, 240, and 61%, respectively) and five fast food chains (Domino’s Pizza, Hell Pizza, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, and Subway; + 16, 80, 23, 43, and 101%, respectively), and large, significant decreases were observed for one food group (Asian; − 16%), and one fast food chain (St Pierres; − 16%) (Fig. 4).
Sodium per serve
The mean (SD) sodium content per serve across all products over the 5 years was 454.0 (458.8) mg, and there was a significant increase over time of + 55.3 (23.9 to 86.7) mg, or + 11% (Fig. 5). Significant interaction was found between year and food group, and between year and fast food chain (p < 0.0001). Large, significant increases in sodium per serve were seen for 4/11 food groups (Desserts (+ 92%), Pizza (+ 16%), Salads (+ 176%), and Sandwiches (+ 32%)) and 4/10 fast food chains (Hell Pizza (+ 38%), Kentucky Fried Chicken (+ 24%), Pizza Hut (+ 28%), and Subway (+ 77%)). However, there were no large, significant decreases in sodium per serve for any food group or chain (Fig. 5).
Overall findings by food group and fast food chain
Table 1 summarises the overall findings by food group and fast food chain; this table should be interpreted with caution given energy per serve is a function of serve size and energy density, and sodium per serve is a function of serve size and sodium density. Four of 12 food groups displayed large, undesirable changes for the majority of outcomes assessed (≥10%, p < 0.05, three or more of five outcomes) i.e. Desserts and Pizza (serve size, energy per serve, and sodium per serve); Sandwiches (energy density, sodium density, energy per serve and sodium per serve); and Salads (sodium density, energy per serve, and sodium per serve). Similarly, four fast food chains displayed large, undesirable changes for the majority of outcomes i.e. Domino’s (serve size, energy density, and energy per serve); Hell Pizza and Pizza Hut (serve size, energy per serve and sodium per serve); and Subway (sodium density, energy per serve, and sodium per serve). Only one food group and one fast food chain displayed large, desirable changes for two or more outcomes i.e. Asian and Subway, where both displayed large significant decreases in serve size and energy per serve.
Objective 2: reformulation of products for sale in two or more years
Reformulation analysis on products available for sale in two or more years suggested a moderate and significant reduction over time for sodium density of − 21.8 mg (− 35.7 to − 7.9), or equivalently a 7% reduction. Across the food groups, the largest absolute reduction was seen for Burgers (− 59.7 (− 74.2 to − 45.1) mg/100 g), and across fast food chains the largest absolute reductions were seen for Burger King and Hell Pizza (− 57.5 (− 70.3 to − 44.8) and − 46.2 (− 72.1 to − 20.31) mg/100 g, respectively) (Fig. 6). No reformulation changes were observed for the remaining four outcomes (Additional file 1: Appendix 5).
Overall, we found moderate to large increases in the serve size, energy content (per 100 g and per serve), and sodium content (per serve) of foods and beverages sold at major NZ fast food chains from 2012 to 2016. Of the 12 food groups included, four displayed large (≥10% increase; p < 0.05), nutritionally undesirable changes for the majority of (at least three of five) outcomes we assessed i.e. Desserts, Pizza, Sandwiches, and Salads. Similarly, products sold at four of the 10 fast food chains displayed undesirable changes for the majority of outcomes i.e. Domino’s, Hell Pizza, Pizza Hut, and Subway. There were two exceptions, with one food group and one fast food chain making large desirable changes for two or more outcomes i.e. Asian and St Pierre’s (reduced serve size and energy per serve in both cases; Table 1). We found minimal evidence of reformulation of individual products, with no changes in the serve size, energy density, energy per serve, or sodium per serve of products sold in two or more years. The one exception was sodium density where a significant overall reduction of − 7% was observed, largely driven by the Burgers food group, and Burger King and Hell Pizza fast food chains.
A particular strength of this analyses was the comprehensive dataset (n = 5468), which means our findings should be broadly generalizable to all fast foods in NZ. However, the limitations include that smaller numbers of products were available for reformulation analyses (n = 1025), and matches of same products over time may have been incomplete due to the manual process used and lack of a common identifier. Nonetheless, our findings are robust given we only completed reformulation analyses for sub-groups with >100 products. We also took a cautious approach to reporting sub-group findings by focussing on those food groups with large effect sizes (>10%) and statistical significance (p < 0.05). Should the representativeness of products have varied over time e.g. with unhealthy products having a greater probability of being included in later years, then this would generate a selection bias and false trends in our outcome data. However, this is unlikely given we only included food groups and chains with data available each year, and companies are more likely to provide serve size and nutrition information for their full range of products rather than a changing selection. Further, information about fast food purchases are not publicly available in NZ, and thus our data were not sales weighted. However, if there were any bias created we do not think it varied over time, so would not distort trends. Finally, retention of only the largest serve size for duplicate products may have slightly inflated the mean increase in serve size observed over the 5 years. However, this was the case for only 137 products, and retaining the largest serve size in each year means our results reflect the actual, relative increase in all serve sizes available from the included companies.
Trends in the overall nutritional quality of fast foods have also been assessed in Australia and the US. In Australia, the energy density of all fast foods sold at five major chains in New South Wales was assessed over a 7 year period (2009 to 2015) . In contrast to the significant increase we observed across all products over a similar time frame, no change was found in the overall energy content of Australian products, either per 100 g or per serve. However, items on sale for a limited time did increase by 74 kJ per 100 g, which is similar to our finding that the increase in energy density was likely due to new products. In the US Urban and colleagues undertook reformulation analyses and found the energy content per serve of 56% of french fries, cheeseburgers, grilled chicken sandwiches and regular cola (n = 27) on sale at three fast food chains increased between 1996 and 2013. Sodium per serve of matched products also increased in 33% of items, despite some reduction in sodium per serve for a small proportion (18%) of products. Our time period was shorter than this previous study (5 years compared with 17), and our data did not include information for all 5 years for all products. However, for 187 products where we had similar, matched outcome data available for 2012 and 2016, we found energy content per serve had increased for 24% of products (and remained unchanged for 46%), and sodium per serve had increased for 24% of products (unchanged for 47%). In another US study, Rudelt et al. examined changes in the sodium density (per 100 g) within 695 lunch and dinner items sold at eight major fast food chains over 14 years (1997/98 to 2009/10), reporting an overall increase of 23% (+ 146 mg/100 g), but with reductions in the sodium content of some side dishes for some chains. We also found a decrease within NZ fast food products due to reformulation of sodium per 100 g; although our drop was smaller (− 7%), we assessed the trend over a shorter (5 years) and more recent (2012 to 2016) time frame.
The overall increases in energy and sodium we observed per serve were attributable to the overall increase in serve size, rather than large increases in energy and sodium concentration per se. For sodium, there were significant reductions per 100 g for Pizza and at Burger King, Hell Pizza, and Pizza Hut, and evidence of reformulation in products available for sale in two or more years. However, these reductions per 100 g did not translate to a drop in sodium per serve, due to the increase in serve size; this is an important finding given larger serve sizes for products such as Beverages and Desserts would result in an increase in total sugar per serve, and for chains such as Domino’s, Hell Pizza, and Pizza Hut, higher saturated fat per serve.
The increases observed in the overall energy and sodium contents of Salads and Sandwiches and Wraps, and across products at Subway and Tank Juice is particularly concerning, as consumers are likely to view these foods and fast food chains as healthier options. Substantial increases in the numbers of products available in these food groups (salads increased from 20 in 2012 to 67 in 2016), and changes in the types of options available (there was a 600% increase in salads including heavy root vegetables and legumes and grains) may account for some of the increase in energy observed, despite no significant change in serve size.
An important consideration of our analyses is that it excluded fish and chips, which are an iconic part of the NZ fast food culture; in 2017 42% of NZ adults consumed fish and chips in the past month . However, fish and chip outlets are independently owned and operated, and while there are important opportunities to improve the type of fat and amount of added salt, the operating structure of fast food restaurants within chains provides substantial and widespread opportunities for reformulation. Further, the consumption of products from fast food companies in NZ is likely to be much larger overall than that of fish and chips, with McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken alone being consumed by 38 and 23% of NZ adults respectively, in the last month . Growth over the past 2 years was also higher for many fast food chains (39% for Domino’s Pizza, 30% for Sushi, and 20% for Indian) compared with fish and chips (11%).
Another important consideration is the impact our findings might have on children and young people, the highest consumers of fast foods . Products on sale at McDonalds, the one fast food chain which made a ‘Healthy Kids Industry Pledge’ displayed no overall changes in serve size or nutrient content. A separate analysis of products included in children’s Happy Meals was similar with no overall changes in product profiles or evidence of reformulation .
In conclusion, NZ fast foods have become larger and more energy dense over the past 5 years. Lower sodium concentration in new and reformulated products has been offset by overall increases in serve size. Systematic monitoring and implementation of Government-led targets for serve size, energy and nutrient content of fast food products could improve the composition of NZ fast foods and population diets; if improvements are not observed then regulation should be considered. Products marketed to and favoured by children and young people should also be carefully considered, because they are the most frequent consumers of fast food. Finally, in NZ, fast food chains should be encouraged to make ‘Healthy Kids Industry’ pledges outlining measurable improvements to the serve size, energy, and nutrient content of their products.
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We would like to thank John Fa’atui for data management, Rita George and Rachel Sullivan for data cleaning, Yeun-Hyang (Catherine) Choi for her contribution to early iterations as a data analyst, and the following fieldworkers for data collection: Ashmita Chand, Emma Shields, and Chantel Vinet.
This work was supported by a Health Research Council of New Zealand programme grant (13/724).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to considerations of intellectual property. However, they may be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
As no human participants were included in this study, ethical approval was not required.
Consent for publication
No data from an individual person were included in this study.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix 1. Preparation of fast food data for analysis. Appendix 2. Total products and unadjusted mean (SD) values included in main analyses by year, food group, fast food chain, and outcome*. Appendix 3. Summary of products included in reformulation analyses sold in two or more years by year, food group, fast food chain, and outcome. Appendix 4. Model adjusted means, 95% CI’s and p-values for all products in main analyses by year, food group, and outcome*. Appendix 5. Model adjusted means, 95% CI’s and p-values for reformulation analyses including products available for sale in two or more years by year, fast food chain, and outcome*. (XLSX 134 kb)
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Cite this article
Eyles, H., Jiang, Y., Blakely, T. et al. Five year trends in the serve size, energy, and sodium contents of New Zealand fast foods: 2012 to 2016. Nutr J 17, 65 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-018-0373-7
- Fast foods
- Portion size
- Energy intake
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The Calcutta Jewish community was founded by Jews from Syria and Iraq in the 18th century; today pupils at the Jewish Girls' school are mostly Muslim, BBC religious correspondent Rahul Tandon reports (with thanks: Lily):
It is a busy time for pupils at the Jewish Girl's School in central Calcutta. Many of them are taking their final exams. They are all smartly dressed in uniforms which have the Star of David on their blouses, but their nervous mothers waiting outside are wearing the 'salwar kameez', or 'burkas'.
In her late 50s, writer Jael Silliman is trying to change that. Before the community completely disappears, she - one of its youngest members - is compiling a digital archive that will record their history. Her inbox is full of photos and materials sent by members of the Calcutta Jewish diaspora who are now scattered across the world.
This was once a thriving community. The first Jew, Shalom Cohen, arrived in the city in 1798 from Syria. His financial success encouraged others to follow from Iraq and by World War II more than 5000 lived here. Now, less than 25 Jews call Calcutta their home.
Jael says: "Many left when it became clear that the British were about to leave India as they were worried about the direction the country was heading in and, once a few started to go, others quickly followed."
They left behind one of the largest synagogues in Asia. The Magen David was built in the mid 1880s and used to be crammed full of families, with the men sitting downstairs and the women upstairs, on its wooden pews. Heavily influenced by the design of the British churches that were being constructed in Calcutta at the time, it has a steeple, which is unusual for a synagogue.
Jael Silliman says that "the community had to write to the Jewish leaders in Baghdad to get permission. When it was finally given, there was a caveat that the steeple must be higher than all the buildings that surrounded it."
The synagogue, which was the centre of this once vibrant community, now lies empty.
Outside its gates, most of the street vendors think it is a church. When I tell them that it is actually a Jewish place of worship they look confused. One of them asks me: "Are you sure?" But then his friend adds: "He is right. This is the building that is looked after by Rabul Khan."
Once you walk through its gates, you will be met by the Synagogue's Muslim caretaker. Rabul Khan's family have been looking after the Magen David for generations.
As I am about to leave, he gestures to me to stop. He asks me a question: "Do you think they will come back?"
Not sure of how I should respond, I shrug my shoulders.
"Well, until they do, I will be here to look after this place for them," he says.
One of those who did return was Flower Silliman, Jael's mother. She is in now in her 80s but has more energy than most 40 year olds. She left Calcutta to set up home in the United States and then Israel. But she always missed the city of her birth, because for her being Indian is as important as being Jewish.
She describes her early life as "claustrophobically Jewish". Except for her servants, all the people she knew were Jewish as her parents were scared about assimilating into local life.
But Flower was ashamed of that, so she started to rebel. She insisted on learning Hindi, not French, and when she was at college in Delhi she joined the Indian independence movement.
She still vividly remembers the day she arrived back at Howrah station wearing Indian clothes: "My mother was horrified, " Flower tells me.
"To her it was like her daughter had gone to hell, and she made it clear to me that I would never wear these clothes whilst I was living under her roof."
Joe Cohen, secretary of Calcutta's Jewish Girls' School
Read article in full
Esther David, Bene Israel writer (with thanks: Malca)
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Off the Beaten Track
These names are either less commonly given, have faded in popularity somewhat, or have yet to hit the limelight. For these reasons, they may appeal to parents looking for names that are less frequently used.
- Brenton: It sounds a lot like Brendan, but it couldn't mean anything more different. Brendan is an Irish name that translates to "smelly hair" (how pleasant!). Brenton is an English place name that means "Brent's town."
- Brody: It's Irish for "ditch."
- Dale: This English place name for "valley" is not widely used today, which makes it a good candidate for a comeback.
- Dean: English place name meaning "valley." It's a good basic name that, like Dale, is poised for a comeback.
- Denver: Colorado's state capital, named after an early territorial governor. It's also an English place name that means" green valley," which is ironic because Denver is situated on a plateau that is anything but green without substantial irrigation.
- Granville: A French place name meaning "big town." It has an aristocratic air that might make it a good choice for a middle name.
- Hudson: It means "Hugh's son" in Old English; both the Hudson River and Canada's Hudson Bay are named for the English explorer Henry Hudson.
- Keith: Scottish for "forest." This was a very popular name in the U.S. about 30 years ago; it's not so in vogue today but still sees steady use, as it's a good, basic name for boys.
- Ogden: An English place name meaning "valley of the oaks." Although names that begin with O aren't terribly popular, this one may see broader usage thanks to the current fashion for western-sounding names (Ogden is also a city in Utah).
- Wesley: English place name meaning "western meadow." It has a feminine feel to it, but is almost always shortened to Wes in use, which makes it very masculine indeed.
- Ramsey: English place name meaning "raven" or "ram island."
- Roman: From Rome, perhaps best known as a given name thanks to film director Roman Polanski.
- Stanford: English place name meaning "stony ford."
- Asia: Country as given name.
- Bay: A geographic term referring to the indentation of a coastline, or a plant name. Bay Buchannan, the sister of broadcaster and sometimes presidential candidate Pat Buchannan, is the most famous current bearer of this name.
- Caledonia: Scotland was known as Caledonia in ancient times. This name means "from Caledonia."
- Catalina: The island off the southern coast of California.
- China: Country as given name.
- Florida: State as given name. It comes from the Latin word floris, or "flower."
- India: Country as given name.
- Jamaica: Island nation whose name is thought to be from an Indian word meaning "place of many springs."
- Lourdes: The town in France where the young Bernadette saw visions of the Virgin Mary. Today a renowned pilgrimage site for people in search of miraculous healing.
- Nevada: State name thought to derive from the Spanish word for "snowy."
- Paris: City as given name. In Greek mythology, Paris was Helen of Troy's lover.
- Sharon: A Hebrew place name meaning "plain." It was pretty popular about 40 years ago or so, but now seems dated.
- Tara: An Irish term for "rocky hill," made famous as the plantation home of the O'Haras in Gone With the Wind. This name could gain in popularity thanks to pint-sized skating champion Tara Lipinski.
- Tierra: From the Spanish word for "land," deriving from the Latin terra, or "earth." A possible alternative to the popular Sierra.
- Whitney: This Old English place name, which means "white island," has strong connections to wealthy East Coast families. John Hay (Jock) Whitney, for example, was a noted publisher and philanthropist. Whitney Houston keeps this name alive.
More on: Choosing a Name
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Baby Names © 1999 by Sonia Weiss. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit the Idiot's Guide web site or call 1-800-253-6476.
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Of all the technical advancements, the ones that are gaining a lot of notice recently are home automation systems. These transcend the normal boundaries of imagination, and go into a realm where homes are integrated into systems making them respond to user commands given over other devices, and offering excellent features like remote access.
What is home automation?
The term home automation is the process of converting a normal home to a smart home. Just like the normal phones becoming smart phones due to advancement in technologies and additional features, homes could also become smarter. Any form of automation focuses on performing tasks automatically without much stimulus from outside. Regulating and automating tasks not only saves time, but also reduces work from the user’s side. Home automation is, simply put, the process where specific things in the house can be programmed to function automatically.
How simple is it?
In the initial days, home automation experiments began with people setting timers for lamps, thermostats and other simple electronic devices to switch them on and off automatically. But with technical advancement, the automation process has extended to the locks in the doors, cameras to take specific pictures, and even the breakfast coffee maker to have the brew ready before waking up.
What is the purpose of Home Automation?
The main purpose of automation is to save money, and make life easier. There are many instances where electronic devices are left running because they are unnoticed or the user has forgotten. With automation these things would not happen. Lamps turning on only when someone is in the room and turning off once they walk out would save an incredible amount of energy. It is for things like his that automation is a boon.
The Finishing Line does not only do furnishings and automatic curtains, but also offers services for home automation.
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The fundamentals of how windsurfing works…
Words: Simon Winkley
Photos: John Humphries
Illustrations: Pete Galvin
When I first stumbled across windsurfing as an informal learner it was relatively easy to perform simple actions to make the thing work. However, being an inquisitive chap I wanted to know how and why the board and rig did what it did yet no one seemed to be offering any sort of sensible advice. I remember being told by a guy who always windsurfed barefoot despite stubbing his toes with alarming frequency, “It’s all in the realm of physics – a bit technical mate…”
I felt comfortable with the concept of catching some wind in the sail and heading off downwind (and that’s mostly what I did anyway). Yet how a windsurfer could go in any other directions – even upwind, against the very force that was providing the power in the first place – was beyond me and I was determined to find out what was going on.
The guy with the delicate feet was right. The answer is to be found in physics but take care. Type ‘forces on sails’ into Wikipedia and scroll down to marvel at the sheer complexity of information available: graphs of propulsive force coefficients, equations to determine drag predomination and lavish descriptions of lift variables and vortex shedding. This is all swashbuckling stuff – if indeed you have the time and brain capacity for it. For the rest of us, however, here’s a quick look at some essentials in this otherwise technical subject.
A windsurf sail changes the direction and pressure of the air that it stands in the way of. The air must move onto the sail, flow as smoothly as possible over it and exit the sail with the least fuss. This is primarily achieved with a well-rigged sail pulled-in to the correct position.
A common understanding of how a sail works is this: air splits into two streams as it hits the sail – one of which passes to leeward and the other to windward and that the difference in speed of these two streams causes lift. This is thanks to ‘Equal Transit Theory’ which suggests that air molecules separate at the luff and meet up again on the back edge – one of which is said to have travelled a further distance around the outside of the sail and the other a shorter distance around the inside. All of this is no longer accepted as credible, however and – for those who are familiar with it – Bernoulli’s principle, whilst sound, does not apply here.
Lift is actually generated in two ways:
- As the air accelerates over the downwind side (which creates an area of low pressure on the downwind side)
- As the air travels around the upwind side and is forced upwind which pushes, or thrusts, the sail downwind. To add clarity to this concept imagine holding an angled hand out of the window of a moving car with your index finger higher than your little finger. As the air hits the palm of your hand it will be forced downwards and your hand will be thrust upwards. This is also like air being forced over the downwards facing edge of an aeroplane wing to create upwards lift)
Laminar flow is often used to describe smooth airflow over both sides of a sail but there is much more to the story than this.
The term actually describes how:
- the air molecules touching the sail will slow down to almost zero due to friction (skin friction drag)
- the air molecules slightly further away from the sail will move a bit faster
- the air molecules even further away from the sail will move faster still
The region surrounding the sail where laminar flow occurs is called the boundary layer and can be up to a few inches thick. Air outside this layer is not affected by skin friction drag.
Laminar flow is rather like sliding a loose pack of cards along a table. The card at the bottom of the pile will not move very far along the table as it experiences friction against it. The next card up will move a bit further and so on, with the uppermost card travelling the furthest. In the same way you have layers of air at different speeds sliding over the sail. Laminar flow is good news because this layering produces less skin friction drag. If air only travelled in one thick slab then all of it would be slowed against the sail and windsurfing would not be possible. This would be like picking up the cards, gluing them all together and sliding the pack across the table again. The card at the top would have the same drag as the card at the bottom and not travel freely forwards, thus reducing the overall ability of the pack of cards to travel smoothly across the table.
Turbulent flow is air swirling and colliding chaotically instead of sliding past itself in smooth layers. Carefully setting our sail to the wind on a close, beam or broad reach will avoid significant turbulence.
Sailing too close to the wind, sailing dead downwind on a run or pulling in the sail too much before planing occurs will, on the other hand, encourage it. Even so there is very little we can do to avoid some degree of change from laminar to turbulent flow as it will happen at some point. Such separation occurs when the airflow no longer follows the curve of the sail, particularly as it shears off at some point on the leeward side. At the point of separation no lift is being generated and the flow becomes stalled.
Now let’s go back to lift which, in simple terms, wants to pull the sail a bit downwind and a bit forwards. The forwards element is great yet not many windsurfers are fans of going sideways. This is where the board’s engagement with the water comes in.
Imagine if a board was literally floating above the water’s surface, totally disconnected from it – like a hoverboard-windsurfer of the future perhaps or a hot air balloon blown at the whim of the wind. With nothing to grip onto, the sideways element would be significant and would be impossible to reduce. No need to worry though – boards are suitably connected to the water and, as such, all have some degree of resistance to going sideways.
In the photos, the solid arrows represent the sideways force on the board caused by the lift from the sail (transferred though the mastfoot and the body of the person windsurfing) and the opaque arrows represent lateral resistance.
In the first one I am standing in shallow water pressing down on the board and trying to push it sideways which is not easy. You can clearly see how the water is resisting the sideways passage of the board through it, thanks to the board’s length/thickness (volume), fin and daggerboard. In the next photo I am deeply engaging the windward rail – a trick to increase lateral resistance in the absence of a daggerboard, typically in non-planing conditions on a smaller volume board. Again the water can be seen rebelling against the board’s best efforts to push sideways through it.
So what is the upshot of all of this? Well, the board – subject to the hydrodynamic lift that its lateral resistance creates (as a result of the aerodynamic lift from a correctly-set sail) – simply moves forwards through the water.
And that, in very simple terms, is how a windsurfer works!
Simon Winkley is a RYA Advanced Windsurfing Instructor and a RYA Windsurfing Trainer running instructor courses across the UK and overseas. He is supported by Starboard, Severne and Bray Lake Watersports and provides windsurfing coaching holidays through Ocean Elements in Vassiliki.
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Everyone knows that you need to eat healthy to help maintain a healthy lifestyle. But living in a society which serves food high in saturated fat and sugar can make the lifestyle seem impossible to obtain. Trust me there is hope! Here are five ways that you can help your family make the switch to eating healthy foods.
Great Tips For Getting Your Family To Eat Healthy
Get Them Involved
Families can form great bonds by including everyone in the kitchen. Working together can pave the way for more communication and provide opportunities to teach children about different types of food. By providing your children with the proper information, they will be able to make better decisions on what they would like to eat, which can make positive changes for their future development. Let them be the sous-chef or the saucier for the day. By giving them an outstanding job, you can help them build self-confidence, which will make a positive impact on developing their personality.
Make One Change at a Time
Your family may panic if you throw out all the unhealthy food and replace it with lettuce and tofu. Take it one step at a time. Switch all your white grained food with whole wheat or whole grain. Reduce the amount of sugar and high-calorie foods and select some healthy recipes to implement into your weekly meal plan. By taking small steps, you will be able to make the switch over time without even realizing it.
Be a Role Model
Children are visual learners, and their most significant influence is their parents. Be a great role model for your children by eating healthy foods yourself. They will take notice as you enjoy a salad, sip on flavored water, and bite into a delicious apple. It may be a struggle for you to make the switch to healthy foods but by keeping a positive attitude and showing your family your commitment, their curiosity will take hold.
Taking the time to read food labels may seem daunting at first, but it is well worth the time. By reading labels, you can take control of what you are choosing to put into your body. You may be surprised to find that some food you thought was healthy isn’t or that an item was healthier than you initially thought. Once you start reading labels, you will know precisely what to look for and won’t need to read labels as often. Take the time to show your children how to read the labels. They may become your biggest helpers when shopping for food.
Portion out Meals
Many parents know that they need to provide a balanced meal for their child, but many don’t know how much food their child should eat during a meal or throughout the day. Some tricks can help you when portioning out meals. When plating a meal, you should strive to portion one-half of the meal vegetables, one-fourth protein, and one-fourth grain. You can measure the size of a meat portion by the size of your child’s palm. The number of grains, such as pasta and rice, should be the size of your child’s fist. A serving of cheese should be the length of your child’s thumb. These are some fun ways that can help you when portioning and while teaching your children how much they should be eating.
Have fun helping your family live a healthier lifestyle. It may seem challenging at first, but by eating healthy foods you and your children will feel more energized and can help avoid future illnesses.
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Deaf Culture Facts That Might Surprise You
Hearing people often think of deafness as simply “an inability to hear.” Being Deaf, though, is about more than just whether or not a person can hear—it’s about being part of a community with its own history, values, and culture. Let’s take a look at some of the more surprising facts about Deaf culture and how it differs from hearing culture.
Sign Language Isn’t Universal
While American Sign Language is used in the United States and Canada, most countries have their own distinct sign languages. Just as American Sign Language is unrelated to spoken English, the sign languages of other countries have their own unique histories separate from the origins and histories of their countries’ respective spoken languages. For example, since the co-founder of the first school for the Deaf in the United States was from France, American Sign Language has many similarities to French Sign Language. American Sign Language is completely different, though, from British Sign Language. In other words, American Deaf people can often communicate easily with French Deaf people, but not with British Deaf people!
It’s not unusual for Deaf people to be completely comfortable talking about personal topics like health, salary, and how much their mortgage is, even with people they don’t know well. In Deaf culture, information sharing is valued, so it isn’t considered rude to ask questions that may seem overly personal to hearing people. Why this difference? Hearing culture is generally individualist, with a lot of emphasis on privacy, personal space, and "doing your own thing." In contrast, Deaf culture is collectivist, with Deaf people seeing themselves as part of a close-knit and interconnected group. Sharing information is an important aspect of cultures that value this kind of interconnectedness.
Deaf People Can Be Very Direct
Similar to the value placed on information sharing, Deaf people can be direct with comments and questions about topics that hearing people often consider rude. For example, Deaf people don’t consider it rude to make comments such as, “You’ve really gained weight—what happened?” In fact, not commenting on an obvious change like weight gain can come across as aloof or uncaring. Alternatively, while hearing people might interpret Deaf people’s directness as rude, Deaf people can be confused by how roundabout hearing people can be. For example, when giving criticism or feedback, hearing people often “pad” their negative feedback with positive statements. For Deaf people, this can send mixed messages since it isn’t clear what message the hearing person is trying to convey.
Deaf People Are Better Drivers Than Hearing People
A common myth about Deaf people is that since they can’t hear, they must be bad drivers. However, quite the opposite is true. According to statistics compiled by the National Association of the Deaf and the U.S. government, Deaf drivers tend to be better drivers than hearing people.1 It’s not entirely clear why this is the case, but it’s probably because driving is primarily a visual activity, and the ideal driving environment is a quiet one (just think of how many hearing drivers are distracted by loud music or phone conversations while driving!). Plus, there’s some evidence that Deaf people have better peripheral vision than hearing people2, which would be a great advantage when driving.
More about Deaf people and driving...
- Can Deaf People Drive? - Fighting for a Basic Right
If Deaf people can't hear, how can they drive? Plus, find out which countries allow Deaf people to drive and which countries still deny Deaf people this fundamental right.
Looking At The Face, Not Hands, When Communicating
If you watch Deaf people sign, you’ll notice that they look at each other’s faces, not hands, when communicating. People who are learning to sign often fixate on the signer’s hands, which looks unnatural and can hinder effective communication. This is because facial expressions are just as important for communication in sign language as using the hands and can have a huge impact on the meaning that is being conveyed. In fact, the emotionless facial expressions of people who are learning to sign can be a source of some amusement in the Deaf community! Interestingly, one reason the fake interpreter at Nelson Mandela’s memorial service was so easily identified was not just because his signs were gibberish--he also remained completely expressionless while signing.
ASL Flash Cards
Getting Someone's Attention
To get someone’s attention, Deaf people might tap someone on the shoulder. Or, they might bang or tap on a table so that the vibrations cause everyone at the table to look toward the source of the vibrations. In a large group or classroom setting, flashing the lights off and on is a common way to get everyone’s attention. It’s rude to wave your hands right in front of a Deaf person’s face to get their attention. Just gently tap them on the shoulder instead. It’s ok to wave your hand, though, if you’re too far away for a shoulder tap. Here are some commons mistakes hearing people make when trying to get a Deaf person's attention. These are generally considered inappropriate or even rude.
- stomping furiously on the floor
- turning the lights on and off when you're trying to get just one person's attention, and not the entire group
- aggressively jabbing the person you want to talk to
- waving your hand right in front of the person's face
- grabbing the person's hands to force him or her to stop signing and pay attention to you (never, ever grab a Deaf person's hands--that's like someone putting their hand over the mouth of a hearing person)
Have you observed any other facts about Deaf culture and how it differs from hearing culture? Leave your comments below!
Dennis Cokely and Charlotte Baker-Shenk, American Sign Language: A Student Text Units 1-9, Gallaudet University Press, 1991, page 79
Codina, et. al., "Deaf and Hearing Children: A Comparison of Peripheral Vision Development."
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Origin of succubusMiddle English from Medieval Latin (altered by associated, association with incubus) from Late Latin succuba, strumpet from Classical Latin succubare, to lie under from sub-, sub- + cubare, to lie: see cube
nounpl. suc·cu·bus·es, or suc·cu·bi also suc·cu·bae
- A female demon supposed to descend upon and have sexual intercourse with a man while he sleeps.
- An evil spirit; a demon.
Origin of succubusMiddle English from Medieval Latin alteration ( influenced by Late Latin incubus incubus ) of Latin succuba paramour from succubāre to lie under sub- sub- cubāre to lie down
(plural succubi or succubuses)
Alteration in Middle English of Late Latin succuba (“strumpet, especially a mythological fiend in female form who has intercourse with men in their sleep"), from succubare (“to lie under"), from sub- (“under") + cubare (“to lie down"), from Proto-Indo-European *keu(b) (“to bend, to turn").
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Information Technology Tools and Network Basis
Introduction to Internet and WWW Question & Answer
Question : 1
What is private browsing? Why is it considered a better way of browsing the Internet?
- Anonymous browsers allow users to view websites without revealing personal information of user.
- It can be sued as a tool for governments, journalists and every security conscious surfers.
- A popular solution to this is- Private Browsing.
- Incognito browsing open up a version of the browser that will not track your activity.it is particularly useful if you are entering sensitive data like bank details into your browser.
- Proxy works as a middleman between your computer and the website you want to access. Now the tracking website will get the IP address of proxy site.
- Virtual Private Network (VPN) this is a method to add security and privacy to private and public networks, like WiFi hotspots and Internet. It is originally meant for business employees working offsite to gain access to shared drives or networks.
Question : 2
What are cookies? How are they used by websites to track you?
cookies are small pieces of information websites can store in your browser. Cookies can be –
1. First Party Cookies- These are the cookies that store your own log in id, password, and auto fill information etc.
2. Third Party Cookies: These are the cookies that websites store to know about your search history and web browsing history so as to place advertisements as per your interests.
Question : 3
How do websites track you online?
Whenever you visit a website, your web browser may reveal your location via your device‘s IP address.
- It can also provide your search and browsing history etc. which may be used by third parties, like advertisers or criminals.
- This way website track you. Tracking is generally used by advertising networks to build up details profiles for pinpoint adtargeting.
- This information is compiled through your web usage patterns, and which websites generally use for tracking you. This generally includes-
- IP Address
- Cookies and tracking scripts etc.
- HTTP Referrer
- Super Cookies
- User Agent
Question : 4
What should you do to protect your identity on Internet?
The things we can do to protect our identity on Internet.
- Most common solution to this is Private browsing or Anonymous browsing.
- Confidentiality of information.
- Appropriate usage of social networking sites.
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By measuring the stiffness of the liver using ultrasound elastography, the Fibroscan is used to assess and monitor liver fibrosis in all conditions that can cause chronic liver damage. This includes viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease and excess alcohol. The machine uses vibrations on the skin causing elastic waves that spread through the liver. The speed at which the waves pass through the liver indicates the level of stiffness present.
Professor Andy Burrows says the machine is a very valuable addition to the diagnostic armoury. “This machine can also pick up scar tissue before a patient gets sclerosis and can be a very useful addition to blood tests and an indicator of the need for a biopsy,” he said. “Silent liver disease needs early treatment and this is one way of identifying patients at risk. It really is a very helpful tool for us.” The scan, which is a perfectly safe non-invasive procedure, takes just ten minutes and one of the Wellington’s liver specialists can explain the findings to a patient immediately.
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How will your design be used in 10,000 years? When we produce designs and create technical systems we rarely think in such time-frames, yet many of today’s technology includes ideas decades old, even hundreds. Anthropologist Genevieve Bell joins us to talk about digital anthropology, cyber physical systems, and the new educational needs that have arisen.
Technology today becomes technology tomorrow. If AI is the steam engine, then what will become the railroad and the trains? Who are the modern day equivalents of the civil engineers of yesterday who will manage these new, AI driven systems, and new technologies?
For the past three years Genevieve has been working on establishing a new field of engineering with the Australian National University, to help provide the education needed to create the practitioners we need.
(Listening time: 44 minutes, transcript)
Episode #249: Digital anthropology with @feraldata
— UX Podcast (@uxpodcast) November 6, 2020
- Full transcript for episode 249
- Brewarrina Aboriginal Fish Traps
- Genevieve Bell on Wikipedia
- The 3A Institute Australian National University
- The 4th Industrial Revolution: Responsible & Secure AI (YouTube)
- Fast, Smart and Connected: What is it to be Human, and Australian, in a Digital World (Boyer lectures 2017)
- Beam engine (Wikipedia)
- Railway time (Wikipedia)
- Serverhallen drar som halvt kärnkraftverk (in Swedish)
- Episode 202: Digital places with Jorge Arango
- Send us your thoughts at: [email protected]
- Backstage mailing list: Sign up here
- Enjoy the episode? Support UX Podcast
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Following the death of Edward, July 17, 1553, Mary, daughter of Henry VIII, began to reign at thirty-seven years of age. Her accession was met with satisfaction, if not with enthusiasm, by the great majority of the nation. It was the general belief that the throne was rightfully hers, though an earlier parliament had annulled her right of succession on the grounds of the unlawfulness of Henry’s marriage to Catherine. Later, another parliament had restored it to her, which was in keeping with Henry’s last will and testament. Under this arrangement, she placed next after Edward, Prince of Wales, and heir to the crown. Few indeed anticipated the terrible changes that would soon sweep the nation. Mary’s education had been conducted mainly by her mother, who had taught her little besides a strong attachment to the Roman Catholic faith. No sooner had the way to the throne been cleared for her than she sent a message to the pope to the effect that she was his faithful daughter and England had returned to Rome. The knowledge of the joy of this would bring to the Eternal City enabled the messenger to make the trip in nine days, something that had taken Campeggio three months to accomplish when he came to pronounce Henry’s divorce.
Realizing that these same tidings would be far from welcome in England, Mary hid her true feelings. To the Reformers of Suffolk, who before espousing her cause sought a commitment from her as to the course she intended to pursue, she bade them put their minds at rest; no man would be molested on the grounds of his religion. Upon entering London, she sent the Lord Mayor the message that she meant not to compel other people’s consciences otherwise than God should persuade their hearts of truth. By these words, her right to the throne was confirmed. No sooner, however, was she firmly established than she threw off all disguise and left no one in doubt that it was her settled purpose to suppress the Protestant faith.
All of the circumstances that had made progress of the Reformation so difficult in England worked in Mary’s favor as she sought to restore the Catholic religion. Large numbers of the people were still attached to the ancient beliefs, as there had not been sufficient time for the light to fully dispel the darkness. A large portion of the clergy, though professing the Protestant faith because of the pressure that had been applied to them as a result of the laws passed during Henry’s reign, were still papal at heart.
Throughout all of England, all men who held any position of influence and who were known to be favorable to the Reformation were removed. During the months of August and September, Ridley, Bishop of London; Rogers; Latimer, the most eloquent preacher in all of England; Hooper of Gloucester; Coverdale; Bradford; Saunders; and others were deprived of their liberty. In addition, some noblemen and gentlemen were deprived of their lands which the king had given them. Many churches were changed, altars were set up, and masses said, even before a law had been passed making it legal.
All of the foreign Protestants were given passports, with orders to leave the country. Nearly 1,000 Englishmen under various guises left with them. Providence had arranged that just as the storm was about to break in England, it had begun to abate on the Continent.
Soon after being confirmed to the throne, Mary considered a marriage to the emperor’s son, Philip of Spain. Parliament begged the queen not to marry a stranger; and the queen, not liking to have her matrimonial interests interfered with, dismissed the members and sent them to their homes. Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor of England, learning that a galleon loaded with gold had just returned to Spain from South America, wrote the emperor, suggesting that for the price of a few millions of his wealth he might be able to buy sufficient votes of influential men, thereby assuring that England would be rescued from heresy. At the same time, it was suggested that it would be an opportunity to add another to the many kingdoms that were already under the Spanish scepter. The idea was agreed to and plans for a wedding moved ahead.
With the year 1555, the stake returned to England. Secret informers were appointed in each district to report on all who did not attend the mass or who otherwise failed to conduct themselves as good Catholics. Among the first victims to suffer for their faith were Rogers and Hooper. The men who were burned during Mary’s reign died mainly because of their denial in the belief of transubstantiation—the actual presence of the body of Christ in the Lord’s Supper. The question was direct and there was no reasoning the matter. "What sayest thou?" was the question put to each of them. If in answer they said "flesh," they were acquitted; if in reply they said "bread," they were condemned to be burned.
Rogers had been an associate of Tyndale and Coverdale in translating the Scriptures. On the morning of February 4, he was awakened and led to Smithfield. In the crowd he saw his wife with their eleven children, the smallest still an infant. His persecutors thought that his fatherly instincts might prevail where they had failed, but in this they were mistaken. Refusing the pardon that was offered him, he replied; "That which I have preached will I seal with my blood." Accused of being a heretic, he calmly replied that this would be determined at the last day.
After this beginning, the work moved ahead rapidly. In order to strike terror to the populace as a whole, stakes were raised all over England. The clergy, thinking that seeing their pastors burned would terrorize the flock, arranged to have the Reformers burned in various places throughout England. Little did they realize that the people might be moved to pity by the sight and, admiring their heroism, would come to despise the tyranny that doomed them to such an awful death. A thrill of horror swept the nation.
Hooper, who had been a companion of Rogers at his initial trial, had expected to accompany him to the stake. Instead, however, he was told that he was to be transported back to Gloucester where he had been bishop. Though he welcomed the privilege of dying anywhere for Christ, to seal his testimony before the flock to which had preached filled him with joy. Arriving in Gloucester, he was met by a crowd of tearful people. Three days were allowed him before his execution. On February 9, he was led out. It was market day and not less than 7,000 people assembled to watch. He did not address those assembled, as he had been forced to give his promise to remain silent by the threat of having his tongue cut out. His courage and the serenity of his countenance, however, preached a more eloquent sermon than any words he might have framed.
Men were able to contrast the leniency with which the Romanists had been treated under Edward VI with the fierce cruelty of Mary. When Protestantism was in the ascendancy, not a single papist had died for his religion. A few priests had been deprived of their offices and revenue, but the vast majority had saved their livelihood by conforming. Now that popery had revived, no one could be a Protestant but at the peril of his life. All over England fires raged. From the child, to the elderly, without regard to sex, the victims were brought, sometimes singly, at other times by the dozens. An England that till now had placed a small price on the Reformation, awoke to a better idea of the value what Edward VI and Cranmer had given it.
The gloomiest year in the history of England was the last year of Mary. Drought and tempests had brought about a scarcity of food. Famine brought plague in its wake. Strange maladies attacked the population and a full half of the inhabitants fell sick. Many towns and villages were almost depopulated, and a sufficient number of laborers could not be found to even reap the fields. In many places the grain, instead of being carried to the barn, stood rotting in the fields. The kingdom was rapidly becoming a satrapy of Spain, and its prestige was year by year sinking in the eyes of foreign powers.
Between February 4, 1555, when Rogers was burned at Smithfield, and November 15, 1558, when five martyrs were burned in one fire at Canterbury just two days before Mary died, no less than 288 persons were burned alive at the stake.
Mary breathed her last on the morning of November 17, 1558. On the same day, but a few hours later, Cardinal Pole died. He along with Carranza, the Spanish priest who had been Mary’s confessor, had been chief counselor in carrying out the deeds that were to crown her reign with such infamy in England. The news of Mary’s death spreading rapidly through London caused general rejoicing. Wherever the news was told, it was heralded with great joy. The nation awoke as from a horrible nightmare.
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Posted by Josie Galbraith @Josie_Anya
Something all scientists share is an inherent understanding that science is a worthy pursuit. That knowledge, like pie, is worth seeking. We are prepared to read paper after paper – countless paragraphs of text – for the betterment of our understanding. But even amongst ourselves, we usually draw the line at reading literature outside our fields of interest. And fair call – ain’t nobody got time for that. Papers outside our broad disciplines may as well be written by aliens. Alien subject matter, alien concepts, alien terminology. Crossing the disciplinary event-horizon doesn’t exactly make for easy digestion or light bedtime reading.
We all want sweet juicy visual treats.
What we all want, what we really really want, is for someone to hand us delicious bite-sized science in shiny wrappers. Sweet juicy visual treats, like graphical abstracts, infographics and animations (check out this sweet as bird feeding animation – yeah you got me… it’s mine). Data visualization and visual storytelling aren’t new concepts, but in this digital age they have become more important than ever. Increasingly, journals across the spectrum are recommending or even requiring visual summaries of research. Visual representations of research are many more times effective at engagement than legions of characters lined up on a page (there’s a graphic of that). Do not underestimate the power of the drawn lines.
What’s more, this kind of science is also perfect to share with all manner of non-sciencey folks. Science communication is, after all, a hugely important part of science and part of our responsibility as scientists (scidev.net editorial, Brownell et al. 2013 ). Not all of us are comfortable giving interviews via conventional channels (TV, radio, articles). Furthermore, mainstream media have a tendency to cover only those articles that are sexy, sensational, or published in the top journals. But, with the age of social media, opportunities for communicating science to the world in graphical ways have skyrocketed and we can do it ourselves. We don’t have to wait to be asked. Make the most of it. Turn your fancy words into shiny pictures, because pictures are great. Great for society and great for our own science.
Don’t wait to be asked.
Turn your science into a shiny picture today!
It is a vastly useful academic exercise to distill your research down into a single picture or a 60-sec animation. What is it that really matters about your study? What are the vital pieces? And these days we need to do more distilling. While opportunities to communicate science are increasing, attention spans are shrinking. Sharing scientific findings graphically is the perfect answer.
A final comment: don’t let artistic skill or lack thereof stand in your way. Graphics software is pretty awesome these days (your institution may already have a license for Adobe Illustrator, or there are many free apps too). Failing that there are people out there to help you with the research make-over you’re looking for (shout out to deSciphered and maybe future me).
Josie Galbraith is a PhD student in the Centre of Biodiversity and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland. She is supervised by Margaret Stanley, Jacqueline Beggs and Daryl Jones (Griffith University, Australia). She is also known to dabble in the dark arts – painting, illustration, graphic design, and animation.
Science in wrappers image © Josie Galbraith. This image includes vectors designed by zhaolifang and larvarmsg Vecteezy.com.
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Early dating of revelation
I don't have the research notes anymore (where I explored both sides to come to this conclusion).The date wasn't the thesis, so I didn't have to explore both sides. I'd have to do that research anew and time is compressed these days.
The internal testimony is wholly in favor of the early date.” “One of the oddest facts about the New Testament is that what on any showing would appear to be the single most datable and climactic event of the period — the fall of Jerusalem in A. After the destruction of the Temple the synagogue became the center of Jewish life; after the destruction of Jerusalem there was no clear location of the seat of authority for the Christian church. were the persecuting Jews who betrayed their fellow countrymen to the tyranny of the Sanhedrin. After the temple was destroyed, those unbelieving Jews were either killed, or enslaved, or lost their authority.
Doesn't the first 3 chapters of Revelation reflect both of these facts? Any survivors may very well have established new assemblies, but they were not persecuting the Christians anymore. the first being Augustus who was ruling at the time of christs birth ( see the ten kings/ horns of daniels last beast) he is the first king of the ten horns ( the same prophecy also reads as the ten kings that come to power one hour with the papal beast king- daniels prophecy is a double prophecy) Julius ceaser was and even now is never officially considered an Emperor.
The meaning of "at hand" cannot be stretched across 2,000 years. 18:6, "Now in the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the same, when the king's commandment and his decree drew near to be put in execution, in the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to have power over them,..." (KJV) He didn't mean thousands of years later. 24 was close to them in that century in which He spoke the words.
Since Christ came to them in the fullness of time, and since He told them the Kingdom was "at hand", then the kingdom was associated with His manifestation on earth in the first century A. Shortly: Gen , Joseph explained Pharaoh's dream of the famine, The meaning of the word "shortly" as used in the NT did not change from its use in the OT.
The 8th king the beast is the papacy which is connected to Domitian the sixth Emperor of Johns 7 Emperors / kings.
due to the fact he like the papacy fulfilled all , all except one that is , of the Prophecy Daniel recieved of the little horn and its prophesied antichristian deeds.
They have turned the literal statements inside out, and upside down. Therefore, the time was important, and the time in which Christ spoke and of which He promised is important.
Surely we can all agree that Christ was manifested on earth in the first century AD. Christ came preaching that the kingdom was "at hand".
You say that "the proper dating of the book would have huge implications for how the contents were interpreted". There are basically four ways of reading Revelation (preterist, historicist, futurist and spiritual). For some of those choices the dating is not an issue at all. The book was written during a time when Christians were persecuted (Rev 1: 9 etc) and this was taken to be during either the reign of Nero (54 -68 CE) or Domitian (81 - 96 CE).Tags: Adult Dating, affair dating, sex dating
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By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain the aggregate supply curve and how it relates to real GDP and potential GDP
- Explain the aggregate demand curve and how it is influenced by price levels
- Interpret the aggregate demand/aggregate supply model
- Identify the point of equilibrium in the aggregate demand/aggregate supply model
- Define short run aggregate supply and long run aggregate supply
To build a useful macroeconomic model, we need a model that shows what determines total supply or total demand for the economy, and how total demand and total supply interact at the macroeconomic level. This model is called the aggregate demand/aggregate supply model. This module will explain aggregate supply, aggregate demand, and the equilibrium between them. The following modules will discuss the causes of shifts in aggregate supply and aggregate demand.
The Aggregate Supply Curve and Potential GDP
Firms make decisions about what quantity to supply based on the profits they expect to earn. Profits, in turn, are also determined by the price of the outputs the firm sells and by the price of the inputs, like labor or raw materials, the firm needs to buy. Aggregate supply (AS) refers to the total quantity of output (i.e. real GDP) firms will produce and sell. The aggregate supply (AS) curve shows the total quantity of output (i.e. real GDP) that firms will produce and sell at each price level.
[link] shows an aggregate supply curve. In the following paragraphs, we will walk through the elements of the diagram one at a time: the horizontal and vertical axes, the aggregate supply curve itself, and the meaning of the potential GDP vertical line.
The horizontal axis of the diagram shows real GDP—that is, the level of GDP adjusted for inflation. The vertical axis shows the price level. Remember that the price level is different from the inflation rate. Visualize the price level as an index number, like the GDP deflator, while the inflation rate is the percentage change between price levels over time.
As the price level (the average price of all goods and services produced in the economy) rises, the aggregate quantity of goods and services supplied rises as well. Why? The price level shown on the vertical axis represents prices for final goods or outputs bought in the economy—like the GDP deflator—not the price level for intermediate goods and services that are inputs to production. Thus, the AS curve describes how suppliers will react to a higher price level for final outputs of goods and services, while holding the prices of inputs like labor and energy constant. If firms across the economy face a situation where the price level of what they produce and sell is rising, but their costs of production are not rising, then the lure of higher profits will induce them to expand production.
The slope of an AS curve changes from nearly flat at its far left to nearly vertical at its far right. At the far left of the aggregate supply curve, the level of output in the economy is far below potential GDP, which is defined as the quantity that an economy can produce by fully employing its existing levels of labor, physical capital, and technology, in the context of its existing market and legal institutions. At these relatively low levels of output, levels of unemployment are high, and many factories are running only part-time, or have closed their doors. In this situation, a relatively small increase in the prices of the outputs that businesses sell—while making the assumption of no rise in input prices—can encourage a considerable surge in the quantity of aggregate supply because so many workers and factories are ready to swing into production.
As the quantity produced increases, however, certain firms and industries will start running into limits: perhaps nearly all of the expert workers in a certain industry will have jobs or factories in certain geographic areas or industries will be running at full speed. In the intermediate area of the AS curve, a higher price level for outputs continues to encourage a greater quantity of output—but as the increasingly steep upward slope of the aggregate supply curve shows, the increase in quantity in response to a given rise in the price level will not be quite as large. (Read the following Clear It Up feature to learn why the AS curve crosses potential GDP.)
The aggregate supply curve is typically drawn to cross the potential GDP line. This shape may seem puzzling: How can an economy produce at an output level which is higher than its “potential” or “full employment” GDP? The economic intuition here is that if prices for outputs were high enough, producers would make fanatical efforts to produce: all workers would be on double-overtime, all machines would run 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Such hyper-intense production would go beyond using potential labor and physical capital resources fully, to using them in a way that is not sustainable in the long term. Thus, it is indeed possible for production to sprint above potential GDP, but only in the short run.
At the far right, the aggregate supply curve becomes nearly vertical. At this quantity, higher prices for outputs cannot encourage additional output, because even if firms want to expand output, the inputs of labor and machinery in the economy are fully employed. In this example, the vertical line in the exhibit shows that potential GDP occurs at a total output of 9,500. When an economy is operating at its potential GDP, machines and factories are running at capacity, and the unemployment rate is relatively low—at the natural rate of unemployment. For this reason, potential GDP is sometimes also called full-employment GDP.
The Aggregate Demand Curve
Aggregate demand (AD) refers to the amount of total spending on domestic goods and services in an economy. (Strictly speaking, AD is what economists call total planned expenditure. This distinction will be further explained in the appendix The Expenditure-Output Model
. For now, just think of aggregate demand as total spending.) It includes all four components of demand: consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports). This demand is determined by a number of factors, but one of them is the price level—recall though, that the price level is an index number such as the GDP deflator that measures the average price of the things we buy. The aggregate demand (AD) curve shows the total spending on domestic goods and services at each price level.
[link] presents an aggregate demand (AD) curve. Just like the aggregate supply curve, the horizontal axis shows real GDP and the vertical axis shows the price level. The AD curve slopes down, which means that increases in the price level of outputs lead to a lower quantity of total spending. The reasons behind this shape are related to how changes in the price level affect the different components of aggregate demand. The following components make up aggregate demand: consumption spending (C), investment spending (I), government spending (G), and spending on exports (X) minus imports (M): C + I + G + X – M.
The wealth effect holds that as the price level increases, the buying power of savings that people have stored up in bank accounts and other assets will diminish, eaten away to some extent by inflation. Because a rise in the price level reduces people’s wealth, consumption spending will fall as the price level rises.
The interest rate effect is that as prices for outputs rise, the same purchases will take more money or credit to accomplish. This additional demand for money and credit will push interest rates higher. In turn, higher interest rates will reduce borrowing by businesses for investment purposes and reduce borrowing by households for homes and cars—thus reducing consumption and investment spending.
The foreign price effect points out that if prices rise in the United States while remaining fixed in other countries, then goods in the United States will be relatively more expensive compared to goods in the rest of the world. U.S. exports will be relatively more expensive, and the quantity of exports sold will fall. U.S. imports from abroad will be relatively cheaper, so the quantity of imports will rise. Thus, a higher domestic price level, relative to price levels in other countries, will reduce net export expenditures.
Truth be told, among economists all three of these effects are controversial, in part because they do not seem to be very large. For this reason, the aggregate demand curve in [link] slopes downward fairly steeply; the steep slope indicates that a higher price level for final outputs reduces aggregate demand for all three of these reasons, but that the change in the quantity of aggregate demand as a result of changes in price level is not very large.
Read the following Work It Out feature to learn how to interpret the AD/AS model. In this example, aggregate supply, aggregate demand, and the price level are given for the imaginary country of Xurbia.
[link] shows information on aggregate supply, aggregate demand, and the price level for the imaginary country of Xurbia. What information does [link] tell you about the state of the Xurbia’s economy? Where is the equilibrium price level and output level (this is the SR macroequilibrium)? Is Xurbia risking inflationary pressures or facing high unemployment? How can you tell?
|Price Level||Aggregate Demand||Aggregate Supply|
To begin to use the AD/AS model, it is important to plot the AS and AD curves from the data provided. What is the equilibrium?
Step 1. Draw your x- and y-axis. Label the x-axis Real GDP and the y-axis Price Level.
Step 2. Plot AD on your graph.
Step 3. Plot AS on your graph.
Step 4. Look at [link] which provides a visual to aid in your analysis.
Step 5. Determine where AD and AS intersect. This is the equilibrium with price level at 130 and real GDP at $680.
Step 6. Look at the graph to determine where equilibrium is located. We can see that this equilibrium is fairly far from where the AS curve becomes near-vertical (or at least quite steep) which seems to start at about $750 of real output. This implies that the economy is not close to potential GDP. Thus, unemployment will be high. In the relatively flat part of the AS curve, where the equilibrium occurs, changes in the price level will not be a major concern, since such changes are likely to be small.
Step 7. Determine what the steep portion of the AS curve indicates. Where the AS curve is steep, the economy is at or close to potential GDP.
Step 8. Draw conclusions from the given information:
- If equilibrium occurs in the flat range of AS, then economy is not close to potential GDP and will be experiencing unemployment, but stable price level.
- If equilibrium occurs in the steep range of AS, then the economy is close or at potential GDP and will be experiencing rising price levels or inflationary pressures, but will have a low unemployment rate.
Equilibrium in the Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model
The intersection of the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves shows the equilibrium level of real GDP and the equilibrium price level in the economy. At a relatively low price level for output, firms have little incentive to produce, although consumers would be willing to purchase a high quantity. As the price level for outputs rises, aggregate supply rises and aggregate demand falls until the equilibrium point is reached.
[link] combines the AS curve from [link] and the AD curve from [link] and places them both on a single diagram. In this example, the equilibrium point occurs at point E, at a price level of 90 and an output level of 8,800.
Confusion sometimes arises between the aggregate supply and aggregate demand model and the microeconomic analysis of demand and supply in particular markets for goods, services, labor, and capital. Read the following Clear It Up feature to gain an understanding of whether AS and AD are macro or micro.
These aggregate supply and aggregate demand model and the microeconomic analysis of demand and supply in particular markets for goods, services, labor, and capital have a superficial resemblance, but they also have many underlying differences.
For example, the vertical and horizontal axes have distinctly different meanings in macroeconomic and microeconomic diagrams. The vertical axis of a microeconomic demand and supply diagram expresses a price (or wage or rate of return) for an individual good or service. This price is implicitly relative: it is intended to be compared with the prices of other products (for example, the price of pizza relative to the price of fried chicken). In contrast, the vertical axis of an aggregate supply and aggregate demand diagram expresses the level of a price index like the Consumer Price Index or the GDP deflator—combining a wide array of prices from across the economy. The price level is absolute: it is not intended to be compared to any other prices since it is essentially the average price of all products in an economy. The horizontal axis of a microeconomic supply and demand curve measures the quantity of a particular good or service. In contrast, the horizontal axis of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply diagram measures GDP, which is the sum of all the final goods and services produced in the economy, not the quantity in a specific market.
In addition, the economic reasons for the shapes of the curves in the macroeconomic model are different from the reasons behind the shapes of the curves in microeconomic models. Demand curves for individual goods or services slope down primarily because of the existence of substitute goods, not the wealth effects, interest rate, and foreign price effects associated with aggregate demand curves. The slopes of individual supply and demand curves can have a variety of different slopes, depending on the extent to which quantity demanded and quantity supplied react to price in that specific market, but the slopes of the AS and AD curves are much the same in every diagram (although as we shall see in later chapters, short-run and long-run perspectives will emphasize different parts of the AS curve).
In short, just because the AD/AS diagram has two lines that cross, do not assume that it is the same as every other diagram where two lines cross. The intuitions and meanings of the macro and micro diagrams are only distant cousins from different branches of the economics family tree.
Defining SRAS and LRAS
In the Clear It Up feature titled “Why does AS cross potential GDP?” we differentiated between short run changes in aggregate supply which are shown by the AS curve and long run changes in aggregate supply which are defined by the vertical line at potential GDP. In the short run, if demand is too low (or too high), it is possible for producers to supply less GDP (or more GDP) than potential. In the long run, however, producers are limited to producing at potential GDP. For this reason, what we have been calling the AS curve, will from this point on may also be referred to as the short run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve. The vertical line at potential GDP may also be referred to as the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve.
Key Concepts and Summary
The upward-sloping short run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve shows the positive relationship between the price level and the level of real GDP in the short run. Aggregate supply slopes up because when the price level for outputs increases, while the price level of inputs remains fixed, the opportunity for additional profits encourages more production. The aggregate supply curve is near-horizontal on the left and near-vertical on the right. In the long run, aggregate supply is shown by a vertical line at the level of potential output, which is the maximum level of output the economy can produce with its existing levels of
workers, physical capital, technology, and economic institutions.
The downward-sloping aggregate demand (AD) curve shows the relationship between the price level for outputs and the quantity of total spending in the economy. It slopes down because of: (a) the wealth effect, which means that a higher price level leads to lower real wealth, which reduces the level of consumption; (b) the interest rate effect, which holds that a higher price level will mean a greater demand for money, which will tend to drive up interest rates and reduce investment spending; and (c) the foreign price effect, which holds that a rise in the price level will make domestic goods relatively more expensive, discouraging exports and encouraging imports.
The short run aggregate supply curve was constructed assuming that as the price of outputs increases, the price of inputs stays the same. How would an increase in the prices of important inputs, like energy, affect aggregate supply?
Higher input prices make output less profitable, decreasing the desired supply. This is shown graphically as a leftward shift in the AS curve.
In the AD/AS model, what prevents the economy from achieving equilibrium at potential output?
Equilibrium occurs at the level of GDP where AD = AS. Insufficient aggregate demand could explain why the equilibrium occurs at a level of GDP less than potential. A decrease (or leftward shift) in aggregate supply could be another reason.
What is on the horizontal axis of the AD/AS diagram? What is on the vertical axis?
What is the economic reason why the SRAS curve slopes up?
What are the components of the aggregate demand (AD) curve?
What are the economic reasons why the AD curve slopes down?
Briefly explain the reason for the near-horizontal shape of the SRAS curve on its far left.
Briefly explain the reason for the near-vertical shape of the SRAS curve on its far right.
What is potential GDP?
Critical Thinking Questions
On a microeconomic demand curve, a decrease in price causes an increase in quantity demanded because the product in question is now relatively less expensive than substitute products. Explain why aggregate demand does not increase for the same reason in response to a decrease in the aggregate price level. In other words, what causes total spending to increase if it is not because goods are now cheaper?
Review the problem shown in the Work It Out titled “Interpreting the AD/AS Model.” Like the information provided in that feature, [link] shows information on aggregate supply, aggregate demand, and the price level for the imaginary country of Xurbia.
- Plot the AD/AS diagram from the data shown. Identify the equilibrium.
- Imagine that, as a result of a government tax cut, aggregate demand becomes higher by 50 at every price level. Identify the new equilibrium.
- How will the new equilibrium alter output? How will it alter the price level? What do you think will happen to employment?
The imaginary country of Harris Island has the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves as shown in [link].
- Plot the AD/AS diagram. Identify the equilibrium.
- Would you expect unemployment in this economy to be relatively high or low?
- Would you expect concern about inflation in this economy to be relatively high or low?
- Imagine that consumers begin to lose confidence about the state of the economy, and so AD becomes lower by 275 at every price level. Identify the new aggregate equilibrium.
- How will the shift in AD affect the original output, price level, and employment?
Santher is an economy described by [link].
- Plot the AD/AS curves and identify the equilibrium.
- Would you expect unemployment in this economy to be relatively high or low?
- Would you expect prices to be a relatively large or small concern for this economy?
- Imagine that input prices fall and so AS shifts to the right by 150 units. Identify the new equilibrium.
- How will the shift in AS affect the original output, price level, and employment?
- aggregate demand (AD)
- the amount of total spending on domestic goods and services in an economy
- aggregate supply (AS)
- the total quantity of output (i.e. real GDP) firms will produce and sell
- aggregate demand (AD) curve
- the total spending on domestic goods and services at each price level
- aggregate supply (AS) curve
- the total quantity of output (i.e. real GDP) that firms will produce and sell at each price level
- aggregate demand/aggregate supply model
- a model that shows what determines total supply or total demand for the economy, and how total demand and total supply interact at the macroeconomic level
- full-employment GDP
- another name for potential GDP, when the economy is producing at its potential and unemployment is at the natural rate of unemployment
- long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve
- vertical line at potential GDP showing no relationship between the price level for output and real GDP in the long run
- potential GDP
- the maximum quantity that an economy can produce given full employment of its existing levels of labor, physical capital, technology, and institutions
- short run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve
- positive short run relationship between the price level for output and real GDP, holding the prices of inputs fixed
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Location of the Detroit River in the United States
|Country||United States, Canada|
|Cities||United States: Detroit, Grosse Pointe Park, River Rouge, Ecorse, Wyandotte, Riverview, Trenton, Grosse Ile, Gibraltar, Canada: Tecumseh, Windsor, La Salle, Amherstburg|
|Source||Lake St. Clair|
|- elevation||574 ft (175 m)|
DETROIT RIVER Latitude and Longitude:
|571 ft (174 m)|
|Length||28 mi (45 km)|
|Basin size||700 sq mi (1,800 km2)|
|- left||Little River, River Canard|
|- right||River Rouge, Ecorse River|
The Detroit River ( French: Rivière Détroit) flows for 24 nautical miles (44 km; 28 mi) from Lake St. Clair west and south to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario—an area referred to as Detroit–Windsor. The two cities are connected by the Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel, and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel.
The river's name comes from the French Rivière du Détroit, meaning River of the Strait. The Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and Windsor, and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. It serves as an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Erie Canal. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, the Detroit River became notoriously polluted and toxic. Since the late 20th century, however, a vast restoration effort has been undertaken because of the ecological importance of the river.
In the early 21st century, the river today has a wide variety of economic and recreational uses. There are numerous islands in the Detroit River, and much of the lower portion of the river is incorporated into the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront and the William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor. The Detroit River is designated an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River — the only river to have this dual designation.
The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles (44 km; 28 mi) from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie. By definition, this classifies it as both a river and a strait — a strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water, which is how the river earned its name from early French settlers. However, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider.
The Detroit River is only 0.5 to 2.5 miles (0.80 to 4.02 km) wide. The Detroit River starts on an east to west flow but then bends and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is 53 feet (16 m) deep in the northern portion of the river. At its source, the river is at an elevation of 574 feet (175 m) above sea level. The river drops only three feet before entering into Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m). As the river contains no dams and no locks, it is easily navigable by even the smallest of vessels. The watershed basin for the Detroit River is approximately 700 square miles (1,800 km2). Since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries. Its largest tributary is the River Rouge in Michigan, which is four times longer than the Detroit River and contains most of the watershed. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much smaller Ecorse River. Tributaries on the Canadian side include Little River, Turkey Creek and the River Canard. The discharge for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size. The river's average discharge is approximately 188,000 cubic feet per second (5,324 m³/s), and the river's flow is constant.
The Detroit River forms a major element of the international border between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of Wayne County, Michigan, and the Canadian side is under the administration of Essex County, Ontario. The largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan. The Detroit River has only two automobile traffic crossings connecting the United States and Canada: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel. Both of these are strongly protected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Canada Border Services Agency.
The upper portion of the river is one of the few places where a Canadian city lies directly south of an American city. In this case, the city of Detroit is directly north of the city of Windsor, Ontario. The only other location where this occurs is Fort Erie, Ontario, lying south of several cities in Niagara County, New York. The cities and communities southwest of Detroit along the American side of the river are popularly referred to as the Downriver area, because those areas are said to be "down the river" from Detroit. Several of these communities do not border the Detroit River; the term "Downriver" refers broadly to a cluster of 18 suburban communities that lie to the southwest of the city of Detroit and to the west of the Detroit River.
The Detroit River contains numerous islands, whose ownership and control varies depending on their location along the river. The majority are on the American side of the river; none is divided by the international border. Many are very small and uninhabited. But, Grosse Île on the U.S. side and Bois Blanc (Boblo) Island on the Canadian side have permanent populations. Most islands are in the southern portion of the waterway, close to where the river empties into Lake Erie. Belle Isle, in the northern section of the river, is a Michigan State Park, and is open to the public via a bridge connection with Detroit.
The Detroit River was first navigated by non-natives in the 17th century. The Iroquois traded furs with the Dutch colonists at New Amsterdam by traveling through the Detroit River. The French later claimed the area for New France. The famed sailing ship Le Griffon reached the mouth of the Detroit River in mid-August 1679 on its maiden voyage through the Great Lakes. Later, when the French began settling in the area, they navigated the river using canoes made of birch or elm bark. Handcrafted vessels were a common mode of travel across the river, and the pirogue and bateaux were also used. As the North American fur trade intensified, European settlers began expanding their trade westward into the uncharted territories. French explorer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac sailed up the Detroit River on July 23, 1701. The next day, he established Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, which developed as Detroit. The French named the river as Rivière Détroit. Détroit is French for " strait". The river was known literally as the "River of the Strait".
The Detroit River — and the larger area surrounding it — was taken from the French by Great Britain during the French and Indian War. It was claimed by the newly formed United States during the American Revolution but was not turned over by the British until 1796. During the War of 1812, the Detroit River served as a major barrier between the American Michigan Territory and British Upper Canada, especially during the Battle of Fort Detroit in August 1812, when Detroit briefly fell to the British. Following the completion of the Erie Canal in 1817, which opened up easier travel to Lake Erie from the East Coast of the United States, the Detroit River became a heavily traversed route for settlers traveling to northern Michigan, and Detroit, as well, experienced a sudden increase in population. Following the Patriot War which nearly saw a battle between British regulars and Michigan militia on the ice-covered Detroit River, Fort Wayne was constructed at Detroit to counter Britain's riverside Fort Malden at Amherstburg. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union feared that the seceded Confederate States of America (CSA) would plan a northerly attack from Canada, which was still owned by the British Empire and remained neutral in the war. The Union feared that the CSA would cross the Detroit River to launch this attack. For that reason, the Detroit River was heavily patrolled and the fortification at Fort Wayne improved, even though it was far removed from any real combat. While no major attack came from Canada, a plot to capture the U.S. Navy warship, USS Michigan and liberate Confederate prisoners from Johnson Island, in western Lake Erie, was narrowly averted only after the Confederates had captured two passenger steamships. At the beginning of the 20th century, Detroit's industrialization took off on an unprecedented scale. The Detroit River became the busiest commercial river in the world and was dubbed "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth" by The Detroit News in 1908. In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67,292,504 tons (61 billion kg) of shipping commerce through Detroit to locations all over the world. For comparison, London shipped 18,727,230 tons (16 billion kg), and New York shipped 20,390,953 tons (18 billion kg).
From 1920 to 1933 there was Prohibition in the United States, and the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption were nationally banned. Detroit, as the largest city bordering Canada, where alcohol remained legal during Prohibition, became the center of a new industry known as rum-running.
There were no bridges in the area connecting Canada and the United States until the Ambassador Bridge was finished in 1929 and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel in 1930 so boats were used to smuggle alcohol across the river during the summer, and during the winter months, rum-runners traveled across the frozen Detroit River by car to Canada and back with trunk loads of alcohol. In some cases, overloaded cars fell through the ice, and today, car parts from this illegal era can still be seen on the bottom of the river.[ citation needed] Rum-running in Windsor became a very common practice, and led to the rise of mobsters such as the Purple Gang, who used violence as a means to control the route known as the "Detroit-Windsor Funnel" — parodying the newly built tunnel. The Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and the St. Clair River are estimated to have carried 75% of all liquor smuggled into the United States during Prohibition. Government officials were unable or unwilling to deter the flow.
Much of the land surrounding the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, heavily industrialized. This has resulted in excessive water pollution from the unregulated dumping of chemicals and industrial waste for many decades. Much of the garbage and sewage from Detroit's rapid industrialization found its way into the river. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were heavily polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Large quantities of this pollution collected around the mouth of the Detroit River at Lake Erie. The pollutants were so high after the spring thaw that thousands of migrating birds were killed by oil slicks and contaminated water every year. Oxygen levels in the river were depleted to the point where fish were unable to inhabit its waters. Because much of this pollution drained into and affected Lake Erie, the lake itself was considered "dead" and unable to support aquatic life.
In 1961, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was founded by congressional order. That paved the way for tighter restrictions on industries and allocated substantial amounts of government funding to clean up the river. However, there was little support toward cleaning up the river, because it would negatively affect Detroit's industrialism and economy. In 1970, the entire fishing industry in the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake Erie had to be closed due to toxic levels of mercury found in the water. This, in turn, spurred a massive conservation effort aimed at cleaning up the Detroit River. For years before, conservation efforts were halted by the enormous multimillion-dollar cost of removing pollutants from the river. In addition to that, industries, which had significant political influence, detested the regulations necessary to lessen the amount of pollutants in the river. In 2001, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was absorbed into the much larger Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, which is a cooperative effort between the United States and Canada to preserve the area as an ecological refuge. Millions of dollars so far have been used to dredge pollutants out of the river, and the recent cleaning up and restoration of the Detroit River is remarkable, although other problems are still at hand. Today, many species of native animals are returning to the area after being driven out by human development. The Detroit River is home to a growing number of bird species, such as eagles (including reintroduced bald eagles), ospreys, and peregrine falcons. Fish species in abundance in the area include lake whitefish, sturgeon, silver bass, black bass, salmon, perch, and walleye. The Detroit River was designated as an American Heritage River in 1998 and a Canadian Heritage River in 2001 — the only river to have dual designations.
The Detroit River is used for shipping and trading. The earliest use of the river for such economic activities was the shipping of furs for trade as early as the 17th century. When the fur trade decreased, Michigan had already begun to exploit the lumber-rich areas of Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula. Detroit turned into a major industrial region, largely because of the Detroit River. The only way a ship could travel out of the upper Great Lakes system was to travel down the Detroit River. From there, ships could travel anywhere in the world out of the St. Lawrence Seaway or the Erie Canal to New York City. At the beginning of the 20th century, the automotive industry boomed, and the many manufacturers shipped in abundant supplies of iron ore, sand, limestone and wood.
First hand, the Detroit River provides a substantial amount of revenue for the local economies. A study in 1991 showed that $20.1 million came from sales related to waterfowl hunting along the Detroit River. During the same year, bird watching, photography, and other non-consumptive uses of waterfowl contributed an additional $192.8 million to Michigan’s economy. Local economies benefit through boating registrations and fishing licenses. It is estimated that walleye fishing alone brings in $1 million to the economy of communities along the lower Detroit River each spring. Other fish caught by recreational fisherman include white bass, bluegill, crappie, freshwater drum, smallmouth bass, northern pike and muskie. There are over 800,000 recreation boats in the state of Michigan, and more than half of those are regularly used on or near the Detroit River. A percentage of the tourist revenue depends on the Detroit River, which is the most noticeable environmental feature in Detroit. Popular river destinations in the city of Detroit include the Detroit International Riverfront and Belle Isle Park — both of which host a number of events throughout the year. Several restaurants on the river have dock facilities for boaters. Tour boats and dinner cruises travel through the sights of Detroit and the undeveloped islands downriver. Cruise ships support tourism on the Great Lakes and dock at the Port Detroit passenger terminal downtown. The iconic Renaissance Center is located on the banks of the Detroit River.
According to a 2004 study, 150,000 jobs and $13 billion in annual production depend on the river crossings connecting Detroit to Windsor. In 2004, the total American trade with Ontario alone was $407 billion, in which 28% ($113.3 billion) crossed the Detroit River.
The only two automobile traffic routes that completely cross the river are the privately owned Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, both of which connect Detroit, Michigan to Windsor, Ontario. A railway tunnel and a commercial truck ferry service also travel between Detroit and Windsor. In Michigan, there are two bridges connecting the mainland to Grosse Ile and the MacArthur Bridge, popularly known as the "Belle Isle Bridge," that connects the City of Detroit to Belle Isle Park. All crossings (ports of entry) on the American side are secured by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Office of Field Operations and on the Canadian side by the Canada Border Services Agency; all areas between the American ports of entry and on the American side of the river are secured by the United States Border Patrol.
Proposals have been made to create a third crossing to connect Detroit and Windsor. The exact location for this crossing is the most debated element, as it could negatively affect a large number of environmental features and communities along the river. The Gordie Howe International Bridge is a new bridge project which began construction in 2015; it will directly connect Highway 401 in Canada to Interstate 75 in the U.S.
|Wayne County Bridge||Grosse Ile Parkway||Trenton – Grosse Ile|
|Grosse Ile Toll Bridge||Bridge Road||Riverview – Grosse Ile|
|Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry||( Ferry services)||Detroit – Windsor|
|Ambassador Bridge||Ambassador Bridge Street
I-96 / I-75 / H-3
|Michigan Central Railway Tunnel||Canadian Pacific Railway|
|Detroit-Windsor Tunnel||I-375 / M-10 / H-3B|
|MacArthur Bridge||E. Grand Boulevard / Casino Way||Detroit – Belle Isle Park|
- Canada–United States border
- Detroit-Windsor Tunnel
- Detroit International Riverfront
- Detroit Water and Sewerage Department
- List of international border rivers
- List of islands in the Detroit River
- List of Michigan rivers
- List of Ontario rivers
- Renaissance Center
- Riverfront Condominiums Detroit
- William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor
- Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival
- Zug Island
- U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-04-05 at WebCite, accessed November 7, 2011
- Environmental Protection Agency (29 April 2009). "Detroit River Area of Concern". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Nolan, Jenny (11 February 1997). "How the Detroit River shaped lives and history". The Detroit News. Detroit, Michigan. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- American Heritage Rivers (19 October 2006). "Detroit River (MI): An American Heritage Designated River". Archived from the original on July 22, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Canadian Heritage Rivers System. "Detroit River, Ontario: A Unique International Heritage". Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Merriam–Webster (2009). "Definition of strait (noun)". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Windsor Public Library (2004). "Who are the Detroit River French?". Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Environmental Protection Agency (9 March 2006). "Spawning by Lake Sturgeon in the Detroit River". Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- VanEseltine, Ken (26 August 2008). "Le Griffon is a Meaningful Name". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Granzo, T. (2008). "History of Detroit: Antoine de la Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Rickard, J. (21 November 2007). "Battle of Detroit, 16 August 1812". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Naval History And Heritage Command. "Wolverine". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
- Gribben, Mark (2008). "The Purple Gang: Bootlegger's Paradise". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- LaFaive, Fleenor, and Nesbit (3 December 2008). "The Appendix B: Prohibition in Michigan and the Avenue de Booze". Retrieved June 16, 2009.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link)
- Mason, Philip (Sep–Oct 1994). "Anyone Who Couldn't Get a Drink Wasn't Tryin'". Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Hartig, John (17 July 2007). "The Detroit River's amazing comeback". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Swan, James (19 March 2009). "Return of the Detroit River's Charismatic Megafauna". Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- International Association for Great Lakes Research (2009). "Conserving Detroit River Habitats". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Detroit Princess Riverboat (2009). "Detroit Princess Riverboat". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Detroiter Contributor (1 November 2005). "Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Detroit River.|
|Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Detroit River.|
- Detroit Riverfront Conservancy
- Sea Grant Michigan
- Friends of the Detroit River
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Detroit River
- The Detroit River Looking Up to the Entrance to Lake St. Clair, Windsor, Canada, September 24, 1864 by D.J. Kennedy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania
- Nolan, Jenny, "How the Detroit River shaped lives and history" (February 11, 1997), Detroit News.
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NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search
Performance of permeation tubes as standard gas sources.
Saltzman-BE; Burg-WR; Ramaswamy-G
Environ Sci Technol 1971 Nov; 5(11):1121-1128
Important factors affecting the accuracy of permeation tubes for nitrogen-dioxide (10102440), propane (74986), butene-1, and butane (106978) were studied. Two new methods of sealing the tube ends were developed. Lifetimes of tubes were greatly extended by attaching to one end a glass or stainless steel bottle. Systems for their storage, calibration, and use were improved. Propane tubes required some aging at 30 degrees centigrade before reproducible rates in the 20 to 30 degrees centigrade range could be achieved. Humidity seriously affected the permeation rates of nitrogen-dioxide tubes; even the past history of exposure was important. A convenient method for volumetric in situ calibration in the working flow dilution system was developed for rapid and precise results. Tubes for nitrogen-dioxide were not reliable as precision primary standard gas sources, unless recently calibrated.
NIOSH-Publication; NIOSH-Grant; Grants-other; Toxic-gases; Nitrogen-oxides; Aliphatic-hydrocarbons; Hydrocarbons; Measurement-methods; Air-quality-measurement; Penetration; Impregnation; Methodology
Environmental Health Kettering Laboratory College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio 45219
10102-44-0; 74-98-6; 106-97-8
Issue of Publication
Other Occupational Concerns; Grants-other
Environmental Science and Technology
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
Page last reviewed: April 12, 2019
Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Education and Information Division
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All proceedings begin with a written application lodged with the Federal Constitutional Court. Which of the two Senates is competent to decide the case depends on the type of proceedings or – in the case of abstract and specific judicial review proceedings and constitutional complaints – it follows from the field of law that is relevant for the case and from the provisions of the Basic Law that have allegedly been violated.
Applications are either entered directly into the Register of Proceedings or into the General Register; the latter applies if, for instance, a constitutional complaint is clearly inadmissible or, with due regard to the Federal Constitutional Courts's case-law, will clearly be unsuccessful.
If their application is entered into the General Register, the complainants may be informed in writing for what reasons their application probably has no prospects of success. If they nevertheless insist on a judicial decision, their constitutional complaints are transferred to the Register of Proceedings; otherwise, the proceedings terminate.
In the Senate or in the Chamber, the case is assigned to a Justice as reporting Justice in accordance with the Court’s internal allocation of jurisdiction. The reporting Justice drafts a written opinion – the “Votum” or “bench memorandum“ – in which he or she sets out the case, analyses it from a legal point of view, and suggests a decision. Normally, the reporting Justice is assisted by his or her judicial clerks.
Most Court decisions by the Court are taken in the Chambers, which each consist of three Justices of one Senate. A Chamber may refuse to admit a constitutional complaint for decision without stating reasons. If, however, the constitutional complaint is manifestly well-founded, the Chamber itself may grant the relief sought if the decisive constitutional issues have already been decided in the case-law of one of the Senates.
The Chamber’s decision is made in on written proceedings and must be unanimous. If the three members of the Chamber do not reach an agreement, the Senate decides the matter, sitting with all eight Justices. Only the Senate can declare a formally enacted statute void or incompatible with the Constitution.
The Federal Constitutional Court may give all parties to the proceedings and all parties entitled to make a statement, especially the federal and Land constitutional organs, the opportunity to make a statement, and it may obtain submissions from informed third parties. If Senate proceedings are dealt with in an oral hearing, the case is discussed in open court with the parties to the proceedings and informed third parties.
The Senate deliberates on every decision extensively and in camera. The reporting Justice's written memo and proposed decision prepare for the deliberation.
In the case of a constitutional complaint, a simple majority is necessary to find that the Constitution has been violated. Since each Senate is composed of eight Justices, a tied vote is possible. In this case, it is not the vote of the presiding Justice that is decisive; instead, there can be no finding of a violation of the Constitution.
The members of a Senate who do not agree with a majority decision may present theri views in a separate opinion, which is signed by its author or authors and attached to the decision.
If there has been an oral hearing, the Senate’s judgment is publicly pronounced in the courtroom. Unlike the oral hearing itself, this may be broadcast on television and radio. All Senate decisions that are not preceded by an oral hearing as well as those of the Chambers are issued as "court orders" and sent to the parties to the case in writing.
All Senate decisions and important Chamber decisions are published on the Court’s website. Many decisions are publicised by the Federal Constitutional Court's Press Office. Senate decisions are also published as books (Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court – BVerfGE).
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Ballet for children – how it helps build “grit”
Ballet carries with it a lot of undeniable developmental advantages for your child. Enhancing physical and mental development, ballet helps improve discipline, coordination, learning skills, and many more. One of those incredibly useful aspects that can really help your child in the long run is grit.
What is grit?
The term “grit” was recently coined by Angela Duckworth, Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. She used it specifically to denote a type of perseverance and success-oriented attitude that should go hand in hand with talent in order to achieve success. Unlike regular determination, though, grit focuses on long-term goals and working against setbacks, realising that one’s learning capacity is also malleable. In essence, grit is the drive to overcome any obstacle when reaching for a set long-term goal, that is a far more valuable ingredient of success than pure talent is.
How can ballet help build grit?
Ballet requires a specific mindset in order for your child to be successful. It’s often a process that doesn’t seem intuitive and failing can hurt. But it’s through the determination to not be discouraged by setbacks that children start to feel the progress from their practice – ballet shows them that their efforts have real, tangible results. This in turn inspired dilligence, and a mindset that they can achieve anything they set out to achieve as long as they put their mind to it. This is the epitome of grit.
It’s hard to overstate the importance of parental input into this process. Mothers and fathers can inspire their children to finish what they started and get up after every time they fail. Grit is all about learning to be excellent in a thing that you choose to do, and so parents play an important role of encouraging their children to pursue those interests and show them that the results are worth fighting for.
Ballet is all about striving for that excellence, serving as a challenge to both the mind and body. It teaches its practitioners that sometimes, you have to fail to get better in the long run. And that’s what grit is all about. Ballet can definitely help build a success mindset in your child.
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The Ancient Port Cities of Tyre and Sidon
Maintaining stability and control in the global financial and monetary systems is, without a doubt, the greatest single challenge facing the leaders of the world today.
This century tells a story of the gradual and progressive debasement of our money from a wealth based gold standard to a valueless debt backed money. The loss of property, family businesses and farms (all the product of honest labour), the loss of jobs, bankruptcies and loss of savings and purchasing power are all the results of today’s debased monetary system.
Throughout the 80 or more years that today’s debt backed money system has been put into place, there have been many vocal opponents. They have pointed out the futility and un-sustainability of a system that would entrap, enslave, control and in-debt it’s participants, and their children, from the cradle to the grave, for the benefit of the few that profit from such a system. These oponents have called for the re-establishment of a gold or Bimetallic standard.
The practice of using precious metal as money (especially silver), takes us back over 35 centuries to ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Precious Metals were used as a medium of exchange as determined by their weight and purity.
Along the Mediterranean coast north of Palestine lay Phoenicia. Since around 3000BC the Phoenicia port cities of Tyre and Sidon had stood alone as “the doorway to the East”.
Its men were among the richest and greatest merchants and sailors of the ancient world. Its shipping fleets worked the trade routes of the entire Mediterranean Sea. The goods it received from Mediterranean countries would then be taken inland to the Red Sea port where they were shipped east. Conversely the exotic wares from the Far East were brought back and sold throughout the Mediterranean.
This trading hub brought indescribable wealth to these great cities of the ancient world. Phoenicia, for instance, supplied timber, stone and craftsmen for King Solomon�s extensive building programs.
One writer in around 600BC spoke of Tyre’s wealth accordingly;
“Many coastlands were your own special markets. Tarshish trafficked with you because of your great wealth of every kind, silver, iron, tin and lead they exchanged for your wares. Mechesh traded with you, exchanging persons of men (or slaves) and vessels of bronze for your merchandise. Bet togar-mah exchanged for your wares ; horses, war horses, and mules. The men of Rhodes traded with you bringing you payment in ivory-tusks and ebony.”
“Edom trafficked with you because of your abundant goods; emeralds, purple embroidered work, fine linen, coral and colored marble. Judah traded with you wheat, olives and early figs, honey, oil and balm. Damascus traded with you wine and white wool for your abundant goods of every kind.”
“Wrought iron, cassia, and calamus were bartered for your merchandise. Dedan traded with you in saddlecloths for riding. Arabia and all the princes of Kedar were you favored dealers in lambs, rams and goats. The traders of Sheba exchanged for your wealth the best of all kinds of spices and all special stones and gold. Eden traded with your in choice garments, in clothes of blue and embroidered work and in carpets of color. The ships of Tarshish travelled for you with all of your merchandise”.
The famous Phoenician traders and their age old port cities of Tyre and Sidon stood as monuments to centuries of ‘barter of trade and exchange’. This was your textbook booming economy, boasting of every benefit, technology and luxury affluence could afford. It had diversity in its products range, guarantied markets, established and time proven infrastructure, geographical superiority, and military might. It had a broad customer base, productive labor force, limited government, strategic alliances, high inventories, and high margins of safety.
Yet these famous Phoenician trading cities, that had been for many centuries, the then world “success stories”; that had outlasted kingdoms, rulers and civilizations, eventually fell.
It was the same writer, a young Hebrew priest and prophet called Ezekiel that, while living in Babylonian captivity, spoke about the fall of Tyre. He eluded to the reason why that great center of commerce and trade, that had every thing going for it, would ultimately fail.
“by the multitude of your merchandise, or put another way – in the abundance of your trade you were filled with violence and sinned, and again a bit later “because of the multitude of your iniquities, in the unrighteousness of your trade you profane your sanctuaries”.
In their book “The Silver Bonanza”, authors James Blanchard and Franklin Sanders observe empires rising on a stable silver and gold monetary system and falling on it’s abandonment, a pattern that un-mistakenly weaves its way throughout all of history.
In an age before strict coinage, a system of weights and measures were used to determine value. Merchants and traders engaged in unrighteous trade would “falsify the balances of those scales by deceit”. In other words he would load the scales with incorrect weights to unrightfully profit from the transaction. As we have pointed out in the past, different methods of unrighteous trade have been employed throughout the ages depending on the money of the day.
The book of the Law, on which the ancient Israel State was built, said ; “you shall have just weights amongst you”. In the Hebrew Pentateuch alone there were six separate references to dishonest weights. King Solomon called unjust weights “an abomination”and in contrast said “just weights are the Lord’s delight”. Unjust weights and measures, just like debasing coins or printing valueless paper notes, or like multiplying electronic bank deposits today, all lead to inflation.
Inflation is high theft on the grandest of scales because it erodes the savings and the purchasing power of the masses. As the Hebrew prophet Amos put it “you make the bushel smaller and the shekel larger, swallowing up the needy and the poor of the land”.
Unrighteous trade in all its forms has been condemned at some point in all cultures. Again today it does not take much for the student of history to observe the enslaving effect of this practice.
As I said at the outset, for the best part of 80 years this same inflationary system has progressively been put into place. This debasement, when compared with the rest of history, has taken on all new proportions.
It has led to immeasurable heart break and suffering along the way. The loss of property, family businesses and farms, all the product of honest peoples labor; the loss of jobs, the bankruptcies and loss of savings are all the results of inflation. It exists so that governments and banks can profit by it.
With almost a familiar ring of today, found in the verses surrounding those writings, Ezekiel talks of the pride that came with the dizzy success of those famous Phoenician trading communities. “You have said I sit in the seat of the gods and in the heart of the seas, you consider yourself to be as wise as a god, by your wisdom and understanding you have got great wealth for yourself, and have gathered gold and silver into your treasuries; by your great wisdom in trade you have increased your wealth, and your heart has become proud in your wealth . . . “
And then : ” therefore I will bring strangers upon you, . . . with the hoofs of his horses he will trample all your streets; he will slay all your people with the sword; and your mighty pillars will fall to the ground. They will make a spoil of your riches and a prey of your merchandise, they will break down your wall and destroy your pleasant houses; your stones and timber and soil they will cast into the midst of the waters. And I will spot the music of your songs and the sound of your lyres shall be heard no more. I will make you a bare rock; you shall be a place for the spreading of nets, you will never be rebuilt”.
To this very day, on that same piece of Mediterranean Coast, on the ground above the ruins of the once great city of Tyre, fishermen can be found mending their nets. Surely this should serve as a profound reminder to the fate of a society, no matter how abundant its trade; when it becomes filled with pride, practices unrighteous trade and falsifies their scales by deceit.
by Philip Judge
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Objection 1. It would seem that intention is an act of the intellect, and not of the will. For it is written (Matthew 6:22): "If thy eye be single, thy whole body shall be lightsome": where, according to Augustine (De Serm. Dom. in Monte ii, 13) the eye signifies intention. But since the eye is the organ of sight, it signifies the apprehensive power. Therefore intention is not an act of the appetitive but of the apprehensive power.
Objection 2. Further, Augustine says (De Serm. Dom. in Monte ii, 13) that Our Lord spoke of intention as a light, when He said (Matthew 6:23): "If the light that is in thee be darkness," etc. But light pertains to knowledge. Therefore intention does too.
Objection 4. Further, an act of the will is either of the end or of the means. But the act of the will in respect of the end is called volition, or enjoyment; with regard to the means, it is choice, from which intention is distinct. Therefore it is not an act of the will.
On the contrary, Augustine says (De Trin. xi, 4,8,9) that "the intention of the will unites the sight to the object seen; and the images retained in the memory, to the penetrating gaze of the soul's inner thought." Therefore intention is an act of the will.
I answer that, Intention, as the very word denotes, signifies, "to tend to something." Now both the action of the mover and the movement of thing moved, tend to something. But that the movement of the thing moved tends to anything, is due to the action of the mover. Consequently intention belongs first and principally to that which moves to the end: hence we say that an architect or anyone who is in authority, by his command moves others to that which he intends. Now the will moves all the other powers of the soul to the end, as shown above (Question 9, Article 1). Wherefore it is evident that intention, properly speaking, is an act of the will.
Reply to Objection 1. The eye designates intention figuratively, not because intention has reference to knowledge, but because it presupposes knowledge, which proposes to the will the end to which the latter moves; thus we foresee with the eye whither we should tend with our bodies.
Reply to Objection 2. Intention is called a light because it is manifest to him who intends. Wherefore works are called darkness because a man knows what he intends, but knows not what the result may be, as Augustine expounds (De Serm. Dom. in Monte ii, 13).
Reply to Objection 3. The will does not ordain, but tends to something according to the order of reason. Consequently this word "intention" indicates an act of the will, presupposing the act whereby the reason orders something to the end.
Reply to Objection 4. Intention is an act of the will in regard to the end. Now the will stands in a threefold relation to the end. First, absolutely; and thus we have "volition," whereby we will absolutely to have health, and so forth. Secondly, it considers the end, as its place of rest; and thus "enjoyment" regards the end. Thirdly, it considers the end as the term towards which something is ordained; and thus "intention" regards the end. For when we speak of intending to have health, we mean not only that we have it, but that we will have it by means of something else.
Objection 1. It would seem that intention is only of the last end. For it is said in the book of Prosper's Sentences (Sent. 100): "The intention of the heart is a cry to God." But God is the last end of the human heart. Therefore intention is always regards the last end.
On the contrary, There is but one last end of human wills, viz. Happiness, as stated above (Question 1, Article 7). If, therefore, intentions were only of the last end, men would not have different intentions: which is evidently false.
I answer that, As stated above (01, ad 4), intention regards the end as a terminus of the movement of the will. Now a terminus of movement may be taken in two ways. First, the very last terminus, when the movement comes to a stop; this is the terminus of the whole movement. Secondly, some point midway, which is the beginning of one part of the movement, and the end or terminus of the other. Thus in the movement from A to C through B, C is the last terminus, while B is a terminus, but not the last. And intention can be both. Consequently though intention is always of the end, it need not be always of the last end.
Reply to Objection 1. The intention of the heart is called a cry to God, not that God is always the object of intention, but because He sees our intention. Or because, when we pray, we direct our intention to God, which intention has the force of a cry.
Reply to Objection 2. A terminus is something last, not always in respect of the whole, but sometimes in respect of a part.
Reply to Objection 3. Enjoyment implies rest in the end; and this belongs to the last end alone. But intention implies movement towards an end, not rest. Wherefore the comparison proves nothing.
Objection 1. It would seem that one cannot intend several things at the same time. For Augustine says (De Serm. Dom. in Monte ii, 14,16,17) that man's intention cannot be directed at the same time to God and to bodily benefits. Therefore, for the same reason, neither to any other two things.
Objection 2. Further, intention designates a movement of the will towards a terminus. Now there cannot be several termini in the same direction of one movement. Therefore the will cannot intend several things at the same time.
Objection 3. Further, intention presupposes an act of reason or of the intellect. But "it is not possible to understand several things at the same time," according to the Philosopher (Topic. ii, 10). Therefore neither is it possible to intend several things at the same time.
On the contrary, Art imitates nature. Now nature intends two purposes by means of one instrument: thus "the tongue is for the purpose of taste and speech" (De Anima ii, 8). Therefore, for the same reason, art or reason can at the same time direct one thing to two ends: so that one can intend several ends at the same time.
I answer that, The expression "two things" may be taken in two ways: they may be ordained to one another or not so ordained. And if they be ordained to one another, it is evident, from what has been said, that a man can intend several things at the same time. For intention is not only of the last end, as stated above (Article 2), but also of an intermediary end. Now a man intends at the same time, both the proximate and the last end; as the mixing of a medicine and the giving of health.
But if we take two things that are not ordained to one another, thus also a man can intend several things at the same time. This is evident from the fact that a man prefers one thing to another because it is the better of the two. Now one of the reasons for which one thing is better than another is that it is available for more purposes: wherefore one thing can be chosen in preference to another, because of the greater number of purposes for which it is available: so that evidently a man can intend several things at the same time.
Reply to Objection 1. Augustine means to say that man cannot at the same time direct his attention to God and to bodily benefits, as to two last ends: since, as stated above (Question 1, Article 5), one man cannot have several last ends.
Reply to Objection 2. There can be several termini ordained to one another, of the same movement and in the same direction; but not unless they be ordained to one another. At the same time it must be observed that what is not one in reality may be taken as one by the reason. Now intention is a movement of the will to something already ordained by the reason, as stated above (01, ad 3). Wherefore where we have many things in reality, we may take them as one term of intention, in so far as the reason takes them as one: either because two things concur in the integrity of one whole, as a proper measure of heat and cold conduce to health; or because two things are included in one which may be intended. For instance, the acquiring of wine and clothing is included in wealth, as in something common to both; wherefore nothing hinders the man who intends to acquire wealth, from intending both the others.
Reply to Objection 3. As stated in the I, 12, 10; I, 58, 2; I, 85, 4 it is possible to understand several things at the same time, in so far as, in some way, they are one.
Objection 1. It would seem that the intention of the end and the volition of the means are not one and the same movement. For Augustine says (De Trin. xi, 6) that "the will to see the window, has for its end the seeing of the window; and is another act from the will to see, through the window, the passersby." But that I should will to see the passersby, through the window, belongs to intention; whereas that I will to see the window, belongs to the volition of the means. Therefore intention of the end and the willing of the means are distinct movements of the will.
Objection 2. Further, acts are distinct according to their objects. But the end and the means are distinct objects. Therefore the intention of the end and the willing of the means are distinct movements of the will.
Objection 3. Further, the willing of the means is called choice. But choice and intention are not the same. Therefore intention of the end and the willing of the means are not the same movement of the will.
On the contrary, The means in relation to the end, are as the mid-space to the terminus. Now it is all the same movement that passes through the mid-space to the terminus, in natural things. Therefore in things pertaining to the will, the intention of the end is the same movement as the willing of the means.
I answer that, The movement of the will to the end and to the means can be considered in two ways. First, according as the will is moved to each of the aforesaid absolutely and in itself. And thus there are really two movements of the will to them. Secondly, it may be considered accordingly as the will is moved to the means for the sake of the end: and thus the movement of the will to the end and its movement to the means are one and the same thing. For when I say: "I wish to take medicine for the sake of health," I signify no more than one movement of my will. And this is because the end is the reason for willing the means. Now the object, and that by reason of which it is an object, come under the same act; thus it is the same act of sight that perceives color and light, as stated above (8, 3, ad 2). And the same applies to the intellect; for if it consider principle and conclusion absolutely, it considers each by a distinct act; but when it assents to the conclusion on account of the principles, there is but one act of the intellect.
Reply to Objection 2. The end, considered as a thing, and the means to that end, are distinct objects of the will. But in so far as the end is the formal object in willing the means, they are one and the same object.
Reply to Objection 3. A movement which is one as to the subject, may differ, according to our way of looking at it, as to its beginning and end, as in the case of ascent and descent (Phys. iii, 3). Accordingly, in so far as the movement of the will is to the means, as ordained to the end, it is called "choice": but the movement of the will to the end as acquired by the means, it is called "intention." A sign of this is that we can have intention of the end without having determined the means which are the object of choice.
Objection 1. It would seem that irrational animals intend the end. For in things void of reason nature stands further apart from the rational nature, than does the sensitive nature in irrational animals. But nature intends the end even in things void of reason, as is proved in Phys. ii, 8. Much more, therefore, do irrational animals intend the end.
Objection 3. Further, to intend an end belongs to one who acts for an end; since to intend is nothing else than to tend to something. But irrational animals act for an end; for an animal is moved either to seek food, or to do something of the kind. Therefore irrational animals intend an end.
I answer that, As stated above (Article 1), to intend is to tend to something; and this belongs to the mover and to the moved. According, therefore, as that which is moved to an end by another is said to intend the end, thus nature is said to intend an end, as being moved to its end by God, as the arrow is moved by the archer. And in this way, irrational animals intend an end, inasmuch as they are moved to something by natural instinct. The other way of intending an end belongs to the mover; according as he ordains the movement of something, either his own or another's, to an end. This belongs to reason alone. Wherefore irrational animals do not intend an end in this way, which is to intend properly and principally, as stated above (Article 1).
Reply to Objection 1. This argument takes intention in the sense of being moved to an end.
Reply to Objection 2. Enjoyment does not imply the ordaining of one thing to another, as intention does, but absolute repose in the end.
Reply to Objection 3. Irrational animals are moved to an end, not as though they thought that they can gain the end by this movement; this belongs to one that intends; but through desiring the end by natural instinct, they are moved to an end, moved, as it were, by another, like other things that are moved naturally.
The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas
Second and Revised Edition, 1920
Literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province
Online Edition Copyright © 2008 by Kevin Knight
Nihil Obstat. F. Innocentius Apap, O.P., S.T.M., Censor. Theol.
Imprimatur. Edus. Canonicus Surmont, Vicarius Generalis. Westmonasterii.
Nihil Obstat. F. Raphael Moss, O.P., S.T.L. and F. Leo Moore, O.P., S.T.L.
Imprimatur. F. Beda Jarrett, O.P., S.T.L., A.M., Prior Provincialis Angliæ
MARIÆ IMMACULATÆ - SEDI SAPIENTIÆ
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The run can be represented by a gait cycle analysis, which is defined as a movement in which at least one foot touches the ground.
The phase of the run
The phase of the run is called a situation in which both feet are torn off the ground during the cycle. A cycle is a period of time that counts from the initial touch of the ground by the foot and ends with the repeated touch of the ground by the same foot. There are two phases of the cycle: support and swing. The first one begins with the initial contact of the foot with the ground, and the middle part of it from the detachment of the toes and the foot. This phase takes about 40% of the gait cycle. Usually, in the case of sprint runners it is much shorter. Then we go to the phase of swing, which starts with the climb, moving on to swing forward or backward and ends with contact with the ground, which completes the cycle and initiates the next one.
Starting the cycle, before the initial contact with the surface, we activate the quadriceps muscle, and in particular the straight thigh muscle. When the foot touches the surface, the muscles work to dissipate the impact force. In this phase, separate foot movements occur. It starts with the ankle joint, which inversions (combination of flexion, adduction and supination) and eversions (combination of extension, abduction and pronation). With this interaction of the feet there is a minimal turnover of the rate inwards, the so-called pronation, which is involved in the shock absorption by the distributed impact forces on the entire foot surface in the middle phase of the support. A foot with too low pronation affects the substrate only with its lateral part, making the weakening of the impact impossible. The consequences that follow are, for example, chronic tension of the Achilles tendon, excessive load on the back of the calves, knee pain. However, a foot with too high pronation can lead to pain in the tibia, anterior calf and medial knee pain due to internal rotation of the tibia. As you can see, both foot positions can lead to many injuries.
Beginning the swing phase, when the foot is in the central part of the support phase, the muscles bending the leg in the hip joint, femoral knee flexors, quadriceps muscles and calf muscles work together to tear the leg off the ground. As one leg moves forward, the other prepares to start its cycle. After touching the foot with the ground, this leg begins to move forward as a result of anterior rotation of the pelvis and simultaneous hip flexion by the lumbar muscles. The femoral knee flexors activate and lengthen during the leg passing through the vomiting phase, limiting the straightening of the leg by a trapezius muscle. In the next step, the lower leg and foot fall onto the surface creating one line from the head to the fingers before the foot hits the ground.
During the walk, muscles during the phase do not work oppositely, while running, simultaneously opposing muscle groups take part, resisting or stabilizing movement. The torso ensures stabilization of the upper body, which allows the pelvis to rotate and tilt in the correct way. The pelvis has a very important task to stabilize the torso. An unstable torso may adversely affect during the cycle, leading to injuries.
An important element is also the hands that are responsible for stabilization and balance, but in a slightly different way. The hands are a counterbalance to the opposite leg. So, when the right hand goes forward, the left leg goes with it, maintaining the torso stability and its proper position. Thanks to this mechanics, the hands move forward and backwards, instead of swinging from side to side. Try to catch your hands behind you and run without using them. It is difficult to maintain body stability. The bad economics of running can be called the movement of swinging hands to the sides or straightening hands in the elbows, it requires a significant increase in energy expenditure.
Neutral foot setting
Running is one of the cheapest and may seem the easiest sports in the world, but it is not entirely true. Do you think that you only need sports clothes, shoes and willingness? Unfortunately, looking at the runners, which I often pass while going to work, I see them make numerous mistakes, rapidly accelerating the process of destroying tendons and soft tissues, which occurs every time they hit the ground with their feet. On average, when running at a rate of approx. 5.30 min / km, we perform about 160 steps per minute, i.e. a 30-minute run, up to 4,800 foot hits. It's not about shoes, it's about your body, posture and technique. Often you can see people running overweight on the streets; each successive blow is death for their tendons and tissues. They should start with a proper diet, then a faster walk or cycling. After preparing the body in this way, you can start the adventure with running.
Being an athlete is sacrifice, hard work and effort. If you intend to require it from your body, then you should provide it with adequate support. Not only athletes, but also amateurs should focus on this. Providing adequate support means continuous work on the implementation and application of appropriate practices, such as:
• adopting appropriate and optimal positions that give better results, exercise and improvement of good positions and motor habits;
• developing the movement system to work in the full range;
• work on strength and fitness, which will help maintain correct body posture during the initial and final run phase.
And what about the attitude and technique mentioned earlier? A modern lifestyle is not very helpful in developing and strengthening our muscles. Office work, driving a car, long hours that we spend in a sitting position, lead to the disappearance of joints and muscles. A slouched back and bowed head (a position that often takes on a computer or phone) have a bad effect on our feet, yes feet. Let's start with them. Setting the feet should be neutral, ie the toes are directed straight ahead (not only when running, but even when walking and standing), not inside or outside. Thanks to this, you will create a solid foundation that will ensure proper posture. Using the movement apparatus in accordance with what has been "designed" and its intended purpose reduces all tensions leading to injuries and joint wasting. How do you get a running habit with neutral feet? At the beginning, start with thinking about straightening them out during the day, when walking, sitting and during different exercises; start controlling yourself during walks and running. Changing the way the feet are set not only calls for responsibility, which requires daily work to set them up, but also to free yourself from the conviction that it is enough to buy good shoes for long running. Thanks to the appropriate position the body is able to enter a higher level of performance.
Not only should the feet be positioned in a neutral position, the spine and pelvis should also be correctly positioned, this is the basis for the correct position of the body, which should be taken care of both on a daily basis and during training. The benefits that result from the correct posture will help to avoid injury, lower back pain. This position allows for free flow of power over the back band, i.e. calf, thigh, hip and back muscles, so you gain the opportunity to increase the intensity of training through the full involvement of the above-mentioned muscles. While we maintain the wrong posture, the smaller muscle parts are too heavy; it is not difficult to bring the hip flexors to fatigue, and consequently - contractures that do not allow lifting the leg up, although the gluteal muscle could continue to work. During this technique of running, we stop pushing the hip forward, the step becomes shorter, and we have to perform a higher frequency of steps, which leads to faster fatigue.
Pelvic girdle technique
Another important and perhaps the most important point of the technique applies to the hips. Hips can be described as a driving motor for runners. Round and firm buttocks are just a side effect of the hard work you should do during the complementary training. The improvement of the technique, thanks to which you will increase the strength, will allow you to fully activate your gluteal muscles and avoid hip folding, which is caused by contractures of the uptight fascia tissues surrounding your rectifier muscles or hip flexors. Consequences in the form of muscle imbalance of the pelvic girdle cause low-economic running style and lead to injuries that Rafał Hejna, physiotherapist and biomechanics from Rehasport Clinic mentions "caused by long-sitting irritation of the ligaments in the sacroiliac joints, and as a result contracture of the biceps muscle, and limiting the range of motion in the hip joint results in the increase of muscle tension within the hip joint. Among other things, they effectively obstruct attempts to increase speed by lengthening the pace. "
Maintaining the correct length of the hip joint allows for proper rebounding from the back leg, thanks to which we will obtain the right gravity to move, instead of giving in to it, bending in half. The hip and lumbar muscle is one of the most powerful muscles in the human body, but it is often forgotten by its location (it is hidden deep in the abdomen).
"The purpose of the iliopsoas muscle during movement is to straighten and stabilize the lumbar spine while bending the hip. Thanks to his proper work, we can run fast, and the strong hip and lumbar muscle protects us against pain in the lower spine," explains R. Hejna.
"The iliopsoas muscle plays a large role in the muscular balance of the pelvis, the spine in a standing position, and, of course, in the loading position of one limb. After all, running is largely moving on one leg. The girdle loads are therefore enormous. And if everything works perfectly, then there is no fear. However, let's think about what may happen when we start limping, for example due to an incorrect foot position, asymmetric step or pain. The loads increase, the compensatory work of muscles unloaded symmetrically is disturbed and an injury may occur "- said Dr. Tomasz Piontek, MD.
One of the most important exercises to check your readiness to run is the ability to perform a deep squat. Below I will show you how you can check if you are doing this correctly.
How to perform correct squat?
The easiest way to check how you perform the squat will be to record your own exercise and analyze it according to the following criteria. Remember to follow a few rules:
• set the feet at shoulder width, in parallel, toes may be slightly directed to the outside;
• activate the rear muscle band - screw the right foot into the floor in a clockwise direction and the left foot in reverse;
• stretch out your arms to keep your balance;
• move your knees outside;
• do not take your heels off the ground;
• lower the hip below the knee line;
• make sure that your knees do not protrude from the foot;
• keep your back straight;
• take some time in the squat - it improves the mobility of the joints.
If your hips are too weak, use something stable to support to stay in this position for a few minutes. Often heard on running training, that someone does not run "from the hips", i.e. runs with the hip joint in an incorrect position, keeps the buttocks extended, not straightening them to the end. With this position, you cannot get your legs far enough away to take a longer step. By holding the figure neutrally, you will not only start using the hips with their purpose, but also feel what it means to move efficiently.
Straighteninig the hip joint
Another important assumption is the correct extension range in both hip joints. Caring for quadriceps and hip flexors reduces the knee-loading forces to a large extent and also provides fully functional hips. Sitting lifestyle, which more and more often accompanies us every day is the cause of knee discomfort, which is the result of abnormally shortened and strained muscles responsible for moving the leg forward. It is important to introduce into the habit of daily and diligent stretching of the hip joint, thanks to this the silhouette will improve and release from frequent problems with the knees (a frequent problem of runners is knee pain). A frequent mistake is to put your feet in a loop. This means the lack of a fully and healthily functional hip. The ilio-lumbar and quadriceps muscles together with the hip joints are contorted and stiff, which drastically reduces the range of hip mobility. In addition, you lose the ability to properly rotate your hips, which involves waving your legs from side to side. Mentioning the earlier example of foot bumps on the ground, Kelly Starrett made calculations for this dysfunction "running in such a style, you give your knees and ankles heavy beating every time you go running. Just count, if during running at the pace 1km/5min you make 160 steps/min; you will do 800 steps on a distance of 1000 meters. Or differently: multiply 50 km per week for 50 weeks a year at the same pace. Got it? Two million hits on the ground! Two million beats straight into the joint with a razor-sharp whip. "
Movability of the ankle
Proper mobility of the ankle allows access to all the energy that is created with a flexible reflection. It is easy to check if our mobility is correct, through a squat called a pistol (if you can crouch with one leg extended without picking up the heel from the ground, it means that your ankle mobility is correct). The ankle is an extremely complex system of muscles, bones and joints, with the surrounding fasciae. Between this system and the bone of the lower leg there is a springy connection - Achilles. It is a very important tendon for runners. If you run with your knees bending in, unbalanced feet strain is causing the Achilles tendon to stiffen. The lack of proper attention devoted to the ankles, feet and the tendons as well as the disturbance of the whole technique of proper running will certainly be felt along the entire movement system. Unnatural position and incorrect technique while running prevents you from achieving success. You simply lose at the start, because you cannot use your natural movement patterns, the most powerful of which is the ability to flexibly bounce off the surface. Tissues and tendons can change, only as I mentioned earlier, you need to work with them.
The demand for water for each body is very diverse, so it is difficult to create recommendations that will be perfect for everyone. Most people lose water during physical activity, but not only then the body needs hydration. During physical work and also rest the water should be replenished. Man loses water through the skin along with the sweat, in the urine, through the lungs and with the feces. Over the entire day, a person loses about 2200-2600 ml. The sodium content is of great importance for athletes and active people, because they tend to sweat more of the body and then the starts of this ingredient are very large.
Dehydration is one of the greatest enemies of a man, especially a runner. First of all, what is important, with light dehydration, we lose up to 11% of the VO2 max (the maximum minute oxygen cap that tells you how much oxygen you can deliver to your muscles during one minute of hard work). It can also disrupt the work of joints and cause sticking of the fascia between the overheated tissues.
The article, which was published in 1996 by the Biochemistry Journal, describes in detail what is happening in the human body in case of dehydration. Dehydrated muscle cells are unable to properly metabolize proteins and nutrients, which leads to a state in which they can not recover after training. Metabolism slows down through loss of electrolyte balance, and the body not only loses energy, but also the muscles. It is worth to take as a minimum two to three liters of liquids enriched with electrolytes of water every day.
It is very important to have the technique and setting the whole body naturally to increase the efficiency of running, to achieve better results and to reduce the risk of injury to a minimum. Kelly Starrett wrote in his book: "by improving the position, healthy and regenerated body, as well as work in the full range of joint mobility, you can find additional energy that will allow you to run further and longer. (...) Only the awareness and certainty that we are responsible for the operation of our machines as a mechanic is responsible for the operation of the car, can really change something. "
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Year Three went on an educational visit to Segedunum Roman Fort, Baths and Museum as part of their topic Roman Britain. It was a fun day full of roman activities.
First the children engaged in activities based on roman technology. Our guide talked about life in Roman Britain and asked the children to think about if they thought the invasion was a good or bad thing. She asked them to see if they thought the same at the end of the day based on the evidence they would gather. Then the children looked at the different types of houses in Britain in the Iron Age and had a go at the different building methods.
Next the children learnt about medicine from the Roman times and had a go at making their own lavender pouches to relieve headaches.
The children had a great time training to be a soldier in the Roman Army. They learnt to follow commands in Latin and march in an orderly fashion.
The final activity of the day was learning new crafts to make things to sell to the Romans. The children had a fabulous time working on metal designs then making clay idols of roman gods.
It was a split decision about whether Year Three thought the Roman invasion of Britain was a good thing or a bad thing!
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Observations of the south pole of the Saturnian moon Enceladus revealed large rifts in the south-polar terrain, informally called ‘tiger stripes’, named Alexandria, Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus Sulci. These fractures have been shown to be the sources of the observed jets of water vapour and icy particles1,2,3,4 and to exhibit higher temperatures than the surrounding terrain5,6. Subsequent observations have focused on obtaining close-up imaging of this region to better characterize these emissions. Recent work7 examined those newer data sets and used triangulation of discrete jets3 to produce maps of jetting activity at various times. Here we show that much of the eruptive activity can be explained by broad, curtain-like eruptions. Optical illusions in the curtain eruptions resulting from a combination of viewing direction and local fracture geometry produce image features that were probably misinterpreted previously as discrete jets. We present maps of the total emission along the fractures, rather than just the jet-like component, for five times during an approximately one-year period in 2009 and 2010. An accurate picture of the style, timing and spatial distribution of the south-polar eruptions is crucial to evaluating theories for the mechanism controlling the eruptions.
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Porco, C. C. et al. Cassini observes the active south pole of Enceladus. Science 311, 1393–1401 (2006)
Hansen, C. J. et al. Enceladus’ water vapor plume. Science 311, 1422–1425 (2006)
Spitale, J. N. & Porco, C. C. Association of the jets of Enceladus with the warmest regions on its south-polar fractures. Nature 449, 695–697 (2007)
Hansen, C. J. et al. Water vapour jets inside the plume of gas leaving Enceladus. Nature 456, 477–479 (2008)
Spencer, J. R. et al. Cassini encounters Enceladus: background and the discovery of a south polar hot spot. Science 311, 1401–1405 (2006)
Howett, C. J. A., Spencer, J. R., Pearl, J. & Segura, M. High heat flow from Enceladus’ south polar region measured using 10–600 cm−1 Cassini/CIRS data. J. Geophys. Res. 116, E03003 (2011)
Porco, C. C., DiNino, D. & Nimmo, F. How the geysers, tidal stresses, and thermal emission across the south polar terrain of Enceladus are related. Astron. J. 148, 45 (2014)
Porco, C. C. et al. Cassini imaging science: instrument characteristics and anticipated scientific investigations at Saturn. Space Sci. Rev. 115, 363–497 (2004)
Roatsch, T. J. et al. in Saturn from Cassini-Huygens (eds Dougherty, M. Esposito, L. & Krimigis, S. ) 763–781 (Springer, 2009).
This work was funded by grant number NNX13AG45G of the Cassini Data Analysis and Participating Scientists Program. We thank M. Hedman, P. Thomas and C. Howett for conversations on this topic.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Figure 1 Portion of image N1602274088 showing source locations inferred from anomalous emission near Damascus Sulcus.
Diamonds are sample points inferred from the observed curtains; uncertainties are shown as circles about each displayed sample point. The inferred source locations correspond well with features that are not apparent in the base map.
About this article
Cite this article
Spitale, J., Hurford, T., Rhoden, A. et al. Curtain eruptions from Enceladus’ south-polar terrain. Nature 521, 57–60 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14368
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Statistics for Health Care Research: A Practical Workbook is a concise, practical tool that will help you develop confidence in interpreting the statistical data in health sciences research articles. It features 45 exercises designed to strengthen your understanding of sampling, measurement, and statistical analysis techniques. It's the only workbook of its kind to include research examples from both the nursing and the medical literature for a complete perspective on health sciences research.
- 45 sampling, measurement, and statistical analysis exercises provide a practical review of both basic and advanced techniques and prepare you to apply statistics to clinical practice.
- The health sciences focus encompasses both the nursing and the medical literature so you can review the techniques in context.
- Statistical Technique in Review sections provide concise summaries to refresh your understanding of each technique.
- Research Article sections provide the article source, an introduction, and a "Relevant Study Results" section to help you apply the statistical technique in context.
- Study Questions with answer keys reinforce the exercise content and help you check your understanding of each technique.
- Questions to Be Graded, printed on separate pages to be completed and submitted to the instructor, test your mastery of key statistical techniques.
- The concise, practical format makes helps you quickly review and become comfortable with each statistical technique.
- Fully indexed to help you locate content quickly and easily.
- Identifying Level of Measurement: Nominal
2. Identifying Level of Measurement: Ordinal
3. Identifying Level of Measurement: Interval/Ratio
4. Understanding Percentages
5. Frequency Distributions with Percentages
6. Cumulative Percentages and Percentile Ranks
7. Interpreting Histograms
8. Interpreting Line Graphs
9. Identifying Probability and Nonprobability Sampling Methods
10. Understanding the Sampling Section of a Research Report: Sample Criteria, Sample Size, Refusal Rate, and Mortality
11. Using Statistics to Describe a Study Sample
12. Using Power Analysis to Determine Sample Size
13. Understanding Reliability Values of Measurement Methods
14. Understanding Validity Values of Measurement Methods
15. Measurements of Central Tendency Mean, Median, and Mode
16. Mean and Standard Deviation
17. Mean, Standard Deviation, and 68% of Normal Curve
18. Mean, Standard Deviation, and 95% and 99% of Normal Curve
19. Determining Skewness of a Distribution
20. Understanding T Scores
21. Effect Size
23. Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
24. Understanding Pearson’s r, Effect Size, and Percentage of Variance Explained
25. Multiple Correlations I
26. Multiple Correlations II
27. Simple Linear Regression
28. Multiple Linear Regression
29. t-Tests for Independent Groups I
30. t-Tests for Independent Groups II
31. t-Tests for Dependent Groups
32. Significance of Correlation Coefficient
33. Standard Error of the Mean: 95th Confidence Interval
34. Standard Error of the Mean: 99th Confidence Interval
35. Standard Error of a Percentage and 95th Confident Interval
36. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) I
37. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) II
38. Post Hoc Analyses Following ANOVA
39. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Confidence Intervals
40. Chi Square I
41. Chi Square II
42. Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient
43. Mann-Whitney U Test
44. Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
45. Specificity and Sensitivity
- No. of pages:
- © Saunders 2007
- 26th February 2007
- eBook ISBN:
Professor, College of Nursing, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas; Adult Nurse Practitioner, Family Practice, Grand Prairie, Texas
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Sports-car racing, form of motor racing involving cars built to combine aspects of racing and touring cars. Although there are many conflicting definitions of sports cars, it is usually conceded that in normal production form they do not resemble Grand Prix (Formula One) racing machines. Whereas the latter is a single-seat design carrying spartan cockpit furnishings and utterly functional equipment throughout, the sports car is usually a two-seater, sometimes a four-seater, characterized by its nimble abilities (if not speed and power) together with general suitability for high-speed touring on ordinary roads. Unlike a Grand Prix car, it is usually series-produced, seldom handmade. Some manufacturers of Grand Prix machines, such as Ferrari and Lotus, also make sports cars. Other makes include MG, Jaguar, Aston Martin, Austin-Healey, Triumph, Porsche, Lancia, Morgan, and Chevrolet Corvette. Although not usually designed exclusively for racing, sports cars are, nevertheless, able racing machines and are often entered in competitions with others of their class. Most of the world’s sports-car racing is conducted for amateur drivers by local and regional organizations. Some of the world’s most famous professional races are sports-car events, however, and may even be designated as Grand Prix. (When the term Grand Prix is used in this context, it does not refer to the type of car used but rather to the race’s being a major automotive event of the nation in which it is held.) The development of sports cars for racing, especially in such commercially important events as the 24-hour endurance race at Le Mans, where the reputations of participating manufacturers are very much at stake, brought about some prototype sports cars that are, in reality, little different in their power and speed potentials from Formula One machines. A world sports-car championship was awarded from 1953 to 1961. It was replaced in 1962 by a manufacturer’s championship, for which grand touring and prototype cars also compete, awarded annually to the make of car that achieves the best record in a specified series of races.
For More Reference Omnichannel Marketing Video
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Skin allergies or skin allergies are reactions of the immune system to an allergen.
Symptoms of skin allergies
There are different types of symptoms that appear on the skin such as: erythema, itching, inflammation, increase in volume, rash, blisters, hives, peeling, the most common types being urticaria, atopic dermatitis and eczema.
It is an alteration in the skin where there is a rash given by hives and hives that form on the entire body surface accompanied by intense itching.
The wheal corresponds to a raised area of the skin with redness and red edges that when pressed, its redness is attenuated. It may or may not be associated with angioedema.
It is estimated that one in five people has suffered an episode of hives. It occurs minutes after you have eaten a food or medicine and is often worse if you re-ingest what triggered the reaction.
It corresponds to an affectation of the deep dermis that is characterized by increased volume in areas of lax areas of the skin such as lips, eyelids or scrotum and that can cause temporary deformity of the affected area, usually on the face.
Less frequently, inflammation of the tongue or glottis also occurs, which could make breathing difficult, requiring urgent medical attention.
It can be accompanied by urticaria, however it also occurs in isolation without hives. It occurs as a consequence of the release of mediators that cause vasodilation and plasma extravasation. Depending on the responsible mediator, it can be histaminergic or bradykinergic. It is classified into drug angioedema, acquired, and hereditary angioedema.
It is a condition that initially gives rise to redness, itching and inflammation of the skin, later the lesions evolve into vesicles with liquid content inside. When these vesicles break, they form crusts when they dry, which corresponds to the acute form.
In the subacute form, the lesions persist over time and the skin becomes shiny and red, giving a varnish and peeling appearance. This process of chronification of lesions is called lichenification.
It is a chronic inflammatory pathology of the skin, characterized by eczematous lesions, dry skin and intense itching. It is due to genetic and environmental causes. Atopic dermatitis is more common in children, it is estimated that its onset in adults is rare.
Studies have shown that during adolescence remission of symptoms occurs in 1/3 of cases and there is a decrease in the severity of symptoms.
This pathology affects the quality of life of patients by interfering with activities such as work, study and sleep cycles, manifests itself with periods of exacerbations that alternate with asymptomatic periods.
This entity is related in 80% of cases with atopic diseases such as bronchial asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis. Symptoms generally intensify at night and this leads to chronic scratching lesions with thickened and dry skin.
Common causes of skin allergies
· Symptoms can be exacerbated by excessive heat or sweating, physical exercise, stress, respiratory tract infections.
· Insect bites, animal epithelia.
· Synthetic fabrics.
· Cosmetics such as soaps, creams and shampoo or detergents.
· Animal epithelia or plant spores.
· Food: In some cases it is possible to detect an association of allergies with some foods, among which the most frequent are cow's milk, eggs, soybeans and wheat flour. Food allergies are the most common types of allergies.
· Allergic drug reaction: The drugs that most frequently induce angioedema are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, allergy to other types of drugs can occur.
· House dust or mites present on books and upholstery.
An essential part of the treatment is to detect and modify the causal or exacerbating factors of outbreaks, these are allergens, infections and skin irritants.
In cases of urticaria, you should see a doctor for treatment in an emergency service. If the reaction reappears or is accompanied by respiratory symptoms and significant inflammation, the patient should be evaluated by an allergist.
The treatment of choice is the antihistamines for a period of at the least a week to prevent its recurrence; Depending on the severity of the case, treatment with corticosteroids is appropriate.
In atopic dermatitis, it is recommended to keep the skin hydrated, control itching and inflammation with topical or oral medications.
Prevent sudden changes in temperature and humidity, physical exercise, stress, excessive sweating, the detergents used, the clothes should be washed with neutral soap, do not use fabric softener, use soap substitutes or soaps with neutral PH for daily cleaning.
Antihistamines are not always effective, there are other treatments such as phototherapy, topical corticosteroids, or topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) (tacrolimus and pimecrolimus) that have fewer side effects.
Joint discomfort is common and usually felt in the hands, feet, hips, knees, or spine. Pain may be constant or it can come and go. Sometimes the joint can feel stiff, achy, or sore. Some patients complain of a burning, throbbing, or “grating” sensation. In addition, the joint may feel stiff in the morning but loosen up and feel better with movement and activity. However, too much activity could make the pain worse. Joint Guard 360 Reviews
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The district of Ialysos encompasses the northern part of the island. It was inhabited in the prehistoric period. Remains of a Minoan settlement have been found at Trianta and Mycenaean cemeteries have been located on the surrounding hills of Makria Vounara and Moschou Vounara (1700-1400 BC).
The ancient city of Ialysos extended around the hill of Philerimos, which was the ancient acropolis where there are remains of buildings from the Archaic, Byzantine and Knights' periods. The temple of Athena Polias, which dates to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, was built over the site of an earlier Classical temple, to judge from the evidence of a 5th century BC floor and terracotta antefixes found there. The depository on the west side produced pottery and votive offerings dating from the 9th to the 5th centuries BC. In addition to the cult of Athena Polias, there are also references to a cult of Zeus Polias. In the Early Christian period (5th-6th centuries AD) a three-aisled basilica with an atrium was built on the remains of the ancient temple, in the north aisle of which a single-aisled church with a cupola was constructed in the 10th century. In the time of the Franks this site was occupied by a medieval monastery and church.
The more important buildings in the archaeological site include:
The Temple of Athena Polias. This is a Doric amphiprostyle, tetrastyle
or hexastyle temple (that is, with a portico of four or six columns at either end) with a pronaos, cella and opisthodomos. In the cella stands the base of the cult statue. Small column drums and walls inside the cella may have belonged to an interior colonnade (3rd-2nd c. BC). Cuttings on the west side of the rock would have been used as depositories for votive offerings or cult purposes.
Doric fountain-house. Two tunnels brought water from the top of the hill to a cistern cut into the rock and closed by a poros isodomic wall in the form of a Π. Lion-head spouts discharged the water from the closed cistern into an open tank, which was enclosed by six pillars with stone panels between them, and from there to a portico of six Doric columns which formed the facade of the fountain-house (4th c. BC). A sacred law with proscriptions for the protection of the fountain-house was carved on one of the pillars.
Church of the Knights' period from the 14th c. with a vaulted roof and two hexagonal chapels.
Baptistery of a three-aisled Early Christian basilica, built over the ruins of the temple of Athena.
Byzantine fortifications. These are on the east side of the hill and constructed with material taken from the ancient temple of Athena. Parts of the repairs made by the Knights are visible.
Ruins of the katholikon of a Byzantine monastery. This is a cruciform inscribed
church of the C type, and dates from the end of the 10th to the beginning of the 11th c.
Medieval monastery restored during the Italian occupation. Around the interior
courtyard are the rooms of a two-storey building with arched porticos leading to the monks' cells on the ground floor and the Abbot's quarters on the first floor.
Single cell chapel of Ayios Georgios Chostos with 15th c. frescos in an eclectic style.
Excavations were carried out by the Italian Archaeological School (in 1914 and 1923-1926) during their occupation of the island. The earliest phases of the temple of Athena were excavated as well as the depository containing figurines, pottery and metal objects (9th-5th c. BC). The Doric fountain-house was also excavated and restored at this time.
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Earth's current largest ocean, the Pacific, blankets more than 30% of the planet's surface, stretching 12,000 miles (19,000 kilometers) at its widest point, between Colombia and the Malay Peninsula, according to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC UNESCO (opens in new tab)). But that titanic sea represents only the remnants of the largest ocean in Earth's history.
So what was the largest ocean ever to exist on our planet?
That would be Panthalassa, a world-spanning sea that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea from about 300 million to 200 million years ago, Brendan Murphy, a geology professor at St. Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia, told Live Science.
"The biggest ocean usually happens when supercontinents form, because if you only have one large supercontinent, then you've only got one ocean that exists around it," Murphy said.
Related: Will there ever be another Pangaea?
That has likely happened multiple times, Murphy said, but all those single world oceans would have been comparable in size. The most recent supercontinent was Pangaea, in which today's continents fit together, including the jigsaw-like pieces of Africa and South America. Another supercontinent, Rodinia, combined Earth's landmasses in a different configuration about 650 million years ago, according to the Smithsonian Institution (opens in new tab); geologists debate whether another supercontinent arose in between, Murphy said.
Panthalassa would have stacked at least another 1,860 miles (3,000 kilometers) onto the Pacific's width, Murphy said. To put that into perspective, if you were traveling by jet plane across the equator, it would take 10 hours to cross the Pacific but 15 to span Panthalassa, he explained. Or think of it this way: At its widest point, the Pacific could fit more than five moon diameters; Panthalassa's additional width would accommodate nearly one more moon.
By surface area, Panthalassa dwarfed the Pacific, covering approximately 70% of Earth's surface (opens in new tab), according to a 2022 review in the journal Earth-Science Reviews (opens in new tab), or nearly 140 million square miles (360 square km). The Pacific's 30% of the Earth's surface adds up to more than 63 million square miles (165 million square km), according to IOC UNESCO (opens in new tab).
Visualizing Panthalassa as the Pacific padded with more than 1,800 extra miles captures the geological history, too: Pangaea broke up in large part due to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, at the expense of Panthalassa. Its remnants became the Pacific, so you can picture Panthalassa as the Pacific pasted onto the Atlantic, which today ranges between about 1,800 miles, between Brazil and Liberia, and 3,000 miles (4,800 km), between North America and North Africa, according to IOC-UNESCO.
Technically, however, Earth likely had an even larger ocean at one point — but one not defined by continents. About 150 million years after Earth formed, it had oceans but no continents yet, so an unbroken sea covered the planet, according to the Smithsonian. That would mean the ocean spanned the nearly 24,901 miles (40,075 km) of Earth's equatorial circumference and the full 197 million square miles (510 million square km) of Earth's surface (opens in new tab).
Even today, though, scientists consider Earth's oceans to be a single "world ocean," given that the waters interconnect at various points, according to the MarineBio Conservation Society (opens in new tab). The Atlantic mingles with the Pacific at the bottom of South America, for example, and contacts the Indian Ocean beneath Africa, Murphy said.
Nevertheless, as defined by continents, the Pacific has held the title of the world's largest ocean since Pangaea's demise around 200 million years ago. But if current projections of tectonic plate movements hold true, Australia will split the Pacific in two over the next 70 million years, Murphy said. At the same time, the Atlantic will widen, taking the crown of Earth's largest ocean.
Originally published on Live Science.
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The Literature on Women Immigrants to the United States [a]
Dorothea Schneider, Dept. of Sociology, University of Illinois
The Classic paradigms of Immigrant History
I once thought to write a history of immigrants to America. Then I discovered that the immigrants were American history. declared Oscar Handlin in 1951. In subsequent years, Handlin would make sure that this motto became part of the public consciousness of historians through his numerous writings. But Handlin and other pioneers histories of U.S. immigration, though still classic standards in the field, read like incomplete accounts of the whole story because throughout women are almost entirely absent from the story. Most histories of immigrants in the United States begin as experiences of migratory men disguised as genderless humans, writes historian Donna Gabaccia. In classic accounts, women are mentioned only occasionally, for example to highlight the crisis that traditional family relationships undergo.
Forebears: Women Immigrants and the Chicago School of Sociology.
The fact that Handlin, and others paid scant attention to women is remarkable
because women immigrants had actually been the subject of a rather lively
scholarship during the early 20th century. Jane Addams and Lillian Wald,
for example, were not only both founders of settlement houses in the United
States, they were also prolific writers whose publications paid much attention
to the women immigrants under their care. In the shadow
of the settlement movement, emerged a group of female social scientists
who made the lives of migrant and immigrant women the subject of their studies
as sociologists and social workers. Caroline Wares Greenwich Village,
and Grace Abbotts work in general, to cite just two examples, are
focused on the lives of working class immigrant women and their thorough
research and crisp prose makes these volumes highly useful and readable
to this day. Some of the pioneers of womens
social science studies became specialists in one ethnic group or another.
Emily Balch focused mostly on immigrants from Bohemia and Eastern Europe,
Louise Odencrantz on Italians, Mary White Ovington wrote on female black
migrants into Northern Cities. Chicagoan Sophonsiba
Breckinridge did extensive research on the relationship between immigrant
womens private sphere the family and the public world
of citizenship and political participation which these women entered only
None of these studies were conceived as histories, they were ethnographic and sociological portraits of a specific contemporary community. Because of their rich array of observations and relatively unprejudiced assessments, they hold up well as social history. Though in their own time, these works were not paradigm setting. Rather than outlining sweeping theoretical insights, the early studies on women immigrants and migrants, advocated selective intervention of reformers and public agencies, and presented an ideal of involved citizenship as the desirable goal for immigrants and reformers alike. The women authors of the Chicago School and settlement movement also labored under institutional constraints which did not allow them to form schools of thought or promulgate their message in a wider academic context on a long-term basis[b]. Nevertheless, as a result of these studies, the presence of women immigrants as actors in their own right and as subjects for research became established rather early on.
Early Ethnic History of the 70s
As with social history in general, womens history and immigrant history did not take a prominent place in American historical scholarship between the late 1930s and the late 1960s, as the academic focus shifted, influenced by cold war concerns, to political and diplomatic history. When social history did re-emerge, mostly with a social science methodology focused on community studies and working class history, the field remained at first centered on the lives of men. This is particularly evident in works which appeared between the 1950s and the early 1970s, such as Stephan Thernstroms paradigm setting Poverty and Progress, which studied social and economic mobility among New Englands working class immigrants, Moses Rischins, The Promised City, and Irving Howes World of Our Fathers, a study of Jewish immigration, with a focus on New York; Herbert Gans Urban Villagers (a sociologists analysis of an Italian ethnic neighborhood in Boston), Rudolph Vecolis seminal article Contadini in Chicago and many others. These new works put the focus on the migrant, the working class newcomer and the neighborhood. Class and ethnicity were the primary modes of analysis. Gender was not articulated. Gender differences continued to be subsumed under the rubric family life or appeared in the discussion of intergenerational or marital relations. In a way, this presented a step back from the earlier works of the Progressive tradition mentioned above.
Ethnic group studies w. women focus
Two trends converged to change these paradigms gradually by the 1970s:
1. scholars re-discovered the writing of the earlier generation of women
on the immigrant experience, and 2. labor historians especially, embraced
the history of immigrants in general and of women in particular as part
of the history of the North American working class. These developments were
closely connected to the emergence of womens history in general and
of feminist literature and fiction writing as well. This renaissance led
to the re-discovery and re-publication of a host of older literary and scholarly
writings by women immigrants, and about women immigrants. Many of the Chicago
School monographs were also re-printed and re-issued[c].
Among immigrant historians the focus on women led to a host of survey books on women immigrants, published mostly in the 1970s and early 1980s and the beginnings of a historiography of womens immigrant history. A few of the surveys tried to provide a synthetic overview. But most of the works told the history of European women immigrants within just one immigrant or ethnic group, usually immigrants from Europe.
In many cases, such studies lacked a clear thematic focus, the topic was new and the source material still sparse. Hasia Diners book on Irish women immigrants, Erins Daughters in America, highlights the problems of such survey studies which have to merge the traditional focus of women immigrants on family and childrearing with the new realities of being breadwinners and single wage earners in an urban environment. Without a clear thematic direction, these two topics can appear together without much analytical connection. Similar blandness characterizes Rudolph Glanz thorough and lengthy two volume study The Jewish Woman in America. Glanz history fills in the story of female Jewish immigrants with much detail, but in many ways his work differs little from that of authors before him whose interest focused on immigrant men. No thematic shift occurs in Glanz books, when compared to comprehensive studies which focused on male immigrants.
The book by Charlotte Baum, Paula Hyman and Sonya Michel of the same title as Glanz (!) provides an interesting contrast in how differing perspectives shaped completely different survey books on the same topic. Baum, Hyman and Michels work published only months before Glanz, is conceived within the context of the then emergent second feminist movement, and these authors want us to understand womens history as a part of womens liberation. Their study deals with a similar array of topics as other books but here the thematic emphasis is on womens self assertion, and on the female immigrants building a world of their own. Conventional settings and themes (from books on male immigrants) such as the steam bath, the shnorrer, the union meeting, all are transformed into an immigrant womens sphere which underline their self-assertion in the New World. The theme of gender roles and gender imagery was also taken up by other scholars, again, mostly in the literature on Jewish immigrants women, during the 1980s. Subsequent survey books on immigrant groups- men and women often either covered women in one or two specific chapters (these chapters mostly focused on family life and womens work) or they focused on women immigrants almost exclusively and infused the entire history of women immigrants with a feminist perspective underlining the emancipatory message of immigrant pioneers, as we will see in the works discussed below.
From the mid-1970s historiographic and critical assessments of the emerging field became numerous enough to spawn historiographic assessments of the field at regular intervals. Beginning with Maxine Sellers call for a re-evaluation of women immigrants that would lead away from stereotypes of passivity and suffering, the historiographic study of women immigrants has spawned a number of interesting reviews, most importantly by the historian Donna Gabaccia, whose book, From the Other Side, summarized the scholarship on women immigrants very concisely and aptly in the early 1990s.
The Working Class and Women Immigrants
The scholarship that most clearly dominated the historiography of women
immigrants in the 1980s and 1990s was focused on the world of work, paid
and unpaid. To a significant degree such studies were connected to the large
wave of labor history monographs which had begun to be published in the
1970s. Some of these studies focused on immigrant families (where women
played an important role) others on women (though not necessarily only on
women immigrants) in female-dominated industries. Among the earliest and
influential studies on families and women in the family economy was Virginia
Yans-McLaughlins monograph Family and Community: Italian Immigrants
in Buffalo:1880-1930. Unlike other studies on
working families (such as those of Tamara Hareven)
Yans McLaughlin focuses on the interplay between the culture of origin (in
this case Italians) and its influence on the labor market choices and behavior
of men and women. It yields significant insights into the way Italian women
reconciled the contradictory pressures from family (to retain traditional
roles) and the workplace (to assume a new more public role). A related book,
Donna Gabaccias From Sicily to Elizabeth Street, enriches these
insights by looking at women (and men) in a highly diverse metropolitan
economy. Similar studies were published on German
women, by Christiane Harzig (unfortunately in German only) and, to a more
limited degree, Laura Anker.
Gabaccia devotes almost half of her study to the description and analysis of family and work life in the Sicilian village of origin of her New York group. Such truly comparative studies of migrant families have remained rare, especially in the historical literature, though we have now a number of comparative ethnographies on transnational migrants from the Caribbean and Central America which have been written by anthropologists and sociologists.
The appearance of women workers not just within families and the household economy but also as part of the narrative of U.S. labor history of autonomous workers has formed a particularly important branch upon which the field of immigrant womens history has thrived for decades to come. Two books about the history of women workers in the United States were very influential in this regard, although they did not explicitly structure their narrative around the lives of immigrant women: Thomas Dublins Women and Work and Christine Stansells City of Women. Both works, as well as an article by Carol Groneman on Irish American wage workers, set the stage for a large body of literature on women wage earners within metropolitan and small town economies. Dublins study was pace-setting by putting wage-earning single women at the center of the inquiry, outlining how they were economically independent, while at the same time embedded in a larger family context. Even though families were often physically absent, they were present as norm setters and shapers of expectations for these early industrial workers. Stansells work describes the lives of women wage earners in New York City many of them immigrants not just in the context of their economic and social position. The study also throws important light on the need to these women to define and negotiate their moral and sexual lives in a larger public sphere of the metropolis. Gronemanns article, She Earns like a Child, She Pays as a Man showed that residents of New Yorks notorious Five Points slum were not the morally or physically degenerate wretches of the popular imagination. Instead, they were working mothers who were caught in the vise of low-wage female occupations and high cost metropolitan living. Though these authors made mention of immigrant women and integrated their experience of migration and adjustment in the new world of industrial and service work into their narratives, the distinct experience of cultural difference lived by women from specific foreign backgrounds did not take center stage in these stories. Instead, Dublin, Stansell and other authors of books on labor and the origins of the American working class tended to emphasize the inter-ethnic, gender and class-based solidarity of all workers, men and women.
Within a few years after the appearance of Dublins and of Stansells book, the world of immigrant womens work was described in many new studies which gave this field a many-faceted historiography. Most of these new studies were community studies with a specific geographical and occupational focus. Among occupational groups the world of the women textile and garment worker has received the most attention. Other parts of the scholarly literature describe immigrant women in domestic service and women in agriculture and agriculture-related occupations.
Women Textile Workers
The lives of women immigrant textile workers over many generations are chronicled in Louise Lampheres From Working Daughters to Working Mothers. Unlike the earlier works cited above, in which the story and life of immigrant women was inserted into a general narrative of class consciousness and collective organization, Lamphere made the lives of immigrant women over many generations the center of her scholarship. As in many New England industrial towns, Centervilles mill hands were women who originally came from Francophone Canada, followed later by Portuguese and Colombian women. Generational sequence thus brought ethnic change, with work and industrial working class status being the constants. As Lamphere outlines, the adjustment to a full-time industrial work schedule on top of the traditional obligations of family and child care was handled somewhat differently by women from different ethnic groups, dependent in part by their backgrounds and beliefs. Less specifically concentrated on one geographic location but with a focus on women in the garment trades is Susan Glenns study, Daughters of the Shtetl. Glenn not only builds on the work on Jewish women begun by Hyman and others, but also continues the scholarship on immigrant women within the new labor history. Social, sexual and cultural identities are part of her narrative as is the struggle for union recognition and other forms of political activism which these women engaged in. Glenn is also interested in the question why Jewish women in particular were so visible in transforming the traditional spheres assigned to immigrant women. Garment and textile work continues to be the preserve of women immigrants in the United States, though the succession of twentieth century immigrant groups, especially in the garment workshops of New York and Los Angeles, has, by and large, not received the same scholarly attention as the nineteenth and early twentieth century immigrants. Literature on Puerto Rican, Dominican, Chinese and Mexican garment workers has shown little historical perspective which would connect the lives of these modern day sweatshop workers with their sisters of an earlier time.
Domestic work, like garment making, was and is almost exclusively a preserve
of immigrant women in most parts of the United States. As Stansell points
out in City of Women, this type of service work had particular implications
for social and cultural assimilation, class consciousness and social mobility
of different immigrant women. Two general histories of domestic labor in
the United States, by Faye Dudden and David Katzman provide a good analytical
and historic framework for understanding domestic service in the context
of the female labor market and the shifting structure of middle class households
in North America. For women domestics, public and
private sphere, work and free time was merged in ways that were specific
to their occupation. For immigrant women, the cultural distance to their
employers were a constant source of friction but also a necessity to maintain
status for their employers. Assimilation therefore took place in the context
of often unusually intense class and cultural conflict which would rarely
be openly visible, however. Irish immigrant women were particularly dominant
as domestic servants in most parts of the nineteenth century United States,
and this group is discussed in Hasia Diners Erins Daughters
(as well as in Stansells and Gronemanns work). A recent voluminous
literature on the history of women immigrants and domestic service has further
added to this field of inquiry with numerous important monographs.
This newer literature also has gone a long way to explain why, for example,
some immigrant groups sent their daughters rarely into domestic work (Italians,
Jews and Chinese come to mind) while members of other immigrant and migrant
groups others, such as Irish, German, Scandinavian, Dutch, Japanese, African-American
and Latino Women were and are frequently employed as domestics.
The literature on women immigrant domestics today continues to flourish as a number of important books and articles on African American and Latino women and domestic service show. Unfortunately, only Elizabeth Clark Lewis Living In, Living Out, a book on African American women migrants into Washington D.C., has a distinct historical cast. It can serve as a link between studies on contemporary domestics (usually women of color from the Americas) and past generations who were likely to be African American or from the European immigrant working class. Clark Lewis' book takes up the themes first raised by Stansell and weaves them into the story of women from a racially defined and thus more rigidly disenfranchised group of women workers. There are many parallels between Clark Lewis work and more contemporary studies of women domestics such as Julia Wrigleys Other Peoples Children and Mary Romeros Maid in the U.S.A. which focus on contemporary Mexican immigrant women who are the majority of domestic household workers in the American West and Southwest today. The importance of the contemporary literature lies in the way it analyzes the way cultural and class conflict plays out within the parameters of race and culture for Mexican Americans and other Latinas. Writings about racial identity as much as gendered transitions have become one of the main themes in both labor and immigrant history in the past two decades. The research on women domestics connects these themes and reinserts the studies into the mainstream of social history.
Agriculture and related occupations
Whereas the literature on women domestics continues to grow and thus link the history of older groups with the sociology of newer generations of women immigrants and migrants, the studies of women in agriculture and agriculture-related occupations is much smaller and offers fewer broad connections. Linda Schelbitzki Pickles portrait of German origin women in rural Nebraska, Contented Among Strangers ,carefully delineates a world of quiet and slow adjustment among women immigrants, so different from the much noisier and faster-paced world described in studies of women in metropolitan areas of the United States. A similar focus on rural communities and traditional family structure prevails in Valerie Matsumotos Farming the Home Place, a study of Japanese immigrants in rural California. Though Matsumoto does not focus on women (but on community and family) gender relations are part of her study. Vicky Ruiz Cannery Workers, Cannery Lives and Patricia Zavellas Womens Work and Chicano Families take a somewhat different approach to agricultural workers, more in the Carey McWilliams tradition, in that they consider these women a type of industrial worker whose struggle is for group solidarity and union recognition. Especially Ruiz focuses on the building of a female dominated union and whereas Zavellas book is more an ethnography of a community of workers. Karen Leonards book, Making Ethnic Choices, on Punjabi immigrants (who were male, but who married Mexican women and worked jointly with them in the fields) and Sucheng Chans work on Chinese immigrants in Western agriculture also have important elements to add to the none too rich historiography of women immigrants in agriculture-related occupations. Most of these recent works tend to focus on family and community, not primarily on women. Studies similar to Schelbitzki Pickles are still needed with a historical perspective and a focus on Mexican, or Chinese women in the West.
A significant number of monographs and articles especially during the 1970s
and 80s emphasized the visibility of women in their neighborhood organizations
and as politically prominent members of the union movement.
Such books highlight the role of women immigrants as activists side by side
with men, though with voices of their own. Many of these studies focus on
women in unions and in community settings, usually selecting 19th century
immigrants from Europe. Listings of books and articles on women immigrants
work in the public sphere take up a significant part of Gabaccias
bibliography, Women Immigrants in the United States.
Given the large number of monographs and articles on specific persons or organizations, the paucity of survey or synthetic studies on immigrant women in the political sphere is remarkable, however. The few exceptions are either largely inaccessible, because they are dissertations which have not been published or, like, Mari-Jo Buhles Women and American Socialism are more general works with only some chapters devoted to immigrants. The large number of biographies of individual immigrant women activists also supply a crucial source of information on politically active immigrant women. But critical synthetic studies on immigrant women in the American trade union movement and the American suffrage movement have yet to be written. Thus the image that immigrant women were a group largely uninvolved in public life beyond occasional neighborhood activism, remains predominant.
Sexuality, Leisure, Consumption
The emphasis on work and political activism characterizes the majority of books and articles about women immigrants which appeared in the 1970s and 1980s. A smaller, though significant body of work deals with womens response to emergent mass culture and leisure pursuits in urban America during the first half of the twentieth century. Thus Kathy Peiss well-known study, Cheap Amusements, and similarly Lewis Ehrenbergs Steppin Out, are both books that deal with leisure culture of New Yorks working class with a special focus on women in the late nineteenth century. Unfortunately, neither book focuses specifically on immigrant women or on the responses of different ethnic groups to the rise of commercialized public leisure for women. Elizabeth Ewens Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars does focus on the world of entertainment and culture experienced and used by immigrant women who found new avenues of self-expression and community life in America. But for the of ethnic culture, there are only a few studies which both emphasize and critically examine the relationship of women immigrants to popular culture and provide insights into the beliefs and behaviors specific ethnic groups. Three unsentimental yet entertaining studies of popular culture are Andrew Heinzes Adapting to Abundance and Jenna Weisman Joselits book, The Wonders of America. As well as Robert Orsis book on religion and Italian Americans. The first two books focus specifically on Jewish immigrants and have some chapters on women as consumers. While Weisman and Heinze do not adopt a gendered perspective throughout, their chapters on making a home and on women and the display of social status through consumer goods are a definite addition to this specific part of women immigrants history. Especially Joselit, a historian of material culture, provides an excellent example of understanding history through objects with her numerous photographs and illustrations. Robert Orsis work deals with devotional culture of Italian immigrants and Italian women in particular a rich, yet, for the most part insufficiently covered field in general. Since Orsis book was published, few works on immigrant religion have appeared and even fewer that have a clearly gendered perspective.
The fight for emancipation and the gender paradigm
It is only gradually, since the late 1980s, that the paradigms of women
immigrant history have shifted away from European groups and, thematically,
away from the working class history model. By and large, the new research
has focused on the growing immigration of East and South Asians, Central
and Latin Americans and immigrants from the Caribbean. In this context,
social scientists have put the themes of transnationalism and gendered assimilation
at the center of their inquiries. Often, their studies have retained a strong
emphasis on cultural and social assimilation and economic mobility as well
often at the expense of historical perspective[d].
At the same time, the work of anthropologists and sociologists has also
been more likely to be truly comparative (in a geographic sense) than the
research of historians.
But there have also been important connectors between the new research on post-1965 migration and the older, largely historical literature. For one, the topic of racial definitions, racial difference and discrimination, a theme important for scholars of immigration for a long time, has been re-validated in the context of the newer studies[e]. The historical oppression of Mexican Americans and Chinese immigrants based on their racial assignment and attributes had been the theme for historians of Mexican, Chinese and Caribbean America for many decades and in both cases the connection to an older historiography on these immigrants is strong. The tenor of these studies had always been the struggle for emancipation, for true citizenship within the white Republic of the United States. Early works on minority immigrant women, for example Mirande and Enriquez La Chicana, combined feminist theory, and poetry with discussions of Chicano family life and history. This and other books on Chicanos, did not differentiate between the experiences of immigrant and second generation or native Latinas. Similarly Bryce Laportes and Delores Mortimers anthology Female Immigrants to the United States: Caribbean, Latin American and African Experiences, meld the stories and histories of women of color in general. Instead of providing in depth research, such books were written as contributions to the emancipatory quest of women of color in the United States. Among newer books, as among the classics, the narrative of emancipation and struggle against oppression lends the dominant story line to the history of East Asian and Latino immigrants to this day.
Questions of racial self-definition and racial categorizations by others form a complex interplay with questions of gender in the study of Afro-Caribbean immigrants. These immigrants are the subject of Irma Watkins Owens Blood Relations on English-speaking Caribbean immigrants, Michel Laguerres American Odyssey, on the Haitian Diaspora and Mary Waters work. Laguerres work on Haitian families puts this group at the center of a classic migration study focused on family roles and labor market integration in the post WWII economy or metropolitan New York. Watkins Owens is most interested in the interactions between West Indian immigrants and native African Americans in Harlem. Both books do not highlight gender, though the majority female composition of this group of immigrants gives a special cast to the community. Race and, to some extent, gender plays a central role in Mary Waters seminal, Black Identities. Waters study of second-generation black immigrants which was influenced by the segmented assimilation model of Portes and others, focuses on the desire for upward mobility among Caribbean immigrants who try to carve out a racial identity separate from African Americans, whom they associate with downward mobility. Gender plays an important role for Waters, since women are a majority among her interviewees and are strongly represented among the better educated migrants from the Caribbean of recent decades. Unfortunately few other works on black immigrants even mention gender in their analysis, though it plays an important part in the overall description of Caribbean immigration streams.
Race and ethnic culture merge in a different way in the recent scholarship on Mexican, Dominican and other Latina women. In the Mexican case, historical scholarship is particularly rich with most of the older books following the model of other working class immigrant histories, whose subjects were geographically defined by origin. Similar community studies on Mexican-Americans have put the spotlight on family and community, mostly in the west, but also in the large cities of the Midwest. In these studies most scholars have made little distinction between immigrants and native or indigenous Chicanas. Only relatively recently have scholars taken a look at the barrios women specifically and have analyzed their histories and identities with a focus on gender. Chief among those newer works is Pierette Hondagneu-Sotelos Gendered Transitions, a study of Oakview Barrio a community of legal and illegal Mexican immigrants in Northern California. Her books central focus is on what she calls the reconstruction of gender roles in the context of the migration experience. As a result of their experiences as female immigrants, women ultimately take a leading role in the consolidation of settlement of Mexican families who remain permanently in the United States. The theme of re-definition of gender roles has been taken up by other scholars on recent immigrant groups as well and plays a large role in works on the Spanish-speaking Caribbean and on South Asian women. Patricia Pessars work, in particular has uncovered changes similar to Hondagneu-Sotelo within Dominican immigrant families: women are reluctant migrants, but once settled in the United States engage in economic strategies that make return to the Dominican Republic very unlikely.
Transnational families and mothering
Transnationalism, the thematic focus of much of the recent immigrant literature and cultural studies writing, emerges in a somewhat different form for women from these ethnic groups. For Mexican Americans and other Latino women, transnational practices and realities are often associated with the problems and difficulties connected to bi-furcated lives: families are separated, educational goals conflict, linguistic problems abound. Grasmuck and Pessar paint a similar picture of Dominican women. Salvadoran Families, depicted in Sarah Mahlers work, are also the sufferers rather than the beneficiaries of transnational family lives. The widely accepted idea that transnationalism is an enrichment empowering women and men within immigrant cultures is not visible in this research.
The privileged classes in fact and fiction
The research on Cuban immigrant women, should be briefly mentioned here,
because it fits neither into the classic paradigm of emancipation from oppression,
nor are Cuban women seen as embedded in racial or underclass stereotypes.
Instead, research has focused on economic mobility and cultural assimilation
of Cubans in general, and women in particular. Cuban women immigrants were
more likely to be middle class in social and economic background than other
Latinas and therefore experienced more social and economic mobility than
Mexican, Puerto Rican or Dominican women did. The
research also reflects the preoccupation with exile that still defines the
Cuban community in the United States. Since exile is usually seen as a state
of being defined by ones exclusion from the nation-state at home,
rather than an exclusion from social and cultural traditions and institutions
in the new country, a gendered perspective is often secondary to studies
A status similar to Cuban immigrants in their in-betweenness between whites and people of color, between refugees and voluntary immigrants is occupied by immigrants from the Middle East. Today they are usually called Arab-Americans, emphasizing their otherness, but at the beginning of the twentieth century they were usually described as Syrians by scholars and writers in the United States, implying more of a Mediterranean affiliation. But it would take decades for these newcomers to be recognized as white by the United States government, so they would not fall under the Asian exclusion laws. Alixa Naffs book Becoming American provides a history of early Middle Eastern immigrants to the United States, a group dominated by Christian Lebanese early in the century. Naffs book does focus on the family character of the early migration -- unusual for a group where single men predominated in the early decades. The more recent work by Evelyn Shakir, Bint Arab, is more explicitly about women. Its historical perspective is provided mainly through autobiographical oral histories of Arab imigrant women of different generations. Other recent works show less of a historical perspective on this fast growing group of immigrants. But even in the more presentist social science analyses, the contours of a historical development can be discerned. With their lives centered around family and their relative isolation from public life, Arab American women are today confronted with the need to earn money and venture into the public sphere for a variety of reasons in the United States. The relationship of daughters with the greater U.S. world and issues of educational access for daughters and adult women are all prominent discussion points and indicators of change within this community as they have been for other groups before them.
The most recent literature on immigrant communities in the United States has probably been richest in regard to East and Southeast Asian immigrants. This is in good part, because Chinese and Japanese immigration is well over a century old in the United States, and has a relatively rich trail of documents and a literature that dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Anthony Pfeffers recently published study, If they dont Bring their Women Here, explores the very earliest decades of Chinese female immigration, mostly to the West Coast. Pfeffers theme is the attempt, successful in 1882, on the part of Federal and municipal authorities, the courts and the press to make these women go away, through exclusion legislation, denial of entry and criminalization (as prostitutes). If invisibility is Pfeffers theme, Judy Yungs Unbound Feet, is about visibility: this chronicle of San Franciscos Chinese women during the first four decades of the twentieth century, makes this group visible and relates to its attempts to be visible and speak with its own voice. Yungs work is merely among the most comprehensive and recent in a number of studies on East Asian women and their families with Huping Lings book, Surviving the Gold Mountain, the most recent comprehensive attempt to write a history of Chinese Women in the United States. Lings effort is notable because it includes Chinese women in the rural United States and also offers inclusion of the Chinese in the Midwest, where small communities of Chinese persisted throughout the twentieth century. Her book also provides the best bibliography on the topic to date. As a large and bi-furcated community (split into the early, heavily restricted generation that arrived before 1880 and the post 1965 immigration which encountered mostly economic, but fewer legal and social obstacles to integration) the historiography on Chinese women immigrants reflects a great diversity of perspectives. They range from the chronicles of family based private lives to the econometric studies of upward mobility. The historiography of related groups, such as Japanese American women or Korean American women and Filipinas is much less diverse, with a focus on community histories and economic adaptation.
Since the elimination of overt national preferences in U.S. immigration law in 1965, the number of countries from which immigrants arrive has grown significantly. One large group of new immigrants is made up of women and men from Southern and Southeast Asia (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam and Korea in particular). While Southeast Asians initially came as refugees under an allotment system that stemmed from the Vietnam Era, most South Asian immigrants were admitted because of their desirable professional qualifications. In these cases, women usually came as dependents, though in the Korean and Filipino case, women were also admitted under special occupational preference categories (as nurses).
The diversity of the new Asian-American immigration is reflected in the literature. The published materials on Southeast Asian refugee groups, show that historians have so far largely still shied away from writing the histories of these newer women immigrants leaving the territory to sociologists and other social scientists as well as literary scholars for the most part. Social scientists, in turn, have put traditional immigrant themes at the center of their inquiries into the lives of Southeast Asians: initial adjustment, the struggle to maintain family cohesion and slow economic and social assimilation and upward mobility. A-women centered perspective rarely emerges in the literature on Southeast Asian Refugee immigrants. Women appear almost exclusively in the context of family life, their lives encased between the conflicting demands put on them as keepers of tradition and economic providers. Only very recently have some studies on gender and sexuality appeared, as the second generation of refugees has grown to maturity on the United States.
The situation is different for South and West Asian immigrants many of whom arrived well-educated and English speaking. Such characteristics were rare among earlier groups of immigrants and they challenge traditional paradigms of immigration research which deal with economic and social (upward) mobility and the difficulties of first generation cultural adjustment. There are some publications which provide a survey of the lives of South Asian women within the traditional parameters of work and family, the struggle to assimilate and bring up children in the United States. But much of the newest literature on South Asians has focused on cultural traditions and transmissions, as well as on ethnic identities within the post-industrial, multi ethnic United States. The literature on South Asians in particular has emphasized continuity and adaptation of cultural practices among the first and second generation as a means to preserve ethnic identity for men and women. In general, the literature on South Asians has recognized that women experience these pressures to retain ethnicity and maintain the trajectory of assimilation differently way from men.
Closely related to this focus on transmission of culture and the change in social and cultural values, transnationalism also takes on a different face in the study of East and South Asians. Because the physical connection with the homeland is often not as close for South and East Asians as it is for Mexicans and other people from Central America and the Caribbean, transnationalism for East and South Asians is lived differently as well: in ethnic businesses, and neighborhoods, but also in middle class ways of socializing and organizing (in professional organizations, for example). For East and South Asians, groups whose successful economic assimilation is often taken for granted, transnational lives for women are seen as richer, more varied and successfully negotiated than the lives of other immigrant groups, such as Latinas. By and large, the struggles of South Asian women as they are depicted in the recent literature, while existential in many ways, are not focused on the bread and butter survival issues that characterized the lives of immigrants in the past and continues to dominate the existence of their Latina or Caribbean sisters. South Asian women, according to the literature extant seem to be more preoccupied with negotiating where they belong culturally as English speaking yet non-American women of color. This difference in voice and views of assimilation between South Asians and many women from the Americas has not been articulated by historians, social scientists or literary critics.
Biographies and Autobiographies
No essay on the historiography of women immigrants in the United States
would be complete without the discussion of important fictional accounts
on this theme, usually written by women immigrants themselves. Women fiction
writers have been popular in transmitting the story of women immigrants
since before the twentieth century. Today, most courses in womens
history do include some fiction writing and many historians use the better
known fictional accounts as equivalents of social history in their classrooms.
Contemporary fiction on immigrants is very popular and has had a much broader
impact on public consciousness about immigrants than academic teaching on
The post World War II era boom in immigrant fiction began with the re-discovery of writers, well-known to an earlier generation, such as Anzia Yezierska, Mary Antin, and Emma Goldman, all of whom wrote about the lives of Eastern Europeans, Jews and labor activists in an autobiographical mode. Much of the publicity about these books was aided by the growing interest in the experience of minority women and women immigrants in general. Post World War II writers such as Paule Marshall (on the Caribbean), Monica Sone (on Japanese), Jade Snow Wong (on Chinese), whose autobiographical work was published to little acclaim in the 1950s, were also re-issued, and received much more recognition in the 1970s and 80s. Some long forgotten immigrant authors also saw their works printed and published for the first time, with similar results.
The recent literature on women migrants
By the 1980s these rediscovered authors were joined by a new generation of fiction (rather than autobiographical) writers of novels and stories about immigrant women. Best known among them are two authors on the Chinese American experience, Maxine Hong Kingston and Amy Tan. Kingstons Warrior Woman, and Tans Joy Luck Club, became best sellers. The Joy Luck Club was made into a popular movie as well. Other writers include Cynthia Kodahata (on Japanese Americans), Gish Jen (on Chinese immigrants), Sandra Cisneros (on Latinas), Julia Alvarez (on Dominicans), Jamaica Kincaid (on Caribbean immigrants) and Cristina Garcia (on Cubans). It would be difficult to summarize the many diverse voices of these women writers as part of one intellectual and historiographic trend, except in the broadest terms. By and large, the earlier authors such as the Europeans and Maxine Hong Kingston are concerned with their protagonists, finding a voice or giving voice to women amid the dislocating and fractured experiences of immigration and arrival in a an alien, usually urban American environment. Later authors, mostly writers who began to publish in the 1980s, focus on the difficulties of aligning their language and understanding of the American world with those around them. These authors speak, often eloquently, but their Chinese, Spanish or Caribbean-inflected views are misunderstood or not heard by Americans. The most recent generation of writers, especially some South Asian authors, are also concerned with return to the homeland and the particular problems associated with a highly mobile class of women immigrants whose lives move back and forth as they travel to old and new homes. The popularity of these authors for the general reading public seems rooted in the near universal appeal of these themes (especially for women readers), the drama of twentieth century history that forms the background to many story and the straightforward narrative style none of these authors adopts a distinctly modernist style of writing.
The popularity of novels vs. the lack of the political voice
For the historian of immigration the popularity of fiction for those interested
in teaching and learning about the history of women immigrants has been
a double edged sword. On the one hand it has popularized the story of female
immigration in ways, academic historians could never hope to, on the other
hand, popular fiction also furthered a certain depoliticization of the field
in recent decades. The political voices of women immigrants in the U.S.
are now rarely the focus of scholarly research, especially among social
scientists. The focus on assimilation, adaptive behavior, and transnational
practices has obscured the political dimension of the past three decades
of immigration to the United States and has indirectly emphasized the muffled
political voice of recent immigrants both from the Americas and East Asia.
Accounts of politicized immigrants in 20th century history are almost always
confined to the early decades of the twentieth century. East Asian and some
Latino women workers emerge at times in writings on garment and manufacturing
workers in US border areas, but usually without historical references[f].
This depoliticization of immigrant history in general and women in particular,
might be a sign of the general conservatism creeping into the historical
and social sciences in the United States.
This trend has only partially been overcome by a reviving interest in womens traditional and historical struggle for full citizenship rights and political participation among immigrants. Important works that emphasize this theme, such as Candice Bredbenners, A Nationality of Her Own, and research on gendered immigration admission practices have yet to echo more broadly in the field. Newer sociological and anthropological research with a transnational theme, often pays little attention to questions of citizenship and political rights for women as they migrate into the United States.
In the past twenty-five years, the field of womens
immigration history in the United States has transformed itself from a minor
disciplinary sub-field to a major way of understanding one of the largest
twentieth century topics for the social sciences in general: the mobility
of people and its impact upon the relationship of genders. In fact, the
study of women immigrants has also served as a major connector between traditional
disciplines and fields of inquiry in the United States. Because this field
of inquiry has spawned so much scholarship and received a lot of public
attention (in part because of the prominence of fiction authors) it is now
a power unto itself in terms of academic hierarchies and reflects the many
sided perspectives in the field: from studies of immigrant mobility to middle
class cultural adaptation to historical treatment of women activists. It
is therefore difficult to discern overall directions and trends in the field
in recent years.
First and foremost is the divergence of social history from the social sciences in the field of immigration studies in general. While both fields seemed to merge increasingly during the 1980s and 90s, recent trends show a greater divergence, with most social scientists hewing to the study of assimilation and mobility, whereas historians have, by and large, concerned themselves with class and ethnic consciousness within the framework of collective and political solidarity. As far as womens studies are concerned, the recent shift toward gender studies (rather than womens studies) has also begun to have interesting impulses for the history of women immigrants. As the concepts of masculinity and femininity have gradually taken center stage in social science and historical research, the focus on sexuality and identity has become much strunger in many of the newest studies. In the context of immigrant history, such concepts are still underresearched, though. But at least in some works (notably I the books of Hondagenu-Sotelo and Pessar) it has become evident that women and their history no longer provide merely the corrective for an otherwise male-dominated neutral perspective. Gender, as an overall organizing principle has become important in these studies, not just when it comes to investigating family roles or sexuality. Eventually, the story of women immigrants will be governed by the more dialectical and dynamic relationship which the concept of gender studies promises, even if historians, often the latecomers in these pradigm shifts, might take a while to adapt to these new frameworks.
For classic accounts that follow this patterns see: Maldwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration (Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 1960); Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940) ; Philipp Taylor, The Distant Magnet: European Emigration to the USA. (New York, Harper and Row, 1970). [Retour au texte]
Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York, Macmillan, 1910). Lillian Wald, The House on Henry Street, (New York, Henry Holt: 1915) and by the same author, Windows on Henry Street (Boston, Little Brown, 1934). [Retour au texte]
Grace Abbott, The Immigrant and the Community (New York, The Century Company: 1917), by the same author, Women in Industry : A Study in Economic History (NY, Appleton and Co. , 1910); Caroline Ware, Greenwhich Village, 1920-1930 (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1935). [Retour au texte]
Emily Greene Balch, Our Slavic Fellow Citizens (Philadelphia: Wm. Fell, 1910). Louise Odencrantz, Italian Women in Industry: A Study of Conditions in New York City, (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1919). Mary White Ovington, Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York (New York, Longman, 1911). [Retour au texte]
Sophonsiba Breckinridge, New Homes for Old (New York: Harper Bros. 1921); Breckinridge and Grace Abott The Delinquent Child and the Home: A Study of the Delinquent Wards of the Juvenile Courts of Chicago (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1917). Sophonsiba Breckinridge, Marriage and the Civic Rights of Women (Chicago, University of Chicago, Press, 1931) [Retour au texte]
Stephan Thernstrom, Poverty and Progress (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964) Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York Citys Jews, 1870-1917 (Cambridge, Harvard University Pr. 1962), Irving Howe World of Our Fathers, (New York, Harper and Row, 1976), Herbert Gans The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italian Americans ( New York: Macmillan 1962), Rudolph Vecoli Contadini in Chicago: A Critique of the Uprooted, Journal of American History, 51 (1964/65) 404-17. [Retour au texte]
Betti Caroli et al. The Italian Immigrant Woman in North America, (Toronto: The Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1978); Charlotte Erickson, English Women Immigrants in America in the Nineteenth Century (London: LLRS Publications, 1983), Rudolf Glanz, The Jewish Woman in America, 2 vols. (New York KTAV Publishing House, 1976). Charlotte Baum, Paula Hyman and Sonya Michel, The Jewish Woman in America (New York: New American Library, 1975); Sydney Stahl Weinberg, The World of Our Mothers: The Lives of Jewish Immigrant Women, (Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina Press, 1988). [Retour au texte]
See Sidney Stahl Weinberg, World of Our Mothers, as well as her article Jewish Mothers and Immigrant Daughters: positive and negative Role Models, Journal of American Ethnic History, 6 (2), 1987, 39-55. [Retour au texte]
John Bukowzyk, And My Children did not Know me: A History of Polish Americans (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press 1987), John Bodnar, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington, Indiana University Press) 1985).; see also the near absence of any work on women and gender in John Gjerdes historigraphic survey, New Growth on Old Vines : The Social History of Immigration to and Ethnicity on the United States Journal of American Ethnic History. 18 (4), 1999, 40-65. [Retour au texte]
Maxine Seller, Beyond the Sterotype: A New Look at the Immigrant Woman, Journal of Ethnic History 1 (3), 59-70; see also Donna Gabaccia , Americas Immigrant Women- Nowhere at Home?, Journal of American Ethnic History 8 (2) 1989, 127-133. Suzanne Sinke, A Historiography of Immigrant Women in the United States in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, Ethnic Forum 9 (1-2) 1989, 122-145. Donna Gabaccia, From the Other Side: Women, Gender and Immigrant Life in the United States, 1820-1990 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. Press, 1994) . [Retour au texte]
Christiane Harzig, Familie, Arbeit und Weibliche Oeffentlichkeit in der Einwanderungsstadt: Deutschamerikanerinnen in Chicago um die Jahrhundertwende [Family work and the Female Public Sphere in the Immigrant City : German American Women in Chicago at the Turn of the Century] (St. Katharinen:Scripta Mercaturae, 1991); Laura Anker, Women, Work and Family: Polish, Italian and Eastern European Immigrants in Industrial Connecticut, 1890-1940. Polish-American Studies, 45 (2) 1988, 23-49. [Retour au texte]
See also p.17ff. Sherry Grasmuck and Patricia Pessar, Between Two Islands: Domincan International Migration, (Berkeley: University of California Pr., 1991); Judith Boruchoff, The Road to Transnationalism : Reconfiguring the Spaces of Community and State in Guerrero, Mexico and Chicago, Hewlett Foundation working papers series (Chicago: University of Chicago, Mexican Studies Program, Center for Latin American Studies, 1998); Peggy Levitt, The Transnational Villagers (Berkeley : University of California Press, c2001); Sara Mahler, Salvadorans in suburbia : Symbiosis and Conflict, (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, c1995.) [Retour au texte]
Thomas Dublin, Women at Work: the transformation
of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826-1860 (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1979).
Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (New York: Knopf, 1986.) [Retour au texte]
Carol Gronemann, She Works as a Man, She Earns as a Child : Women Workers in a Mid-Nineteenth Century New York Community, Immigrants in Industrial America, ed.by Richard Erlich (Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press, 1977) 33-46. [Retour au texte]
Alan Dawley, Class and Community: the Industrial Revolution in Lynn, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976) Carole Turbin, Working Women of Collar City : Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, New York, 1864-86 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1992.), Mary Blewett, Men Women and Work: Class, Gender and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Pr. 1988). [Retour au texte]
Nancy Schrom Dye, As Equals and Sisters: Feminism, Unionism and the Womens Trade Union League of New York (Columbia Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1980), Maxine Seller, The Uprising of the Twenty Thousand, Struggle a Hard Battle, ed. Dirk Hoerder (De Kalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986) 280-303. [Retour au texte]
Nancy L. Green, Ready-to-Wear and Ready-to-Work: a Century of Industry and Immigrants in Paris and New York (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); see also by the same author, Women Immigrants in the Sweatshop: Categories of Labor Segmentation Revisited, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1996, 38(3): 411-33. See also A Needle, a Bobbin, a Strike: Women Needleworkers in America edited by Joan M. Jensen and Sue Davidson, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984). Mary Blewett, Deference and Defiance: Labor Politics and the Meanings of Masculinity on the Nineteenth Century New England Textile Industry, Gender and History, 1993 5(3), 398-415. [Retour au texte]
Madeleine J. Haug, Miamis Garment Industry and its Workers, Research in the Sociology of Work, A Research Annual ed. by Ida H. Simpson and Richard Simpson, (Greenwhich CT, JAI Press, 1983) 173-190. Sheldon Maram, Hispanic Workers in the Garment and Restaurant Industries in Los Angeles County: A Social and Economic Profile (La Jolla, Program in US-Mexican Studies, UCSD, 1980); Patricia Pessar, Dominicans: Women in the Household and Garment Industries, New Immigrants in New York: ed. by Nancy Foner (New York: Columbia U. Press, 1987) 103-129. Roger Waldinger, Immigrants in the New York City Garment Industry, (Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Urban Studies, 1982); Dean Lan, Chinatown Sweatshops, Counterpoint: Perspectives on Asian America, ed. Emma Gee (Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1976) 347-358; Margaret Chin, Sewing Women: Immigrants and the New York Garment Industry, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1998. Dissertation Abstracts International no. 59 (10) 1999, DA9910565; Shin Ja Um, Korean Immigrant Women in the Dallas-Area Apparel Industry : Looking for Feminist Threads in Patriarchal Cloth, (Boston : Allyn and Bacon, c1998.). [Retour au texte]
Faye Dudden, Serving Women: Household Service in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1983); David Katzman, Seven Days a Week : Women and Domestic Service in Industrializing America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978). [Retour au texte]
Suzanne Sinke, Dutch Immigrant Women in the United States, 1880-1920, see also by the same author, I dont do Windows!Gender Roles in International Perspective a Turn of the Century Dutch Example, Journal of American Ethnic History 17 (2) 1998, 3-21. Silke Wehner Franco, Deutsche Dienstmaedchen in Amerika, 1850-1914, (Muenster and New York: Waxmann, 1994); Joy Lintelman, America is the Womans Promised Land: Swedish Immigrant Women and American Domestic Service, Journal of American Ethnic History 8(2), 1989, 9-23; Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Issei, Nisei, War Bride : Three Generations of Japanese American Women in Domestic Service (Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 1986). Mary Romero, Maid in the U.S.A. (New York: Routledge, 1992).[Retour au texte]
One of the few articles on a non-typical group of women immigrants in domestic service is Luisa Cetti, Donne Italiane a New York, e lavoro a domicilio, (1910-1925), Movimento Operaio e Socialista, 7(3) 1984, 291-303. [Retour au texte]
See my review The Work that Never Ends: New Literature on Paid Domestic Work and Women of Color, Journal of American Ethnic History, 17 (3); see also Norma Chinchilla and Nora Hamilton Negotiating Urban Space Latina Workers in Domestic Work and Street Vending in Los Angeles, Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1996, 22 (1). 25-35; Julia Wrigley, Other Peoples Children (New York: Basic Books, 1995).[Retour au texte]
Linda Schelbitzki Pickle, Contented Among Strangers: Rural German-Speaking Women and their Families in the Nineteenth Century Midwest (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996). See also Irene M. Rader, The Experience of German Russian Pioneer Women, Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia 20(4)1997, 31-37. [Retour au texte]
Valerie Matsumoto, Farming the Home Place: a Japanese American Community in California, 1919-1982 ( Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993). Related to Matsumotos as well as other studies on California agriculture is the memoir by Korean immigrant Mary Paik Lee, Quiet Odyssey: A Pioneer Korean Woman in America, ed. with an introduction by Sucheng Chan (Seattle: University of Washington Press: 1990. [Retour au texte]
Vicki Ruiz Cannery Women, Cannery Lives (Albuquerque: U. of New Mexico Press, 1987), Patricia Zavella, Women's Work and Chicano Families : Cannery Workers of the Santa Clara Valley (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987). [Retour au texte]
Karen Leonard, Making Ethnic Choices: Californias Punjabi Mexican Americans (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992); Sucheng Chan, This Bittersweet Soil: the Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860-1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, c1986). [Retour au texte]
See the books cited above by Blewett, Stansell, Jensen and Dublin, also the review article by Stella DeRosa Torgoff, Immigrant Women, The Family and Work, Trends in History, 1982 2, (4) 31-47). [Retour au texte]
Mari Jo Buhle Women and American Socialism, 1870-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1981.) also by the same author, Socialist Women and the Girl Strikers: Chicago 1910, Signs 1(4) 1976, 1039-1051.[Retour au texte]
Among the more prominent women who wrote either autobiographies or who attracted the attention of scholarly biographers (or both) were Emma Goldman: Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman: an Intimate Life (New York: Pantheon, 1984; Mother Jones: Mary Jones, The Autobiography of Mother Jones ed. by Mary Field Parton (Chicago: Chas. Kerr, 1925) also Dale Fetherling, Mother Jones, The Miners Angel (Carbondale: Southern IL. University Press, 1974); and Rose Pesotta: Rose Pesotta, Bread Upon Waters (New York: Dodd Mead and Co. 1945). Many other articles and books are cited in the Biography chapter of Donna Gabaccias Immigrant Women in the United States, p. 169-214 and in the Autobigraphy chapter p. 215-257. [Retour au texte]
Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn of the Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); Lewis Ehrenberg: Steppin Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890-1930, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).[Retour au texte]
Elizabeth Ewen, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side: 1890-1925 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1989); see also by the same author the article City Lights: Immigrant Women and the Rise of the Movies, Signs 5(3) 1980, 45-65 as well as `Star Struck:Acculturation, Adolescence and the Mexican-American Woman, 1920-1950; Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States, ed. David G. Gutierrez (Wilmington DE, Scholarly Resources, 1996). [Retour au texte]
Andrew Heinze, Adapting to Abundance: Jewish Immigants, Mass Consumption and the Search for American Identity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1910), Jenna Weisman Joselit, The Wonders of America: Reinventing Jewsih Culture, 1880-1950 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994), Robert Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880-1950 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985). [Retour au texte]
Kim, Ai Ra, The Religious Factor in the Adaptation of Korean Immigrant Ilse Women to Life in America Ph. D. Dissertation, Drew University, 1992 (Dissertation Abstracts No. 92-13370; Ann Taves, The Household of Faith: Roman Catholic Devotions in Mid-Nineteenth Century America, (South Bend, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1985), Kay F. Turner, Mexican American Home Altars: Towards Their Interpretation, Aztlan, 13(1982) 309-322. [Retour au texte]
Among the older works that pay some attention to gender are: Ricardo Romo, East Los Angeles: History of a Barrio, (Austin : University of Texas Press, 1983); Carey McWilliams, Factories in the Field; the Story of Migratory Farm Labor in California (Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1939). Ernesto Galarza, Barrio Boy, (Notre Dame [Ind.] University of Notre Dame Press ). [Retour au texte]
Delores Mortimer and Roy Bryce Laporte eds. Female Immigrants to the United States: Caribbean, Latin American and African Experiences, (Washington D.C. Smithsonian Instiution, 1981). [Retour au texte]
Between Borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana History, ed. by Adelaida del Castillo (Encino, CA: Floricanto Press), Rodolfo Acuna, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos, (New York, Harper and Row, 1988); Twice a Minority: Mexican American Women, ed. by Margarita Melville (St. Louis, C. Mosby, 1980). [Retour au texte]
Michelle Laguerre, American Odyssey: Haitians in New York City, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1984) also by the same author The Impact of Migration on the Haitian Family and Household Organization, Family and Kinship in Middle America and the Caribbean, ed. Arnaud Marks and Rene Romer, (Willemstadt/Curacao: Institute of Higher Studies in Curacao, 1978). On other Caribbean groups see Monica H. Gordon, Caribbean Migration: A Perspective on Women, in: Female Immigrants to the United States, ed. by Dolores Mortimer and Bryce Laporte, (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution 1981). [Retour au texte]
An exception is: Gilda Laura Ochoa, Mexican Americans Attitudes toward and Interactions With Mexican Immigrants: a qualititative Analysis of conflict and Cooperation. Social Science Quarterly 81 (1) 2000, 84-105. [Retour au texte]
Pierette Hondageneu Sotelo, Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration (Berkely: University of California Press, 1991). See also the article by the same author, Oversoming Patriarchal Contraints: The Reconstruction of Gender Relations among Mexican Immigrant Women and Men, Gender and Society 6(3) 1992, 393-415. [Retour au texte]
Patricia Pessar, Social Relations within the Family in the Dominican Republic and the United States, Hispanics in New York: Religious, Cultural and Social Experiences, ed. by the Office of Pastoral Research (New York: Achrchdiocese of New York: 1982), Grasmuck and Pessar, Between Two Islands. [Retour au texte]
Judith Boruchoff, The Road to Transnationalism : Reconfiguring the Spaces of Community and State in Guerrero, Mexico and Chicago, Hewlett Foundation working papers series (Chicago : University of Chicago: Mexican Studies Program, 1998); Peggy Levitt, The Transnational Villagers (Berkeley : University of California Press, c2001). [Retour au texte]
For a critique of transnationalism as a concept in the research on Mexican immigrants see Devra Weber, Historical Perspectives on Mexican Transnationalism: With Notes from Agumacutiro, Social Justice 26 (3), 1999, 39-58. See also Christine G.T. Ho, Caribbean Transnationalism as a Gendered Progress, Latin American Perspectives, 26(5) 1999, 34-54. [Retour au texte]
Yolanda Prieto, Cuban Women and Work in the United States: a New Jersey Case Study, International Migration, the Female Experience, ed. by Rita Simon and Caroline Bretell (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Allenheld, 1985) 95-112, Cordelia Reimers A Comparative Analysis of the Wages of Hispanics, Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics in the U.S. Economy, ed. by Marta Tienda and George Borjas, (New York: Academic Press, 1985) 27-75.[Retour au texte]
Jorge Duany, From the Cuban Ajiaco to the Cuban-American Hyphen: Changing Discourses of National Identity on the Island and in the Diaspora (Miami: Cuban-American Studies Association, 1997); Terry Doran, Sanet Satterfield and Chris Stade, A Road Well-traveled: Three Generations of Cuban-American Women (Fort Wayne Ind, :Latin American Educational Center, 1988); Margaret S. Boone, Capital Cubans, Refugee Adaptation in Washington D.C. (New York: AMS Press, 1989). [Retour au texte]
There are also articles on Arab-American women in the following works on contemporary Arabs in the United States, Arabs in America: Building a New Future, ed. Michael Suleiman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999) and Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream, ed. Nabeel Abraham and Andrew Shyrock (Detroit: Wayne State U. Press, 2000). [Retour au texte]
See, for example, Mary Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, (New York: 1909). For a survey of this area see, Judy Yung, The Fake and the True: Researching Chinese Womens Immigration History, Chinese America: History and Perspectives (1998), 25-56; and George A. Pfeffer, From Under the Sojourners Shadow: A Historiographical Study of Chinese Female Immigration to America, 1852-1882, Journal of American Ethnic History, 11(3), 1992, 41-67.[Retour au texte]
On Japanese Americans, Valerie Matsumoto, Farming the Home Place: a Japanese American community in California, 1919-1982 ( Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 1993); on Koreans: Pyong Gap Min, Changes and Conflicts : Korean Immigrant Families in New York, (Boston : Allyn and Bacon, c1998). Korean American women : from Tradition to Modern Feminism, ed. by Young I. Song and Ailee Moon (Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1998).On Filipinas: Barabara Posadas, The Filipino Americans (Westport Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999). See also: Rhacel Parrenas, White Trash Meets Little Brown Monkeys: The Taxi Dance Hall as Site of Interracials and Gender Alliances between White Working Class Women and Filipino Migrant Men in the 1920s, Amerasia Journal 24 (2) 1998, 115-132. [Retour au texte]
On Southeast Asians see: James L. Freeman, Changing Identities: Vietnamese-Americans, 1975-1995 (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995), Nazli Kibria, Family Tightrope: the Changing Lives of Vietnamese Americans (Princeton, NJ, Princton University Press, 1993). Sucheng Chan, ed. Hmong Means Free: Life in Laos and America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994) and Jo Ann Koltik, New Pioneers in the Heartland: Hmong Life in Wisconsin, (Boston: Allyn and Bacon 1998); Nancy Donnelly, Changing Lives of Refugee Hmong Women (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994). [Retour au texte]
LeLy Hayslip and Jay Wurts, When Heaven and Earth Changed Places: A Vietnamese Womans Journey from War to Peace (New York, Doubleday, 1989); Van Luu, The Hardships of Escape for Vietnamese Women, in Making Waves: An Anthology of Writings by and about Asian American Women, ed. by Asian Women United of California (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989) 60-72; Qui-Phiet Tran Exile and Home: Contemporary Vietnamese-American Feminine Writing, Amerasia Journal, 19 (3), 1993, 71-83.; see also King-Kok Cheung The Woman Warrior versus the Chinaman Pacific: Must a Chinese American Critic Choose between Feminism and Heroism?, in: Conflicts in Feminism, ed. by Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller (New York: Routledge, 1990) 234-251. [Retour au texte]
Karen Leonard, The South Asian Americans, contains the best survey and comprehensive references to the contemporary literature on South Asian ; see also Johanna Lessinger, From the Ganges to the Hudson: Indian Immigrants in New York City (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995); Padma Rangaswamy, Asian Indians in Chicago, in Ethnic Chicago : Multicultural Portrait, ed. by Melvin Holli and Peter DAlroy Jones, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans: 1995) 348-362.; Shamita Das Dasgupta, A Patchwork Shawl: Chronicles of South Asian Womean in America (New Brunswick, N.J. Rutgers University Press, 1998) ; John Fenton, Transplanting Religious Traditions :Asian Indians in America, (New York: Preager , 1988); Shideh Hanassab, Sexuality, Dating and Double Standards: Young Iranian Immigrants in Los Angeles, Iranian Studies 31 (1) 1998, 65-75. [Retour au texte]
Keya Ganguli, States of Exception: Everyday Life and Postcolonial Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001). Aiwah Ong: Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality (Durham , NC, Duke University Press,1999); Lisa Lowe, Heterogeneity, Hybridity, Multiplicity: Marking Asian-American Differences, 1 (1) 1991, 22-44; Vincente Rafael, ed. Discrepant Histories Translocal Essays on Filipino Cultures, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995) ; Shehong Chen , Being Chinese, becoming Chinese American (Urbana : University of Illinois Press, c2002). [Retour au texte]
Anzia Yezierska, Bread Givers : a Novel, with a foreword and introduction by Alice Kessler-Harris. rev. ed. (New York : Persea Books, c1999); Mary Antin, The Promised Land. with a foreword by Oscar Handlin. 2d ed. (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1969 [c1912]); Emma Goldman, Living my Life. (New York, Da Capo Press, 1970 [c1931]). [Retour au texte]
Jade Snow Wong, Fifth Chinese Daughter (New York:1965. [c. 1950]); Paule Marshall, Brown Girl Brownstones; with an afterword by Mary Helen Washington (New York, N.Y. : Feminist Press, c1981 [c 1959]), Monica Sone, Nisei Daughter (Boston, 1953). [Retour au texte]
Rose Cohen(Gallup), Out of the Shadow, (New York: Jerome Ozier. 1917[c1918]) ; Marie Hall Ets, Rosa: The Life of an Italian Immigrant (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970; Mary Paik Lee, Quiet Odyssey : a Pioneer Korean Woman in America, edited, with an introduction by Sucheng Chan. (Seattle : University of Washington Press, c1990); Hilda Satt Polacheck, I came a Stranger : the Story of a Hull House Girl , edited by Dena J. Polacheck Epstein; with an introduction by Lynn Y. Weiner. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).[Retour au texte]
Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street, (Houston [Tex.] : Arte Publico Press, 1984). By the same author Woman Hollering Creek, and other stories (New York : Random House, c1991),Jamaica Kincaid, Lucy (New York : Farrar Straus Giroux, 1990.); Cynthia Kadohata, The Floating World (New York : Viking, 1989); Gish Jen, Mona in the Promised Land, (New York: Vintage, 1997), by the same author: Typical American, (Boston : Houghton Mifflin, c1991); Frances Park .When my Sister was Cleopatra Moon (New York : Talk Miramax Books : Hyperion, 2000); Cristina Garcia, Dreaming in Cuban (New York : Knopf: 1992), by the same author, The Aguero Sisters (New York : Knopf, 1997), Julia Alvarez, How the Garcia Girls Lost their Accents (Chapel Hill, Algonquin Books, 1991). [Retour au texte]
Bharati Mukerjee, Jasmine, (New York: Grove Press, 1989) Jhumpa Lahiri, The Interpreter of Maladies (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), Anita Desai, Journey to Ithaca (Delhi : Ravi Dayal Publisher; Bangalore, 1996). [Retour au texte]
Candice Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own: Women Marriage and the Laws of Citizenship, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) , also Nancy Cott, Marriage and Womens Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1935, American Historical Review, 103(5); see also the older work by Sophonsiba Breckinridge, Marriage and the Civic Rights of Women, cited in n. 7. [Retour au texte]
[b]While some of the above named authors had academic degrees and even Ph.Ds few had senior university appointments, and those who did (Sohonsiba Breckinridge, for example, were not teaching in departments where their students would be future academics. Instead they were concentrated in fields such as Social work and Home economics. See entry for Sohonsiba Breckinridge, Marion Talbot, Edith Abbott, Julia Lathrop in Notable American Women, 3 vols. (Cambridge Ma, Harvard U. Press, 1971). Most of the women of the Chicago schools were considered practitioners of social sciences, not primarily scholars. [Retour au texte]
[c] The works of Addams, Wald and Carolina Ware were reprinted and re-edited in the 1980s and 1990s and are widely used today. For other rediscovered writing of the Progressive Era see note 72 and 74. [Retour au texte]
[d]The work of sociologist Alejandro Portes has been most influential for social scientists studying migration for over twenty years. Portes work follows an assimilation model which emphasizes segmented assimilation. Portes model is also important and influential because it incorporates American ideas of race. By and large, though, Portes and his numerous students have not paid much attenion to the historical literature in the field, nor have they incorporated a historical perspective into their research. See Alejandro Portes and Ruben Rumbaut, Immigrant America: A Portrait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). [Retour au texte]
[e]The centrality of race for immigration history had long been subsumed under questions of class identity and mobility for historians of European migration. But the last twenty years have seen a re-evaluation of the importance and meaning of race for European immigrants. For this David Roedigers the Wages of Whiteness has been the seminal study. Neither Roediger nor other scholar have given historical whiteness studies the genedered focus this theme deserves [Retour au texte]
[f] I do not consider the lively debate about cultural identity, pan ethnic solidarity and diasporic culture, led mostly among academics in literature and cultural and ethnic studies, to be a significant factor in shaping the historical and scholarly asessment of immigration at this point. [Retour au texte]
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Contrary to the suggestion of the question, a space ship would not stop when it runs out of fuel. Even though there are objects in space like gas, dust and particles, they are in such low concentrations and so spread out that it is highly unlikely that a space ship would come into contact with anything.
This means that the space ship in question would not be slowed down by anything in space, or that it is highly unlikely that it would. This is because there would be no friction that would enable anything in space to slow down a space ship.
A space ship does not need constant thrust in order for it to move through space, unlike a ship on the ocean. Even when the thrust that comes from the fuel runs out, the space ship will still move forward thanks to the momentum that came from the fuel.
This momentum will then carry the space ship forward on the same trajectory that it was already travelling, even when the fuel runs out and the engine shuts off.
This momentum will continue to carry the space ship at a constant speed. And since it would cost an extortionate amount of money to send fuel into space for a space ship, space ships will tend to be designed to use as little fuel as possible. Not only would it be incredibly expensive to get fuel to a space ship, it would also be heavy and impractical.
Since space ships need to conserve fuel, the engines are normally turned off for most of the journey. This is because the space ship will still be moving even without the use of fuel as has already been explained. The engines will then only be turned on to decelerate.
So, when you watch Star Wars or any other movie that is set in space, you may realise that if a space ship constantly has its engines on, this is an unnecessary use of fuel.
In answer to the question, a space ship would not simply stop if it ran out of fuel; its momentum would keep it moving through space.
And since it is impractical to send up fuel to replenish the fuel supplies of a space ship, this hypothetical space craft would likely keep moving until it collided with something, which is quite unlikely to happen in space.
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Playing the Piano: Musical Intervals and Harmony
On your piano, you can play more than one note at a time, giving it the coveted distinction of being an instrument capable of harmonizing. Sure, other instruments in a band or orchestra can play collectively to form harmony, but you can harmonize all by yourself with a piano.
Playing many notes simultaneously is the essence of harmony. The notes you choose and how you arrange them around the melody determines the kind of harmony you produce, whether you use many notes or just one note with each hand.
The distance between any two musical notes is called an interval. You need to understand the concept of intervals and the notes that make up each interval so that you can identify and select the right notes to build harmonies. But you also use intervals to identify and build notes in a melody. As you play or sing the notes of a melody, the melody can do one of three things: It can stay on the same note, it can go up, or it can go down. When it goes up or down, the question of how much leads to the subject of melodic intervals.
You measure an interval by the number of half-steps and whole-steps in between the two notes. But because this method involves lots of counting, memorization, and complicated arithmetic, I have an easier solution: Use the major scale as a measuring tape.
Pick two notes and count the scale notes (not the piano keys) in between to find the name of the interval. For example, if you play the first note of the C major scale (C) followed by the fifth note (G), you just played a fifth interval. If you count the scale notes in between C and G, you get five — C, D, E, F, G. From C to E (the third note in the scale) is a third interval, and so on. Not much originality in these names, but is this easy or what?
You don’t have to start with the first note of the scale to make an interval of a fifth. This concept of intervals is all about distance. You can build a fifth on the note G by climbing up five scale notes to D. It’s easy to check yourself by counting the scale notes in between.
Exploring the types of intervals
Like scales, intervals come in different varieties: major, minor, perfect, diminished, and augmented. Knowing these classifications helps you identify and build harmonies for the music you play. For example, if you want to build a minor chord to harmonize with a melody, you must use a minor interval.
Here’s your guide to making different types of intervals:
Major interval: Measure a major second, third, sixth, or seventh by matching the second, third, sixth, or seventh notes of the major scale and counting the half-steps from the root note.
Minor interval: You can make a second, third, sixth, or seventh interval minor by lowering its major counterpart a half-step.
Perfect interval: This label applies only to fourths, fifths, and octaves.
Diminished interval: You can make any interval diminished by lowering it a half-step.
Augmented interval: You can make any interval augmented by raising it a half-step.
In an eternal attempt to be lazy, er, efficient, musicians use the following abbreviations when discussing intervals:
M for major intervals
m for minor intervals
P for perfect intervals
dim for diminished intervals
aug for augmented intervals
Numbers for the interval size, as in the number 5 for a fifth
So, when you see P5, you know it means a perfect fifth. When you see M2, it means a major second. When you see m6, it means a minor sixth.
Intervals can be measured upwards or downwards. That is, when you play a C-G fifth interval, you can say that G is a fifth above C or that C is a fifth below G. So, a descending interval is measured from the top note to the bottom note. Likewise, ascending means . . . oh, you can figure that out.
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Applications of Microbes
Microorganisms plays an important role in our day today life, with those little creatures. The use of microorganism in large scale production of food and industrial products is being done worldwide. Polysaccharides, polyamides, polyesters and many other varieties of biopolymers are produced by many microorganisms. These are ranging from plastics to viscous solutions. Microorganisms are used in large scale manufacturing of vaccines against diseases like influenza flu, polio, BCG etc. with the evolution of sophisticated technology, identification of specific antigens is being done easily which further helps in development of vaccines with the help of microorganisms. They have used in food products, industries, pharma, Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Food Technology, Agriculture, Drug Delivery, Medical technology, Microbial Engineering, Enzyme Production, Antibiotics Production, Vaccine Production and many more.
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This post was first published as an op-ed by Mint on July 9, 2013. The original article can be accessed here.
Relief operations in disaster-ravaged Uttarakhand have ended and the time seems ripe to take account of the institutional frailties that have contributed to the ongoing human disaster in the state. Chief minister Vijay Bahuguna has been blamed for inaction when the disaster first struck and has also admitted that the state did not meet the norms for national disaster management. The Union government is also mulling changes to the Disaster Management Act, 2005, to make national disaster response more effective.
Dig a little deeper, and the story, however, indicates multiple institutional failures. In short, the story is not of one or two agencies failing to act. Various factors point to a disturbing lack of clear prioritization, capacity, coordination across multiple government agencies.
In 2012, a paper published by Maharaj Pandit and Edward Grumbine in the journal Conservation Biology
highlighted that there were 292 dams proposed and under construction all over the Himalayas. If all of them were to be completed, the dam density in the region would be the highest in the world (an average of 1 dam for every 32km of river channel). Figuring out the impact of such large-scale construction on human settlements in ecologically sensitive areas is going to be difficult even if it is not exactly rocket science. This becomes disturbing when one considers the functioning of the expert appraisal committees (EAC) of the Union ministry of environment and forests that clears river valley projects. In one report (http://bit.ly/18agNGy
), the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers, and People (SANDRP) noted that:
“The Union ministry of environment and forests’ (MoEF) expert appraisal committee (EAC) on river valley and hydroelectric projects (RVP) has considered a total of 262 hydropower and irrigation projects in close to six years since April 2007 when the new committee was set up to its latest, 63rd meeting in December 2012. It has not rejected any project in this period.” (Page 3 of the report).
If you are not sufficiently bothered yet, consider this. According to SANDRP the Central Water Commission (CWC), which publishes the National Register of Large Dams (NRLD) apparently, does not contain an exhaustive record of large dams. In response to applications under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, filed by SANDRP, CWC replied that it only relies on information given to it by state governments. Consequently, according to SANDRP, for 2,687 out of 5,187 large dams listed in NRLD, there is no mention of the name of the river on which these projects stand.
SANDRP’s analysis is not an isolated instance. This year, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India issued a report on disaster preparedness in India (http://bit.ly/12aPXZt
). The report is scathing with respect to the preparedness and functioning of both the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the Uttarakhand disaster management authority. The report, for example, highlights that 653 lives have been lost in the past five years to landslides, hailstorms, excessive rain, earthquakes, cloud bursts, avalanches and fire accidents. Yet, the chief minister stated there is no way the state could have been prepared for cloud bursts. Additionally, the state disaster management plan was not prepared, the state disaster management authority never met since it was created and there was no state plan for early warnings. However, and perhaps revealing the skewed sense of priorities, 71,474 government and non-government personnel had been trained through 546 workshops.
CAG also notes that NDMA and the governments at the Union and state levels have performed abysmally with respect to communications systems, capacity building and planning for specific disasters. For example, to address the problem of communications systems being disrupted during national disasters, NDMA was to set up the National Disaster Communication Network. The concept paper for this purpose was developed in October 2007, but the Union ministry of home affairs had not finalized the project by December 2012.
These examples serve to highlight the vast inefficiencies in existing government design and their cumulative potential to exacerbate natural calamities into man-made disasters. While accountability for lapses at various levels should be fixed, it is also important to get right the design, capacity and incentives of public agencies and officials. We may be able to create a more balanced system of ecological preservation and development by a nuts-and-bolts analysis of what goes wrong within existing government agencies, rather than raise the promise of newer, stronger and better legislation to cure all administrative failures. Focusing on issues of capacity, coordination and creating clear, transparent objectives for different agencies may help government in general be more pro-active rather than reactive in matters such as disaster management. Plugging leaks in this case, may therefore be better than building dams.
Anirudh Burman works on law and governance issues with the Centre for Policy Research, Delhi.
He can be reached at [email protected].
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PHP can read and write to files on the server. That is one way to get lots of data into your Web pages or to save it after users input it. Remember that PHP is executed by the Web server so it cannot access files on the user's computer.
Create an empty text file called names.txt and paste the names in:
George John Paul Ringo
Make sure that there is a carriage return (line break) between each name as that is how PHP splits the array elements
Upload it to the server in the same location as your PHP pages. If you are using ftp to a proper server make sure that the owner is www-data (Apache) or the file permissions are read and write for everyone. Also create a new PHP page called files.php. Paste in this code:
<?php $names = file("./names.txt"); echo "<pre>"; print_r($names); echo "</pre>"; ?>
The first line reads the content of the file into a variable. The dot (.) is a quick way of saying that the file is in the current directory/folder (the same place as the PHP page). If the file was in a sub-directory you could say that:
$names = file("./files/names.txt");
You can also refer to a parent directory using two dots (..) or even give the file location precisely including the server:
$names = file("http://www.yourwebskills.com/names.txt");
The rest of the code is not new to you.
To improve appearance you could now copy in the FOREACH loop from loops.php and echo the names to the Web page properly. Add more names and try again. Try adding a new name on the same line as one of the existing ones and see what happens.
To write to a file you need to open it with write access (this locks the file to stop anyone else writing to it at the same time). Then append (add) data:
$handle = fopen("./names.txt", "a"); fwrite($handle, "Pete"); fclose($handle);
The first line of code sets up a connection to the file and locks it for access. No one else can write to that file now. The "a" parameter opens the file ready to append data or creates the file if it does not exist.
The second line of code writes to the file. The file is identified by $handle which is like a signpost or link to it. The text to write is after the comma and in quotes (you could use a variable there instead).
Closing the file unlocks it so it can be accessed next time.
Create a new PHP file and paste the above code in (call it filewrite.php). Load the page once (it should be blank as it has no HTML or ECHO statements). Now edit the code to change the name which will be added. Upload the page again and view it in a browser. Again the page should be blank.
Having loaded the new page twice there should be two extra entries in your names.txt file. You can download that file and open it or use your own page (files.php) in a browser to see the content. There is a problem. There are no carriage returns between the new entries. The next page fixes that.
If you do not know the name of the file you can list the contents of the directory into an array:
and then loop through them looking for the type of file you want.
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I was reading a story about the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) efforts to improve communications for science.
It’s a story that touches on a lot of important topics: a $1 billion program to increase communication in labs and the development of next-generation communications tools, as well as the agency’s ongoing efforts to develop a more robust and efficient use of the nation’s vast data resources.
The NSF story was written by a researcher with an NSF-funded postdoc, which means it is highly relevant to scientists at all levels.
The article was posted by a reporter at Science magazine.
So what are we missing?
The article is based on a new report that NSF is working on.
The report, released last week, found that while communications are already a top priority for NSF scientists, it’s not enough to address the challenge of ensuring that scientists are communicating effectively with colleagues across the country.
To do that, the report recommends that scientists need to have a consistent approach to communicating to colleagues across their field.
Communication and the National Institutes of Health The National Institutes in Washington, D.C., is one of the federal agencies tasked with improving the use of America’s data.
The agency is part of the Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees the Department’s Office of Science.
In January, the NIH released its first report on the science and research of the 21st century.
The report recommended that the NIH would be focused on communicating better with colleagues in their fields, including the National Research Council (NRC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), among other areas.
It also recommended that scientists use research-related social media to share research findings more broadly and better understand the ways they are being used by other scientists.
While the NIH did not identify specific areas in which it thought communication could be improved, the NSF report did say that “communication is critical for ensuring that the full value of science is being captured in the scientific process.”
In other words, if we want to get to the truth about the human condition, we need to better understand our environment and how our bodies are reacting to our health.
It was clear that communication needs to be a central part of all science.
However, while the report recommended the NIH focus on communication, it did not address how to improve communication across the agency.
The National Science Board, which administers the NSFs budget, and the Science Advisory Board, a body that advises the NIH on communications policy, have both made public statements in recent months that call for improved communication.
However the NSB, the advisory board, and both the NSFS and NIH have been silent on this topic.
While there are a number of ways to improve the use and effectiveness of scientific communication, the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit organization that has been promoting improved communication throughout the academic community, suggests that “the NIH should begin its conversation on how to address this critical issue by creating a new, national network of science communication resources and making it an NSFs priority.”
There are many ways to increase the effectiveness of scientists communicating to one another.
For example, the New York Times article suggested that there are two main ways to do that: to provide a more effective, efficient, and open communication system for all science communicators, and to improve scientists’ understanding of how the system works.
The New York article said that one of those ways is to provide “a more streamlined communication system that focuses on how science communicants are communicating to each other across all domains of science, including research and teaching.”
The other is to develop tools that can “improve the communication of science communicative information across the entire scientific community,” according to the report.
The best way to do both is to create a unified system, with a single authority to provide all communication tools, and ensure that everyone is communicating in a way that promotes scientific collaboration and learning.
There is no shortage of data to help scientists communicate.
The vast data of scientific publications, the amount of research being done and published, and how people are responding to their findings have all increased in the past few years.
The U.S. is also one of a handful of countries that have adopted policies and policies that allow scientists to share their data freely with the public.
If the NSBs mission is to be successful in advancing science, it will require all scientists to have the tools to communicate effectively and accurately to colleagues, which will make communication more efficient.
If we want the U.C.S., NSF, and other federal agencies to communicate at the highest level possible, we have to ensure that the communication infrastructure in place across all of them is up to the task.
It’s not just the NIH and the NIH, however, that needs to do this.
The communication system across all federal agencies is under enormous strain, especially when it comes to how they communicate to their scientific colleagues.
We’re talking about the entire federal government,
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Why do we suffer stress during exams?
The whole world has passed: fail relatively simple exam questions , you do not know very well why.
Knowledge that we thought we had learned well rebel against us at the most inopportune moment, questions appear that have been transformed since the last time we wrote down the answer and, in general, we are left with the feeling that at the moment of delivering the sheet with the answers are less intelligent than a few hours before. All this seems a product of magic, a kind of invisible force that tries to lead us to failure. That invisible force is called stress.
Several studies indicate that high levels of stress at times of exercising cognitively demanding tasks make us fail more than the account, counteracting the positive effect that practice and previous study have on our performance. This means that the appearance of "spikes" of stress in the decisive moments harms us in the most decisive moments, something worrying if we take into account that it is very frequent to suffer nerves and anxiety when running tests.
What role does stress play?
Stress is a cascade reaction of our hormones and our nervous system that it may be useful in some contexts . Its appearance puts us on alert and strengthens muscle tension, accelerates the pulse and causes a hormonal chain reaction from the release of cortisol and adrenaline.
All this is very useful at times when we need to give a quick physical response, such as flight or struggle, capacities that have probably been very important in our lineage for hundreds of thousands of years. However, stress is not so useful when the problems that must be resolved are more related to intelligence, intellectual performance. In fact, it can be counterproductive if it occurs at too high levels.
How does stress appear on exams?
It is believed that the occurrence of stress during examinations and other tests act as processes.
On the one hand, as the time of the test approaches, behavioral patterns that enhance the onset of stress, such as procrastination, long studies at the last moment or even repetitive patterns such as biting the nails, may begin. stretch strands of hair, etc.
On the other hand, at the time of the test Stress can be exacerbated by a whiting that bites its tail : thinking about failure produces more discomfort and alertness, which causes the attention to focus on the anticipation of a negative result and not on the specific task that must be performed.
To this we must add another aspect: the impact of taking one or another result in an exam . In many universities it is frequent to do fewer and fewer exams, making it very important to get good marks in them. It could be thought that the presence of a greater incentive (having a final grade assured with a single exam) or a more severe punishment (suspending an exam is a serious blow and will be reflected in the overall grades) can serve to motivate more students and therefore improve its performance, but the opposite effect could be achieved.
Some research in this regard
There are multiple experiments in which it has been seen how a very high reward can induce to a stress so high that the performance of volunteers plummets . In one in particular, a series of volunteers were asked to solve a circuit of different tasks related to marksmanship and intelligence. Different volunteers had the possibility of winning a greater or lesser reward. The results showed how those people who opted for a bigger prize obtained poorer results.
It is likely that these participants were distracted both by the possibility of not winning the reward and by the idea of being feeding their own stress. As it happens to us during the most important tests, the need to pay attention to the task as well as to our own state and to the possible result that will have to do it right or wrong produces a cognitive overload from which it is difficult to leave.
In general, it seems that this does not happen only with high rewards, but also under the threat of loss or punishment. The exams show these two faces of the incentive system, having positive and negative consequences, and also have the peculiarity of having nothing to do with situations in which explosive force or flight becomes the only viable solution. The key to all this is find a way to reach the optimal level of stress : enough to be attentive to what is asked of us without the hormone chain reaction going away.
Tips for controlling stress and nerves during exams
You can learn to manage nerves by reading this article:
5 tricks to avoid nerves before an exam
Good luck in your exams and we wish you, after reading these articles, you can learn to manage those nerves and anxiety that did not allow you to perform to the fullest. Henceforth, For the honorary registration!
- Ariely, D., Gneezy, U., Lowenstein, G. and Mazar, N. (2009). Large stakes and big mistakes. The Review of Economic Studies, 76 (2), pp. 451-469.
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Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) is one of the most important causes of acute upper respiratory tract infection. “Early diagnosis and treatment of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis has been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms and further complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. “
Current Strep A Testing Methods
Labs have traditionally used conventional identification procedures for Group A Streptococcus from throat swabs, which involve the isolation and subsequent identification of viable pathogens by culture techniques that require 18-24 hours or longer.
The Centor score is also used by physicians in the diagnosis of Group A Streptococcus. Centor scores evaluate a set of clinical patient criteria to determine the likelihood of a bacterial infection.
Rapid Antigen Tests (RATs) detect either viable or nonviable organisms directly from a throat swab - providing results within 5 minutes.
What is a Lateral Flow Rapid Antigen Test?
In many parts of the world, Lateral Flow Rapid Antigen Tests (RAT’s) are a well-established technology for point of care testing. They are referred to by a number of names, including:
- Lateral flow test (LFT)
- Lateral flow device (LFD)
- Lateral flow assay (LFA)
- Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA)
- Lateral flow immunochromatographic assays
- Test strip
- Rapid test
Using an RAT to test for a Strep A infection provides many benefits over both conventional lab tests and Centor scores:
- Reduces time to diagnosis
- Allows for more accurate prescribing of medications
- Immediate treatment can help control the spread of disease
- Requires minimal training to operate and can be performed in the lab or the doctor’s office.
How Does a Lateral Flow Rapid Antigen Test for Group A Strep Work?
The patient’s throat swab collects a carbohydrate antigen unique to Group A Strep (GAS) from the tonsils, which is extracted into a liquid reagent. When the dipstick is added, the reagent flows up the stick by capillary action. If GAS is present in the sample, it will initially form a complex with Anti-GAS Antibody conjugated colour particles in the sample (conjugate) pad. As the liquid continues to flow up the stick this complex is then bound by a capture antibody immobilised on the strip (“sandwich”) – forming a visible, coloured line.
Test Performance Standards Matter
In principle, the technology behind the test appears simple. Both doctors and patients often assume that all tests on the market perform similarly.
However, not all tests meet the most rigorous performance standards. That’s why you’ll want to give careful consideration to selecting the best Strep A rapid test for your patients. Here’s how you can tell the difference between test options.
How to Choose the Right Test for Your Patients
You will need to look at several things when choosing a point-of-care Rapid Antigen Test. Tests should have gone through a clinical study to show various measures of product performance, as detailed in the Instructions for Use (IFU). When you evaluate the data, you’ll want to look at:
- Sample size and type
Ensure that studies used large numbers of fresh patient samples - rather than frozen or stored samples.
- When the study was conducted
Patient samples should have been collected during an actual strep season, and sourced from multiple clinical sites.
- The comparative method
It is vital to select the right method against which to compare Sensitivity and Specificity. It should be an established ‘Gold Standard’ such as culture. One rapid antigen test should not be compared only against another rapid antigen test, as this may not give the full picture of the test’s performance.
- You should critically review any claims made by manufacturers regarding their performance, and request supporting evidence.
- Compliance with FDA and CLIA performance requirements can give you some assurance on the quality of the clinical studies used – but not all tests available on the market are in compliance with FDA & CLIA requirements.
- The availability of control materials is important for Quality Control testing at your site & reviewing test performance in External Quality Assurance / Proficiency Testing Schemes can be helpful.
Measures of Rapid Antigen Test Product Performance
You can find the sensitivity and specificity results in the IFU that accompanies the test. A good RAT should have both high sensitivity and high specificity.
- Sensitivity- Sensitivity is the percentage of people who have the disease that are detected by the test.
Therefore, it is critical that you select a test with a high diagnostic sensitivity, as the higher the sensitivity of a product, the fewer false negatives it will have.
- Specificity- Specificity is the number of negatives detected by the rapid test in comparison to true negatives – expressed as a percentage. The higher the specificity of a product, the fewer false positives it will have.
Sensitivity and Specificity are used to calculate two important factors – Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV).
- A high PPV is important, because it shows the percentage of patients with a positive result that actually have the disease. This helps you to be more confident that the test is accurately diagnosing a patient as having Strep A - thus requiring antibiotics or further referral for treatment.
- A high NPV allows you to confidently rule out Strep A, as it reflects the probability that a person with a negative result does not have the disease.
In the physician’s office, it is more likely you will need to rule out Strep A than rule it in. Studies show that as few as 5-30% of patients presenting with sore throat actually have Strep A infection and would need an antibiotic. According to the IDSA (Infectious Diseases Society of America):
“About 15 million people in the U.S. see the doctor for a sore throat every year and up to 70 percent receive antibiotics, although only a smaller percentage actually have strep throat: approximately 20 to 30 percent of children and just 5 to 15 percent of adults.”
Risks Associated with Lower Quality Rapid Strep A Tests at the Point-of-Care
The implications of selecting a lower quality test are significant. Incorrect diagnosis – False Positives or False Negatives – could lead to:
- Unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics
- Not prescribing antibiotics when needed, leading to far more serious health issues
- Patient dissatisfaction
Selecting the Right Strep A Rapid Test
Although there are many manufacturers supplying Rapid Antigen Tests for Strep A, the tests can vary significantly in cost and performance quality. Be sure that you review the performance data, particularly sensitivity and specificity, and the quality of the study used to generate that data. High sensitivity and specificity provide good PPV & NPV. Without them, the test you may be considering offers little value.
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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Please check back later for the full article.
Coarticulation can be characterized as an articulatory effect exerted by one phonetic segment (the trigger) onto another (the target) in the speech chain, for example, anticipatory velar lowering during a vowel preceding a syllable-final nasal consonant (send) or tongue body raising and fronting during a schwa placed next to a palatal consonant (theshore, ashamed). Coarticulatory effects have been generally investigated with reference to a single articulator (e.g., velum, lips, tongue tip, tongue body, jaw, larynx) or a given acoustic parameter (e.g., second formant). It is then convenient to keep this concept separate from gestural coproduction, which refers to the spatiotemporal interaction among different articulatory structures during the realization of one or several successive phonetic segments.
Coarticulation may be measured in space and time. Thus, tongue body raising and fronting effects exerted by palatal consonants on an immediately preceding schwa are predicted to be larger and start earlier than those exerted by the same consonant type on a preceding low or mid-vowel. Moreover, the spatiotemporal effects in question may differ in direction—they may be anticipatory and thus proceed leftwards towards the preceding segment(s), or they may be carryover and thus proceed rightwards towards the following segment(s); it is commonly accepted that anticipatory effects reflect phonemic planning, while carryover effects are mainly associated with the physico-mechanical requirements of the articulatory structures. The magnitude, temporal extent, and direction of the co-articulatory effects are conditioned by the place and manner of articulation of the triggering and target consonants and/or vowels, as well as by the articulatory subsystem involved in closure or constriction formation. Depending on their articulatory characteristics, vowels and consonants may differ regarding coarticulation resistance and aggressiveness, namely, the degree to which they block coarticulatory effects from contextual segments (resistance) and modify the articulatory characteristics of other segments (aggressiveness); thus, in a CV sequence composed of a palatal consonant and a schwa, the palatal segment is more coarticulation resistant and aggressive than the schwa. Other factors affecting coarticulation are segmental position within the word and the utterance and, with respect to word and sentence stress, as well as sequence type (VCV, CC, and so on), speech rate, speaker, and language.
The study of coarticulation provides information about the spatiotemporal mechanisms used by speakers for the production of phonemic sequences, about phonemic planning strategies in speech, and about sound change patterns and assimilatory processes. It has been traditionally assumed that coarticulatory effects are phonetic and thus gradual, variable, and universal, while assimilations are phonological and thus categorical, systematic, and language-specific. Thus, for example, tongue body raising and fronting effects from a palatal consonant during a schwa occur to a greater or lesser extent in any speech production event (coarticulation), but may only be labeled assimilatory if giving rise to a higher and more frontal vowel, such as /e/ or /i/, in a subset of lexical items or across the lexicon of a given language (assimilation). Experimental evidence shows, however, that the division between coarticulation and assimilation is not so straightforward. Indeed, coarticulatory effects may exhibit language-dependent differences (e.g., languages may differ regarding the degree of anticipatory vowel nasalization triggered by a syllable-final nasal consonant), while processes that have been traditionally considered to be assimilatory are far from applying categorically and systematically (e.g., the extent to which /n/ assimilates in place of articulation to a following consonant in English or German may vary with the consonant itself, speaker, prosodic factors, and speech rate).
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Kids Voting Central Ohio
From simple lessons about democracy, to hands-on voting experiences, to working as election officials, Kids Voting is where civics starts.
Teachers in participating school districts can find our K-12 curriculum activities and information about programs for their students. Young people can get involved with the Kids Voting Youth Council and learn how to register, vote and get involved.
Explore our resources for teaching and learning about candidates, issues and voting.
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Viruses, even if they have a bad reputation as the most versatile and destructive forces for anything alive, have their good parts, too. Now, for instance, an interdisciplinary team of scientists from the University of Maryland have a clue on how to use a virus called TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) to enhance lithium ion batteries’ capacity tenfold. And they’re not joking.
Normally, the TMV does its job in plants like tobacco, tomatoes, peppers and others. Genetically-engineered, though, the TMV can be made to bind perpendicularly to the metallic surface of a battery electrode in various but ordered patterns. These patterns are then coated with conductive thin films (of nickel, for example), and can successfully act as the battery’s active material that collects lithium ions.
The researchers say it’s 100% safe to use these viruses in batteries, since besides using their skeletons to make the nanorods, which are covered in nickel, you won’t find them anywhere else, and even if you found them, say, after a battery’s explosion, they wouldn’t do any harm, as they would have been inactivated since their linkage with the metal electrode plate.
“The resulting batteries are a leap forward in many ways and will be ideal for use not only in small electronic devices but in novel applications that have been limited so far by the size of the required battery,” said professor Reza Ghodssi, director of the Institute for Systems Research.
“The technology that we have developed can be used to produce energy storage devices for integrated microsystems such as wireless sensors networks. These systems have to be really small in size–millimeter or sub-millimeter–so that they can be deployed in large numbers in remote environments for applications like homeland security, agriculture, environmental monitoring and more; to power these devices, equally small batteries are required, without compromising in performance.”
The batteries that the TMV will “infect” will also be cheaper, too, because simpler technological processes would then be used and the nanorods would be self-assembled and would need no binding or conducting agents.
The use of the TMV virus in fabricating batteries can be scaled up to meet industrial production needs. “The process is simple, inexpensive, and renewable. On average, one acre of tobacco can produce approximately 2,100 pounds of leaf tissue, yielding approximately one pound of TMV per pound of infected leaves,” says James Culver, a member of the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology and a professor in the Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture.
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Nagarjuna Caves is an important archeological site, located on the Nagarjuni Hills, about 41 km from Bodhgaya
and 36 km north of Gaya
. It consists of three caves, namely, Gopi Cave, Mirza Mandi and Vedathika Kubha. Buddhist religious principles were practiced here.
Gopi Cave is important of the three caves and Muslim saints are believed to have stayed here during the 19th century. This cave is approachable by a flight of steps.
Mirza Mandi is located to the north of the Nagarjuni Hills and is believed to have been excavated during the time of King Dasharatha. A dry well can be seen here, hence it is also known as Vapuiyaka Kubha (cave of well).
Vedathika Kubha is accessible through a natural cleft.
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Art and Design
Art and Design is all about children experimenting, designing and expressing themselves in a visual way. This includes looking at the world around them, learning about artists, art techniques and other cultures, and responding by making their own art works.
How can you help your child?
- Build up a range of drawing and making materials at home, such as pencils, paints, glue and sellotape. These can be very cheap and are often easily found in pound shops. Let them do Art activities at home, such as drawing, painting and using junk boxes to make models.
- Draw pictures with your child. It is good for children to see how adults draw too.
- Talk to your child about how things are made and why they look like they do. Talk about how they think things can be improved. Ask questions about how the artist made the work and why they have chosen to do things.
- Help your child to research art and artists using the internet, magazines, catalogues and books at the library.
- Talk about and let your child find out about famous artists, crafts people and architects. Encourage your child to be inspired by art and design that they have seen. Can they use techniques or styles they have seen to make their own art work?
- Visit art galleries and design museums, and look at buildings around your local area.
- Encourage your child to collect pictures they like from magazines and catalogues. They can cut or rip pictures out and glue them onto paper or into a sketchbook.
Experience art with your family
There are lots of art galleries and museums in London that you can visit with your family, and some of them are free to enter.
Following your gallery visit, children can:
- Have a discussion about the artworks they have seen
- Use an art work as inspiration to create their own art
- Research an artist whose art work they saw and found interesting
- Make a collaborative artwork with family members
- Look up a technique that they have seen at the gallery and try it for themself
- Whitechapel Gallery
- William Morris Gallery, Walthamstow
- Victoria and Albert Museum
- Tate Modern / Tate Britain
- National Gallery
- National Portrait Gallery
- Hayward Gallery
- The Barbican
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Paterson's curse - Echium plantagineum
Weed Seed - Paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum)
Paterson's curse is an invasive plant that degrades pastures, reduces crop yield and is toxic to animals. It contains alkaloids that can be toxic to people and livestock if consumed. Paterson's curse can also contaminate honey, potentially having an impact on the Canadian honey industry.
Where it's found
Paterson's curse has been introduced into Canada, but to date has never persisted. Native to Europe, Paterson's curse has spread worldwide and has become invasive in Australia, South Africa, parts of South America and the state of California in the United States. Within these areas, Paterson's curse is found in pastures, roadsides and waste places.
What it looks like
Paterson's curse is an annual or biennial plant with broad, hairy leaves and trumpet-shaped, purple flowers. Plants can grow up to 1.5 m tall but are commonly 20-60 cm tall. Blueweed (Echium vulgare) is a similar species found in Canada. These two species can be distinguished by the number of stamens protruding beyond their petals: two for Paterson's curse and four for blueweed.
How it spreads
Paterson's curse produces seed over much of the growing season, resulting in large seed banks. These seeds can germinate under a wide range of temperatures and can survive up to 10 years in the soil. Seeds spread by attaching to animals, being ingested, and being associated with seed, hay, grain, soil, gravel, vehicles and equipment.
Paterson's curse is regulated as a pest in Canada under the Plant Protection Act. It is also listed as a prohibited noxious weed on the Weed Seeds Order, 2016 under the Seeds Act. Importation and domestic movement of regulated plants and their propagative parts is prohibited.
What you can do about it
- Use clean grain, hay and straw.
- Use clean, high-quality seed that is certified if possible.
- Ensure machinery, vehicles and tools are free of soil and plant parts before moving them from one area to another.
- Contact your local Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) office if you suspect you have found this invasive plant. The CFIA will follow up and determine if further action is needed.
Learn more about invasive species.
Report a problem or mistake on this page
- Date modified:
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Essay on childrens day
Find speech on children's day for students and others find long and short children's day speech in very simple and easy words. Universal children’s day the united nations' (un) universal children's day, which was established in 1954, is celebrated on november 20 each year to. “children’s day poems for church“ वो माँ की ममता, वो पापा का दुलार, भुलाए ना भूले, वो. In schools, besides the national days like the independence day and republic day, many other important days are also celebrated for example, teachers' day is.
Children’s day children's day is celebrated in india on 14th november every year with a great celebrity it is celebrated on the birthday of jawaharlal. 177 words- short essay in this essay simple words can be selected for easiness of children memorising power-----children's day is celebrated every year on 14 th. The children day the children day : the 14th of november is celebrated as children’s day it is the birthday of pundit jawaharlal nehru - the first prime minister. Free essays on a essay for childrens day in kannada get help with your writing 1 through 30. The 14th of november each year is celebrated as children's day all over india the birthday of pandit jawahar lai nehru, the first prime minister of free india, falls.
Essay on childrens day
Day47 eyes and helps them see the thanksgivings we have in life not only do children think life to be simple but children's day essay example for free – studymoose. Children’s day essay 1 (100 words) children’s day is celebrated in india every year with great enthusiasm on 14 th of november it is celebrated by the teachers. It is said that the greatest need of a person in life is the feeling of ‘being wanted’ and ‘being noticed’ the thirst for wontedness is an unquenchable.
Children's day essay in hindi अर्थात इस article में आप पढेंगे, बाल दिवस पर एक निबंध. Children’s day : (brief essay) children are considered as the pillar of a nation they form a bright nation with their power and capability india, being a country. 'बाल दिवस' 14 नवम्बर को मनाया जाता है। यह भारत के प्रथम. Children’s day speech best bal diwas poems happy children’s day beautiful short essay to participate in the competitions in schools and colleges.
Hello friends , in this video we learn easy and simple children's day essay in english. Find short and long essay on children’s day for students under words limit of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 words. The concept of childrens day print reference this if you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have the essay published on the uk essays. World children day sinhala essay සිංහල වෙබ් අඩවි. How to improve your english writing skills - free english lesson - duration: 14:16 learn english with let's talk - free english lessons 1,509,667 views.
- 14 november is the birthday of india's first prime minister jawaharlal nehru it is celebrated as children's day because he was very fond of children and children.
- Essay on children's day for students - find children's day essay ideas and short paragraph for school children and students of all classes.
- Essay on childrens day - proofreading and editing services from top professionals confide your paper to professional scholars working in the platform all kinds of.
Get the best happy children’s day speech & essay in english, hindi, marathi, urdu, malayalam, tamil & gujarati for school teachers, students & kids in pdf. Free essays on children s day celebration in my school get help with your writing 1 through 30. Children's day was begun on the second sunday of june in 1856 by reverend dr charles leonard, pastor of the universalist church of the redeemer in chelsea. It is our day: children’s day this day is celebrated all over india on nov 14th why this particular day was chosen for that because it was on this.
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How to Draw Shadow Diagrams
This tutorial will explain how to manually work out shadow diagrams for Melbourne, Australia, so get your calculators ready.
First thing we need to be able to draw shadow diagrams is some data based on the sun. This information will allow us to work out our shadow lines length and rotation.
As shadow diagrams are based on hourly increments that is what we will use. The data I have provided is based on the September 22nd equinox for Melbourne, Australia.
Based on the information we have, we can use trigonometry to help us work out the shadow line lengths for our shadow diagrams. The other information we need is the wall/roof height at the point we are going to work out.
If our wall/roof height was 3metres (3000mm), we can work out the shadow length by using the trigonometry formula:
3000 / tan(30.9) = 5012.63mm long shadow line.
Now we have our shadow line length, next is to draw the shadow line on the correct angle on the plan.
The shadow line angle is the azimuth from our sun data which is 60.6 degrees. So, from south being 0 degrees, in a clockwise rotation the line will end up as shown in the diagram above.
This is how shadow diagrams are worked out. Using my software, Shadow Multi Cast, you can quickly and easily create these shadow diagrams accurately.
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WITH the nights becoming noticeably lighter, you can fit in a
few more garden chores in preparation for spring.
permits spray young seedling weeds that are appearing through
the beds and borders, around paths and driveways. This will
reduce the risk of a sudden rush of weeds as the ground warms
towards the spring.
Get out there and give the lawn a trim -
you'll be amazed just how tidy it will look.
Reform lawn edges
now with a half moon tool and improve any curves by using a hose
pipe as a guide.
Powerwash hard surfaces such as the patio or
decking as this can become dangerously slippy at this time of
Preparations should be made now in the vegetable garden
for early sowings. Dig or rotovate the plots and throw the
ground up in rigs or beds as this will make planting and sowing
Hot sandy or gravel soils which cause concern in dry
summers often provide the most furnished areas in the garden
through the winter months, apart from the absence of flowers in
several months of the year. Perfect examples include Viburnums,
Laurels, Photinia, Rhododendrons, Conifers and Holly. These will
also provide a wind break and give a great structure to the
garden through the winter.
The garden's greatest enemy is wind
and this month often proves to be the stormiest. You cannot stop
the wind but it can be slowed down to create a micro climate in
your garden. Fences, walls and artificial screens will help stop
this up to a point, but the best way is with plants. Hedges are
excellent wind breaks and grow far more quickly than you might
imagine, especially if they are nursed with a temporary fence or
shelter screen while they develop.
Groups of trees and shrubs
also make great shelter devices and have the added advantage of
Plant up areas most affected densely at first,
but be prepared to thin out later.
The best time to plant
shelter trees and hedges is now, this will allow the young
plants to settle in before the summer.
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Why MFDC Welding is superior to AC Output Welding
What is the Coffee Robot Barista?
A Turning Tool for Every Job
The Safeguarding Devices for the Working Environments: Oil Mist Collector Systems
Automatic Drilling Tapping Machine - An Overview
Electric leaf blowers are leaf cleaning devices that are driven by centrifugal fans by the supply of electric power source. Leaf blower is a very efficient way for leaf cleaning compared with other measures such as vacuum cleaning, sweepers, brooms, and other tools since the blowing wind is concentrated by the leaf blowers with the centrifugal method and the targeted leafs could be well managed by the electric blowers.
In public areas, especially in parks, schools, parking lots, and many other public facilities where there are a lot of leafs and relevant natural wastes, the usage of electric leaf blowers is a very common measure adopted by cleaning staffs due to their productive working efficiency. Janitors with electric leaf blowers know how to deal with the environment and the machine structure of the leaf blowers is also comparatively easy to use.
Electric leaf blowers are considers a type of blowers. A blower is a centrifugal fan, which is a mechanical device for moving air in a direction at an angle to the incoming fluid. Centrifugal fans would often contain a ducted housing to direct outgoing air in a special direction or across a heat sink. This type of fan is also called a blower fan, or squirrel cage fan. These fans increase the speed and volume of an air stream with the rotating impellers as the prerequisite elements.
Besides the impellers, blower fans of leaf blowers are also important, which utilize the kinetic energy of the impellers to increase the volume of the air stream. This in turn moves against the resistance caused by the ducts, dampers and other components as well. Blower fans displace air in radial direction, and change the direction by 90° of the airflow. This kind of stuff shall be sturdy, quiet, reliable, and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions. During the operation, blower fans are constant displacement or constant-volume devices. Therefore, at a constant fan speed, a blower fan moves a relatively constant volume of air rather than constant mass substances. This indicates that the air velocity in a system is fixed even if the mass flow rate through the fan is not. Because blower fans are not positive displacement devices, so the blower fans have certain advantages and disadvantages.
These kinds of things happen when blower fans are contrasted with positive displacement blowers. Since centrifugal fans are more efficient, whereas positive displacement blowers may have a lower capital cost to the buyers. So when purchasers are making their decision, they will have to estimate the projects and the expense costs.
Drum shapes are the most common designs in among the electric leaf blower designs. This is composed of a number of fan blades mounted around a hub of the device. And the hub turns on a driveshaft mounted in bearings in the fan housing. During the fan operation, the gas enters from the side of the fan wheel, and then it turns 90 degrees and accelerates. The acceleration is caused due to centrifugal force because it flows over the fan blades and exits the fan housing, so the leaf blowers can work very efficient. Here the drum shapes and the fan housing a two key components and terms in the blower fan design. Only with well profiled outer shapes, can the operation of leaf blowers be achieved. The essential parts of leaf blowers’ fans are often five. They are fan housing, impellers, inlet and outlet ducts, drive shaft, and drive mechanism. These five main parts make the leaf blower fans and make the leaf blower operation feasible. Aside from these five key components, there are bearings, couplings, impeller locking device, fan discharge casing, shaft seal plates, and other smaller parts.
Now, we will discuss about the bearing unit of the leaf blowers. Bearings are an important part of a fan in all kinds of variants. Sleeve ring oil bearings are used extensively in fans. The drive mechanism of leaf blowers’ fans determines the speed of the fan wheel, and the extent to which this speed can be different case by case. While these parameters and variables are all subjects discussed here as the elements, the real composition and adjustment of the leaf blowers are to be determined by experts and suppliers, since the demands for leaf blowers vary and there is no standard questions towards specific users, rather, every leaf blower need to be matched with their users under the right circumstances. The design and development of leaf blowers is rather simple, but the way how to apply those leaf blowers to the right environment for cleaning purpose is another issue.
MTS Exhibition includes manufacturers from around the world. Send us a message with your requirements and our MTS Experts will happily help you with your questions.
You can see all Electric Leaf Blower categories
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Father Theodore Hesburgh
Reverend Theodore Martin Hesburgh was born on May 25, 1917, in Syracuse, New York.
Hesburgh knew he wanted to be a priest since he was six years old. After attending Most Holy Rosary High School, he enrolled in the Holy Cross Seminary at Notre Dame. He performed so well there, his instructors sent him to Rome, Italy to attend the Pontifical Gregorian University. Hesburgh returned to the US in 1940 and earned his doctorate in sacred theology in 1945.
Hesburgh was ordained a priest in 1943 and was inspired by an inscription at Notre Dame’s Sacred Heart Church to dedicate his life to “God, Country, and Notre Dame.” He began teaching at the school in 1945 and three years later was made head of the Department of Theology.
In 1952, Father Hesburgh began his 35-year Notre Dame presidency and quickly set a goal of turning the school into one of the best colleges in America. Up until that point, the school was mostly known for its football program, but Hesburgh sought to transform the school “into a nationally respected institute of higher learning.” Under Hesburgh’s leadership, Notre Dame introduced the Distinguished Professors Program, to encourage top educators to come and teach there. While head of the university, Hesburgh doubled enrollments, brought in millions of dollars in research grants and admitted Notre Dame’s first female students in 1972.
While Notre Dame held much of his attention, Father Hesburgh still found time to travel and advocate for different causes. He received 16 presidential appointments in his lifetime, worked with the United Nations and even represented the Vatican. Hesburgh opposed nuclear weapons, improved human rights in developing countries and was a founding member of the Civil Rights Commission. In 1964, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his Civil Rights Commission work. He also stood with Martin Luther King Jr. in Chicago and spoke about his hope for the Civil Rights Act to pass and segregation to be outlawed.
After retiring from the presidency of Notre Dame in 1987, Hesburgh wrote his autobiography and developed five institutions, including Notre Dame’s Center for Civil and Human Rights and the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Hesburgh earned the Congressional Gold Medal in 1999 for “his outstanding and enduring contributions to civil rights, higher education, the Catholic Church, the nation, and the global community.”
Father Hesburgh died on February 26, 2015. Several buildings, scholarships, and programs at Notre Dame have been named in his honor. He also holds the world’s record for the person with most honorary degrees with more than 150.
Click here to see what else happened on This Day in History.
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Cancer Drug Prompts “Drastic” HIV Decrease in Lung Cancer Patient
Doctors have found evidence that a cancer drug may be able to eradicate HIV-infected cells. But it’s just one case.
Doctors in France have found the first evidence that a drug normally used to treat lung, kidney or skin cancer may be able to eradicate HIV-infected cells in people with the AIDS virus.
In a case described as potentially exciting by scientists who also advised caution, doctors said a 51-year old man given nivolumab - sold as Opdivo by Bristol-Myers Squibb - saw a "drastic and persistent decrease" in the reservoirs of cells where HIV normally hides away and evades standard treatments.
The case, at the Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital AP-HP in Paris, was detailed in a report in the Annals of Oncology journal, where the same doctors also gave a case study of another patient treated with Opdivo who did not show any HIV benefit.
“We must remain careful, especially because this is only one case,” said Jean-Philippe Spano, a professor and head of the medical oncology department at the Paris hospital. “This is the first case of such a drastic decrease of the HIV reservoir (but) we have...another case where there was no decrease.”
Some 37 people worldwide have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS. Scientists have for years been trying to find a way of clearing HIV reservoirs with a view to being able to eradicate the virus completely and cure AIDS.
These reservoirs of HIV-infected cells are found in the immune system in places like the brain, bone marrow and genital tract. They lie hidden and dormant, and can't be reached with standard anti-retroviral therapy HIV treatments.
If standard treatment is stopped or interrupted, the reservoirs seize the chance and the virus starts to replicate and infect more cells, rendering the patient's immune system too weak to fight back.
“Increasingly, researchers have been looking into the use of certain drugs that appear to re-activate the latent HIV-infected cells,” Spano said. “This could have the effect of making them visible to the immune system, which could then attack them.”
Opdivo, or nivolumab is a PD-1 inhibitor, designed to help the body's own immune system fend off cancer by blocking a protein called PD-1. It is one of several cancer immunotherapy drugs made by drugmakers including Merck, Roche and AstraZeneca that work in similar way.
In this case, the 51-year-old man had received 31 injections of nivolumab every 14 days since December 2016. He was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1995 and diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer in May 2015.
After his first injection, the man's HIV infection load, which had been low, increased progressively up until day 45, then fell back again. At the same time, the doctors explained - the activity of his immune system increased.
By day 120, the treatment had "resulted in the drastic decrease in the HIV reservoir...leading to a sustained reduction of the HIV reservoirs," Spano said.
Andrew Freedman, an infectious diseases expert at Britain's Cardiff University, said the case was "potentially exciting". But like others, he advised caution.
“It’s difficult to speculate at this stage why the second patient did not show the same response,” he said in an emailed comment. “Differences in the size of the latent reservoir or genetic differences between individuals, affecting their ability to mount immune responses to HIV, might be important factors.
(Breathe In, Breathe Out: Are you finding it tough to breathe polluted air? Join hands with FIT to find #PollutionKaSolution. Send in your suggestions to [email protected] or WhatsApp @ +919999008335)
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When It Rains It Pours: Animation
¡Cuando Llueve, Diluvia!: Animación
May 27, 2015
Nationwide, heavy precipitation is increasing. Some locations are seeing that increase more than others, but the upward trend is consistent. This week marks the release of our special extensive heavy precipitation report: When It Rains It Pours.
This month has seen a dramatic amount of rain in the Southern Plains. While a wetter pattern is expected there during an El Niño, the amount of rain is staggering with more expected before the end of the month. In fact, 37 locations are having their wettest May on record and 8 of those are records for any month of the year.
In Texas, Houston was deluged with 6”-10” of rain across the city on the night of May 25. The resulting flash flooding paralyzed the city for the following morning’s commute. Between Austin and San Antonio, heavy rain sent the Blanco River to a level of 40.21 feet before the gauge failed. That level was 6.9 feet above its 1929 record crest. Before the weekend rain started, the river was averaging only 5 feet.
May 20, 2015
The analysis indicates heavy precipitation events are increasing nationwide, most dramatically in the Northeast. This is consistent with last year’s National Climate Assessment.
May 4, 2016
Inland flooding, or flooding of rivers and streams, is related to water runoff and depends on many factors in addition to rainfall amounts.
May 3, 2017
A new Climate Central analysis shows an upward trend in the number of heavy precipitation events in the vast majority of the Lower 48 states since 1950.
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A bed packed with sensors could keep a close watch on the health of heart failure patients, it has been claimed.
Vital signs can be measured during sleep
It is hoped the system, alongside similar devices built into clothing, could help reduce the need for emergency hospital treatment.
The project will be funded by the EU, and led by electronics giant Philips.
The UK cardiologist helping to develop the devices said the key to dealing with long-term health problems was to help patients treat themselves.
It is estimated there are around 63,500 new cases of heart failure each year in the UK which, if poorly controlled, can lead to a much shorter life expectancy.
Repeated hospitalisation also puts an expensive burden on the NHS, and one of the aims of the "MyHeart" initiative is to help spot problems several days before they become life-threatening.
The bed would include, not only an electronic weight scale and blood pressure monitor, but also sensors which measure heart rate, breathing rate and body movement while sleeping.
In addition, the patient could wear a vest with woven-in electrodes to provide a full electro-cardiogram reading.
All this information would be analysed on a PDA and the results sent via a telephone line or broadband connection to doctors.
The device, it is claimed, could even provide clues to interrupted sleep by measuring sleep phase patterns.
Professor John Cleland, head of cardiology at the University of Hull, said: "The greatest challenge and opportunity for the management of long- term medical conditions is to help patients to help themselves.
Vests with electrodes allow measurement of heart rate
"Investing directly in people who need help and not just in services that do things to or for them makes sense in terms of improved care, greater affordability and the effective deployment of scarce nursing and medical resources."
Dr Nick Robinson, a member of the Royal Society of Medicine's Telehealth forum, said that, while the technologies involved in gathering, storing and transmitting the information were becoming far more readily available, doctors might struggle to interpret the results.
He said: "We are used to making decisions based on taking a blood pressure reading on an occasional basis - and all the evidence we have for intervening is based on this.
"The real challenge for this technology is not taking the measurements, but working out what to do with it, so that we are not constantly getting false alarms."
It is not yet known which EU countries involved in the four-year project will be chosen to test the technology, or precisely when it will become available.
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[mag-muh] /ˈmæg mə/
noun, plural magmas, magmata
[mag-muh-tuh] /ˈmæg mə tə/ (Show IPA)
Geology. molten material beneath or within the earth’s crust, from which igneous rock is formed.
any crude mixture of finely divided mineral or organic matter.
Chemistry, Pharmacology. a paste composed of solid and liquid matter.
noun (pl) -mas, -mata (-mətə)
a paste or suspension consisting of a finely divided solid dispersed in a liquid
hot molten rock, usually formed in the earth’s upper mantle, some of which finds its way into the crust and onto the earth’s surface, where it solidifies to form igneous rock
mid-15c., “dregs,” from Latin magma “dregs of an ointment,” from Greek magma “thick unguent, ointment,” from root of massein “to knead, mold,” from PIE *mag- “to knead” (see macerate). Geological meaning “molten rock” is 1859. Related: Magmalic.
magma mag·ma (māg’mə)
Plural magmata (māg-mä’tə) or magmas
The molten rock material that originates under the Earth’s crust and forms igneous rock when it has cooled. When magma cools and solidifies beneath the Earth’s surface, it forms what are known as intrusive rocks. When it reaches the Earth’s surface, it flows out as lava and forms extrusive (or volcanic) rocks.
Molten rock usually located deep within the mantle of the Earth that occasionally comes to the surface through cracks in the mantle or through the eruption of volcanoes.
Note: When magma cools and solidifies, it forms igneous rock, of which lava is one type.
1. variant of before a vowel: magnanimous.
[mag-nuh] /ˈmæg nə/ noun 1. a town in N Utah. [mahg-nah est we-ri-tahs, et prahy-wah-le-bit; English mag-nuh est ver-i-tas, et pree-vuh lee-bit] /ˈmɑg nɑ ɛst ˈwɛ rɪˌtɑs, ɛt ˌpraɪ wɑˈlɛ bɪt; English ˈmæg nə ɛst ˈvɛr ɪˌtæs, ɛt ˌpri və ˈli bɪt/ Latin. 1. truth is great and will prevail.
[mag-nuh kahr-tuh] /ˈmæg nə ˈkɑr tə/ noun 1. the “great charter” of English liberties, forced from King John by the English barons and sealed at Runnymede, June 15, 1215. 2. any fundamental constitution or law guaranteeing rights and liberties. /ˈmæɡnə ˈkɑːtə/ noun 1. (English history) the charter granted by King John at Runnymede in 1215, […]
[mahg-nuh koo m lou-dey, -duh, -dee; mag-nuh kuhm law-dee] /ˈmɑg nə kʊm ˈlaʊ deɪ, -də, -di; ˈmæg nə kʌm ˈlɔ di/ adverb 1. with great praise: used in diplomas to grant the next-to-highest of three special honors for grades above the average. /ˈmæɡnə kʊm ˈlaʊdeɪ/ uknown 1. (mainly US) with great praise: the second of […]
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By Debkumar Mitra
It’s a double whammy. Already, people living in areas with high air pollution are seeing a rise in cardio-vascular ailments, cancer and skin diseases. Now comes a study that claims air pollution could be making us less intelligent. ‘The Impact of Exposure to Air Pollution on Cognitive Performance’ published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the US, the result of a study conducted on a large population in China, concludes that “polluted air may impede cognitive ability as people become older, especially for less-educated men”.
China being one of the worst-affected by air pollution served as the best natural laboratory to conduct the study. But the results, if it stands scrutiny, holds true for nearly 95% of the world’s population breathing in air much above safety levels. While it is true that air pollution in China is declining, it is three times above the World Health Organization (WHO) air safety standard.
The condition in many Asian cities is worse. The winter smog in Delhi and other cities of north India paint a scary picture for public health administration in the country, with no quick escape route in sight.
Despite a steep rise in air pollutionrelated deaths in India, there is very little beyond lip service being paid to control dangerous levels of dirty matter in the air. The study should ring alarm bells in India. The findings of the 2016 Annual Status of Education Report, which measures overall learning levels among Indian school students, was pretty dismal. If one factors in the loss to cognitive abilities due to air pollution, then it becomes a more complex issue.
And the woes for policymakers do not end there. Describing an August 2013 research paper, ‘Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function’ (goo.gl/Xckxj4) published in the journal Science, a Princeton University press report stated that “poverty and all its related concerns require so much mental energy that the poor have less remaining brainpower to devote to other areas of life”. The study, conducted on 464 sugarcane farmers in Tamil Nadu, found a 13-point dip in intelligent quotient (IQ) due to financial concerns. To survive the three-pronged attack of malnutrition, poverty and, now, air pollution looks to be a huge task.
Analysing the scores of arithmetic and Chinese language tests conducted as part of the China Family Panel Studies on 20,000 people across China between 2010 and 2014, the scientists recorded a dip. When they compared the test results with the levels of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide pollution, they found a strong correlation that made them conclude that the longer the exposure to dirty air, the bigger the damage to the person’s cognitive abilities, specifically intelligence. According to the study, air pollution is causing more harm to language abilities than mathematical abilities, with men more harmed than women.
This is not the first study to implicate dirty air in cognitive impairment. In 2015, a study on children from 39 institutions in Barcelona whose schools were located close to busy roads was published. Published in PLOS (Public Library Of Science) Medicine, ‘Association between Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Schools and Cognitive Development in Primary School Children: A Prospective Cohort Study’ (goo.gl/bywahD) found, “Children attending schools with higher traffic-related air pollution had a smaller improvement in cognitive development.” No similar studies are available on children living in Indian metropolises. One suspects the results would be scary.
In 2011, research published in Nature’s Molecular Psychiatry journal (‘Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviours and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology’, goo.gl/3r7qXM) threw some light on how long exposure to polluted air can cause cognitive impairment. Working with adult mice, the researchers found, “Exposure to particulate matter pollution levels over prolonged duration and at levels typical of cities in parts of the developing world and countries such as China and India may result in neuroinflammation, altered morphological characteristics in hippocampal neurons, changes in affective behaviours and decreased cognitive abilities in mice”.
According to the WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (Update 2018), a staggering 97% of cities in lowand middle-income countries with more than 100,000 inhabitants don’t meet WHO air quality guidelines. The study (goo.gl/cUzfJh) indicates what lasting damage polluted air has already inflicted on the populace in these countries and cities.
Humans have always flaunted their intelligence while tightening their vice-like grip on Nature. Now, unsafe air is slowly eating away their muchflaunted weapon of control. One may argue that it will take eons for everyone to be a dimwit. True. But by that time, the cost of handling an ageing population with seriously impaired cognition would have spiralled beyond anyone’s control.
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Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center
Niagara Falls, New York, was one of the most dramatic locations on the entire Underground Railroad. It was a last stop before crossing the border to Canada and freedom.
The Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center is a new, experiential museum that tells the authentic stories of Underground Railroad freedom seekers and abolitionists in Niagara Falls, New York. The Heritage Center connects these stories from the past with contemporary stories of freedom-seeking, to inspire visitors to recognize modern injustices stemming from slavery and to take action toward an equitable society. The exhibition uses powerful, historically accurate theatrical recreations and dramatic interactive media to immerse visitors in the journey of freedom seekers as they approach this final river and cross to freedom and safety in Canada. Exhibits use facilitated dialogue as a catalyst to engage the public in complex social issues relating to freedom and slavery in our contemporary world.
Studio Tectonic provided exhibition planning, content development and writing, exhibit and graphic design, media art and story direction, and fabrication administration.
Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Area
Niagara Falls, NY
Exhibit/Site of Conscience
Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Area: Historical Research
Dr. Judith Wellman, Historical New York Research Associates: Historical Research
Richard Lewis Media Group: Media
E.B. Lewis: Watercolor Illustrations
Clanton & Associates: Lighting Design
International Coalition of Sites of Conscience: Facilitated Dialogue Consulting
USA Exhibits: Fabrication
Electrosonic: Media Integration
Wendel Architects: Architectural/Engineering Coordination
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Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a Late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia
Loog, Liisa; Thalmann, Olaf; Sinding, Mikkel Holger Strander; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Perri, Angela; Germonpré, Mietje; Bocherens, Herve; Witt, Kelsey E.; Samaniego Castruita, José Alfredo; Velasco, Marcela Sandoval; Lundstrøm, Inge K.C.; Wales, Nathan; Sonet, Gontran; Frantz, Laurent; Schroeder, Hannes; Budd, Jane; Jimenez, Elodie-Laure; Fedorov, Sergey; Gasparyan, Boris; Kandel, Andrew W.; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; Napierala, Hannes; Uerpmann, Hans-Peter; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Pavlova, Elena Y.; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Malhi, Ripan S.; Willerslev, Eske; Hansen, Anders J.; Dobney, Keith; Gilbert, Marcus Thomas Pius; Krause, Johannes; Larson, Greger; Eriksson, Anders; Manica, Andrea
Journal article, Peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
Original versionMolecular Ecology. 2019, . 10.1111/mec.15329
Grey wolves (Canis lupus) are one of the few large terrestrial carnivores that have maintained a wide geographical distribution across the Northern Hemisphere throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene. Recent genetic studies have suggested that, despite this continuous presence, major demographic changes occurred in wolf populations between the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene, and that extant wolves trace their ancestry to a single Late Pleistocene population. Both the geographical origin of this ancestral population and how it became widespread remain unknown. Here, we used a spatially and temporally explicit modelling framework to analyse a data set of 90 modern and 45 ancient mitochondrial wolf genomes from across the Northern Hemisphere, spanning the last 50,000 years. Our results suggest that contemporary wolf populations trace their ancestry to an expansion from Beringia at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, and that this process was most likely driven by Late Pleistocene ecological fluctuations that occurred across the Northern Hemisphere. This study provides direct ancient genetic evidence that long‐range migration has played an important role in the population history of a large carnivore, and provides insight into how wolves survived the wave of megafaunal extinctions at the end of the last glaciation. Moreover, because Late Pleistocene grey wolves were the likely source from which all modern dogs trace their origins, the demographic history described in this study has fundamental implications for understanding the geographical origin of the dog.
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Inspiring students to participate in target-language conversations can feel presque impossible. They may be anxious about making mistakes, disinterested in the subject matter, or reluctant to talk about themselves. Whether you teach online or in the classroom, a dramatic video series like the Roman-photo can facilitate engagement by providing the context necessary for meaningful communication.
Introducing students to characters and situations from the Roman-photo video at the beginning of a unit will not only generate interest, but will also set the stage for theme-based conversation throughout. The Roman-photo is a great way for students to become familiar with new lesson vocabulary, and it can also be used to preview the lesson’s grammar concepts in a low-stakes, inductive setting. For example, you might ask students to read the mini-dialogues from the Roman-photo storyboard in the textbook and identify forms of a particular verb. Once they are able to identify the verb forms, your students will be ready to actively engage with the corresponding Structures explanation.
The characters and situations from the video series are integrated throughout the program, and the episodes are tailored to fit the themes and concepts of each lesson. Therefore, you’ll never be in search of an engaging context for communicative practice. Students relate to the experiences of the characters in the video series as they weigh career options, navigate relationships, and try new things—all against the backdrop of la Ville lumière! And because the episodes hold students’ interest, it’s easy to sustain ongoing conversation while using new vocabulary and structures to make predictions, analyze the episodes, and express opinions.
Comprehension is reinforced through a variety of activity types, including while-you-watch “quick check” activities embedded in the interactive episodes. C’est génial! Active viewing keeps students focused, not just on spoken language, but also on visuals and nonverbal cues, which are essential to comprehension.
Comme si tout ça ne suffisait pas, the dialogue from the Roman-photo episodes also serves as meaningful content for listen-and-repeat pronunciation practice, so students can work on fluency and accuracy in context. Speech recognition software provides immediate feedback that lets students know how they’re doing, without penalizing them for making mistakes. Students have unlimited opportunities to practice in a relaxed setting so can they improve at their own pace.
Have you taken advantage of the new Roman-photo videos in any of your courses? If not, ne tardez pas! Building proficiency in French has never been so sympa.
Click here to watch a clip of the Roman-photo video series!
Senior Development Editor
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The history of the drumhead has changed little over the years. Thousands of years, actually. The recipe is simple. Find an animal. Kill it. Skin it. Have a nifty barbecue while the skin drys. Next, stretch it over the drum shell and secure it. Bingo! You have a drum to beat.
Then, along came the 20th Century. Suddenly, drummers had an entire set, or “kit” to bang. Snares, toms, assorted the cymbals and the like. The problem was, going from venue to venue the heads were affected by the changes in temperature and humidity. Not good.
Fortunately, the 1950s changed the temperature quandary. Coming to the rescue, DuPont
trademarked a new product – Mylar polyester film. Mylar caught on quick and was used in scores of products. One was drumheads.
With drumheads came a myriad of types for various purposes. In this post we’ll be looking at some popular ones. It should be noted while there aren’t any set-in-stone rules about which type to use for a genre of music, heads do offer sonic qualities and performance characteristics. Drumhead types include:
- Single Ply
- Double Ply
- Specialty Heads
Single ply head are the most common. Made from a single sheet of Mylar, they typically come in 7, 7.5 and 10 mil. The most commonly used drumhead is the single ply. These heads are made from a single sheet of Mylar and usually come in thicknesses of 7, 7.5, and 10 mil thicknesses. There are a few 12 mil that have crept in to the recent market. A thinner head produces brightness and overtones while sustain decreases.
While single-play are sensitive, they also provide the least amount of durability. So, when one thinks single-ply, think jazz, light rock (Carole King, Cat Stevens, The Hollies, James Taylor and Bread.)
Typically, double-play heads consist of two-layer plies of 7 mil each. Some utilize different thicknesses for to achieve distinct tones.
In general, double-ply heads have a deeper and more controlled sound with fewer overtones. Plus, they provide the drummer with a more defined attack, a shorter sustain, and a fatter punch than single-ply heads. Durability is also increased.
Double-ply heads are preferred in heavier, louder musical styles, and their pronounced attack makes them a great choice for players needing a more articulate sound, like what you often hear in extreme metal, fusion, and R&B.
Heads can be sprayed with a translucent coating, or sprayed until coated solid black or white, while others are etched to create a textured surface.
A science lesson is in order. Dampening occurs when you add more mass to a surface that supposed to vibrate. Non-coated heads will produce a brighter, less controlled sound, and they will have more attack. Coated heads have a warmer tone when compared side by side with non-coated heads, even when tuned to the exact same pitch.
Muffling helps to eliminate unwanted tone. Think duct tape and an assortment of other materials. Often, pre-muffled heads are used on bass drums.
Manufacturers jumped on the idea and began producing models that have varying degrees of built-in muffling. The main purpose of these heads is to eliminate overtones and focus the overall tone of the drum. The most commonly used methods for pre-muffling a head include adding a layer of Mylar or other material to the top or underside of the outer edge. If you’re ever looking for a damp 70s style sound, try Evans’ 2-ply, oil-filled Hydraulic head.
Specialty heads are designed for a specific purpose and manufacturers offer its own line (or lines). The center-dot head is one of the more common specialty models. These heads have more durability and produce a more focused tone than their standard heads.
Specialty heads include those made with Kevlar (or other aramid fibers) and those featuring pinhole vents around the edge. Kevlar heads are the strongest models on the market, making them ideal for extreme hard-hitting playing situations, like heavy metal and drum corps. They can also handle extremely tight tunings and are good choices for players looking to replicate more “synthetic” drum tones.
The downside of Kevlar heads is that they produce a very one-dimensional sound. While you can adjust the overall pitch via tuning, Kevlar heads always have a dry sound with almost no sustain.
Vented heads feature little holes around the edge. These holes allow for the release of the air that’s produced by striking the drum, resulting in a sound that has a bit more attack and projection than that of a standard head of similar construction.
Let’s not forget about the original specialty head: calfskin. These heads sound dark and warm with a big, chubby attack. As previously mentioned, the problem with calfskin heads is that their tone and tuning are greatly affected by changing weather conditions. There are various versions of this type of head, made with synthetic materials that have a similar look to real calfskin but won’t be affected as much by climate changes.
The main purpose of a resonant head is to react to the moving air column that’s set into motion when the batter head is struck. The two most common thicknesses for resonant tom heads are 7 and 10 mil. Bottom snare heads are often very thin, ranging from 2 to 5 mil.
The thicker the resonant head, the more sustain and the deeper the tone. Thinner resonant heads have less sustain and a brighter tone. (Less mass and less energy equals less sustain.) Also, thin resonant heads will need more tuning maintenance because they vibrate more rapidly and are less rigid than thicker versions. If you use a coated resonant head, the overall tone warms up significantly. Some resonant heads are also available with a dampening ring such as Evans’ EC Resonant, which helps focus the overall tone and increase the lower overtones.
The bottom line when it comes to picking out new drumheads is to consider what sound you’re looking for and what type of music you play. A heavy hitter may need a double-ply head for extra durability, while a drummer with a lighter touch could get plenty of life out of single-ply models. Also, someone looking for an open, bright sound should start with a non-coated single-ply head, while players preferring a fat, dark sound may need a double-ply or pre-muffled version. The options are out there; you just have to ask yourself a few questions in order to “head” in the right direction.
Paradiddles offers a variety of heads from Remo, DW Drums and Evans. Here’s a link to search results for drum heads on the site. We’re sure you’ll find just what you need.
All About Drumheads
Posted in Uncategorized
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Lung Cancer Care at Blount Memorial
Learn about screenings, diagnostics, treatment and resources
More people in the United States die each year from lung cancer than from colon, breast and prostate cancers combined. For U.S. women, lung cancer is the leading cause of death, accounting for almost twice as many deaths as breast cancer. While cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer nationwide, environmental and genetic factors also may play a role in developing the disease. According to the American Lung Association, one in every five people with lung cancer never smoked or used tobacco products. Non-smoking spouses who live with a smoker have about a 20 to 30 percent greater risk of developing lung cancer than do spouses of non-smokers. Non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke in the workplace also are more likely to get lung cancer.
Screening Guidelines: According to the National Cancer Institute, the only generally accepted lung cancer screening test is designed for people who smoke(d) heavily. While early lung cancer often does not cause symptoms, the conditions listed below indicate an underlying health problem, which may or may not be related to cancer. If you experience any of these symptoms, see your doctor for early diagnosis and treatment.
- a cough that gets worse or does not go away
- breathing trouble, such as shortness of breath
- constant chest pain
- coughing up blood
- a hoarse voice
- frequent lung infections, such as pneumonia
- feeling very tired all the time
- weight loss with no known cause
Blount Memorial Lung Cancer Resources
Blount Memorial Lung Cancer Specialists
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Scene 1: Your family members or relatives try to persuade you to take up their religion.
The proselytiser says: As a family, it is important that we share the same religion and beliefs. Do come and join in my religious activities.
You say: I understand that you care about me. Don’t worry. In my religion I am taught to do good. I am not harming myself or others.
You say: I have a different view. As a family, I think each of us can have different religion and belief. Being respectful of each other’s religion is important too.
You say: Although we don’t share the same religion and belief, why don’t we join each other’s religious activities to increase mutual understanding and support?
Scene 2: A relative invited you to what he thought was a Buddhist ceremony. When you attend the event, you discover that it is organised by some “Buddhist” cult.
The proselytiser says: Please chant this mantra with us.
You say: I am not comfortable with this. Please go ahead without me, thank you. I will take my leave now.
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By Victoria Shineman, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh and first published on theconversation.com.
On Nov. 6, voters in Florida will consider a ballot measure that would restore the right to vote to 1 million citizens who are currently not able to vote because they have felony convictions.
My research finds that when Virginia restored voting rights, ex-offenders became more trusting of government and the criminal justice system. These attitudes are known to make it easier for citizens to re-enter society after being released from prison and decrease their tendency to commit additional crimes.
The results from my study in Virginia might give a glimpse of what would be expected if the Florida measure, called Amendment 4, passes.
Florida’s felony disenfranchisement laws
More than 6 million U.S. citizens do not have the right to vote due to state laws that limit the voting rights of those convicted of a felony.
All but four states automatically restore voting rights to people after they are released from prison, or after completion of parole or probation.
In Florida, however, voting rights are never automatically restored.
They can only be restored by an application to the Executive Clemency Board – a four-member panel including both the governor and the attorney general. Citizens must wait at least five years after completing their sentence before applying. The clemency board is able to reject applications for any reason, including traffic violations.
Under current Gov. Rick Scott, the clemency board approved fewer than 2,000 restorations of voting rights over six years. There is a current backlog of more than 10,000 applications.
Given these strict laws, more than 1.6 million voting-age citizens in Florida do not have the right to vote – including more than 1 out of every 5 black citizens statewide.
Amendment 4 would change the Florida State Constitution. If the referendum passes, voting rights will automatically be restored to all citizens who finish probation. This change would apply to all felonies except for murder and sex crimes.
New research from Virginia
In Virginia, an ex-offender can only regain their right to vote if the governor signs an executive order personally restoring their civil rights.
Typically, previous governors waited for people to apply and considered individual applications for restoration with varying scrutiny. But in 2016 and 2017, former Gov. Terry McAuliffe made the unprecedented move to proactively restore voting rights to more than 150,000 ex-offenders – more than any other governor in U.S. history.
I went to Virginia during the November 2017 statewide election, shortly after many new restoration orders had been processed. I recruited a sample of 93 citizens with felony convictions to complete two surveys – one before the election, and one after.
More than 70 percent of these individuals already had their voting rights restored by the governor, but many of them were not aware of their newly restored rights.
I randomly divided them into groups. After the first survey and before the election, individuals in one group were informed about whether their voting rights had been restored. Individuals in another group were not provided with this information. I then compared the attitudes within the two groups before and after the election.
Since many subjects were unaware that their voting rights had already been restored, the study randomly increased information about their voting rights. Because the two groups being compared are similar in every way – except for the information they received about voting rights – I am able to measure the effects of learning that your right to vote has been restored.
Citizens who were told whether their voting rights had been restored became more trusting of government and the criminal justice system compared to those who were not provided with this information. They also viewed the U.S. government as more fair and representative. And they became more trusting of the police and more willing to cooperate with law enforcement.
These findings corroborate results from another study I conducted in November 2014. The earlier study similarly informed some citizens with felony convictions in Ohio that their voting rights had been restored. Compared to another group who was not provided with this information, subjects who were informed that their voting rights had been restored reported higher trust in the government and the police.
These trusting and pro-democratic attitudes are known to help citizens reintegrate into their communities upon release from prison.
Research suggests citizens returning from prison reintegrate more successfully if they are able to transition from an identity as a “criminal” to an identity of a “law-abiding citizen.”
Not being allowed to vote creates a lasting stigma that makes it harder for them to see themselves as valuable members of society. On the other hand, being encouraged to vote causes people to become more informed and more trusting.
Research on crime also suggests that people are more likely to obey laws when they believe those laws were created through a fair process. Individuals who were informed about their voting rights also perceived the government as more fair and representative. Thus voting rights might make it easier for returning citizens to reintegrate into society, while also reducing the incentives to commit further crimes.
Lessons for Amendment 4
Policies regulating the voting rights of ex-offenders have historically been a partisan issue, with Democrats supporting voting rights and Republicans supporting voting restrictions.
But Amendment 4 has had strong bipartisan support. One argument that increases support on both sides is that restoring voting rights would decrease crime.
There are other studies that have found a relationship between voting rights and lower crime. But none of them have yet been able to test whether restoring voting rights causes crime to decrease as mine does.
My research provides the first causal evidence that restoring voting rights causes ex-offenders to the very develop attitudes and behaviors that make them more likely to successfully reintegrate into society and avoid returning to crime and prison.
Amendment 4 could not only affect voter turnout and electoral outcomes – it could also decrease crime and the costs of the criminal justice system.
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Religious beliefs are not things apart from economic and social stability, in the opinion of Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, the New Deal’s outstanding student of religion and human problems. Pointing out that “in the economic world there is remarkable identity of social creed on the part of the Protestants, Jews and Catholics,” he believes that it is high time that the three religious groups join hands “in an endeavor to find the broadest possible religious platform on which all can cooperate in a fervor for the common good without giving up any of that individual flavor which each group so highly prizes.”
The objectives recognized by the New Deal, Secretary Wallace says, “are not only those of the Christian religion but also of Judaism and other sincere faiths recognizing the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man.” The supreme challenge to the Christian and Jewish conscience of this nation are embodied in whether or not the influential or wealthy members and adherents of the various faiths are willing to recognize as a substitute for enlightened self-interest, a community of responsibility to the economic world, and a recognition in the religious world that man is definitely more than an economic animal. Secretary Wallace believes that economic laws must be made the servants of the higher impulses of man. These higher impulses which operate in true science, art and literature, as well as religion, must master and give the reason for economic activities.
Too often have religious groups lost sight of the basic fundamentals and concepts which have been developed through the ages. Secretary Wallace calls attention to the fact that particularly in recent years the different religious groups have developed platforms in which definite social principles have been outlined. The principles stated in these platforms are to a large extent embodied in the principles surrounding the New Deal.
Secretary Wallace recently had occasion to cite the social creeds of various religions to show their similarity. In this citation he quoted selections from the Declaration of Social Principles of the Central Conference of American Rabbis of June, 1923.
Some of the selections included the following:
“It is part of the great social message of the prophets of our faith that salvation can be achieved only through the salvation of society as a whole. It is therefore incumbent upon all men to study the ills of the existing social order and to form intelligent opinions on the subject of social reconstruction.
“—We maintain that the unrestricted and unlimited exercise of the right of private ownership without regard for social results is morally untenable.
“—The solution of the ills which beset our social order are to be found not in any class conscious struggle but in the triumph of sound humanitarian principles which regard mankind as one.
“—We who uphold a religious philosophy of life cannot sanction a practice which tends more and more to treat labor as only an instrument.—
“Machinery and industry exist for man and not man for them.
“The same rights of organization which rest with employers rest also with those whom he employs.
“Contributions to the common good and not the selfish service of a class is the touchstone of all moral endeavor.
“In the stewardship of the earth, society must guarantee each of its members the chance to labor and to earn a living wage. Such a wage must be considered the first charge upon any industry.
“The right to work is a spiritual necessity. Unemployment not only breeds poverty; it is the source of moral disintegration from which every man and his family must be protected.
“—We advocate the adoption by business and by state and nation of some form of unemployment insurance, as well as some system of nationally interlocking employment agencies and vocational guidance agencies which will intelligently direct labor and aid in averting crises of unemployment. —We feel, moreover, that there should be an effort at some more permanent stabilization of employment than exists today.
“We record our endorsement of pensions for old age which give the worker and his wife dignity in age and rid him of the fear of ultimate pauperism and the poorhouse after a life of labor; of sickness and disability insurance which will protect the worker from poverty in event of accident or illness, or mothers’ pensions which will prevent the separation of children of poor widows from their natural guardian and protect the integrity of the home, of special protection of the worker from industrial dangers and diseases, and of the rehabilitation of industrial cripples under the direction of the state.
“—There must be for women in industry an absolute maximum of an eight-hour day. There must be no exploitation of women in industry by giving them less than equal pay with men for equal work.
“It is our moral responsibility to children to see that they are well born, properly nourished and educated and given the fullest opportunity to develop their physical, mental and moral powers. We therefore oppose child labor unqualifiedly and call upon society to enact proper legislation to bring it to an end.”
And, while the New Deal has embodied in it many of the social creed ideas expressed at some time or other by all of the religious groups, yet, “against the New Deal have come thundering highly individualistic business men, mostly of Protestant background but some Catholics, some Jewish, and all cast in the mold of nineteenth century economics and biology,” Secretary Wallace points out.
He describes these individuals as “ruthless go-getters, they are still determined to get theirs. The Protestants among them look on the Federal Council of Churches as a group of radicals and preach that the chief end of man is to work hard and save. The Catholics among them have not studied the Papal Encyclicals and assume as a matter of course that the Catholic Church, because it is on the side of law and order, is also on the side of the wealthy and powerful in their ruthless exercise of economic power. The Jews among them have all too often departed from their orthodexy of old to replace Jehovah with the worship of Mammon.”
The Roosevelt cabinet member points out that the experience of the past 100 years would indicate that there is no better equipment for material success in life than the training of a devout Protestant or orthodox Jewish family. As long as there was a frontier to be conquered, such training produced a truly social result.
But, he says, times have changed tion—something which those with and there is need for re-orienta-influence or wealth have not realized. “In the old days when we still had a frontier in the west and we were a debtor nation, scrambling to produce to the limit to attain an excess of exports over imports with which to pay interest on our debts, the doctrine of enlightened self-interest was perhaps sufficient to preserve the necessary growth factor in our society and at the same time maintain all that was necessary of balance between productive and consumptive power.”
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The Sanskrit word kapalabhati means “skull-shining.” I often begin my day with kapalabhati after using the neti pot. It leaves me feeling both mentally energized and calm–a very different feeling from the agitation that accompanies hyperventilation. And, in fact, despite appearances, kapalabhati isn’t hyperventilation, as long as it’s done properly.
To practice kapalabhati, sit in a comfortable, upright posture such as virasana or a stable cross-legged seat. Contract your abdomen swiftly and vigorously, expelling your breath through your nose while keeping your spine fairly vertical (this means you’ll mainly use the transversus abdominis muscle, whose job is to compress the abdominal contents). Immediately following the contraction, relax your abdominal muscles to let your belly drop, which will allow air to flow back into your lungs. As you get comfortable, you can build up to a fairly rapid pace, but keep the emphasis on the exhalation. Don’t try to inhale actively. Simply allow the inhalations to happen between exhalations.
Don’t practice kapalabhati if you’re pregnant. If you have an abdominal hernia or other abdominal condition, steer clear of it as well.
Experienced practitioners can breathe as rapidly as two breaths per second during kapalabhati. That’s 10 times as fast as a typical quiet breathing rate of 12 breaths per minute. Intuitively, that seems like hyperventilation and that breathing that quickly would blow off significant amounts of CO2, but let’s look at it more closely.
Why is kapalabhati not hyperventilation (hopefully!)
To estimate the volume of air moving through the lungs, we’ll calculate “minute ventilation,” the amount of air you inhale (or exhale) per minute. The “average” person takes in about half a liter (500 ml) of air per breath during normal quiet breathing. This is called “tidal volume.” Multiplying tidal volume by breathing rate gives us his minute ventilation, in this case 6 liters (500 ml x 12 breaths per minute).
(I say “his” deliberately because these “average” figures are based on studies conducted years ago with subjects who were almost always young men. Often they were medical students, since poor students are about the only people willing to endure long experimental procedures for small stipends. Otherwise, they were generally soldiers, who probably had even less choice. Lung capacity depends on size, especially height, as well as age. Since these figures are for a young man of average height and weight for the time, if you’re female or older, or a small male, your actual lung volumes could be smaller. If you’re a big man, they will probably be larger.)
At 500 ml per breath and 120 breaths per minute you’d move 60 liters of air in and out every minute while practicing kapalabhati. That’s 10 times normal minute ventilation–appropriate if you’re exercising vigorously, but a lot if you’re sitting still. Your abdominal muscles get a workout during kapalabhati, so your ventilation has to increase somewhat, but probably nothing like 60 liters per minute.
Fortunately, your actual tidal volume during kapalabhati is likely a lot less than 500 ml. Measured values range from 130 to 380 ml. (Keep in mind these numbers come from a mere handful of studies, each with very few subjects. There’s probably a large range of individual variability, so treat them as a rough approximation. But, in any case, they match my experience of kapalabhati as a shallow breath.)
Why is tidal volume lower during kapalabhati?
Normally when you inhale, the diaphragm contracts, pulling down on the bottom of the lungs to stretch them open. As the volume of the lungs increases, their internal pressure drops, and air flows in. Because the lungs are elastic, when the diaphragm stops contracting they recoil to their “resting volume,” driving up the pressure to move air out. (The lungs reach their resting volume when the forces that tend to pull them closed, including their own elasticity, are balanced by the forces that tend to pull them open. Those forces include the downward pull of gravity on the abdomen and the elastic recoil of the ribs, as well as the contraction of inspiratory muscles such as the diaphragm.)
Kapalabhati is different because it’s a non-diaphragmatic breath. When you exhale during kapalabhati, the abdominal muscles contract. They push the abdominal contents upward against the diaphragm, actively compressing the lungs and driving air out. You inhale not by contracting the diaphragm, but by relaxing the abdominal muscles. This causes the abdomen to drop. As gravity pulls the belly down, it also pulls the diaphragm’s central tendon and the base of the lungs down, creating the expansion that brings air in.
Because you’re breathing rapidly, your next exhalation begins before your diaphragm has a chance to descend very far. The central tendon probably doesn’t even drop to where it would be at the end of a normal exhalation, much less to where it would be after a normal diaphragmatic inhalation.
Not only that, to allow the belly to move as freely as possible in kapalabhati, you need to stabilize the base of ribs. You can feel this when you practice kapalabhati by placing your hands on your lower ribs and noting how they don’t widen as they typically do when you breathe diaphragmatically. Because you’re missing the lateral expansion of the lungs that usually accompanies the downward pull on their base during a diaphragmatic inhale, tidal volume is reduced even further.
Another factor also keeps kapalabhati from becoming hyperventilation: only part of that tidal volume is actually involved in gas exchange. To understand why that is, we’ll look at the microscopic anatomy of the lungs.
Gas exchange takes place at the interface between tiny, gossamer-walled air sacs known as alveoli, which make up the bulk of the lung tissue, and the networks of capillaries that surround them. Capillaries are so narrow that red blood cells pass through single file, like customers funneled through a supermarket check-out line, and so thin-walled that oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse between the alveoli and the blood.
Since the air that fills the tubing isn’t involved in gas exchange, that volume is called the anatomical dead space. It’s usually estimated at 150 ml. Thus, of the 500 ml taken in during a typical quiet breath, only 350 ml actually reaches the alveoli. At 12 breaths per minute, normal “alveolar ventilation” is 4.2 liters (12 x 350 ml), not the 6 liters that pass through the nostrils.
Before air reaches the alveoli it must pass through an extensive network of tubing, from the nose or mouth through the throat, the trachea, and a series of smaller and smaller branching tubes within the lungs. If the alveolar-capillary interface is the checkout line where the business of breathing is transacted—oxygen for carbon dioxide—the airway is like the network of highways and local streets that conduct goods to and from the market.
Alveolar ventilation rather than total ventilation determines how much CO2 gets expelled, so we’ll need to estimate that for kapalabhati. Arbitrarily splitting the difference between the high and low figures mentioned above for tidal volume during kapalabhati, we get an average of about 250 ml. Subtracting 150 ml of dead space gives us an estimate of 100 ml of alveolar ventilation per breath. 120 breaths per minute would yield 12 liters per minute.
That’s a rough guess, and the actual amounts could be very different for a particular individual, but it fits with laboratory observations. In the small number of studies on the subject, researchers have generally found that expired CO2 levels remain normal even during lengthy bouts of kapalabhati, at least for experienced practitioners. In addition, their cardiovascular parameters don’t reflect what you’d expect to see in hyperventilation. Whatever the increase in alveolar ventilation, it appears to match the body’s increased need for oxygen, and therefore production of CO2. That makes sense in light of the fact that most of the air moving in and out is simply filling and emptying the airway, without reaching the alveoli.
This also yields some insight into why it’s important to practice kapalabhati correctly, and, in particular, to try not to inhale actively. Just let the inhalations happen as you relax the belly between exhalations. Otherwise, you could drive alveolar ventilation too high, turning it into a true hyperventilating breath.
In my experience, this is typically why people feel lightheaded or dizzy during kapalabhati, and why some find it stressful—particularly those who are habitual paradoxical, or reverse, breathers. For them, because it’s difficult to relax the belly while inhaling, kapalabhati turns into a series of rapid forceful thoracic, or apical, breaths. That’s much more likely to lead to hyperventilation than the series of sharp abdominal exhales that kapalabhati is meant to be. In general, if you tend to be a chronic hyperventilator, are asthmatic or subject to panic attacks, I would suggest avoiding kapalabhati, for those reasons.
Of course, it’s not easy to let go of trying to inhale. It requires trust that you will get enough air. But that might just be the most important reason to learn to do kapalabhati safely.
Other posts in this series
Frostell C, et al. Effects of high-frequency breathing on pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange. J Appl Physiol: Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol. 55(6):1854-1861,1983
Karambelkar PV, et al. Some respiratory studies in respect of kapalabhati and voluntary hyperventilation. Yoga-Mimamsa. 21(1-2):54-58,1982
Miles WR. Oxygen consumption during three yoga-type breathing patterns. J Appl Physiol. 19(1):75-82, 1964
Wenger MA & Bagchi BK. Studies of autonomic functions of practitioners of yoga in India. Behav Sci. 6:312-23, 1961
Copyright Joseph Miller
5 thoughts on “Hyperventilation: Is kapalabhati hyperventilation? (part 4)”
[…] the next part of this series, I’ll look at the breathing technique of kapalabhati as it relates to […]
Hi Joe, interesting read. So if we are merely moving air in and out the airway why do we do kapalbhati. And why do we feel calm after practicing kapalbhati? Whats the physiology behind it?
Glad you liked it! There’s some alveolar ventilation with kapalabhati, just not a lot. I think there are several benefits of kapalabhati. One is activating the transversus abdominis, the “corset” ab muscle, in coordination with the exhalation. The transversus is important for spinal stabilization & maintaining intra-abdominal pressure. Equally important, kapalabhati trains us to relax the abdominals (on the inhalation) as well as to contract them. This is important because many people habitually over-contract the abs. Also, it can help clear out the nasal passages and is generally energizing. As to why we feel calm afterward, I don’t have a definitive answer to that. But there has been some research that supports the idea that although it’s a stimulating, sympathetic practice, it also can result in increased parasympathetic tone.
I found this as very interesting read as I have been researching on why Oxygen consumption increases with Kapalbhaati based on studies ? Oxygen consumption rates during Kapalabhati breathing practice are approximately 1.1–1.8 times higher than while sitting quietly based on studies. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959327/)
Based on your calculations (which I loved btw) as an example,
Since alveolar ventilation is 12 liters in Kapalbhaati instead of 4.2 litres normally (on an average) we increase the oxygen consumption by 1.1-1.8 times ?
I needed to understand how oxygen consumption increases with Kapalbhaati, since we are doing shallow breathing so tidal volume reduces but we are increasing the breaths per minute significantly and thereby increasing levels of o2.
Hi Seema. Great question. Thanks. Yes, there is an increase in O2 consumption during kapalabhati, but that’s probably due to the muscular effort you’re expending, primarily from the abdominal muscles. Those muscles are using more oxygen than they would be if you were just sitting. For context, 1.1-1.8 times baseline metabolic rate is still pretty light exercise. Walking typically consumes about 3 times resting metabolic rate. Hope that makes sense. Thanks for the question. Joe
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Most people know that protein is paramount to a healthy body. It is important that you are consuming it on a daily basis to ensure that your body has enough fuel and materials to maintain itself at its optimal level.
Often you hear about all the positive effects protein has on the body, such as increased strength and muscle mass, but what happens if you consume too much protein? Does it have negative side effects?
What side effects are associated with protein consumption?
There are several different side effects that protein may be associated. Some of them are connected to the way in which you consume your protein and others are related to the quantities you consume.
Some of these associated side effects include:
As your body only needs a certain amount of protein each day, relative to your age, sex and they types of exercise you do, then any extra protein you consume may be stored as fat.
If you are eating a protein rich diet to gain muscle mass, you need to balance the quantity you eat with the amount of calories your burn.
Same goes if you are gaining your protein from a diet rich in fatty meats, this can also cause you to gain weight.
Heart disease is only an increased risk if you are gaining your protein from an unhealthy diet.
Foods such as fatty meats, cheeses, large quantities of high fat milk and yogurt, also contain high levels of cholesterol.
Cholesterol coats your arterial walls and puts excess strain on the heart that can cause heart disease.
Some studies indicate that if you are on a high protein, low carbohydrate diet, you are at risk of kidney problems, but the evidence is inconclusive and further research is needed.
Decreased liver and brain function
When the body ingests protein, it causes a toxin called ammonia to be formed.
The ammonia is quickly dealt with by the liver and there is no harm done, but excessive consumption of protein causes the liver to work overtime and can cause it to become a bit sluggish.
If this happens it allows for an increase of ammonia and other toxins to form in the blood, which can in turn be harmful to the functioning of the brain.
Seizures have been linked to excessive protein consumption, but only if the body has not been properly hydrated.
It is important that all protein powders are consumed with the recommended water intake.
Some people experience digestive disturbances, such as diarrhoea, and gas, due to an excessive protein intake.
Another concern with a high protein focused diet is the possibility of overlooking the other necessary nutrients that you need in your diet, such as carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.
To avoid any of the negative side effects of taking too much protein, make healthy food choices when planning your diet.
When taking protein supplements, it is important to always follow the instructions provided.
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Hong Kong Guiding Movement
Guiding Movement was introduced into Hong Kong in 1916. The Hong Kong Girl Guides Association is currently the largest female youth organization in Hong Kong, and one of the 150 Member Organizations of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts.
The Association organized training and activities to meet the needs and interests of today's girls and young women. These programmes aim to train and equip Girl Guides with knowledge, techniques and attitude. Girl Guides are actively participating in service projects through which they developed a caring and positive attitude in life.
Our programmes are designed to meet the needs of girls in different age groups, including Happy Bees, Brownies, Guides, Rangers, Guiders and Golden Guides. Membership is voluntary and open to all girls and adults regardless of race, religion or nationality.
|Rangers/Sea Rangers/Air Rangers||Aged 15-23|
|Guiders||Aged 21 and above|
|Service Project - Happy Bees||Children aged 4 to 6|
|Service Project - Golden Guides||Senior female citizens over the age of 55|
The shape of the Hong Kong Girl Guides Association's Symbol is based on the trefoil. Its notched edges recall the distinctive leaves of Bauhinia blakeana, Hong Kong's flower. The internal form of the symbol is a stylised version of the Chinese character “Gwong”meaning a ray of light of guiding beacon, a concept especially appropriate to the spirit of Guiding. When used in colour, the symbol will be mainly in mauve which reflects the Bauhinia blossom's colour along with red which is considered particularly auspicious by the Chinese.
Note: The colour codes of mauve and red in HKGGA logo are “Pantone 227” and “Pantone Warm Red” respectively.
The Girl Guiding uses a unique model of non-formal education to support the development of girls and young women. Because Guiding works with young people over a broad age spectrum and because the Guiding experience works best when young people interact as much as possible with the wider world, the Girl Guide educational method is purposefully shaped to work in very different contexts and fit almost any activity or learning need. Its five points enrich any learning experience and make it more effective.
- Learning in Small Groups We learn to: support each other, negotiate, make democratic decisions, assert our needs, solve problems together, take the lead
- My Path, My Pace: We learn to: respect individuals, make our own choices, learn in the best way for us, value our achievements, collaborate not compete, be confident
- Learning by Doing We learn to: take on challenges, learn through experience, take risks, make mistakes, get involved, pay attention
- Connecting with Others We learn to: value others, appreciate diversity, listen, connect, make a difference, develop empathy, communicate
- Connecting with My World We learn to: be active citizens, get our hands dirty, enjoy the outdoors, get involved in our community, speak out for change, pay attention to the wider world
Life Skills - 6C
We prepare our members to thrive in a rapidly changing world, and empowers them to live the life they want to lead.
Girl Guides and Girl Scouts learn life skills that matter, whatever path they choose to follow:
- Character - Self-aware and confident leaders, we take initiative to set and achieve goals, both individually and working with others.
- Creativity - We are creative thinkers and resilient problem solvers. We self-direct our learning to access, evaluate and apply information, and develop innovative solutions.
- Citizenship - We are active in our local communities, and connected to the wider world. We want to take action to make the world a better place.
- Communication - We express our ideas confidently to different audiences, are good listeners and respond empathically to others.
- Collaboration - We are true team players, who understand how to work positively with people and care about diversity.
- Commitment - We are committed to our own learning and development, and invest in it throughout our lives.
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<urn:uuid:c406dcf3-98c8-42d5-89cd-75f76026d6b9>
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CC-MAIN-2019-35
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https://hkgga.org.hk/en/content/guiding-movement
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315811.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821065413-20190821091413-00269.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924756 | 853 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Regulation of cellular redox balances is important for the homeostasis of human health. Thus, many important human diseases, such as inflammation, diabetes, glaucoma, cancers, ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases, have been investigated in the field of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. To overcome the harmful effect of oxidative stress and ROS, one can directly eliminate them by medical gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and molecular hydrogen (H2), or one can induce ROSresistant proteins and antioxidant enzymes to antagonize oxidative stresses. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms how these medical gasses work as antioxidants, and how ROS resistant proteins are produced in the physiological context. Targeted therapeutic modalities to scavenge or prevent ROS might be applied in the prevention and treatment of ROS-related diseases in the near future.
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<urn:uuid:d719c37c-22ea-405c-851f-bf988155b45d>
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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http://www.eurekaselect.com/article/19941
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en
| 0.914437 | 182 | 2.875 | 3 |
Today marks exactly 54 years since Dr Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana was deposed in a military coup by the National Liberation Council (NLC). On February 24th 1966, the NLC launched a military coup which unconstitutionally ousted Dr Nkrumah from office under the code name “Operation Cold Chop”.
This coup occurred while Dr Nkrumah was away on a peace mission in Hanoi the capital of Vietnam at the invitation of the president, Ho Chi Minh to resolve the Vietnam War.
Lt-Gen Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka, leader of the coup plotters, made an announcement on the radio to inform Ghanaians of the takeover.
He said, “Fellow citizens of Ghana, I have come to inform you that the Military, in co-operation with the Ghana Police, have taken over the government of Ghana today. The myth surrounding Nkrumah has been broken. Parliament has been dissolved and Kwame Nkrumah has been dismissed from office. All ministers are also dismissed from office. The C.P.P. is disbanded with effect from now. It will be illegal for any person to belong to it,”.
Dr Nkrumah later in addressing the coup in his book titled, ‘Dark Days in Ghana’, allegedly accused the Central Intelligence Agency (C.I.A) of supporting the Ghana Armed Forces to oust him.
Several reasons have been cited by prominent historians for his ousting. Some historians believe that the “African Giant” was accused of tilting his support towards the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during the ‘Cold War’, thus, his overthrow.
He was also accused of introducing the Preventive Detection Act, corruption, dictatorial practices and oppression.
He also forced into early retirement the army’s most senior officers which according to, sources was the principal reason for the uprising.
Following the night after the coup, there were demonstrations of support for the new rulers, who styled themselves the National Liberation Council (NLC).
He exiled himself to Guniea where he became an honorary co-president to Sekou Toure, the president of Guniea at that time. He offered him refuge, a place to leave and a job. Unfortunately, he never returned to Ghana alive. He died of prostate cancer in Bucharest, Romania at age 62.
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<urn:uuid:3db5c912-daa5-45f1-a22d-1b1347145a4b>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.seekapor.com/on-the-anniversary-of-dr-nkruamahs-overthrow/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00707.warc.gz
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en
| 0.978939 | 498 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- Name (Project Heading): JumpingNumbers
- Institute: IIT Kanpur
This is an app that uses Number line to teach the children the concept of using simple addition facts with cardinal numbers. The app has also got the number bond concepts shown in the most simple way with visual representations, so that it is easier for these children to understand the concept. It also teaches how the numbers are represented using the number line. Number line is a tool which helps children develop greater flexibility in mental arithmetic, as they actively construct mathematical meaning, number sense and the understanding of number relationships. This is also a kind of manipulative used for making the children understand about the number sense and to understand about addition facts of single numbers. There is also as assessment record maintained, where the number of mistakes done in every level is recorded.
How to install
- Download JumpingNumbers.apk file on to your mobile/tablet
- Open file manager in your device
- Locate JumpingNumbers.apk and click on it.
- Click ok when asked whether to install the app
- The app will be installed to the apps section of your device immediately.
- Now you can start JumpingNumbers by click on this icon.
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<urn:uuid:48fe8d9c-68fe-453b-8276-c11167325c2f>
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CC-MAIN-2018-34
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https://github.com/apps4children/JumpingNumbers/blob/master/README.md
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214713.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819070943-20180819090943-00426.warc.gz
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en
| 0.939166 | 251 | 3.328125 | 3 |
GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK – On May 18, Grand Canyon National Park will host its sixth annual Celebrate Wildlife Day, an event providing opportunities for visitors to learn about the work of wildlife biologists and the unique wildlife that inhabits Arizona and the Grand Canyon area.
The event will begin on May 17, at 7:30 p.m., with a special evening program at the Shrine of the Ages Auditorium entitled “Grand Canyon Birds: a World of Beauty and Discovery” presented by Park Ranger Brian Gatlin. Indoor and outdoor programs, family-friendly activities, exhibits and live animal demonstrations will be held Saturday from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Grand Canyon Visitor Center.
The event will conclude Saturday, at 7:30 p.m., with another special evening program at the Shrine of the Ages Auditorium entitled “Grand Canyon Wildlife: Rim to River.” Attendees can explore the Canyon’s diverse habitats from rim to river and meet its furred, feathered and finned inhabitants along the way. The program is presented by Susan Lamb, author of over twenty books on the natural environment and human cultures of the Southwest including “Grand Canyon: The Vault of Heaven.”
All Celebrate Wildlife Day events are open to the public and free of charge. The event is made possible through the collaborative efforts of the National Park Service, Grand Canyon Association, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Adobe Mountain Wildlife Center, Grand Canyon Unified School District, Horace M. Albright Training Center and Delaware North Companies Parks and Resorts.
Event details and contact information
Date: May 17 and 18
Time: All day
Location: Grand Canyon National Park
Contact: Patricia Brown – 928-638-7789
Submitted by: Grand Canyon National Park
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<urn:uuid:effe87e7-a498-4e6c-aa7c-c4c7ded034d8>
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CC-MAIN-2019-39
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https://www.stgeorgeutah.com/news/archive/2013/05/10/celebrate-wildlife-day-with-educational-presentations-exhibits-at-grand-canyon/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573289.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918131429-20190918153429-00145.warc.gz
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en
| 0.912496 | 374 | 2.53125 | 3 |
HomeBody, the Orange County Register, California blog about home and gardening, will now devote each Saturday to “squirrel talk.” This week’s discussion revolves around squirrels enjoying the fruit of an avocado tree (mmmmmmm – you simply can’t blame a squirrel for raiding the best of what mother nature has to offer, food-wise!) and another reader discussing how he’s got plenty of wildlife in his yard — not just squirrels, but raccoons, owls and coyotes. Sounds like fun!
Apparently paleontologists are examining fossil records of California ground squirrels to see how a currently warming world is affecting animals, although this DailyGazette.com article doesn’t really do a good job of explaining why. Ah, science journalism — such a tricky thing.
Back when the world was really hot and wet, all animals were larger in size, since hot and wet means tropical, and tropical means plentiful, year-round food supplies.
Then, the earth cooled, and animals shrunk in size. And shivered a lot more.
In the near future, as weather patterns are expected to shift rapidly (and some would say already are) scientists expect the size of animals to change. Or, I think that’s what the research is getting at. It’s not totally clear in this article.
Actually, I think the research was simply meant to study old fossils (which is fine with me) but the public relations department was desperate to find a current news peg. What’s hot? Global warming. Let’s tie it all together and see if we can get some publicity.
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<urn:uuid:5cb4dae8-1c88-45d8-bb44-23b55a7b9ee6>
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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https://squirrely.wordpress.com/tag/science/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540499439.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207132817-20191207160817-00481.warc.gz
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en
| 0.957985 | 343 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Stopping Microbes Not Missiles: U.S. Plans For Next Global Threat
Spot the next plague before it arrives. Predict the next swine flu outbreak before it makes headlines. Even detect a biological weapon before it's launched.
These are the goals of an ambitious initiative, launched Thursday, to build a worldwide surveillance system for infectious diseases.
Spearheaded by the U.S. government, the Global Health Security Agenda brings together 26 countries, the World Health Organization and several other international group. It aims to stop epidemics and bioterror agents before they spread.
Why is such an early warning system needed?
Because the U.S. and the world are at greater risk than ever before from biological organisms, says Dr. Tom Frieden, the director of the Centers for Disease and Control Prevention.
"Viruses are just a plane ride away," he says. Bird flu could spread out of Asia. Ebola could emerge out of central Africa. Or drug-resistant Staphylococcus can sweep through hospital wards. "In today's globalized world, an outbreak anywhere is a threat everywhere," Frieden says.
The Global Health Security Agenda is an attempt to make the world better prepared to confront those threats, he says. "We want to make sure we do everything we can to prevent emerging organisms from becoming outbreaks and outbreaks from becoming epidemics."
And the Obama administration seems to agree. It has placed several high-ranking officials on the project, not just from the medical side of the government, but also from the U.S. military and the Department of Homeland Security.
Three top officials wrote an opinion piece Thursday on CNN's website to make the case that biosecurity is a key element of national security.
In the piece, Secretary of State John Kerry; Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius; and Obama's assistant on homeland security and counterterrorism, Lisa Monaco, argued that infectious diseases have the potential to cause massive economic damage and loss of life, similar to nuclear, chemical or cybersecurity attacks.
They offered two examples to illustrate their point: the economic loss from the H1N1 swine flu in Mexico in 2009 and lives lost from the SARS epidemic in Asia in 2002 and 2003.
The Obama administration has been concerned that many countries don't have the capacity to monitor potential biohazards and emerging diseases, said Laura Holgate, the senior director for weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and threat reduction at the National Security Council.
"In 2012 we were really struck by the reality that 80 percent of the countries didn't meet the WHO deadline to be prepared for disease threats," Holgate said Thursday at a media briefing. In a world where viruses and other biological agents don't respect national borders, she said, the U.S. can't do this alone.
The Global Health Security Agenda plans to build a structure for biosurveillance so that, hopefully, other countries will be able to quickly detect the next major epidemic. The program also will set standards for national laboratories and outline the diagnostic tools needed to spot and contain modern diseases.
The participating countries have committed to creating emergency disease centers that can respond within two hours to an outbreak or other crisis. They also have agreed to link data from this global biosurveillance network through the WHO.
It's unclear how much the Global Health Security Agenda will cost the U.S. Other countries, such as China, are spending their own money on the parts they're implementing themselves.
But the Obama administration did say it's committing an extra $45 million to the CDC's 2015 budget to help low-income countries participate in the network. The money will mainly go to improve surveillance systems, update diagnostic equipment and train staff.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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<urn:uuid:7a92b615-94a1-43fe-bb43-fe6a89ae082b>
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.kmuw.org/2014-02-13/stopping-microbes-not-missiles-u-s-plans-for-next-global-threat
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00321.warc.gz
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en
| 0.950752 | 783 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Green tea, a libation that has stood the test of time, is celebrated not only for its pleasurable taste but also for its myriad health benefits. Originating from China over 4,000 times agone, green tea has come a global miracle, deified for its eventuality to promote overall well- being. This comprehensive companion aims to unravel the wisdom behind the health benefits of green tea, exploring its rich history, crucial factors, and the different ways it appreciatively impacts the body. Chapter 1 The Origins and Cultural Significance probing into the history of green tea, we explore its origins in ancient China and its posterior spread to other corridor of Asia and the world. We also claw into the artistic significance of green tea in colorful societies, from traditional tea observances in Japan to its integration into diurnal life in other regions. Chapter 2 The wisdom Behind Green Tea Understanding the health benefits of green tea requires a near look at its composition. This chapter explores the rich array of bioactive composites set up in green tea, including catechins, polyphenols, and antioxidants. We unravel how these composites contribute to the libation’s remedial parcels and how they interact with the mortal body.
Chapter 3 Boosting Metabolism and Weight Management One of the most well- known benefits of green tea is its eventuality to prop in weight operation. We examine the scientific substantiation supporting the idea that green tea can boost metabolism and help with fat loss. Practical tips on incorporating green tea into a healthy life for weight operation are also handed. Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Health and Green Tea Green tea has been linked to cardiovascular health, with studies suggesting a positive impact on cholesterol situations and blood pressure. In this chapter, we explore the mechanisms through which green tea may contribute to a healthy heart and bandy its implicit part in precluding cardiovascular conditions. Chapter 5 Brain Health and Cognitive Function Recent exploration has stressed the cognitive benefits of green tea, including its eventuality to enhance brain function and reduce the threat of neurodegenerative conditions. We probe the relationship between green tea consumption and cognitive health, slipping light on how it may cover the brain and support internal well- being.
Chapter 6 Anticancer Properties Green tea’s eventuality as a cancer- fighting agent has garnered significant attention. This chapter reviews the scientific substantiation regarding green tea’s anticancer parcels, exploring its part in precluding and inhibiting the growth of colorful types of cancer. Chapter 7 Managing Diabetes and Blood Sugar situations For those dealing with diabetes or at threat of developing the condition, green tea may offer some benefits. We claw into studies that examine the relationship between green tea consumption and blood sugar regulation, furnishing perceptivity into how it may be incorporated into a diabetes operation plan. Conclusion As we conclude this comprehensive companion, it becomes apparent that the health benefits of green tea extend far beyond its pleasurable taste. From its ancient origins to its ultramodern operations, green tea has proven to be a protean libation with the eventuality to appreciatively impact colorful aspects of health. Whether you are belting it for its weight operation benefits, cardiovascular support, cognitive improvement, or cancer- fighting parcels, green tea continues to be a fascinating subject of scientific disquisition and a precious addition to a healthy life.
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<urn:uuid:4811bea3-28d1-4739-bb78-f6a4dfe614f4>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://insightnewsmm.xyz/unraveling-the-health-benefits-of-green-tea-a-comprehensive-guide/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00494.warc.gz
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en
| 0.926063 | 669 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a statistical measure of body weight based on a person's weight and height.
Your suggested healthy weight range is: 0 - 0 lbs
You are a healthy weight for your height. We also recommend that you check your waist-hip ratio.
Studies have shown that a BMI of 25 or higher is associated with an increased health risk of conditions that include coronary heart disease, certain forms of cancer, stroke, high blood pressure and non insulin-dependent diabetes.
Although BMI can be used for most men and women, it does have some limits. BMI does not distinguish body fat from muscle. It may overestimate body fat in athletes and others who have a muscular build. It may underestimate body fat in older persons and others who have lost muscle.
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<urn:uuid:77437af1-e94c-4110-982a-fd97a44e2a81>
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CC-MAIN-2019-13
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https://www.calorieking.com/interactive-tools/bmi-calculator/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202671.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322135230-20190322161230-00464.warc.gz
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en
| 0.943128 | 159 | 3.25 | 3 |
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