text
stringlengths 222
548k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 14
7.09k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 53
113k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jagjivan Ram’s successful organisation of a workers’ rally in Calcutta brought him to the attention of leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose. In 1934 Jagjivan Ram was involved with relief work in the aftermath of the Bihar earthquake. In 1935 he was nominated to the Bihar Council. He decided to join the Congress.
Babu Jagjivan Ram, a Union Minister, freedom fighter and Dalit leader, was born on 5 April 1908 in Chandwa village, present-day Bhojpur district of Bihar to a Dalit family. His father, Shobhi Ram, was in the British army but later resigned, bought farmland in Chandwa, and settled there.
Jagjivan Ram was sent to the village school but soon after, his father died. His mother, Vasanti Devi, however, made sure that his education continued. In 1922 when he joined Arrah Town School, he realised that discrimination against Dalits was still rife. He protested against the school’s shocking decision to have separate pitchers of water for so-called ‘untouchable’ students.Later, a meeting with the renowned nationalist leader Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, who had come to visit the school, inspired him.He went on to study at the prestigious Banaras Hindu University (BHU), and later secured a B.Sc. degree from the Calcutta University. Caste discrimination was unfortunately prevalent in those days in BHU as well. In 2007, when Jagjivan Ram’s daughter Meira Kumar, the then Union Minister for social justice and empowerment, was invited to speak about her father’s days at the BHU — during the inauguration of the Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair — she said that he was even denied haircuts by local barbers.
|
<urn:uuid:eb26ad68-58ae-4c65-b2b7-75ed9e9c6930>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
https://brainly.in/question/162686
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279468.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00573-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.987586 | 381 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Vaccine is safe and effective at protecting yourself and those around you from COVID-19
Vaccination is the best way to protect yourself and your community from catching and transmitting COVID-19. It is safe and effective and will help in the prevention of future outbreaks.
Not everyone experiences side-effects from the COVID-19 vaccination. If you do notice side-effects, they
are usually mild and last 1-2 days. They may include:
- mild fever
COVID-19 vaccine side-effects can be like drug or alcohol withdrawal symptoms, including fever, chills, bone/body ache, nausea, and fatigue. Many people also report headaches after the vaccination.
If you use substances, try to keep close track of your use in the days after getting vaccinated. If withdrawal symptoms seem unlikely, it might be the vaccine. Immunisations can put additional pressure on your immune system initially, so your body might work differently to normal for a short period of time.
Remember all your best overdose prevention and reversal strategies!
It is rare to feel unwell for more than a day. Remind yourself that the symptoms will pass and are very unlikely to be related to withdrawal.
Excerpt from StarHealth ‘Drug Use and COVID-19 Vaccination‘ info sheet.
People who use substances may be at increased risk of COVID-19
This can be attibuted to1:
- Gathering socially in groups to use substances and/or sharing pipes, needles, etc.
- Substance use can weaken the immune system, making one more vulnerable to severe symptoms associated with COVID-19
- Some substances have side-effects that can make the symptoms of COVID-19 more serious, some examples include:
- Using opioids can slow breathing, leading to decreased oxygen in the brain.
- Using stimulants, such as methamphetamine or cocaine, can impact your heart and may lead to chronic lung conditions
- The consumption of substances (any) by means of smoking or vaping, can lead to many respiratory diseases
- Other conditions, such as HIV, which affect immune response, will weaken one’s natural ability to defend against the virus that causes COVID-19.
People who use substances are at an increased risk of severe illness and death by COVID-19.
- Wang QQ, Kaelber DC, Xu R, Volkow ND. COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States. Mol Psychiatry. 2020 Sep 14:1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7. Epub ahead of print. Erratum in: Mol Psychiatry. 2020 Sep 30;: PMID: 32929211; PMCID: PMC7488216.
|
<urn:uuid:60a626a1-a8d1-45e5-969a-e733e179815c>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://www.vaada.org.au/covid-19-vaccines-alcohol-drugs/aod-use-and-vaccines-is-it-safe/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00655.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917756 | 585 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Chatham in Barnstable County, Massachusetts — The American Northeast (New England)
The Battle of Chatham Harbor
during the Revolutionary War occurred in Chatham Harbor,
near this site, on 20 June 1782.
At sunrise, crew members from a British privateer were discovered in Chathamís East Harbor, attempting to sail away three unmanned vessels as prizes of war. The alarm cannon on Watch Hill alerted the town militia who assembled quickly and opened fire on the British from the shore. When the largest of the three vessels went aground, the intruders took to small boats and headed back to their ship, anchored off-shore. They were hotly pursued by the militiamen, also in small boats, although the British privateersmen escaped, the Chatham vessels were recovered, and victory belongs to the determined, long-suffering townspeople. Since 1776, British Seapower had stifled their livelihood from the sea; nevertheless, they continued to give loyal support to the nationís war for independence.
Chathamís National Bicentennial Celebration.
Erected 1978 by Town of Chatham.
Location. 41° 40.321′ N, 69° 56.928′ W. Marker is in Chatham, Massachusetts, in Barnstable County. Marker is on Main Street. Click for map
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 9 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. History of Chatham Lighthouse (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); The Mayflower Story (about 300 feet away); The Rescue of the Pendleton (about 400 feet away); In Memory of the Pioneers of Chatham (approx. 0.8 miles away); Samuel De Champlain (approx. 0.9 miles away); Chatham Radio/WCC (approx. 2.8 miles away); French–Atlantic Cable Company (approx. 8.3 miles away); Jonathan Young Mill (approx. 8.6 miles away). Click for a list of all markers in Chatham.
Regarding The Battle of Chatham Harbor. This plaque is mounted on a stone and is located at the edge of a hedge.
Categories. • War, US Revolutionary •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Byron Hooks of Sandy Springs, Georgia. This page has been viewed 266 times since then and 19 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on , by Byron Hooks of Sandy Springs, Georgia. • Bill Pfingsten was the editor who published this page. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016.
|
<urn:uuid:3a8cfcd3-0e2b-4947-9943-fc3648e7e56e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=78440
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283475.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00023-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956997 | 538 | 3.484375 | 3 |
For many of us Texans, the intense winter storms of the past week were a major life disruptor. As a Houstonite myself, the days of power outages, limited access to clean drinking water and spotty internet service harkened back to the types of disaster scenarios typical during hurricane season. Of course, there were also differences. Extreme winter storms are not the norm, unlike hurricanes, making it difficult for residents to prepare and impacts were felt well beyond coastal regions. Every major Texas city - Houston, Austin, San Antonio and Dallas - all faced a head on collision with mother nature at the same time. While the debate around whether this type of extreme cold weather will become more of a normality for Texas as climate change continues to impact regional weather patterns, one outcome was clear, the Texas power grid was ill-equipped to handle the duality of record low temperatures and a spike in demand.
How is the Texas power grid structured?
Before moving forward on the causes of the immense failure of the Texas power grid, it is important to establish how the grid actually functions. The Texas power market is divided into two parts, generation and distribution.
The generation portion of the market involves any entity that is producing power, either via fossil fuels, nuclear or renewables that then sells that power into the market. The process of selling into the grid involves a day-ahead and real-time market. The day-ahead market is just that, a market in which power producers sell forward electricity output for next day demand. This day-ahead market represents some 95% of total electricity output and is forecasted by ERCOT (I'll come back to this entity in a bit). The real-time market is utilized to fill the shortfalls in output from the day ahead market, typically due to small demand forecasting errors.
The distribution portion of the market involves the actual transmission of produced power, i.e. the power lines, transformers and other gear that is required to feed electricity into a home, retail establishment or other industrial facility.
In a "traditional" regulated power market, the generation and distribution entities are the same firm and thus, hold a monopoly position over the market. This is also known as vertical integration and customer choice is ultimately limited to a single provider. This monopoly is closely regulated by the state - prices are monitored to insure a "fair" return for the firm while also insuring that consumers are not charged exorbitant rates. If the vertically integrated firm wants to make an investment in new generating capacity, there are strict requirements that must be met because the ultimate risk of this capacity expansion will be passed on to downstream customers.
Texas is not a "traditional" regulated power market. Instead, Texas separates generation and distribution. For example, as Houstonite, I might purchase my power from Reliant Energy and yet this power is distributed via Centerpoint Energy, which handles transmission within the city. In most of the parts of the state, this means customers have the choice to choose an electricity supplier who might or might not be the actual generator (i.e. a supplier could purchase power from a generator and resell to customers). Oftentimes, suppliers are a parent or child company of a given generator. The ultimate risk of new capacity falls on generators under this market structure. The distributor remains a regulated monopoly even in the deregulated market that exists in Texas (i.e. it would be inefficient to have more than one company building power lines through a city).
Note that the Texas market structure is not true across every part of the state. Cities like San Antonio (CPS Energy) have decided to remain vertically integrated, but these regulated monopolies remain subservient to ERCOT and will often tap the broader grid to meet demand shortfalls or meet power mix generation goals (i.e. more renewables or gas and less coal).
ERCOT, also known as the Electricity Reliability Council of Texas, is tasked with connecting the generation and distribution portions of the power market, insuring the reliability of the grid and forecasting forward demand. ERCOT is one of several RTOs (regional transmission organization) that exists within the United States and Canada. ERCOT also handles the day ahead and real time pricing auctions that generators sell into by conducting a bid-in system in which those with the lowest bids get first priority to provide power.
There are problems with deregulation
In theory, deregulation is a great idea. Shift the risk of investment to the firm and allow competition, whether than a central planner, to determine market prices. Most of the time, this is a correct assumption. Unfortunately, deregulation tends to lead to under-investment, which can cause problems when additional capacity is needed in times of extreme demand. The incentive for a power generator to risk building a new power plant inherently implies lower bid-in prices given the increase in supply. Furthermore, ERCOT limits how high prices can go ($9,000/mwh) in times of peak demand, thus limiting the gains of generators further.
In the drive to deregulate in the early-2000's, requirements were also done away with to maintain a capacity market. Under a capacity market, power generators bid into a secondary market that insures generators are ready and available to operate if needed, even if the likelihood of utilizing said capacity is low. In other words, generators receive payments as a reward for being ready and able to come online if needed.
Of course, one should not walk away in the belief that a regulated market is flawless. Remember that in such a system, the vertically integrated firm must petition the state to add generating capacity. If the state agrees, but the project ends up running over budget or is never completed, the cost is ultimately bore by the end-consumer. This is not the case in a deregulated market, in which the generator bears the risk of new investments. Under a regulated system, the state regulator might also incorrectly forecast forward demand when planning for the construction of new capacity or incorrectly give too high a percentage return to the regulated monopoly, both of which arbitrarily drive up prices.
Ultimately, deregulation has led to a multi-years underinvestment in the Texas power grid, especially across thermal sources (non-renewables). Generators have been unwilling to absorb the risk of significant new capacity investment given high costs and the lack of a guaranteed "fair" return. The lack of a capacity market is also a contributing factor. The winter weather event and subsequent failure across much of the Texas grid is the ultimate outcome of this under-investment.
Renewables present a challenge
Over the past half decade, ERCOT has come to rely heavily on wind as a vital source of power for the grid. In 2019, wind accounted for some 20% of total Texas power generation, doubling from levels in 2011. Much of this has come as a result of subsidization that has improved the economics of such projects that have a huge upfront cost, but are very cheap to operate. This has tended to shift investment away from traditional fossil fuel projects (especially natural gas) and towards wind power. It is very difficult for alternatives to compete with an energy source that has a subsidized startup cost and yet is relatively cheap to operate once up and running.
The problem is that renewables, such as wind, cannot be brought on- and offline as needed to meet demand (unlike a natural gas turbine). The wind will blow and the sun will shine as dictated by climate, seasonal and weather patterns, not consumer demand. While it is certainly true that the failure of wind turbines in West Texas were not the sole cause of power outages through the winter storm event, wind subsidization has certainly drawn dollars away from alternatives. Between 2006 and 2019, some $15.9 billion in subsidies was made available to help in the construction of wind energy. The benefits of renewables, which are indeed far reaching, will need to be weighed against the need to insure supply can meet demand at any point in time.
Other factors that played a role in outages
Problems began to surface on Sunday night, February 14th when Texas power usage pushed to near record-high levels only ever seen in the hottest of Texas summers. The spike in demand aligned with several factors:
The availability of natural gas feedstocks tightened considerably, limiting the ability of gas turbine capacity to come online and meet demand. There was quite literally no natural gas supply available in many areas of the midcontinent. Many pipeline operators and upstream producers also reported operational issues, limiting the flow of natural gas to demand centers.
The lack of capacity winterization caused renewables, coal, natural gas and nuclear plants to go offline (or they where already unavailable for use due to normal seasonal maintenance and/or the lack of a capacity market). Many generators originally decided not to undergo such winterization procedures as recommended by ERCOT (although not required), likely due to the cost of doing so. On Tuesday, of the 45,000 mw that were offline, 29,000 mw was attributable to thermal (non-renewable) and the rest due to installed wind. This is not a story of fossil fuels vs. renewables, everything failed.
ERCOT was unable to pull power from other parts of the United States. The RTO does not share interconnects with the Eastern connection (which links suppliers and customers east of the Rockies) or the Western connection (which links suppliers and customers west of the Rockies). ERCOT values it's regulatory independence from FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) but doing so clearly comes at a cost, as evidenced through the winter storm.
What about solutions? There are many possibilities. I'm not convinced that a fully regulated market is the answer. Nonetheless, the state of Texas will need to find ways to incentivize more investment in the grid. The creation of a capacity market would be a solid first step. Submitting to FERC authority in order to enjoy interconnections with the rest of the United States would also help to ease concerns of supply. Requiring winterization of equipment, including pipelines, would certainly go a long way too.
This topic is deep and wide ranging. The challenge is keeping this sort of writeup within the bounds of a general readership. I'd love to hear the thoughts/recommendations/solutions/critiques from others on this issue.
|
<urn:uuid:1dcc5d72-3ba4-42c6-84a2-acdf9ccfae8c>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-21
|
https://www.approachecon.com/post/what-happened-with-texas-power-markets-an-economics-explainer
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991772.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517115207-20210517145207-00076.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9582 | 2,109 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Fifty-one years ago this week, Project Mercury Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr. became the first American to orbit the Earth. Glenn’s spacecraft name and mission call sign was Friendship 7.
Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) lifted-off from Cape Canaveral’s Launch Complex 14 at 14:47:39 UTC on Tuesday, 20 February 1962. It was the first time that the Atlas LV-3B booster was used for a manned spaceflight.
Three-hundred and twenty seconds after lift-off, Friendship 7 achieved an elliptical orbit measuring 143 nm (apogee) by 86 nm (perigee). Orbital inclination and period were 32.5 degrees and 88.5 minutes, respectively.
The most compelling moments in the United States’ first manned orbital mission centered around a sensor indication that Glenn’s heat shield and landing bag had become loose at the beginning of his second orbit. If true, Glenn would be incinerated during entry.
Concern for Glenn’s welfare persisted for the remainder of the flight and a decision was made to retain his retro package following completion of the retro-fire sequence. It was hoped that the 3 straps holding the retro package would also hold the heat shield in place.
During Glenn’s return to the atmosphere, both the spent retro package and its restraining straps melted in the searing heat of re-entry. Glenn saw chunks of flaming debris passing by his spacecraft window. At one point he radioed, “That’s a real fireball outside”.
Happily, the spacecraft’s heat shield held during entry and the landing bag deployed nominally. There had never really been a problem. The sensor indication was found to be false.
Friendship 7 splashed-down in the Atlantic Ocean at a point 432 nm east of Cape Canaveral at 19:43:02 UTC. John Glenn had orbited the Earth three (3) times during a mission which lasted 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds. Within short order, spacecraft and astronaut were successfully recovered aboard the USS Noa.
John Glenn became a national hero in the aftermath of his 3-orbit mission aboard Friendship 7. It seemed that just about every newspaper page in the days following his flight carried some sort of story about his historic fete. Indeed, it is difficult for those not around back in 1962 to fully comprehend the immensity of Glenn’s flight in terms of what it meant to the United States and indeed the free world.
John Herschel Glenn, Jr. will turn 92 on 18 July 2013. His trusty steed, the Friendship 7 spacecraft, is currently on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.
|
<urn:uuid:a47c140f-e1a5-4d86-b1b0-831ebf3a91b2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blog.seattlepi.com/americanaerospace/2013/02/18/first-american-in-orbit/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963375 | 564 | 2.90625 | 3 |
1. What two reasons, one humorous and one serious, does the Cobbler give Flavius for closing his shop?
2. Why does Marullus call the mob “senseless things!”? (lines 35-55)
3. What does Flavius tell the commoners to do?
4. How do the common folk react to the tribunes’ words? (line 63-75)
5. What do Marullus and Flavius undertake to do? (lines 63-75)
6. What does the Soothsayer tell Caesar to beware of, and how does Caesar respond?
7. What does Brutus perceive as a difference in character between Antony and himself?
8. What does Brutus reply when Cassius accuses him of behaving in a cold, strange manner?
9. Find one sentence spoken by Cassius that claims he sees Brutus’ nobility better than Brutus himself can. (lines 66-78)
10. What types of weaknesses in Caesar does Cassius point out to Brutus in lines 100-131?
11. Do you think this weakness would hinder Caesar’s ability as Roman emperor? Why or why not?
12. In lines 162-175, how does Brutus react to Cassius’ arguments against Caesar?
13. As Caesar and his retinue approach, how do they appear to Brutus?
14. What type of man does Caesar tell Antony he wants around him? Why?
15. Why does Caesar believe Cassius will never be “at heart’s ease”? (lines208-210)
16. How does Casca react to Antony’s triple offer of kingship to Caesar? (lines 234-247)
17. What chronic illness does Caesar suffer?
18. What does Cassius plan to do to win Brutus’ cooperation?
19. List a few of the strange things Casca has seen this night (scene 3, lines 15-28)
and tell what he thinks they signify (lines 28-32).
20. To whom does Cassius compare this strange and fearful night?
21. What do the senators plan to do on the ides of March, according to Casca?
22. Who does Cassius blame for Caesar’s tyranny? (lines 103-115)
23. Who do Cassius and Casca hope to win over to their plan before morning?
24. Match the character with the adjective that best describes him.
_____ Caesar _____ Brutus a. angry c. arrogant
_____ Antony _____ Cassius b. cautious d. obedient
1. What is Brutus worried will happen if Caesar is crowned? (lines 10-34)
2. What promise does Brutus make to Rome?
3. To what does Brutus compare the mental anxiety he has been experiencing? (lines 60-69)
4. Indicate below two words Brutus uses to describe conspiracy. (lines 77085)
5. What reason does Brutuus give for not wanting to swear an oath to what they have resolved to do? (lines 114-119)
6. What reason does Metellus give for wanting to include Cicero in their conspiracy? (lines 144-149)
7. What reason does Brutus give for excluding Cicero? (lines 150-152)
8. What does Brutus suggest they do about Antony? Why? (lines 162-183)
9. Who among the men is not convinced by Brutus’ argument?
10. According to Decius, what is a sure-fire way to flatter Caesar?
11. Portia is unhappy about Brutus’ recent behavior (lines 237-256)
12. What does Brutus tell her? (lines 305-309)
13. Just as Portia was concerned about Brutus’ welfare, so too is Calpurnia concerned for Caesar. How does Calpurnia’s concern differ from Portia’s?
14. What does Caesar say that shows he views unrealistically his personal power in the face of danger? (lines 41-47)
15. What reason does Caesar tell Decius to convey to the Senate for his not coming? (lines 71-79)
16. Describe Calpurnia’s dream as revealed by Caesar.
17. How is the dream interpreted by Decius? (lines 83-90)
18. What does Artemidorus have for Caesar?
19. Portia, in a very agitated state, sends Lucius to the Capito to gather information. What does she want to know?
20. To a greater or lesser degree, each of the characters below has knowledge of the conspiracy to kill Caesar that is afoot.
Tell how each uses that knowledge in the play.
1. Is Artemidorus successful in presenting his document to Caesar?
2. What does Metellus ask of Caesar?
3. What does Caesar’s response to Metellus, Brutus, and the others tell you about his self-image? (lines 55-70)
4. Who is the first to stab Caesar? Who is the last?
5. Why do you think Caesar stops defending himself when he sees the dagger in Brutus’ hand?
6. What does Brutus feel every Roman has gained by the assassination? (lines 103-110)
7. Cassius feels that the assassination of Caesar will go down in history. How does he feel he and the other men will be remembered?
8. What is Antony’s attitude toward the conspirators? (lines 149-164)
9. Brutus attempts to explain their actions to Antony, offering brotherly love. What does Cassius offer Antony?
10. Antony’s second speech serves as a thinly veiled eulogy for Caesar. To what does Antony compare the conspirators in this speech? (lines 195-211)
11. What does Antony want to do with Caesar’s body?
12. How does Cassius react to this? What does Brutus resolve to do? (lines 233-243)
13. After the conspirators leave, Antony prophesies over Caesar’s body. Summarize that prophecy in your own words. (lines 255-276)
14. Note how Brutus builds his self-defense on two series of parallel statements. Fill in the conclusions to the second series.
There is tears for_______________________________________________ ___________
joy for __________________________________________________ _______________
honor for __________________________________________________ _____________
death for __________________________________________________ _____________
15. What does Brutus say he will do if the good of the country calls for it?
16. What does Antony mean when he says, “I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,/ But here I am to speak what I do know”? (lines 100-101)
17. How is the crowd responding to Antony’s speech?
18. In refusing to read Caesar’s will to the crowd, what frame of mind does Antony hope to transfer to them? (lines 127-136 and 140-145)
19. Which was “the most unkindest cut of all”?
20. How does Antony suggest that the death of Caeser is the death of each individual Roman?
21. In lines 207-225, Antony denies having the ability to “stir men’s blood.” Is this true?
22. What do the citizens go off to do? (lines 250-256)
23. Although there is some humor in the mistaken identity of Cinna here, this scene points up a serious development in Rome after the assassination. Antony had prophesied as much. What is this development?
24. Now that you have read Brutus’ and Antony’s speeches, who do you believe was in the right? Explain.
Please if you could help me and complete this worksheet. I really need this but I don't have time to do it cause of the following test comming up I need to study for geometry and science. PLEASE HELP.
|
<urn:uuid:6238826a-c19e-4002-868d-06080d7865a7>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-27
|
http://www.online-literature.com/forums/showthread.php?43556-Need-some-help-please-with-Julius-Caesar-full-review-I-got-no-time-to-do-cause-math
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435376073161.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627033433-00081-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920614 | 1,742 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Click on the Links below to get a full description of each dental FAQ.
Professional dental cleanings (dental prophylaxis) are usually performed by Registered Dental Hygienists. Your cleaning appointment will include a dental exam and the following:
Dental radiographs (x-rays) are essential, preventative, diagnostic tools that provide valuable information not visible during a regular dental exam. Dentists and dental hygienists use this information to safely and accurately detect hidden dental abnormalities and complete an accurate treatment plan. Without x-rays, problem areas may go undetected.
We are all exposed to natural radiation in our environment. The amount of radiation exposure from a full mouth series of x-rays is equal to the amount a person receives in a single day from natural sources. Dental x-rays produce a low level of radiation and are considered safe. Dentists take necessary precautions to limit the patient's exposure to radiation when taking dental x-rays. These precautions include using lead apron shields to protect the body and using modern, fast film that cuts down the exposure time of each x-ray.
The need for dental x-rays depends on each patient's individual dental health needs. Your dentist and dental hygienist will recommend necessary x-rays based on the review of your medical and dental history, dental exam, signs and symptoms, age consideration, and risk for disease.
A full mouth series of dental x-rays is recommended for new patients. A full series is usually good for three to five years. Bite-wing x-rays (x-rays of top and bottom teeth biting together) are taken at recall (check-up) visits and are recommended once or twice a year to detect new dental problems.
A beautiful, healthy smile that lasts a lifetime is our ultimate goal when treating patients. Your personal home care plays an important role in achieving that goal. Your personal home care starts by eating balanced meals, reducing the number of snacks you eat, and correctly using the various dental aids that help control the plaque and bacteria that cause dental disease.
The process of getting implants requires a number of visits over several months. X-rays and impressions (molds) and sometimes Cat Scans are taken of the jaw and teeth to determine bone, gum tissue, and spacing available for an implant. While the area is numb, the implant will be surgically placed into the bone and allowed to heal and integrate itself onto the bone for up to six months.
Depending on the type of implant, a second surgery may be required in order to place the "post" that will hold the artificial tooth (crown) in place. After healing and implant bone integration, crowns are made and fitted in order to provide function and estethics. They will provid long term stability and comfort. You will receive care instructions when your treatment is completed. Good oral hygiene, eating habits, and regular dental visits will aid in the life of your new implant.
Getting veneers usually requires two visits to complete the process. The teeth are prepared by lightly buffing and shaping the surface to allow for the thickness of the veneer. A mold or impression of the teeth is taken and a shade (color) will then be chosen by you and the dentist.
On the second visit the bonding cement is placed between the tooth and veneer and a special light beam is used to harden and set the bond. You will receive care instructions for veneers. Proper brushing, flossing and regular dental visits will aid in the life of your new veneers.
Composite fillings are usually placed in one appointment. While the tooth is numb, your dentist will remove decay as necessary. The space will then be thoroughly cleaned and carefully prepared before the new filling is placed. If the decay was near the nerve of the tooth, a special medication will be applied for added protection. It is normal to experience sensitivity to hot and cold when composite fillings are first placed, however this will subside shortly after your tooth acclimates to the new filling.
A root canal procedure requires one or more appointments and can be performed by a dentist or endodontist (a root canal specialist). While the tooth is numb, a rubber dam (a sheet of rubber) will be placed around the tooth to keep it dry and free of saliva. An access opening is made on top of the tooth and a series of root canal files are placed into the opening, one at a time, removing the pulp, nerve tissue, and bacteria. If tooth decay is present, it will also be removed with special dental instruments.
Once the tooth is thoroughly cleaned, it will be sealed with either a permanent filling or, if additional appointments are needed, a temporary filling will be placed. At the next appointment, usually a week later, the roots and the inside cavity of the tooth will be filled and sealed with special dental materials. A filling will be placed to cover the opening on top of the tooth. In addition, all teeth that have root canal treatment should have a crown (cap) placed. This will protect the tooth and prevent it from breaking, and restore it to its full function.
After treatment, your tooth may still be sensitive, but this will subside as the inflammation diminishes and the tooth has healed. You will be given care instructions after each appointment. Good oral hygiene practices and regular dental visits will aid in the life of your root canal treatment.
|
<urn:uuid:93de39ad-2e79-4979-a0c9-5cc6319f25ab>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://smileagain.com/faq.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120349.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00191-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938887 | 1,114 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Yoga Sutras describe Raja Yoga–a mind-focussed yoga practice from around the year 200 CE.
It was consistent with the Buddhist methods of the time. It granted profound states of concentration won through consistent practice.
In these states, the true nature of Reality (vidya) was evident.
Later, around 1300 CE, Hatha Yoga was developed in India. It sought the same state, but took advantage of a biological potentiality in the energy body called Kundalini Awakening.
The writer Stuart Sovatsky has called this awakening a “second puberty” that is the birthright of all humans.
In Kundalini awakening, the energy body is re-patterned through a dramatic upswell (and downswell) of life-energy that moves through the system.
When that process is complete, the bodymind has been transformed, and advanced or more limited states of vidya are readily available. This state is the same as that achieved through meditative sweat-equity in the Yoga Sutras‘ system.
As the Hatha Yoga Pradipika (c. 1500 CE) puts it, “All the processes of Hatha Yoga are but the means to attain Raja Yoga.” (HYP: 4:103)
|
<urn:uuid:28224dbb-edd4-47a1-8beb-dda39c04a801>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://prasanayoga.com/the-difference-between-hatha-yoga-physical-yoga-and-the-yoga-of-the-yoga-sutras/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371606067.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405150416-20200405180916-00165.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957055 | 267 | 2.921875 | 3 |
By 2019, many industries have embraced the time and cost saving benefits of automation and robotics, but the unique spatial challenges and adaptive nature of the construction industry means that it has not yet caught up to the robot workplace revolution. This may soon change though as industry experts say that the construction field is poised for a robotic takeover.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics, almost 200, 000 construction jobs were left unfulfilled and the McKinsey report estimated that on average 98 percent of construction projects go over time and over budget. These labour and efficiency issues mean that year over year productivity growth for the construction industry has stalled significantly. In fact, the ten year analysis of the industry growth from 2005-2015 shows a 1.5% decrease in productivity for the construction industry. As a result, any added efficiency that can save time and labour costs on construction sites may potentially save hundreds of millions of dollars. Below is a list of some of the exciting new ways that robotics are changing the construction industry from beginning to end:
1. Scouting with drones
While drones have been making an impact commercially in leisure activities, their benefits as an industrial tool are only just being discovered. Scouting construction sites that span large areas, tall buildings, or deep quarries used to take days of strenuous GPS work, but this can now be done in a matter of hours by a single pilot.
On site 3D printing robots can provide quick, on-demand, and adaptable prefabricated parts that will reduce or even eliminate the need for transporting various building materials. Should there be an issue with the size or shape of a component, a 3D printing robot could be tweaked to immediately print a new part instead of stalling the entire operation to order to correct fit.
Companies like Ekso Bionics are working to augment human abilities via robotics with exoskeletons that increase worker mobility and strength. Moreover, this may drastically reduce the potential for work-related injuries on both a short term and long term chronic scale. For example, the EksoVest fits on a worker’s upper body to support the arms in an elevated position when accomplishing overhead projects. Not only does this reduce the potential for injury and chronic pain, it also allows the worker to more effectively focus on their craftsmanship.
4. Repetitive work
While construction sites require creative problem solving and adaptability, there is still a significant amount of repetitive, time consuming labour, such as with brick laying. Companies like New York based Construction Robotics are tackling these kinds of common repetitive tasks with robots like SAM100, which can lay 2, 000 bricks per day in comparison to the average of 400 bricks per day per skilled mason.
Most demolition robots are currently slower than human demolition crews, but they have the benefit of cheaper cost and vastly reducing safety concerns. Considering the rate of injuries within the construction industry, this is an added layer of security for both companies and workers.
Construction sites can never fully be automated by robots, as the industry will always be reliant on humans to make quick judgements, adapt to environmental changes, and inject creativity and artistry into the works that they build. However, humans working alongside robots will drastically reduce time, costs, and risk of injuries in almost every part of the construction lifecycle. The construction industry is primed in the next few decades to begin building better, faster, and smarter with robotics.
|
<urn:uuid:3300f017-0b4d-4581-84a6-bb20bdd0a801>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://avestia.com/the-robotic-future-of-the-construction-industry/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573988.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920092800-20190920114800-00389.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942316 | 691 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Post-tsunami Japan sticking with nuclear power
Takashi Yamada would prefer life without the nearby nuclear power plant. But the 66-year-old retired electronics retailer says, “It is also true we all need it.”
Host communities such as this seaside city on the island of Shikoku need the jobs and financial subsidies the plants provide. And Japan’s $5.5 trillion economy needs the energy.
Many Japanese have grown uneasy with nuclear power since the March 11 tsunami, which left more than 20,000 dead or missing and sent a plant in Fukushima into meltdown. Anti-nuke protesters took to the streets, and a heated debate ensued over the future of atomic energy. A recent Associated Press-GfK poll found that 55 percent of Japanese want to reduce the number of reactors in the country.
Six months later, though, the nation seems to be sticking with nuclear power, at least for now. Unlike Germany, which accelerated plans to phase out atomic energy after Fukushima, Japan shows no signs of doing so. In recent days, utilities began newly mandated earthquake and tsunami stress tests, a first step toward restarting reactors idled for maintenance.
“What is the alternative?” asks Fumiko Nakamura, a flower arrangement teacher in Tokyo. She worries about nuclear safety in earthquake-prone Japan but says it will take time to develop other types of energy. “Japan is a resource-poor nation, and we need electricity.”
The world’s third-largest economy lacks other sources such as coal. An island nation, it can’t easily buy electricity from neighbors, as Germany can from France. Alternative energy is expensive. And nuclear technology is the nation’s pride, even a lucrative export.
Moreover, consensus-oriented Japan doesn’t have an outspoken public saying “No” to nuclear power. In a society that frowns upon defiance of the government, many Japanese are reluctant to join a movement that is often discredited as eccentric, even after Fukushima. That means Japan’s leaders have no real need to reject an industry that has helped fuel the country’s prosperity for decades.
“The everyday hasn’t changed,” said Haruki Tange, a professor of policymaking at Ehime University in Matsuyama. “There is this prevailing mood that makes it really difficult to voice any opposition to nuclear power.”
March 11 may yet prove to be Japan’s Three Mile Island moment. No new plants have been approved in the U.S. since the 1979 disaster, and Japan has canceled two new ones already and shelved plans to increase its reliance on nuclear power from 30 to 50 percent.
But Tange’s resignation underscores a widespread acceptance of the status quo in Japan, home to 54 reactors speckling the coast.
Matsuyama, a city of 500,000, sits 30 miles (50 kilometers) from Ikata, one of the world’s most seismologically risky plants. The government says there is a 70 percent probability of a major quake here in the next 30 years.
In an unprecedented protest, about 100 people took to the streets in July to demand Ikata be shut down. “I always thought protests were scary,” said one marcher, 22-year-old university student Miwa Ozue. “But now, I want the world to know.”
Most onlookers ignored the largely jovial crowd that banged on drums and chanted slogans. Two months later, Shikoku Electric Power Co. is moving forward with stress tests on one of Ikata’s three reactors, which was stopped in April for routine inspections.
Fukushima has influenced the public’s thinking. Six out of 10 respondents to the AP-GfK poll said they had little or no confidence in the safety of Japan’s nuclear plants. Only 5 percent were very confident.
The telephone poll by GfK Roper Public Affairs and Corporate Communications surveyed 1,000 adults across Japan between July 29 and Aug. 10. The poll has a margin of error of plus or minus 3.8 percentage points.
Roughly a third said they want to keep the number of nuclear plants about the same, while 3 percent want to eliminate them completely.
Such thinking, though, has not been translated into action.
Power shortages since the tsunami, coupled with an unusually sweltering summer, have helped business and its backers in government win the argument that Japan can’t afford to shut down its reactors.
The nuclear industry also benefits from close government ties. Bureaucratic ranks are packed with former utility executives. The same ministry both promotes and regulates nuclear power. Such relationships have endured, despite revelations of past cover-ups of radiation leaks and safety violations.
In the half year since the tsunami, commuter trains have often been dark inside, dizzyingly hot and more packed than usual because of reduced schedules. Neon lights disappeared from once-glitzy urban landscapes. Messages flashed on the Internet and electronic billboards, ominously warning about electricity use versus supply.
Manufacturers scrambled to cope. For automakers, the juggling included running assembly plants over the weekend and closing Thursday and Friday to reduce peak demand. “It has been totally exhausting,” said Toshiyuki Shiga, chief operating officer of Nissan Motor Co.
Like many, Yoko Fujimura heeded government calls to conserve by going without air conditioning at her Yokohama home, despite outdoor temperatures that reached 100 degrees (38 degrees Celsius).
Clearly worried about shortages, the 32-year-old waitress thinks any move away from nuclear power could take decades. “I wonder what would happen if we didn’t have electricity,” she said. “Our entire lifestyles would change.”
Before he resigned last month, Prime Minister Naoto Kan pledged to reduce Japan’s reliance on nuclear power and develop solar, wind and other sources. But he later played that down as his personal view and has since been replaced by Yoshihiko Noda, who is expected to be more willing to go along with industry-friendly bureaucrats.
“The panic is starting to calm down,” says Yoshito Hori, chief executive of management training company Globis Corp., who has been highly vocal about Japan’s need for nuclear power.
He predicts all of Japan’s reactors will eventually return to service, with the exception of Fukushima and possibly Hamaoka, a plant in central Japan that was shut down after the Fukushima crisis because of a 90 percent probability of a major quake in the area in the next 30 years.
“We want to restart them,” Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Yoshio Hachiro said recently.
Host communities feel they have little choice. Relatively poor, they have come to embrace their nuclear plants, as initial doubts give way to gradual acceptance and financial dependence. Opposition becomes taboo.
Hiroshi Kainuma, a sociologist who has researched Fukushima, said residents of what he calls “nuclear villages” fear life without a plant. “Almost subconsciously, in their everyday, they have grown to support nuclear power,” he said.
The persistence of such thinking worries Masakazu Tarumi, a Buddhist priest who has fought the Ikata plant for more than 20 years. He hopes foreign media coverage might help sway opinion.
“If this can’t bring change, nothing will,” he said of the Fukushima crisis, fingering a frayed pack of his newsletters warning of Ikata’s dangers. “What has happened was worse than our worst fears.”
Tange, the Ehime University professor, remains pessimistic. “We are responsible for having created this kind of society,” he said with a sarcastic laugh, “a society that doesn’t tolerate opposition.”
Follow Yuri Kageyama on Twitter at https://twitter.com/yurikageyama
|
<urn:uuid:31f9e6fa-345e-4c07-a712-c24cbc43bfb7>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-post-tsunami-japan-sticking-with-nuclear-power-2011sep09-story.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141685797.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201231155-20201202021155-00553.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958788 | 1,672 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Mathematics A-Level at Clevedon School
“If I were again beginning my studies, I would follow the advice of Plato and start with mathematics.”
At A level there are three areas of study:
Pure Mathematics – through working out puzzles, problems, drawings or facts students address new ways of working things out, and tackle questions such as; How do you work out the gradient of a curve or square root negative numbers?
Mechanics – through finding mathematical models of the real world students answer questions like; why must you lean inward when you cycle around a corner and what is the best way to throw a javelin?
Statistics – trying to find, and justify, answers to questions such as can you tell Pepsi from Coke? Students analyse data in order to decide whether results are significant or not.
This course consists of 6 modules. Four Core Mathematics (Pure Mathematics), one Mechanics and one Statistics.
The following topics will be covered in both AS and the A Level course.
- Core Mathematics – Algebra and Functions; Coordinate Geometry; Sequences; Differentiation; Integration; Trigonometry.
- Mechanics – Vectors; Kinematics, Dynamics and Statics of a particle; Moments.
- Statistics – Probability; Representation of Data; Correlation and Regression; Discrete Random Variables; Discrete Distributions; Normal Distribution.
ADMISSION ONTO LEVEL 3 COURSES
In order to be admitted onto Level 3 courses, students should satisfy all the following requirements:
- At the end of Year 11 secure a minimum of 5 GCSE passes at grades A* to C at GCSE.
- Secured at least a grade B at GCSE in the subject that the student wishes to study at Post 16, or the same grade in a related subject where it has not been previously studied GCSE.
- Have demonstrated, through their previous education career, the level of self-motivation and commitment required for Post 16 study.
NB. In exceptional cases one or more of the above requirements may be waived at the discretion of the Headteacher or his designated member of staff. The school reserves the right not to admit onto the requested course, despite meeting the above requirements, if on educational grounds it is not considered to be appropriate to the needs and ability of the student concerned.
There are 6, equally weighted, written papers. Each paper is 1.5 hours.
Core Mathematics papers 1 to 4 (Core Mathematics 1 is a non-calculator paper). Mechanics 1 and Statistics 1.
A Level Mathematics supports the progression into further education, training or employment in a variety of disciplines. Examples of careers which are supported by A Level Mathematics include Finance, Computing, Engineering, Statistics and Research.
How to apply
If you want to apply for this course, you will need to contact Clevedon School directly.
|
<urn:uuid:eae8ed0a-8435-4dc1-acbf-57e1bf673112>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://www.ucasprogress.com/course/2540423/mathematics-a-level
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920134548-20190920160548-00428.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917692 | 596 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Summer Programs That Keep Your Child’s Brain, and Body, Active
Keep knowledge fresh and brains sharp with these summer learning camps for children with ADHD.
I sometimes long for the school year to be over. As a parent of children with ADHD and learning disabilities, I get tired of the endless homework, tutoring and therapy sessions, IEP and 504 meetings that seem like wartime negotiations, and blood pressure spikes when the school’s number pops up on my cell phone. The end of the school year is a relief for a weary parent who has fought her way through to summer break.
But summer can be dangerous for those who struggle to learn during the school year. The potential loss of hard-earned progress sends parents searching for alternatives to help their kids hold on to what they’ve learned.
The ground lost during each summer break accumulates, and the student falls farther behind as each year passes. Matthew Fisher, director of the summer program at The Gow School, in Buffalo, New York, compares summer programs that keep kids learning to an educational preemptive strike. “Let’s say you’re in the middle of a blizzard,” says Fisher. “You can sit inside and wait until it stops snowing to start shoveling, or you can go out every hour and shovel six or seven inches and stay on top of it. The sooner you get on top if it, the less you fall behind.” Summer camps that help children retain what they’ve learned shovel the snow before it’s too deep to dig out.
Summer programs designed for children with ADHD and language-based learning difficulties teach to kids’ strengths. The Gow School’s summer program admits kids as young as eight to their five-week program. Parents and children select classes in core subjects like reading, writing, and math, and choose from many electives. All students take a placement test, a snapshot of their academic strengths and weaknesses.
Summer learning camps pick up where a student left off at the end of the school year, making sure that there are no gaps. The curriculum is balanced-between core subjects and electives in everything from art and theater to robotics. Electives allow students to explore their creative side while taking a break from core subjects. Electives also expose them to experiences that they may have missed out on during the school year due to being out of class to get special-ed services.
During the school year, ADHD students are often forced to adapt to traditional teaching styles and classrooms. Summer camps offer features that aren’t found in most school settings: low teacher-to-student ratios, specially trained staff, a curriculum taught using a multi-sensory, hands-on approach. The flexibility to move and teach with the energy of the class allows young campers to be taught the way they learn best. Who wouldn’t want to make pancakes to learn about verb tense, or to use sidewalk chalk to make an accurately scaled model of the solar system?
While summer programs help a child retain what she learned, many students walk away from them with more than knowledge. “One of the biggest benefits of summer programs is to turn students into confident learners,” says Fisher. “They see that they can be successful and they think, ‘I can learn all this; I just learn differently.'”
Middle School and High School
As children make the transition to middle and high school, their educational needs change. General reading and writing skills aren’t enough to meet more complex demands. Programs catering to sixth- through twelfth-graders are different from those centered on younger children. While core subjects are still important-and learning camps offer electives and field trips-the curriculum becomes more dense. Summer programs teach reading for learning and introduce advanced writing skills. Advanced math skills are also a priority. Camps use core and elective classes to teach note-taking, studying for tests, staying organized, and communicating with teachers.
Dana Harbert, director of admissions for Eagle Hill’s Summer Session, in Hardwick, Massachusetts, explains the goals for this age group. “The mission is to provide academic enrichment and skill development for students interested in addressing specific academic needs and maintaining progress achieved over the preceding academic year.” Eagle Hill does that with a core curriculum that covers four academic classes and four electives, ranging from the creative to sports. Clubs and activities-swimming, woodworking, performing arts, and fishing-fill out the day, and give students the opportunity to use the skills they learn.
Class sizes are small, allowing counselors to address the needs of each student. The curriculum is hands-on and designed to teach in the way these students learn. Harbert talks about the feedback he receives. “Parents often say that their children hit the ground running in September.”
High School to the Great Beyond
There are also programs designed for juniors and seniors in high school who are planning to attend college. Landmark College offers a three-week program that focuses on further academic success. It balances core and elective classes to build on current educational standing while teaching skills needed to finish high school and make the transition to college. For example, their writing courses are offered in three different levels, from “Building Confidence as Writers” to “Research and Writing,” designed to challenge students a bit and prepare them to write term papers.
Landmark’s program addresses learning and attention issues head-on. Students take a course to learn how their brain works, understand the terminology of learning disabilities and ADHD, and how to talk about ADHD with their teachers, advisors, and parents. As Susan Grabowski, with the Landmark Summer Program, points out, “If they can better articulate their needs and challenges to teachers and others with whom they work, they can get the help they need to be successful.”
At Landmark, students retain and build on what they’ve learned over the school year, to become more confident in their abilities. They learn to take the torch from their parents to become their own advocate.
While worries about behavior, social skills, and separation make it hard for parents of special-needs children to let go, summer learning camps offer a positive experience and the opportunity to avoid the academic backsliding that happens during a long summer break.
Updated on February 20, 2020
|
<urn:uuid:770c02bd-b06e-46da-9cfb-8a071cdfbc6c>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://www.additudemag.com/learning-happens-here/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154486.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803222541-20210804012541-00398.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966054 | 1,321 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Come and read all about Year 4
Information for parents and carers from Miss Jones and Miss Scandone
Our Year 4 teachers are Miss Scandone and Miss Jones. Mrs Grimsley and Miss Whalley are our fantastic teaching assistants that help us with our work everyday.
- Reading– children are expected to try and read with an adult at least 3 times a week. Please ensure that you sign your child’s diary regularly to let us know your child has read. This will also go towards them achieving a reading stamp! Please ask the children about our reading at home initiative.
- Reading Eggs, My Maths and Hwb- Children all have passwords for these websites and apps. Please do encourage your children to use these digital platforms to support them with their learning.
- P.E – Both classes have P.E on Thursday.
- Uniform- Please check the uniform policy on the website to ensure the correct uniform is being worn. Can all uniform be clearly labelled with your child’s name and class.
- Home School Diary- It is important that the children bring in their diary daily. We use them consistently during the day. Please do use the diary to communicate any information you need to share with us.
Cymraeg in Blwyddyn 4
We encourage our children to try and use as much welsh as we can in our classrooms. We have a Helpwr Y Dydd who ensures our welsh date is correct, the weather in welsh is displayed and children are quizzed daily on the year 4 Welsh Patterns.
Dewi and Dafydd are our Welsh dragon friends who go home with the children on a Friday, spend time with them and their families and they come back Mondays where the children share their weekend news in Welsh with the rest of the class. Bendigedig.
Useful Websites for Learning at Home
|
<urn:uuid:d9c04615-5ac7-4d8a-8b93-73302e12f7f5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://www.stjosephscathedralprimary.swansea.sch.uk/welcome-to-year-4/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129144110-20230129174110-00587.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956255 | 392 | 2.875 | 3 |
KentuckyFC writes "The 13th century thinker Robert Grosseteste is sometimes credited with predicting the Big Bang theory of cosmological expansion some eight centuries ahead of modern cosmologists. His theory, written in about 1225, is that the Universe began with a Big Bang-like explosion in which light expands in all directions giving matter its three-dimensional form. The expansion eventually stops when matter reaches a minimum density and this sets the boundary of the Universe. The boundary itself emits light towards the center of the universe and this interacts with matter, causing other nested spheres to form, corresponding to the fixed stars, the elements of earth, fire, water and so on. Now a team of physicists and experts on medieval philosophy have translated Grosseteste's theory into the modern language of mathematics and simulated it on computer. They say Grosseteste's theory produces universes of remarkable complexity but that only a tiny fraction of the parameter space corresponds to a universe of nested spheres like the one he predicted. What's interesting is that modern cosmologists face exactly the same problem. Their models predict many different kinds of universes and have to be fine-tuned to fit the universe we actually live in. 'The sensitivity to initial conditions resonates with contemporary cosmological discussion and reveals a subtlety of the medieval model which historians of science could never have deduced from the text alone,' conclude the team."
|
<urn:uuid:bc259afd-e894-4496-84a3-115f33b7169d>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-52
|
http://beta.slashdot.org/story/199307
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768441.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00099-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92301 | 280 | 3.375 | 3 |
Hickman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,902, making it the third-least populous county in Kentucky. Its county seat is Clinton. The county was formed in 1821. It is the least densely populated county in the state and is a prohibition or dry county.
Founded in 1821, Hickman County was the seventy-first in order of formation. It was named for Captain Paschal Hickman of the 1st Rifle Regiment, Kentucky Militia. A resident of Franklin County, Kentucky, Hickman was wounded and captured at the Battle of Frenchtown in January 1813 and was killed by Indians in the Massacre of the River Raisin.
Columbus, in the northwest of the county on the Mississippi River, was the original county seat. A log structure built in 1823 served as the courthouse. In 1830, the county seat was moved to the more centrally located Clinton. Early in the American Civil War, the Confederate Army established Fort de Russey on the strategically located bluffs across the river from Belmont, Missouri. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant attacked Belmont in November 1861 his first battle of the war, but was defeated by Confederate troops from Columbus. The site of the Battle of Belmont is now a state park.
|
<urn:uuid:1e7cf97e-5690-4505-b2ff-fd583cc2102c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Place:Hickman%2C_Kentucky%2C_United_States
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542938.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00103-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980118 | 275 | 3.375 | 3 |
Americans produce 25 percent more household waste during the holiday season—that's an extra 1.2 million tons of trash per week from Thanksgiving to New Year's Day. Plastics Make it Possible offers some simple tips on how plastics and recycled plastics can help reduce waste by allowing consumers to do more with less-during the holidays and in the new year.
"The holidays often involve traditions that live on for generations, so why not make it a tradition to seek ways to create less waste?" says Steve Russell, vp of plastics for the American Chemistry Council, which sponsors the Plastics Make it Possible initiative. "That's a tradition that can be carried on throughout the year. For example, waste-saving plastic packaging and reusable containers can result in less food and packaging waste from meals and entertaining, during the holidays and year round."
Here are some examples of how consumers can do more with less this holiday season and beyond:
• Recycle More Plastics: Plastics recycling is growing rapidly, so make certain everyone in your household and your guests know what plastics are recycled-both at curbside and at in-store collection bins. Nearly all Americans today have access to plastic bottle recycling, and many communities also collect other plastic containers and even bottle caps and lids. Separately, flexible plastics, such as bags and product wraps, can be returned to many grocery and retail stores for recycling. Check with your municipality or type in your zip code at Earth911.com to find out what's collected and where in your community.
Recycling results in less plastic in the garbage bin—and these plastics can live a new life as holiday gifts, clothing, cooking tools, garden planters, building products, packaging or even carpeting for your home. Click here for tips and info on recycling more plastics.
• Look for Recycled Plastic Kitchen Tools: Recycled plastics from beverage bottles, yogurt containers, and milk jugs are used to make a variety of handy kitchen tools, such as cutting boards, mixing bowls, cooking utensils and storage containers. Seeking out products made with recycled plastics helps create another use for plastic packaging and keeps valuable materials out of landfills.
• Reduce Food Waste: Choosing the right packaging is really an investment in protecting our food-up to 10 times more resources are used to make and distribute food than to make the packaging that protects it. Reusable, airtight and shatter-resistant plastic containers help keep holiday leftovers fresh in the refrigerator after those big meals, which helps reduce food waste. And freezing leftovers in various sized plastic containers lets you enjoy your favorite holiday dishes throughout the winter in pre-portioned servings. Plastic containers labeled for use in both the freezer and microwave means you can freeze, heat and even serve food from the same container, which saves time and energy. And if you end up with more food than you need after your holiday meals, lightweight plastic zipper bags are great for sending leftovers home with guests so food doesn't go to waste. These bags can be washed and reused and eventually recycled (if clean and dry) with plastic bags and wraps at participating stores.
• Look for Innovative Packaging: Seek out meals, entrees, side dishes, snacks and ingredients packaged in lightweight, re-sealable plastic pouches that allow you to use only the amount you need and then store the rest for later, which leads to less food waste. And that lightweight plastic packaging also saves on fuel needed to transport food and drinks to grocery stores, which results in less energy use and fewer truck engine emissions. A recent study found that using alternatives to six widely used types of plastic packaging would require 80 percent more energy demand-on an annual basis, that's equivalent to the energy from more than 3,800 oil supertankers.
Source: Plastics Make it Possible
|
<urn:uuid:daa03016-caae-47a4-bb8a-735a0ce23e15>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-18
|
http://www.packagingdigest.com/sustainable-packaging/plastic-helps-americans-do-more-less-during-holidays
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121423.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00030-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944866 | 781 | 3.1875 | 3 |
A lot of modern cars come with advanced driver assistance systems,
things like adaptive cruise control that keeps a safe distance from the car in front
or automated emergency braking to avoid collisions
or lane assist, to...
keep you in lane.
Which is great, as long as the driver knows the system's limits.
The worst modern car I've ever driven came with
adaptive cruise control that turned itself off
if you went under 20mph.
So if the car in front slowed down for a traffic jam, so would you,
until you went under 20,
at which point the car just handed control off to you
with a very quiet beep.
And if you weren't expecting that...
This is the Global Vehicle Target
and, as of this year, it is part of the EuroNCAP standard
on how to test the safety of automated driving systems.
But it isn't just a static foam model.
This base here is a robot platform that goes up to 50mph,
which means you can test safely with both vehicles going at highway speed.
Right, my turn in the passenger seat.
I mean, of the real car, not this.
This doesn't have a passenger seat.
- Thatcham Research is a not-for-profit insurance-funded research centre.
In about 2014, it became clear that the next generation of technologies
weren't just going to look for the rear end of the car,
they were going to look at the side of the car
and even the front of the car.
We've got to have a target that actually looks like a three-dimensional car.
The impactable bit, the visual pieces of the car,
are actually foam target blocks which are assembled to look like a car
and covered with a radar material.
Generally, you can put the target, from start,
back together in about 15 to 20 minutes.
And what we've done is we've used test equipment
that actually measures the radar reflectivity of a real vehicle.
So you get radar reflectivity of a wheel.
And even the glass, the back of the vehicle, has a certain radar signature.
So it's about putting radar reflectors
and also radar-absorbent material in the right place.
So the brand-new tests that we're going to introduce in 2020
are what we call turn-across-path,
where your vehicle is moving in front of another vehicle
and we want your vehicle to brake.
We're also developing junction tests
where a vehicle moves across your path laterally
and therefore we need to see the side of the vehicle.
And we're confident that if a vehicle brakes for our target,
it'll brake for a real vehicle in the real world.
- This should stop in time?
- Yes, yeah. - OK.
All right, let's do it.
[braking system rumbling] - Whoa!
First of all, that works.
That's good. - Yep, we have stopped.
- Oh, that made me feel so nervous.
- It's deliberately late and harsh.
- Radars are very good at understanding if something is moving.
They can identify what it is.
However, if you just come across an object and it's stationary,
it's much harder for the radar to identify that that's a vehicle.
What's the difficulty is understanding: has the driver seen it?
And what are the driver intentions?
So if you've got a vehicle that's parked in front of you,
it doesn't want to warn you too early,
because that's gonna annoy the driver and we don't want that,
because if your driver is annoyed,
he'll turn the system off.
One of the problems vehicle manufacturers have is
there are not only differences in the road infrastructure,
but there's actually national characteristics.
People in Germany tend to drive slightly more aggressively.
And, therefore, the issue of false positives,
it's much more of an issue.
Whereas the Swedes will tell that they're much more benign
and, therefore, a vehicle that's just stationary,
warning the driver won't really annoy him too much.
- OK, so what happens if we go slightly faster?
- Well, we'll try it, and it should be, you know...
We'll do 40mph rather than 35.
- All right.
(Oh, I don't like this.)
I really don't like this.
[braking system rumbling] - Ohhh!
Does it slightly brake to warn you?
- You hope, with that little brake, it's enough for the driver to go,
oh, this is... something strange is happening,
- Yeah, yeah. - and do it themselves.
- OK, yeah, that works.
So does the target!
- Yep, yeah.
- Thank you very much to all the team at Thatcham Research.
Pull down the description for more about them and their work.
There is one tyre upright, just there.
|
<urn:uuid:2d9f2d72-5f6b-49d3-b92b-05d725f91c9a>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://subscanner.com/cECsj2Bznig
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369420.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304143817-20210304173817-00524.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960705 | 1,074 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Here we explain more about why services are changing, the work the Healthwatch network is doing to ensure people's views are sought and listened to, and how the public can get involved.
We face big health and care challenges
Our society faces big challenges when it comes to people’s health and the services that support them.
More people are living longer with health conditions, such as dementia, which means they need ongoing care. Lifestyle factors, like a poor diet, are contributing to growing problems such as obesity.
The growing demand for support from services comes at a time when the cost of care is increasing.
However, factors like advances in technology and the way services work also mean there are opportunities for services to better meet public expectations and for individuals to take greater control of their health, care and wellbeing.
A changing world
- 1,000,000 people are projected to have dementia in the UK by 2021. People are living longer, which means more individuals with long-term conditions need support.
- We are 20% less active than in 1961. Lifestyle factors, such as smoking and a lack of exercise, have a negative impact on our health.
- NHS faces a £30 billion funding gap by 2020. The rising demand for help, technological innovation that needs investment and other factors are increasing the cost of care.
- 73% of adults access the internet every day in the UK. The public are increasingly using technology to manage their own care and interact with health services.
- 11,000 people now have hearing devices implanted under their skin. Medical innovations and technological breakthroughs have the potential to improve treatment outcomes.
Response from Government
In 2014, the NHS published the Five Year Forward View which aims to make health and social care services more efficient, effective and centred on the needs of individuals.
The strategy set out plans to break down the barriers between family doctors and hospitals, between physical and mental health support, and between NHS and social care systems. As well as reforming services so they work together to support all the health conditions we face, the Five Year Forward View also aims to give people more control of their own care.
The Five Year Forward View is now being delivered through a range of initiatives involving the NHS and local Government. We want to make sure that people's views across the country are taken into consideration by these initiatives.
Putting people at the heart of service change
In November 2016, and March 2017, we brought together local Healthwatch and NHS leaders at two conferences to review the extent to which local communities have been involved in shaping STPs to date and the opportunities that exist for making sure this happens in the future.
What needs to happen next?
Several clear themes emerged from debate and discussion at the conferences on what should happen next. These included:
- The need for the NHS to clearly explain STP proposals to their communities in clear, accessible language.
- STP proposals taking into account the needs of, and ensure equality of access for, disadvantaged groups. Local Healthwatch can play a specific role in helping the NHS talk to seldom heard communities.
- The importance of involving the wider voluntary, charitable and social enterprise sectors in local conversations about STPs.
- The need for NHS England and Healthwatch England to promote good practice and successful examples of when the public have been involved in health reforms.
- The need for both the NHS and local Healthwatch to make clear to people how their views have been used.
|
<urn:uuid:ec5ff979-0bcf-4428-9c0c-c4e404673091>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
|
https://www.healthwatch.co.uk/news/2017-03-17/why-are-services-changing
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998376.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617043021-20190617065021-00521.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962681 | 707 | 2.609375 | 3 |
ESO Astronomical Glossary - V
A variable star is one whose brightness changes over time-periods ranging from minutes to years. The apparent changes in brightness are caused by different phenomena; some change in size, some eject material, and others are in pairs that periodically obscure and enhance each other (eclipses).
Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is named after the Roman goddess Venus. A terrestrial planet, it is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet", as the two are very similar in size and composition. Although all planets' orbits are elliptical, Venus's orbit is the closest to circular. It is sometimes referred to as the "Morning Star" or the "Evening Star" and is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon.
Visible light refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye. It covers the range of wavelengths from 400 to 750 nm.
Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA)
VISTA is a new 4 m wide-field telescope currently under development. On its completion in 2007, it is set to be the world-leading facility for large imaging surveys at infrared wavelengths. It is located at ESO's Paranal site in Chile.
Very Large Telescope (VLT)
The Very Large Telescope (VLT) array is the main telescope at ESO'sParanal site in Chile and the flagship facility of European astronomy. The VLT consists of several interconnected telescopes, of which the main elements are the four reflecting unit telescopes Antu, Kuyen, Melipal and Yepun, with main mirrors of 8.2 m in diameter. The light of the individual telescopes can be combined in the VLT interferometer (VLTI), resulting in superior resolution. The wavelength range covered by the VLT is extremely wide, ranging from deep ultraviolet to mid-infrared.
VLT Interferometer (VLTI)
With the assistance of one or more of the Auxiliary Telescopes, the light of the four VLT Unit Telescopes can be combined to produce a higher resolution to that of a single Unit Telescope.
VLT Survey Telescope (VST)
The VLT Survey Telescope (VST) project is a collaboration between the ESO and the Capodimonte Astronomical Observatory (OAC) for the construction of a 2.6-m telescope specialized for high quality astronomical imaging over a wide field of view. The VST will be located at ESO's Paranal Observatory.
|
<urn:uuid:bdb084a6-adf7-421f-bcf8-5879829abe7f>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-18
|
http://eso.org/public/outreach/glossary/glossary_v/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430451452451.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501033732-00074-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911143 | 519 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Yeti Crabs – Scientists in the Antarctic have been exploring deep-sea vents and have found a new Yeti species of crabs that they have dubbed the Hasselhoff. The new Yeti belong to a hairy family and was named after the Baywatch actor because of his hairy chest. However, a typical Yeti only had hair growing from their claws and limbs.
The new species was discovered because of their attraction to the research vessel’s light 2,500 feet below on the ocean floor.
Talking about the discovery of the new crabs and other species like a new octopus and predatory star fish that has 7 arms, among other new species, the expedition leader from Oxford University, Alex Rogers told Scientific American that it was, “almost like a sight from another planet.”
Light from the sun does not make it down to the depths as deep as to where the new Hasselhoff was found, so they draw their energy from the warm deep water vents in the area that contain hydrogen sulfide, Rogers explained.
When the crabs where first discovered by the research team, Rogers explained that, “They almost looked like a pile of skulls sitting on the seabed, It was an amazing, amazing sight.”
|
<urn:uuid:59af0922-d855-44eb-bc64-397987ee1a36>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-49
|
http://www.newsoxy.com/science/yeti-crabs-47615.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010402.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00066-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975213 | 253 | 2.609375 | 3 |
If you or someone you love is living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), you’re probably well aware of the physical symptoms of the condition, but what helps them cope with the hidden emotional traumas that exist beneath the surface? For example, living with COPD can also limit a person’s daily activities, which can isolate them from others. This, in turn, can cause frustration, anger and lowered self-esteem, according to a study discussed on Science Direct. Social relationships are an important part of the human psyche and can have an incredible effect on the overall quality of life of someone with COPD.
When a loved one has COPD or another chronic lung disease, knowing how to balance taking care of them and yourself can be difficult. This page provides helpful resources for caregivers including guides on helping your loved one quit smoking and how to take time out of your day for yourself.
If you’ve just been diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), you may have a lot of questions. This page is a great resource for learning about all aspects of the disease including talking to your doctor, flare-up signs and symptoms, and disease management.
If you have a chronic lung disease, you know that staying healthy plays an important part in managing your symptoms and overall well-being. The right exercise methods, diet, and other techniques can help you stay healthy with chronic lung disease and get you back to doing the things you love.
COPD 101 Resources
If your baby was born prematurely or had breathing problems shortly after birth, he or she is at risk for developing a condition called bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a type of chronic lung disease. It’s important for you to learn about caring for lung disease if your little one has this condition.
If you’ve ever broken a bone, you know just how aggravating it can be to deal with the pain, discomfort and overall inconvenient effects your broken bone (and subsequent cast and even crutches or wheelchair) have on your life. At least you know the day you can have your cast removed will come.
Being diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) was likely one of the most emotionally overwhelming days of your life. But imagine if your chronic disease was never diagnosed. Imagine the fear you’d feel each day not knowing why you were coughing up phlegm and why you were coughing more than usual. Imagine the increasing insecurity you’d experience as friends and loved ones slowed their pace to accommodate you as you struggled not to trail behind.
|
<urn:uuid:657a6132-ffbc-4967-befb-a0d1938e3424>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-27
|
http://www.domorewithoxygen.com/topic/support-groups
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096870.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00074-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963144 | 542 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A coin is usually a piece of hard material, generally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is issued by a government to be used as a form of money. Along with banknotes, coins make up the cash forms of all modern money systems. Coins are usually used for lower-valued units, and banknotes are usually used for the higher values; also, in most money systems, the highest value coin is worth less than the lowest-value note.
The following characteristics of coins are available in the Collection Studio:
- Face value (nominal)
- Emission year
- "In Circulation" flag - When you select non existed country in collectible edit dialog, automatically the "In circulation" flag is set off.
- ID in your collection (catalog)
- Number according to Krause catalog
- External number
- Income date
- Income from (donator)
- Number of duplicates
- Price - shows the price you have paid for given coin;
- Catalog price - shows catalog price for given coin;
- Buying comments
- Images - unlimited number of images, photos or scans.
- Mint - name of the industrial facility which manufactures coins (and may be paper money too) for currency.
- Coin Type, For example - Commemorative - Commemorative coins are legally issued coins with a design intended to commemorate or draw attention some event or person. They are so called to distinguish them from regular issue coinage. For more details see "Coins Types" article.
- Revers rotation - Coin orientation is a feature of coins. When viewing one side of a coin with coin orientation, the coin must be flipped about its horizontal axis in order to see the other side the correct way up. In other words, the image on one face of the coin is upside-down relative to the other.
- Type of the herd
- Regional issue flag
- Barcode - Barcode data for fast access to the collectible entry using barcode reader;
- Links - unlimited number of web links;
- Quality condition of the coin according to grading standard.
- Comments - notes and comments about given coin; See, Comments for more details about work comments.
- Status - status of the collectible: in collection, loaned, lost, private, coming and etc;
Additionally, you can log 5 independent characteristics for all coin's information. To setup titles for them, open "Options" dialog.
- All Item Types - read about registered types of item in Collection Studio;
- Collectible Types - read all about registered fields for each collectible type in CS.
|
<urn:uuid:9d57b9ac-d6fe-4f88-bda1-aa45962ba8e0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-07
|
http://www.collectionstudio.com/en/help/col_coin.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153736.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00096-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.889541 | 546 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Whether you are a homebrewing novice or a brewing professional, take your craft to the next level with this guide to perfecting your brew. Designed for brewers of all skill levels, this online course is part of a comprehensive series where brewing legend, Charlie Bamforth, guides you through the key markers of beer quality: flavor, foam, color/clarity, freshness and quality systems.
In this course, you’ll learn at your own pace how to control and improve the flavor of beer. Through a series of engaging and informative lectures, you will learn how beer flavor is detected, created and assessed. By the end of this course, you will have gained practical knowledge on how to achieve the desired flavor and aroma in your brews.
Students who successfully complete this course will earn a digital badge, demonstrating their proficiency and advanced education in the subject area. The skill-level digital badge represents a mastery of how to control and improve the flavor of beer.
- Control and improve the flavor of beer
- Better utilize your senses to detect beer flavor
- Employ scientific means to measure beer flavor
- Measure how malt, hops, yeast and water impact beer flavor
Skills You’ll Gain
- Beer flavor control
- Beer flavor chemistry
- Beer flavor and aroma measurement
|
<urn:uuid:65d5c83f-4a0b-4406-9ccb-a2bb33298d77>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://cpe.ucdavis.edu/course/beer-quality-flavor
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104692018.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707124050-20220707154050-00653.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913149 | 266 | 2.71875 | 3 |
20 - Peirce, Eco, and unlimited semiosis
"[...] reading means stripping herself of every
purpose, every foregone conclusion, to be ready to
catch a voice that makes itself heard when you least
"A sign, or representamen, is something which stands to
somebody for something in some respect or capacity. It addresses somebody,
that is, creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps
a more developed sign. That sign which it creates I call the interpretant
of the first sign. The sign stands for something, its object. It
stands for that object, not in all respects, but in reference to a sort of
idea, which I have sometimes called the ground of the representation"2.
In this way Peirce explains the relationships existing between the three poles in the triad of semiosis. Eco, in The Role of the Reader, has devoted a chapter to explaining how in this and in other phrases from Peirce one can find the foundation of unlimited semiosis and openness of the text, of which we have often spoken in the previous units.
First of all we must try to understand what is meaning is for Peirce. From the quoted sentence we can infer that one object, depending on the point of view under which it is considered - according to the ground on which the consideration lies - has different interpretants. Eco's preoccupation seems to be getting away from individual perception to get to a wider context in which it is possible to explain why two speakers usually can understand each other, at least partially, while their communicative capacity is based on subjective instances. And he states:
|[...] a ground is an idea in the sense in which an idea is caught during the communicative intercourse between two interpreters3.|
The interpretant is subjective, but there exists a
pragmatic use of words that, taking into account the actual communicative
relation between two persons, relies on that part of the interpretants that
presumably can be shared. The meaning of a sign is null in itself, it only
becomes something in the relation with the pragmatics of communication, it
becomes something only in translation. Meaning
|[...] is, in its primary acception, the translation of a sign into another system of signs4. [...] the meaning of a sign is the sign it has to be translated into5.|
The sign-interpretant-object triad thus does not contemplate
the notion of "meaning" until the semiotic process is not actualized.
Meaning is something empirical gatherable from the practical actuation of
a process of signification, or, better, of many processes of signification: something
similar to the result of a statistical sampling of the interpretants
related to one sign. The meaning of a word, in Eco's opinion, is
representable as a network of features regarding that term6.
Following Peirce, unlimited semiosis is apparently a strict consequence of the semiotic theory, but it eventually takes on the form, in some of its representations, the anguished aspect of the interminability not only of the analysis of meanings, but also of the search for understanding, like in this passage:
|The object of representation can be nothing but a representation of which the first representation is the interpretant. But an endless series of representations, each representing the one behind it, may be conceived to have an absolute object as its limit. The meaning of a representation can be nothing but a representation. In fact, it is nothing but the representation itself conceived as stripped of irrelevant clothing. But this clothing never can be completely stripped off; it is only changed for something more diaphanous. So there is an infinite regression here. Finally, the interpretant is nothing but another representation to which the torch of truth is handled along; and as representation, it has its interpretant again. Lo, another infinite series7.|
The metaphor of meaning as a naked body, that however is
never possible to be seen as naked, in a striptease where the tease
aspect is far more important than the strip, leaving the reader frustrated,
and distraught. Every interpretation, every perception is just a link in
the endless chain of an endless strip tease, however eventually transparent
the clothes covering the striper become.
Understandably anguished by such infernal perspective, Eco finds a solution, in the form of an energetic interpretant. In Eco's opinion essentially the interpretant produced by an object has a double nature. On one hand there is the emotional interpretant, the one we have always mentioned, the mental sign, the affect that, in the mind of each of us, constitutes the link between an object and a sign. Interpretations, within affective interpretants, have consequences remaining within the framework of interpretation and change of representations, without altering behavior in any way.
"Energetic interpretant" is, on the other hand, the one producing a change of habit8. When this apparently endless series of representations of representations leaves the mental context to enter the practical one, causing a different behavior, "our way of acting within the world is either transitorily or permanently changed"9. This new attitude, this pragmatic aspect, is the final interpretant that ends the perpetual strip tease of meaning proposing a concrete result to cling to.
Unlimited semiosi has produced a practical result, at least. Translating this discourse toward the practice of communication, of reading, and translation, we can state that the semiotic process has an end when the translator chooses a concrete translatant, a text to substitute for the prototext. But it would be an illusion to pretend that this is the end:
|[...] the repeated action responding to a given sign becomes in its turn a new sign, the representamen of a law interpreting the former sign and giving rise to new processes of interpretation10.|
In other words, the translating text sets an end to the
otherwise unlimited semiosis of the prototext, but sets in motion a new
chain of unlimited semiosis based on new signs, new texts, new
interpretations. We leave the conclusion to Eco's words:
|Semiosis explains itself by itself: this continual circularity is the normal condition of signification and even allows communicational processes to use signs in order to mention things and states of the world11.|
CALVINO I. If on a Winter's Night a Traveller, translated by
William Weaver, London, Vintage, 1998, ISBN 0-7493-9923-6.
ECO U. Lector in fabula. La cooperazione interpretativa nei testi narrativi, Milano, Bompiani, 1981, ISBN 88-452-1221-1. First edition 1979.
ECO U. The Role of the Reader. Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-253-20318-X.
PEIRCE C. S. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, edited by Charles Hartshorne, Paul Weiss e Arthur W. Burks, 8 vol., Cambridge (Massachusetts), Belknap, 1931-1966.
2 Peirce, vol. 2, p. 228.
3 Eco 1995, p. 183.
4 Peirce, vol. 4, p. 127.
5 Peirce, vol. 4, p. 132.
6 Eco 1995, p. 187.
7 Peirce, vol. 1, p. 339.
8 Eco 1995, p. 194.
9 Eco 1995, p. 194.
10 Eco 1995, p. 195.
11 Eco 1995, p. 198.
|
<urn:uuid:a451638c-74a0-4a0d-8ce7-7de6f0a80c2a>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://courses.logos.it/EN/2_20.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532374.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00063-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910599 | 1,626 | 2.875 | 3 |
Survival Guide for Parents with Special Needs Children
School closures and social distancing have put everyone on edge, and parents have the added stress of having kids home all day. Parents who have a child with a disability, whether it’s a physical, communication or learning disability, or ADHD, are under even higher levels of stress to keep their kids on schedule, completing schoolwork, and not climbing the walls from boredom.
Here are some simple survival tips and tricks to help you navigate until schools reopen.
- Keep a schedule – Kids are used to a set schedule when they are in school, so it’s crucial they continue to have consistency and predictability at home. Write the daily plan on paper, a whiteboard, poster board – whatever you have available. Most importantly, let your kids participate in the scheduling making and stick to it.
- Set a timer – Keep kids on-task and focused with a timer. The timer will allow them to visually or auditorily track how much time they need to attend to an activity. You can use a timer for fun or free time activities as well as academics.
- Make time for Fun – Make sure the kids have plenty of time to be kids with playtime. It should include both indoor and outdoor play to get needed fresh air (which is also useful for improving focus). Free time does not imply device-time. Let kids be kids with creative play. Keep the empty toilet and paper towel rolls, tissue boxes, etc. and get out the crayons, markers, construction paper, and glue or tape.
- Limit Device Use – We all love our devices, TV shows, and games, but make sure you include this in your daily schedule. Let them play their digital games and watch TV but put it on the schedule and use a timer to help limit their use. Encourage use of educational apps and games. Many educational companies are offering free access (Bamboo Learning, All Kids Network, Arcademics, Ascend Math, BrainPOP, Discovery K-12). Check out a list of free online resources here.
- Get Creative – If your kids love their TV and games, let them have them but assign a report to practice their writing. Create comic books, act out favorite scenes from books or movies, go on virtual field trips, and dance parties.
Need supplies or assistive technology? Check out our Learning Tools, Sale Items, and other products to help make being at home fun.
|
<urn:uuid:a8b29382-620e-442a-b813-3b3eaedbea9f>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.westminstertech.com/blogs/wt-sped-blog/survival-guide-for-parents-with-special-needs-children
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00532.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948816 | 505 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The importance of getting enough total sleep time is becoming common knowledge. We really cannot separate the amount of sleep we get from the quality of our sleep. In general, sleep stages can be categorized into two: REM (rapid eye movement) and non~REM. non-REM includes light sleep (stage 1 and 2) and deep sleep (stage 3). In this article I deep dive into REM sleep (stage 4), one of the most important and fascinating stages of sleep.
Sleep happens in cycles of approximately 90 minutes. The first cycle is usually shorter and the subsequent cycles are longer. In every cycle, we usually go through the different stages of sleep sequentially ending with REM sleep. During the course of the night, the ratio of non-REM to REM changes. The cycles in the second half of our sleep are dominated by REM sleep whereas the first half is dominated by non-REM sleep.
Before entering REM sleep, The brainstem sends signals that inhibit the innervation of our muscles leading to complete paralysis of voluntary movement except for two muscle groups: the muscles controlling the movement of the eyes (extraocular muscles) and the inner ear muscles. This produces the characteristic rapid movement of the eyes which give this stage of sleep its name.
Although being a late stage of sleep, during REM sleep, our brains are far from being inactive. Once we enter REM sleep, there is an eruption of activity in the cerebral cortex. This activity is similar to that seen in wakeful states. This is why REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep. It is also the reason why paralysis of the muscles during this stage is crucial, to prevent us from ‘acting out’ our dreams. Most dreams at night occur during this stage (however, dreams are not only restricted to REM sleep).
REM sleep is also tied to hormone regulation. When we enter REM sleep, a surge in testosterone is seen while growth hormone released during sleep reaches a low.
Memory processing is thought to be a major component of REM sleep. Increased activity is seen in the hippocampus which is the region of the brain associated with memory formation. REM sleep also strengthens and maintains neuronal synapses associated with learning new skills and consolidating information. Individuals deprived of REM sleep show deficits in working memory and the ability to learn.
REM sleep seems to have a major role in regulating emotions. This condition of simultaneously processing emotions while inhibiting the body’s physical response to intense emotions such as fear and anxiety has been hypothesized to allow our brains to process emotions we experience during wakefulness in a safe and controlled manner. Parts of the limbic system in the brain which are responsible for the processing of emotions such as the Amygdala have been shown to be specifically affected in subjects with impaired REM sleep. This is also characteristically seen in many mental disorders.
Studies have shown that lower REM sleep is associated with increased all-cause mortality.
There are two main measurements when it comes to REM sleep:
The gold standard for sleep tracking is a lab test called polysomnography (PSG). Wearable devices such as Oura ring, Whoop band and others are becoming more and more accurate at measuring sleep stages. When compared to PSG, Whoop 3.0 has been shown to be more accurate than Oura. I wrote more about the accuracy of sleep wearables here.
REM latency is a measure of how long after getting into bed it takes a person to reach the first REM sleep stage. This includes the time it takes to actually fall asleep (sleep onset latency).
When you wake up from REM sleep, you are more likely to remember the dreams you were having. A subjective way of estimating if you are getting enough REM sleep is that if you wake up feeling refreshed, and remember your dreams, you are more likely to be getting enough REM sleep.
In healthy adults, REM sleep constitutes 20-25% of total sleep time. This equates to approximately 90 minutes if you sleep for 8 hours in total. REM sleep increases as the night progresses. It may last only 1 to 5 minutes in the first cycle and is the longest in the last one third of the night. REM sleep has been seen to naturally decrease with age, however, maintaining a higher REM sleep percentage as we age is likely associated with healthier aging.
A good goal for REM latency in healthy adults is under 100 minutes. It’s important to take into consideration that the longer it takes a person to fall asleep, the longer REM latency would be.
Anything that impacts our total sleep time such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea can lead to insufficient REM sleep even if the percentage of REM remains above 20%. Because REM sleep increases towards the end of the night, waking up ‘too early’ before getting the full amount of sleep you need can specifically impact REM sleep.
Increased number of awakenings during the night for various reasons can prevent us from reaching REM sleep enough. Similarly, if it takes us too long to fall asleep (measured by sleep onset latency) this will delay us from reaching REM sleep (measured by REM latency).
Alcohol is a REM blocker. While alcohol leads to quicker loss of consciousness, this does not equate to high quality sleep. Alcohol causes fragmentation of sleep and is associated with cutting our sleep short before getting the final cycles of sleep where REM plays a major role.
THC, the active component in Marijuana has a similar effect. Other substances that can block REM sleep include opioid pain medications, benzodiazepines and some antidepressants.
After checking for sleep disorders and other conditions that can impact sleep quality, adopting basic sleep hygiene such as:
There are more interventions that can help with specific problems causing REM sleep deficiency. One can consult a sleep specialist or consider working with our team of experts as Span who will help you find what works best for you.
|
<urn:uuid:514bdd7e-8d8f-4c28-beac-678c9287ac42>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.span.health/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-rem-sleep
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00364.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946582 | 1,359 | 3.328125 | 3 |
What do Morocco, Algeria, Madrid, Madeira, New York, Chicago, Paris, and Moscow all have in common? They have all experienced record levels of snow and cold this winter. Snow in Sahara is rare but this winter it happened for the second year in a row.
If you listen to some climate pundits in the media, they will tell you this is evidence of “climate change” and “just what we predicted.” Those of us who were not born yesterday, however, remember the dire predictions in the early 2000s about how snow would be a thing of the past.
Other climate pundits recognize how thoroughly unconvincing this argument sounds, so they instead say that weather is not climate. That’s undoubtedly true, and a far better line. One snowfall does not a winter make.
However, multiple record-breaking snowstorms and freeze spells in entirely different corners of the world several years in a row is something else altogether. It suggests that something funky is going on with the climate, and global warming doesn’t fit the bill.
What then could be the explanation? For about twenty years, there has been a scientific debate about the underlying cause of climate change. The CO2 camp has dominated, but a growing minority has advocated the sun as the main culprit.
Nearly two decades ago, solar scientists predicted that there would be a prolonged lull in solar activity starting from around 2017-2019 that may well last for up to four decades. The last time a similar solar low occurred was a period called The Little Ice Age, which had cool summers and freezing winters.
It may be just a coincidence, but the arrival of unusually cold and snowy winters coincides uncannily with the solar predictions.
Another factor that has contributed to the growing popularity of the solar theory is the fact that the global warming camp’s promised doom and gloom continue to elude detection. On June 23 it will be thirty years – nearly a third of a century – since Dr. James Hansen scared the living daylights out of the Democrats during his congressional testimony about the pending climate catastrophe by the end the twenty-first century.
According to those predictions, we should now be nearly one-third of the way to Hell. An ever-growing number of climate scientists find those gloomy projections to be increasingly more implausible.
The scientific debate is not over. On the contrary; it is growing in intensity. Fortunately, we are about to enter a unique natural experiment which will falsify one of the competing theories.
If global warming picks up speed in the next decade, the sun probably plays only a minute role in climate change. If, however, global warming continues its lackluster crawl, the disaster theories must be scrapped.
There is even a chance that we may be entering a period of prolonged global cooling. We will know very soon. One thing is sure: if this happens on President Donald Trump’s watch, he will make sure that everyone will know about it. If so, put on a warm coat and bring out the popcorn.Feel free to comment below. And remember to check out the web’s best conservative news aggregator Whatfinger.com
|
<urn:uuid:70aee1a6-29e6-4b6f-ae46-540ec5c3a774>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
|
https://www.libertynation.com/time-climate-change-bring-sweater/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00387.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947893 | 649 | 2.984375 | 3 |
…Fields can also be related to one another.
For example, the magnetic field is
related to the electric field because electricity can be used to
create a magnet and a magnet can be used to create electricity.
For this reason, the two fields are actually considered to be
aspects of the same field - the electromagnetic field…
[One] important question in modern
physics is whether all fields are, in fact, interrelated and
aspects of a single underlying field - a unified field. If so,
this field would form the foundation for all the others. And one
interesting thing about the existence of such a field is that,
for the various physics equations to work out mathematically, at
least ten spatial dimensions would be required.1
So how does consciousness fit into all of this?
If you think about it, consciousness
might also be viewed as a field - a region in which the force of
consciousness is exerted.
For example, when we become
"conscious" of something - when we feel aware, when thoughts pop
into our minds - perhaps we are receiving and processing
information arising from the field of consciousness. Just as we
perceive the gravitational field as a feeling of weight or as
the sensation of falling, perhaps "awareness" is our sensation
of the consciousness field.
Things might go in the other direction as well. Not only may we
feel the effects of the consciousness field, but we might also
be able to exert our own forces upon it. In other words, not
only may we be receivers of consciousness, but we may also be
Just as a magnet can both create a
magnetic field and be influenced by the forces of other magnets,
consciousness may be both a field we are affected by and an
active force that we can exert. Instead of being puppets
buffeted about by the field of consciousness that surrounds us,
we may all be active participants in a grand ballet of energy,
exerting our own active forces of consciousness into the mix.
Of course, from the standpoint
of quantum physics, much of
this is old hat.
It is already accepted by physicists
that, at the subatomic level, everything is a set of
probabilities or potentialities affected by awareness. Even a
simple act of observation - or, indeed, an intention to observe
2 - can cause changes in the subatomic realm.
A quantum particle in several
simultaneous states of "possibility" becomes jelled into a
single reality when we exert the power of our gaze. In fact, if
particles behave in a certain way once we decide to measure
them, it is almost as if we are creating them or as if they are
cooperating with our desires.
But few of us believe that the mere
act of forming an intention could have an observable effect on
our day-to-day lives.
Perhaps we are wrong… Experiments with random event generators…
support the possibility that our thoughts and intentions can
cause observable changes in the world. 3, 4, 5, 6
Another set of experiments,
conducted by researchers on the effects of transcendental
meditation, found that if enough meditators work collectively,
the amount of violent crime in a city can be lowered for
extended periods of time. 7
The truth may be that our beliefs
and intentions do affect our collective reality in profound ways
all the time; we just don't realize it.
Researchers have found, for example,
that when doctors dispense pills that they believe will work,
the pills work better; and when they dispense pills that they do
not believe will work, they don't work as well.
This is true whether or not the
pills are placebo or medicated, whether or not the doctors know
what they are actually dispensing or have come into contact with
their patients, and even whether or not the patients are human.
It's often the intent or belief of a doctor that matters the
…So if we do accept the possibility of an active force of
consciousness, how might it operate? That's where higher spatial
dimensions might come into play.
The Fourth Dimension
Let me begin by saying that when I say "higher dimensions," I'm
not talking about figurative realms populated by mysterious
I'm literally talking about
higher spatial dimensions.
Just as a two-dimensional universe
can be understood as a flat surface, and just as we ourselves
live in three-dimensional space with objects possessing length,
width, and height, a four-dimensional universe would actually be
a space with one extra spatial dimension.
While it's easy to visualize other
ways of adding a "dimension" to our reality - for example, a
dimension of time would add a timestamp to each object, and a
dimension of color would add a color - getting our brains to
wrap around an extra spatial dimension is quite difficult.
…It turns out that a fascination with the fourth dimension was a
fad of the late 1800s.
This was the era in which mediums,
like today's television medium John Edward, were quite
popular. It was also the era in which spiritualism emerged, an
American religious movement focused on communicating with the
spirits of those who had passed away.
Scientists of the time proposed the
fourth spatial dimension as a way of explaining spiritist
Ultimately, however, nearly all the
mediums of the 1800s were debunked as frauds and as a
consequence, speculation about the fourth dimension fell into
disrepute as well. But perhaps we should not have been so hasty
to throw the baby out with the bath water.
As mathematician Rudy Rucker
points out in his book,
The Fourth Dimension,
9 the first philosopher to discuss the
possibility of a fourth dimension was Immanuel Kant
The idea of spirits as
four-dimensional beings was then popularized by Johann Carl
Friederich Zollner (1834-1882), an astronomer at the
University of Leipzig.
The first true theoretician of the
fourth dimension, however, was British mathematician Charles
Hinton (1853-1907), known for his work on visualizing the
geometry of higher dimensional space.
In addition to his mathematical
work, Hinton also wrote a series of science fiction books, such
What is the Fourth Dimension?
A Plane World, which focus
on realms with different dimensionality than our own. He also
believed that higher spatial dimensions could be used to prove
the inherently unified nature of the universe.
Hinton came up with a variety of
ways to help us understand the fourth dimension and its
properties. One was… [examining] the difference between two and
three dimensions and then, by analogy, grasping the difference
between three and four dimensions.
Here's [an] illustration of this
If you take two flat two-dimensional surfaces and intersect them
in the context of three-dimensional space, what do you get? The
answer: a line, which is a one-dimensional object.
To understand this, just imagine
taking two sheets of paper and intersecting them. By analogy, if
you take two three-dimensional spaces and intersect them in the
context of four-dimensional space, what will you get? The
answer: a two-dimensional space - a flat surface.
That means, if there were another
three-dimensional world floating out there and it happened to
overlap and intersect with us, the region of overlap between our
two worlds would appear to us like a flat, impossibly thin sheet
Could this be an explanation for the
phenomenon of ghosts? Are ghosts simply ephemeral
two-dimensional visions of beings in another three-dimensional
That's what Zollner proposed in the
Physics and Higher Dimensions
Of course, speculation about higher dimensions is nothing new to
physicists; they have considered the possible existence of four
or more spatial dimensions for a long time.
For example, between 1907 and 1915,
Einstein developed the theory of general relativity,
which states that gravity exists because a large mass causes
three-dimensional space to bend within the fourth dimension.
This is easy to visualize if you drop down into two dimensions.
What if the mass of a large Circle
caused the flat world of two dimensions to bend around it in
three-dimensional space? Just imagine bending a large piece of
paper around the edges of the Circle.
That would cause everything near the
Circle to fall toward it. In the same way, bending
three-dimensional space around massive bodies like planets would
cause nearby objects to fall toward them. Voila! Gravity...
And what about wormholes?…
Physicists believe that
three-dimensional space might be bent so heavily by the mass of
a black hole that the fabric of
the universe folds back on itself, causing one part to intersect
with another, thereby creating a portal between them.
To see how this could happen, just
imagine bending a sheet of paper so much that two distant points
on it touch.
…One question that still begs to be answered, though, is:
What kind of access can we
have to the fourth or higher dimensions?
Even if our bodies are stuck
here in three-dimensional space, is there a
four-dimensional aspect of ourselves that we're simply
not aware of?
student and chronicler, thought so.
In fact, he felt that the primary
goal of Gurdjieff's teachings was to help us access our higher
As Rudy Rucker writes,
"For Ouspensky, the fourth
dimension was not only a spatial concept but a type of
consciousness, an awareness of greater complexities and
higher unities." 10
Thus, rather than trying to contact
other beings in the fourth dimension, perhaps our real goal
should be to tap into our own four dimensionality.
Indeed, I believe it is from this
higher dimensional perspective that we may be able to exert the
deep power of active consciousness - the ability to navigate and
influence the unfolding of our three-dimensional lives.
The Branching Tree
… [It turns out that] from the perspective of the fourth
dimension, …a complete human life - every activity of the inner
and outer physical body - would simply appear as an eternal
shape or object in four-dimensional space.
…[But] what determines [its] shape?
That's when things get interesting. At each point in time we
make choices. Do we walk left or right? Does our body repair
itself or does it descend further into disease?
At each instant, we choose one from
a potentially infinite number of possible futures that lie
before us. And while it may seem that only one future is chosen
at each point in time, perhaps all of the other possible choices
and futures exist in four-dimensional space too. If so, then our
many potential lives - from a four-dimensional perspective -
would look like a vast branching tree of possibilities.
Interestingly, this idea was hypothesized by physicist Hugh
Everett in 1957.11
In the quantum realm, particles
exist in many simultaneous states until they are observed and
become "solidified" into a single state. To us, these quantum
choices seem random. Everett proposed, however, that there
really is no randomness at all.
Each and every one of the possible
choices for a particle actually exists - in another parallel
world. We ourselves perceive only one choice - the one that
takes place in our world.
But Everett asserted that the others
choices exist too - in other worlds. Indeed, parallel versions
of ourselves exist in those other worlds too, and they witness
the particle resolving into other possible states. Mind
boggling! It sounds like science fiction, and indeed, many
science fiction stories have been written based on this idea.
But what if it's science fact?
I believe that this conception of
our universe may also be the basis for how active consciousness
Let's begin to consider this mind-bending idea by simply
imagining a single point of branching.
Consider the world of a
three-dimensional ball, depicted in Figure 1. The ball begins,
at time t1, at the bottom of a road. When it arrives at point C
(which occurs at time t2), the ball must make a choice.
Does it move along the branch moving
to the right, or does it continue moving upward?
In one future reality, the ball has
moved up at time t3. In another future reality, it has branched
to the right at t3, creating a fork in four-dimensional space.
Let's call C a choice point - a point in space and time at which
the Now splits into two or more possible futures. In order for
this split to occur, some force must be exerted. If this does
not happen, there may be only one possible future - the one that
would play itself out according to the mechanistic laws of
For the ball, this might be the
future in which it continues moving upward, in a straight line.
But if some kind of force, intention, or will is brought to bear
at point C, the Now will split into more than one possible
future, like a branching tree.
And when we humans exert such a
force upon our own lives, we experience the sensation of free
Of course, people usually make rather mundane choices at choice
points. We might choose to move our arm or walk to the grocery
store. But at times the actions we take can be much more subtle
- like when our thoughts affect the behavior of a random event
generator. What I would like to propose is that this more subtle
kind of force is what underlies the power of active
I'll call it the C-force. And just
as the experiments with random event generators showed, a
person's use of the C-force can influence not only his or her
own life, but can also affect the unfolding of the greater
reality around us.
As a result, each and every one of
us helps to create a much greater collective reality - an
infinitely complex shape in four-dimensional space. Indeed, even
if we took into account every tiny mechanism already understood
by conventional science, the influence of our collective use of
the C-force would be beyond our imaginations!
In fact, it might even be possible
that our influence extends beyond four dimensions. If so, we
humans - seemingly three-dimensional creatures - may have
creative potential that we have only just begun to tap into.
The Process of Active Consciousness
…When I chose the term C-force, I used the letter "C"
intentionally - because it serves as a reminder of several
important aspects of this force:
Using the C-force - the force of
active consciousness - you can make beneficial choices that take
you down desired paths in life.
You can create new and unlikely
paths as well. Either way, harnessing the power of active
consciousness will enable you to make the improbable much more
probable and become an active creator of your own destiny.
Let's examine this process now in
…One way in which the C-force might be used is through the
process of manifestation. In this case, you enable an unlikely
combination of otherwise mundane events to occur so that a
desired goal comes about. For example, let's say that you would
like to get a desirable parking spot near a restaurant.
The restaurant might be in the
middle of a busy city where parking spots are hard to find, but
finding the perfect spot at just the right time could definitely
Everything just needs to be
coordinated correctly: the choices made by the person who parked
in the spot before you, the route you choose to drive, the
timing of the lights as you are driving, and so on.
By invoking the power of active
consciousness…, these fortuitous choices and events could be
Or let's say that you would like to find a new job with better
pay. You've been stuck in a rut for a long time and can't figure
out how to leave your current job situation. Through the process
of manifestation, however, it may be quite possible that a
sequence of events could occur that leads you to your goal.
Perhaps a bout with the flu forces
you to take a couple of weeks off from work. As a result, your
quirky boss decides to lay you off. Now you've been forced to
leave your job. The following week, a long-lost friend calls you
She tells you about an acquaintance
who needs to hire someone with your exact qualifications - the
dream job. With this connection, you get the new job with ease.
Another way the C-force might operate is through the process of
In this case, a bit more magic is
involved because much more unlikely (but still possible)
unfoldings occur. Whereas manifestation is about enabling an
unlikely combination of events to occur, creation is more about
enabling more unlikely choices and events to appear in the first
For example, let's say that you suffer from chronic eczema.
Given the natural tendency of the
body to recreate itself in the same way, it is most likely that
your skin will continue to suffer from this condition. You might
apply some cortisone cream, which chemically forces the body to
suppress the eczema, but the innate tendency for your skin to
develop eczema has not gone away.
The next time you experience a
period of anxiety or come into contact with an allergen, the
eczema flares up.
But remember this: your skin is always sloughing off and
regenerating. The outer layer of your skin (the epidermis) is
replaced every month. There is a possibility that your skin
could regenerate without this problem and that it would never
It's not very probable, but it is
possible. Similarly, it is possible that a cancerous tumor could
be broken down by the natural defenses of the body without the
use of poisonous chemotherapy or toxic radiation. It's not very
probable, but it is possible.
I believe that the C-force - the force of active consciousness -
can be used to create such improbable but possible choices for
For example, a patient could use the
power of active consciousness to enable their skin to regenerate
without eczema or their cancerous tumor to be broken down and
absorbed. Such medical cases of "spontaneous remission" do
Because doctors cannot understand or
explain them, they sweep them under the rug by saying that their
original diagnosis was mistaken or that the cure was an
But what if more of us could tap
into this kind of healing through the C-force - the Cure force?
It would be wonderful! We could be spared many toxic medicines
and expensive medical bills too.
In fact, "energy"
medicines like homeopathy, acupuncture, and hands-on
healing may make this particular application of the C-force
substantially easier to achieve. That's because they operate not
only on the physical body, but also on a subtler aspect of our
selves - what is often called the "energy body"….
By helping to dislodge problems
within this invisible realm - a realm that most alternative
medical systems view as the true origin of disease - such
treatments vastly increase the probability that the physical
body will be able to create a healthier future.
As a result, they also make healing
applications of the C-force easier to achieve.
…So how does this fit within with the four-dimensional model
…In Figure 2, I use circles to
represent choice points and arrows to indicate possible futures
that emanate from them. Let's say that you are currently at NOW.
The circle labeled GOAL is a future that you'd like to reach -
say, one in which you have a new job.
The circle labeled MOST LIKELY
FUTURE is the most likely or probable outcome - the one in which
you stay at your current job.
As the diagram illustrates, you can
reach your goal in at least two ways - either by choosing or
creating a new path right now (branching upward immediately), or
by doing so a little later on.
For instance, right NOW, you might
decide to quit your job. Or you might create an improbable
future - through creation - where a freak accident or illness
ultimately leads to you being laid off.
By using active consciousness to
enable new choices to appear and to help you make the correct
choices over time, you may find that you are ultimately led to
your goal of a new and better job.
…In many ways, it's all about possibilities and probabilities.
Even if something is improbable, it can still be possible.
And if it's possible, the force of
active consciousness - the C-force - can play a part in making
it happen. Using manifestation, you can make the right choices
at the right time and, through an unlikely combination of such
choices, you are led to your goal.
Using creation, an unlikely choice
[may unexpectedly appear] before you; you just need to take it.
|
<urn:uuid:92f3f512-ed3e-41e2-b7fb-6f0ff100c58b>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/CIENCIA/ciencia_consciousuniverse571.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335276.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928180732-20220928210732-00239.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936167 | 4,708 | 3.28125 | 3 |
From the execution of Jang Song Thaek last December to the death of Kim Jong Il two years prior, it’s safe to say that the past few years have witnessed some of the most significant changes in North Korea in decades. But while rumors about Kim Jong Il’s poor health had been swirling since 2008, the rapid purge and execution of Jang Song Thaek showed just how unpredictable events in North Korea can be.
But of course, beyond these major stories broken by North Korean state media, other events and phenomena have occurred that could also have significant impact in the future. From the rise and acceptance of the market economy,to the spread of cell phone technology, to an increasingly affluent middle class, a number of bottom-up changes are occurring in North Korea that could one day have game-changing ramifications.
For the final article in our defector survey, we therefore asked our panel of eleven refugees to tell us what the biggest surprise has been in the way North Korea has developed since they left the country. While many of the responses echo observations made by long-time North Korea watchers such as Andrei Lankov and Victor Cha, some of the refugee respondents were very vocal about pointing out that there had been little, if any, meaningful changes worth talking about.
Question 10. What has surprised you most about the way North Korea has developed and evolved since you left? Please explain why
I watched a documentary about North Korea on KBS (a major South Korean broadcasting service) in February. Throughout the documentary, the narrator kept saying that there have been many changes in North Korea in recent years. But in my opinion, the country hasn’t changed a bit.
It was ludicrous for the narrator to say that changes have come in North Korea. Actually, the only change in North Korea is that there’s an even greater economic gap between the haves and have-nots.
The economic gap between rich and poor wasn’t that bad when I was in North Korea. If you had one million dollars, you’d be considered one of the richest people in the country. But now most party officials and traders who are abroad have at least 10 million dollars. Despite these new riches, the have-nots are still suffering from abject poverty and there’s a growing number of kotchebi (꽃제비 – homeless children).
“Don’t you dare to say that change has come in North Korea. That is what this defector would like to yell at the entire world”
It ached my heart to see a poverty-stricken North Korea on the documentary and I wanted to tell the producers that actually nothing has changed in North Korea. Change is never possible in North Korea. As long as Kim Jong Un’s family is in power, it is an undeniable truth that there’ll be no change ever in North Korea.
Don’t you dare to say that change has come in North Korea. That is what this defector would like to yell at the entire world.
The execution of Jang Song Thaek was the biggest shock for me. Since the succession of Kim Jung Un from his father, many new terms have entered the North Korean vocabulary. Two of them are “It feels like a feudal age” and “The big king”.
For North Koreans the reference to a “feudal age” usually means the Chosun dynasty, which was the kingdom that existed before the DPRK was created. As such, the North Korean government always taught us to criticize the feudal system. But since the succession of Kim Jung Un, the government showed the people it was no different to that of a feudal kingdom. As such, North Korean people started to say that they have gone back to feudal age, where a son can inherit power from his father.
“The execution of Jang Song Thaek was the biggest shock for me”
With the people restless due to the unsatisfying results of Kim Jong Un’s succession, Jang Song Thaek was executed without any warning.
The execution of Jang Song Thaek might make ordinary North Koreans worry for now, but I think in the end this reign of terror will backfire on Kim Jong Un. First, people knew about Jang longer than they knew Kim Jong Un. Second, most of rich and powerful people were somewhat connected to Jang’s faction.
Since the execution of Jang, people started to call Kim Jong Un the “The Big King”. The term “Big King” came from the movie which was created about a cruel leader named ‘Big King’ who governed his people with horror and ruthlessness.
Well…in my opinion, North Korea has not changed all that much since I left. I am actually baffled by how it has regressed.
For any President, the first thing he would do after being elected would be to carry out policies to generate people’s support. But in the case of North Korea, Kim Jong Un started his administration with public executions and military threats toward the South.
In other words, he already knows that it’s impossible to convincing the people to support his cause. Because to get the people’s support would require economic progress, and economic progress would be impossible without reform and opening up.
Kim Jong Un is not someone who is capable of carrying out reform. It’s surprising how North Korea’s political elites fail to see their future, and fail to see the people’s sentiments.
“North Korea has not changed all that much since I left. I am actually baffled by how it has regressed”
Another thing that has surprised me is that the internal power struggles in North Korea have become so acute that they are now visible from the outside world. The current situation in North Korea – with the public execution of his uncle Jang Song Thaek and the public release of this news – is quite unprecedented. That also means that things are quite urgent there.
You can also sense change through the expressionless faces of the North Korean people right after Kim Jong Ils death. This is no comparison to what happened with Kim Il Sung’s death. The people’s tears for Kim Il-sung were tears of absolute support and sorrow. But when Kim Jong Il died, the people were neither devasted nor stricken with grief. This is just one instance of how much the people themselves have changed.
It is very hard to think of any major changes in North Korea since I left. However, I can tell from the execution of Jang Song Thaek that the regime is unstable compared to the Kim Jong Il-era.
When Jang was executed I thought to myself, “Kim Jong Un must have worried so much that he had to execute his own uncle.” I could also tell from what happened that there was a group in the regime that was opposed to Jang Song Thaek.They might feel safer now that Jang Song Thaek is gone. But those elites won’t be as loyal as before.
“I can tell from the execution of Jang Song Thaek that the regime is unstable compared to the Kim Jong Il-era”
Beyond the politics, I’m surprised by how quickly cell phones are spreading in North Korea. In the past, I wondered when I’d be finally able to own a cell phone. But now many people in North Korea own and use cell phones. I heard that rich North Koreans even use touch phones. They also use tablet PCs. This would have been something inconceivable for all of us even a few years ago.
If North Koreans are ever allowed to use the internet freely and communicate with people in other countries, changes will come to North Korea much more quickly.
It has been 13 years since I left North Korea. In this time, the most surprising change I have seen has been the vitalization of the market economy in North Korea – and the public’s increasing dependence on it.
The market economy has developed significantly, to an unimaginable point at the time when I was there. As such, the North Korean people’s dependence to the government is decreasing every day. This means that the control of the North Korean regime is weakening day by day.
“The most surprising change I have seen has been the vitalization of the market economy in North Korea”
Also, I have heard that North Korean people, in private settings, increasingly complain or share their true thoughts about the regime. This was all unimaginable when I was in North Korea.
The emergence and distribution of mobile phones has been a big surprise for me.
Originally the North Korean regime wasn’t in favor of allowing people to use mobile phones because they were afraid of rumors spreading quickly about people.
As such, it is surprising that more and more people own cell phones all over North Korea now.
“The emergence and distribution of mobile phones has been a big surprise for me”
Since I left the country over ten years ago, I have been constantly surprised at how slowly North Korea changes.
Except for Pyongyang, places in North Korea seem to get worse and worse.
While there is an emerging class of North Koreans who dress like South Koreans and are in possession of cell phones are wealthy, they only make up a very small portion of the North Korean population.
“I have been constantly surprised at how slowly North Korea changes”
As such, the biggest change is that the rich keeps getting richer with time, and the increasing economic divide between the haves and have-nots continues to grow.
Increasingly, North Koreans get to go to China to work as migrant workers. In the past, they were sent to Siberia to work in logging where they had highly limited contact with the local people deep in the mountains.
However, North Koreans are now sent to urban cities in China as migrant workers – and this is something that will a big impact on their view of the DPRK leadership.
They’ll be able to see the great difference and contrast between China and North Korea. They’ll also see the world through the TV in Chinese cities. You could say that they’ll start to believe in other ideologies.
“Increasingly, North Koreans get to go to China to work as migrant workers”
For me I think the biggest surprise has been that people completely understand the concept of a market economy now. Today, if there were no longer markets, it would create a situation in which people couldn’t live.
The market is leading to specialized economic activities of many types. In their own way, people now specialize in one type of business transaction or another. Consequently, people are increasingly out on the road, and that’s a big change.
I think the upper class families in Sinheung have got a lot wealthier. Therefore, the gap between the the rich people in Sinheung and the poor is now beyond our imagination. As a result of market activity there are now a lot of rich people in North Korea, some of whom might hold more than $50,000 in savings.
“If there were no longer markets, it would create a situation in which people couldn’t live”
Other surprises for me have been the rise of tourism, spread of mobile phones, and increasing amount of foreign currency in distribution.
What surprised me most was the importance of the surveillance system (on the community). A system where neighbors watched over one another seemed to work like a frightening web in the community.
Another thing that surprised me since leaving was the opening up of Rajin and Sonbong, the fact that something that was being discussed in the age of Kim Il Sung was only implemented over a decade later.
“Another thing that surprised me since leaving was the opening up of Rajin and Sonbong”
Also, North Korea hasn’t been changed since I left.
I was a bit surprised by the execution of Jang Song Thaek, but it was the result of the cruelty of Kim Jong Un – not from change in North Korea. There is no need to write the reasons for this, as I haven’t been that surprised.
Main picture: E. Lafforgue
Join the influential community of members who rely on NK News original news and in-depth reporting.
Subscribe to read the remaining 2164 words of this article.
|
<urn:uuid:644e9d09-3ace-400f-a833-7bd4242f7f5b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
https://www.nknews.org/2014/05/what-has-been-the-biggest-surprise-since-you-left-north-korea-defector-survey/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171706.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00501-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976335 | 2,596 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The board of directors has many functional roles that are assigned to individual board members. Among these many functional roles, the board secretary has a special place. This honorary position should not be confused with that of executive secretary – the duties and responsibilities are somewhat different here. We suggest learning more about what a board secretary does so that you can have a more rational understanding of board work.
What qualities and skills should a board secretary possess?
In order to perform the duties of a secretary, a candidate must possess a certain set of skills and qualities that are necessary to perform said duties. Most often, secretaries should have the following qualities:
- Communicativeness. Communication skills must be at a high level, as every day a secretary needs to communicate with a large number of people, to be able to negotiate and convince them.
- Multitasking. Despite the fact that the duties of a secretary consist of a large number of small (at first sight) assignments, it is often necessary to perform several of them simultaneously. Therefore, a secretary must be able to quickly get into a problem and switch from one task to another.
- The ability to quickly get to the heart of the matter. Another useful quality a board secretary needs. The quicker a secretary gets into the issues at hand and grasps new information, the better he or she will perform his or her duties.
- Highly developed time management skills. The secretary often has to oversee the meeting process, so he or she must be able to time tasks properly so that the work process as a whole is not delayed.
- Organizational skills. The secretary should not only perform many tasks himself or herself but also be able to delegate some of them so that the work process runs more smoothly.
Most often, the role of board secretary is taken by a board member who has all of the above skills.
What is the role of the board secretary?
We have already mentioned that the secretary of the board of directors is a very honorable and very responsible position. His responsibilities usually include:
- Organizing meetings for the board of directors. This job may not seem to require too much effort, but in practice, this is not quite the case. The board secretary then makes sure that everyone at the meeting is informed about the meeting, familiar with the agenda, and that the speakers have their questions and are prepared to speak. In addition, the secretary oversees the process of preparing the necessary documents for the board meeting.
- Keeping minutes of meetings. Minutes of board meetings are an important part of corporate documentation, are legally binding, and are often used for transactions or litigation. The secretary of the meeting ensures that minutes are written in a timely manner and are properly kept.
- Maintaining the meeting process. During board meetings, the secretary not only takes notes of the minutes but also keeps track of the overall meeting process. For example, he or she keeps track of the order of speakers on items on the agenda, monitors the timing of speeches and discussions, and monitors the behavior of meeting participants during the discussion of specific items.
In addition, the secretary of the board of directors performs many other administrative functions, which are necessary for the smooth operation of this governing structure.
|
<urn:uuid:e27d833f-ef46-46f7-8b0b-876ae9aba657>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://boardroom-online.info/what-does-a-board-secretary-do/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00227.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97478 | 653 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Written by a friend, with additions by Brian Tomasik
First written: 2 Aug. 2012; last update: 26 Nov. 2016
Two commonly cited types of aquatic environmental degradation are pollution by fungicides (e.g., chlorothalonil) and excess plant growth (i.e., eutrophication). This paper examines the impacts of these conditions on the suffering of wild animals. Both chlorothalonil and eutrophication decrease populations of complex animals, so prima facie, they should decrease wild-animal suffering. However, it would be expected that increasing primary productivity would increase the total biomass of animals in an ecosystem. Even if chlorothalonil and eutrophication decrease the populations of large animals, it seems that other species would fill these niches. The question, then, is how much weight should be given to the sentience of invertebrates such as macroarthropods. In addition, chlorothalonil may have other negative effects, such as increased disease.
Many human interventions in nature have caused more mortality in higher trophic levels than in lower ones. There are several ways this can occur. For example, large predators such as wolves have been intentionally killed in the US. Another cause is biomagnification, the process in which toxins or pollutants become more concentrated in higher levels of the food chain. Finally, external stressors and unstable environments can lead to an increase in fast-reproducing r-selected species at the expense of the larger, more complex K-strategists, which tend to occupy higher levels of the food chain. Since the animals at higher levels of the food chain seem more likely to be conscious, it might appear that exterminating them would on the whole reduce wild-animal suffering. On the other hand, if this results in an increase in population at lower levels of the food chain, it is not so clear what the net effects are. The population at lower trophic levels is often orders of magnitude greater than that at higher ones, so the total suffering of lower organisms could be very great. In addition, the r-selected species at lower trophic levels have very high mortality. Of course, at some point the probability of consciousness becomes virtually zero. For example, it is almost certainly good to increase fungi life at the expense of animal life when such a tradeoff is available. Yet in most cases, the low trophic levels will have a large impact on total suffering and must be factored into environmental decisions. The following two case studies demonstrate anthropogenic change to species balance in ecosystems and discuss implications for wild-animal suffering.
Chlorothalonil was the third-most commonly used fungicide in the US in 1997 (Gianessi, 2000). It is a broad-spectrum agent, which means that it affects many different species. In many animals it binds to glutathione, disrupting cellular respiration (McMahon, 2012). It is toxic to shrimp, insects, and fish at the peak expected environmental concentration (EEC) of 164 micrograms per liter (Caux, 1996; Grabusky, 2004). In addition, it kills aquatic invertebrates (Litchfield, 1996), amphibians, gastropods, and zooplankton (McMahon, 2011). The physiological effects are wide-ranging and include gill damage and severe anemia in fish and immobilization of crab larvae and water fleas (Cox, 1997). Some organisms are killed relatively quickly. For example, most amphibians die within a twenty-four hour exposure (McMahon, 2011). In these cases it may decrease net suffering, mostly by preventing the existence of future generations. This is also achieved more humanely through the suppression of eggs laid and number of hatchlings per egg (Litchfield, 1996). However, in other animals it may cause suffering without death, by reducing immune function in fish and oysters, for example (Baier-Anderson, 2000; Shelley, 2009). Parasitism and chronic disease might lead to increased suffering. Still, it seems that overall chlorothalonil decreases suffering among the organisms it affects.
The indirect effects of chlorothalonil are more ambiguous. By killing herbivores, it increases the growth of algae and thus the primary productivity of the ecosystem (McMahon, 2012). It also increases dissolved oxygen and the growth of periphyton, which are important indicators of water quality (EPA, 2011). This suggests that some organisms could thrive in this environment if they are unaffected by chlorothalonil. For example, macroarthropods (insects and crayfish) did not experience significant mortality (McMahon, 2012). There is a nonzero probability that insects and other invertebrates can suffer, so it could cause net harm if they were to proliferate in the absence of competition (Tomasik, 2012).
Eutrophication is another common anthropogenic disruption of aquatic ecosystems. Approximately half of all lakes in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America are eutrophic, and a quarter of African lakes are (Bates, 2007). Eutrophication results from contamination of the water with excess nutrients from agriculture and human waste disposal. This leads to blooms of cyanobacteria and algae, which can dominate the ecosystem (Verhoeven, 2006). Table 1 summarizes the effects on various organisms in the ecosystem.
|Organism||Populations tend to...|
|seagrass (Verhoeven, 2006)||decrease|
|macrophytes (Sanchez-Carillo, 2011)||decrease|
|phytoplankton (Sanchez-Carillo, 2011)||increase|
|copepods (Gagneten, 2011)||decrease|
|rotifers (Gagneten, 2011)||increase|
|crustaceans (Gagneten, 2011; Verhoeven, 2006)||decrease|
|fish (Sanchez-Carillo, 2011; Verhoeven, 2006; Gagneten, 2011)||(mixed)|
|piscivores (Sanchez-Carillo, 2011)||decrease|
Similar to chlorothalonil pollution, eutrophication tends to increase plant life and appears to decrease animal life. Zooplankton, however, are an example of how anthropogenic stressors can increase r-selection. Environmental stressors generally select for smaller species of zooplankton (Gagneten, 2011). This indicates that the population might be shifting in favor of more r-traits. (Of course, these terms are relative since all zooplankton are r-strategists.) However, the general principle holds that external causes of mortality lead to r-selection (Mueller, 1981).
Finally, if we consider the possibility that bacteria demonstrate behavior with elementary shadows of morally relevant suffering, then it's plausible that even pure bacterial decomposition of eutrophic biomass would pose an ethical issue. How big an issue depends on our weighting of bacteria and the numbers of them involved.
More total primary productivity feeding more bacteria seems bad. That said, because anaerobic respiration is much less efficient than aerobic, presumably anaerobes can't extract as much useable energy from the same quantity of primary production as aerobes can? Could this mean that the total amount of heterotrophic biological activity in anoxic eutrophic waters is actually lower than in oxic and less eutrophic waters?
Intervening in nature with the intent of reducing wild animal suffering is unacceptable to most people. However, humans are already affecting ecosystems in very significant ways, such as through pollution. When evaluating anthropogenic change to ecosystems, whether intentional or unintentional, it is important to consider the effects on organisms not harmed by the intervention. They may increase in the absence of competition. In particular, r-selected organisms thrive, implying greater animal suffering. For this reason, there may be some forms of anthropogenic environmental degradation that increase animal suffering. Preventing these changes to ecosystems may be more acceptable to the public than attempts to deliberately intervene in nature.
Baier-Anderson C., Anderson R.S. (2000). The effects of chlorothalonil on oyster hemocyte activation: phagocytosis, reduced pyridine nucleotides, and reactive oxygen species production. Environ Res 83(1), 72-78.
Bates, C., & DeWreede, R. (2007). Do changes in seaweed biodiversity influence associated invertebrate epifauna? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology, 344(2), 206-214.
Caux, P., Kent, R., & Fan, G. (1996). Environmental fate and effects of chlorothalonil: A Canadian perspective. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 26(1), 45-93.
Cox C. (1997). Fungicide factsheet: chlorothalonil. J Pestic Reform 17:14-20.
EPA. Periphyton as Indicators. Accessed August 2, 2012.
Gagneten, A.M. Effects of Contamination by Heavy Metals and Eutrophication on Zooplankton, and Their Possible Effects on the Trophic Webs of Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystems. In Abid A. Ansari, et al. (Eds.), Eutrophication: causes, consequences, and control (211-223). New York: Springer.
Gianessi, L.P. and Marcelli, M.B. (2000). Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: 1997. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy. Accessed August 2, 2012.
Grabusky J., Martin P.A., Struger J. (2004). Pesticides in Ontario: A Critical Assessment of Potential Toxicity of Urban Use Products to Wildlife, with Consideration for Endocrine Disruption. Vol. 3, Phenoxy Herbicides, Chlorothalonil and Chlorpyrifos. Technical Report Series No. 410. Canadian Wildlife Service. Accessed August 2, 2012.
Litchfield, M.H. (1996). Chlorothalonil. United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed August 2, 2012.
McMahon, T., Halstead, N., & Johnson, S. (2011). The fungicide chlorothalonil is nonlinearly associated with corticosterone levels, immunity, and mortality in amphibians. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(8), 1098-1103.
McMahon, T., Halstead, N., Johnson, S., Raffel, T., Romansic, J., et al. (2012). Fungicide-induced declines of freshwater biodiversity modify ecosystem functions and services. Ecol. Lett., 15(7), 714-722.
Mueller, L.D. and Ayala, F.J. (1981). Trade-off Between r-selection and K-selection in Drosophila Populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 78(2), 1303-1305.
Sanchez-Carillo, S., et al. (2011). Freshwater Wetland Eutrophication. In Abid A. Ansari, et al. (Eds.), Eutrophication: causes, consequences, and control (195-210). New York: Springer.
Shelley, L.K., Balfry, S.K., Ross, P.S., & Kennedy, C.J. (2009). Immuno-toxicological effects of a sub-chronic exposure to selected current-use pesticides in rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 92:95-103.
Tomasik, B. (2012). Do Insects Feel Pain? Essays on Reducing Suffering. Accessed August 2, 2012.
Verhoeven, J., Arheimer, B., Yin, C., & Hefting, M. (2006). Regional and global concerns over wetlands and water quality. Trends Ecol Evol, 21(2), 96-103.
|
<urn:uuid:a26e8e64-a296-4808-b2d2-27b618da6192>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://reducing-suffering.org/how-fungicides-and-eutrophication-affect-suffering-in-the-wild/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323604.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628101910-20170628121910-00228.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.874853 | 2,541 | 2.875 | 3 |
Have you ever been in the house with sewer backed up? You probably couldn’t stay there for very long, could you? No body can live and effectively function in such condition. Sewer drain clogs are usually a state of emergency and a reason for professional help to be called in. Similar situation can also occur in your body when waste is not eliminated properly. It doesn’t feel very good. In fact, it feels bad enough to go to ER only to find out that your sewer system, colon is back up.
Colon is the body’s’ sewage system, and as with any other sewage system it’s need to be cleaned from time to time in order to be effective and remove waste from the body in a timely and effective manner.
Colon Hydrotherapy or Colonic is the procedure that was designed over 1000 years ago by doctors and healers just for this purpose. Technology changed over time, while the mane reason — keeping your colon clean remains the same. Therefore, the reasons why Colonics are important include;
1. Longevity. Waste accumulated in the colon for years of use slows down its functions over time. Consequently, the metabolism of entire body slows down as does regeneration process. Resulting in faster aging. The colon can not clean and restore itself without external help. If you want to live longer and look younger include colonic in your regular health maintenance routine. You deserve it no less, than celebrities and members of royal families.
2. An emotional release. By flushing out old wast from the colon, we also stimulate the release of emotions and suppressed feelings.
Scientists find out that 90 percent of the fibres of the ENS (brains in the gut) carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. Our emotions are influenced by guts. This leads to the old saying “gut feelings”
3. Unknown food additives
On average every person in North America eats 20 pounds of food additives per year. From coal tar and petroleum to drywall components. Some of those inedible substances are still in your body days and months after you eat them.
4. Peace of Mind
Thousands of environmental toxins leeching into our body from the air, water, food processing utensils etc. It’s impossible to avoid and prevent this toxicity completely. Even thinking about it can make us paranoid. Regular cleansing and detoxification can give us peace of mind.
5. Detoxification. The first and the last steps of any effective cleansing program are cleansing of the colon. Since all of the waste and toxins end up in the colon. If not removed, those toxins will continue to recirculate in the body affecting your overall health.
People often ask:” Can the colon clean itself naturally?” To some point it does, and so do teeth and skin. However, you better don’t miss your next dental hygienic appointment, or, regular facial treatments bring that natural glow to your skin that make you look younger.
Our ancestors lived between 25-54 years of age and as soon as they lost their teeth and proper function of their colon, the early death occurred, even with their 100% organic diet and active life style. That is why hygiene and medicine were invented. Unfortunately, later on, the gap between conventional and natural or “alternative” medicine was invented too, and many of us fall into this gap.
|
<urn:uuid:3d7335e2-76bc-48e2-9755-5b1348c14705>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://arnicaclinic.ca/5-reasons-colonics-help-with-health-conditions/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689686.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923141947-20170923161947-00440.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956052 | 714 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This is due to the fact that windows – including skylights – have less regulations around thermal properties than ceilings, floors and walls, for example. Yet too much warmth through your skylight can lead to overheating, not just of the physical space but the people occupying it as well! It’s important, therefore, to understand the process known as ‘solar heat gain’ and prevent the worst wherever possible.
What is solar heat gain?
Solar heat gain refers to how much the temperature of an object, space or structure increases when exposed to solar radiation. Some materials can be more absorbent or more resistant to this radiation when struck by sunlight.
Glass, in particular, is more sensitive to short-wave radiation which it absorbs and radiates at longer, heat-creating infrared wavelengths. This increase in temperature – as a direct result of the sun shining through the glazing – describes solar heat gain. The concept is well understood nowadays thanks to the concept of the ‘greenhouse effect’, the process of solar heat gain seen behind greenhouse glass which is often used to refer to global warming.
Skylight positioning and solar heat gain
If you want to maximise or minimise the potential for daylighting and passive solar heat gain from your skylight installation, you must consider the skylight’s position. Because skylights are located on the roof, they can add a lot more heat to a house than traditional windows. Consequently, they can result in unwanted heat gain and heat loss if not carefully placed.
The direction that the skylight’s roof faces makes a significant difference to thermal performance. North-facing roofs receive constantly cool illumination, for instance, and the least direct sunshine. East-facing roofs are ideal for maximising light and solar heat gain during the morning, while west-facing skylights provide more during afternoons. The most potential for winter solar heat gain is seen in south-facing skylights, with the trade-off of unwanted solar heat gain in the summer.
Installing skylights according to this advice can help prevent unwanted heat gain, but for best effect combine the above with careful selection of skylight type and materials.
Preventing unwanted solar heat gain
There are multiple ways of preventing unwanted heat gain. Options include installing the skylight in an area shaded by trees, or the adding of a movable window covering to the skylight’s interior or exterior for instance.
Generally, skylights are glazed with plastic or glass. However, some skylight units can be installed with special glazing more able to manage solar heat gain.
Some examples of these advanced technologies include low-emissivity (low-e) coatings, heat-absorbing tints and insulated glazing. Some manufacturers utilise multi-layer glazing with a transparent insulation material housed between the panes.
You can usually judge a product’s thermal properties at a glance by referring to the SHGC, or “solar heat gain coefficient”, an independent rating of a product’s thermal performance. The lower the number provided, the less solar heat that will be allowed to enter.
Depending on the performance you expect, multiple skylights can be installed with different glazing in specific locations in the house.
Skylights can come in multiple shapes and sizes. Recent developments in the industry have resulted in designs that utilise lens-like, mirrored or sun-tracking elements to provide extra daylighting without causing daytime heat gain or night-time heat loss.
Most tubular skylights feature a mirrored “light pipe” and diffusing lens in order to extend daylighting potential without increasing the product’s size. Since they use this solar collector, and they are smaller than other skylights, they minimise winter heat loss and summer heat gain far more effectively than alternative models.
Unfortunately, the trade off with tubular versions is that they do not provide two significant benefits of skylights, namely: rooftop views and extra ventilation.
Slope of the skylight
Solar heat gain is affected by the tilt or slope of the skylight. The principle is quite simple: a low-sloped skylight admits more heat in the summer and less in the winter. This is the exact opposite of what is needed!
A general rule of thumb in the industry is to attempt to achieve a slope that equals your geographical latitude plus five to fifteen degrees. If the latitude of your location is 40o, then the optimal slope will have an angle for 45o to 55.o
As you can see, there are multiple considerations to think about if you want the perfectly-performing skylight. However, we guarantee that with a properly installed skylights the benefits more than pay for themselves!
All of Sunsquare’s skylight products feature outstanding thermal performance. Find the rooflight that’s right for your property!
Written to help architects, surveyors and home improvers alike understand every UK building regulations.
Share this guide
Want to know more
If you want to know more about this or anything else then get in contact.
Call us on +44 (0)1284 723377Email [email protected]
|
<urn:uuid:87e47c2f-6aae-4e5c-abf8-d916e727e30f>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://www.sunsquare.co.uk/blog/the-problem-of-solar-heat-gain-from-skylights/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072175.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413062409-20210413092409-00533.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922358 | 1,098 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Protect Your AccountsThe best way to help prevent fraud is to make sure you know what threats you are facing. Here are a few tips to keep in mind as you make transactions online.
Don't Let Imposters Fool You
Phishing (pronounced “fishing”) is a type of criminal activity that uses fraudulent techniques to gather sensitive personal information, such as passwords, account numbers, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs), Social Security Numbers, and other account information. By pretending to be a trustworthy person or business in a seemingly official electronic communication like an email, a criminal can use sophisticated lures to “fish” for users' passwords and personal or account information.
However, scammers may use other contact methods to obtain your personal or account information, such as text messages (also known as short message phishing or “smishing”) and phone calls (also known as voice phishing or “vishing”). With these methods, you could receive a text message, phone call, or voicemail directing you to a fake website or phone number that appears to be legitimate, where you would be asked to provide your personal or account information.
For example, you could receive a text message from an unusual number that says your account will be closed, frozen, or terminated unless you call a telephone number or go to a website. Often, these messages will imply or state that there will be negative consequences if you do not respond. This is an attempt to scare you and convince you to provide your personal or account information.
If you are ever unsure about the authenticity of a Company email, phone call, or text message, please call the toll-free number on the back of your credit/debit card or the toll-free number printed on your statement.
Do not respond or reply to a letter, email, phone call, or text message that:
- Requires you to supply your Social Security Number, passwords, PIN numbers, or complete financial account information directly in the email.
- Threatens to close or suspend your account if you do not take immediate action.
- Invites you to answer a survey that asks you to enter sensitive personal or account information.
- States that your account has been compromised or that there has been third-party activity on your account, then asks you to enter or confirm your personal or account information.
- States that there are unauthorized charges on your account, then asks you to provide your personal or account information.
- Asks you to enter your user ID, password, or account numbers, PIN, or card expiration dates into an email, non-secure webpage, or text message.
- Asks you to confirm, verify, or refresh your account, credit card, or billing information.
Don’t Give in to Pressure
It is almost always a scam to see a letter, email, communication, or website that:
- Asks you to provide your account information because someone wants to send you money.
- Claims you have a refund coming to you.
- Says you have won a contest.
Legitimate programs will never require you to enter personal or account information unless you are on a secure website.
Email scams often try to create a feeling of urgency so you will respond before you can think. These messages typically threaten to cut off a service or close your account if you do not “update” or “verify” your personal or account information. Or they may pretend to be helpful, like offering a security update, but require you to enter your personal or account information first. These are red flags, and such tactics should alert you that the request may not be legitimate.
Another more recent example is a scam involving an email that appears to come from one of your friends urgently asking you to send them money because they have lost their wallet or they are stuck in a foreign country. Never respond; call your friend to verify first.
Say “No” to Generic PasswordsIt is absolutely critical to use a highly secure password for all of your financial accounts. Never use your pet's name, your child's name, or anything else that a fraudster could easily find out. The most secure passwords are a combination of letters and numbers, not simply an address, phone number, or birth date. For added security, remember to change your password on a regular basis and avoid using the same password for multiple accounts.
When in Doubt, Act FastIf you think you have given out personal information about your accounts (like your account number, password, or PIN), or you have typed it into a website that may not be legitimate, please immediately contact the financial institution so they can take steps to help you secure your account.
You should always have up-to-date antivirus software and a personal firewall installed on your computer. Make sure you have antivirus software that scans incoming communications and files for viruses that may cause you trouble. Be cautious about offers for “free” antivirus software and make sure you get your software from a highly reputable company. Also, look for antivirus software that removes or quarantines viruses and that updates automatically on a regular basis.
A firewall is software or hardware designed to block unauthorized access to your computer. It is especially important to run a firewall if you have a broadband connection (such as from a cable modem) because your connection is always open. Most common operating system software (including Windows® XP and Vista) often come with built-in firewall functionality, but you may have to enable it.
Common Sense—It Is Your Friend
We use a variety of technologies and techniques to help ensure that our products and services are secure. You should protect yourself, too, by making an effort to protect yourself when you use your personal computer or conduct business online.
Here are some of the steps you can take:
- Do not give out financial information such as checking account and credit card numbers—and especially your Social Security Number—on the phone unless you initiate the call and know the person or organization you are dealing with. Do not give that information to any stranger, even one claiming to be from our Company.
- Notify the Company of suspicious phone inquiries such as those asking for account information to “verify a statement” or “award a prize.”
- Guard your Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) for your credit/debit cards, and do not write on or keep your PINs with your cards. You should also guard your credit/debit card receipts. Thieves can use them to access your accounts.
- Be creative in selecting Personal Identification Numbers for your credit/debit cards, and passwords that enable you to access other accounts. Do not use birth dates, parts of your Social Security Number or driver's license number, address, children's or spouse's names, or parts of the credit/debit cards. Remember: If someone has stolen your identity, he or she probably has some or all of this information.
- If you receive financial solicitations that you are not interested in, tear them up before throwing them away, so thieves cannot use them to assume your identity. Shred any other financial documents, such as statements or invoices, before disposing of them.
- Do not put outgoing mail in or on your mailbox. Drop it into a secure, official Postal Service collection box. Thieves may use your mail to steal your identity.
- If regular bills fail to reach you, call the company to find out why. Someone may have filed a false change-of-address notice to direct your information to his or her address.
- If your bills include suspicious items, do not ignore them. Instead, investigate immediately to head off any possible fraud before it occurs.
Beware of Unknown/Unexpected AttachmentsDo not open attachments, even if they appear to have come from a friend or a co-worker, unless you are expecting it or are absolutely sure you know what it contains. One red flag is any email from a friend that does not contain a personalized message, and instead contains generic messages such as “check this out” or “thought you'd be interested in this.” Do not let curiosity wreak havoc on your computer. Call your friend to make sure the email is legitimate before you open the attachment or click any links in the email.
Be on the Lookout
Review your credit reports carefully and often. Each major credit reporting agency is required to provide you with a free copy of your credit report once a year, upon request. Look out for credit inquiries from unfamiliar companies, accounts that you never opened, and unexplained debts; all of these are warning signs of fraud and identity theft. To order your free annual credit report, visit www.annualcreditreport.com or call toll-free 1-877-322-8228.
If you notice suspicious activity in your accounts, report it immediately to the appropriate parties.
|
<urn:uuid:805379d8-c89b-49d5-aeac-296b300e9dc4>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.ccfi.com/preventing-fraud/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347436828.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604001115-20200604031115-00204.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924779 | 1,838 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Kapnist [Капніст]. A noble family that owned estates in Left-Bank Ukraine. Its members used the title of count, which was granted to their Greek ancestor Stomatello Kapnissis in Venice in 1702; it was not recognized in Russia until the 1870s. Stomatello's brother (?) Basilio (?–1757) enrolled as Vasyl Kapnist in the Russian army during the 1711 Prut campaign of Tsar Peter I. He became a captain in Izium regiment in 1726, the colonel of Myrhorod regiment in 1737, and brigadier of the Slobidska Ukraine regiments in 1751. He was killed during the Seven Years' War near Gross Jägersdorf in East Prussia. Three of his sons—Mykola, Petro, and Vasyl—were Ukrainian patriots. Mykola became the marshal of the Katerynoslav gubernia nobility in 1795. Petro (ca 1750–1826) was a guard officer who lived abroad for 20 years; he returned to Ukraine a convinced republican and established a ‘republic’ on his estate in the village of Turbaitsi, Khorol county. Vasyl Kapnist was a famous poet and civic leader. One of Vasyl's sons, Ivan (ca 1794–1860), was the marshal of the Poltava gubernia nobility and a friend of Prince Nikolai Repnin. He took part in designing a project for the renewal of Ukrainian Cossack regiments in 1831. Later he became the governor of Smolensk and of Moscow. Oleksa (ca 1796–1869), marshal of the nobility of Myrhorod county and a friend of Taras Shevchenko, and Semen (ca 1791–1843), the marshal of Kremenchuk county, were involved in the Decembrist movement.
[This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (1988).]
|
<urn:uuid:65814c4d-90b7-411b-835d-45382b62ce2b>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKapnist.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057733.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925172649-20210925202649-00415.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970774 | 432 | 3.046875 | 3 |
MATCHING TWO IDENTICAL OBJECTS “Teaching Task Cards” (Clothing) for students with Autism and special learning needs (Special Education).
WHAT ARE “TEACHING TASK CARDS”?
“Teaching Task Cards” are activities that can be implemented in a Special Education setting, Resource classroom, or during Speech and Language Therapy sessions. Each “Teaching Task Card” set enables students to access life sk...
Grade Levels: 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, 7th Grade, 8th Grade, 9th Grade, 10th Grade, 11th Grade, 12th Grade
IEP Goals: 1. Given TWO pictures of objects within the same category, STUDENT will match the two identical objects, with 80% accuracy, in 4 out of 5 opportunities, by MONTH, YEAR.
2. Given ONE picture of an object with one possible response choice (errorless learning), STUDENT will match the identical object with 80% accuracy, in 4 out of 5 opportunities, by MONTH, YEAR.
3. Given TWO pictures within the same category, STUDENT will compare/contrast the objects prior to matching two identical pictures, with 80% accuracy, in 4 out of 5 opportunities, by MONTH, YEAR.
|
<urn:uuid:54aec5e5-9130-46dc-a100-75f954369a8e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
http://autismeducators.com/browse-worktasks/reading?page=9
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986647517.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013195541-20191013222541-00387.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924731 | 284 | 3.703125 | 4 |
It may seem odd that large coin producers have a significant amount of erred coins being released. While it may be assumed that only perfect, mint-condition coins are worth large sums of money, flawed, or quirky coins, as this author prefers to call them, are worth a nice lump of cash as well. One Sacagawea/Quarter mule error coin was sold for a record-breaking $155,250!
Errors originating in the mint are almost always by accident. However, these types of glitches are usually prized by numismatists because of their rarity. It should be made clear that mint-made error coin are not equivalent to coins that have been damaged after the minting process.
Planchet errorsPlanchet errors can vary, but can be some of the most easily recognizable errors as they typically involve changes in the structure of a coin.
One planchet glitch is caused by simply having a wrong sized planchet. For instance, if a nickel-sized planchet somehow ends up being struck in the die for a quarter and will have the partial design of a quarter. This can only happen if a smaller planchet enters the die collar of a larger coin, however, not vice versa. Some more prized wrong planchet coins are from before 1984, when the US would strike coins for foreign coins. The designs for the foreign coins would occasionally end up on US coin planchets and vice versa.
Another planchet flaw is what is generally called a “clipped” planchet. A clipped planchet refers to an uneven cut in the body of the coin. This just means that part of a said coin is missing. Straight clips refer to a more even break in the planchet and usually have more of the actual planchet missing than a standard clipped planchet would have.
Every now and then, blank coins are made as well. Every coin error is subject to different values, but some blank coins can be of higher numismatic value than even some flaw-free coins. Normally, these flawed coins are caught before they can be dispersed and are destroyed. If, for whatever reason, the coins are not destroyed, they could potentially be of an immense numismatic value.
Varieties (Die Errors)
Dies that are faulty or mismade are more commonly referred to as varieties, as die errors usually can inflate in numismatic value.
One type of variety is a cud. These are broken dies that leave a portion of a planchet free from design. For instance, if a die is cracked or somehow missing a portion, the middle of the coin could be left blank, while the rest of the design is imprinted on the coin. Cuds can have missing portions on any part of them, depending on the intensity of the break in the die.
Another variety that could potentially occur on a die is having the remainder of some foreign matter on it. There could be leftover material from a certain cleaning substance left on the die, such as a hair from a cleaning brush, or a fallen screw from the machine. This material imprints on the coin as it’s being struck.
Once in a while, there may also be glitches in striking in the coining process. Multi-strikes are not uncommon in coins and multiple-strike coins are identifiable by their repeated impressions of the die design.
Another variety of strike error is an off-center coin. These are identifiable, as the name suggests, by the off-center design on a coin. Part of the design may be missing, but unlike the clipped-planchet coins, the coin is whole and not missing any portion of metal as the clipped and straight clipped coins.
Other coins become distorted upon the striking process. When the collar, or cast which helps keep the coin’s shape, is accidently left off from the striking process, the coin can widen or or become misshapen leaving the rim of the widened coin blank. Strike error coins are sometimes considered more valuable than perfectly minted coins.
Mules are one of the most highly prized of the error coins. With only eleven known in existence, these coins have sold for as much as hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Mules are an intriguing amalgamation of two different dies struck on either side of a coin, hence the name mule, a hybrid of a horse and donkey. Mule coins generally have the obverse design of one coin and the reverse design of another, perhaps different denomination, coin.
The most famous mules are the Sacagawea dollar and Quarter coins. These coins have the obverse of the US Quarter and the reverse of the Sacagawea dollar, giving the coin two denominations.
These machines are meant to sift out undersized, oversized, and misshapen planchets. Ideally, the riddling devices would prevent strange coins from leaving the mint, however, the ever-present existence of error coins is enough proof that even with riddling devices, error coins will appear eventually.
Famous U.S. Coin Varieties And Errors
- 1937-D 3-leg Indian Head nickel
- 1943 bronze cent
- 1955 Lincoln cent
- 1978 quarter with dot mint mark
- 1982 "No P" dime
- 2001-P doubled-die New York quarter
- Undated Sacagawea dollar/Quarter mule
Small errors do occur occasionally, but this doesn’t mean that those coins are completely invaluable or even that they won’t be circulated. Today, some meagerly flawed coins are still released from the mint.
There are even some exceptions to only releasing near-perfect coins. For instance, some dies are still used to strike coins despite showing clearly visible faults, like the 1955 Lincoln penny which features a double-impressioned number five in the date.
Flawed coins weren’t always prized possessions. This phenomenon didn’t start until around the 1960s in the United States. Despite it’s relatively short history, the collection of quirky coins has maintained its spirited growth and will hopefully continue to thrive.
|
<urn:uuid:00830baf-3bfa-4d07-aa74-5f1eb0f44043>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-18
|
https://www.gainesvillecoins.com/learn/mint-errors
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578742415.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425213812-20190425235812-00115.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947106 | 1,265 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Orthodontic treatments are used to improve the appearance of your teeth and restore functionality to your bite. When you have crooked teeth, an underbite, overbite, or your teeth are too crowded, it's time to see what orthodontic treatments can do for you. When you get your teeth corrected, this can reduce or eliminate jaw pain and help you have a healthy, great-looking smile. Your orthodontist may suggest treatment as early as 10 years old, as early treatment can make it easier for your teeth to be corrected. Children from 10 to 14 are at the perfect age to seek treatment from an orthodontist, as this is when teeth are the easiest to straighten.
Good Times to Get Started with Braces
If your dentist determines that your child is a good candidate for braces, you can start as early as 10. The teeth and jaw are still growing, and this makes the teeth easier to move into the correct position with orthodontics. Adults can benefit from braces too, but the time it takes to straighten the teeth will be longer. From teenagers to adults, teeth straightening can be accomplished when you work with an orthodontist for your specific needs.
How Long It Takes to Straighten Teeth
The length of time spent correcting a bite or straightening teeth varies widely among patients. In general, people can expect to wear a full set of braces anywhere from 18 months to 30 months. For complex situations, the time spent wearing braces will be on the longer end of the range. You may need to wear a retainer after you get your braces off, for either a few months or even a few years to keep your teeth properly aligned.
Aligners vs. Traditional Braces
If your dental problem isn't significant, your orthodontist may be able to use aligners instead of traditional braces to align your teeth. If traditional braces are necessary, your orthodontist can talk to you about using ones that go behind the teeth if you are self-conscious about wearing braces. If your orthodontist goes with aligners, you will need to have a set created specifically for your use and may need to have changes made to the set over time.
Braces can correct a wide range of dental problems. People as young as ten can start with corrective measures to help straighten teeth and improve bite mechanics. Talk to an orthodontist when you are told you need braces to find out more.
Up until a year ago, I did my best to keep my teeth and gums clean. But after securing a new job, I began to work late into the night and didn't have the time or energy to brush and floss before I retired to bed. My busy schedule and poor dental hygiene finally affected my teeth and gums. After experiencing severe pain in several of my teeth, I made an appointment with my dentist. My dentist examined my mouth and discovered three large cavities in my molars. After four long weeks, my dentist finally completed my dental work. I learned a very painful lesson during that time. No matter how busy you are, always brush and floss. I started this blog to inform other people about the importance of good dental care. I hope you find the time to read it. Thanks for visiting.
|
<urn:uuid:fc5e7549-be84-4fda-91c1-bf8add83c92e>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
http://omarbahrin.com/2021/03/31/why-orthodontic-treatments-are-used-and-when-to-begin-treatment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585768.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023193319-20211023223319-00589.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960157 | 677 | 2.734375 | 3 |
“Poverty isn’t destiny,” U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan is fond of saying. Taken literally, it’s a ridiculous statement. If “destiny” is defined as an inevitable or predetermined end state, it only takes one instance of someone escaping poverty to refute the claim that poverty is destiny. Race isn’t destiny, either; but that’s little consolation for the one in nine black men between the ages of 20 and 34 who are incarcerated, many for offenses that resulted in harsher sentences than for whites found guilty of engaging in similar behaviors.
So if the phrase “poverty isn’t destiny” isn’t to be taken literally, what might Arne Duncan mean? Presumably, he believes that the educational policies of the Obama administration have demonstrated that school districts can “overcome” poverty to create schools in which poor children achieve at very high levels. Just as it only takes one person to counter the poverty-destiny equation, a single school can do so as well.
But although there are some shining examples of high-performing schools serving high concentrations of students in poverty, they surely aren’t typical–and it would be very misleading to claim that any state or school district has effectively eliminated the link between poverty and low academic achievement, despite a decade or more of federal and state reforms intended to do just that.
Secretary Duncan may view himself as a cheerleader for these reforms, saying with great confidence that the tweaking of the package of reforms embedded in the No Child Left Behind Act, and the policies propelled by the Race to the Top competition, will have bold consequences for educational inequalities associated with race, income, English proficiency and disability. Wishing doesn’t make it so, however. There’s no evidence to date that the kinds of accountability provisions in NCLB have had these kinds of effects.
What’s even worse is that the “poverty isn’t destiny” trope disguises real changes over time in the structure of economic inequality in American society. Put simply, the disadvantages associated with poverty are getting worse. A new book edited by economists Greg Duncan of the University of California-Irvine and Richard Murnane of the Harvard Graduate School of Education–Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances (Russell Sage Foundation)–demonstrates that rising income inequality in the U.S. is associated with growing inequalities in reading and math achievement, college graduation rates, and spending on enrichment activities such as music or art lessons, or travel.
Writing in the Chicago Tribune, Duncan and Murnane argue that the consequences of this economic inequality are far-reaching. “Debating the merits of teachers unions, charter schools and test-based accountability,” they write, “all fail to address the core problem, which is that growth in family income inequality has eroded educational opportunities.”
Duncan and Murnane are not arguing that school reform policies don’t matter. Rather, they’re suggesting that there are other policies that are much more likely to be successful in reducing educational inequality–high quality preschool education and income supports for low-income families, to name two. If we’re serious about improving equality of opportunity in American society, we’re better off attacking the root problem than tinkering with its consequences.
Duncan vs. Duncan: Who would have guessed I’d side with the economist?
This post was originally published on Aaron Pallas’s blog, Sociological Eye on Education.
|
<urn:uuid:2bd1768e-4b1a-4d06-93ce-c33e58cb377e>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://ecologyofeducation.net/wsite/duncan-vs-duncan/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500825174.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021345-00005-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946734 | 748 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In a bit of scheduling serendipity, Tax Freedom Day—the day when Americans finally earn enough income to pay off the bill for all federal, state, and local taxes for the year—falls on April 17 this year. That also happens to be Tax Filing Day 2012.
Absent tax changes made by Congress, Tax Freedom Day moves earlier or later in the calendar from year to year based on the economy. If the economy is stronger, then more Americans are working and wages are rising. Larger incomes mean they pay more taxes and Tax Freedom day falls later in the year. The reverse happens when the economy is weak, as it is today.
Tax Freedom Day next year promises to be much later than April 17, but unfortunately not because of a strong economy, which even the Obama Administration is not predicting. No, Tax Freedom Day will be much later if Congress and President Obama fail to act promptly and prevent Taxmageddon from striking America’s families and small businesses.
Taxmageddon is a $494 billion tax hike. Not only would it push Tax Freedom Day much deeper into 2013, it would also make next year’s Tax Day considerably more painful than it was this year: American households would face an average tax increase of $3,800.
A big portion of the Taxmageddon increase would occur because tax cuts enacted more than a decade ago lowered all tax rates and put in place a new 10 percent bracket. They also doubled the child tax credit from $500 to $1,000, reduced the marriage penalty, and reduced the tax disincentives toward saving. These tax cuts are all slated to expire at the end of 2012. In total, because of the expiration of just these three tax policies, 70 percent of Taxmageddon would fall directly on low-income and middle-income families. That’s about $346 billion less for families to spend and a whole lot more for government to spend.
That’s not all. If Congress fails to act, then a lot more Americans are going to pay the alternative minimum tax, or AMT. This tax was only supposed to be paid by “the rich.” But, as so often happens, a tax targeted at the rich expanded over time so that it now threatens millions of middle-income families.
If Congress fails to act, workers won’t have to wait very long to feel the effects. Every payday, they would see a jump in their payroll tax as it takes a bigger bite out of every paycheck. And that only reflects the direct hit they’ll face. The health care surtax on investment income and salaries over $250,000—which begins in 2013 along with five other tax hikes—would slow job creation, because it would take away resources from businesses, investors, and entrepreneurs.
Other Taxmageddon tax hikes, such as the expiration of the “tax extenders,” the rise of the death tax, and end of 100 percent expensing for business investment, would also slow the economy. These would make it harder for those out of work to find a job or for those looking for a new opportunity to land a better job. It would also slam the stock market, making it harder to rebuild depleted retirement savings.
Congress and President Obama need to show voters they actually can get important things done, even in an election year. Stopping a nearly $500 billion economy-crushing tax hike shouldn’t be controversial. So what’s the hold up?
|
<urn:uuid:29402735-7ca1-4bbe-80c9-166146464137>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-06
|
http://dailysignal.com/2012/04/16/tax-day-2012-taxmageddon-on-the-horizon/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862432.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00241-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971832 | 719 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Measuring particulates is a process that requires sophisticated equipment capable of measuring from several nanometers and millimeters in size. There are a variety of techniques used for the distribution analysis of certain types of samples. Particle size distribution services are easily found online and they provide a wide range of benefits. Sample properties will dictate what types of particle size distribution services are needed. It is not uncommon for companies that do cryogenic grinding in massachusetts to provide particle size distribution services for their clients. Business directories and social networking sites can be used for finding the right services that are available.
A significant amount of products involve particulate materials during the manufacturing process. The size of a particle and the distribution of a particle are extremely important parameters of the manufacturing of products that involve particulates. Particle size distribution services involve the measuring of particles in their simplest form to ensure the proper amount is being used. As a matter of fact, the process involved with modifying or reworking particle distribution will often lead to a better product. In fact, particle size distribution services can improve the overall competitive nature of a manufacturing company. Dynamic light scattering and static light scattering are two different techniques used for particle distribution and analysis.
One type of machine that is often used by companies that offer particle size distribution services is the sifter machine. This machine is used to control and manage the level of particles needed for different projects. Powdered metal is a perfect example of how particle size distribution services work. Metal isn’t found in powder form in nature. Sophisticated equipment and techniques are requires to produce powered metal. If you are looking for particle size distribution services online, be sure to take the time to read the reviews and testimonials that are available.
|
<urn:uuid:a749b043-ed27-4a42-bcf8-e3287a3ae764>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://wallstreetnews.me/particle-size-distribution-services/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949533.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331020535-20230331050535-00646.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940448 | 348 | 2.8125 | 3 |
President John F. Kennedy’s brain may have been stolen by his brother, Robert, to prevent disclosures about the medication he was taking when he died, according to a new book.
The president’s brain, which was not buried with his body at Arlington Cemetery after his assassination in November 1963, was placed in a container and secured in a locker at the National Archives. Almost three years later, his secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, discovered that the brain was missing, while she worked to organize the late president’s papers.
Conspiracy theorists have long claimed the materials were taken to cover up the fact that Kennedy was shot from the front, rather than by Lee Harvey Oswald from the Texas School Book Depository.
However in End of Days: The Assassination of John F Kennedy, James Swanson claims that an inquiry ordered by the then attorney-general, Ramsey Clark, indicated that Robert Kennedy — himself later assassinated — was to blame.
While the inquiry failed to recover the brain, it did “uncover compelling evidence suggesting that former attorney-general Robert Kennedy, aided by his assistant Angie Novello, had stolen the locker”, Swanson writes, according to an excerpt in The New York Post.
“My conclusion is that Robert Kennedy did take his brother’s brain — not to conceal evidence of a conspiracy but perhaps to conceal evidence of the true extent of President Kennedy’s illnesses, or perhaps to conceal evidence of the number of medications that President Kennedy was taking.”
|
<urn:uuid:6f7936c5-302f-40d9-ac88-04716d3cff1a>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-52
|
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/21/jfks-brain-stolen-by-his-brother-robert-kennedy-to-conceal-extent-of-presidents-illnesses-author-says/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770433.122/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00090-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983847 | 310 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Walk into any ice cream parlor and you can probably pick out your favorite flavors by their distinctive colors. The deep black-brown of Belgian chocolate, the burgundy red of raspberry, the green of pistachio, and the wild swirl of rainbow sherbet.
Now one Spanish scientist has turned that law of desserts on its head by doing the unimaginable: creating color-changing ice cream.
The genius behind this icy confection is physicist and electrical engineer turned ice cream maker Manuel Linares.
Linares calls his frozen treat Xamaleón.
The ice cream's color-changing properties are patent pending, and Linares is keeping them a secret for now. But we do know that the ice cream starts out blue and only begins to change color after it has been sprayed with something Linares calls a "love elixir." (And, yes,some reports do allege that it has aphrodisiac qualities.)
After being sprayed with Linares' potion, the ice cream turns a deep purple color over the course of 10 to 15 seconds. It then further changes color when you lick it.
The story comes from Linares' local news site, Diari de Girona. A follow-up piece fromSploid adds that this ice cream genius is working on other types of color-changing treats, such as one that changes from white to pink and another that changes color under the ultraviolet lights of nightclubs.
Unfortunately, for now the only place to get this magical ice cream is at IceXperience, Linares' ice cream shop in Girona, Spain.
Now we just need Dominique Ansel to create something similar here in the States. He invented the cronut—how hard could ice cream be?
|
<urn:uuid:89214d0f-f4e8-480e-a0fb-f8ff1b82ac5d>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://www.firstcoastnews.com/story/news/weird/2014/08/04/ice-cream-changes-color-lick-it/13575847/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300031.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00267-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932092 | 362 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In honor of the upcoming election, which may well prove the most consequential since 1860, my friend Dr. David Hall is publishing a series of articles on historic American election sermons. This is the twenty-eighth, “Thanksgiving Sermon”. — RDM
by Dr. David W. Hall
November 6, 2016
A survey of congressional proclamations for days of fasting or Thanksgiving is instructive, especially to those who have been catechized in the dogma of strict separationism. 1 Indeed, the religious worldview of the 1770s betrays the following key theological assumptions, which were apparently noncontroverted at the time: (1) sinful depravity was the underlying cause of evil and immorality; (2) repentance was necessary to stay the hand of God’s judgment; (3) atonement was needed to pacify the wrath of the sovereign God; (4) God’s providence was at work in the course of human events; and (5) true (often “reformed”) religion was essential for liberty. Such theological non-negotiables were incompatible with anything other than the scriptural religion which had been passed down from Geneva.
In the first proclamation for a fast (June 12, 1775), Congress called not for what would today be a “moment of silence,” but for an entire “day of public humiliation, fasting, and prayer.” The specific aim was to “confess and deplore our many sins,” an idea almost infinitely remote from today’s predominantly secular worldview, and to beseech God to “forgive our iniquities.” God’s providence was mentioned no less than four times in this single bill, and God was described by that Congress as possessing “immutable justice,” again, a grim and solemn warning to believers which was lightyears from the muted “understanding” of today’s religion or agnosticism.
Besides praying for the people’s representatives who met in assemblies, this proclamation also specifically asked its citizens (Congress ordered the bill to be passed out in newspapers and hand bills as well.) to pray, “That virtue and true religion may revive and flourish throughout our land” and that God would “graciously interpose” to restore “invaded rights.” This proclamation was certainly not compatible with Deism or agnosticism (much less with many forms of rigid separationism). Its conclusion urged that “Christians of all denominations assemble for public worship and abstain from servile labor and recreations on said day.” Thus Congress declared a sabbath in OT fashion, using phrasing contained in the Calvinistic confessions which define lawful sabbath behavior.
Then in March 1776, a few months prior to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Congress (which did not intend to establish a federal denomination) called for “true penitence of heart” and reverent devotion to stir public acknowledgement of God’s active providence. Citizens were also summoned, as Genevans had been by the Council of Two Hundred two centuries earlier, to “confess and deplore their offenses against God.” Americans feared that their actively judging God had permitted the British to “subvert our invaluable rights [note; several times the phrase “invaluable” was preferred over “inalienable” as used in the Declaration] and privileges.”
The 1776 fast proclamation urged people to pray for “pure undefiled religion universally [to] prevail” and repeated the recommendation that “Christians of all denominations” abstain from servile labor on the fast day. That this proclamation was based on clear theological notions may also be seen by its urging citizens to seek to “appease [God’s] righteous displeasure, and through the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ, obtain his pardon and forgiveness.” Such explicit scriptural formulation would later fade from American government rhetoric, but its overwhelming presence here indicates that this formulation was by no means problematic in 1776. Indeed, this symphony of proclamations provides a deeper understanding of the theological codas in the Declaration, whose adoption was sandwiched between this March 1776 act and later acts in the same period.
Later, a 1781 Thanksgiving proclamation, authored by Presbyterian minister John Witherspoon, again invoked the blessing of Isaiah 11:9 and pled with “the God of all grace” (1 Peter 5:10) to “incline our hearts . . . to keep all his laws.” It was not common law alone that guided, but God’s law. The next year, the Scotsman of Knoxian descent would also lead the Congress in committing to “a cheerful obedience to his laws,” and the practice of “true and undefiled religion [James 1:27] which is the great foundation of public prosperity and national happiness.”
In October 1783, a New Jersey student of Witherspoon, Elias Boudinot (of Huguenot lineage), led the Congress in affirming “our dependence on that Almighty Being,” who was yet again asked to “smile upon our seminaries and means of education to cause pure religion and virtue to flourish, to give peace to all nations, and to fill the world with his glory.” Instrumental in these great ends was the continuation, for which Congress was grateful, of “the light of the blessed gospel.” This evangel was the settled faith of the vast majority, and nowhere did it seek to repudiate the legacy of Calvinism.
Toward the end of the Revolutionary hostilities, Congress called for a day of prayer and thanksgiving in which people would “assemble in their respective churches and congregations” to celebrate the “mercies and praises of their all-bountiful Creator, most holy and most Righteous, for his innumerable favors and mercies.” In words that reflected the sincere piety of the day, this declaration of August 1784 also asked support of the seminaries for the following purposes: “to raise up from among our youth, men eminent for virtue, learning, and piety to his service in church and state; to cause virtue and true religion to flourish; to give to all nations amity, peace and concord, and to fill the world with his glory.”
Likewise, in a Thanksgiving Day sermon in 1786, Witherspoon’s student Joseph Lathrop stated: “All the measures of civil policy ought to be founded on the great principles of religion; or, at the least, to be perfectly consistent with them: otherwise they will never be esteemed, because they will be contrary to that moral sense of right and wrong which God has implanted in the breast of every rational being.” 2 Choosing Isaiah 1:19-20 as his text, Lathrop outlined and applied as follows:
What was spoken by the prophets to the ancient people of God, is written for our use, that we, through the warnings of scripture, might be moved with fear; and, through the comforts of scripture, might have hope.
OUR relation to God, as a people redeemed by his hand and preserved by his care, as a people enjoying his oracles and professing obedience to his laws, is so similar to theirs, that we may justly apply to ourselves what was here spoken to them. I shall therefore consider my text in accommodation to our own case: and shall observe,
- That the land, in which we are placed, is a good land: and,
- That our enjoyment of the good of the land depends on our obedience to God.
This sermon viewed British encroachments as unconstitutional and oppressive. In contrast, the platform of America’s federalist government was “framed and ratified in a manner still more liberal. It is not, in any sense whatever, a compact between the rulers and the people; but it is a solemn, explicit agreement of the people among themselves.” It was constructed by a convention of wise men, whom the people deputed solely for that purpose, and who, at that time, could have no share, and no appearance of a future share in the government they were framing.” “It was,” Lathrop continued, “then remitted to the people at large, and competent time allowed for their deliberate examination and discussion; and it was finally adopted and confirmed in consequence of their general approbation. So happily was it adjusted to the views of the people, at a time when the spirit of liberty was at the height, that not a single article was found in the whole, but what met the approbation of more than two thirds of the inhabitants assembled in the several towns to give their voices upon it. It is therefore, in the most absolute sense, THE CONSTISTUTION OF THE PEOPLE; and, in this view, it is more sacred than any form of government in Europe.”
Being framed by the people, it never ought to be changed, or altered without their general consent fairly asked, and freely given. There may undoubtedly be defects in it: nothing human is perfect: but still it is our own; not imposed, but chosen. And whatever imperfections attend it, yet it is acknowledged, by all, to be formed on the highest principles, of liberty.
The administration of it is committed to men appointed by, and from among ourselves; to men who are frequently to return to private life; to men who are subject to the same laws and burthens, which they impose on their fellow citizens. The people have it in their power always to influence the measures of government by petition and instructions, and often to change their rulers by new elections. Nations, whose government is absolute, may be under the sad necessity of submitting to oppression, or of repelling it by force. This is a dreadful alternative, and usually terminates in the increase of the evil. We are under no such necessity. Our government is so constituted, that publick oppressions may be soon removed without force, either by remonstrances against the measures of rulers, or by a change of the rulers themselves.
Lathrop also argued from his Boston pulpit for proper resistance to civil government under the following condition: “when rulers usurp a power oppressive to the people, and continue to support it by military force in contempt of every respectful remonstrance . . . the body of the people have a natural right to unite their strength for the restoration of their own constitutional government. And, for the same reason, if a part of the people attempt by arms to control or subvert the government, the rulers, who are the guardians of the constitution, have a right to call in the aid of the people to protect it. If the people may use force to suppress an armed usurpation of unconstitutional authority, rulers may, on the same principle, use force to suppress an armed insurrection against constitutional authority.”3
Agree with all this or not, this election sermon is admirable for seeking to mine the depths of an OT prophecy and apply it to the day. He offers several other worthwhile applications. It is also a timely reminder that repentant praying and thanksgiving praises are properly called for. Lathrop’s sermon is printed in Ellis Sandoz, Political Sermons of the American Founding Era (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998). It is online at: http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N15978.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext.
— Dr. David W. Hall is pastor of Midway Presbyterian Church, Powder Springs, Georgia, and author of over 20 books on theology and church history. For others like this order a copy of Twenty Messages to Consider Before Voting from Reformation Heritage Books.
- All references, identified by date, are taken from the Library of Congress’ Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1906-1913) ↩
- Ellis Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, 1730-1805 (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1991), 839. ↩
- Ellis Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, 1730-1805 (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1991), 872. ↩
|
<urn:uuid:25fb0782-674c-4379-9cfc-7d1104f84347>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://rodmartin.org/election-sermon-lathrop/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742338.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115013218-20181115035218-00490.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968991 | 2,621 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What are hemorrhoids?
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus, similar to varicose veins. Swollen hemorrhoids are also called piles.
What causes hemorrhoids?
They can occur for the following reasons:
- Chronic Diarrhea.
- Chronic Constipation – from straining to move stool.
- Sitting for long periods (especially on the toilet).
- Anal Intercourse.
- Low-fiber diet.
- Heavy lifting.
- People who stand or sit for long stretches of time.
- Genetics – some people inherit a tendency to develop hemorrhoids.
What are the symptoms of hemorrhoids?
Signs and symptoms may include:
- Feel discomfort, pain or itching around your anus.
- Lumps protruding from the anal region.
- Painless bleeding during bowel movement.
- Swelling around your anus.
- Get moist, pink bumps around the edge of or bulging out from your anus.
In the majority of cases, simple measures will alleviate symptoms while the problem gets better on its own.
- Eat high-fiber foods / Take high fiber diets.
- Use topical treatments.
- Soak regularly in warm bath.
- Apply cold compress in your swelling anus.
- Take oral pain relievers to help ease discomfort.
- Exercise regularly.
- Drink lots of fluid to keep stools soft and easier to pass.
- Use a pillow in sitting hard surface.
- Avoid using dry or rough toilet paper when you wipe after a bowel movement.
- Rubber band ligation.
- Injection (Sclerotherapy).
- Coagulation or cauterization.
- Stapled Hemorrhoidectomy.
- Laser Hemorrhoidoplasty.
- Radiofrequency Coagulation.
|
<urn:uuid:f5ecd9c6-c3a4-40a2-a492-e86e658f83d0>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.phukethospital.com/healthy-articles/hemorrhoids/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890157.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706073443-20200706103443-00113.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.749252 | 385 | 3.015625 | 3 |
FSI: Aluminum Extrusion Model
Fanny Griesmer October 26, 2012
Out of all metals, the most frequently extruded is aluminum. Aluminum extrusion entails using a hydraulic ram to squeeze an aluminum bar through a die. This process will form the metal into a particular shape. Extruded aluminum is used in many manufacturing applications, such as building components for example. The process of shaping metal alloys, like aluminum, can be modeled using COMSOL Multiphysics.
Using both the Structural Mechanics and Heat Transfer Modules, my colleague Valerio Marra created the below model of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) in aluminum extrusion. The model was originally created as part of a benchmark study on thermal-structural coupling. Because aluminum is so commonly extruded in manufacturing, I thought this model would be a good one to share here on the blog.
Modeling FSI in aluminum extrusion using COMSOL Multiphysics. The model shown here depicts the process of shaping aluminum. It couples non-Newtonian flow with heat transfer, as well as structural mechanics. The structural mechanics analysis is performed in order to understand the stress in the die caused by fluid pressure and thermal loads.
Why would you want to simulate this phenomenon? By first running the simulation, the design of the die can be optimized before it is brought to life, so to speak. It may be that adjusting certain physical parameters and operating conditions would result in improved die outputs. Realizing this during the design stages, as opposed to after the die has been produced will save companies both time and money.
|
<urn:uuid:162a2708-3fd2-4830-bdef-a6ba29e35244>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
|
https://www.comsol.no/blogs/fsi-aluminum-extrusion-model/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583668324.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119135934-20190119161934-00418.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93323 | 332 | 2.96875 | 3 |
By Marshall Goldsmith as seen on Linkedin
It doesn't matter how friendly your tone is or how honey sweet you are in a conversation, when you start your sentences with one of these words (or both), the message to your recipient is "You are wrong."
What are these conversation stopping words? They are "No” and "But.”
These words don’t say, "Let's discuss this" or "I'd love to hear what you think about this" to people. They say, unequivocally, "You are wrong and I am right." If your conversation companion is also dedicated to his need to win at any cost, you will have a potential battle on your hands. The result? Nothing more can happen that will be productive.
Are you interested in a little test to see how competitive your co-workers are? Try this. For one week, keep a scorecard of how many times each person uses "no" or "but" to start a sentence. You will be shocked at how frequently these words are used. And, if you drill a little deeper, you'll see patterns emerge. For instance, some people use these words to gain power. You’ll see how much people resent it, consciously or not, and how it stifles rather than opens up discussions.
I use this technique with my clients. Practically without even thinking, I keep count of their use of these two little words. It's such an important indicator! If the numbers pile up in an initial meeting with a client, I'll interrupt him or her and say, "We've been talking for almost an hour now, and do you realize that you have responded 17 times with either no or but?" This is the moment when a serious talk about changing behavior begins.
If this is your interpersonal challenge, you can do this little test for yourself just as easily as you can to gauge your co-workers. Stop trying to defend your position and start monitoring how many times you begin remarks with "no” or “but." Pay close attention to when you use these words in sentences. For example, "That's true, but..." (Meaning: You don't really think it's true at all.) Another oldie but goodie is "Yes, but..." (Meaning: Prepare to be contradicted.)
Along with self-monitoring your behavior, you can also easily monetize the solution to this annoying behavior to help yourself stop. Ask a friend or colleague to charge you money every time you say, "no" or "but." Once you appreciate how guilty you've been, maybe then you'll begin to change your "winning" ways!
Lacking motivation to change how you communicate?
Self-Help Book / Personal Development
|
<urn:uuid:e005a2d9-6369-4a3c-a4fe-a2a66071d8b8>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://www.coachgroupofch.ch/blog/two-words-that-kill-any-conversation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704832583.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127183317-20210127213317-00347.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96515 | 566 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The main goal of soil improvement techniques used for reducing liquefaction hazards is to avoid large increases in pore water pressure during earthquake. This can be achieved by rearranging the soil particles or improvement of its drainage capacity.
3235 Working Piles Dia 460~770mm, 13~30m Depth (On Two Contracts)
1645 Working Piles Dia 800~1200mm, 18~25m Depth (On Three Contracts)
1388 Working Piles Dia 800~1500mm, 16~18m Depth (On Three Contracts)
92 Driven Piles Dia 900 ~1000mm, 29~31m Depth ( On Two Contracts)
1095 Working Piles Dia 800mm, 23m Depth
1815 Working Piles Dia 800~1250mm, 25~28m Depth
|
<urn:uuid:d5785132-6f9c-4da9-8f99-78dd8f2ddcaf>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
http://www.delta-foundations.com/services/soil-improvement/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315222.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820024110-20190820050110-00271.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.774204 | 163 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Subscribe FREELY Right Now - click here!
Last time during the explanation on “What is a punctuation“, I mentioned that the uses of commas will be elaborated in a later session and this is exactly what this article is focussed on; so fasten your seat belts.
What Is A Comma?
→ A comma is a sign or punctuation mark which denotes the shortest pause and the least amount of separation between words, phrases or clauses.
Importance Of Commas
→ The comma is the most frequently used punctuation mark and has an array of uses.
Is this a coincidence, is this a chance?
Of course not! As I previously told you, a punctuation mark helps to translate or convey the exact voice inflexion from spoken to written words. And when anyone talks, there’s always a series of short pauses. Now by definition, a comma marks a short pause.
Now be careful to not overuse commas, that is, do not use too much of it in your sentence. Why? It will spoil the meaning of your sentence and making it confusing for your readers. A sentence with many unnecessary commas often leads to several interpretation.
When To Use Commas?
Your common sense and the desire to make your meaning clear, will usually guide you where a pause is needed. Just try to say aloud what you want to write and see for yourself where you make obvious pauses. Everything comes with practice and maturity of your writing skills.
General Uses Of Commas – When Are Commas Used?
1) To separate words in a list or series
→ Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and Fernando Torres were the top three players nominated for the FIFA world player of the year.
2) To mark off direct speech
→ Aliya said, “He’s the handsome I was telling you about the other day.”
3) To mark off or separate expressions like: “however, in fact, of course, therefore, after all, indeed, for instance“, from the rest of a sentence
→ Indeed, Manchester United won the prestigious title of the world best football club.
→ It was, however, too expensive for our budget.
4) To show Ellipsis
→ You may go your way; I, mine.
→ He will soon succeed; you, never.
5) To mark off question tags.
→ The new year’s eve was great, isn’t it?
6) To separate short co-ordinate clauses
→ Please run upstairs, go to my room, get me my bag.
→ I came, I saw, I conquered.
→ When it rained, we got wet.
7) To mark off nouns in apposition
→ Problogger, Darren Rowse, is very much loved and solicited in the blogosphere.
8.) To separate clauses in a compound sentence.
→ Mickels Rea was very busy with his first official album, so he did not come to the last Star Academy get-together party.
In Complex Sentences, the comma should not be used when the omission of the Relative Clause would make the Principal Clause meaningless or would change its meanings. (Explanation of the red words in a later session)
Consider the following sentence:
→ “Shakespeare plays which were written in the years 1604-1609 are all tragic and sombre.”
⇒ Now, if commas marked off the clause as follows:
“Shakespeare plays, which were written in the years 1604-1609, are all tragic and sombre.”
This would completely change the whole meaning of the sentence and would thus convey the main meaning of: “Shakespeare plays are all tragic and sombre.”
Is this what the original sentence wanted to say? No, the original meant that only those written in the years 1604-1609 were tragic.
Got it? So, be careful when using commas.
There are other different ways in which commas are used, but I have brought forward only the most common and important ones. Commas can be used as per your intuition since different people and writers essentially have varied styles – but provided you convey the right meaning without ambiguities. In any case, I would to love to hear your comments below..
|
<urn:uuid:67431802-79f4-4956-91f8-715e7b539e8f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://wakish.info/a-glance-at-the-uses-of-commas-the-shortest-punctuation-mark/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190753.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00570-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946383 | 915 | 3.578125 | 4 |
I covered the traditional Inuit in the last hunter gatherer profile, whose diet consists of sometimes 90% animal products. Hardly eating any carbohydrates at all for most of the year, they are on one end of the hunter gatherer macronutrient intake spectrum: the high protein end. On the other end are the Kitavans, whose diet consists of about 70% carbohydrates, 20% fat and 10% protein. I chose this group of people because they have been so well studied, and because you’ll probably come across a reference to them while perusing the other Paleo websites.
A Swedish MD and professor named Staffan Lindeberg decided to do a medical survey in the early 1990’s on the Kitavans, a group of people thought to be living the same sort of existence they would have thousands of years ago. The Kitavans live in Kitava, on the Trobriand Islands in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea is a group of islands northeast of Australia. Kitavans seemed to suffer from no heart disease or other degenerative diseases. In fact, a 100 year old man on the island stated that he never in his life saw anyone suddenly die, as we might see someone die from a stroke or heart attack. Unless someone was to fall from a coconut tree or drown, people usually either died of malaria (especially children) or of old age. And by old age I mean they carried on with life as usual until one day they were too tired and a few days later had passed away. Sounds pretty good to me.
The fact that there is no heart disease on the island is notable, but understandable since we know that a primitive diet promotes health. But these people were smokers. 80% of women and 75% of men over 20 years of age smoked daily, and they still had no signs of heart disease.
Who Are the Kitavans
The Kitavans live in huts and eat like they would have centuries ago. However, they’ve been influenced by western culture in that at the time of the study they wore modern(ish) clothing most of the time, used modern tools and kerosene, and they smoked.
Their diet consisted of root vegetables (yam, sweet potato, taro, tapioca), fruit (banana, papaya, pineapple, mango, guava, watermelon, pumpkin), vegetables, fish and coconuts. Less than 0.2% of their calories came from imported Western foods, like margarine, dairy products, sugar, cereals, and alcohol. Because much of the fat they ate came from coconuts, it was saturated, which destroys the “saturated fat causes heart disease” theory. Their salt intake was much lower than the typical American diet, and they had a good omega 3 to omega 6 ratio from the fish they ate.
Their average lifespan was 45 years, which doesn’t seem that old, but it averaged out to that because a lot of children died of malaria. Once they reached adulthood, their chances of reaching old age were possibly about the same as Westerners. 6% of the population was 65 or older (compared to 12% in the U.S.). Their activity level was high, but not outrageously high. Oh, and none of the elderly seemed to suffer from dementia or poor memory.
Their Medical Statistics
The researchers took many medical measurements and compared all of their Kitavan subjects’ results with normal Swedish people’s, since Swedes have a propensity for heart disease.
Kitavans had lower blood pressure, BMI, and body fat than the Swedes, sometimes by a lot. Only the older Kitavans had lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (the so-called “bad” cholesterol), and the HDL cholesterol didn’t differ much between the populations. In some age groups, the triglycerides were actually higher in the Kitavans. And some of the other standard markers for heart disease (various lipoproteins) were by Western standards sub-optimal in the Kitavans.
What the researchers concluded was that some of the markers we consider very indicative of impending heart disease may not be quite so accurate. They thought that the Kitavans’ low BMI and low blood pressure were the main reasons for their freedom from heart disease.
Imagine that. Smokers who eat a lot of saturated fat are at (much) lower risk for heart disease than Americans or Swedes. Despite their nasty tobacco habits, we can only assume that their traditional diet and lifestyle (that is, slow and not much stress) probably have much to do with their superb health.
What I learned from this is that high protein is not necessarily king. Fruits, veggies and tubers, a little coconut and a bit of fish can make for healthy, happy (and sometimes really ripped) people. Not everyone, but some people could thrive on this diet. If I tried eating that way, my energy levels would plummet and I’d be pretty grumpy, but you – you may do really well on this diet. No grains, no legumes, no refined sugar, no dairy and no alcohol – those are the things they’re not eating that Westerners are. They don’t have the phytic acid from the grains and legumes robbing them of minerals, and they don’t have the refined sugars and alcohol messing with their blood sugar and giving them systemic inflammation. It’s Paleo(ish), just high carb Paleo. Either way, it sounds delicious.
|
<urn:uuid:08284cf4-0737-40f4-913a-09163382a783>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://www.paleoplan.com/2011/05-18/hunter-gatherer-profile-the-kitavans/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303917.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122224904-20220123014904-00544.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974836 | 1,159 | 2.78125 | 3 |
St. John Chrysostom
Today marks the 1,600th anniversary of the death of St. John Chrysostom, the "golden tongued" (Χρυσόστομος) Archbishop of Constantinople who lived from c. 349 to 407. A native of Antioch, John was educated by the pagan Libanius and went on to study theology under Diodoros of Tarsus. He was an ascetic who disliked the conspicuous consumption of the wealthy classes. When he was appointed Archbishop of Constantinople, the imperial capital, he reluctantly became an official of the highest rank, with privileges approaching those of royalty. Nevertheless, he opposed the lavish lifestyles of the city's élite and spoke with courage against abuses in high places. He preached regularly on the duty to care for the poor, among whom he was well-loved.
He is known as the greatest preacher of the early church. The Orthodox Church's Divine Liturgy is named for him, in recognition of his contribution to the liturgy by revising its prayers and rubrics. His famous paschal homily is often read in churches on Easter, as it has been in our church. St. John is honoured by both eastern and western churches, including those of the Reformation. For example, John Calvin admired his straightforward interpretation of scripture, as opposed to Augustine's more allegorical approach. St. John died in exile in the Caucasus, with these words on his lips: "Glory be to God for all things!"
Here is a final word for us from St. John Chrysostom:
Even if we have thousands of acts of great virtue to our credit, our confidence in being heard must be based on God's mercy and His love for men. Even if we stand at the very summit of virtue, it is by mercy that we shall be saved.
Later: Coinciding with the anniversary comes this story out of Cyprus: Thousands queue outside Cyprus church after reports of miracle-working relic. St. John Chrysostom's skull is in the island and two miracles are being attributed to its presence.
|
<urn:uuid:7257b239-1814-49c8-b6b4-d2c7e66be13b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://byzantinecalvinist.blogspot.com/2007/11/st.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826840.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023221059-20171024001059-00555.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979525 | 432 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Created: 12/11/2013 12:20 PM KAALtv.com
As more and more people adopt bicycles in urban areas to avoid terrible car traffic, give the environment a break, and get a workout during their commute, bicycle commuting is also becoming more dangerous. Heavy traffic on the roads combined with poor separation and safety measures for bikers can turn some roads into extreme hazard zones, making cyclists think twice about what should be routine trips.
That's why eyes in a growing number of cities are turning to protected bike lanes, which shelter cyclists from traffic with the use of dividers like curbs, posts, bollards, or lanes of parked traffic, along with using special lights just for bikers. In Chicago, the Dearborn Street bike lane was just named Number One in the US for 2013, a remarkable achievement -- although some cyclists say the city can still do better.
Since this experiment with a protected lane has worked so well, it's safe to bet that Chicago concrete contractors will be hearing from the city as it works on more bicycle safety projects to make the city more pleasant for its two-wheelers.View original post.
|
<urn:uuid:8b39f499-90fd-4030-9ca2-e006da2d1d04>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.kaaltv.com/article/stories/S3244494.shtml?cat=12577
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533689.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00553-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962131 | 234 | 2.84375 | 3 |
It’s one of the most elegant and environmentally responsible ways to prepare your morning cup of coffee, but if you’re regularly using a French press, you could be doing serious damage to your body in the long run, according to a study published in The European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
“Unfiltered coffee contains substances which increase blood cholesterol,” explains study author Dag Thelle, a senior professor in the public health and community medicine department of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. “Using a filter removes these and makes heart attacks and premature death less likely.”
The French press isn’t the only form of unfiltered coffee, of course. There are also Greek and Turkish coffees, which are produced by boiling powdered coffee with water that never passes through a filter. All of these types of filter-less coffees “contain higher amounts of cafestol and kahweol—chemicals found in oil droplets floating in the coffee and also in the sediment,” Lisa Drayer, RD, told CNN. “Studies have shown that these substances can raise triglyceride levels and LDL cholesterol levels. So stick with filtered coffee, such as a paper filter that you would use in a drip-brewed coffee, which can help to trap these chemicals.” (For more dos and don’ts of drinking coffee, make sure you know The Startling Reason Why You Should Never Drink Coffee from a Paper Cup, According to Scientists.)
For the study published in The European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, the researchers set out to investigate whether or not any particular brewing method for coffee was associated with a higher risk of premature death, heart disease, and stroke. All told, more than 500,000 Norwegian adults between the ages of 20 and 79 participated in the study, which required them to fill out surveys for two decades. Over this time period, roughly 12,000 participants died of heart disease, 6,000 died of ischemic heart disease, and almost 3,000 died of stroke.
Ultimately, the researchers discovered that participants who drank their coffee filtered had a 15% less chance of an early death. People who drank between one and four cups every day experienced the lowest rates of mortality overall—and that includes people who didn’t drink any coffee at all.
“The finding that those drinking the filtered beverage did a little better than those not drinking coffee at all could not be explained by any other variable such as age, gender, or lifestyle habits,” noted Thelle. “So we think this observation is true.”
Meanwhile, those who drank unfiltered coffee weren’t so lucky. (So if you’re using a French press, now could be the time to finally upgrade.) The study’s findings on unfiltered coffee square with what a number of health experts have been saying for years about moderate coffee consumption and the resulting health effects.
To learn some of the benefits of drinking filtered coffee (and not too much—stick to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans’ recommendation of no more than 3 to 5 cups of coffee per day), read on, because we’ve listed some of them below. And for more health advice you can use first thing in the morning, make sure you’re up to speed on The Worst Restaurant Breakfasts You Should Never Order.
According to a meta-analysis of more than 300 studies on the subject, researchers discovered that caffeine consumption before exercise can boost cardiovascular endurance and enhance strength training. Additionally, a study published in the journal PLOS one specifically noted that coffee increased athletic performance. “Caffeine is particularly helpful for those who work out,” Kelli McGrane MS, RD, registered dietitian, once told Eat This! “Caffeine found in coffee has been shown to increase epinephrine levels in your blood as well as stimulate the breakdown of fat making free fatty acids available as fuel. And these two factors together can help fuel and energize your workout.”
Coffee has been linked to a decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease in the past, and, according to a study published in the journal Frontiers of Neuroscience, scientists think they know why. When coffee beans are roasted, they produce a set of compounds called phenylindanes, which have been shown to help protect against excessive buildup of proteins in the brain that are thought to play a key role in declining brain function.
According to a study conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health, drinking coffee was associated with a lower risk of depression in women.
Multiple studies have shown that consuming caffeine is associated with a higher metabolic rate. According to a study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, caffeine consumption is linked with 10% more fat burn in obese people and upwards of 30% more fat burn in non-obese people. For more on your favorite morning pick-me-up, make sure you’re fully up-to-speed on Everything That Happens to Your Body When You Drink Coffee.
|
<urn:uuid:51523142-f11e-4b64-b5c3-69c7479ed500>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
|
https://marvelouscoffee.com/marvelouscoffee/the-most-dangerous-way-to-drink-your-coffee-according-to/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487634616.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618013013-20210618043013-00579.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95454 | 1,058 | 3.15625 | 3 |
From: Z net tutorials. Full list can be got here – Znet instructional’s
The reason we have to talk statistically at all is because the definite assertions that are needed for logic are never true. If all we had in our toolkit was logic, we couldn’t make a statement like “Women earn less than men”. We could say “all women earn less than all men”, which wouldn’t be true, or say “some women”, which would be true but from which we couldn’t come to many conclusions. So we use statistics and talk about ‘tendencies’, ‘proportions’, ‘disproportionate numbers’, and so on. Are these concepts meaningful? Are the conclusions drawn from them meaningful? Well, sometimes yes and sometimes no. Let’s see.
Tendencies are related to averages. In the example above, we could accurately say that (a) “women tend to earn less than men”. This means that on average, women make less money. Is there anything that follows immediately from this? We are talking about tendencies so our conclusions will be about tendencies as well. So we could pretty safely make the conclusion “women will tend to have less money to spend than men”.
What about “Sarah will tend to earn less than Joe?” Can we conclude that from (a)?
Well, no. Sarah can’t tend, one way or another. Sarah’s an individual, so is Joe. She can be compared to the tendency (“Sarah earns more than average”) but she can’t have a tendency of her own, in the statistical sense.
Can we draw any conclusions about individuals, from tendencies?
In the logical sense, no.
We can make guesses, and that’s what statistics is about. Making the best guess.
But isn’t this a slippery slope towards ‘rational discrimination’?
Rational discrimination is the right wing idea whose logical form is as follows:
1. The crime rate is higher in communities of color.
2.Therefore, whites are in greater danger from people of color than from other whites, statistically speaking.
3.Therefore, whites who discriminate against people of color in daily interactions are being rational.
This is a racist argument, and entering into it at all is a dehumanizing exercise. It could be done on many different grounds, especially the factual and the moral. But since we’re here to talk statistics, let’s look specifically at premise (2), which is inferred from premise (1). Does it follow from (1)?
Well, when you hear something like “the crime rate is higher in communities of color”, you have to begin asking a lot of questions. Is the crime rate the number of crimes committed by people of color divided by the number of people of color? Is it the number of crimes committed by people of color divided by the total population? Does it contain any information on the number of victims?
The “crime rate”, traditionally, means the number of crimes divided by population. So if you’re not interested in crimes against all people, but only against whites, as racists are, then you shouldn’t look at the crime rate in communities of color. You should look at the number of crimes against whites committed by whites, and compare that to the number of crimes committed against whites by people of color.
Unfortunately for the racists, most white victims of crime are victimized by other whites. Most crime happens between people who know one another and in a segregated country, most whites are in social circles with other whites, and the same goes for people of color. Statistically speaking, then, whites should discriminate against each other.
This demonstrates that the entire argument is a misapplication of statistics, and proof that skepticism is warranted when any conclusions are come to about individuals by averages about populations.
Huff gives five questions you can use to face a statistic and talk back:
1. Who says so? What might their agenda be? Do the authorities cited really say what is being claimed?
2. How do they know? What tests did they do?
3. What is missing? (Do they present significant results, sources of error, deviation, type of average, type of study they’ve done?
4. Did somebody change the subject? 5. Does it make sense?
|
<urn:uuid:e97e6162-cc1e-46c0-bda6-06840719884a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
http://citystrolls.com/introduction-to-topics/tendencies-proportions/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649986.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604125132-20230604155132-00630.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960809 | 949 | 3.171875 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Chapter Twelve.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who had a place of honor at Richard's coronation?
(a) Lord Stanley
(b) Jane Shore
(c) Lady Stanley
(d) Jane Stanley
2. When did the younger boy join his brother?
(a) May 14th
(b) June 18th
(c) June 16th
(d) May 12th
3. Who did Cicely lose that December morning in London and would never see again?
(a) Her husband, her brother and her son
(b) Her son, her brother and her uncle
(c) Her sister, her husband and her brother
(d) Her sister, her son, and her husband
4. What thought startled Grant awake?
(a) That Sir Thomas More belonged to the reign of Henry the Eighth
(b) That Sir Thomas More was hanged for treason
(c) That Sir Thomas More hated Richard the third
(d) That Sir Thomas More had his knighting revoked
5. What did Edward pay the captain as fare?
(a) A fur lined hat
(b) Three gold pieces
(c) His fur lined cape
(d) Two pence
Short Answer Questions
1. Where did the event take place where these women became martyrs?
2. How does Grant describe the way stars affect a person?
3. Who's side of history was Oliphant on?
4. What color was one of the objects brought?
5. Who did Marta send?
This section contains 254 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
|
<urn:uuid:87355869-5631-40f3-8337-05175067ec19>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/the-daughter-of-time/quiz8e.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867309.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526033945-20180526053945-00256.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956629 | 375 | 3.125 | 3 |
The planning structure for our Key Stage 1 is organised into five blocks. The structure is the same for each year group. A block is designed to cover the equivalent of 6 weeks or 9 weeks of teaching, but this period of time is flexible depending on the needs of the children in each class. Each block incorporates objectives from the national framework for maths. These blocks are:
- Block A: Counting, partitioning and calculating
- Block B: Securing number facts, understanding shape
- Block C: Handling data and measures
- Block D: Calculating, measuring and understanding shape
- Block E: Securing number facts, relationships and calculating
In Key Stage 2 our planning is based on the same structures as Key Stage 1, with coordinated medium term plans across Key Stage 2. However the children are grouped into ability sets across the Key Stage with five teachers teaching, the four classes in our Key Stage 2 during a discrete maths session.
At Horton Mill Primary School there is an emphasis on providing opportunities for mathematics to be used and applied in cross curricular ways, both as a vehicle to develop communication skills but also as a skill to be applied across the curriculum.
|
<urn:uuid:24e14f5a-efe2-4a70-8961-f8288065fae3>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-49
|
https://www.hortonmill.uk/maths-curriculum/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710953.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204004054-20221204034054-00412.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954594 | 237 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Energy is required in all stages of water production and distribution, from pumping and storage to treatment and transportation. In the United States, wastewater plants and drinking water systems spend about US $4 billion per year on energy associated with the chemical treatment of the water supply. After personnel costs, energy consumption is the second highest OPEX cost for water utilities. It typically represents 25-30% of a utility's total O&M costs. Regarding energy costs, pumping raw and treated water typically constitutes more than 90% of all energy use by water utilities. As water utilities deal with energy-intensive processes, they are increasingly interested in adopting sustainable and green solutions in order to minimise energy consumption for water production and treatment.
To learn more, click on a solution of interest:
|
<urn:uuid:075ccb2d-28b6-4c99-95f8-8933b517d344>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-49
|
https://www.swan-tool.com/energy-efficiency
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710734.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130092453-20221130122453-00127.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935392 | 166 | 2.828125 | 3 |
RF Wireless Circuits, Systems and Test Fundamentals - Online
- On Demand, RF Mentor e-Learning /
Register now! or Save a seat
This course provides RF engineers, system designers, manufacturing engineers and other professionals with the essential concepts needed to understand effectively RF and wireless products. This program provides a thorough understanding of RF parameters and as they apply to Wireless applications. At the system level, this course combines theory with real-life examples, providing participants with a complete foundation in understanding architectures - the physical layer requirements and RF measurement techniques.
Recordings of instructor Rick Fornes recent live web classroom course can now be viewed online at your convenience anywhere you have internet access. This online course is presented in five recorded 3 hour sessions and available on-demand over a 60 day access period. You will also be able to download a PDF of the instructor's notes, so that you can follow along with the lecture.
This course is intended for registered students only. Please contact us for group rates at [email protected] or 650-949-3300. Recording, copying, or re-transmission of classroom material is prohibited.
Upon completing the course you will be able to:
- Describe RF circuit parameters and terminology.
- Analyze system performance.
- Interpret S-parameters from measurements and datasheets.
- Interpret key performance parameters such as P1dB, IP3, noise figure, Gain, Etc.
- Develop wireless communication system budget profiles.
- Understand RF system test standards and measurement techniques.
- Describe test requirements needed for new (5G) wireless networks
Engineers, programmers, chip designers, and engineering managers involved in the design, planning, implementation, or testing of communication systems would benefit from this intermediate-level course. Participants should have a BSEE or equivalient.
|
<urn:uuid:37d8a0b2-a700-4e98-b6e6-41911b33eb14>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://www.besserassociates.com/pasternack/Courses/Course-Description/CTID/112
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361253.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202084644-20211202114644-00344.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.841066 | 405 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Hamlet:Hamlet Act 1, scene 5, 168–180
Here, as before, never, so help you mercy,
How strange or odd some'er I bear myself—
As I perchance hereafter shall think meet
To put an antic disposition on—
That you, at such times seeing me, never shall,
With arms encumb'red thus, or this headshake,
Or by pronouncing of some doubtful phrase,
As "Well, well, we know," or "We could, and if we would,"
Or "If we list to speak," or "There be, and if they might,"
Or such ambiguous giving out, to note
That you know aught of me—this do swear,
So grace and mercy at your most need help you.
We use "antic" as a synonym of "madcap," stressing deliberate playfulness. But for most of its history the word referred to grotesque and ludicrous qualities, especially in drama and pageants. With a sort of ironic understatement, Hamlet uses "antic" not to mean "madcap," exactly, but something closer to "mad"—bizarre, irrational, threatening.
How theatrical Hamlet's "antic disposition" will eventually prove is the subject of much debate. At times, it seems that the prince has stopped playing a part and has in fact become antic. Hamlet's performance will be all too plausible; but then again, he's been a student of the theater and is no mere amateur [see THE GLASS OF FASHION].
This scene comes at the end of Hamlet's first meeting with his father's ghost; he is swearing his friend Horatio and the officer Marcellus to secrecy about plans he hasn't really explained [see THERE ARE MORE THINGS IN HEAVEN AND EARTH, HORATIO]. Like the good actor he is, Hamlet plays out the coy gestures he'd have the two avoid—the kind of "ambiguous giving out" that would expose Hamlet's antic disposition as merely a clever charade.
|
<urn:uuid:ef5da740-1308-481c-96e7-be6385d0956b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.enotes.com/shakespeare-quotes/antic-disposition
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329344.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629135715-20170629155715-00679.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965094 | 426 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Classic versus Modern Supply Chain
Focus of organizations on having an integrated supply chain started at the end of the 1990s. The integrated supply chain is significantly different from other previous models. The classic supply chain considers the individual companies and elements of the supply chain as separate units that represent the functional entities of the supply chain. The organization of this supply chain resembled the silo concept. The modern supply chain concept is more progressive that previous models such as the traditional model. According to the classic supply chain model, different parts of the supply chain oppose each other since they have conflicting objectives. This factor made the supply chain become very inefficient and unresponsive to the needs of customers. The above problem necessitated companies to improve the level of integration across the supply chain. This led to the development of the modern supply chain concept. As such, the organizational concept of the modern supply chain is significantly different from the organizational concept of the classic supply chain (Van Weele, 2009).
The development of the modern supply chain concept led to the development of new layout of relationships, which unlocked the full power of the supply chain. The modern supply chain is one of the major tools that help in the creation of value among organizations. It is not simply a tool for saving money like the classic supply chain. In the contemporary business practice organizations use highly advanced information technology to refine their supply chain structures. Information technology also helps in the supply of new customer segments and in the expansion of the customer portfolio services of an organization. As such, modern supply chain is one of the major sources of competitive advantage of an organization. Some of the major activities of the modern supply chain include procurement, order processing, demand and supply, inventory management, warehousing, transportation, and customer service.
The development of global supply chain is directly linked to globalization. It is impossible to determine accurately the exact date in history when global supply chain developed since the origin of global supply chain varies from one company to another. Global supply chain came into being due companies’ quest for inexpensive parts and labor. The companies started looking overseas for the parts hence leading to the development of global supply chains. The companies hired to help in the management of the complex activities of the global supply chain (Branch, 2000).
In the contemporary world, global supply chain is evolving due to the development of new technologies. Companies can now track the location of their products in real time using GPS instead of mailing the product and assuring its delivery as companies used to do in the past. As such, GPS is critical in global supply chains. The development of RFID scans has also helped in improving inventory management. Prior to the development of RFID scans, companies took inventory weekly or monthly to track the sale of its products. However, in the contemporary world, companies track their products using RFID technology. When a product is purchased, the inventory levels are updated automatically to reflect the sale of the product. Lowered barriers of economic trade also affect global supply chain management. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has enabled companies to purchase products from other companies at a significantly reduced price (Branch, 2000).
Global supply chains have several benefits to organizations. Global supply chains enable organizations to go global. This increases the likelihood of the organizations increasing their sales as going global opens the market of the company to consumers all over the world. This enables the organization to increase its profits, which is the main reason as to why businesses exist. Global supply chains also enable organizations to reduce their dependence on local and national economies. This is because the organization sources its raw materials and labor from different countries around the globe and sells its products globally. Global supply chains also necessitates organizations to ‘up their game’ since if they do not do so, other businesses from other locations across the globe would provide the goods and services efficiently. This increases the incentives for organizations to get things right the first time and all the time (Hult, Closs & Frayer, 2013).
The development of the internet is one of the major factors that have helped in revolutionizing how organizations undertake different activities. The number of internet users in the contemporary world is on the rise. The increase in the number of internet users would enable global businesses to conduct their activities at all hours of the day since they would have consumer from different time zones around the globe. Another major benefit of global supply chain is that it increases the potential for expansion of the businesses since it enables them to move enter into more markets. It enables the organizations to move into untapped markets. Global supply chains also enable organizations to reduce their cycle time. It also enables organizations to increase their speed and efficiency. Generally, having an efficient global supply chain provides organizations with a competitive advantage over other companies in the industry. In fact, in the contemporary world, it is one of the major sources of competitive advantage (Hult, Closs & Frayer, 2013).
Despite the above benefits, it is a fact that global supply chains face several challenges. Maintaining high quality levels and reducing defects is one of the major challenges of global supply chains. Having a global supply chains enables an organization to use products manufactured in different locations in the manufacture of its final product. Since manufacturing processes are not perfect, a certain level of quality that is acceptable in the industry. therefore, choosing different suppliers may lead to disputes on which party is responsible for the rise in the percentage of defects above the accepted level (Van Weele, 2009).
Time zones of different locations across the globe also pose challenges to organizations that have a global supply chain. It is a fact that certain American companies face several issues when dealing with companies on the other side of the country. Therefore, the 13-hour difference between the U.S. and Asia would pose a significant challenge to companies. The waking and working hours of various parties in the global supply chain do not coincide. This may pose a significant challenge when a major issue arises. Having to wait for one day for order processing may be too long for companies that strive to run efficient operations (Kouvelis et al., 2011).
Long-range logistics is also one of the major challenges of global supply chains. One may purchase an item at the delivery price. However, the shipment of the product may be delayed due to various reasons. Therefore, any company that uses a global supply chain should not ignore the complexity of long-range logistics (Kouvelis et al., 2011).
Language barrier also pose a challenge to organizations that have a global supply chain. This is because global supply chains necessitate organizations to conduct their daily businesses in different languages. In some instances, words may be lost in translation. Errors may also occur if communications re not translated or interpreted properly (Branch, 2000).
Global supply chains also face several risks. The types of risks involved in global supply chains include supply risks, demand risks, and operational risks. Supply risks occur when the supply chain is incapable of meeting the demand in terms of quality and quantity of raw materials and finished products. This leads to supply chain disruption. On the other hand, demand risks occur when the extent or fluctuation of demand is unexpected. It leads to demand disruption. Finally, operational risks occur when the supply chain is incapable of supplying services, parts or finished goods according to the standard requirement of time, cost, and requirement of an organization. Transportation is one of the major operational risks. The above risks are caused by environmental, geopolitical, economic, or technological factors. Environmental factors include natural disasters and extreme weather. Geopolitical factors include conflicts and trade restrictions. The probability of geopolitical factors affecting a global supply chain is very high. Economic factors relate to demand shocks, which usually occur due to sudden political or economic changes. Finally, technological factors relate to the failure of technological support of global support chains. ICT disruption is one of the major technological risk factors of global supply chains (Szymczak, 2013).
Critically analyzing the impact of environmental, geopolitical, economic, and technological factors on the challenges, risks, and benefits of global supply chain may enhance the research topic on challenges, risks, and benefits of global supply. It is a fact that the above factors have a significant impact on global supply chains.
Research on this topic may have a significant impact on the field of global supply chain management. It would enable organization to determine how to maximize the benefits of its supply chain. It is a fact that inefficiencies in the global supply chains of some organizations makes it difficult for them to maximize the benefits of their global supply chains. Identifying the sources of the inefficiencies is the first step towards reducing the inefficiencies, which would ultimately enable the organizations to maximize the benefits of their global supply chains. Research on this topic would also enable organizations to determine the risks and challenges that their global supply chains face. Therefore, it would enable the organizations to formulate strategies that would help in mitigating the risks and challenges. This would ultimately help in improving the efficiency of the global supply chain of the organizations.Order Unique Answer Now
|
<urn:uuid:f0ccd941-47ab-4865-956b-77bf18a8ab6f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://uniquewritersbay.com/classic-versus-modern-supply-chain/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329023546-20230329053546-00513.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9473 | 1,828 | 2.96875 | 3 |
State of deja vu is similar to rereading a book, which has been read long time ago or to watching a movie that you used to watch, but have completely forgotten what they were about. You cannot remember what happens next moment, but in the course of events you understand that you have already seen them.
The impression of déjà vu can be so strong that the memories of it may persist for years. However, as a general rule, a person fails to recall any details about the events about which, as it seems, he remembered when experiencing deja vu.
The state of deja vu is accompanied by a depersonalization: the reality is vague and unclear. Using the terminology of Freud, we can say that there is a “de-realization” of personality, as in denial of its reality. Bergson defined deja vu as “the memory of present”: he believed that the perception of reality in this moment suddenly splits and is partly transferred to the past.
Deja vu is quite a common phenomenon and its studies show that up to 97 % of healthy people experience this condition at least once in their order revia lives, and patients with epilepsy even more often.
However, it is not possible to artificially induce this state and every particular person experiencing it rarely. For this reason, the study of deja vu is difficult.
There is a opinion, that a possible cause of the deja vu phenomenon may be a change in the time encoding by the brain. The process is easier to imagine as a simultaneous encoding of information as a “real-time” and as “delayed” with simultaneous experiencing of these processes. In this regard, there is a detachment from reality.
Currently, a reasonable assumption is that the deja vu effect may be part of provisional unconscious information processing, such as during sleep. In cases where a person meets in reality the situation, perceived on an unconscious level, and successfully simulated by the brain, close enough to the real event, a deja vu happens. This explanation is well supported by the high frequency of déjà vu occurrence in healthy people.
If there is strong need in writing a decent research proposal on déjà vu, but your skills are not enough, we sincerely recommend you to consult déjà vu research paper free sample.
At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Deja Vu topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details:
Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!
|
<urn:uuid:2132090d-fceb-4200-8af9-48a25f9ecdfa>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
|
https://usefulresearchpapers.com/research-paper-on-deja-vu/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813608.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221103712-20180221123712-00522.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960931 | 593 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Aratus (//; Ancient Greek: Ἄρᾱτος ὁ Σολεύς; ca. 315 BC/310 BC – 240 BC) was a Greek didactic poet. His major extant work is his hexameter poem Phaenomena (Φαινόμενα "Appearances"), the first half of which is a verse setting of a lost work of the same name by Eudoxus of Cnidus. It describes the constellations and other celestial phenomena. The second half is called the Diosemeia (Διοσημεῖα "Forecasts"), and is chiefly about weather lore. Although Aratus was somewhat ignorant of Greek astronomy, his poem was very popular in the Greek and Roman world, as is proved by the large number of commentaries and Latin translations, some of which survive.
There are several accounts of his life by anonymous Greek writers, and the Suda and Eudocia also mention him. From these it appears that he was a native of Soli in Cilicia, (although one authority says Tarsus). He is known to have studied with Menecrates in Ephesus and Philitas in Cos. As a disciple of the Peripatetic philosopher Praxiphanes, in Athens, he met the Stoic philosopher Zeno, as well as Callimachus of Cyrene and Menedemus, the founder of the Eretrian school.
About 276 BC he was invited to the court of the Macedonian king Antigonus II Gonatas, whose victory over the Gauls in 277 BC Aratus set to verse. Here he wrote his most famous poem, Phaenomena ("Appearances"). He then spent some time at the court of Antiochus I Soter of Syria, but subsequently returned to Pella in Macedon, where he died sometime before 240/239 BC. His chief pursuits were medicine (which is also said to have been his profession), grammar, and philosophy.
Several poetical works on various subjects, as well as a number of prose epistles, are attributed to Aratus, but none of them have come down to us, except his two astronomical poems in hexameter. These have generally been joined together as if parts of the same work; but they seem to be distinct poems, the first, called Phaenomena ("Appearances"), consists of 732 verses; the second, Diosemeia ("On Weather Signs"), of 422 verses.
The Phaenomena appears to be based on two prose works—Phaenomena and Enoptron (Ἔνοπτρον "Mirror", presumably a descriptive image of the heavens)—by Eudoxus of Cnidus, written about a century earlier. We are told by the biographers of Aratus that it was the desire of Antigonus to have them turned into verse, which gave rise to the Phaenomena of Aratus; and it appears from the fragments of them preserved by Hipparchus, that Aratus has in fact versified, or closely imitated parts of them both, but especially of the first.
The purpose of the Phaenomena is to give an introduction to the constellations, with the rules for their risings and settings; and of the circles of the sphere, amongst which the Milky Way is reckoned. The positions of the constellations, north of the ecliptic, are described by reference to the principal groups surrounding the north pole (Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco, and Cepheus), whilst Orion serves as a point of departure for those to the south. The immobility of the earth, and the revolution of the sky about a fixed axis are maintained; the path of the sun in the zodiac is described; but the planets are introduced merely as bodies having a motion of their own, without any attempt to define their periods; nor is anything said about the moon's orbit. The opening of the poem asserts the dependence of all things upon Zeus. From the lack of precision in the descriptions, it would seem that Aratus was neither a mathematician nor observer or, at any rate, that in this work he did not aim at scientific accuracy. He not only represents the configurations of particular groups incorrectly, but describes some phenomena which are inconsistent with any one supposed latitude of the spectator, and others which could not coexist at any one epoch. These errors are partly to be attributed to Eudoxus himself, and partly to the way in which Aratus has used the materials supplied by him. Hipparchus (about a century later), who was a scientific astronomer and observer, has left a commentary upon the Phaenomena of Eudoxus and Aratus, accompanied by the discrepancies which he had noticed between his own observations and their descriptions.
The Diosemeia consists of forecasts of the weather from astronomical phenomena, with an account of its effects upon animals. It appears to be an imitation of Hesiod, and to have been imitated by Virgil in some parts of the Georgics. The materials are said to be taken almost wholly from Aristotle's Meteorologica, from the work of Theophrastus, On Weather Signs, and from Hesiod. Nothing is said in either poem about Hellenistic astrology.
The two poems were very popular both in the Greek and Roman world, as is proved by the number of commentaries and Latin translations. He enjoyed immense prestige among Hellenistic poets, including Theocritus, Callimachus and Leonidas of Tarentum. This assessment was picked up by Latin poets, including Ovid and Virgil. Latin versions were made by none other than Cicero (mostly extant), Ovid (only two short fragments remain), the member of the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty Germanicus (extant, with scholia), and the less-famous Avienus (extant). Quintilian was less enthusiastic. Aratus was also cited by the author of Acts (believed to be Luke the Evangelist), in 17.28, where he relates Saint Paul's address on the Areopagus. Paul, speaking of God, quotes the fifth line of Aratus's Phaenomena (Epimenides seems to be the source of the first part of Acts 17.28, although this is less clear):
For every street, every market-place is full of Zeus.
Even the sea and the harbour are full of this deity.
Everywhere everyone is indebted to Zeus.
For we are indeed his offspring ...
ἄρρητον· μεσταὶ δὲ Διὸς πᾶσαι μὲν ἀγυιαί,
πᾶσαι δ' ἀνθρώπων ἀγοραί, μεστὴ δὲ θάλασσα
καὶ λιμένες· πάντη δὲ Διὸς κεχρήμεθα πάντες.
τοῦ γὰρ καὶ γένος εἰμέν. κτλ.
— Phaenomena 1–5
Authors of twenty-seven commentaries are known; ones by Theon of Alexandria, Achilles Tatius and Hipparchus of Nicaea survive. An Arabic translation was commissioned in the ninth century by the Caliph Al-Ma'mun. He is cited by Vitruvius, Stephanus of Byzantium and Stobaeus. Several accounts of his life are extant, by anonymous Greek writers.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aratus of Soli". Encyclopædia Britannica 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Aratus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. pp. 255–256.
Two important recent editions of Aratus' work:
- Douglas Kidd, Phaenomena, edited with introduction, translation and commentary, Cambridge, 1997.
- Jean Martin, Aratos. Phénomènes, edited with translation and notes, 2 vols., Collection Budé, 1998.
- The dictionary definition of Aratus at Wiktionary
- Online text: Aratus, Phaenomena translated by G. R. Mair, 1921
- Online text: Aratus, Phaenomena, Greek text
- A prose translation of Phaenomena Book I (Archived 2009-10-25)
- Audio: The Maiden (Virgo) an excerpt from Phaenomena read by translator Aaron Poochigian
- The Apostle and the Poet: Paul and Aratus (Dr. Riemer Faber)
- Review of Kidd's translation of the Phaenomena by Mark Possanza, BMCR (September 1999).
- (Hellenistic Bibliography, Aratus and Aratea) compiled by Martijn Cuypers
- "Written in the Stars:Poetry and Philosophy in the Phaenomena of Aratus" by Richard L. Hunter, Arachnion 2.
- Suda On-Line: Aratus, with a list of works ascribed to Aratus; the Suda is a Byzantine encyclopedia.
- Phaenomena et prognostica, Coloniae Agrippinae 1570 da www.atlascoelestis.com
|
<urn:uuid:7388863b-e842-4c41-a020-a3c6e0c5c70e>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-40
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratus
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678574.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00220-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949441 | 2,097 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Want to have an easy way to get a good technical knowledge of scales, keys, major and minor chords, harmonics...? Use this musical abacus consisting of 2 rotating discs. By rotating the discs you obtain, in each of its 12 possible positions, a major key and its relative minor, the corresponding major scale and its relative minor, the intervals from the tonic of the major scale, the 3 main chords in both keys and their arpeggios, the harmonics produced by the tonic of the major key and the corresponding key signature for both keys.
All these concepts are basic in any musical style, such as: classical music, modern music, jazz, latin music, etc. The included extra sheet explains how the harmonics establish the consonant intervals and then the major and minor chords, from which the scales and keys are finally formed.
|
<urn:uuid:ffd38930-ac73-4eb4-82c9-6f96e891cc25>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.lasonanta.com/flamenco-guitars/playing-aids/flamenco-music-theory
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925479 | 174 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Plasma contains highly reactive species including electrons, ions and free radicals. Application of plasma to glass can make it hydrophilic, increase its surface energy and improve wettability, so that inks, paints or adhesives can wet better. In addition, it can remove organic, inorganic and microbial surface contaminants that form due to exposure to air. It can remove release agents, compounding ingredients, monomers and exuded low molecular weight species left by previous processes. Such contaminants can reduce the quality of adhesive bonding by forming a weak intermediate layer. Surface pre-treatment using plasma turns these contaminants to vapour, leaving no residues on the surface.
Plasma can be generated in several ways, including pulsed arc generation and piezo electric discharge, both of which are suitable for glass. Importantly, both these methods work at atmospheric pressure. Treatment with cold plasma avoids wet chemistry and expensive vacuum cleaning equipment and is performed using air or industrial gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. It is a well-established, cost-effective, safe and environmentally friendly process that can help facilitate further applications.
Pre-treatment for glass printing
Glass is well-known for being difficult to print on. Longevity of the printed image can be a problem, so pre-treatment is often integrated into a glass printing process to improve adhesion. You might consider using a liquid primer as a surface pre-treatment to promote the adhesion between the glass and ink, however, these tend to be solvent-based, and require extra processing for solvent evaporation, etc. In contrast, plasma pre-treatment replaces the use of these chemicals (and the associated health & safety and environmental concerns), and can be installed in-line with no appreciable additional production time.
Coating of glass beads
Technologie Anwender Zentrum (TAZ) Spiegelau, part of Deggendorf University, currently uses the Plasmabrush PB3 system to coat glass beads with photocatalytic titanium dioxide layers. The beads are coated under atmospheric conditions by feeding a precursor into the plasma, which is brought into contact with the glass beads to form a fairly uniform homogeneous coating. By adjusting the power and frequency output of the PB3, TAZ are able to optimise their process parameters. The beads will be used in novel filter systems to reduce particles and microorganisms.
The Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory at OTH Regensburg has investigated the use of plasma to improve the adhesion between glass and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The laboratory constructs apparatus from materials like these for their experiments ― for example when investigating the fluid and flow behaviour of liquids such as blood. The researchers tested the handheld Piezobrush PZ2 for their application.
If you would like to find out whether plasma pre-treatment is a viable option for your application, please get in touch.
|
<urn:uuid:2366a4e1-52b5-467c-9147-40000304d080>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://www.intertronics.co.uk/2020/01/three-effective-applications-of-plasma-for-glass-surface-pre-treatment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038059348.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410210053-20210411000053-00327.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929403 | 588 | 2.828125 | 3 |
No they are not bulbs – they are corms! Although hardly important on a geopolitical scale the difference between bulbs and corms is important. Corms are swollen stem tissue and they are replaced each year with the new corm forming above the older one. Bulbs are (usually) perennial and get bigger or offset each year and the swollen part is comprised of leaves. So when you lift gladioli (which is advisable) you should find one (or maybe more) new corm with the stem attached. The old corm helped sustain the growth of the new shoot on top of the corm and a new one forms. When you lift them you usually find an old, shrivelled corm at the base which can be snapped off immediately and then the corms should be dried off and kept in an airy, frost-free place to dry off completely. When they are dried off you can snap off the old stem and any dead skins and roots and get them ready for replanting which can take place at any time from March to May. Quite often, as seen here, there are lots of tiny cormlets around the base of the corm. In theory these can be used to increase your stock and, with good care, they should flower within two years, but there are usually far too many than you need and they are best discarded unless you decide to keep a few of the larger ones. A word of warning though – if you have grown a mixture, make sure you take a few cormlets from all the corms and not just the ones that have the most cormlets because the chances are that the colours you like least will be the ones that are most productive!
|
<urn:uuid:33ec9372-e7e8-4772-b481-f4e4c9909625>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://thebikinggardener.com/2015/01/15/winter-care-of-gladioli/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822930.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018104813-20171018124813-00845.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977337 | 348 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Thursday, 23 February 2017
Trappist-1 System: Newly Discovered Exoplanets Appear to be Uninhabitable
Few topics make headlines as easily as the discovery of Earth-like planets, especially if they are thought to be habitable.
And many people who subscribe to a naturalistic worldview think that the universe is teeming with exoplanets that resemble our good Earth.
Some put the number at 100 billion billion.
Every so often we hear that Earth’s alien cousin or perhaps even twin has been found.
In reality, however, even the most Earth-like exoplanet (Kepler-438 B) is not habitable.
Most exoplanets are more or less weird. For instance, superfast spinning stars show that our Sun is special – and so is Earth.
The latest exoplanet hype features seven supposedly Earth-like planets orbiting the star Trappist-1 discovered by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope.
Some 39 light years from us, it is a cool dwarf star, and its roughly Earth-sized planets orbit it very close (1.5 to 12 days).
All the Trappist-1 planets are thought to be habitable, at least in theory. While some astronomers hope to find liquid water on them, these alien worlds might be bombarded with intense solar radiation and they are probably tidally locked like Mercury in our solar system, with the same side always facing its sun.
It seems that just like the nearest exoplanet Proxima b, the Trappist planets might also turn out to be dead and unfriendly worlds.
In contrast, our world is special. God created Earth and filled it with life, just like Genesis tells us.
Rincon, Paul. 2017. Star's seven Earth-sized worlds set record. BBC News (22 February).
Witze, Alexandra. 2917. These seven alien worlds could help explain how planets form. Nature News (22 February).
|
<urn:uuid:db5943f4-0d2f-494c-b0ec-2d57414c791d>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
|
http://joelkontinen.blogspot.com/2017/02/trappist-1-system-newly-discovered.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259015.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526085156-20190526111156-00292.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93084 | 409 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Peace, justice & security
In a democracy, citizens elect their own representatives. Therefore, it is important that they know and understand how the national government works. The Dutch government encourages its citizens to become involved in politics and participate in society. The Netherlands is a parliamentary democracy, with elections held at least every 4 years.
Traditionally, Budget Day (known as Prinsjesdag) marks the official start of the new parliamentary year. It takes place on the third Tuesday of September, when the national government presents its plans and annual budget for the coming year.
The occasion is surrounded by pomp and circumstance. The reigning monarch, King Willem-Alexander, accompanied by other members of the Royal House, is taken by horse-drawn carriage through the city centre of The Hague.
The tour ends at the Binnenhof, which accommodates both houses of the States General of the Netherlands, the Dutch prime minister’s office and the Ministry of General Affairs. In the Hall of Knights (Ridderzaal), King Willem-Alexander addresses a joint session of the Dutch Senate and House of Representatives with the Speech from the Throne (Troonrede).
After the Speech from the Throne, the minister of finance delivers the budget. This is followed by parliamentary debates. Parliament has the power to amend government proposals by majority vote. At the end of the year on Accountability Day (Verantwoordingsdag), the government evaluates the implementation of its plans.
|
<urn:uuid:1fd44b99-9a34-4e79-86f7-2ad5356e4930>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://www.nlplatform.com/peace-justice-security/prinsjesdag
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141715252.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202175113-20201202205113-00272.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940579 | 302 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Dr. Binil Starly
Industrial and Systems Engineering
ISE 789 601 Smart Manufacturing
3 Credit Hours
Smart manufacturing is a confluence of information technology, human-machine interaction, data sciences and manufacturing process technology. It really is about increasing efficiency within factory floor operations and gaining visibility into the production floor. It has several layers of technology components that drive the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry. It encompasses intelligent machines, human-computer interfaces, data analytics, process sensing and control, process automation, information systems and computing to form the factory of the future. This course is intended to introduce what makes manufacturing machines ‘smart’ within the realm of ‘smart manufacturing’. It introduces some of the key fundamental knowledge necessary to implement ‘smart manufacturing’ within factory floors. This includes machine communication protocols from PLCs to servers, from the edge device to the cloud. It includes storing this data in databases that can handle data streams. Once this sensor data (from temperature to accelerometer or even still images) are stored, analysis of the time-series data and image data enable factories to be ‘monitored’ and for quality inspection. All of the concepts and practical implementation will be brought together with Raspberry PI – which is affectionately called as ‘Raspi’. It will have temperature, accelerometer and a camera to mimic a basic manufacturing machine. While ‘smart manufacturing’ can contain a number of enabling technology platforms – this course particularly focuses on the information technology aspects within a ‘smart’ factory.
A working knowledge of the Python Programming Language is required. SQL or rather writing structured query language queries is desired but not required. Any graduate student in Engineering can take this class.
By the end of this course, the student will be able to:
- Describe the underlying software stack for ‘Smart Manufacturing’ within Factories.
- Utilize client-server programming with associated front-backend software infrastructure to build a cloud-hosted application.
- Understand the importance of various sensors within Smart Factories and be able to conduct time-series analysis of sensor data (Temperature, Vibration)
Describe various machine communication protocols used in Digital Factories across the ISA-95 layers.
|Part 1||Smart Manufacturing Lecture Content|
|Part 2||Streaming Data from Device to Cloud with “Raspi”|
|Part 3||Analyzing Sensor Data through Time-Series Analysis for “Raspi”|
|Part 4||Machine Vision for Quality Inspection by “Raspi”|
|Part 5||Application Discussion of “Smart Manufacturing”|
Rasberry PI-4 Hardware Requirements (IMPORTANT):
- Raspberry Pi-4 kits will be made available for each student who is on campus. Kits can be shipped to students within the US who are located anywhere standard shipping exists. For those outside of the US, kits must be separately bought from local distributors available in your country. For those who would like to keep a personal kit, the kit should be less than $100. For those who do not have access to the kit, you can still partake in class activities through remote login over a VPN network. Please direct questions to Dr Starly ([email protected])
Computer and Software Requirements
Please review minimum computer specifications recommended by NC State University and Engineering Online.
Requirements for THIS course:
- Registration on the Free Level Account with Heroku
- Registration on the Github NCSU Server Site or a public domain Github account
- Installation of Python, PostGreSQL and MongoDB (all of which are free to install)
A laptop/desktop with at least 16GB RAM memory is required. Remote Access PCs are available through NC State ISE Remote Labs on a reservation basis.
|
<urn:uuid:73c111f4-8ae3-46a3-ba0d-1c2c8e4401bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://www.engineeringonline.ncsu.edu/course/ise-789-601-smart-manufacturing/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151672.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725111913-20210725141913-00005.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.869537 | 793 | 2.71875 | 3 |
* This is the Consumer Version. *
Craniocervical Junction Disorders
Craniocervical junction disorders are abnormalities of the bones that join the head and neck. (Cranio- means skull, and cervical means neck.)
These disorders may be present at birth or result from injuries or disorders that occur later.
Most commonly, people have neck pain and headache, but if the spinal cord or lowest part of the brain (brain stem) is affected, people may have difficulty sensing vibration, pain, and temperature and may have weak muscles, dizziness, and impaired vision.
Doctors suspect the diagnosis based on symptoms, and magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography is done to confirm it.
To relieve pressure on the brain, spinal cord, or nerves, doctors use traction or manipulate the head, then immobilize the neck, but sometimes surgery is needed.
The craniocervical junction consists of the bone that forms the base of the skull (occipital bone) and the first two bones in the spine (which are in the neck): the atlas and axis. Disorders that affect the large opening at the bottom of the occipital bone (called the foramen magnum) are a particular concern because important structures pass through this opening. These structures include the lowest part of the brain (brain stem), which connects to the spine, as well as some nerves and blood vessels.
Craniocervical junction disorders may involve bones that are
Misaligned bones may be completely separated (dislocated) or partially misaligned (subluxed).
These disorders can put pressure on the lower parts of the brain, the top part of the spinal cord, or nearby nerves. The resulting symptoms can be serious. For example, misalignment of the first and second spinal bones (atlantoaxial subluxation or dislocation) can put pressure on the spinal cord. Such pressure can result in paralysis, weakness, and loss of sensation.
Craniocervical junction disorders may be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later.
Some of these disorders—called isolated disorders—affect only the craniocervical junction. Other craniocervical junction disorders result from conditions that also affect many other parts of the body (general disorders).
Isolated disorders include the following:
Platybasia: The bone at the base of the skull (occipital bone) is flattened.
Basilar invagination: Parts of the occipital bone are malformed, shortening the neck and putting pressure on parts of the brain, nerves, and spinal cord.
Atlas assimilation: The occipital bone and first spinal bone are fused.
Atlantoaxial subluxation or dislocation: The first and second spinal bones are misaligned.
Atlas hypoplasia: The first spinal bone develops incompletely.
Klippel-Feil malformation: The first two spinal bones are fused, limiting movement of the neck but usually causing no other problems.
Chiari malformation: The cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls balance) protrudes through the opening in the occipital bone. The protruding cerebellum may put pressure on the brain stem or spinal cord.
Os odontoideum: Part of the second spinal bone is replaced by abnormal bone.
General disorders may cause the same abnormalities as isolated disorders, but the abnormalities occur as part of a group of abnormalities, as in the following:
Disorders that affect bone formation in children (achondroplasia): These disorders affect all newly developing bone, particularly the long bones in the arms and legs. The long bones may be abnormally short and malformed, causing dwarfism. These disorders sometimes also cause the opening in the occipital bone to narrow or the occipital bone to fuse with the first spinal bone, putting pressure on the brain stem or spinal cord.
Down syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis (a rare hereditary disorder that impairs the body's processing of carbohydrates), or osteogenesis imperfecta (a rare hereditary disorder that results in fragile bones): These disorders cause various symptoms, which may include misalignment of the first two spinal bones.
Craniocervical junction disorders may occur later in life. They can result from injuries or certain disorders.
Injuries may affect bone, ligaments, or both. They are usually caused by motor vehicle or bicycle accidents, falls, or often diving. Some injuries are immediately fatal.
The most common disorders that affect craniocervical structures are
Tumors can also affect craniocervical structures. If tumors spread to the bones of the neck, the first two spinal bones may become misaligned. A rare, slow-growing bone tumor (called a chordoma) can develop at the craniocervical junction and press on the brain or spinal cord.
Typically, people have neck pain, often with a headache that starts at the back of the head. Symptoms can start after a slight neck injury or for no apparent reason. Moving the head usually makes neck pain and headache worse, and coughing or bending forward can trigger the pain.
If there is pressure on the spinal cord, the arms and/or legs may feel weak, and people may have difficulty moving them. People may be unable to sense where their limbs are (called position sense) or feel vibration. When they bend their neck forward, they may feel an electrical shock or a tingling sensation shooting down their back, often into their legs (called Lhermitte sign). Occasionally, people become less sensitive to pain and temperature in their hands and feet.
Depending on the specific disorder, the neck may be short, webbed, or twisted in an abnormal position. Movement of the head may be limited.
Pressure on parts of the brain or cranial nerves (which connect the brain directly to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk) can affect eye movements. People may have double vision or be unable to move their eyes in certain directions, or the eyes may move involuntarily in certain ways (called nystagmus). People may be hoarse and have difficulty swallowing. Speech may be slurred. Coordination may be lost. Some people develop sleep apnea. In this serious disorder, breathing repeatedly stops, often long enough to temporarily decrease the amount of oxygen and increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Changing the position of the head can sometimes put pressure on arteries, cutting off the blood supply to the head. Then, people may faint or feel light-headed, confused, or weak. They may have a sensation of spinning (vertigo). Vision and eye movement are sometimes affected.
In some people with Chiari malformation, a cavity (called a syringomyelia) forms in the spinal cord. These people may lose their ability to feel pain and temperature in the neck, upper arms, and parts of the back. The muscles may feel weak or become paralyzed, particularly in the hands.
If symptoms appear suddenly or suddenly worsen, people should see a doctor immediately. Immediate diagnosis and treatment are essential and can sometimes reverse symptoms or prevent permanent disability.
Doctors suspect a craniocervical junction disorder if people have
The diagnosis can be confirmed by imaging tests, usually magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). If problems appeared suddenly or suddenly worsen, an imaging test is done immediately. CT shows bone better than MRI and may be done more easily in an emergency. If MRI and CT are unavailable, plain x-rays are taken.
If MRI and CT are inconclusive, myelography with CT may be done. For this procedure, x-rays are taken after a radiopaque contrast agent (dye)—one that can be seen on x-rays—is injected into the space around the spinal cord.
If MRI or CT suggests abnormalities that affect blood vessels, angiography, which provides detailed images of bloods vessels, is done. Doctors may use magnetic resonance angiography (which uses a strong magnetic field and very high frequency radio waves rather than x-rays), CT angiography (CT done after a radiopaque dye is injected) or conventional angiography (which uses x-rays taken after a radiopaque contrast agent is injected).
If the craniocervical junction structures are putting pressure on the brain, spinal cord, or nerves, doctors try to realign (reduce) the structures by using traction or by manipulating the head into different positions. These techniques may relieve the pressure. After the structures are realigned, the head and neck are immobilized.
Usually, realignment requires traction. Traction typically involves a device that encircles and is fixed to the head (called a halo crown or ring). It may have to remain in place for 5 to 6 days. After the structures are realigned, the halo ring is attached to a brace around the person's torso. This device, called a halo vest, immobilizes the neck. It must remain in place for 8 to 12 wk. After it is applied, x-rays are taken to make sure the structures are being held securely in the correct alignment.
If traction or manipulation is ineffective, surgery is done to relieve the pressure, stabilize the structures, or both. If the cause is rheumatoid arthritis, surgery is usually needed. Various devices, such as metal plates or rods with screws, are used to securely hold the structures in place until bones fuse and become stable.
If problems are due to a bone tumor, radiation therapy and a rigid collar (neck brace) to keep the neck from moving often help.
If the cause is Paget disease of bone, drugs such as bisphosphonates (which increase bone density) or calcitonin may help.
* This is the Consumer Version. *
|
<urn:uuid:6ee5df30-ba75-4278-86ca-b2cbd1301a18>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.msdmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/craniocervical-junction-disorders/craniocervical-junction-disorders
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189083.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00108-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926145 | 2,041 | 3.75 | 4 |
This resource contains a slideshow style vocabulary presentation for the emotions vocabulary in French.
There is a slide for each of the 12 emotions in the list below. I use this type of presentation instead of traditional flashcards and the students respond well to it. The pages could also be printed to use as traditional paper flashcards if preferred.
A board game with cards, playing pieces, a die and printable game board is part of this item. An explanation of the board game is included in the file. The cards could also be used separately for a matching game.
There are differentiated vocabulary worksheets included for written and reading practice.
Vocabulary used in the resource is listed below.
|
<urn:uuid:fbde3f28-dd9a-4af4-a0c0-82c9f0912cbd>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Les-Emotions-Emojis-Vocab-Presentation-Games-and-Worksheets-French-Emotions-3199495
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516117.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023065305-20181023090805-00354.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903078 | 140 | 3.109375 | 3 |
This summer, join your colleagues for the Holtzclaw Summer Institute on Southern Black Education. This two week project will allow participants the opportunity to explore the life and legacy of William H. Holtzclaw, the founder of the Utica Normal and Industrial Institute, which later became Utica Junior College and Hinds Community College-Utica, an HBCU community college in rural Mississippi. The workshop will cover the role of the “Little Tuskegees” in the Jim Crow South through seminar discussions on the historical context, African American autobiography, incorporating archival work in your classroom, the role of the Black press, and the Utica Jubilee singers. Participants will create a teaching unit for use in their classrooms and to share with other project participants. This project is funded through a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
|
<urn:uuid:fa387082-7877-4e12-a275-64fb0ab74381>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
https://holtzclawinstitute.org/category/summer-institute/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107885059.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024223210-20201025013210-00501.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.898574 | 172 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Koala mother and 8-month-old joey, Queensland, Australia
© Suzi Eszterhas/Minden Picture
For Mother’s Day, we salute these marsupial moms. Mother’s Day
Among mothers, few can claim as deep a bond with their baby as a koala mom. Because her pregnancy lasts only a month – likely making her the envy of other mammal mothers – her baby emerges into her embrace still in the embryonic stage, about the size of a jellybean. Mom will spend the next year carrying her baby, called a joey, either inside her pouch or on her back, a feat that makes her annual Mother’s Day card well-earned.
Sometimes inaccurately called koala bears, koalas aren’t bears at all. Koalas are marsupials, and like most marsupials, they have maternal pouches. Other marsupials include kangaroos, wombats, and opossums, but the universally recognised koala might be the most photogenic of the gang. As such, the adorable creatures have become symbols of their native Australia.
If they always seem to be striking a relaxed pose, that’s because they're sedentary tree-dwellers, inhabiting the eucalyptus forests of eastern Australia. A koala’s diet consists mainly of eucalyptus leaves, which are low in calories and nutrients – that's why a koala typically spends 20 hours a day sleeping or resting. That doesn’t leave time for much else but eating. Good thing koalas are asocial animals and tend to be loners. If you ever see two koalas together, they're likely mother and joey, making a koala’s mother-child bond all the more special.
|
<urn:uuid:15193216-7491-4a92-b153-da9553a07cfc>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://peapix.com/bing/38437
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00285.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945905 | 381 | 2.78125 | 3 |
FIND HOMELAND SECURITY PROGRAMS & DEGREES
Learn about homeland security degrees, and the law enforcement jobs and salaries they prepare you for.
Homeland Security is More than You Think
Professionals in the field of homeland security prevent threats to the safety and well-being of our country and its citizens, including disease, terrorism, and natural disasters. They also minimize damage in the wake of catastrophes.
A homeland security degree can train you to work in areas as diverse as cybersecurity, emergency management, transportation security, and border protection.
If you’d like a great career in one of these fields, the best way to start is by earning either a homeland security degree or a criminal justice degree.
Where Can I Work with a Homeland Security Degree?
Since its founding in 2001, the Department of Homeland Security has now expanded to more than 240,000 employees nationwide. However, this isn’t the only place you can find employment with a homeland security degree. Security jobs are also available in other organizations:
- Federal departments
- State and local government
- Private industry, such as security companies
- Non-profit organizations, such as environmental groups
- Educational institutions
Top Homeland Security Careers
There are many careers to choose from with a homeland security degree:
- Business continuity: Business continuity experts formulate contingency plans in case of catastrophic events and ensure that businesses and their infrastructures are up and running as soon as possible after a disaster.
- Emergency management: Specialists in this field deal specifically with planning for, preventing, and responding to disasters.
- Information security: Experts in information security use their knowledge of computer science to keep electronic data secure for government agencies and companies.
- Infrastructure protection: Professionals in this area protect our communications, transportation, utilities, and other critical systems.
- Intelligence analysis: Intelligence agencies are a critical part of the homeland security system. Analysts interpret data that can help prevent security breaches and solve crimes.
- Law enforcement: Customs and immigration agents, border patrol, police officers, Secret Service—all are law enforcement professionals with important homeland security roles.
- Physical security: Physical security officers ensure people’s safety throughout the country, from shopping malls to businesses and airports.
- Scientific research: Scientists who work in homeland security may be involved in disease or bioterrorism prevention and work to reduce the risks posed by nuclear contamination, chemical threats, and biological weapons.
Homeland Security Degree Programs
Homeland security degrees are offered at the associate’s and bachelor’s levels, and some schools also offer specialized certificates. If you are considering a leadership position, you will want to pursue a master’s degree with a concentration in emergency management, public administration, or homeland security.
Salaries You Can Earn
Earnings are generous if you have a degree in homeland security:
|Homeland Security Career||Average Annual Salary*|
|Accountants and auditor||$79,520|
|Emergency management director||$82,570|
|Police and patrol officers||$67,600|
|Information Security Analysts||$104,210|
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2019 Occupational Employment Statistics
*The salary information listed is based on a national average, unless noted. Actual salaries may vary greatly based on specialization within the field, location, years of experience and a variety of other factors. National long-term projections of employment growth may not reflect local and/or short-term economic or job conditions, and do not guarantee actual job growth.
|
<urn:uuid:49331917-d708-464e-b856-3a93379f25cb>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://www.allcriminaljusticeschools.com/homeland-security/homeland-security-degree/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584567.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00158.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916747 | 740 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Home > Battery Protection Begins In The Summer
Battery Protection Begins In The Summer
The cold of winter gets a bad rap, but did you know that the summer heat can wreak the most havoc on your fleet’s batteries?
It’s true. Much of the damage to batteries is done during June, July and August – although you may not notice it until the battery has to work harder in the cold temperatures during December, January and February.
Although engines tend to start easier in the summer, they also deteriorate quicker in the heat. How? Temperature speeds up the degradation process of lead-acid batteries’ current collectors, which corrode during the units’ charging process. This corrosion is amplified in hot weather, which results in a weaker battery over time.
Battery life is also shortened in the heat due to the quicker rate of sulfation, which is a growth of crystals made up of lead sulfate. This substance forms on a battery’s electrodes as the unit discharges, which isn’t a problem if a recharge occurs quickly. When lead sulfate is not immediately recharged, it grows into crystals, which are tougher to recharge.
Sulfation is further sped up by parasitic loads, which are small currents a battery must deliver to various electronic systems of the vehicle. Although these currents are just a few milliamps, they will combine with heat to shorten a battery’s life.
There are a number of steps you can take to minimize the wear that summer takes on your fleet’s batteries:
- Stay out of the sun: When not in use, park the equipment in the shade or in a covered storage area or garage. Keeping it out of the direct sunlight will extend the life of your battery.
- Check your batteries: Studies show that barely half of operators check battery health as part of regular maintenance. Properly charging them prior to a busy, hot summer will help them perform at a higher level all summer – and the following fall and winter. A battery charger may be necessary – relying on an alternator to charge it can lead to alternator stress and early failure. Inspect the battery for clean connections and ensure hardware holding the battery is tight.
- Use AGM batteries: Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries are low-maintenance units that are less likely to be affected by sulfation and parasitic loads and can sit in storage much longer than lead-acid batteries. These sealed batteries are leak-proof and are solid choices for machines that use a lot of power for components such as air conditioning, heated seats and mirrors.
- Move it along: The longer an engine remains inactive, the more the parasitic loads will drain the battery. Avoid letting the equipment sit unused for long stretches of time if possible.
- Remember to shut off electronics: Electronic systems are the largest source of parasitic loads, so turn off all of the systems before leaving the machine. Inactive engines will slowly discharge a good battery.
Ensure your fleet has the power to last throughout the year by shopping Carter Machinery’s selection of batteries today.
|
<urn:uuid:a2b4ff3a-8b26-4e73-850a-14d81aceec9b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://cartermachinery.com/battery-protection-begins-in-the-summer/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141163411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201123153826-20201123183826-00374.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948831 | 635 | 2.796875 | 3 |
When I was a little girl my parents taught me to say thank you to others. Expressing gratitude in a way that makes others feel special and acknowledged was something I learned. There is a way to express gratitude in a meaningful way without sounding generic.
When I had my own class we did lots of role playing. This is one activity we did with puppets and with one another. Kids love the repetition and it was something we all coach each other through.
The Steps in How to Say, "Thank You":
The NET-1 technique
1. Name: Say the person's name
2. Eye: Look the person in the eye
3. Thank you: Tell the person, "Thank you"
4. 1 Thing: Say at least one thing you liked about what they did
What are some ways you teach thankfulness and gratitude?
|
<urn:uuid:7ab5fd8d-e2a5-4208-9bd3-07ab1420e1ef>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-22
|
http://preschoolcurriculums.blogspot.com/2010/07/how-to-teach-kids-to-say-thank-you.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608665.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526124958-20170526144958-00140.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968319 | 175 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In science fiction stories, the same elements are often found. Tales of robots or aliens, societies in space or underground, and travel through time and space are often encountered. Science fiction, as is appropriate, often deals with advances in science and technology, some of which have begun to move into the realm of nonfiction.
Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human and Animals Cloning" essay for youCreate order
Human cloning is one of these advancing sciences that is becoming more and more likely. Cloning is the exact replication of an animal or person using that organism’s DNA, whether for the purpose of reproduction, research, or medical treatment. Human cloning, while a fascinating subject in the world of science fiction and a potentially exciting development in the existing scientific community, carries with it various ethical discussions. The various aspects of human cloning, including the fate of the embryo, the purpose of conception, the future of the clone, and compliance with God’s plan,
There are two main types of human cloning: reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning is the cloning of a human being solely for the purpose of reproduction. Therapeutic cloning is the cloning of a human being in order to harvest the stem cells from the embryo. These two variations are very similar in how they are begun, and mainly differ in the fate of the embryo.
Both main types of cloning begin in the same way. One of the most common methods of cloning is somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. In SCNT, the chromosomes are removed from an egg to create an enucleated egg. A somatic cell is then taken from the donor to be cloned, and its nucleus is placed into the egg in the place of the old nucleus. The egg is then stimulated in order to promote cell division. This forms a blastocyst which is placed into the uterus to implant and develop. If all goes well, the blastocyst will then mature into an embryo. (Aspects) This maturation into an embryo is the fork in the road where the two main types of cloning begin to separate.
The main difference here is in what happens to the embryo. In reproductive cloning, the embryo is allowed to develop, mature into a fetus, and eventually be born. Reproductive cloning would, obviously, be done for reproductive purposes. In therapeutic cloning, stem cells are harvested from the embryo, destroying it. These stem cells are then used for various types of research or medical procedures. Therapeutic cloning would be done in order to help or heal other people or animals. For these embryos, their future is hinged upon the purpose they were conceived for.
In therapeutic cloning, the embryo is ultimately destroyed by the process of harvesting stem cells. While this may not seem like an issue to some, believing that the embryo is not a person at this early stage, there is logical support that it is, in fact, a living human being with a soul. Some believe that the Supreme Court statement of viability made in Roe v. Wade holds true. This is a statement that the point at which the fetus gains personhood is the same as the point at which the fetus possesses the capability to live outside the womb on its own. The point of viability is not universal, however. In differing locations where the medical technologies may vary, the point of viability will adjust according to the circumstances. Thus viability is not so much a measurement of personhood as a measurement of location and dependency, and so the argument falls apart. Another popular ‘beginning of personhood’ is the point at which the fetus’s brain begins to function. However, while the brain usually begins to function at about forty-five days gestation, the fact remains that the embryo possesses all the capacities for full brain activity from the point of conception. While these critical moments of personhood are popularly believed, they do not hold up under a solid argument.
There are various other proposed decisive moments of personhood, but they all have similar problems. There is the point at which the embryo can experience sensations, but the experience of harm does not nullify the reality of harm. There is the first sensed movement of the fetus, but the existence of a person does not depend on others’ awareness of it. Birth is also a moment at which some prefer to confer personhood, but this is also simply a matter of location. Finally, implantation is a proposed decisive moment. This is the point at which the embryo produces hormones that establish its presence in the womb. Similar to the argument against the decisive moment of quickening, personhood does not depend upon others’ awareness. The most reasonable moment of personhood seems to be the moment of conception, as the development of a human does not have a break that affects the fetus’ personhood. (Moral) In addition, due to the issues with the various arguments for the later moments of personhood, the surest option would be the earliest.
If we accept the moment of conception as the defining moment of personhood, the problem arises that therapeutic cloning requires the destroying of a person. Ending the life of an innocent embryo at any stage in gestation would be the same as ending the life of an innocent human at any point in their life. This is clearly wrong, as the murder of another human is a crime. Therapeutic cloning requires the termination of the embryo and is thus the murder of an innocent human being, and a crime.
Apart from the killing of an innocent human being, the question is raised of the purpose for therapeutic cloning and its effect on how embryos are valued. Therapeutic cloning is carried out in order to harvest stem cells from the cloned embryo. These stem cells can be used to engineer replacement cells, tissues, and organs for the nucleus donor. (Sourcebook) While this can be seen as a very useful practice, the issue remains of the personhood of the embryo. In therapeutic cloning, a human is produced solely to be killed and used for the benefit of another human. This places a value on the life of the embryo and causes it to be seen more as a commodity. Eventually, embryonic stem cell production could become an industry, and one that would produce and destroy tens and hundreds of human lives on a daily basis. The effects of therapeutic cloning are very destructive, though they are disguised by the outward medical benefits.
In regard to an embryonic stem cell industry, the outcome is dependent on society. A profitable industry need not ever come into existence. Perhaps therapeutic cloning would only become an extreme measure in life-threatening medical cases. The fact remains, however, that one human is being killed for another. Upon examination, this scenario is analogous to the famous trolley problem. If a trolley was running down a track, out of control, about to hit and kill three people, would you pull a lever in order to divert the trolley to hit and kill only one person? How about as a surgeon? If you had five patients who would all die without organ transplants and one perfectly healthy person with functioning organs, would you kill the healthy person in order to save the five patients? The harvesting of stem cells from one embryo in order to benefit others is one such problem. The idea of a stem cell industry should be examined carefully from every angle.
Reproductive cloning, on the other hand, may present as harmless at first glance. In reproductive cloning, the embryo is allowed to grow and develop and ideally results in a healthy baby. As it does not involve the purposeful destruction of the embryo, it appears to be beneficial to all parties involved. Once the facts are considered, however, various problems come to light. In addition, the prospect of a child who is a genetic duplicate of a preexisting human raises various ethical debates about the clone’s role in society. While reproductive cloning does not purposefully harm the embryo physically, it can prove detrimental in other ways.
As evidenced by the cloning of Dolly the sheep, cloning has many risks associated with it. In February 1997, after 276 failed attempts, a lamb was successfully cloned from a six-year-old Finn Dorset ewe. This lamb was given the name Dolly. Dolly only lived eight years, until she had to be put down due to a virus-induced lung tumor. While this infection was not believed to have any relation to Dolly’s status of clone, she is also believed to have developed arthritis at a remarkably young age due to the age of the donor cells. In addition, many other cloned animals have died before or soon after birth or have been born with various deformities. (Biotechnology) The risks of death and malformation are not ones to be taken lightly, especially in human cloning.
Whether or not the harm is purposeful, it is hard to avoid the fact that many embryos are harmed or destroyed by this process of reproductive cloning. In Meng’s 1997 experiment, only two out of fifty-three blastocysts survived until birth. (Aspects) With this knowledge, how can it be ethical to continue to clone embryos? Once the harm being done becomes apparent, it becomes purposeful, in a disconnected way. The benefits must be weighed carefully against the losses when it comes to the destruction of human life, even if it is not a desired or planned outcome.
Another main issue with reproductive cloning is that of the complicated relationships produced by the production of a clone. In the process of reproductive cloning, the resulting embryo is genetically identical to the donor. This presents a unique situation in regard to the relationship between the donor and the clone. Because a genetic parent is someone who donates genetic material, the donor is the clone’s genetic mother or father. But because the clone and the donor share the exact same genetic material, they are identical twins. (Eden) Depending on the age of both the donor and the clone, the societal relationship may end up being that of parent-child, siblings, or something completely different. This unconventional relationship could have various negative repercussions in society and possibly suffer as a result. The future relationships of the clone should be carefully considered before this option is entertained.
In addition, there is the element of comparison between the donor and the clone. Regardless of age, the clone and the donor will always be compared to each other, both in accomplishments and in failures. While this element may not be harmful in and of itself, the way it is handled can have a great impact on the happiness and self-image of either the clone or the donor. This is similar to the comparison between identical twins, but there is a greater danger of emotional harm when the donor has previously acquired the wisdom needed to get them to where they currently are. In addition, it must not be assumed that every donor will handle this element of comparison in a mature and appropriate way. The aspect of competition can also be the beginning to mistreatment. If the donor perceives the clone to be surpassing him or her in a particular aspect, the motivation can arise to neglect the clone in certain areas. As a result, the clone may be harmed or ignored, or denied facilities that would be extremely beneficial to them. While some may believe that society would eventually adapt to the donor-clone relationship and treat both parties appropriately, adaptation will not be achieved in an instant. Along the way, it is inevitable that relationships would suffer and the people involved would also suffer physical or emotional harm. The element of comparison is not altogether healthy, and it can have a detrimental effect on both the clone and the donor.
After having considered the moral side of the issue, it is necessary to consider the various points of religious contention. The primary theological debate when it comes to cloning, specifically reproductive cloning, is the question, Are we playing God? Nancy Duff suggests that to play God is to attempt to usurp God’s place by replacing his creation with human manufacture. (Beyond) This question has many different aspects, all of which are certainly worth debating.
The first element of discussion considers God’s methods. Cloning is not the method of reproduction that God created. In Leviticus 18, God specifically instructs us not to marry close blood relatives. Who is a closer blood relative than yourself? God intended for a man and a woman with two different sets of DNA to come together in order to create a child. This also has a bearing on God’s construction of the family unit. When a man and a woman get married and have children, a family is formed. God intended for children to be raised by two parents, not one. With reproductive cloning, single people would clone themselves and raise that clone as their own child. This is not a wholly beneficial position for the cloned child, as the lack of a second, different parent can have a detrimental effect on the child. The lack of a concrete family unit can have adverse effects on society, as well. There is an observed correlation between faulty family structure and the rise of criminal activity. (Human) Ideally, God’s method of multiplying the human race provides children with two different parents, equipped and prepared to raise their children together.
The other matter has to do with the spiritual life of a clone. When a human is created by God, it is created in His image and supplied with a soul. Does God separately bestow a soul upon each embryo as it is conceived, or does the clone simply gain its spiritual identity from the donor? Would God give a soul to a cloned embryo, one that He did not create? The Bible does not address this issue, and so we cannot know for sure if a clone would have a soul. (Human) This presents a choice to those making the choice to clone a human. If you were out hunting in the woods with a friend and lost sight of them, would you shoot at a rustling in the bushes? Not if you stopped to think, for that very rustling may be your wayward companion. Similarly, the creation of a human without the knowledge of its spiritual future is a very risky matter.
We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper
|
<urn:uuid:d0893518-e2ac-41bc-98ff-2f573be593fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://studydriver.com/human-and-animals-cloning/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668618.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115093159-20191115121159-00188.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961169 | 2,906 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This true color mosaic of Jupiter was constructed from images taken by the narrow angle camera onboard NASA's Cassini spacecraft starting at 5:31 Universal time on December 29, 2000, as the spacecraft neared Jupiter during its flyby of the giant planet. It is the most detailed global color portrait of Jupiter ever produced; the smallest visible features are ~ 60 km (37 miles) across. The mosaic is composed of 27 images: nine images were required to cover the entire planet in a tic-tac-toe pattern, and each of those locations was imaged in red, green, and blue to provide true color. Although Cassini's camera can see more colors than humans can, Jupiter here looks the way that the human eye would see it.
Cassini's camera is digital, much like today's popular cameras, and it takes images in each color separately as different spectral filters are rotated in front of its light-sensitive detector. Over an hour was required for this portrait. Jupiter rotated during this time, so the face it presented to the camera, and the lighting on its moving clouds, were constantly changing. In order to assemble a seamless mosaic, each image was first digitally re-positioned to reflect the planet's appearance at the instant the first exposure was taken. Then, the lighting variation across each image was removed, and the mosaic was re-illuminated by a computer-generated 'Sun' from a direction that allowed all imaged portions to appear in sunlight at once. The result, which was slightly contrast-enhanced to bring out subtleties in the Jupiter atmosphere, is a view that the spacecraft would have had at the same distance from the planet but ~ 80 degrees solar phase.
Everything visible on the planet is a cloud. The parallel reddish-brown and white bands, the white ovals, and the large Great Red Spot persist over many years despite the intense turbulence visible in the atmosphere. The most energetic features are the small, bright clouds to the left of the Great Red Spot and in similar locations in the northern half of the planet. These clouds grow and disappear over a few days and generate lightning. Streaks form as clouds are sheared apart by Jupiter's intense jet streams that run parallel to the colored bands. The prominent dark band in the northern half of the planet is the location of Jupiter's fastest jet stream, with eastward winds of 480 km (300 miles) per hour. Jupiter's diameter is eleven times that of Earth, so the smallest storms on this mosaic are comparable in size to the largest hurricanes on Earth.
Unlike Earth, where only water condenses to form clouds, Jupiter's clouds are made of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and water. The updrafts and downdrafts bring different mixtures of these substances up from below, leading to clouds at different heights. The brown and orange colors may be due to trace chemicals dredged up from deeper levels of the atmosphere, or they may be byproducts of chemical reactions driven by ultraviolet light from the Sun. Bluish areas, such as the small features just north and south of the equator, are areas of reduced cloud cover, where one can see deeper.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The imaging team consists of scientists from the US, England, France, and Germany. The imaging operations center and team lead (Dr. C. Porco) are based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.
|
<urn:uuid:4035897a-d504-40a1-b17e-10a838f8df8b>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://ciclops.org/view/79/The_Greatest_Jupiter_Portrait?js=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510263423.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011743-00430-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952405 | 754 | 3.890625 | 4 |
How to build a log House-Part 2
This article on How to build a log House-Part 2 is part of a 2 other articles on this subject of how to build a Log House from the foundation to roof in totality. On hard ground where bedrock is close to the surface, buildings usually require only a minimum foundation.
The Types of foundation generally used in a log house:
1– Pier foundation:
Its the simplest and least expensive, where concrete or flat stones are mortared or laid dry.
2– Slab Foundation:
The Slab Foundation for a home plan is, of the simple kinds of foundation where a concrete slab is used as the foundation.
3- Perimeter Foundation for a house floor :
Its made from concrete, concrete blocks, or sometimes stones. Follow the architectural Floor Plan very closely with respects to the dimensions as this will cause the finishes to look tardy, if it is not correctly followed. The ceiling lines, the tiles finishes and the wall straightness will appear tardy if the dimensions of the Log House floor plans are not strictly followed.
4- Full Basement Foundation:
This is the most complicated type of foundation, Its made of poured reinforced concrete or concrete blocks
Note: Regardless what type of foundation is chosen a proper footing is needed to be placed slightly below the frost.
How to make the foundation for a log house?
Step One: Establish the Boundaries.
1-Establish the exact outside boundaries of your home using a 2”x2” stakes, nails & a rope.
2- Make one end of each stick sharp to be able to drive it into the ground easily.
3-After placing the sticks hammer a nail into the upper center of each stake
4-Once the stakes are placed in position use a rope and connect it to the nails on top of each stake
5-Once three stakes are connected you will able to outline an approximate 90 degree between two walls.
6-Make sure that the angle between the two walls is a perfect 90 degree angle using a triangle with proportions of 3:4:5
Step Two: Erect Batter Boards:
1- The batter board is made by driving 2″x4″ stakes into the ground in an L shape around the corners
2- Nail, a 1”x4’ or 1”x6” batter board, to the stakes to create a right angle and it have to be set back at least 4 feet from the outline stakes and the height is minimum 18″
3- Make sure all batter boards have been installed on all corners at the correct height.
4- Tie weight to builder’s string and drop them over the tops of the batter boards and drop a plumb bob where the two strings cross.
5-Make sure the plumb bob falls exactly on the nail head in the corner stakes this locates the outside boundary of your foundation.
6- Use the same method to locate the inside boundary but by deducting the width of the proposed foundation.
Check out for some great and handsome architectural floor plan for Log house at:http://www.sda-architect.com
Prepared by Architect Perumal Nagapushnam
|
<urn:uuid:fe6917f9-c51e-44b8-97e8-a68d724b52be>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
http://www.sda-architect.com/how-to-build-a-log-house/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540536855.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212023648-20191212051648-00540.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917014 | 667 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Views: 0 Author: Zayn Publish Time: 2021-08-10 Origin: https://www.suntechleds.com/
Ultraviolet rays are electromagnetic waves that are ubiquitous and imperceptible to the eyes. Ultraviolet（Wikipedia） rays are divided into four bands according to wavelength: UVA, UVB, UVC, and UVD. This article mainly takes you to understand UVA, UVB, UVC and their respective application fields.
Long-wave UVA, with a wavelength between 320-400nm. It has strong penetrating power, can penetrate glass, even 9 feet of water; and UVA exists in all seasons, whether it is sunny or rainy.
Damage to the human body: More than 95% of the uv rays exposed to the skin are UVA, so it is the most harmful to the skin. UVA can attack the dermis through the epidermis, causing serious damage to the collagen and elastin in the skin; and the dermal cells have poor self-protection ability, and a small amount of UVA can cause great damage.
It can also activate tyrosinase, deposit melanin, form new melanin, darken the skin and age, so UVA is also called aging rays.
Some special glues and inks can be cured quickly under the irradiation of UVA ultraviolet rays. UVA ultraviolet rays can be used in areas such as shadowless adhesive curing, UV ink curing, and product surface coating.
UV LED light curing applications include UV adhesive curing in display, electronic medical, instrumentation and other industries;
UV coating curing in building materials, furniture, home appliances, automobiles and other industries;
UV ink curing in printing, packaging and other industries.
On medical devices, the current LED UV light source system can cure the solvent-free UV glue in a few seconds, so that the medical device can form a consistent and repetitive bond during the assembly process.
(2) Flaw detection
The ultraviolet lamp is combined with fluorescent agent to check the cracks on the metal surface. It can also check the leakage of air valve, car engine and car air conditioner.
Laboratory research, such as plant protein, fluorescent GFP.
(4) Identify true and false
Special ink is used when making banknotes, which can only be seen under ultraviolet light;
UV LED can help identify natural gemstones and synthetic gemstones, different types of gemstones, different colors of the same gemstone, and different color rendering mechanisms of the same color gemstones have different UV-visible absorption spectra;
Ultraviolet rays can also be anti-counterfeiting. In order to prevent counterfeit and inferior products, some special products will be marked with special marks of the company. These marks can only be found under ultraviolet rays.
Medium-wave UVB, the wavelength is between 275-320 nanometers. The penetrating power is medium, the shorter wavelength band of UVB will be absorbed by transparent glass, most of the UVB in sunlight is absorbed by the ozone layer, and only less than 2% of the part can reach the surface of the earth.
Damage to the human body: It will oxidize the protective lipid layer of the epidermis and dry the skin; further, it will denature the nucleic acid and protein in the epidermal cells, causing symptoms such as acute dermatitis (ie sunburn). If exposed for a long time, it is easy to cause skin cancer.
(1) Medical field
Skin treatment: An important application of the UVB band is the treatment of skin diseases. Scientists have found that ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of about 310nm have a strong dark spot effect on the skin, which can accelerate skin metabolism and improve skin growth, which can effectively treat pityriasis rosea, polymorphic sun eruption, chronic actinic dermatitis, Light-induced prurigo and other photo-induced skin diseases.
(2) Animal and plant growth supplement light
Because UVB ultraviolet lamps may promote the metabolism of minerals and the formation of vitamin D in the body, they are also made into growth lights to promote the growth of animals and plants.
Short-wave UVC with a wavelength between 200-275 nanometers. Its penetrating ability is the weakest, unable to penetrate most transparent glass and plastics. The short-wave uv raycontained in the sunlight are almost completely absorbed by the ozone layer before reaching the ground.
Damage to human body: The UVC in nature is almost completely absorbed by the ozone layer before it reaches the ground, and there is almost no harm to the human body. If it is direct radiation, short-wave ultraviolet rays are very harmful to the human body. Short-term radiation can burn the skin, and long-term or high-intensity radiation can cause skin cancer.
Due to the short wavelength and high energy of UVC band ultraviolet rays, it can destroy the molecular structure of DNA or RNA in microbial organisms (bacteria, viruses, spores and other pathogens) in a short time, and the cells cannot be regenerated , Bacteria and viruses lose the ability to replicate themselves. So UVC band products can be used for sterilization and disinfection of water and air.
Since the UVC belongs to the solar-blind ultraviolet band, it also has important applications in the military.
1) Ultraviolet (UV) communication: Ultraviolet communication is a new communication method with great development potential. It has many advantages that conventional communication methods do not have, such as low eavesdropping rate, high anti-interference, low bit resolution, all-weather work, etc.
2）Ultraviolet (UV) interference: The key to ultraviolet interference is to study the strong enough ultraviolet radiation, and install it to make an interference bomb with ultraviolet interference capability.
3）Ultraviolet (UV) warning: The ultraviolet alarm detects the target by detecting the ultraviolet radiation in the tail flame.
Ultraviolet photolysis oxidation oil fume purification system is currently the domestic advanced photolysis oxidation oil fume purification system. Ultraviolet rays are combined with the grease and odor in the kitchen air to decompose macromolecular organic matter into water and carbon dioxide, without secondary pollution, reducing fire hazards.
If you have any other questions or further requirements, please click here to email the Suntech team or call +(86) 13184617165 for priority-free consultation.
|
<urn:uuid:cee33f8d-c6a0-4680-9370-d7a11a13af4b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://www.suntechleds.com/info/ultraviolet-wavelength-classification-and-appl-60151623.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00508.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.90204 | 1,399 | 3.125 | 3 |
- News & Media
Duna Kör, meaning the Danube Circle, was set up in 1984 as an environmental movement opposing the construction of an enormous dam and hydroelectric complex on the Danube. Its founder was Janos Vargha, a biologist who had earlier worked for some years for the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and was then on the editorial staff of a science magazine.
The $3 billion-plus Gabcikovo-Nagymaros complex was to be built jointly by Hungary and Czechoslovakia, providing for one massive dam in each country. It involved drastic interference with nearly 200 km of river, the flooding of 50 islands and 120 sq kms of forests and fields, and the loss of valuable wildlife habitats. It also had incalculable implications for the groundwater of the region and the drinking water supply of some three million people.
Duna Kör was a social innovation as well as a protest movement. Such groups were officially much discouraged at the time it was established and could obtain no formal registration. Moreover, for a certain period no one was permitted to publish anything on the power project. But Duna Kör networked informally and provided a focus for increasing opposition to the project in scientific and professional circles. In 1988, keeping up the pressure, Vargha organised an international conference on the issue in cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund and by October of that year 150,000 people had signed a petition demanding a referendum on the dam.
In the following year, 1989, giving way to this public pressure, Hungary halted construction of the Nagymaros dam. But in neighbouring Czechoslovakia the massive Gabcikovo dam was almost complete when the Communist government fell. Despite strong protests from Budapest, the new Czechoslovak government decided to proceed with its side of the project. The Gabcikovo dam was in due course put into operation by newly-independent Slovakia, diverting a 20-mile section of the Danube, which forms its border with Hungary and thus appropriating both the water and the electricity which it generates. Hungary subsequently sued Slovakia over the issue and the case was due to reach the International Court of Justice at The Hague in 1997.
Duna Kör, meanwhile, has continued its efforts to save the Danube and has developed proposals for the ecological restoration of river branches, islands and wetlands. Vargha and his colleagues hoped that the verdict of the International Court would make possible the restoration of the river between Bratislava and Budapest. In 1995, Vargha was awarded the European Environmental Prize.
(Last update: 1997)
Vadász utca 29
|
<urn:uuid:d354df62-553f-48aa-958e-a536d6583840>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-06
|
http://www.rightlivelihood.org/duna-kor.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118973352.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124170253-00029-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969552 | 531 | 3.125 | 3 |
(Editor’s Note – This original post from February 2010 has been updated to reflect current Grand Canyon vacation details.)
Established in 1919, Zion National Park was Utah’s first national park and another in a series of US national parks established in the same region as the Grand Canyon and Bryce National Park, where the wonders of geologic rock formations never ceases to amaze visiting tourists.
Zion National Park attractions are numerous but a little more difficult to access because of the steep sandstone cliffs, some of which are classified as the highest in the world.
Different environments have emerged throughout the Zion Park according to the variation in sedimentation. This has brought about the existence of diverse fauna and flora, which can be seen in the many types of woodland, desert areas, coniferous forest areas, and the riparian zones (where the land and rivers meet).
Settlers in the region revered the natural beauty of Zion National Park and gave many of the park’s unique features such names as the East Temple, Angels Landing, the Great White Throne, the Court of the Three Patriarchs and the Temple of Sinawava.
Here is an overview our top 8 Zion National Park attractions:
8. Angels Landing Trail –This is one of the most popular hiking trails in Zion Canyon. Visitors that reach the summit are treated to a spectacular panoramic view of Zion National Park. Other notable trails in Zion Park include Emerald Pools Trail, Hidden Canyon Trail and Canyon Overlook Trail.
7. Zion Canyon– Over millions of years the Virgin River carved through the soft sandstone creating the 15-mile long Zion Canyon that in some places is as deep as a half a mile.
6. Zion Narrows– The narrowest point of Zion Canyon is a steep gorge just 20 feet wide and aptly named Zion Narrows (located at the mouth of Zion Canyon).
5. Virgin River Narrows– Located just upstream of Zion Canyon but within Zion National Park is Virgin River Narrows. This prime 3.6-mile hiking area traverses through a narrow gorge called “The Narrows” and is part of the Colorado Plateau.
4. Kolob Arch– Considered to be the second longest natural arch in the world, Kolob Arch is uniquely situated, framing the nearby sandstone cliffs in the Kolob Canyon.
3. Checkerboard Mesa– Millions of years ago wind-blown sand cut deep grooves into the Navajo sandstone creating a checkerboard pattern in this unique geological wonder.
2. Great White Throne– Located near Angels Landing, the north face of the Great White Throne, which gets its name from the white sandstone cliffs, towers 2,350 feet above the Zion Canyon floor and is considered by many to be the symbol of Zion National Park.
1. Three Patriarchs– These massive cliffs rise over 2,000 feet above the Zion Canyon floor and feature three different rock formations dating back to the Jurassic age including Moenave, Kayenta and Navajo Sandstone. Other notable sandstone cliff formations in Zion National Park include East Temple, Temple of Sinawava, and Horse Ranch Mountain, the highest point in Zion National Park at 8,726 feet above sea level.
Getting Around Inside Zion Park
No private vehicles are allowed within Zion National Park and transportation is given via free shuttle buses. These Zion National Park Tours are the best way to view the outstanding geological formations known as the Grand Staircase, which represents millions of years in sedimentation in the area.
Zion Park Lodge
The word “Zion” means a place of refuge (or peace). Zion Park Lodge, which was built in 1925, is aptly named and located in the center of the valley floor, offering a unique perspective of the surrounding massive sandstone cliffs and unique rock formations of Zion Canyon.
Zion Park Lodge is open for guests year-round who come to explore the magnificent surroundings of Zion National Park. The original Zion Lodge structure was destroyed by fire in the mid 1960’s and although the lodge was rebuilt the same year, it did not regain its original rustic appearance until it was refurbished in 1990.
Caravan’s current Grand Canyon Tour itinerary includes two nights at the acclaimed Zion Park Lodge.
Visit Zion Park Attractions with Caravan Tours!
In addition to two nights’ stay at the Zion Park Lodge, many of the above mentioned attractions are included as part of Caravan Tours’ fully escorted 8-day Grand Canyon Tour, which is all inclusive and affordably priced.
These Grand Canyon vacations always book up quickly! Call 1-800-CARAVAN (227-2826) to check availability or reserve your spot today.
|
<urn:uuid:2ecf9425-966d-40e1-8135-fd829c519a66>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
http://blog.caravan.com/zion-national-park/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331485.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826085356-20190826111356-00488.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937689 | 973 | 2.75 | 3 |
Framework for a sustainable development at the ICRC
- DownloadPDF 82 KB
The present document offers a framework to enable the ICRC to take the principles of sustainable development into account in carrying out its mission.
The most commonly cited definition of sustainable development is the one first proposed in the Brundtland report, in which sustainable development is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs”. At present, respect for future generations must be a major consideration when humanitarian organizations like the ICRC decide how to carry out their activities. In other words, it is essential that the principles of sustainable development (that is to say, living sustainably, in fair societies, on a planet capable of sustaining life) be taken into account.
This document proposes a framework to enable the ICRC to take into consideration the principles of sustainable development in carrying out its mission.
The present framework is in four parts: it defines a strategic vision for integration of the principles of sustainable development into the activities and practices of the ICRC; outlines the reasons why the ICRC adheres to the principles of sustainable development in humanitarian action; describes the challenges encountered in this regard; and, lastly, offers a series objectives and areas of intervention designed to ensure that the ICRC’s activities will give greater consideration to sustainable development.
Adherence to the principles of sustainable development enables the ICRC to:
- reduce the potentially negative impact of its activities on the environment;
- make optimal use of financial resources;
- be a socially responsible partner in its interactions with stakeholders (beneficiaries, staff, suppliers).
The ICRC’s objective is to play a significant role in the humanitarian sector among humanitarian organizations firmly committed to working in an environmentally, economically and socially
|
<urn:uuid:93fcb40a-a36c-4421-a905-7379fedc2124>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-40
|
https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/report/sustainable-development-icrc-framework-2012.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736672328.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215752-00231-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91748 | 370 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Self-driving cars have been a human fantasy for years. In the past decade, we’ve seen a great deal of progress in turning this sci-fi pipe dream into a reality. Uber has been experimenting with self-driving cars for ride sharing and Tesla has been pioneering a momentous shift to software dependency in vehicles.
While it’s easy to salivate over the added convenience of autonomous vehicles, many people do not take into account the ripple effect. Cars have been around for over a century and have come a very long way in terms of design, functionality, capabilities, and more. However, regardless of all the innovation and breakthroughs in technology, the common denominator has remained the same. That is, of course, the fact that the vehicle is operated by a human. This very concept has made way for all kinds of laws, regulations, requirements, and much, much more. When you remove this foundational aspect, most of the current laws regarding transportation will need to be re-evaluated.
Perhaps more importantly than the laws surrounding human error are the laws surrounding manufacturer error or lemon law.
At this point in time, it’s hard to see the specifics of how exactly autonomous cars will directly impact lemon law. However, based on the information out there, we have three major predictions for how the law will evolve once self-driving vehicles begin to flood the roads. Let’s discuss.
1. Software Will Be as Important as Hardware (If Not More)
Lemon law was enacted in the 1970’s. At this time, the idea of self-driving cars was merely a work of science fiction. Keep in mind, this was a time when owning a home computer was still a very new concept.
When lemon law was created, the intention was (and still is) to protect consumers against faulty vehicles covered by the manufacturer warranty. Now, a vehicle’s faultiness under lemon law must pose as a significant risk to the safety of the driver and overall functionality of the vehicle. When the law was created, this accounted for hardware-related issues. These included problems with the engine, transmission, steering, braking, electrical, etc.
In a self-driving car, the software and GPS will be crucial elements that are just as important (if not more important) as the hardware. The software will dictate where a vehicle goes, how it interacts with other vehicles, when it brakes/accelerates, and much more. Any issue with the software could put the passenger in serious danger. That said, once autonomous cars start to become widespread, it’s very likely that consumers and auto manufacturers alike will need to re-think the meaning of a “defect” under the lemon law to account for software-related defects. Moreover, lemon attorneys will need to refocus their strategies accordingly.
2. The Definition of a “Substantial Defect” Will Change
In the state of California, a “substantial defect” under lemon law is a warranty-covered defect that substantially impairs the use, value, or safety of the product.
To reiterate, software will play a critical role in lemon law in the futuristic age of autonomous cars. Now, the definition of a “substantial defect” will probably remain the same in regards to it compromising the use, value, or safety of the vehicle. However, the second prong of the lemon law referring to a “reasonable number of repair attempts” could possibly see some change.
For instance, under the California lemon law presumption, a reasonable number of attempts is defined in a number of ways:
- The manufacturer has made two or more attempts to repair a warranty-covered defect that could cause serious bodily injury or death.
- The manufacturer has made four or more attempts to repair the same warranty-covered defect.
- The vehicle has been out of service for repair a cumulative total of 30 days for any defect.
Most of the time, when there is an issue with a vehicle’s hardware, the driver can likely tell something is wrong pretty quickly. They might hear a weird sound coming from under the hood, the steering might feel a little off, the brakes are squealing, etc. In many of these situations, substantial defects can be detected and addressed before there is a chance for them to actually cause serious injury or death.
However, when a vehicle is dependent on software, the margin for error becomes A LOT smaller. In an autonomous car, the passenger can ideally sit back and enjoy the ride while the vehicle does all the driving. So, if the passenger is free to zone out, be on their phone, or even take a nap, it’s very possible that issues with the software will not be detected until it’s too late. Moreover, these defects could present themselves in a split second and have potentially fatal consequences without the passenger having a chance to intervene. For example, the software could make the vehicle accelerate instead of brake, or fail to sense a construction zone or detour.
That said, having two, four, or more attempts to fix a software issue is putting passengers and those around them at serious risk. So, our bold prediction for autonomous software impacting the definition of a “lemon,” the number of repair attempts to reach the “reasonable” threshold may be greatly reduced. Instead, any issue with the software could immediately rule a vehicle a lemon. This is due to the lack of quick human intervention and razor thin margin for error.
3. Warranty Periods May Need Extension for Software Defects
Currently, the lemon law may only apply during the manufacturer warranty and the state in which the vehicle was purchased or leased. For the aforementioned presumption to apply to a vehicle in California, the substantial defect and repair attempts must present occur within the first 18 months of the delivery date or before 18,000 miles accrue on the odometer.
These time/distance windows were put into effect when hardware faultiness was the primary factor in lemon law. When you throw software into the mix, this all changes. This is because software must be updated periodically. These updates can happen on a monthly, weekly, or even daily basis. With every new update comes the possibility of new bugs, glitches, and malfunctions.
That said, it’s very possible that software defects will become their own separate aspect of lemon law. Furthermore, due to the fast-moving nature of new software, warranty periods for these issues might not even be created with a timeframe or mileage requirement.
Driverless vehicles are the future of transportation. With such a drastic shift in everyday life comes big changes in the laws that regulate them. In terms of the lemon law, the introduction of software dependence will be the biggest factor that alters the fine print.
As both consumers and lemon law experts, we are very excited to see what the future of driving looks like!
|
<urn:uuid:221956b7-98e9-463b-8641-d41a691b52fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://www.lemonlawlawyerscalifornia.com/2018/09/self-driving-cars-affect-lemon-law-three-bold-predictions/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363226.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205221915-20211206011915-00277.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955918 | 1,421 | 2.828125 | 3 |
As more of our daily lives are lived in the digital world, the security of our personal information online has become of paramount importance. Recent high-profile data breaches and hacking conducted by both government agencies and private companies highlight the need to protect sensitive data from thieves and spies while also maintaining Americans’ privacy.
Unfortunately, some are calling for sweeping new laws to exempt companies from existing privacy laws in the name of cybersecurity. They want “cyber-threat” information to be shared not just with civilian agencies but also with the intelligence community and the military. Others in the intelligence community have called on tech companies to ensure that the government can circumvent protections offered by encryption so that it can seize the data of users.
These laws must be carefully drafted to ensure that sensitive private information—financial, medical, political, or other personal information—is removed before it is shared. We must also make sure that the cybersecurity mission is vested in a civilian agency to prevent new cybersecurity information sharing laws from becoming another avenue by which the government can spy on Americans. And we continue to advocate against so-called “encryption backdoors,” which, by ensuring your data is accessible to the government, make the Internet less safe for everyone.
The ACLU is at the forefront of efforts to push back against ill-considered cybersecurity proposals. We are also, crucially, leading efforts to craft affirmative cybersecurity policies for both government and the private sector that will help prevent cybercrime and hacking while also protecting personal privacy and civil liberties.
- MapMarch 21, 2016
- Blog Post - Speak FreelyFebruary 25, 2016
- Blog Post - Speak FreelyMarch 30, 2016
- OtherMarch 21, 2016
- Blog Post - Washington MarkupMay 19, 2016
- Blog Post - Washington MarkupMarch 9, 2016
|
<urn:uuid:db23131c-8f70-4465-86e2-4b63240ec508>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
https://www.aclu.org/issues/privacy-technology/internet-privacy/cybersecurity?redirect=cybersecurity-0
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542112.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00420-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935136 | 369 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Build Vocabulary by Breaking it Down!
Looking up words in the dictionary is an important habit for fifth graders to get into, but it's not the only way to broaden your child's vocabulary. In fact, there are many clues that can help your child turn into a word detective to find a word's meaning. The origin of a word, as well as its possible derivations, synonyms and antonyms, and interesting idioms associated with it, can all give helpful hints about its meaning. Here's a cheat sheet to help break down words in order to find their meaning:
- Word origin: When you speak English, you are speaking words that have been derived from other languages. For example, pretzel is from the German language, patio is from the Spanish language, and tomato is from the Native American language. However, about 60% of all English words come from Latin or Greek origins so knowledge of these languages would be most helpful in understanding many new words and phrases.
- Derivation: Words are formed from existing words or bases by adding affixes, as singer from sing, by changing the shape of the word or base, as song from sing, or by adding an affix and changing the pronunciation of the word or base, as electricity from electric.
- Synonyms and Antonyms: Because there are so many words in the English language, some words mean the same things as or the opposite of other words. Synonyms are words that have the same meanings. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. To help your child remember which is which, point out that synonym and same both begin with the letter s.
- Idioms: An expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up, such as, The apple of my eye or Cool as a cucumber.
When your child encounters a new word, encourage him to see if he can determine its meaning by thinking about these aspects of the word. To help encourage this habit, try playing this fun, wordy version of "Go Fish!"
|
<urn:uuid:49fe0b6e-1d05-479a-8fb5-176cb40f5af7>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
https://www.education.com/activity/article/Break_Down_Vocab_fifth/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285244.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00091-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968465 | 423 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief.
Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, activities of daily life, and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world. The poet Ezra Pound's 1934 injunction to "Make it new!" was the touchstone of the movement's approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the stream-of-consciousness novel, atonal (or pantonal) and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art, all had precursors in the 19th century.
A notable characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness and irony concerning literary and social traditions, which often led to experiments with form, along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting, poem, building, etc. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody.
Some commentators define modernism as a mode of thinking—one or more philosophically defined characteristics, like self-consciousness or self-reference, that run across all the novelties in the arts and the disciplines. More common, especially in the West, are those who see it as a socially progressive trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge, or technology. From this perspective, modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was 'holding back' progress, and replacing it with new ways of reaching the same end. Others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. This facilitates consideration of specific reactions to the use of technology in the First World War, and anti-technological and nihilistic aspects of the works of diverse thinkers and artists spanning the period from Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) to Samuel Beckett (1906–1989).
- 1 History
- 2 After World War II (mainly the visual and performing arts)
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Theatre of the Absurd
- 2.3 Pollock and abstract influences
- 2.4 International figures from British art
- 2.5 In the 1960s after abstract expressionism
- 2.6 Pop art
- 2.7 Minimalism
- 2.8 Late period
- 2.9 Differences between modernism and postmodernism
- 2.10 Criticism and hostility to modernism
- 3 See also
- 4 Notes
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
Beginnings: the 19th century
According to one critic, modernism developed out of Romanticism's revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values: "The ground motive of modernism, Graff asserts, was criticism of the nineteenth-century bourgeois social order and its world view [...] the modernists, carrying the torch of romanticism." While J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851), one of the greatest landscape painters of the 19th century, was a member of the Romantic movement, as "a pioneer in the study of light, colour, and atmosphere", he "anticipated the French Impressionists" and therefore modernism "in breaking down conventional formulas of representation; [though] unlike them, he believed that his works should always express significant historical, mythological, literary, or other narrative themes."
The dominant trends of industrial Victorian England were opposed, from about 1850, by the English poets and painters that constituted the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, because of their "opposition to technical skill without inspiration.":815 They were influenced by the writings of the art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900), who had strong feelings about the role of art in helping to improve the lives of the urban working classes, in the rapidly expanding industrial cities of Britain.:816 Art critic Clement Greenberg describes the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as proto-Modernists: "There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the pre-Raphaelites (and even before them, as proto-proto-Modernists, the German Nazarenes). The Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet (1832–83), with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins. They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, holding that its realism wasn't truthful enough." Rationalism has also had opponents in the philosophers Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) and later Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), both of whom had significant influence on existentialism.:120
However, the Industrial Revolution continued. Influential innovations included steam-powered industrialization, and especially the development of railways, starting in Britain in the 1830s, and the subsequent advancements in physics, engineering, and architecture associated with this. A major 19th-century engineering achievement was The Crystal Palace, the huge cast-iron and plate glass exhibition hall built for The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in London, such as Paddington Station (1854) and King's Cross station (1852). These technological advances led to the building of later structures like the Brooklyn Bridge (1883) and the Eiffel Tower (1889). The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be. These engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. The human experience of time itself was altered, with the development of the electric telegraph from 1837, and the adoption of standard time by British railway companies from 1845, and in the rest of the world over the next fifty years.
But despite continuing technological advances, from the 1870s onward, the idea that history and civilization were inherently progressive, and that progress was always good, came under increasing attack. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, and could not move forward in its present form. The philosopher Schopenhauer (1788–1860) (The World as Will and Representation, 1819) called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche. Two of the most significant thinkers of the period were biologist Charles Darwin (1809–82), author of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), and political scientist Karl Marx (1818–83), author of Das Kapital (1867). Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness. In particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as "lower animals" proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Karl Marx argued that there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system, and that the workers were anything but free.
The beginnings of modernism in France
Historians, and writers in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Historian William Everdell, for example, has argued that modernism began in the 1870s, when metaphorical (or ontological) continuity began to yield to the discrete with mathematician Richard Dedekind's (1831–1916) Dedekind cut, and Ludwig Boltzmann's (1844–1906) statistical thermodynamics. Everdell also thinks modernism in painting began in 1885–86 with Seurat's Divisionism, the "dots" used to paint A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. On the other hand, visual art critic Clement Greenberg called Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) "the first real Modernist", though he also wrote, "What can be safely called Modernism emerged in the middle of the last century—and rather locally, in France, with Baudelaire in literature and Manet in painting, and perhaps with Flaubert, too, in prose fiction. (It was a while later, and not so locally, that Modernism appeared in music and architecture)." The poet Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), and Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary were both published in 1857.
In the arts and letters, two important approaches developed separately in France. The first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (en plein air). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored Paris Salon, the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. While most were in standard styles, but by inferior artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention, and opened commercial doors to the movement. The second French school was Symbolism, which literary historians see beginning with Charles Baudelaire (1821–67), and including the later poets, Arthur Rimbaud (1854–91) Une Saison en Enfer (A Season in Hell, 1873), Paul Verlaine (1844–96), Stéphane Mallarmé (1842–98), and Paul Valéry (1871–1945). The symbolists "stressed the priority of suggestion and evocation over direct description and explicit analogy," and were especially interested in "the musical properties of language." Cabaret, which gave birth to so many of the arts of modernism, including the immediate precursors of film, may be said to have begun in France in 1881 with the opening of the Black Cat in Montmartre, the beginning of the ironic monologue, and the founding of the Society of Incoherent Arts.
Influential in the early days of modernism were the theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Freud's first major work was Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer, 1895). Central to Freud's thinking is the idea "of the primacy of the unconscious mind in mental life," so that all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. Freud's description of subjective states involved an unconscious mind full of primal impulses, and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions derived from social values.:538
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was another major precursor of modernism, with a philosophy in which psychological drives, specifically the "will to power" (Wille zur Macht), was of central importance: "Nietzsche often identified life itself with 'will to power', that is, with an instinct for growth and durability." Henri Bergson (1859–1941), on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific, clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time.:131 His work on time and consciousness "had a great influence on twentieth-century novelists," especially those Modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941). Also important in Bergson's philosophy was the idea of élan vital, the life force, which "brings about the creative evolution of everything.":132 His philosophy also placed a high value on intuition, though without rejecting the importance of the intellect.:132
Important literary precursors of modernism were Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–81), who wrote the novels Crime and Punishment (1866) and The Brothers Karamazov (1880); Walt Whitman (1819–92), who published the poetry collection Leaves of Grass (1855–91); and August Strindberg (1849–1912), especially his later plays, including the trilogy To Damascus 1898–1901, A Dream Play (1902) and The Ghost Sonata (1907). Henry James has also been suggested as a significant precursor, in a work as early as The Portrait of a Lady (1881).
Out of the collision of ideals derived from Romanticism, and an attempt to find a way for knowledge to explain that which was as yet unknown, came the first wave of works in the first decade of the 20th century, which, while their authors considered them extensions of existing trends in art, broke the implicit contract with the general public that artists were the interpreters and representatives of bourgeois culture and ideas. These "Modernist" landmarks include the atonal ending of Arnold Schoenberg's Second String Quartet in 1908, the expressionist paintings of Wassily Kandinsky starting in 1903, and culminating with his first abstract painting and the founding of the Blue Rider group in Munich in 1911, and the rise of fauvism and the inventions of cubism from the studios of Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and others, in the years between 1900 and 1910.
Explosion, early 20th century to 1930
T. S. Eliot made significant comments on the relation of the artist to tradition, including: "[W]e shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual parts of [a poet's] work, may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously." However, the relationship of Modernism with tradition was complex, as literary scholar Peter Childs indicates: "There were paradoxical if not opposed trends towards revolutionary and reactionary positions, fear of the new and delight at the disappearance of the old, nihilism and fanatical enthusiasm, creativity and despair."
An example of how Modernist art can be both revolutionary and yet be related to past tradition, is the music of the composer Arnold Schoenberg. On the one hand Schoenberg rejected traditional tonal harmony, the hierarchical system of organizing works of music that had guided music making for at least a century and a half. He believed he had discovered a wholly new way of organizing sound, based in the use of twelve-note rows. Yet while this was indeed wholly new, its origins can be traced back in the work of earlier composers, such as Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss and Max Reger. Furthermore, it must be noted that Schoenberg also wrote tonal music throughout his career.
In the world of art, in the first decade of the 20th century, young painters such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse were causing a shock with their rejection of traditional perspective as the means of structuring paintings, though the impressionist Monet had already been innovative in his use of perspective. In 1907, as Picasso was painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Oskar Kokoschka was writing Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen (Murderer, Hope of Women), the first Expressionist play (produced with scandal in 1909), and Arnold Schoenberg was composing his String Quartet No.2 in F sharp minor (1908), his first composition without a tonal centre.
A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne, which were displayed in a retrospective at the 1907 Salon d'Automne. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form; instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Cubism was brought to the attention of the general public for the first time in 1911 at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris (held 21 April – 13 June). Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Le Fauconnier, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger and Roger de La Fresnaye were shown together in Room 41, provoking a 'scandal' out of which Cubism emerged and spread throughout Paris and beyond. Also in 1911, Kandinsky painted Bild mit Kreis (Picture with a Circle), which he later called the first abstract painting.:167 In 1912, Metzinger and Gleizes wrote the first (and only) major Cubist manifesto, Du "Cubisme", published in time for the Salon de la Section d'Or, the largest Cubist exhibition to date. In 1912 Metzinger painted and exhibited his enchanting La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a Horse) and Danseuse au Café (Dancer in a Café). Albert Gleizes painted and exhibited his Les Baigneuses (The Bathers) and his monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing). This work, along with La Ville de Paris (City of Paris) by Robert Delaunay, was the largest and most ambitious Cubist painting undertaken during the pre-War Cubist period.
In 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brücke (the Bridge) in the city of Dresden. This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, though they did not use the word itself. A few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) in Munich. The name came from Wassily Kandinsky's Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903. Among their members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and August Macke. However, the term "Expressionism" did not firmly establish itself until 1913.:274 Though initially mainly a German artistic movement, most predominant in painting, poetry and the theatre between 1910 and 1930, most precursors of the movement were not German. Furthermore, there have been expressionist writers of prose fiction, as well as non-German speaking expressionist writers, and, while the movement had declined in Germany with the rise of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s, there were subsequent expressionist works.
Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it "overlapped with other major 'isms' of the modernist period: with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism and Dada." Richard Murphy also comments: "the search for an all-inclusive definition is problematic to the extent that the most challenging expressionists" such as the novelist Franz Kafka, poet Gottfried Benn, and novelist Alfred Döblin were simultaneously the most vociferous anti-expressionists.:43 What, however, can be said, is that it was a movement that developed in the early 20th century mainly in Germany in reaction to the dehumanizing effect of industrialization and the growth of cities, and that "one of the central means by which expressionism identifies itself as an avant-garde movement, and by which it marks its distance to traditions and the cultural institution as a whole is through its relationship to realism and the dominant conventions of representation.":43 More explicitly: that the expressionists rejected the ideology of realism.:43–48
There was a concentrated Expressionist movement in early 20th century German theatre, of which Georg Kaiser and Ernst Toller were the most famous playwrights. Other notable Expressionist dramatists included Reinhard Sorge, Walter Hasenclever, Hans Henny Jahnn, and Arnolt Bronnen. They looked back to Swedish playwright August Strindberg and German actor and dramatist Frank Wedekind as precursors of their dramaturgical experiments. Oskar Kokoschka's Murderer, the Hope of Women was the first fully Expressionist work for the theatre, which opened on 4 July 1909 in Vienna. The extreme simplification of characters to mythic types, choral effects, declamatory dialogue and heightened intensity would become characteristic of later Expressionist plays. The first full-length Expressionist play was The Son by Walter Hasenclever, which was published in 1914 and first performed in 1916.
Futurism is yet another modernist movement. In 1909, the Parisian newspaper Le Figaro published F. T. Marinetti's first manifesto. Soon afterwards a group of painters (Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, and Gino Severini) co-signed the Futurist Manifesto. Modeled on Marx and Engels' famous "Communist Manifesto" (1848), such manifestoes put forward ideas that were meant to provoke and to gather followers. However, arguments in favor of geometric or purely abstract painting were, at this time, largely confined to "little magazines" which had only tiny circulations. Modernist primitivism and pessimism were controversial, and the mainstream in the first decade of the 20th century was still inclined towards a faith in progress and liberal optimism.
Abstract artists, taking as their examples the impressionists, as well as Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) and Edvard Munch (1863–1944), began with the assumption that color and shape, not the depiction of the natural world, formed the essential characteristics of art. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. The arts of cultures other than the European had become accessible and showed alternative ways of describing visual experience to the artist. By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new kind of art which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy. The sources from which individual artists drew their theoretical arguments were diverse, and reflected the social and intellectual preoccupations in all areas of Western culture at that time. Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, and Kazimir Malevich all believed in redefining art as the arrangement of pure color. The use of photography, which had rendered much of the representational function of visual art obsolete, strongly affected this aspect of modernism.
Modernist architects and designers, such as Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier, believed that new technology rendered old styles of building obsolete. Le Corbusier thought that buildings should function as "machines for living in", analogous to cars, which he saw as machines for traveling in. Just as cars had replaced the horse, so modernist design should reject the old styles and structures inherited from Ancient Greece or from the Middle Ages. Following this machine aesthetic, modernist designers typically rejected decorative motifs in design, preferring to emphasize the materials used and pure geometrical forms. The skyscraper is the archetypal modernist building, and the Wainwright Building, a 10-story office building built 1890-91, in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, is among the first skyscrapers in the world. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Seagram Building in New York (1956–1958) is often regarded as the pinnacle of this modernist high-rise architecture. Many aspects of modernist design still persist within the mainstream of contemporary architecture, though previous dogmatism has given way to a more playful use of decoration, historical quotation, and spatial drama.
In 1913—which was the year of philosopher Edmund Husserl's Ideas, physicist Niels Bohr's quantized atom, Ezra Pound's founding of imagism, the Armory Show in New York, and in Saint Petersburg the "first futurist opera", Mikhail Matyushin's Victory over the Sun—another Russian composer, Igor Stravinsky, composed The Rite of Spring, a ballet that depicts human sacrifice, and has a musical score full of dissonance and primitive rhythm. This caused uproar on its first performance in Paris. At this time though modernism was still "progressive", increasingly it saw traditional forms and traditional social arrangements as hindering progress, and was recasting the artist as a revolutionary, engaged in overthrowing rather than enlightening society. Also in 1913 a less violent event occurred in France with the publication of the first volume of Marcel Proust's important novel sequence À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–1927) (In Search of Lost Time). This often presented as an early example of a writer using the stream-of-consciousness technique, but Robert Humphrey comments that Proust "is concerned only with the reminiscent aspect of consciousness" and that he "was deliberately recapturing the past for the purpose of communicating; hence he did not write a stream-of-consciousness novel."
Stream of consciousness was an important modernist literary innovation, and it has been suggested that Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931) was the first to make full use of it in his short story "Leutnant Gustl" ("None but the Brave") (1900). Dorothy Richardson was the first English writer to use it, in the early volumes of her novel sequence Pilgrimage (1915–67). The other modernist novelists that are associated with the use of this narrative technique include James Joyce in Ulysses (1922) and Italo Svevo in La coscienza di Zeno (1923).
However, with the coming of the Great War of 1914-18 and the Russian Revolution of 1917, the world was drastically changed and doubt cast on the beliefs and institutions of the past. The failure of the previous status quo seemed self-evident to a generation that had seen millions die fighting over scraps of earth: prior to 1914 it had been argued that no one would fight such a war, since the cost was too high. The birth of a machine age which had made major changes in the conditions of daily life in the 19th century now had radically changed the nature of warfare. The traumatic nature of recent experience altered basic assumptions, and realistic depiction of life in the arts seemed inadequate when faced with the fantastically surreal nature of trench warfare. The view that mankind was making steady moral progress now seemed ridiculous in the face of the senseless slaughter, described in works such as Erich Maria Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front (1929). Therefore, modernism's view of reality, which had been a minority taste before the war, became more generally accepted in the 1920s.
In literature and visual art some Modernists sought to defy expectations mainly in order to make their art more vivid, or to force the audience to take the trouble to question their own preconceptions. This aspect of modernism has often seemed a reaction to consumer culture, which developed in Europe and North America in the late 19th century. Whereas most manufacturers try to make products that will be marketable by appealing to preferences and prejudices, high modernists rejected such consumerist attitudes in order to undermine conventional thinking. The art critic Clement Greenberg expounded this theory of modernism in his essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch. Greenberg labeled the products of consumer culture "kitsch", because their design aimed simply to have maximum appeal, with any difficult features removed. For Greenberg, modernism thus formed a reaction against the development of such examples of modern consumer culture as commercial popular music, Hollywood, and advertising. Greenberg associated this with the revolutionary rejection of capitalism.
Some Modernists saw themselves as part of a revolutionary culture that included political revolution. In Russia after the 1917 Revolution there was indeed initially a burgeoning of avant-garde cultural activity, which included Russian Futurism. However others rejected conventional politics as well as artistic conventions, believing that a revolution of political consciousness had greater importance than a change in political structures. But many modernists saw themselves as apolitical. Others, such as T. S. Eliot, rejected mass popular culture from a conservative position. Some even argue that modernism in literature and art functioned to sustain an elite culture which excluded the majority of the population.
Surrealism, which originated in the early 1920s, came to be regarded by the public as the most extreme form of modernism, or "the avant-garde of Modernism". The word "surrealist" was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. Major surrealists include Paul Éluard, Robert Desnos, Max Ernst, Hans Arp, Antonin Artaud, Raymond Queneau, Joan Miró, and Marcel Duchamp.
By 1930, Modernism had won a place in the establishment, including the political and artistic establishment, although by this time Modernism itself had changed.
Modernism continues: 1930–1945
Modernism continued to evolve during the 1930s. Between 1930 and 1932 composer Arnold Schoenberg worked on Moses und Aron, one of the first operas to make use of the twelve-tone technique, Pablo Picasso painted in 1937 Guernica, his cubist condemnation of fascism, while in 1939 James Joyce pushed the boundaries of the modern novel further with Finnegans Wake. Also by 1930 Modernism began to influence mainstream culture, so that, for example, The New Yorker magazine began publishing work, influenced by Modernism, by young writers and humorists like Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, E. B. White, S. J. Perelman, and James Thurber, amongst others. Perelman is highly regarded for his humorous short stories that he published in magazines in the 1930s and 1940s, most often in The New Yorker, which are considered to be the first examples of surrealist humor in America. Modern ideas in art also began to appear more frequently in commercials and logos, an early example of which, from 1919, is the famous London Underground logo designed by Edward Johnston.
One of the most visible changes of this period was the adoption of new technologies into daily life of ordinary people in Western Europe and North America. Electricity, the telephone, the radio, the automobile—and the need to work with them, repair them and live with them—created social change. The kind of disruptive moment that only a few knew in the 1880s became a common occurrence. For example, the speed of communication reserved for the stock brokers of 1890 became part of family life, at least in middle class North America. Associated with urbanization and changing social mores also came smaller families and changed relationships between parents and their children.
Another strong influence at this time was Marxism. After the generally primitivistic/irrationalist aspect of pre-World War I Modernism, which for many Modernists precluded any attachment to merely political solutions, and the neoclassicism of the 1920s, as represented most famously by T. S. Eliot and Igor Stravinsky—which rejected popular solutions to modern problems—the rise of Fascism, the Great Depression, and the march to war helped to radicalise a generation. Bertolt Brecht, W. H. Auden, André Breton, Louis Aragon and the philosophers Antonio Gramsci and Walter Benjamin are perhaps the most famous exemplars of this Modernist form of Marxism. There were, however, also Modernists explicitly of 'the right', including Salvador Dalí, Wyndham Lewis, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, the Dutch author Menno ter Braak and others.
Significant Modernist literary works continued to be created in the 1920s and 1930s, including further novels by Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, Robert Musil, and Dorothy Richardson. The American Modernist dramatist Eugene O'Neill's career began in 1914, but his major works appeared in the 1920s, 1930s and early 1940s. Two other significant Modernist dramatists writing in the 1920s and 1930s were Bertolt Brecht and Federico García Lorca. D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover was privately published in 1928, while another important landmark for the history of the modern novel came with the publication of William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury in 1929. In the 1930s, in addition to further major works by Faulkner, Samuel Beckett published his first major work, the novel Murphy (1938). Then in 1939 James Joyce's Finnegans Wake appeared. This is written in a largely idiosyncratic language, consisting of a mixture of standard English lexical items and neologistic multilingual puns and portmanteau words, which attempts to recreate the experience of sleep and dreams. In poetry T. S. Eliot, E. E. Cummings, and Wallace Stevens were writing from the 1920s until the 1950s. While Modernist poetry in English is often viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, H.D., and Louis Zukofsky, there were important British Modernist poets, including David Jones, Hugh MacDiarmid, Basil Bunting, and W. H. Auden. European Modernist poets include Federico García Lorca, Anna Akhmatova, Constantine Cavafy, and Paul Valéry.
The Modernist movement continued during this period in Soviet Russia. In 1930 composer Dimitri Shostakovich's (1906–75) opera The Nose was premiered, in which he uses a montage of different styles, including folk music, popular song and atonality. Amongst his influences was Alban Berg's (1985–1935) opera Wozzeck (1925), which "had made a tremendous impression on Shostakovich when it was staged in Leningrad." However, from 1932 Socialist realism began to oust Modernism in the Soviet Union, and in 1936 Shostakovich was attacked and forced to withdraw his 4th Symphony. Alban Berg wrote another significant, though incomplete, Modernist opera, Lulu, which premiered in 1937. Berg's Violin Concerto was first performed in 1935. Like Shostakovich, other composers faced difficulties in this period. In Germany Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) was forced to flee to the U.S. when Hitler came to power in 1933, because of his Modernist atonal style as well as his Jewish ancestry. His major works from this period are a Violin Concerto, Op. 36 (1934/36), and Piano Concerto, Op. 42 (1942). Schoenberg also wrote tonal music in this period with the Suite for Strings in G major (1935) and the Chamber Symphony No. 2 in E♭ minor, Op. 38 (begun in 1906, completed in 1939). During this time Hungarian Modernist Béla Bartók (1881–1945) produced a number of major works, including Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936) and the Divertimento for String Orchestra (1939), String Quartet No. 5 (1934), and No. 6 (his last, 1939). But he too left for the US in 1940, because of the rise of fascism in Hungary. Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) continued writing in his neoclassical style during the 1930s and 1940s, writing works like the Symphony of Psalms (1930), Symphony in C (1940) and Symphony in Three Movements (1945). He also emigrated to the US because of World War II. Olivier Messiaen (1908–1992), however, served in the French army during the war and was imprisoned at Stalag VIII-A by the Germans, where he composed his famous Quatuor pour la fin du temps ("Quartet for the End of Time"). The quartet was first performed in January 1941 to an audience of prisoners and prison guards.
In painting, during the 1920s and the 1930s and the Great Depression, modernism is defined by Surrealism, late Cubism, Bauhaus, De Stijl, Dada, German Expressionism, and Modernist and masterful color painters like Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard as well as the abstractions of artists like Piet Mondrian and Wassily Kandinsky which characterized the European art scene. In Germany, Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz and others politicized their paintings, foreshadowing the coming of World War II, while in America, modernism is seen in the form of American Scene painting and the social realism and regionalism movements that contained both political and social commentary dominated the art world. Artists like Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood, George Tooker, John Steuart Curry, Reginald Marsh, and others became prominent. Modernism is defined in Latin America by painters Joaquín Torres García from Uruguay and Rufino Tamayo from Mexico, while the muralist movement with Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, Pedro Nel Gómez and Santiago Martinez Delgado, and Symbolist paintings by Frida Kahlo, began a renaissance of the arts for the region, characterized by a freer use of color and an emphasis on political messages.
Diego Rivera is perhaps best known by the public world for his 1933 mural, Man at the Crossroads, in the lobby of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center. When his patron Nelson Rockefeller discovered that the mural included a portrait of Vladimir Lenin and other communist imagery, he fired Rivera, and the unfinished work was eventually destroyed by Rockefeller's staff. Frida Kahlo's (Rivera's wife's) works are often characterized by their stark portrayals of pain. Kahlo was deeply influenced by indigenous Mexican culture, which is apparent in her paintings' bright colors and dramatic symbolism. Christian and Jewish themes are often depicted in her work as well; she combined elements of the classic religious Mexican tradition, which were often bloody and violent. Frida Kahlo's Symbolist works relate strongly to Surrealism and to the Magic Realism movement in literature.
Political activism was an important piece of David Siqueiros' life, and frequently inspired him to set aside his artistic career. His art was deeply rooted in the Mexican Revolution. The period from the 1920s to the 1950s is known as the Mexican Renaissance, and Siqueiros was active in the attempt to create an art that was at once Mexican and universal. The young Jackson Pollock attended the workshop and helped build floats for the parade.
During the 1930s radical leftist politics characterized many of the artists connected to Surrealism, including Pablo Picasso. On 26 April 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque town of Gernika was bombed by Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. The Germans were attacking to support the efforts of Francisco Franco to overthrow the Basque government and the Spanish Republican government. Pablo Picasso painted his mural-sized Guernica to commemorate the horrors of the bombing.
During the Great Depression of the 1930s and through the years of World War II, American art was characterized by Social Realism and American Scene Painting, in the work of Grant Wood, Edward Hopper, Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton, and several others. Nighthawks (1942) is a painting by Edward Hopper that portrays people sitting in a downtown diner late at night. It is not only Hopper's most famous painting, but one of the most recognizable in American art. The scene was inspired by a diner in Greenwich Village. Hopper began painting it immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After this event there was a large feeling of gloominess over the country, a feeling that is portrayed in the painting. The urban street is empty outside the diner, and inside none of the three patrons is apparently looking or talking to the others but instead is lost in their own thoughts. This portrayal of modern urban life as empty or lonely is a common theme throughout Hopper's work.
American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood from 1930. Portraying a pitchfork-holding farmer and a younger woman in front of a house of Carpenter Gothic style, it is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art. Art critics had favorable opinions about the painting; like Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, they assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. It was thus seen as part of the trend towards increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 Winesburg, Ohio, Sinclair Lewis's 1920 Main Street, and Carl Van Vechten's The Tattooed Countess in literature. However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.
The situation for artists in Europe during the 1930s deteriorated rapidly as the Nazis' power in Germany and across Eastern Europe increased. Degenerate art was a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany for virtually all modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German or Jewish Bolshevist in nature, and those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions. These included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art entirely. Degenerate Art was also the title of an exhibition, mounted by the Nazis in Munich in 1937. The climate became so hostile for artists and art associated with modernism and abstraction that many left for the Americas. German artist Max Beckmann and scores of others fled Europe for New York. In New York City a new generation of young and exciting Modernist painters led by Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, and others were just beginning to come of age.
Arshile Gorky's portrait of someone who might be Willem de Kooning is an example of the evolution of abstract expressionism from the context of figure painting, cubism and surrealism. Along with his friends de Kooning and John D. Graham, Gorky created biomorphically shaped and abstracted figurative compositions that by the 1940s evolved into totally abstract paintings. Gorky's work seems to be a careful analysis of memory, emotion and shape, using line and color to express feeling and nature.
After World War II (mainly the visual and performing arts)
Though The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees modernism ending by c. 1939, with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred." Clement Greenberg sees modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts, but with regard to music, Paul Griffiths notes that, while Modernism "seemed to be a spent force" by the late 1920s, after World War II, "a new generation of composers—Boulez, Barraqué, Babbitt, Nono, Stockhausen, Xenakis" revived modernism". In fact many literary Modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally they were no longer producing major works. The term "late modernism" is also sometimes applied to Modernist works published after 1930. Among Modernists (or late Modernists) still publishing after 1945 were Wallace Stevens, Gottfried Benn, T. S. Eliot, Anna Akhmatova, William Faulkner, Dorothy Richardson, John Cowper Powys, and Ezra Pound. Basil Bunting, born in 1901, published his most important Modernist poem Briggflatts in 1965. In addition, Hermann Broch's The Death of Virgil was published in 1945 and Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus in 1947. Samuel Beckett, who died in 1989, has been described as a "later Modernist". Beckett is a writer with roots in the expressionist tradition of Modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the 1980s, including Molloy (1951), Waiting for Godot (1953), Happy Days (1961), and Rockaby (1981). The terms "minimalist" and "post-Modernist" have also been applied to his later works. The poets Charles Olson (1910–1970) and J. H. Prynne (born 1936) are among the writers in the second half of the 20th century who have been described as late Modernists.
More recently the term "late modernism" has been redefined by at least one critic and used to refer to works written after 1945, rather than 1930. With this usage goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the events of World War II, especially the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb.
The postwar period left the capitals of Europe in upheaval with an urgency to economically and physically rebuild and to politically regroup. In Paris (the former center of European culture and the former capital of the art world) the climate for art was a disaster. Important collectors, dealers, and Modernist artists, writers, and poets had fled Europe for New York and America. The surrealists and modern artists from every cultural center of Europe had fled the onslaught of the Nazis for safe haven in the United States. Many of those who didn't flee perished. A few artists, notably Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Pierre Bonnard, remained in France and survived.
The 1940s in New York City heralded the triumph of American abstract expressionism, a Modernist movement that combined lessons learned from Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, surrealism, Joan Miró, cubism, Fauvism, and early modernism via great teachers in America like Hans Hofmann and John D. Graham. American artists benefited from the presence of Piet Mondrian, Fernand Léger, Max Ernst and the André Breton group, Pierre Matisse's gallery, and Peggy Guggenheim's gallery The Art of This Century, as well as other factors.
Theatre of the Absurd
The term "Theatre of the Absurd" is applied to plays, written primarily by Europeans, that express the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence. While there are significant precursors, including Alfred Jarry (1873–1907), the Theatre of the Absurd is generally seen as beginning in the 1950s with the plays of Samuel Beckett.
Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1960 essay "Theatre of the Absurd". He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, The Myth of Sisyphus. The Absurd in these plays takes the form of man's reaction to a world apparently without meaning, and/or man as a puppet controlled or menaced by invisible outside forces. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to vaudeville, mixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either a parody or dismissal of realism and the concept of the "well-made play".
Playwrights commonly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd include Samuel Beckett (1906–1989), Eugène Ionesco (1909–94), Jean Genet (1910–86), Harold Pinter (1930–2008), Tom Stoppard (born 1937), Alexander Vvedensky (1904–1941), Daniil Kharms (1905–1942), Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–90), Alejandro Jodorowsky (born 1929), Fernando Arrabal (born 1932), Václav Havel (1936–2011) and Edward Albee (born 1928).
Pollock and abstract influences
During the late 1940s Jackson Pollock's radical approach to painting revolutionized the potential for all contemporary art that followed him. To some extent Pollock realized that the journey toward making a work of art was as important as the work of art itself. Like Pablo Picasso's innovative reinventions of painting and sculpture in the early 20th century via Cubism and constructed sculpture, Pollock redefined the way art is made. His move away from easel painting and conventionality was a liberating signal to the artists of his era and to all who came after. Artists realized that Jackson Pollock's process—placing unstretched raw canvas on the floor where it could be attacked from all four sides using artistic and industrial materials; dripping and throwing linear skeins of paint; drawing, staining, and brushing; using imagery and nonimagery—essentially blasted artmaking beyond any prior boundary. Abstract expressionism generally expanded and developed the definitions and possibilities available to artists for the creation of new works of art.
The other abstract expressionists followed Pollock's breakthrough with new breakthroughs of their own. In a sense the innovations of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Robert Motherwell, Peter Voulkos and others opened the floodgates to the diversity and scope of all the art that followed them. Rereadings into abstract art by art historians such as Linda Nochlin, Griselda Pollock and Catherine de Zegher critically show, however, that pioneering women artists who produced major innovations in modern art had been ignored by official accounts of its history.
International figures from British art
Henry Moore (1898–1986) emerged after World War II as Britain's leading sculptor. He was best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures, usually suggestive of the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces.
In the 1950s, Moore began to receive increasingly significant commissions, including a reclining figure for the UNESCO building in Paris in 1958. With many more public works of art, the scale of Moore's sculptures grew significantly. The last three decades of Moore's life continued in a similar vein, with several major retrospectives taking place around the world, notably a prominent exhibition in the summer of 1972 in the grounds of the Forte di Belvedere overlooking Florence. By the end of the 1970s, there were some 40 exhibitions a year featuring his work. On the campus of the University of Chicago in December 1967, 25 years to the minute after the team of physicists led by Enrico Fermi achieved the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, Moore's Nuclear Energy was unveiled. Also in Chicago, Moore commemorated science with a large bronze sundial, locally named Man Enters the Cosmos (1980), which was commissioned to recognise the space exploration program.
The "London School" of figurative painters, including Francis Bacon (1909–1992), Lucian Freud (1922–2011), Frank Auerbach (born 1931), Leon Kossoff (born 1926), and Michael Andrews (1928–1995), have received widespread international recognition.
Francis Bacon was an Irish-born British figurative painter known for his bold, graphic and emotionally raw imagery. His painterly but abstracted figures typically appear isolated in glass or steel geometrical cages set against flat, nondescript backgrounds. Bacon began painting during his early 20s but worked only sporadically until his mid-30s. His breakthrough came with the 1944 triptych Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion which sealed his reputation as a uniquely bleak chronicler of the human condition. His output can be crudely described as consisting of sequences or variations on a single motif; beginning with the 1940s male heads isolated in rooms, the early 1950s screaming popes, and mid to late 1950s animals and lone figures suspended in geometric structures. These were followed by his early 1960s modern variations of the crucifixion in the triptych format. From the mid-1960s to early 1970s, Bacon mainly produced strikingly compassionate portraits of friends. Following the suicide of his lover George Dyer in 1971, his art became more personal, inward-looking, and preoccupied with themes and motifs of death. During his lifetime, Bacon was equally reviled and acclaimed.
Lucian Freud was a German-born British painter, known chiefly for his thickly impastoed portrait and figure paintings, who was widely considered the pre-eminent British artist of his time. His works are noted for their psychological penetration, and for their often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. According to William Grimes of the New York Times, "Lucien Freud and his contemporaries transformed figure painting in the 20th century. In paintings like Girl with a White Dog (1951-52), Freud put the pictorial language of traditional European painting in the service of an anti-romantic, confrontational style of portraiture that stripped bare the sitter's social facade. Ordinary people—many of them his friends—stared wide-eyed from the canvas, vulnerable to the artist's ruthless inspection."
In the 1960s after abstract expressionism
In abstract painting during the 1950s and 1960s several new directions like hard-edge painting and other forms of geometric abstraction began to appear in artist studios and in radical avant-garde circles as a reaction against the subjectivism of abstract expressionism. Clement Greenberg became the voice of post-painterly abstraction when he curated an influential exhibition of new painting that toured important art museums throughout the United States in 1964. Color Field painting, hard-edge painting and lyrical abstraction emerged as radical new directions.
By the late 1960s however, postminimalism, process art and Arte Povera also emerged as revolutionary concepts and movements that encompassed both painting and sculpture, via lyrical abstraction and the postminimalist movement, and in early conceptual art. Process art as inspired by Pollock enabled artists to experiment with and make use of a diverse encyclopedia of style, content, material, placement, sense of time, and plastic and real space. Nancy Graves, Ronald Davis, Howard Hodgkin, Larry Poons, Jannis Kounellis, Brice Marden, Colin McCahon, Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, Alan Saret, Walter Darby Bannard, Lynda Benglis, Dan Christensen, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra, Sam Gilliam, Mario Merz and Peter Reginato were some of the younger artists who emerged during the era of late modernism that spawned the heyday of the art of the late 1960s.
In 1962 the Sidney Janis Gallery mounted The New Realists, the first major pop art group exhibition in an uptown art gallery in New York City. Janis mounted the exhibition in a 57th Street storefront near his gallery at 15 E. 57th Street. The show sent shockwaves through the New York School and reverberated worldwide. Earlier in England in 1958 the term "Pop Art" was used by Lawrence Alloway to describe paintings that celebrated the consumerism of the post World War II era. This movement rejected abstract expressionism and its focus on the hermeneutic and psychological interior in favor of art that depicted and often celebrated material consumer culture, advertising, and iconography of the mass production age. The early works of David Hockney and the works of Richard Hamilton and Eduardo Paolozzi (who created the groundbreaking I was a Rich Man's Plaything, 1947) are considered seminal examples in the movement. Meanwhile, in the downtown scene in New York's East Village 10th Street galleries, artists were formulating an American version of pop art. Claes Oldenburg had his storefront, and the Green Gallery on 57th Street began to show the works of Tom Wesselmann and James Rosenquist. Later Leo Castelli exhibited the works of other American artists, including those of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein for most of their careers. There is a connection between the radical works of Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, the rebellious Dadaists with a sense of humor, and pop artists like Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, and Roy Lichtenstein, whose paintings reproduce the look of Ben-Day dots, a technique used in commercial reproduction.
Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, wherein artists intend to expose the essence or identity of a subject through eliminating all nonessential forms, features, or concepts. Minimalism is any design or style wherein the simplest and fewest elements are used to create the maximum effect.
As a specific movement in the arts it is identified with developments in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with this movement include Donald Judd, John McCracken, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Ronald Bladen, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella. It derives from the reductive aspects of modernism and is often interpreted as a reaction against Abstract expressionism and a bridge to Postminimal art practices. By the early 1960s minimalism emerged as an abstract movement in art (with roots in the geometric abstraction of Kazimir Malevich, the Bauhaus and Piet Mondrian) that rejected the idea of relational and subjective painting, the complexity of abstract expressionist surfaces, and the emotional zeitgeist and polemics present in the arena of action painting. Minimalism argued that extreme simplicity could capture all of the sublime representation needed in art. Minimalism is variously construed either as a precursor to postmodernism, or as a postmodern movement itself. In the latter perspective, early minimalism yielded advanced Modernist works, but the movement partially abandoned this direction when some artists like Robert Morris changed direction in favor of the anti-form movement.
Hal Foster, in his essay The Crux of Minimalism, examines the extent to which Donald Judd and Robert Morris both acknowledge and exceed Greenbergian Modernism in their published definitions of minimalism. He argues that minimalism is not a "dead end" of Modernism, but a "paradigm shift toward postmodern practices that continue to be elaborated today."
The terms have expanded to encompass a movement in music that features such repetition and iteration as those of the compositions of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, and John Adams. Minimalist compositions are sometimes known as systems music. The term "minimalist" often colloquially refers to anything that is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has also been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman.
In the late 1960s Robert Pincus-Witten coined the term "postminimalism" to describe minimalist-derived art which had content and contextual overtones that minimalism rejected. The term was applied by Pincus-Whitten to the work of Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra and new work by former minimalists Robert Smithson, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, Barry Le Va, and others. Other minimalists including Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Agnes Martin, John McCracken and others continued to produce late Modernist paintings and sculpture for the remainders of their careers.
Since then, many artists have embraced minimal or postminimal styles, and the label "Postmodern" has been attached to them.
Collage, assemblage, installations
Related to abstract expressionism was the emergence of combining manufactured items with artist materials, moving away from previous conventions of painting and sculpture. The work of Robert Rauschenberg exemplifies this trend. His "combines" of the 1950s were forerunners of pop art and installation art, and used assemblages of large physical objects, including stuffed animals, birds and commercial photographs. Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Larry Rivers, John Chamberlain, Claes Oldenburg, George Segal, Jim Dine, and Edward Kienholz were among important pioneers of both abstraction and pop art. Creating new conventions of art-making, they made acceptable in serious contemporary art circles the radical inclusion in their works of unlikely materials. Another pioneer of collage was Joseph Cornell, whose more intimately scaled works were seen as radical because of both his personal iconography and his use of found objects.
In the early 20th century Marcel Duchamp submitted for exhibition a urinal as a sculpture. He professed his intent that people look at the urinal as if it were a work of art because he said it was a work of art. He referred to his work as "readymades". Fountain was a urinal signed with the pseudonym "R. Mutt", the exhibition of which shocked the art world in 1917. This and Duchamp's other works are generally labelled as Dada. Duchamp can be seen as a precursor to conceptual art, other famous examples being John Cage's 4'33", which is four minutes and thirty three seconds of silence, and Rauschenberg's Erased de Kooning Drawing. Many conceptual works take the position that art is the result of the viewer viewing an object or act as art, not of the intrinsic qualities of the work itself. In choosing "an ordinary article of life" and creating "a new thought for that object" Duchamp invited onlookers to view Fountain as a sculpture.
Marcel Duchamp famously gave up "art" in favor of chess. Avant-garde composer David Tudor created a piece, Reunion (1968), written jointly with Lowell Cross, that features a chess game in which each move triggers a lighting effect or projection. Duchamp and Cage played the game at the work's premier.
Steven Best and Douglas Kellner identify Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns as part of the transitional phase, influenced by Duchamp, between Modernism and Postmodernism. Both used images of ordinary objects, or the objects themselves, in their work, while retaining the abstraction and painterly gestures of high Modernism.
Performance and happenings
During the late 1950s and 1960s artists with a wide range of interests began to push the boundaries of contemporary art. Yves Klein in France, Carolee Schneemann, Yayoi Kusama, Charlotte Moorman and Yoko Ono in New York City, and Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell and Nam June Paik in Germany were pioneers of performance-based works of art. Groups like The Living Theatre with Julian Beck and Judith Malina collaborated with sculptors and painters creating environments, radically changing the relationship between audience and performer, especially in their piece Paradise Now. The Judson Dance Theater, located at the Judson Memorial Church, New York; and the Judson dancers, notably Yvonne Rainer, Trisha Brown, Elaine Summers, Sally Gross, Simonne Forti, Deborah Hay, Lucinda Childs, Steve Paxton and others; collaborated with artists Robert Morris, Robert Whitman, John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and engineers like Billy Klüver. Park Place Gallery was a center for musical performances by electronic composers Steve Reich, Philip Glass, and other notable performance artists including Joan Jonas.
These performances were intended as works of a new art form combining sculpture, dance, and music or sound, often with audience participation. They were characterized by the reductive philosophies of minimalism and the spontaneous improvisation and expressivity of abstract expressionism. Images of Schneeman's performances of pieces meant to shock are occasionally used to illustrate these kinds of art, and she is often seen photographed while performing her piece Interior Scroll. However, the images of her performing this piece are illustrating precisely what performance art is not. In performance art, the performance itself is the medium. Other media cannot illustrate performance art. Performance art is performed, not captured. By its nature performance is momentary and evanescent, which is part of the point of the medium as art. Representations of performance art in other media, whether by image, video, narrative or otherwise, select certain points of view in space or time or otherwise involve the inherent limitations of each medium, and which therefore cannot truly illustrate the medium of performance as art.
During the same period, various avant-garde artists created Happenings, mysterious and often spontaneous and unscripted gatherings of artists and their friends and relatives in various specified locations, often incorporating exercises in absurdity, physicality, costuming, spontaneous nudity, and various random or seemingly disconnected acts. Notable creators of happenings included Allan Kaprow—who first used the term in 1958, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Robert Whitman.
Another trend in art which has been associated with the term postmodern is the use of a number of different media together. Intermedia is a term coined by Dick Higgins and meant to convey new art forms along the lines of Fluxus, concrete poetry, found objects, performance art, and computer art. Higgins was the publisher of the Something Else Press, a concrete poet married to artist Alison Knowles and an admirer of Marcel Duchamp. Ihab Hassan includes "Intermedia, the fusion of forms, the confusion of realms," in his list of the characteristics of postmodern art. One of the most common forms of "multi-media art" is the use of video-tape and CRT monitors, termed video art. While the theory of combining multiple arts into one art is quite old, and has been revived periodically, the postmodern manifestation is often in combination with performance art, where the dramatic subtext is removed, and what is left is the specific statements of the artist in question or the conceptual statement of their action.
Fluxus was named and loosely organized in 1962 by George Maciunas (1931–78), a Lithuanian-born American artist. Fluxus traces its beginnings to John Cage's 1957 to 1959 Experimental Composition classes at the New School for Social Research in New York City. Many of his students were artists working in other media with little or no background in music. Cage's students included Fluxus founding members Jackson Mac Low, Al Hansen, George Brecht and Dick Higgins.
Fluxus encouraged a do-it-yourself aesthetic and valued simplicity over complexity. Like Dada before it, Fluxus included a strong current of anti-commercialism and an anti-art sensibility, disparaging the conventional market-driven art world in favor of an artist-centered creative practice. Fluxus artists preferred to work with whatever materials were at hand, and either created their own work or collaborated in the creation process with their colleagues.
Andreas Huyssen criticises attempts to claim Fluxus for Postmodernism as "either the master-code of postmodernism or the ultimately unrepresentable art movement – as it were, postmodernism's sublime." Instead he sees Fluxus as a major Neo-Dadaist phenomena within the avant-garde tradition. It did not represent a major advance in the development of artistic strategies, though it did express a rebellion against "the administered culture of the 1950s, in which a moderate, domesticated modernism served as ideological prop to the Cold War."
The continuation of abstract expressionism, color field painting, lyrical abstraction, geometric abstraction, minimalism, abstract illusionism, process art, pop art, postminimalism, and other late 20th-century Modernist movements in both painting and sculpture continued through the first decade of the 21st century and constitute radical new directions in those mediums.
At the turn of the 21st century, well-established artists such as Sir Anthony Caro, Lucian Freud, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Agnes Martin, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Helen Frankenthaler, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, James Rosenquist, Alex Katz, Philip Pearlstein, and younger artists including Brice Marden, Chuck Close, Sam Gilliam, Isaac Witkin, Sean Scully, Mahirwan Mamtani, Joseph Nechvatal, Elizabeth Murray, Larry Poons, Richard Serra, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Joel Shapiro, Tom Otterness, Joan Snyder, Ross Bleckner, Archie Rand, Susan Crile, and others continued to produce vital and influential paintings and sculpture.
Differences between modernism and postmodernism
By the early 1980s the Postmodern movement in art and architecture began to establish its position through various conceptual and intermedia formats. Postmodernism in music and literature began to take hold earlier. In music, postmodernism is described in one reference work, as a "term introduced in the 1970s", while in British literature, The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees modernism "ceding its predominance to postmodernism" as early as 1939. However, dates are highly debatable, especially as according to Andreas Huyssen: "one critic's postmodernism is another critic's modernism." This includes those who are critical of the division between the two and see them as two aspects of the same movement, and believe that late Modernism continues.
Modernism is an encompassing label for a wide variety of cultural movements. Postmodernism is essentially a centralized movement that named itself, based on sociopolitical theory, although the term is now used in a wider sense to refer to activities from the 20th century onwards which exhibit awareness of and reinterpret the modern.
Postmodern theory asserts that the attempt to canonise Modernism "after the fact" is doomed to undisambiguable contradictions.
In a narrower sense, what was Modernist was not necessarily also postmodern. Those elements of Modernism which accentuated the benefits of rationality and socio-technological progress were only Modernist.
Criticism and hostility to modernism
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
Modernism's stress on freedom of expression, experimentation, radicalism, and primitivism disregards conventional expectations. In many art forms this often meant startling and alienating audiences with bizarre and unpredictable effects, as in the strange and disturbing combinations of motifs in Surrealism or the use of extreme dissonance and atonality in Modernist music. In literature this often involved the rejection of intelligible plots or characterization in novels, or the creation of poetry that defied clear interpretation.
After the rise of Joseph Stalin, the Soviet government rejected modernism on the grounds of alleged elitism, although it had previously endorsed Futurism and Constructivism. The Nazi government of Germany deemed modernism narcissistic and nonsensical, as well as "Jewish" (see Antisemitism) and "Negro". The Nazis exhibited Modernist paintings alongside works by the mentally ill in an exhibition entitled "Degenerate Art". Accusations of "formalism" could lead to the end of a career, or worse. For this reason many Modernists of the postwar generation felt that they were the most important bulwark against totalitarianism, the "canary in the coal mine", whose repression by a government or other group with supposed authority represented a warning that individual liberties were being threatened. Louis A. Sass compared madness, specifically schizophrenia, and modernism in a less fascist manner by noting their shared disjunctive narratives, surreal images, and incoherence.
In fact, modernism flourished mainly in consumer/capitalist societies, despite the fact that its proponents often rejected consumerism itself. However, high modernism began to merge with consumer culture after World War II, especially during the 1960s. In Britain, a youth subculture emerged calling itself "Modernist" (usually shortened to Mod), following such representative music groups as the Who and the Kinks. The likes of Bob Dylan, Serge Gainsbourg and the Rolling Stones combined popular musical traditions with Modernist verse, adopting literary devices derived from James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, James Thurber, T. S. Eliot, Guillaume Apollinaire, Allen Ginsberg, and others. The Beatles developed along similar lines, creating various Modernist musical effects on several albums, while musicians such as Frank Zappa, Syd Barrett and Captain Beefheart proved even more experimental. Modernist devices also started to appear in popular cinema, and later on in music videos. Modernist design also began to enter the mainstream of popular culture, as simplified and stylized forms became popular, often associated with dreams of a space age high-tech future.
This merging of consumer and high versions of Modernist culture led to a radical transformation of the meaning of "Modernism". First, it implied that a movement based on the rejection of tradition had become a tradition of its own. Second, it demonstrated that the distinction between elite Modernist and mass consumerist culture had lost its precision. Some writers[who?] declared that modernism had become so institutionalized that it was now "post avant-garde", indicating that it had lost its power as a revolutionary movement. Many have interpreted this transformation as the beginning of the phase that became known as postmodernism. For others, such as art critic Robert Hughes, postmodernism represents an extension of modernism.
"Anti-modern" or "counter-modern" movements seek to emphasize holism, connection and spirituality as remedies or antidotes to modernism. Such movements see modernism as reductionist, and therefore subject to an inability to see systemic and emergent effects. Many Modernists came to this viewpoint, for example Paul Hindemith in his late turn towards mysticism. Writers such as Paul H. Ray and Sherry Ruth Anderson, in The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World (2000), Fredrick Turner in A Culture of Hope and Lester Brown in Plan B, have articulated a critique of the basic idea of modernism itself – that individual creative expression should conform to the realities of technology. Instead, they argue, individual creativity should make everyday life more emotionally acceptable.
In some fields, the effects of modernism have remained stronger and more persistent than in others. Visual art has made the most complete break with its past. Most major capital cities have museums devoted to modern art as distinct from post-Renaissance art (c. 1400 to c. 1900). Examples include the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Tate Modern in London, and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. These galleries make no distinction between modernist and Postmodernist phases, seeing both as developments within Modern Art.
- American modernism
- Contemporary architecture
- Contemporary art
- Contemporary classical music
- Contemporary French literature
- Contemporary literature
- Experimental film
- Experimental literature
- Experimental music
- History of theatre
- History of classical music traditions § 20th century music
- Late modernism
- Literary modernism
- Modern architecture
- Modern art
- Modernism (music)
- Modernist poetry
- Postmodern art
- Russian avant-garde
- Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism
- Theatre of the Absurd
- 20th-century classical music
- Twentieth-century English literature
- Hans Hofmann biography. Retrieved 30 January 2009 Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- Pericles Lewis, Modernism, Nationalism, and the Novel (Cambridge University Press, 2000). pp 38–39.
- "[James] Joyce's Ulysses is a comedy not divine, ending, like Dante's, in the vision of a God whose will is our peace, but human all-too-human...." Peter Faulkner, Modernism (Taylor & Francis, 1990). p 60.
- Gardner, Helen, Horst de la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. Gardner's Art Through the Ages (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991). ISBN 0-15-503770-6. p. 953.
- Barth (1979) quotation:
The ground motive of modernism, Graff asserts, was criticism of the nineteenth-century bourgeois social order and its world view. Its artistic strategy was the self-conscious overturning of the conventions of bourgeois realism [...] the antirationalist, antirealist, antibourgeois program of modernism [...] the modernists, carrying the torch of romanticism, taught us that linearity, rationality, consciousness, cause and effect, naïve illusionism, transparent language, innocent anecdote, and middle-class moral conventions are not the whole story.
- Graff (1973)
- Graff (1975)
- Eco (1990) p. 95 quote:
Each of the types of repetition that we have examined is not limited to the mass media but belongs by right to the entire history of artistic creativity; plagiarism, quotation, parody, the ironic retake are typical of the entire artistic-literary tradition.
Much art has been and is repetitive. The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one, born with Romanticism; classical art was in vast measure serial, and the "modern" avant-garde (at the beginning of this century) challenged the Romantic idea of "creation from nothingness," with its techniques of collage, mustachios on the Mona Lisa, art about art, and so on.
- Steiner (1998) pp. 489–90 quote:
(pp. 489–90) The Modernist movement which dominated art, music, letters during the first half of the century was, at critical points, a strategy of conservation, of custodianship. Stravinsky's genius developed through phases of recapitulation. He took from Machaut, Gesualdo, Monteverdi. He mimed Tchaikovsky and Gounod, the Beethoven piano sonatas, the symphonies of Haydn, the operas of Pergolesi and Glinka. He incorporated Debussy and Webern into his own idiom. In each instance the listener was meant to recognize the source, to grasp the intent of a transformation which left salient aspects of the original intact. The history of Picasso is marked by retrospection. The explicit variations on classical pastoral themes, the citations from and pastiches of Rembrandt, Goya, Velázquez, Manet, are external products of a constant revision, a 'seeing again' in the light of technical and cultural shifts. Had we only Picasso's sculptures, graphics, and paintings, we could reconstruct a fair portion of the development of the arts from the Minoan to Cézanne. In 20th-century literature, the elements of reprise have been obsessive, and they have organized precisely those texts which at first seemed most revolutionary. The Waste Land, Ulysses, Pound's Cantos are deliberate assemblages, in-gatherings of a cultural past felt to be in danger of dissolution. The long sequence of imitations, translations, masked quotations, and explicit historical paintings in Robert Lowell's History has carried the same technique into the 1970s. [...] In Modernism collage has been the representative device. The new, even at its most scandalous, has been set against an informing background and framework of tradition. Stravinsky, Picasso, Braque, Eliot, Joyce, Pound—the 'makers of the new'—have been neo-classics, often as observant of canonic precedent as their 17th-century forebears.
- Childs, Peter Modernism (Routledge, 2000). ISBN 0-415-19647-7. p. 17. Accessed on 8 February 2009.
- Everdell, William, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought, University of Chicago Press, 1997, ISBN 0226224805.
- "In the twentieth century, the social processes that bring this maelstrom into being, and keep it in a state of perpetual becoming, have come to be called 'modernization'. These world-historical processes have nourished an amazing variety of visions and ideas that aim to make men and women the subjects as well as the objects of modernization, to give them the power to change the world that is changing them, to make their way through the maelstrom and make it their own. Over the past century, these visions and values have come to be loosely grouped together under the name of 'modernism'." (Berman 1988, 16)
- Lee Oser, The Ethics of Modernism: Moral Ideas in Yeats, Eliot, Joyce, Woolf and Beckett (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
- F.J. Marker & C.D. Innes, Modernism in European Drama: Ibsen, Stringdberg, Pirandello, Beckett
- Morag Shiach, "Situating Samuel Beckett", pp. 234-247 in The Cambridge Companion to the Modernist Novel (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
- Kathryne V. Lindberg, Reading Pound Reading: Modernism After Nietzsche (Oxford University Press, 1987)
- Pericles Lewis, The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism (Cambridge University Press, 2007). pp. 21.
- "J.M.W. Turner". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, ed. Marion Wynne-Davies. New York: Prentice Hall, 1990
- Clement Greenberg, "Modern and Postmodern", William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, Oct 31, 1979, Arts 54, No.6 (February 1980)
- "Søren Kierkegaard (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)".
- Diané Collinson, Fifty Major Philosophers: A Reference Guide. London: Routledge, 1987
- Stuart Hylton (2007). The Grand Experiment: The Birth of the Railway Age 1820–1845. Ian Allan Publishing.
- R.V.J. Butt (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Yeovil: Patrick Stephens. p. 180.
- "LNER Encyclopedia: The Great Northern Railway: Kings Cross Station".
- Geoffrey Hubbard (1965), Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London p. 78
- Ian R. Bartky (January 1989). "The adoption of standard time". Technology and Culture 30 (1): 25–56.
- The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. 2 (7th edition). New York: Norton, 2000, pp. 1051-2.
- Craig J. Calhoun (2002). Classical Sociological Theory. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 20-23.
- Frascina and Harrison 1982, p. 5.
- The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 966.
- Phillip Dennis Cate and Mary Shaw, eds., The Spirit of Montmartre: Cabarets, Humor, and the Avant-Garde, 1875–1905. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, 1996.
- Robert Gooding-Williams, "Nietzsche's Pursuit of Modernism", New German Critique, No. 41, Special Issue on the Critiques of the Enlightenment. (Spring – Summer, 1987), pp. 95–108.
- Bernd Magnus, "Friedrich Nietzsche". Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 19 November 2013.
- "Friedrich Nietzsche". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- The Bloomsbury Guides to English Literature: The Twentieth Century, ed. Linda R. Williams. London: Bloomsbury, 1992, pp. 108–9.
- David Denby, New Yorker, 11 June 2012, "Can Dostoevsky Still Kick You in the Gut?"
- M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999), p. 299.
- T. S. Eliot "Tradition and the individual talent" (1919), in Selected Essays. Paperback edition. (Faber & Faber, 1999).
- Searle, New Grove, 11:28–29.
- *Anon. 2000. "Expressionism Archived 31 October 2009 at WebCite". Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000
- Donald Mitchell, Gustav Mahler: The Wunderhorn Years: Chronicles and Commentaries. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2005.
- "Biography of Henri Matisse".
- "Claude Monet (1840–1926)".
- "The Collection".
- Jean Metzinger, Note sur la peinture, Pan (Paris), October–November 1910
- Richard Sheppard, Modernism—Dada—Postmodernism. Northwestern Univ. Press, 2000
- Robbins, Daniel, Albert Gleizes 1881–1953, A Retrospective Exhibition (exh. cat.). The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1964, pp. 12–25
- Note the parallel French movement Fauvism and the English Vorticism: "The Fauvist movement has been compared to German Expressionism, both projecting brilliant colors and spontaneous brushwork, and indebted to the same late nineteenth-century sources, especially Van Gogh." Sabine Rewald, "Fauvism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000 (October 2004); and "Vorticism can be thought of as English Expressionism". Sherrill E. Grace, Regression and Apocalypse: Studies in North American Literary Expressionism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989, p. 26.
- Sherrill E. Grace, Regression and Apocalypse: Studies in North American Literary Expressionism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989, p. 26.
- Richard Murphy, Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, Expressionism, and the Problem of Postmodernity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999
- Walter H. Sokel, The Writer in Extremis. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1959, especially Chapter One.
- Berghaus (2005, 55-57).
- Rorrison (1998, 475) and Schürer (1997b, ix, xiv).
- Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)
- Rudolph Arnheim, Visual Thinking
- Mel Gooding, Abstract Art, Tate Publishing, London, 2000
- Sontag, Susan (1977) On Photography, Penguin, London
- "Le Corbusier". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- "Growth, Efficiency, and Modernism" (PDF). U.S. General Services Administration. 2006 . pp. 14–15. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
- "Skyscraper." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 25 March 2011.
- "Mies van der Rohe Dies at 83; Leader of Modern Architecture". The New York Times. 17 August 1969. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
Mies van der Rohe, one of the great figures of 20th-century architecture.
- Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California, 1954), p. 4.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Stream of Consciousness
- In a review of these novels, in The Egoist, April 1918, May Sinclair first applied the term "stream of consciousness" in a literary context, in her discussion of Richardson's stylistic innovations.
- Beno Weiss, Italica, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), p. 395
- Clement Greenberg, Art and Culture, Beacon Press, 1961
- Guy Debord, 18 November 1958, as quoted in Supreme Height of the Defenders of Surrealism in Paris and the Revelation of their Real Value, Situationist International #2
- Dalí, Salvador, Diary of a Genius quoted in The Columbia World of Quotations (1996) Archived 6 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
- Dawn Ades, with Matthew Gale: "Surrealism", The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2007. Accessed 15 March 2007, GroveArt.com
- "Schoenberg, Arnold (1874 - 1951), composer : Grove Music Online - oi". doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25024.
- Caren Irr, "A Gendered Collision: Sentimentalism and Modernism in Dorothy Parker's Poetry and Fiction" (review). American Literature, Volume 73, Number 4, December 2001 pp. 880-881.
- Catherine Keyser, "Robert Benchley and Dorothy Parker 'In Broadway Playhouses': Middlebrow Theatricality and Sophisticated Humour". Modernist Cultures, Volume 6, Page 121-154.
- Donald Barthelme, 1982 interview in Partisan Review, Volume 49, p. 185.
- Pericles Lewis, "Modernist Writing and Reactionary Politics" (review). Modernism/modernity, Volume 8, Number 4, November 2001, pp. 696-698.
- James Mercanton (1967). Les heures de James Joyce. Diffusion PUF.
- Note by Gerard McBurney on The Nose
- Sergei V. Ivanov, Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School, p. 28 – 29. ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7
- Michael Steinberg, The Symphony: A Listener's Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 541–45.
- "Home Page in Oxford Music Online".
- Rebecca Rischin. For the End of Time: The Story of the Messiaen Quartet. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003, p. 5.
- Lewis, Helena. Dada Turns Red. 1990. University of Edinburgh Press. A history of the uneasy relations between Surrealists and Communists from the 1920s through the 1950s.
- Fineman, Mia, The Most Famous Farm Couple in the World: Why American Gothic still fascinates., Slate, 8 June 2005
- J. H. Dettmar, "Modernism", in The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, ed. David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.
- "Modernism", in The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online.
- Paul Griffiths, "Modernism", The Oxford Companion to Music, ed. Alison Latham. Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Cheryl Hindrichs, "Late Modernism, 1928–1945: Criticism and Theory", Literature Compass, Volume 8, Issue 11, pages 840–855, November 2011
- J. H. Dettmar, "Modernism", The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, ed. David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.
- Morris Dickstein, "An Outsider to His Own Life", Books, The New York Times, 3 August 1997.
- The Cambridge Companion to Irish Literature, ed. John Wilson Foster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Late Modernist Poetics: From Pound to Prynne by Anthony Mellors; see also Prynne's publisher, Bloodaxe Books.
- Anthony Mellors, Late Modernist Poetics: From Pound to Prynne
- The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, Millennium Edition, Helicon 1999
- University of Glasgow, School of Modern Languages and Cultures Archived 23 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
- Nochlin, Linda, Ch.1 in: Women Artists at the Millennium (edited by C. Armstrong and C. de Zegher) MIT Press, 2006.
- Pollock, Griselda, Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive. Routledge, 2007.
- De Zegher, Catherine, and Teicher, Hendel (eds.), 3 X Abstraction. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2005.
- "Moore, Henry". UNESCO. Retrieved on 16 August 2008.
- 3:36 p.m., 2 December 1967. In: McNally, Rand. "Illinois; Guide & Gazetteer". Illinois Sesquicentennial Commission. University of Virginia, 1969. 199
- Jane Beckett and Fiona Russell. Henry Moore: Space, Sculpture, Politics. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2003. p. 221.
- Enscripted on the plaque at the base of the sculpture.
- Walker, 219-225
- Martin Harrison, In Camera: Francis Bacon: Photography, Film and the Practice of Painting, London: Thames and Hudson, 2006, 7
- Ken Johnson (3 December 2015). "Francis Bacon".
- New York Times, "Obituary", 29 April 1992.
- William Grimes. "Lucian Freud, Figurative Painter Who Redefined Portraiture, Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. 21 July 2011
- Rimanelli, David (January 2012), "Damien Hirst", Artforum: "With the recent death of Lucían Freud, some might argue that Hirst is now the greatest living British artist." Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- Also see Kennedy, Maev (21 December 2001), "Palace unveils Freud's gift to Queen", The Guardian, who calls Freud "the artist regarded as the greatest living British painter". Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- Darwent, Charles (28 November 1999), "The 1990s in Review: Visual Arts", The Independent, says "Freud becomes the greatest living British artist after his Whitechapel show [of 1993]". Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- "Lucian Freud Stripped Bare". The New York Times. 14 December 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- "'Girl with a White Dog', Lucian Freud - Tate". Tate.
- Aldrich, Larry. "Young Lyrical Painters", Art in America, v.57, n6, November–December 1969, pp. 104–113.
- Sarah Douglas, Movers and Shakers, New York, "Leaving C&M", Art+Auction, March 2007, V.XXXNo7.
- Martin, Ann Ray, and Howard Junker. "The New Art: It's Way, Way Out", Newsweek, 29 July 1968: pp. 3, 55–63.
- Christopher Want, "Minimalism" in Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2009.
- "Minimalism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Hal Foster, The Return of the Real: The Avant-garde at the End of the Century, MIT Press, 1996, pp. 44–53. ISBN 0-262-56107-7
- "'Fountain', Marcel Duchamp: Summary - - Tate". Tate.
- "Blindman No. 2".
- Craig Owens, Beyond Recognition: Representation, Power, and Culture, London and Berkeley: University of California Press (1992), pp. 74–75.
- Steven Best, Douglas Kellner, The Postmodern Turn, Guilford Press, 1997, p. 174. ISBN 1-57230-221-6
- "Carolee Schneemann, Biography: Selected Works, Recent and Forthcoming Events".
- "Fluxus & Happening – Allan Kaprow – Chronology". Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- Finkel, Jori (13 April 2008). "Happenings Are Happening Again". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- Ihab Hassan in Lawrence E. Cahoone, From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing, 2003. p. 13. ISBN 0-631-23213-3
- Andreas Huyssen, Twilight Memories: Marking Time in a Culture of Amnesia, Routledge, 1995. p. 192. ISBN 0-415-90934-1
- Ratcliff, Carter. "The New Informalists", Art News, v. 68, n. 8, December 1969, p. 72.
- Barbara Rose. American Painting. Part Two: The Twentieth Century. Published by Skira – Rizzoli, New York, 1969
- Walter Darby Bannard. "Notes on American Painting of the Sixties." Artforum, January 1970, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 40–45.
- "Postmodernism", The Penguin Companion to Classical Music, ed. Paul Griffiths. London: Penguin, 2004.
- Bokkilden. "Postmodern Debates". Bokkilden.
- "Oxford Dictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar".
- "Postmodern - Definition of postmodern by Merriam-Webster".
- Ruth Reichl, Cook's November 1989; American Heritage Dictionary's definition of the postmodern
- "The Po-Mo Page: Postmodern to Post-postmodern".
- Wagner, British, Irish and American Literature, Trier 2002, pp. 210–12
- Kühnel, Anita. "Entartete Kunst", from Grove Art Online, MoMA website.
- Sass, Louis A. (1992). Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought. New York: Basic Books. Cited in Bauer, Amy (2004), "Cognition, Constraints, and Conceptual Blends in Modernist Music", in The Pleasure of Modernist Music. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.
- Jack, Ian (6 June 2009). "Set in Stone". The Guardian. London.
- John Barth (1979) The Literature of Replenishment, later republished in The Friday Book (1984).
- Eco, Umberto (1990) Interpreting Serials in The limits of interpretation, pp. 83–100, excerpt
- Everdell, William R. (1997) The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
- Gerald Graff (1973) The Myth of the Postmodernist Breakthrough, TriQuarterly, 26 (Winter, 1973) 383–417; rept in The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction Malcolm Bradbury, ed. (London: Fontana, 1977); reprinted in Proza Nowa Amerykanska, ed., Szice Krytyczne (Warsaw, Poland, 1984); reprinted in Postmodernism in American Literature: A Critical Anthology, Manfred Putz and Peter Freese, eds. (Darmstadt: Thesen Verlag, 1984), 58–81.
- Gerald Graff (1975) Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction, TriQuarterly, No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.
- Orton, Fred and Pollock, Griselda (1996) Avant-Gardes and Partisans Reviewed, Manchester University.
- Steiner, George (1998) After Babel, ch.6 Topologies of culture, 3rd revised edition
- Art Berman (1994) Preface to Modernism, University of Illinois Press.
- Armstrong, Carol and de Zegher, Catherine (eds.), Women Artists as the Millennium, Cambridge, MA: October Books, MIT Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-262-01226-3.
- Aspray, William & Philip Kitcher, eds., History and Philosophy of Modern Mathematics, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science vol XI, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988
- Baker, Houston A., Jr., Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987
- Berman, Marshall, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity. Second ed. London: Penguin, 1988. ISBN 0-14-010962-5.
- Bradbury, Malcolm, & James McFarlane (eds.), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930 (Penguin "Penguin Literary Criticism" series, 1978, ISBN 0-14-013832-3).
- Brush, Stephen G., The History of Modern Science: A Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution, 1800–1950, Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1988
- Centre Georges Pompidou, Face a l'Histoire, 1933–1996. Flammarion, 1996. ISBN 2-85850-898-4.
- Crouch, Christopher, Modernism in art design and architecture, New York: St. Martins Press, 2000
- Eysteinsson, Astradur, The Concept of Modernism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992
- Friedman, Julia. Beyond Symbolism and Surrealism: Alexei Remizov's Synthetic Art, Northwestern University Press, 2010. ISBN 0-8101-2617-6 (Trade Cloth)
- Frascina, Francis, and Charles Harrison (eds.). Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Published in association with The Open University. London: Harper and Row, Ltd. Reprinted, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, Ltd., 1982.
- Gates, Henry Louis. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004.
- Hughes, Robert, The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change (Gardners Books, 1991, ISBN 0-500-27582-3).
- Kenner, Hugh, The Pound Era (1971), Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973
- Kern, Stephen, The Culture of Time and Space, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983
- Kolocotroni, Vassiliki et al., ed.,Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998).
- Levenson, Michael, (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Modernism (Cambridge University Press, "Cambridge Companions to Literature" series, 1999, ISBN 0-521-49866-X).
- Lewis, Pericles. The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
- Nicholls, Peter, Modernisms: A Literary Guide (Hampshire and London: Macmillan, 1995).
- Pevsner, Nikolaus, Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-10571-1).
- The Sources of Modern Architecture and Design (Thames & Hudson, "World of Art" series, 1985, ISBN 0-500-20072-6).
- Pollock, Griselda, Generations and Geographies in the Visual Arts. (Routledge, London, 1996. ISBN 0-415-14128-1).
- Pollock, Griselda, and Florence, Penny, Looking Back to the Future: Essays by Griselda Pollock from the 1990s. (New York: G&B New Arts Press, 2001. ISBN 90-5701-132-8)
- Potter, Rachael (January 2009). "Obscene Modernism and the Trade in Salacious Books". Modernism/modernity. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 16 (1). ISSN 1071-6068.
- Sass, Louis A. (1992). Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought. New York: Basic Books. Cited in Bauer, Amy (2004). "Cognition, Constraints, and Conceptual Blends in Modernist Music", in The Pleasure of Modernist Music. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.
- Schorske, Carl. Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture. Vintage, 1980. 978-0394744780.
- Schwartz, Sanford, The Matrix of Modernism: Pound, Eliot, and Early Twentieth Century Thought, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985
- Van Loo, Sofie (ed.), Gorge(l). Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, 2006. ISBN 978-90-76979-35-9.
- Weir, David, Decadence and the Making of Modernism, 1995, University of Massachusetts Press, ISBN 978-0-87023-992-2.
- Weston, Richard, Modernism (Phaidon Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7148-4099-8).
- de Zegher, Catherine, Inside the Visible. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).
|Look up modernism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modernism.|
- Ballard, J.G., on Modernism.
- Denzer, Anthony S., PhD, Masters of Modernism.
- Hoppé, E.O., photographer, Edwardian Modernists.
- Malady of Writing. Modernism you can dance to An online radio show that presents a humorous version of Modernism
- Modernism Lab @ Yale University
- Modernism/Modernity, official publication of the Modernist Studies Association
- Modernism vs. Postmodernism
- Pope St. Pius X's encyclical Pascendi, in which he defines Modernism as "the synthesis of all heresies".
|
<urn:uuid:ff813f8f-1ed6-453c-b3d2-98eb63f09ed2>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_movement
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112682.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822201124-20170822221124-00299.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927652 | 22,401 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Lizzie Black Kander has been called the “Jane Addams of Milwaukee” for her tireless social service work, which included editing and publishing “The Settlement Cook Book” in 1901. The book provided more than recipes; it taught newcomers to this country how to cook and eat like Americans. Over 113 years, 40 editions and more than 2 million copies sold, “The Settlement Cook Book: The Way to a Man’s Heart” remains the most famous and profitable charity cookbook ever published.
“She is the perfect ideal of an American. Something has to be done, and she does it,” said Jan Longone, adjunct curator of American culinary history at the University of Michigan’s Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library in Ann Arbor. “She really made a difference across America. She introduced new cuisine, new techniques and helped people assimilate.”
For as Angela Fritz wrote in a 2004 article for the Wisconsin Magazine of History, the cookbook’s goal “was not to catch a man but to become an ‘American.’ It was Lizzie Black Kander who set those goals, and in the course of achieving them created a piece of American culture that could be found in kitchens throughout the country.”
Born in Milwaukee, Kander spent much of her life working with and for the city’s poor and immigrant communities, notably recently arrived Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe. In 1898, she began offering cooking classes to girls at the Milwaukee Jewish Mission, which merged in 1900 with another Jewish charitable group to become The Settlement. Kander served as its president for nearly 18 years, according to the biography “A Recipe for Success: Lizzie Kander and Her Cookbook.”
As author Bob Kann wrote in the book, Kander noticed students were spending too much time copying down the recipes instead of cooking with them. So she suggested a cookbook be written for use in the class. When The Settlement board rejected her request for $18 (about $500 today) to publish the cookbook, Kander went out and found the money.
“The Settlement Cook Book” was “an immediate success,” notes the Wisconsin Historical Society in its online page about Kander. “Combining recipes with instructions on cleanliness, food storage, and housekeeping, Kander’s cookbook was an amalgam of Jewish and American traditions, all presented within a modern domestic science framework,” the society wrote.
What seems surprising today is the number of non-kosher dishes in the cookbook.
“There were few so-called Jewish recipes in the book, because there was an assumption that the immigrants already knew how to prepare those,” Ellen F. Steinberg, author of “From the Jewish Heartland: Two Centuries of Midwest Foodways,” wrote in an email.
Besides learning to cook in the American way, readers learned how to entertain like Americans, whether that meant mixing a Manhattan cocktail or coming up with lemonade for 150 people. And then there was advice on how to live American, from properly dusting a room to setting a table to lighting a fire.
“That sounds funny to us, but for someone who didn’t know how to work in someone’s house, learning how to light a fire was important,” said Steinberg, a food writer and cultural anthropologist living in River Forest, Ill.
A second edition followed in 1903. Kander, as Kann and Langone noted, was not satisfied with just reprinting the first edition. She corrected recipes, reorganized them and added new ones. And so it went. Kander never stopped working on the cookbook, tailoring successive editions to changes in economic conditions, technological innovations and cultural fads.
“As it got bigger, it got more encompassing, more all-American,” Steinberg said. “There were recipes for everyone in there.”
There were 23 editions of “The Settlement Cook Book” published before Kander died in 1940 at age 82. Proceeds from the book, as her obituary in The New York Times noted, raised the initial $75,000 needed to organize the Milwaukee Jewish Center. Sales continued to benefit the community for decades as further editions were produced.
Over the decades, “The Settlement Cook Book” became a much-beloved, essential companion to many. And that’s why Lizzie Kander still matters to Kann.
“Her cookbook is still being used throughout the world. Her cookbook is still cherished with families,” said the Madison, Wis., based author. “There are still animated discussions in families on which generation should inherit the family cookbook from the previous generation. … The cookbook is still alive, still being used.”
From the 1903 edition of “The Settlement Cook Book.” Sheridan rye is an old whiskey brand. Apricotine is an apricot liqueur.
1/3 whiskey (Sheridan rye)
1/3 Vermuth bitters
And add a dash of angostura, apricotine and orange bitters, and a slice of lemon peel. Sweeten to taste.
Potato Flour Cake
This recipe from the 1903 edition of “The Settlement Cook Book” calls for potato flour, which would make the sponge cake a good Passover dessert. Garnish with fresh fruit and confectioners’ sugar with a kosher-for-Passover certification (or skip the confectioners’ sugar).
1 3/4 cup sugar
Scant cup of potato flour
1/2 lemon (rind and juice)
Separate the whites and yolks of eggs. Beat the whites of seven eggs very stiff. To the well-beaten yolks of nine eggs and the whites of two, add the sugar and lemon juice. Beat thoroughly, add the potato flour, and beat again. Now fold in the beaten whites very carefully, and bake slowly in a moderate oven. Bake 40 to 50 minutes.
Nutrition information per serving: 202 calories, 5 g fat, 1 g saturated fat, 167 mg cholesterol, 31 g carbohydrates, 9 g protein, 73 mg sodium, 2 g fiber.
Note: The recipe as published is short on details. In the test kitchen, we baked the cake at 325 degrees, using a 10-inch tube pan with a removable bottom. Then we inverted the pan over an empty wine bottle to cool for 90 minutes. A thin knife was used to run around the edges of the cake before removing the pan.
To Build A Fire
From the 1903 edition of “The Settlement Cook Book.”
It is necessary to have:
1st, Fuel. — Something to burn.
2nd, Heat. — To make fuel hot enough to burn.
3rd, Air. — To keep the fire burning.
Distributed by MCT Information Services.
|
<urn:uuid:852d5425-1f83-4804-ba93-be35cbd33946>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-32
|
http://swtimes.com/features/all-american-cookbook-1901-still-resonates-today
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989826.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00022-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955258 | 1,463 | 3 | 3 |
|Characterisation Method Name:|
|The earth's atmosphere absorbs part of the energy emitted as infrared radiation from earth towards space, and is thereby heated. This natural greenhouse effect leading to a warming of the atmosphere has with certainty been increased over the past few centuries by human activities leading to accumulation of such compounds as CO2, N2O, CH4 and|
halocarbons in the atmosphere. The most import human contribution to the global warming impact is attributed to the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.
The consequences of the man-made global warming may include increased global average temperatures and sudden regional climatic
The world-wide network of climate researchers and atmospheric chemists, the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), is following the latest development in our knowledge of global warming and issuing regular status reports. These status reports comprise the basis of the EDIP method's assessment tool for global warming.
Global warming is an impact affecting the environment on a global scale.
1 Determine which substances contribute to global warming
For a substance to be regarded as contributing to global warming, it must be a gas at normal atmospheric temperatures and:
• be able to absorb infrared radiation and be stable in the atmosphere with a residence time of years to centuries,
• be of fossil origin and converted to CO, on degradation in the atmosphere.
The EDIP method's criteria for which substances contribute to global warming generally follow the IPCC's recommendation of excluding indirect contributions to the greenhouse effect, i.e. contributions attributable to a gas affecting the atmospheric lives of other greenhouse gases already present. The indirect effects are difficult to model, and the IPCC is therefore refraining for the time being from quantifying indirect contributions with the exception of contributions from the gas methane (Albritton et al., 1995a). The EDIP method, however, goes further than the IPCC's recommendation in including the contribution from organic compounds which is due to their inevitable degradation to CO, in the atmosphere.
For every emission of CO, it is important to check whether it is a nett addition of CO, to the atmosphere or simply a manipulation of part of the natural biogeochemical carbon cycle. If the source of carbon is fossil (coal, oil, natural gas), conversion to CO, will mean a nett addition, If, however, there is a question of combustion or breakdown of material which does not derive from fossil carbon sources, but for example from biomass, there will normally be no nett addition because the material in question was generated recently by fixing of COz from the atmosphere, and it would in any event inevitably be broken down to 002 again (see Hauschild & Wenzel, 1997d, for a more detailed discussion).
The list of substances considered to contribute to global warming is short and it can be regarded as exhaustive. It is thus not necessary in practice to check whether a substance fulfils the criteria in order to
decide whether it is to be regarded as contributing to global warming.
The IPCC presents global warming potentials (GWPs), which for each individual greenhouse gas express the potential contribution to global warming from a given quantity of the gas relative to the contribution from a corresponding quantity of 002. Calculation of the GWP values is based on model simulations of the gases' expected behaviour in the atmosphere over a large number of years.
The present version of the EDIP method employs the GWPs presented by the IPCC in their 1994 status report (Albritton et al., 1995a) for calculation of the global warming potential.
The IPCC does not include indirect contributions from gases other than methane. The EDIP method nevertheless offers the option of including that part of the indirect contribution from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) attributable to their predictable conversion to CO2. This applies only if the gases originate from fossil resources.
The choice of time scale T plays a large
role in the magnitude of the equivalency factor. For those gases with atmospheric lives significantly shorter than that of the reference gas CO2 the equivalency factor decreases with an increase in T. The opposite is the case for those gases with significantly longer lives than C02. In
accordance with general LCA practice, the EDIP method recommends using a time scale of 100 years.
|
<urn:uuid:372257e6-4dcb-459f-9c42-224d60330b86>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
|
http://cpmdatabase.cpm.chalmers.se/CM/INDEX.ASP?IAM=EDIP+default&IAMVer=1997&CM=Contributions+to+GWP&Ver=1997&OrderBY=9
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811795.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218081112-20180218101112-00561.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917869 | 878 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) released several reports to Congress focusing on potential environmental effects and impacts and water technologies.
Marine and Hydrokinetic Report to Congress
This report provides an overview of Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) Program funding from FY 2008 – FY 2017 and describes the strategy and rationale that the WPTO applies in supporting foundational science and early-stage research and development (R&D) for MHK energy technologies. It provides summary information on the past allocation of funds, including demonstrating diversity in possible public and private partnerships, and diversity in regional locations. The report was prepared in response to a request in House Appropriations Committee report language accompanying the 2017 Consolidated Appropriations Act passed by Congress and signed by the President on May 5, 2017.
In the FY2017 House of Representatives Appropriations Committee Report 114-532 requested a report “on the past allocation of funds, including demonstrating diversity in possible public and private partnerships, and diversity in regional locations for siting these new methods and technologies."
Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies
This report focuses on potential impacts of marine and hydrokinetic technologies to aquatic environments (i.e. rivers, estuaries, and oceans), fish and fish habitats, ecological relationships, and other marine and freshwater aquatic resources.
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) called for a report to be provided to Congress that would address (1) the potential environmental impacts of marine and hydrokinetic energy technologies, (2) options to prevent adverse environmental impacts, (3) the potential role of monitoring and adaptive management, and (4) the necessary components of an adaptive management program.
Federal Hydropower and Climate Change
Hydropower has long been the nation’s largest source of renewable electricity and a key contributor to the reliability of the U.S power grid. In coordination with DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Water Power Technologies Office oversaw the development and release of two reports to Congress, examining the potential effects of climate change on water available for hydropower at federal facilities.
The SECURE Water Act of 2009 called for a report to be provided to Congress that would “assess each effect of, and risk resulting from, global climate change with respect to water supplies that are required for the generation of hydroelectric power at each Federal water project that is applicable to a Federal Power Marketing Administration.
Pumped Storage and Potential Hydropower from Conduits
This report addresses the technical flexibility that existing pumped storage facilities can provide to support intermittent renewable energy generation. This study considered potential upgrades or retrofit of these facilities, the technical potential of existing and new pumped storage facilities to provide grid reliability benefits, and the range of conduit hydropower opportunities available in the United States.
Hydropower Regulatory Efficiency Act of 2013 called for a report to be provided to Congress on the results of “a study on pumped storage hydropower (PSH) and potential hydropower from conduits, including recommendations."
|
<urn:uuid:a4a1cb5f-1801-4b14-bb6c-10b6553e4402>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/water-power-reports-congress
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668896.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117064703-20191117092703-00408.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917893 | 625 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The same antioxidant compounds in dark grape juice that are noted for their health benefits in fighting heart disease may have a downside, according to new research in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. In cell studies, scientists with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Cornell University found that polyphenols in purple (also called red) grape juice can inhibit the uptake of iron, which could increase the risk of iron-deficiency anemia.
The findings still need to be confirmed in human studies, cautions the study's lead author, Raymond P. Glahn, Ph.D., a physiologist/nutritionist with the USDA's Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, located on the Cornell campus in Ithaca, N.Y. The study, which appears in the Nov. 6 issue of the journal, is the first comparative analysis among juices for iron uptake ability. The journal is published by the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.
While reducing iron can be beneficial for adults with certain medical conditions that involve excess iron, the same isn't necessarily true for young children. Iron-deficiency anemia can lead to mental, physical and behavioral impairment, particularly in infants and toddlers, say the researchers.
While iron-deficiency anemia is a major problem among children worldwide, youngsters in the United States are largely spared this problem by iron fortification of cereals, formulas and other foods, according to nutrition experts. Many children in this country, however, still do not get enough iron, notes Glahn.
Nonetheless, Glahn does not advocate removing dark grape juice from children's diets. Instead, he suggests limiting the amount.
"Since we don't know how much grape juice you have to drink to have an effect, I recommend alternating between dark and light juices. Don't just drink dark juices all the time," Glahn says.
"We're not saying, 'Don't drink grape juice,'" Glahn emphasizes. "We're saying, 'Here are some conditions that inhibit iron availability.'"
The study looked at the effect of various juices — red grape, white grape, prune, pear, orange, apple and grapefruit — on the ability of intestinal cells to absorb iron.
Using a novel laboratory model comprised of human intestinal cells, the researchers simulated conditions of digestion (including digestive enzymes and acidity) to compare the juices.
Dark grape juice reduced iron availability by 67 percent, while prune juice produced a 31 percent reduction. Light-colored juices, on the other hand, actually had the opposite effect; they increased iron uptake. Pear juice produced the highest uptake levels, followed by apple, orange, grapefruit and white grape juices.
Getting proper amounts of iron is particularly important for infants and children, as the mineral is essential for normal physical and mental development, whereas adult males and post-menopausal women generally get sufficient amounts of iron. Insufficient amounts of dietary iron, the number one nutritional disorder in the world, can lead to iron-deficiency anemia. This condition is characterized by excessive tiredness, decreased work and school performance, and decreased immune function, among others.
Iron metabolism differs among individuals. For the best advice on addressing the specific nutritional needs of children and adults, see a doctor or nutritionist.
The USDA funded this study.
Cite This Page:
|
<urn:uuid:eb7d1464-bca7-4c81-b9b5-c1335c52da07>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-06
|
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/12/021213062321.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122071449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175431-00102-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937563 | 678 | 3.09375 | 3 |
“The Notorious RBG laid the groundwork for us and now it is our turn to take this battle to the end,” Webster student Kaleigh Finney said.
On Sept. 18, Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away. After serving for 27 years on the Supreme Court, she is remembered by Webster students like Kaleigh Finney. Ginsburg was a leader in women’s rights activism and is the reason that women like Finney are inspired to continue the fight for equality.
“I am fearful of what rights may be revoked for us, but I know that she would not take a day off to mourn; she would expect us to fight like hell to protect our rights and the rights of others,” Finney said.
Thanks to Ginsburg, women are able to attend schools like Webster without fear of discrimination. Because of her, women are not forced to take separate programs from men and can receive equal educational opportunities.
“A gender line…helps to keep women not on a pedestal, but in a cage,” Ginsburg said in a paraphrased quote by the first woman to serve as a district court judge.
She pioneered for female independence and was an inspiration to men and women alike. Blain McVey, Webster University student, believes that Ginsburg had a major part in upholding the civil rights of all people.
“I see RBG as a bastion for marriage equality, combating racist gerrymandering, and women,” McVey said.
Ginsburg aided in passing several laws that protected the rights of many types of people. Her fight for equality skipped no generation, and inspired all ages to let their voices be heard. Adrianna Gladue-Dreckman says that even her grandmother was inspired by the late justice.
“She was very influential to women like my grandmother and stood for so much,” Dreckman said. “My grandma was a big fan.”
Her fight for human rights did not start when she was appointed into the Supreme Court. Ginsburg’s reputation as a human rights advocate started long before her over a decade long career as a justice.
After graduating at the top of her class in 1959 from Columbia Law School, she went on to work as a director for the Women’s Rights Project of the American Civil Liberties Union. Before her time as a justice, she presented multiple cases on gender equality to the Supreme Court.
For students like Dreckman and Finney, this means that Ginsburg was fighting for their rights as women long before they were born. The notice of her passing shook the world of women’s rights activists like Finney, but now more than ever is she excited to continue pushing on for equality.
“We have so much to thank her for. Especially as women because everything we take for granted, we have because of her efforts to establish as much equality as she could,” Finney said. “Without her, I recognize that our time is now to do the work to make her legacy proud even though without her voice the fight just got a little bit harder.”
As if her death was not a hard enough blow, the announcements that followed unfortunately did not take supporters like Finney by surprise.
“I instantly knew that the Trump administration would seize her death as an opportunity to flip the court in their conservative favor,” Finney said. “It is my duty to push the issue with my representatives to prevent an appointment before the seating of a new president, and to make sure McConnell follows the precedent he set in 2016.”
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said a Republican justice could be elected in Ginsburg’s place. This directly conflicts with a similar situation that occurred during the 2016 election year when Barack Obama called for a vote on Merrick Garland that was refused by McConnell himself.
According to the granddaughter of the late justice Ginsburg, her dying wish was to not be replaced until a new president was elected. A decision has not yet been made as to whether or not a vote will be allowed to replace Ginsburg.
Despite what could be bad news for the Democratic party followers, Finney is prepared to continue fighting no matter the outcome.
“Her passing is the handing off of the torch in the fight for equality not only for my sisters, but for everyone,” Finney said. “The notorious RBG laid the groundwork for us and now it is our turn to take on this battle to the end.”
|
<urn:uuid:ca57953b-d683-4e59-adbe-4b29d5ce2420>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://websterjournal.com/2020/09/23/students-remember-ruth-bader-ginsburg-as-a-feminist-icon/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662540268.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521174536-20220521204536-00107.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978231 | 943 | 3.234375 | 3 |
When a patient’s teeth have been damaged by decay or injury, it’s preferable to take measures to save the biological tooth rather than extract it and replace it with a prosthetic. Dental crowns can help patients and dentists achieve this goal.
Dental crowns are tooth-shaped caps that slide over the natural tooth. They restore the tooth’s appearance and can offer a level of protection to teeth that might be susceptible to breakage. They can also provide support to a tooth that requires a large filling and has little remaining biological tooth material. Crowns are particularly valuable in helping to make a tooth stronger following root canal therapy.
Dental crowns may also be used for solely cosmetic reasons, such as adjusting the proportions of an undersized tooth or to conceal a deep stain.
These restorations can be made of a number of different materials, and they can be designed to closely match the shade of a patient’s biological tooth.
If your dentist has recommended a dental crown to repair some sort of damage, the tooth will first be prepared for the crown to be placed. This typically entails removing a thin layer of enamel from the tooth to make room for the crown. A local anesthetic is used for greater patient comfort. After the tooth has been prepped, the patient will have impressions of the tooth taken so that the crown can be crafted.
While waiting for the permanent crown, which can take 2-3 weeks for a dental lab to finalize, the patient can choose to wear a temporary one. You may need to take certain steps to protect this temporary crown, and a dental professional will give you more specific instructions.
When the crown is ready, the patient returns to the dental office to have the crown permanently bonded to the tooth.
Dental crowns are beneficial to patients who hope to preserve their natural teeth despite significant damage. Talk to our team at North Shore Restorative & Implant Dentistry about this dental treatment if you are hoping to save a decayed or otherwise compromised tooth. Call 516-484-6394 to schedule your visit.
Comments are closed.
|
<urn:uuid:64094fd1-b506-435f-a76b-e134c238a4f5>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
|
https://www.northshorerid.com/tooth-restorations-how-dental-crowns-can-help/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948583808.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216045655-20171216071655-00489.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934446 | 435 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- Tips and Tricks
Release date: Monday 28.10.13 - Due date: Sunday, 03.11.13, 23:59
For Media Informatics Students: Please do as well the following simple tasks:
Imagine you are working in a company and should create a spell-checking software for a client. To distillate the domain model one of the first steps is to create an initial ubiquitous language. Your task is to create a Concept Map of the ubiquitous language which contains the elements and relations of the domain. Your map should contain 5-10 elements. Please submit your final concept map as an image file.
Hint: From the Wikipedia article on Concept Maps (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map): A concept map is a diagram showing the relationships among concepts. It is a graphical tool for organizing and representing knowledge. Concepts, usually represented as boxes or circles, are connected with labeled arrows in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationship between concepts can be articulated in linking phrases such as “gives rise to”, “results in”, “is required by,” or “contributes to”.
Hint: A good strategy for solving this task is to do a brainstorming about the domain in your group.
|2+4 = 6 points|
a.) Describe and define in your own words what a domain entity and a value object is (1-2 sentences for each).
b.) Implement in Java a domain entity Person class and value object Address class. Explain with these, how to test for equality of domain entities and value objects, as well as the differences between both equality tests. Submit both source classes as well as your explantation.
|2×3 = 6 points|
1. Domain: A crayon is a stick of colored wax that can be used for writing or drawing. In a kindergarten a set of wax crayons is provided for the children. In the case that a color is empty, it is replaced in the evening. The children normally are interested in the different colors, but do not differentiate between crayons of the same color.
a.) Are crayons in this example Entities or Value objects?
b.) Explanation (1-3 sentences).
2. Domain: Postage stamps have been used worldwide since the 1840s. Traditional philately is the study of the technical aspects of stamp production and stamp identification, including the design of a stamp, any overprints on the individual stamp or the conditions of the stamp. A special or rare postmark as well as a perfect condition can substantially add to the value of an individual stamp for a collector.
c.) Are stamps in this example Entities or Value objects?
d.) Explanation (1-3 sentences).
|3×3 = 9 points|
One of the core questions in domain modeling is, whether a domain element is an entity or a value object. This answer mostly depends on your domain. Present for each element a domain in which it represents an entity and one domain in which it represents a value object. Prefer a short description for your argumentation (1-2 sentences) and explain why it is an entity or value object in your chosen domain.
b.) Seats in an air plane
c.) Exam questions
In the following task you should present a domain and use the below information for argumentation.
There are seven different denominations of the euro banknotes, each having a distinctive colour and size. The design for each of them has a common theme of European architecture in various artistic eras. The obverse of the banknote features windows or gateways while the reverse bears different types of bridges. The architectural examples are stylised illustrations, not representations of existing monuments. [..] The euro banknotes are pure cotton fibre, which improves their durability as well as making the banknotes have a distinctive feel. [..] Each note has a unique serial number, which is printed as a checksum onto the note. – English Wikipedia Article on Euro banknotes
a.) Name and describe shortly the domain that you want to use.
b.) Are the banknotes in this example in your chosen domain Entities or Value objects?
c.) Explanation (1-3 sentences).
|
<urn:uuid:7b137e2f-3a42-4af1-a037-28c72a96f135>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
https://sewiki.iai.uni-bonn.de/teaching/lectures/atsc/2013/assignment_02
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107881551.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023234043-20201024024043-00390.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891084 | 888 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Here’s a whole range of rainbow themed literacy activities, including free printables.
Rainbow themed literacy activities
For our first set of games, we’re using the same set of DIY coloured paper rolls that we used for our rainbow maths activities, but with the number cards swapped for a set that spell out the word r-a-i-n-b-o-w.
And as with the maths activities, you can use the letter materials in different ways, to suit the age and stage your child is at.
For very young children you might hide the paper rolls around the room and see if they can go on a treasure hunt and find them all. Can they recognise each letter, and spell out the word rainbow again?
You can also use the rolls to play spelling games. Using the seven letters of the word rainbow, how many new words can you make? Younger children might be able to find simple consonant-vowel-consonant words like win, ran, and bow. Or you might be able to make four, five, or six letter words like worn, brown, and brain.
For very young children you might make indiviual letters r-a-i-n-b-o-w, and see if they can match each letter to the corresponding paper roll.
You might write sight words on the coins, all which start with the letters r-a-i-n-b-o-w and see if you can read the words and match them up.
Rainbow salt tray writing
One of our favourite ways to add in a hands-on sensory element to our writing and spelling practise is to use a salt tray. The children can use their finger, a stick or a paint brush to write in the salt and they get the brain-boosting effect of being able to really feel the letters as they make their marks.
To go with our theme, it’s very easy to add a rainbow to your salt tray. I use a baking sheet that has edges on all four sides, which is a nice size to be able to write whole words in, and the edges help prevent spills. I made a rainbow stripe of card and laid it down underneath a cloud of white salt. As the children write their words, the rainbow appears!
Again, this is an adaptable resource. Children at a pre-writing stage might like to make their own style of marks, or try loops, circles and other shapes. You can use it for practising individual letters or the alphabet, writing numbers, or drawing funny faces. All the activities help with fine motor skills, and pencil grip.
If your children is learning sight words or spellings, using a salt tray, rather than just a pencil and paper, is a fun, sensory way to help them practise.
Take a look at these ideas for using rainbow words to learn spellings.
|
<urn:uuid:9c56d99c-dcbd-4749-8f08-64b8e802af7b>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://nurturestore.co.uk/rainbow-themed-literacy-activities
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297622.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00210-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925721 | 598 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Practical exercise at OUMNH: Spaces
(These exercises are set in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, but could easily be adapted.)
(For larger images and information, see the image gallery at the end of this section.)
These studies of Venice show how perspective creates a grand sense of distance. Ruskin focuses on one part of the architecture and allows the outer edges of the drawing to fade into the distance.
Materials: Ruler, pencil, fine liner, china white pencil.
Place yourself on the upper gallery with a view down the side of the Museum.
Draw a low horizon.
Lightly sketch in the perspective lines to create space.
Fill in the architectural patterns using a fine liner.
Allow the drawing to get fainter as it spreads to the edges of the paper.
|
<urn:uuid:ecb1e841-bb03-4406-9115-6ec73915a6e7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
http://educationonline.ashmolean.org/ruskin/architecture/architecture-practical-exercises-3/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00527-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.860353 | 167 | 3.3125 | 3 |
"Rock snot," a.k.a. Didymosphenia geminata is a fast-spreading single-cell algae that is invading the once pristine streams popular with fly fisherman.
Didymo has a natural tendency to grow upstream in fast-moving rivers and creeks, but it can spread by clinging to fishing equipment, especially the felt-bottom waders that fly fishermen use to keep from slipping on river bottoms.
Didymo is considered native to parts of North America, where it was found in higher elevations with cold, nutrient-poor waters. But in the last 20 years, the single-celled diatom seems to have morphed into a more aggressive invasive species, spreading from British Columbia across the continent to New York.
Unlike other algae, which float on the surface, Didymo clings to rocks on the bottom of rivers, streams and lakes. At times it grows furiously in blooms that can cover a river bottom from bank to bank, smothering the stone flies, worms and other organisms that trout and other sport fish live on.
|
<urn:uuid:69768367-a9bc-4934-ba83-9cc82a1a6e54>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.microbeworld.org/component/jlibrary/?view=article&id=672
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609530131.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005210-00126-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948371 | 224 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The state’s continuing effort to rid Grand Lake St. Marys of toxic blue-green algae could include testing a new chemical and devices that circulate lake water.
Those are among the recommendations in a report that Columbus-based research giant Battelle released Monday.
Battelle researchers looked at 73 proposals and technologies aimed at cleaning up the 13,000-acre western Ohio lake.
“It looks at the approaches that are most likely to address the short-term issue of keeping algae from shutting down the lake,” said Harry Stone, a senior researcher and co-author of the study.
Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, are common in most Ohio lakes but grow thick in water polluted with phosphorus from manure, sewage and fertilizers that washes off with rain into streams.
Algae grew so thick in 2010 that the state warned people not to touch the water or take boats out on the lake for fear of algae-produced liver and nerve toxins. Algae and warning signs reappeared at Grand Lake beaches in June.
The problem was first reported in the lake in 2009. More than a dozen other lakes and ponds across Ohio have experienced similar algae problems.
The report suggests that a compound called lanthanum clay could be tested in addition to aluminum sulfate, which state officials used in June to try to “rob” the water of phosphorus before algae could feed on it.
Another potential project would involve large aerators that circulate lake water in an attempt to hinder the algae’s ability to soak up sunlight and reproduce.
Stone said these proposals and as many as six others could be used in tests next spring.
The Ohio Department of Natural Resources, which manages the lake as a state park, is reviewing the study.
“We’re viewing these as additional resources to be considered,” said Laura Jones, an agency spokeswoman.
|
<urn:uuid:5c0c628d-590d-426e-8736-eae885741635>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-52
|
http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2011/11/30/battelle-offers-fixes-for-grand-lake-algae.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767301.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00012-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961809 | 388 | 2.640625 | 3 |
By: Dario Capizzi and Luciano Santini
555 pages, colour photos
Despite the importance of the Rodents in many environmental contexts, this is the first book in Italy containing all the aspects related to these vertebrates. The importance of the Rodents is remarkable both in agriculture and forest environments, as well as in the urban context. They also have a big impact on animal husbandry and other similar environments.
This book offers complete information, useful for specialists in the field as well as for all who want to deepen their knowledge about this topic.
This book contains:
*A description of all the Italian species
*A panoramic view of the main instruments and techniques used for an ecologic control of the populations
*Advice about the main devices for the control of the troublesome species
*An up-to-date description of the techniques used for the study of the rodent populations
*The sanitary importance of the Rodents
*The impact of the non-native species.
There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product!
Your orders support book donation projects
Thank You and Aloha
Search and browse over 110,000 wildlife and science products
Multi-currency. Secure worldwide shipping
Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985
|
<urn:uuid:91710815-5a53-44fa-bfe2-4557986a653c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
http://www.nhbs.com/title/155744?title=i-roditori-italiani
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541886.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00160-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.895175 | 266 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Philip Nel > Courses > English 355: Literature for Children (Fall 2008) > Paper #2 > Guidelines for Grading
Guidelines for Grading
Middle-grade readers (Creative Assignment + Short
For this option, your
creative work should bear the influence of the
principles outlined in the assignment, and your essay should
- How your story intersects with (and/or departs from) Arnold
Lobel's four Frog and Toad books. Review your notes
on how Lobel's stories work.
- An awareness of the length and vocabulary of middle-grade
readers. Each story should be no more than about 350 words long,
and should limit its word choice to "Grades 1-3."
- How the story subtly delivers its moral or morals.
The essay explaining the intentions of your creative work will be
Copyright © 2001-02 Philip Nel. All rights
reserved. Please read the Disclaimer.
This page was last updated on
Tuesday, August 19, 2008
|
<urn:uuid:dfcfd8b5-4f3b-47be-a45c-498ad661d87a>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.k-state.edu/english/nelp/childlit/papers/grading_lobel.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500813887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021333-00075-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.862449 | 217 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Much of the talk in sports radio over the past week or so has been San Francisco quarterback Colin Kaepernick’s stance of not standing during the national anthem during preseason football games. His refusal was based on a decision not to show pride in a flag for a country that oppressed black people and people of color. On the one hand, the purpose of the national anthem is an opportunity to honor our country and reflect upon the great liberties that we are afforded as citizens so by not standing we dishonor the United States and those who have fought to defend its values. On the other hand, one of the most basic values that America stands for is freedom of expression and as an American shouldn’t he be applauded for exercising his most basic right to protest what he feels is racial injustice?
I certainly applaud Mr. Kaepernick’s decision to protest racial injustice, but I think it’s wrong for the protest to be done during the national anthem, because how many regular opportunities do we have to truly reflect upon the blessings that we have been given in this country and to express gratitude for those blessings? In fact, the Torah in Parshat Re’eh emphasizes that there is a bracha and a kelala, a blessing and a curse, but the blessing is recited on one mountain and the curse is recited on a different mountain because it’s important that we identify what is a blessing and what is a curse and view them separately. If you find a blessing, express thanks and don’t dilute it by mixing it with a curse, by mentioning the problems, as well. Use the opportunity of the national anthem to express gratitude for the blessings of this country, and don’t dilute this opportunity by choosing to focus on the negative.
In fact, that is what our Sages provided for us by requiring us to recite so many brachot on foods we eat, on sounds we ear, on scents we smell and on sights we see, because a bracha is an opportunity to express gratitude; it is an opportunity to work on our midda of looking for opportunities to be grateful. But it’s not an easy thing to do because if we have the slightest bit of ambition in this world, then life seems to not be fair. Life is not consistent with out desires and expectations. Some people have more of some things than others, often for no apparent reason other than being at the right place at the right time.
It is so easy to complain about the bad in our life and the bad in this world and at times it may be constructive to do so and to protest in order to effectuate change, but the truth is that when we are grateful we feel connected. We feel connected to God, to each other and to life when we take notice of all the gifts that we have.
Elul is the month to express gratitude. This is the month to have increased concentration when we bless God for providing us with food, for clothing us, for helping us walk straight and for creating a beautiful sunrise and sunset. This is the month when we shout to the rooftops the acronym of Elul, ani l’dodi v’dodi li – I am for my Beloved and my Beloved is for me, because gratitude is the first step to teshuva. Gratitude connects us to God and helps us return to Him. Let us use the national anthem debate to help us look for more opportunities to count our blessings undiluted this month, connect with God and begin the process of teshuva.
|
<urn:uuid:8c4f7693-1378-4999-bbd8-264d6c6796a5>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://www.yioceanside.org/forum/rabbi-s-commentary/483-colin-kaepernick-gratitude-and-elul
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402123173.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930075754-20200930105754-00794.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949655 | 733 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.