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Otero County Robokids advocate for STEM in schools
ALAMOGORDO – Students from Alamogordo and Cloudcroft high schools gave a presentation to City Commissioners at Tuesday's regular Commission meeting.
The Students outlined their efforts to bring more science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) educational activities to New Mexico students. The students also discussed the ways in which New Mexico could improve support for these activities in its schools.
The students spoke as part of the Alamogordo First Robotics Competition’s (FRC) ASTRO Vikings, a STEM advocacy group led by coach and robotics mentor Debbie Martinez.
The team gave a similar presentation in Washington, D.C. in June to the New Mexico Congressional delegation on Capitol Hill and U.S. Air Force Maj. Gen. Jaqueline Van Ovost at the Pentagon. In Washington, D.C., the team asked that federal grants given to the state be used for STEM programs.
The availability of STEM activities in schools has far-reaching effects, said Cloudcroft High School sophomore Dallas Holcomb.
“FIRST isn’t just about robots, it’s about gracious professionalism and core values. It’s about inspiring students to pursue higher goals,” Holcomb said. “FIRST works because it keeps kids more engaged in their education, and teaches them to be excited about learning by involving them in hands-on experiences.”
Access to these programs is especially important to female students, who have historically been underrepresented in STEM careers. Women involved in programs like First are seven times more likely to pursue an engineering career, Holcomb said.
More generally, Alamogordo High School senior James Heaton said involvement in programs like FRC can instill the confidence and skills students need to become involved in other activities.
“STEM gave me the courage to branch out into other activities, such as Key Club and Student Council, and pursue positions in groups such as NHS,” Heaton said.
The team also highlighted how the state is negatively impacted by the absence of STEM programming in New Mexico schools.
According to Alamogordo High School graduate Janell Wright, the lack of STEM discourages students from studying related fields in college, but also contributes to the “brain drain” that takes graduates away from their home state.
“There are 530,000 students and 60,000 teams involved in FIRST competitions. New Mexico only has eight of those teams,” Wright said. “It would be amazing to see an increase in the quantity of students that are exposed to STEM through First. New Mexico needs these opportunities in order to compete with the rest of the United States and on the global job market.”
Another issue the team raised was the fact that New Mexico colleges do not offer any of the $81 million in scholarship funds available exclusively to students involved in First programs.
“Other colleges are taking advantage of the grants and offering them to students to come to their schools, but colleges in New Mexico are not offering scholarships to First members,” said Taffitha Miller, a senior at Alamogordo High School. “Students don’t have the incentive or even the ability to use the scholarships in-state.”
The robotics competitions attended by First groups often feature recruiting events, with prominent tech companies offering scholarships for students, Martinez said.
“Ten percent of the incoming freshman in the engineering program at MIT were from First, and a lot of them are pulling four-year scholarships,” Martinez said. But because New Mexico colleges are not offering these scholarships means, those students who want to remain in-state for college may not be able to, she said.
“Instead, we should be recruiting students to come here, and increasing access to it for the rest of the state,” she said.
This coming school year marks the third year the team has competed, Miller pointed out, and every student on the team is on-track to graduate and begin a career in a STEM field.
“We want to make sure that decision makers at the state level understand the importance of these programs and try to help spread them thorough the other communities in New Mexico,” Martinez said.
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It has been just over a decade since the first ever block of Bitcoin was mined, and since then, dozens of digital currencies have risen, only to collapse in various crashes. Central banks are beginning to consider the possibility of a digital currency, ranging from Sweden’s e-krona concept of electronic cash, to a more sophisticated electronic currency as explored by the Bank of England. Is this simply another untested idea prone to the same drawbacks, or could it revolutionise central banks for generations to come?
Currently, money can be divided into two parts: broad money in commercial banks and base money in central banks. Base money is unique in that it is risk-free, while broad money isn’t, as commercial banks can and do fail. A central bank digital currency (CBDC) that is truly game-changing would likely be an interest-bearing form of base money that exists in electronic accounts within the central bank – one that everyone could access.
This type of CBDC would revolutionise the banking industry. If ordinary citizens could open a CBDC account with the central bank, it would make commercial banks unnecessary, since one could transfer funds directly through the central bank, reducing transaction costs. This hugely benefits smaller businesses, which will have much more affordable access to bank services, especially across international borders, where there are often large transaction costs. It would also increase interest rates paid on deposits in commercial banks, since they would now be competing against a CBDC, which would be risk-free and interest-bearing, making it much more alluring to the ordinary citizen.
However, this does pose a risk of limiting the amount of lending these banks will do, reducing the amount of credit available in the economy and possibly slowing down our growth, as people are less able to get loans to kickstart new businesses or grow existing ones. It may also mean that banks switch to longer-term time deposits which have a notice period on when you can take out funds, which could further slow capital mobility. Thus, it has mixed impacts on the actions of commercial banks.
A CBDC also has vast implications on government and central bank policy. In theory, an interest-bearing CBDC would tighten the link between monetary policy and the economy, as banks are left with little choice but to pass on changes in the CBDC rate onto depositors, to avoid losing deposits to risk-free CBDC accounts. This means that banks are now more compelled to adjust the interest rates, which passes into the economy in the form of the rates on mortgages, loans and credit cards.
The fact that everyone might have an account with the central bank would make the idea of ‘helicopter money’, where money is directly deposited into the accounts of families, much more viable. This would not only make debates about a universal basic income much more meaningful since welfare provision would be significantly easier, it would also allow fiscal stimulus without the need to go through banks as is currently required with quantitative easing. This means that the possibility of banks refusing to lend more after QE would be mitigated, making such a stimulus more reliable.
In the long term, CBDCs might even make paper money obsolete, allowing central banks to adjust interest rates below the lower bound of zero when necessary, particularly if large denomination banknotes were abolished, since people could no longer run to the banks to try and turn it all into physical cash. This provides a lot of flexibility for central banks, many of which struggled in the aftermath of the financial crisis due to the inability to lower interest rates to help stimulate spending.
This would, in turn, mean that low inflation targeting, which currently exists because it is rather difficult to generate growth in a deflationary situation, might be less necessary due to the ability to use negative interest rates. Consequently, it may even mean that central banks start targeting at true price stability and 0% inflation, instead of the 2% buffer many central banks aim for. This would make planning in the medium to long term easier for firms and households.
However, it is worth bearing in mind that it is still rather uncertain what the investor response might be, if interest rates went below zero, since the absence of physical cash would not stop individuals from converting their money into other currencies. This could further reduce the amount of money banks have to lend, as well as causing dangers in terms of the stability of the exchange rate.
A secondary advantage of having physical cash become obsolete is that it makes things such as tax evasion and money laundering more difficult, since all transactions are now recorded electronically. Especially in developing countries where cash is crucial, this could alleviate many of the harms money can cause, such as the underfunding of government programs and the provision of capital for illegal organisations. Indeed, this has already been demonstrated as very viable by Ecuador’s EMS and Kenya’s M-Pesa system.
The biggest drawback of a CBDC is the technical requirements required for such a critical piece of national infrastructure, both in terms of scale and security. Coupled with that is the risk of depositors having a bank run on the banking system. Currently, there are interbank commitments where they must settle obligations across banks in the form of central bank reserves, such that if you pay someone who uses a different bank, your bank will transfer central bank reserves to their commercial bank.
If there is a bank that declares their willingness to exchange deposits held elsewhere into CBDC, one could easily have a bank run, except this would be directly on the central bank reserves. This requires limits on on-demand convertibility of deposits into CBDC, as well as a separation between the CBDC and reserves, both of which could limit the benefits of a CBDC.
Perhaps the biggest cause for concern in an age where privacy is increasingly important, is the power governments would have in tracking all transactions to each and every citizen. When oppressive regimes such as in China are implementing social credit systems to tighten their grip on their citizens, granting this power to such governments might exacerbate this Orwellian dystopia.
Ultimately, there is still a long way to go before a fully functioning CBDC can be implemented and these obstacles are overcome. Granted, a more centralised banking system could better prevent credit bubbles, bank runs and risky lending practices than private banks themselves.
Much more work, however, needs to be done to see if the benefits to government policy compensate for some of the limitations, such as the effects on investor confidence. The Bank of England’s report based upon DSGE models is a small step towards estimating the impacts a CBDC would have, but more importantly, this would require wider public consultation on the alarming ability for governments to access transaction records in real time. Already, consumer concerns over data privacy are in no shortage. It will therefore take a little while longer before we see the first CBDC being rolled out.
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Spectators who get lost in Olympic Plaza in Pyeongchang next month can ask for directions from a nearby guide that speaks four languages. Thirsty patrons who visit Gangneung Media Village can order drinks for delivery. And they can do all of this without talking to another human.
South Korea is going big on robotics for the 2018 Winter Olympics, which begin on 9 February. Organizers will deploy about 80 robots at the games to showcase the nation’s leader ship in advanced robotics research.
Eight companies—with US $1.5 million in sponsorship from the South Korean government—have been working on projects for the games since 2016. The roboticists who built all of these new robots are now preparing to unveil their technology on a world stage.
It’s a stressful time for everyone involved. “I have more anxiety than excitement,” says Jun-ho Oh, the director of the Institute for Robotics at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), who led government officials in managing robotics for the games.
Most of these automated helpers will take on highly visible roles and interact with the public. Which means they must be able to, among other things, maneuver through crowded spaces and know when to hit the brakes. Any mistakes they make will be in the public eye.
Stop breadboarding and soldering – start making immediately! Adafruit’s Circuit Playground is jam-packed with LEDs, sensors, buttons, alligator clip pads and more. Build projects with Circuit Playground in a few minutes with the drag-and-drop MakeCode programming site, learn computer science using the CS Discoveries class on code.org, jump into CircuitPython to learn Python and hardware together, or even use Arduino IDE. Circuit Playground Express is the newest and best Circuit Playground board, with support for MakeCode, CircuitPython, and Arduino. It has a powerful processor, 10 NeoPixels, mini speaker, InfraRed receive and transmit, two buttons, a switch, 14 alligator clip pads, and lots of sensors: capacitive touch, IR proximity, temperature, light, motion and sound. A whole wide world of electronics and coding is waiting for you, and it fits in the palm of your hand.
Have an amazing project to share? The Electronics Show and Tell with Google Hangouts On-Air is every Wednesday at 7:30pm ET! To join, head over to YouTube and check out the show’s live chat – we’ll post the link there.
Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Maker Business — SiFive is a startup to pay attention to. RISC-5 is here to stay.
Wearables — Swatch it up
Electronics — Code like everyone’s watching
Biohacking — Stroboscopic Visual Training
Python for Microcontrollers — CircuitPython takes flight! All aboard with datum, Bluefruit CPX, and more! #Python #Adafruit #CircuitPython #PythonHardware @circuitpython @micropython @ThePSF @Adafruit
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A multiple-scattering technique that was recently developed to evaluate wave diffraction by two superposed gratings is extended to situations in which there is an arbitrary number of gratings. In this approach the diffraction process can be represented in terms of a flow graph that serves as a template to construct algorithms for calculating the intensity of any diffracted order. We show that such calculations do not require a large computer memory if they are implemented by judiciously tracking the relevant diffracted order throughout the flow paths. Using two types of typical grating structures as examples, we also investigate the effect of the relative grating phase on the diffraction efficiency. We thus find that the multiple-scattering analysis can readily identify those grating structures that are sensitive to the relative phase relationship.
© 1993 Optical Society of America
Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.
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Three coils A, B and C wound on a common magnetic circuit are shown in Figure 1. Coil A has NA turns with terminals A1 and A2. The sense of winding is shown in the figure. Similarly, the coil B has NB turns with terminals B1 and B2 and coil C has NC turns with terminals C1 and C1. The terminals are marked, arbitrarily on the coils. Let us consider that a current IA enters terminal A1. Looking from top, the current encircles the core counter-clockwise. According to corkscrew rule the flux is directed upwards through the coil. The flux through the core is directed clockwise through the core. A dot is placed quite arbitrarily at terminal A1. This can be done for any coil. Once the dot is placed on one coil, dots on the terminals of other remaining coils cannot be placed arbitrarily now.
Dots on other coils are now automatically decided according to the sense of the winding. Now we are to determine the position of dots on the terminals of the remaining windings corresponding to the dot placed at one of the terminals of winding A, which is at A1. Dot on the other winding is placed on such a terminal that a current entering through the dotted terminal magnetizes the core in the same direction as the flux created by current entering the dot on the first coil A. Thus, if the dot were placed at B2, a current entering this terminal would produce a flux in opposition to the flux produced by current IA. Thus, B2 is not the dotted terminal corresponding to the dot at terminal A1. While, if the current enters terminal B1, the magnetization of the core is also clockwise. Thus, terminal B1 is the dotted terminal on coil B. Similarly, C1 is the dotted terminal on coil C. Thus, A1, B1 and C1 are dotted terminals on the three coils which are mutually coupled. Now we can make a statement that “currents entering through the dotted terminals of all the coupled coils develop the flux (apply mmf) so that the fluxes due to each coil are additive.”
This also means, that due to rate of change of the common flux emfs are induced in all the coils which have similar polarity at all the dotted terminals.
MUTUAL COUPLING IN A SIMPLE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
The self-inductance of a circuit is intimately associated with the magnetic field linking the circuit. The self-inductance emf may be thought of as the emf induced in the circuit by a magnetic field produced by the circuit current.
Since a magnetic field exists in the region around the current that develops it, there is also may a possibility that an emf be induced in the other circuits linked by the field. Two circuits linked by the same magnetic field are said to be coupled to each other. The circuit element used to represent magnetic coupling is shown in Figure 2 and is called mutual inductance. It is represented by symbol M and is measured in henrys. The volt-ampere relationship is one which gives the induced emf in one circuit by a current in another and is given as
A similar equation can, of course, be written giving an emf e1 induced by a current i2. The two dots, called polarity markings, in Figure 2 are used for indicating the direction of the magnetic coupling between the two coils: note from the figure and from equation given above that by matching the dots, the directions of currents and voltage drops are made to correspond with those of Figure 3 for self-inductance.
If currents are present in both coupled circuits, emfs of self-inductance and mutual inductance are induced in each circuit. The self-induced emf, have the directions shown in Figure 4 the mutually induced emfs, follow the pattern of Figure 2. Figure 3 shows two such elements. Each coil is characterized by its own self-inductance; the combination has a mutual inductance indicating the coupling between the coils. The Volt-ampere relationships for this case are given below:
Coupling between two closed circuits permits the transfer of energy between the circuits through the medium of the mutual magnetic field. This phenomenon is the basis on which transformers operate.
COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING
When two coils are placed near each other, all the flux produced by one coil does not link with the other coil, only a certain portion (say, K) of flux produced by one coil links with other coil, K being less than unity. K is called the coefficient of coupling.
Flux created in coil. A due to current of i1 amperes,
Flux linking with coil
Coefficient of mutual inductance,
Coefficient of self-inductance of coil A,
Coefficient of self-inductance of coil B,
Multiplying Equations. (4) and (5) and taking square root of both sides we get
Comparing Equations (3) and (6) we get
When the coils are tightly coupled i.e. when the flux due to one coil links with the other coil completely, the coefficient of coupling, K is unity and the coefficient of mutual inductance M is given as
When the flux due to one coil does not link with the other coil at all, the value of coefficient of coupling, K is zero.
Figure 5 represents two inductors (inductance coils) in series with the axis of one coil perpendicular to the axis of the other. In this case there is no mutual inductance i.e. M = 0. If the coils are connected is series, represented as L1 and L2 in Figure 6, so that when the current enters the dot end of coil L1 and leaves, it must enter L2 at its dotted end, the fluxes of two coils will add. Such a series connection is known as series aiding. If the connections to inductor L2 are reversed so that the current must enter its undotted end, their fluxes will oppose each other. This series connection is known as series opposing. It has been assumed that the axes of the inductance coils are on the same straight line.
Series-aiding. For the series aiding connections, the total emf induced in each of the coil L1 and L2 is due to coil’s self-inductance and the emf induced by the other coil. So
So, the total induced emf in the circuit is given as
Or = Total inductance of the circuit, L
Series Opposing. For the series opposing connections the mutually induced emf opposes the self-induced emf. So
Inductor in parallel
Let us consider two coils of inductance L1 and L2 connected in parallel as shown in figure 8
The supply circuit divides into two components i1 and i2 following through the coils.
Self-induced emf in coil A,
Mutually induced emf in coil A due to change of current in coil B,
Where M is the mutual coefficient of inductance
Resultant emf induced in coil A,
Similarly, resultant emf induced in coil B
As both coils are connected in parallel, therefore, resultant emf induced in both of the coils must be equal
If L is the equivalent inductance of the combination then induced emf
Since induced emf in parallel combination = Induced emf in either of the coils.
Substituting from equation (11) and from equation (12) we get
When mutual flux helps the individual flux
When mutual flux opposes the individual flux.
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Jewelry Making – tips, instructions and how to make website
Since early history, in creating a jewelry, people have used gemstones, coins or other precious items. Typically, they are set into precious metals. Now and then, alloy of almost every metal have been encountered in jewelery. From bronze (met in Roman times) to modern fine jewelry made of gold, white gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, silver and stainless steel. In USA and Europe, most jewelry are made of an alloy of gold, with different purity, which is stated in karats (K). Usually, gold jewelry is from 10K to 18K purity. Higher purity levels are less common (22K and 24K), being considered too soft. However, these high purity alloys of gold are used in Asia, Middle East and Africa.
But there are much more materials that we meet in creating jewelry: glass, such as fused-glass, called enamel; wood; animal substances such as bone or ivory; natural or polymer clay; or even plastic. Other jewelry are made of hemp or other twines.
Frequently, in creating jewelry, we meet beads, made of a variety of materials: glass, gemstones, metal, wood, shells, clay and polymer clay.Beads may be large or small – the smallest type of beads are known as seed beads and they are used for the “woven” style of beaded jewelry. Seed beads are used also in an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets. Bead embroidery was a very popular method of handwork during the Victorian era and it is used also in our days in many cultures.
So, for creating jewelry various materials have been used from ancient times. Nowadays, the materials used are not so important, as design plays an important role making jewelry appreciated. I believe that we can make beautiful jewelery without spending a fortune, by just using our ingenuity. That’s why, our website is trying to offer practical guides on how to make your own jewelry using simple but efficient models, guides on how to repair/maintain your current jewelry, how to transform old jewelry into new items using only your ingenuity.
Here at Make A Jewelry you can learn how to make your own Jewelry using cheap beads and supplies and a few hours of work. Why buy Jewelry when you can make your own.
If you get to master Jewelry Making you'll end up with money if you decide to sell them. You can also give them to friend and family in sign of appreciation.
Read more about this
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In this article we are going to discuss about the concept of Computer Recycling in details. We have always heard about used computers for sale but what is the actual reason behind the same, not any of us know. Here we will be highlighting the reasons to promote computer recycling and the benefits that it has to offer to people and society.
Benefits of recycling
If we talk about obsolete computers or say any other old electronics, then these are a very valuable source for the secondary raw materials in case these are recycled. If these are not recycled, then these are just the storehouses of a great source of toxins as well as carcinogens. With the advancement in the technology on a rapid scale that too at a very low initial cost in addition to the planned obsolescence, a fast-growing surplus of unused and old computers in addition to other electronic components has taken place around the world.
Solutions to deal with unused gadgets
There are loads of solutions that are present to deal with this concern. Some of these are the technical solutions which in majority of cases require the legal framework as well as a collection system in addition to logistics plus other services that ought to be implemented prior to applying these. At most of the places, majority of electronic waste goes to landfills or else these are incinerated, which further results in releasing the disastrous things like lead, mercury, or cadmium directly into the soil or groundwater in addition to the atmosphere which further has a detrimental impact on the environment.
There is a plenty of material that is used in computer hardware which can easily be recovered by simply recycling it for using the same in the future production. Reusing things like tin, silicon, iron, aluminium, and a lot of other variety of plastics that is there is a huge scale in computers plus the other electronics can dramatically help in reducing the cost of constructing the new systems. The unused computers that you have at your place are a storehouse of components like lead, copper, gold which are really very valuable. In case you do not go in for recycling ten you must also keep in mind that on one hand these are the storehouse of valuable materials but on the other hand these are also home to things that can have adverse effect on not only you but also the environment. Here we are talking about the toxic substances, like dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), cadmium, chromium, radioactive isotopes and mercury.
All in all, these are the reasons to promote computer recycling. You are now aware about both the pros and cons of keeping an unused computer at your house. Having read this article, you might have also realized that going in for recycling that old computer at your house is going to offer you more benefits in comparison to keeping it uselessly to be thrown into the bins at the end.
Jemma Barsby has always been interested in the concept of computer recycling . There are many articles that the author has put forth in front of you delivering you the information about used computers for sale and their benefits for not only you but also the environment.
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The Boston Public Library (est.1848) is a municipal public library system in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It was the first publicly supported municipal library in the United States, the first large library open to the public in the United States, and the first public library to allow people to borrow books and other materials and take them home to read and use. The Boston Public Library is also the library of last recourse of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; all adult residents of the commonwealth are entitled to borrowing and research privileges, and the library receives state funding. The Boston Public Library contains 8.9 million books and A/V (approximately 24 million items encompassing all formats), making it the second-largest public library in the United States, according to the American Library Association. In fiscal year 2009, the city of Boston spent 1% ($23,253,996) of its budget on the library – some $36 per person.
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Estimating a Margin of Error
Day 37 - Lesson 3.4
Use simulation to approximate the margin of error for a sample proportion and interpret the margin of error.
Use simulation to approximate the margin of error for a sample mean and interpret the margin of error.
Activity: How much TV do students watch?
Students are expected to do the first page of this Activity in pairs. The second page is done as a whole group. On the first page, we are trying to get students to see the reason why we multiply the standard deviation by 2 in order to get the margin of error. The reason is because a majority or our estimates will be within 2 standard deviations away from the mean (should be around 95%). Since our students have already seen the normal distribution and the 68-95-99 rule in their Algebra 2 class, we can also make this connection.
Mean – 2 * S.D. = 5.019 – 2 * 0.262 = 4.495
Mean + 2 * S.D. = 5.019 + 2 * 0.262 = 5.543
29 out of the 30 (97%) of the estimates are between 4.495 and 5.543 hours of TV.
On page two of the activity, we show students this calculation (which is really a 95% confidence interval…a preview of what’s to come!). We felt that we needed the idea of a confidence interval in order to discuss the margin or error. We worked as a whole group to take the students through the second example concerning the proportion of students who text during class.
As an exit slip, students worked individually on the application. The Application allows students a chance to try to write an interpretation of a margin of error on their own. It also gives them their first chance to assess whether a claim is plausible (is the claimed value within the confidence interval?). We like that students are already practicing inferential thinking before we have formally reached statistical inference.
We were very specific with how we wanted students to interpret the margin or error: “we expect the true proportion/mean (context) to be at most _______ away from our estimate of _________.”
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Science, Art, Litt, Science based Art & Science Communication
We come across some interesting things happening in Nature now and then and sometimes all the time. The media goes into overdrive. Stories, speculations and explanations run amok. But the wise call the scientists to explain things.
We here stick strictly to science. Let us see what scientists say about these interesting things...
Do you think rainbows are only multicoloured? Yes? No! You are wrong. There can be monochrome or single coloured rainbows too!
Some rainbows don’t contain all the colors of the rainbow. The height of the sun above the horizon can yield arcs that contain only a fraction of the traditional ROYGBIV, researchers reported on December 17 (2015) at the American Geophysical Union’s fall meeting.
Rainbows appear when sunlight bends as it passes through airborne water droplets. Different parts of the light spectrum bend by different amounts, breaking the light into its individual color components and creating a colorful arc.
On rare occasion, a rainbow will contain just part of the color spectrum. Previous work suggested that these less colorful or even monochromatic rainbows form primarily due to the size of the light-bending water droplets. Atmospheric scientist Jean Ricard of the National Centre for Meteorological Research in Toulouse, France, and colleagues cataloged hundreds of photographs of rainbows. They discovered that the sun’s position plays a much larger role than previously thought. During sunset, the sun’s low point means light has to travel a longer distance through the atmosphere. During the journey, the air scatters away the cooler colors. The redder remaining light thickens a rainbow’s red band, eventually squeezing out the violet, blue and orange band and leaving behind a red-only rainbow.
These colorful offshoots are a large halo of refracted light, and despite their nickname, they have nothing to do with either fire or rainbows. They only occur when the sun is at least 58 degrees above the horizon, when there are cirrus clouds in the sky that are filled with plate-shaped ice crystals. The refraction of light is always parallel to the horizon, and because the arcs are so big, only sections of them are ever commonly seen—which is why it can look like certain patches of cloud are on fire.
A ray of sunlight passes through a raindrop, reflecting off the back of the drop at varying angles.
Along with this reflection is refraction of light that causes of a spectrum of colors-- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
Certain angles and "bending" reflect light better for refraction to occur, and the amount of light refraction corresponds to wavelength and color.
For example, blue light is always refracted at a deeper angle than red light. This is the reason blue is found at the inside of the bow and red on the very outside.
Nature's natural color spectrum always elicits the same pattern (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) when light is refracted.
While a primary rainbow is visible when light is reflected once off the back of a raindrop, a secondary and usually dimmer rainbow is spotted when light is reflected twice in a more complicated pattern.
The colors of the second rainbow are inverted, with blue on the outside and red moved to the inside. The second bow appears dimmer or cloudier because much more light is released from two reflections, and both bows cover a larger portion of the sky.
It is rare and unlikely, but three or even four rainbows can be seen on occasion, but only if they are reflected off of the earthly objects.
Pic Credit/ NASA
Sunsets are reddened because for sun positions which are very low or just below the horizon, the light passing at grazing incidence upon the earth must pass through a greater thickness of air than when it is overhead. Just before the sun disappears from view, its actual position is about a diameter below the horizon, the light having been bent by refraction (refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different. The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media) to reach our eyes. Since short wavelengths are more efficiently scattered, more of them are scattered out of the beam of sunlight before it reaches you. Aerosols and particulate matter contribute to the scattering of blue out of the beam, so brilliant reds are seen when there are many airborne particles, as after volcanic eruptions.
A green flash, which occurs more commonly at sunset — but can also occur at sunrise — is a phenomenon in which part of the sun can be observed suddenly and briefly changing color. It usually lasts only a second or two — which is why it is referred a flash — as the sun changes from red or orange at sunset, for example.
The green flash is viewable because refraction bends the light of the sun. The atmosphere acts as a weak prism, which separates light into various colors. When the sun's disk is fully visible above the horizon, the different colors of light rays overlap to an extent where each individual color can't be seen by the naked eye.
When the sun starts to dip below the horizon the colors of the spectrum disappear one at a time, starting with those with the longest wavelengths to those with the shortest. At sunrise, the process is reversed, and a green flash may occur as the top of the sun peeks above the horizon.
Heard about "Purple Haze", a song written by Jimi Hendrix? The purple haze I am talking about is different!
Photographs appearing to show one of China’s most famous cities shrouded in a spectacular violet mist went viral on 23rd, Dec., 2015, as millions of citizens choked on the country’s latest bout of toxic smog. Pollution levels in Nanjing on 22nd and 23rd were more than 10 times higher than those deemed safe by the World Health Organisation.
The fluorescent purple haze that engulfed Nanjing – reportedly the result of a pollution-tinged sunset – was at one point the second most talked-about topic on Weibo, China’s 'Twitter'.
According to Chinese scientists, smog came in only three shades: white, grey and brown. Pink skies did not represent a new threat to the city’s residents. And people do not need to be afraid.
The lavender-coloured skies had been caused by the combination of a sunset’s glow and a spike in pollution rather than a specific pollutant. It was caused by refraction of sunlight in the evening hours.
Halos around moon:
Sometimes we observe rings around moon. The moon can produce interesting optical effects when conditions are right. The most common of which are moon rings, moon bows, which are similar to rainbows, moon dogs and moon pillars. A rainbow is produced when sunlight is refracted through water droplets - A similar effect is produced when moon light refracts through ice crystals.
The ring around the Moon is caused by the refraction of Moonlight (which is reflected sunlight) from six-sided ice crystals in the upper atmosphere. The shape of the ice crystals results in a focusing of the light into a ring. These ice crystals refract, or bend, light in the same manner that a camera lens bends light. The ring has a diameter of 22° , and sometimes, it is also possible to detect a second ring, 44° diameter. Thin high cirrus clouds lofting at 20,000 feet or more contain tiny ice crystals that originate from the freezing of super cooled water droplets. These crystals behave like jewels refracting and reflecting in different directions.
Solar and Lunar Coronas:
A corona is produced by the diffraction (refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit) of light from either the Sun or the Moon by individual small water droplets and sometimes tiny ice crystalsa of a cloud or on a foggy glass surface. The corona consists of small number of concentric colored rings around the celestial object and a central bright aureole. The angular size of the corona depends on the diameters of the cloud droplets - small droplets produce large coronae. For the same reason, the corona is clearest when the size of the droplets is most uniform. Coronae differ from haloes in that the latter are formed by refraction (the change in direction of propagation of a wave due to a change in its transmission medium) from comparatively large rather than small ice crystals. Reddish colors always occupy the outer part of a corona's ring. A corona is essentially an Airy disc caused by the atmosphere.
The effect caused by moon light is called Lunar corona. Just like lunar halos, coronas are produced by high thin clouds. But unlike halos coronas are very small in size.
Caves that Glow:
Waitomo Glowworm Caves in the New Zealand. The glow worm, Arachnocampa luminosa, is unique to New Zealand. Thousands of these tiny creatures radiate their unmistakable luminescent light in the caves. Actually it is these worms that make the caves glow.
Arachnocampa species go through a life cycle of eggs hatching to larvae, and then pupating to an adult fly. They spend most of their life as larvae.
The larval stage lasts about 6 to 12 months, depending on food. The larva emerges from the egg only about 3 to 5 millimetres long, and through its life grows to about 3 centimeters.
The larva spins a nest out of silk on the ceiling of the cave and then hangs down as many as 70 threads of silk (called snares) from around the nest, each up to 30 or 40 cm long and holding droplets of mucus. The larvae can only live in a place out of the wind, to stop their lines being tangled, hence caves, overhangs or deep rainforest. In some species, the droplets of mucus on the silk threads are poisonous, enhancing the trap's ability to subdue prey quickly.
The larva glows to attract prey into its threads, perhaps luring them into believing they are outdoors, for the roof of a cave covered with larva can look remarkably like a blue starry sky at night. A hungry larva glows brighter than one which has just eaten.
Auroras: (Northern and Southern lights)
In the corona (or upper atmosphere) of the sun, temperatures can reach over a million degrees. This is so hot that atoms break down into their component parts: electrically-charged electrons and protons. Some of them are launched out from the sun at up to 500 miles per second in a phenomenon known as the "solar wind." After about three days these charged particles reach the earth.
The solar wind would be dangerous to life on our planet, but fortunately our the earth possesses a magnetic field generated by the rotation of planet's iron core. This field, called the magnetosphere, directs most of the charged particles around the globe. A small portion of the particles, however, are trapped in the field and follow it down to the earth's magnetic North and South Poles. The electrons remain invisible to our eyes until they collide with gas molecules in the upper atmosphere. When an electron is absorbed by an atom, the atom becomes ionized, or excited. The atom then loses that excitement by emitting a photon of light or by colliding with another atom or molecule. The color of the emitted photons depends on which gas molecule is struck and at what altitude. At heights of 250 miles (402km) or above, oxygen will glow green and below that point, red or pink. A nitrogen molecule hit from 80 to 100 miles (80 to 160km) up produces blue or violet. Between 60 and 80 miles(96 to 128km) in altitude both nitrogen and oxygen glow pink.
The lights are caused by electrical properties of certain rocks in specific settings, report scientists in a new paper.
Sometimes called earthquake lightning, the lights can take "many different shapes, forms, and colors," says study authors.
Common forms of earthquake lights include bluish flames that appear to come out of the ground at ankle height; orbs of light called ball lightening that float in the air for tens of seconds or even minutes; and quick flashes of bright light that resemble regular lightning strikes, except they come out of the ground instead of the sky and can stretch up to 650 feet (200 meters).
Blood Falls in Antarctica:
The coldest and driest place on the planet has a blood-red waterfall pouring down slowly into the McMurdo Dry Valleys, some of the most extreme desert lands on Earth.
What causes the mysterious flow was only recently “discovered” in a study.
Scientists thought for many years red algae gave the creepy color.
But now research has shown that iron oxide is responsible for the hue. The waterfall even contains strange bacterial lifeforms.
At the Magnetic hill, Moncton, New Brunswick, as impossible as it sounds, your car will start to "roll" uphill. “And it doesn’t just work on cars – vans, trucks and even tour buses roll upward in total defiance of natural law.
A Japanese scientist has won an award for duplicating the kind of optical illusion that for decades has baffled tourists who visit the fabled Magnetic Hill in Moncton, N.B.
Kokichi Sugihara of the Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences won the international competition for Best Visual Illusion of 2010, at the Philharmonic Center for the Arts in Naples, Fla., for showing how objects can appear to roll uphill, as if they are being pulled by a magnet.
That kind of illusion has been drawing tourists to the southeastern New Brunswick city since the 1930s.
Sugihara's video, "Impossible motion: magnet-like slopes" shows a structure with four slopes. At the start, four wooden balls all appear to roll up the slopes against gravity. But as the camera circles the structure, the slopes are seen to be actually pointed down.
Located in a remote valley between the Cottonwood and Last Chance Ranges, Racetrack Playa is a place of spectacular beauty and mystery.
The Racetrack is a dry lakebed, best known for its strange moving rocks. It looks like they “sailed” through the valley. Although no one has actually seen the rocks move, the long meandering tracks left behind in the mud surface of the playa attest to their activity.
According to scientists, thin sheets of ice push rocks across a dry lake in Death Valley when conditions are just right.
Because the stones can sit for a decade or more without moving, scientists decided to monitor them remotely by installing a weather station capable of measuring gusts to one-second intervals and fitting 15 stones with custom-built, motion-activated GPS units.
Their experiments showed that moving the stones requires a rare combination of events.
First, the playa fills with water, which must be deep enough to form floating ice during cold winter nights but shallow enough to expose the stones. As nighttime temperatures plummet, the pond freezes to form thin sheets of ‘windowpane’ ice, which must be thin enough to move freely but thick enough to maintain strength. On sunny days, the ice begins to melt and break up into large floating panels, which light winds drive across the playa, pushing rocks in front of them and leaving trails in the soft mud below the surface.
The stones moved under light winds of about 3-5 m per second and were driven by ice less than 3-5 mm thick, a measure too thin to grip large stones and lift them off the playa, which several papers had proposed as a mechanism to reduce friction. Further, the stones moved only 2-6 m per minute, a speed that is almost imperceptible at a distance and without stationary reference points.
Individual stones remained in motion for anywhere from a few seconds to 16 minutes.
In one event, the scientists observed stones three football fields apart began moving simultaneously and traveled over 60 m before stopping.
Frost quakes typically strike after a cold snap rapidly drops temperatures well below freezing. The quick freeze makes ice in the ground swiftly expand and crack, producing loud booms. Though frost quakes sometimes shake the ground, their effects are localized, so the tremors are rarely caught on earthquake monitors. A similar phenomenon called ice quakes can loudly crack the ice in lakes and rivers.
Both frost quakes and ice quakes are known as cryoseisms. A few crysoseisms hit every winter in Canada. They've also been reported in the Northeast, Midwest and Alaska.
Fairy circles: Fairy circles, each among about six close neighbors, sprinkle arid grasslands in southern Africa and Australia “like a polka dot dress".
Termites, by themselves, can in theory cause the mysterious arrangements, Tarnita, Princeton ecologist Robert Pringle and colleagues conclude from a new mathematical model they developed. They then linked their insect model with one showing plant competition causing fairy circles. The combined approach unexpectedly predicted a previously undescribed regular “clumping” pattern among the plants between fairy circles, the team reports January 18, 2017 in Nature.
In aerial pictures of fairy circles, the plants look like an even sea of vegetation between bare spots. To see if the plant patterns were real, the researchers visited the Namib Desert in southern Africa. Local park personnel “were constantly confused,” Tarnita says, because visitors usually study the bare patches. The vegetation clumped as predicted, in roughly hexagonal arrays as the circles themselves do. That confirmation suggests the combined model was working, the researchers say.
Hexagonal arrangements show up repeatedly in nature as creatures crowd together — for instance, as bees arrange cells in honeycombs, Pringle says. In southern Africa, termite colonies might create circular bare spots when insect nibbling prevents plant growth above the nest. Colonies too evenly matched to destroy each other persist as neighboring disks of barren soil, eventually packing into roughly hexagonal arrays.
But plants by themselves can make similar bare spots in harsh conditions, scientists explain. When a pioneer plant springs from dry, hot ground, for instance, opportunists follow, taking advantage of such benefits as the scrap of shade a pioneer casts. As these secondary plants grow bigger and suck up more of the limited water, they can create dead zones where nothing sprouts. Over time, these zones form hexagonal patterns, too.
Termites plus plants are probably producing the effect in the Namib Desert, say scientists. But the results might not apply to other fairy circle hot spots, such as Australia. The main message of the new paper is that “different processes can lead to the exact same pattern”.
The presence of strange balls of light hovering over a valley in central Norway has baffled scientists for years. Known as the Hessdalen Phenomenon, the flashing orbs can be as large as cars.
The Hessdalen light most often appears as a bright white or yellow or red light of unknown origin standing or floating above the ground level. Sometimes the light can be seen for more than one hour. Sometimes the light moves with enormous speed, or sometimes just swayed to and fro with almost zero speed and it may sometimes just stand still in mid air. There are several other types of unexplained lights observed in the Hessdalen valley, Norway. Some gives the hypothesis that the light might be ionized iron dust. This light has been sighted in many parts of the world.
Scienitsts have given some explanation of the origin of these lights. However, there are numerous working hypotheses.
One possible explanation attributes the phenomenon to an incompletely understood combustion process in the air involving clouds of dust from the valley floor containing scandium.
One recent hypothesis suggests that the lights are formed by a cluster of macroscopic Coulomb crystals in a plasma produced by the ionization of air and dust by alpha particles during radon decay in the dusty atmosphere. Several physical properties (oscillation, geometric structure, and light spectrum) observed in Hessdalen lights (HL) phenomenon can be explained through the dust plasma model. Radon decay produces alpha particles (responsible by helium emissions in HL spectrum) and radioactive elements such as polonium. In 2004, Teodorani showed an occurrence where a higher level of radioactivity on rocks was detected near the area where a large light ball was reported. In fact, when radon is released into air, its solid decay products readily attach to airborne dust. A new computer simulation shows that dust immersed in ionized gas (i.e., dusty plasmas) can organize itself into double helixes. The simulations suggested that under conditions commonly found in space, the dust particles first form a cylindrical structure that sometimes evolved into helical structures. Along some spirals, the radius of the helix was seen to change abruptly from one value to another and then back again, providing a mechanism for storing information in terms of the length and radius of a section of a spiral. Hessdalen lights may take the helical structure. Surprisingly, dusty plasmas may also assume this structure.
Another hypothesis explains HL as a product of piezoelectricity generated under specific rock strains (Takaki and Ikeya, 1998) because many crystal rocks include quartz grains which produce an intense charge density. In a 2011 paper, based in the dusty plasma theory of HL, it is suggested that piezoelectricity of quartz cannot explain a peculiar property assumed by the HL phenomenon – the presence of geometrical structures in its center. Paiva and Taft have shown a mechanism of light ball cluster formation in Hessdalen lights by the nonlinear interaction of ion-acoustic and dusty-acoustic waves with low frequency geoelectromagnetic waves in dusty plasmas. The theoretical model shows that the velocity of ejected light balls by HL cluster is of about 10,000 m s−1 in a good agreement with the observed velocity of some ejected light balls, which is estimated as 20,000 m s−1. Why is the ejected ball always green-colored? Ejection of small green light ball from HL is due to radiation pressure produced by the interaction between very low frequency electromagnetic waves (VLF) and atmospheric ions (present in the central white-colored ball) through ion-acoustic waves (IAW). Probably only O2+ ions (electronic transition (b4Σg- → a4Πu)), with green emission lines, is transported by IAW. Electronic bands of O2+ ion occur in auroral spectra. Electron-molecular-ion dissociative recombination coefficient rate α as functions of electron temperature Te and cross sections σ as a function of electron energy E have been have measured by Mehr and Biondi for N2+ and O2+ over the electron temperature interval 0.007–10 eV. The estimated temperature of HL is of about 5,000 K. In this temperature, the rate coefficient of dissociative recombination will be respectively α(Te)O2+ ~ 10-8 cm3 s-1, and α(Te)N2+ ~ 10-7 cm3 s-1. Thus, the nitrogen ions will be decomposed in N2+ + e- → N + N* more rapidly than oxygen ions in the HL plasma. Only ionic-species are transported by IAW. Therefore, only oxygen ions will be predominant ejected green light balls from a central white ball in HL, presenting negative band of O2+ with electronic transition b4Σg- → a4Πu after an IAW formation. Paiva and Taft presented a model for resolving the apparently contradictory spectrum observed in Hessdalen lights (HL) phenomenon. Thus, its nearly flat spectrum on the top with steep sides is due to the effect of optical thickness on the bremsstrahlung spectrum. At low frequencies self-absorption modifies the spectrum to follow the Rayleigh–Jeans part of the blackbody curve. This spectrum is typical of dense ionized gas. Additionally, spectrum produced in the thermal bremsstrahlung process is flat up to a cutoff frequency, ν cut, and falls off exponentially at higher frequencies. This sequence of events forms the typical spectrum of HL phenomenon when the atmosphere is clear, with no fog. According to the model, spatial color distribution of luminous balls commonly observed in HL phenomenon are produced by electrons accelerated by electric fields during rapid fracture of piezoelectric rocks under the ground.
But now scientists think the unusual lights could be formed by a natural ‘battery’ buried deep underground, created by metallic minerals reacting with a sulphurous river running through it.
the lights make no sound, appear to be cool and do not leave any scorch marks on the ground, unlike ball lightning. They do however sterilise an area upon contact, killing the soil microbes.
Jader Monari of the Institute of Radio Astronomy in Medicina, Italy, has studied the Hessdalen site since 1996 and found that rocks in the valley are rich in zinc and iron on one side of the river running through it, and rich in copper on the other side.
‘If there is sulphur in the water in the middle, it makes a perfect battery’ he said.
Together with a colleague from the University of Bologna, the scientists used rock samples to create a miniature valley and dunked them in river sediment. They found that electricity flowed between the two rocks and that this could light a lamp.
Dr Monari believes that bubbles of ionised gas are created when sulphurous fumes from the River Hesja react with the humid air of the valley. The geology also forms electromagnetic field lines in the valley, which could explain why the orbs of light move around.
‘This electrical field creates a path that could be the ‘main road’ of the lights inside the valley,’ Dr Monari told Caroline Williams.
Bjorn Gitle Hauge, an electrical engineer at Ostfold University, thinks that the energy needed to make the clouds glow could come from the charge building up.
There are many other competing theories as to how the light may be formed, although the battery theory seems to be the most probable based upon current evidence.
Ball lightning appears as glowing orbs that seem to occur during thunderstorms, usually following a lightning strike. These floating fireballs shine as brightly as a 100-watt lightbulb; can be white, yellow, orange, red or blue in color and are typically about the size of a small grapefruit, although sightings suggest they can range in size from golf ball to beach ball.
Emanating from the fireball are little tendrils that seem to jerk the ball around as if it was under the power of a spastic puppeteer. They move slowly and erratically and are followed by smoke trails that form spirals around them. And after a moment, they disappear.
There are several tehories explaining it but the most popular current theory, proposed by John Abrahamson at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, suggests that ball lightning is the result of a chemical reaction of silicon particles burning in the air.
When lightning strikes the ground, silicon that occurs naturally in soil combines with oxygen and carbon and turns into pure silicon vapor. As the vapor cools, the silicon condenses into a fine dust. The particles in this fine dust are attracted to each other by the electrical charge created by the lightning strike, binding together into a ball.
The glow and heat come from the chemical energy created as the silicon recombines with oxygen in the air. And once the silicon has burned out, the ball lightning disappears.
Eli Jerby and Vladimir Dikhtyar, of Tel Aviv University in Israel, successfully (and accidentally) recreated ball lightning with a device they call a "microwave drill."
Yes, now you can create it in a lab!
This theory also suggests materials other than silicon -- such as aluminum and iron metals -- may also cause the orbs, and that any atmospheric discharge, not necessarily lightning, may explain why ball lightning has been sighted near power poles, electrical fitters, and even active faults.
Everlasting lightening storm:
Why one area in South America sees thousands of strikes per night The Maracaibo lake in Venezuela hosts thousands of lightning strikes every hour. The phenomenon is known variously as the Beacon of Maracaibo, Catatumbo lightning or – cue dramatic roll of thunder - the “everlasting storm”. Here the night sky is regularly illuminated for nine hours with thousands of flashes of naturally produced electricity. The place has “highest concentration of lightning” with as many as 40,000 lightning bolts illuminate the sky every night at a rate of 18 to 60 bolts per minute. But this disturbance happens high in the troposphere, about three miles up. The storms ease off in the dryer months of January and February and are most spectacular at the peak of the wet season around October. At this time of year, you can see an average of 28 lightning flashes each minute.
Scientists weigh in to explain the phenomenon. One theory suggests that hot methane rising from the gaseous bogs of the Catatumbo River mixes with cold, dry air coming down from the Andes Mountains to create perfect storm conditions. Another theory implicates kerogen, a mixture of organic compounds found in sedimentary rocks that is highly concentrated in the area due to underground petroleum fields. Kerogen leaking into the atmosphere may contribute to the buildup of methane that sparks storms, some scientists believe. Weather and humidity may also play a role, as the last time the Relámpago had a significant pause was in 2010 when a powerful El Niño caused massive droughts in much of the country. Others explain this pause by citing the rampant deforestation in the region, which may also affect it in unknown ways.
If you go to the waterfalls of Shale Creek in the southeast corner of Chestnut Ridge Park, you may notice a strange orange-red light behind the water and think it's just your eyes playing tricks on you.
Can something really burn under water? You’ll actually smell the golden flame because it’s fired by methane gas escaping through the cracks.
The water sometimes extinguishes the flame, but you can easily start it up again with a lighter.
Photo credit: ullstein bild Getty Images
Deep-water corals emit an erie glow. Scientists found that in shallow waters, the organisms light up green, using fluorescent proteins as kind of sun block. The proteins soak up harmful ultraviolet rays, re-emit green light and shield their symbiotic algae, which supply most of the corals’ energy needs through photosynthesis.
Deep-dwelling corals also fluoresce—this time in an array of vivid yellows, oranges and reds. Some of these organisms live in water as deep as 165 metres, where little sunlight reaches them, and most of what does is in the blue part of the spectrum. So the researchers suspected a different reason for the glow.
This is because the corals use a fluorescent protein to optimize the small amount of light available in their habitats for photosynthesis. In other words, the deep-water corals and their shallow relatives fluoresce for opposite reasons.
St. Elmo's fire (also St. Elmo's light) is a weather phenomenon in which luminous plasma is created by a coronal discharge from a sharp or pointed object in a strong electric field in the atmosphere (such as those generated by thunderstorms or created by a volcanic eruption).
The phenomenon sometimes appeared on ships at sea during thunderstorms and was regarded by sailors with religious awe for its glowing ball of light, accounting for the name. It can also appear before airborne planes.
THROUGHOUT HISTORY EVERYTHING THAT WAS FOUND TO BE STRANGE WAS FOUND TO BE BASED ON SCIENCE NOT ON MAGIC! JUST WAIT TILL SCIENCE CATCHES UP BEFORE FALLING FOR THE LATTER CONCEPT.
Bioluminescence makes its appearance on Mumbai beach for first time (reported on 20th Jan., 2016)
The neon blue colour people see is what is called 'blue waves' or bioluminescence. Since Thursday, this spectacular vision on the Juhu beach has stunned many.
it was due to phytoplanktons.
Phytoplanktons are tiny organisms about 0.5mm in size. When washed ashore, as tides vibrate, a protein called luciferase is activated, triggering a series of chemical reactions that produce the neon blue glow.
"They have a tail-like structure called flagella that produces light when disturbed, stressed or in high-pollution levels and will give a light flash lasting a fraction of a second. We identified the likely species to be Noctiluca scintillans. such an activity has never been recorded or reported so far in Mumbai, though it has been reported in Lakshadweep.
Crop circles have been appearing around the globe for a very long time. What are they?
The circles that are most likely to be genuine have actually been being studied by reputable scientists from all over the world .According to them... “ crop circles are the most science-oriented art movement in history”!Richard Taylor, the aforementioned scientist who studied these circles, again expressed his belief that this was one of the greatest art revolutions in history when he published his scientific analysis of crop circles in the journal Nature in 2010.
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Central Serous Retinopathy
What Is Central Serous Retinopathy?
Central Serous Retinopathy refers to a condition where there is a leakage of fluid into the central retina, causing blurred and distorted central vision.
What Causes It?
The specific cause of CSR is unknown. It occurs due to a leakage of fluid from the layer underneath the retina. It seems to be most common in males who have recently been suffering significant stress, however the exact mechanism is not known.
How Do We Assess It?
Your Envision Optical optometrist will carefully examine your retina, and will usually detect a dome shaped accumulation of fluid within the retina. We will routinely photograph the area and confirm the diagnosis by performing a Cirrus OCT scan to confirm the swelling.
Your optometrist will refer you to a retinal specialist who will perform further testing to confirm the diagnosis and determine the exact point of leaking in the retina. Often CSR will improve spontaneously and no treatment is required. If no improvement occurs, then laser treatment may be done to seal the fluid leak. In 90% of cases, vision will return to close to its normal level. There may be some permanent visual blur.
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Legislative Council Chamber
The Legislative Council Chamber was finished in November 1856. It was built in nine months by 400 labourers.
On this page
Why the Chamber is red
Red is the main colour used for all furniture and fabric in the Chamber. It reflects the traditions of the United Kingdom’s House of Lords. Red is a symbol of royalty and nobility, and the House of Lords was where the King or Queen would meet with nobles.
Eight figures line the ceiling. Each represents a concept important to Victoria:
- Justice is holding scales and a sword.
- Mercy is putting away a sword.
- Architecture is holding an open ledger and compass.
- Fame (or glory) is playing a trumpet.
- Wisdom is wearing a plumed helmet.
- Unity is holding a linked chain. Originally she was called Liberty, as the chain was broken.
- History (or truth) is holding an open book and pen.
- Plenty (or abundance) is holding a cornucopia overflowing with fruit.
The statues are shown in the order listed above, clockwise from top left.
The vice-regal chair
At the head of the Chamber there is a chair with a canopy above it. This is known as the vice-regal chair. It is reserved for only the Governor of Victoria or the Queen.
The Governor of Victoria is the Queen’s representative. As such, she sits in the vice-regal chair to meet with members of Parliament in the Council. This happens during the opening of Parliament ceremony every four years.
The canopy is painted with gold leaf topped with a crown, lion and unicorn.
The crown represents the Queen, while the lion is the national animal of England and the unicorn is the national animal of Scotland.
There are viewing balconies along the four walls of the Chamber, called galleries. On a usual sitting day the media use the gallery above the Governor’s chair, while the public sit on the opposite side.
The Chamber is designed to hold 650 people. During the opening of Parliament members of both chambers, plus guests, meet in the Council Chamber to hear the Governor’s speech.
The walls and ceiling are decorated with 23.5-carat gold leaf.
A carved gate near the entrance to the Chamber is called ‘the bar’. No visitor may pass this point unless authorised by the Legislative Council.
The ceiling features 15 large plaster ceiling roses, which are variations of the Tudor Rose, the national flower of England.
Two plaster eagles sit at either end of the chamber, believed to represent Queen Victoria's German ancestry.
23 June 2021
Take an online stroll through Victoria's iconic Parliament House, one of Australia's oldest and most architecturally distinguished public buildings.
23 June 2021
Victoria's Parliament House is one of Australia's most distinguished public buildings. It boasts a rich history and plays an active part in our democracy. You can witness this by attending a tour, dining at one of our restaurants or attending the public gallery on a sitting day.
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Gorillas use tools – photo documentation
September 29, 2005
Scientists from the Wildlife Conservation Society and other organizations observed this gorilla in the Republic of Congo using a stick to test a pool of water for depth before wading into it. It is the first documented instance of tool usage in wild gorillas. Photo copyright Thomas Breuer of the Wildlife Conservation Society.
For the first time ever, scientists have observed and photographed wild gorillas using tools, in one instance employing a stick to test the depth of a pool before wading into it, according to a study by the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and other organizations. Up to this point, all other species of great apes, including chimpanzees and orangutans, have been observed using tools in the wild, but never gorillas.
“This is a truly astounding discovery,” said Thomas Breuer of the Wildlife Conservation Society. “Tool usage in wild apes provides us with valuable insights into the evolution of our own species and the abilities of other species. Seeing it for the first time in gorillas is important on many different levels.”
According to the study published in the open access journal PLoS Biology, on two separate occasions in the northern rain forests of the Republic of Congo, researchers observed and photographed individual western gorillas using sticks as tools. The observations were made in Mbeli Bai—a swampy clearing located in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park where monitoring has been ongoing since February 1995. The first instance occurred when a female gorilla nicknamed Leah by scientists attempted to wade through a pool of water created by elephants, but found herself waist deep after only a few steps. Climbing out of the pool, Leah then retrieved a straight branch from a nearby dead tree and used it to test the depth of the water. Keeping her upper body above water, she moved some 10 meters out into the pool before returning to shore and her wailing infant.
Then another female gorilla named Efi used a detached trunk to support herself with one hand while digging for herbs with the other. As she moved from location to location, she used the stick for one last job, a bridge over a muddy patch of ground.
In the past, gorillas have been observed using tools in zoos, but not in the wild. And, while most other observed instances of tool-usage in great apes are related directly to processing food (i.e. the cracking of nuts with rocks or extracting termites with long sticks), these two examples of using tools for postural support were triggered by other environmental factors.
Gabon sets aside 10 percent of country as protected parks
September 24, 2005
An unprecedented 10 percent of nation’s land mass is set aside for gorillas, elephants and chimps. In a move that sets a new standard in African conservation, the nation of Gabon, which contains some of the most pristine tropical rainforests on earth, announced today that it will set aside 10 percent of its land mass for a system of national parks. Up to this point, Gabon had no national park system. The Gabonese government has been working closely with The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) on conservation issues for the past ten years. The announcement is a major victory for Africa’s wildlife.
The Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) announced today that a new international agreement signed last week in the Democratic Republic of Congo will play a key role in safeguarding and improving populations of the world’s great apes, including gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans.
Poverty decimates great apes
Fewer than 250 wild Sumatran orangutans may exist in fifty years, their habitat is disappearing and the devastation of the Asian tsunami has accelerated the rate of destruction. This is among the findings being announced at the launch of the first World Atlas of Great Apes and their Conservation today (1st September 2005) by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, which reveals that it is not just humans that will benefit from a campaign to make poverty history’. For the other 6 species of great ape the eastern and western gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, Sumatran and Bornean orangutan it could literally save them from the cooking pot.
A combination of natural and man-made threats is killing gorillas and chimpanzees in Central Africa, and experts say $30 million is needed for special programs to save some of mankind’s closest relatives from disappearing.
The Wildlife Conservation Society has been studying gorillas and other wildlife in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s. In 1993, the Congolese Government, working in tandem with technical assistance from WCS, established Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park. The Mbeli Bai site is being managed to meet long-term gorilla research and ecotourism objectives.
“These protected areas are not only important for the conservation of species they contain, they also hold the key to comparing our own development as a species with our next of kin,” added Breuer. “Places like Nouabalé-Ndoki, and the nearby Goualougo Triangle, are places where we see the process unfolding before our very eyes.”
An exclusive look at this scientific discovery, including never-before-seen photographs and interviews in Africa with the field scientists who observed and documented the behavior for the first time, will be broadcast as the lead segment in the launch episode of “Wild Chronicles,” a brand new series airing nationally on PBS stations beginning October 1, 2005 (check local listings). Hosted by Boyd Matson, the weekly, half-hour, science and nature adventure TV series will be presented nationally by PBS member station WLIW New York.
The Mbeli study appears in PLoS Biology, a peer-reviewed, highly cited journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLoS), a non-profit organization committed to the goals of open access, making scientific and medical literature a public resource.
This study is immediately available online on the PLoS website without cost to anyone, anywhere to read, download, redistribute, include in databases, and otherwise use—subject only to the condition that the authors and source are properly cited.
This article is a modified press release from WCS.
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In 2011, terrible pictures reached us from East Africa: malnourished children, animals dying of hunger and thirst, and many people forced to flee because of conflict and the lack of food and water.
The population of the Horn of Africa, in Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya in particular, was experiencing the worst drought for 60 years.
Some 13 million people were affected by the crisis. To survive, they needed food, water, medical care and a roof over their heads.
Our partner relief organizations continued to provide this aid even as they repeatedly faced security problems and obstacles to their work in war-torn Somalia.
Your donation makes a difference. Thanks to your support, the people in the Horn of Africa received drinking water, food, mosquito nets and feed for their animals.
In the second phase, we focused on giving the victims better protection against future droughts and disasters.
For example, our partner relief organizations not only distributed water, but also built wells and other systems to extract and store drinking water.
This was done for humans and livestock alike. They also distributed seed which is particularly resistant to drought, and showed the local people alternative forms of agriculture that would bring them better harvests.
"I hope to earn a little more money and give my children a better future. I want them to gain qualifications, and to train for a job that provides a living."Mogess Yalev, farmer in Ethiopia. Thanks to assistance from Helvetas and Swiss Solidarity, he has been able to increase his yields significantly
Our partner relief organizations carry out projects which are tailored precisely to the needs of their beneficiaries:
One year ago, in July 2011, Swiss Solidarity opened a donation account for victims of the famine in East Africa afflicting some 13 million people.
After the devastating drought of summer 2011 in East Africa, some 13 million people were threatened with dying from starvation and reliant on humanitarian aid.
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia
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“The South Pole discovered” trumpeted the front page of The Daily Chronicle on March 8, 1912, marking Roald Amundsen’s triumph over the tragic Robert Scott. Yet behind all the headlines there was a much bigger story. Antarctica was awash with expeditions. In 1912, five separate teams representing the old and new world were diligently embarking on scientific exploration beyond the edge of the known planet. Their discoveries not only enthralled the world, but changed our understanding of the planet forever. Tales of endurance, self-sacrifice, and technological innovation laid the foundations for modern scientific exploration, and inspired future generations.
To celebrate the centenary of this groundbreaking work, 1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica revisits the exploits of these different expeditions. Looking beyond the personalities and drawing on his own polar experience, Chris Turney shows how their discoveries marked the dawn of a new age in our understanding of the natural world. He makes use of original and exclusive unpublished archival material and weaves in the latest scientific findings to show how we might reawaken the public’s passion for discovery and exploration.
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Climate protests by young people hit the headlines this year - but could the theories of a 100-year-old man hold the key to protecting our planet?
In the 1970s, James Lovelock created the Gaia Hypothesis, which views all life as regulating the composition of the Earth's atmosphere and the cycling of essential elements.
Now - to mark his 100th birthday - he will visit the University of Exeter for a conference on how this can be applied to build a better future.
The conference - James Lovelock Centenary: The Future of Global Systems Thinking - will take place from July 29-31 and will hear from dozens of speakers on subjects ranging from climate change and plastic pollution to philosophy and poetry.
It is hosted by Exeter's Global Systems Institute (GSI), which aims to bring together the widest possible range of people and organisations to find creative solutions to global problems.
"James Lovelock is the father of thinking about the Earth as a living system," said GSI director Professor Tim Lenton. "Humans are now an integral part of that system, but we are living in times of extraordinary change of our own making.
"James Lovelock's way of looking at the planet has inspired a whole generation of environmental scientists, and now it offers us a new way to look at our collective predicament and ask whether we can add a little self-awareness to the Earth's natural self-regulation."
This idea of the role of human self-awareness - known as Gaia 2.0 - is one of the key concepts to be discussed at the conference.
Talks at the conference will include:
- - Ros Rickaby - Co-evolution of life and the environment where adversity affords opportunity
- Tim Flannery - Climate of Hope
- Sander van der Leeuw - The information revolution in human systems
- Amanda Power - Narrating a history beyond the triumph of humanity
To find out more about the programme and how to attend, visit: http://www.
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Decoding Your Lab Report (Continued)
Name That Test
For diabetes, there are several panels of tests a doctor may order for either diagnosis or maintenance of the disease.
The most feared/revered of all the tests, the A1C measures blood glucose control over a 2- to 3-month period. This is the standard test used to determine blood glucose control in people with diabetes.
The lipid profile tests blood fats and are used to determine the risk of heart disease or stroke. High triglyceride and cholesterol levels can be caused by diabetes. Some tests are:
- HDL-C –HDL cholesterol is good cholesterol and contains the highest amount of protein. It should be greater than 40 mg/dl (2.2 mmol/l) in men and greater than 50 mg/dl (2.7 mmol/l) in women.
- LDL-C –LDL cholesterol, which contains the highest amount of cholesterol, is also called bad cholesterol because LDL deposits can build up on the walls of arteries, should be below 100 mg/dl (5.5 mmol/l). The target for high-risk level patients, including those with diabetes, is less than 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/l).
- Triglycerides –levels should be less than 150 mg/dl (8.3 mmol/l).
- VLDL-C –Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is part of an extended profile your doctor may order. It is the third of the major lipoprotein particles (the other two being HDL and LDL). VLDL contains the highest amount of triglyceride.
- Non-HDL-C – also part of the extended profile, Non-HDL-cholesterol can build up in the arteries, form plaques, and cause narrowing of the vessels and blockages.
Related tests: Direct LDL-C; Homocysteine; Lp-PLA2 (Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2); hs-CRP (High-sensitivity C-reactive protein); Apo A (Apolipoprotein A-I); Apo B (Apolipoprotein B-100); Lp(a) (Lipoprotein (a))
Spicy Asparagus Spears Italian Marinated Pork Chops White Bean Artichoke Dip Shrimp Fried Rice Chocolate Raspberry Frosty Low-Carb Breaded Pork Chops Raisin and Cinnamon French Toast White Wine Sauteed Scallops Greek Bean Soup Simmered Beets
As I mentioned in an earlier post, one of the benefits that made it cost-effective for me to go with the real healthcare (HSA) plan rather than the phony (HRA) plan is that my company is now covering "preventative" medicines at $0 copay. The formulary for these, as stated by CVS/Caremark (my pharmacy benefits provider), covers all test strips, lancets, and control solutions. I dutifully get my doctor to write up prescriptions for all of my testing needs, submit...
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|Intro||Austrian writer and politician|
|Was||Writer Playwright Journalist Politician|
|Type||Film, Television, Stage and Radio Journalism Literature Politics|
|Birth||1 May 1812, Prague, Czech Republic|
|Death||3 April 1884, Vienna, Austria (aged 71 years)|
Ignaz Kuranda (1 May 1812 in Prague – 3 April 1884 in Vienna) was an Austrian deputy and political writer of Bohemian origin.
Establishes "Die Grenzboten"
His grandfather and father were dealers in second-hand books. In 1834 he went to Vienna, where he devoted himself to literary work, and wrote the drama Die Letzte Weisse Rose, which was played first in Stuttgart and later in Carlsruhe and Frankfort-on-the-Main, and won great popularity. In 1838 Kuranda went to Stuttgart, where he became acquainted with David Strauss, the author of Das Leben Jesu; with Uhland, and with other Swabian poets. Here, too, for the first time he came into contact with public political life. He then went to Paris and Brussels. In the latter city he attracted attention through lectures on modern German literature. With the assistance of Minister Nothomb and the author Hendrik Conscience he founded in 1841 the periodical Die Grenzboten; but on account of the obstacles which the Prussian government placed in the way of its circulation in Germany, Kuranda removed its headquarters to Leipzig, where it soon became an important factor in Austrian politics. That which no one dared write in Austria was published in Die Grenzboten. Kuranda's work Belgien Seit Seiner Revolution appeared in Leipzig in 1846.
After the outbreak of the movement of 1848 Kuranda went to Vienna, where he was enthusiastically received in literary circles. From Vienna he was delegated to the Fünfziger Ausschuss in Frankfort-on-the-Main, and later he was returned to the German parliament as delegate for Teplitz. Kuranda did not remain long in the Frankfort parliament. In the summer of 1848 he returned to Vienna and established the Ostdeutsche Post, which first appeared on 1 October, and in which he strove to oppose the revolutionary element. After the promulgation of the constitution (the Octroirte Verfassung), which had been forced upon the people, Kuranda had to give up his position as editor of the Ostdeutsche Post. He was placed under police surveillance because he refused to sign an engagement not to write upon politics, and some time elapsed before he could again publish the periodical, which he made the organ of the so-called "Grossdeutsche" liberal party in Austria, and in which he pleaded for the restoration of constitutional conditions.
Kuranda may be regarded as one of the founders of liberal press conditions in Austria. Memorable is his lawsuit with Sebastian Brunner, a Catholic priest and editor of the Kirchenzeitung, which case was tried on 10 May 1860. Kuranda had pointed out in the Oesterreichische Post that Brunner collected material for his accusations against the Jews "from very unclean and suspicious sources, whereby he spread untruthfulness and slander." Brunner pressed a charge of calumny against Kuranda, who, through his able defense, and after a masterful pleading by Johann Berger , was acquitted in terms which implied a condemnation of Brunner's anti-Jewish campaign.
In 1866 Kuranda discontinued the publication of his paper, and devoted all his energies to politics. He fought the absolutist October policy, and assisted, as friend and confidant, the Austrian secretary of state, Schmerling, in drafting the February constitution.
On 20 March 1861 Kuranda was sent to the Landtag of Lower Austria as delegate for the district of Vienna, and was subsequently elected to the Reichsrat, retaining his seat in that body for twenty years. On the creation of the Delegations (a kind of common parliament of Hungary and Austria with alternative seats at Budapest and Vienna) he was returned as a member of that body. One of the most distinguished members of parliament, Kuranda was a brilliant orator, and spoke mostly on questions of foreign politics. He was also for many years a member of the city council of Vienna.
In 1881 Kuranda's seventieth birthday was celebrated with great enthusiasm by his political party and by the press; and the city council made him an honorary citizen. The emperor had already in 1867 honored him with the Ritterkreuz des Leopoldordens. Kuranda's great activity as a politician and publicist, which he exercised for twenty-three years as the leader of the German liberal party, was paralleled by his faithful devotion to the Jewish cause, to which he gave a great part of his powers. He was for twelve years president of the Jewish community of Vienna. As vice-president of the Israelitische Allianz zu Wien he promoted the study of Jewish science and history, in which he took great interest.
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About the Area
The Parksville-Qualicum Beach area is in the centre of the Georgia Depression Ecoprovince, which lies between the Vancouver Island Mountains and the southern Coast Mountains of the mainland. It is a large basin containing the Strait of Georgia in British Columbia and Puget Sound in Washington State. We are centred on the eastern side of Vancouver Island in an area known as the Eastern Vancouver Island Ecoregion, which is an area of reduced rainfall leeward of the Vancouver Island mountain ranges. After moving over these ranges, surface air flow is level or subsiding, creating clearer and drier conditions than in coastal areas adjacent to the open Pacific Ocean.
We have the greatest annual amount of sunshine in British Columbia, with temperatures the mildest in Canada, being modified by the ocean. The climate is similar to that found in the Mediterranean, with winters at sea level usually only below freezing at most for a few weeks each year. Snow does not fall every year at sea level, but because of the great amount of snow which accumulates on the mountains, Vancouver Island has the lowest treeline in the Province. As in all mountainous areas, conditions vary greatly with altitude, and with Mt. Arrowsmith’s peak (1816 m) only 18 km from the coast, microclimate gardening conditions can vary greatly over even short distances.
Gibsons\’ Garden (Painted Mountain)
Tofino, Vancouver Island, BC
The incredible hillside of rhododendrons on Fourth Street, Tofino, began in 1971 and has since grown to include over 2000 plants (about 1000 varieties). Referred to as Tofino\’s “painted mountain”, it is best enjoyed during April and May.
Photo Credit: Vancouver Island Postcards, Intermedia Press Ltd.
Our Ecoprovince supports the highest diversity of birds in British Columbia – 90% of all species known to occur in the Province and 60% of the species that breed in British Columbia. Vegetatively, the biogeoclimatic zone near the coast is the Moist Maritime Coastal Douglas-fir, and using the Sunset Western Garden Book, we are located in Zone 4.
This classification is not the same as the US Dept. of Agriculture\’s, which is based on winter minimum temperatures, but instead also includes summer high temperatures, length of growing season, humidity and rainfall patterns. Zone 4 is one of the smallest in the West, and is [email protected] not only by the ocean but also from the continental air mass. It differs from Zone 5 in that it has relatively extreme low winter temperatures more frequently, a shorter growing season, and in some areas (not ours!), more rainfall. No zone better grows perennials and bulbs, and it is great for woodland and rock plants. Over a 20-y period, winter lows ranged from -7 to -22°C.
|Month||Avg. Temperature (°C)||Avg. Rainfall (mm)|
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Being a parent is an extraordinary thing, but it’s also a lot of responsibility. The job can be rewarding and trying at times, so it’s important to find an adequate balance for yourself and your children. There are always new parenting tips and life hacks to discover to help your child and shape them into well-rounded individuals. Check out these tips for improving your child’s development.
Children need structure. There’s no avoiding this fact. As their parent, you need to provide them with a set of ground rules that you want them to follow. You can start off with some basic household rules. This way, they gain a sense of responsibility.
Consider expanding beyond household rules. You want your children to be functioning members of society, and you want them to be good people. Teach them about tolerance and sensitivity so that they interact with kids their own age appropriately.
Responding to Their Needs
Sometimes parents forget what it was like to be children. They’ve been adults for so long that it’s hard to remember those formative years. Therefore, it’s easy to ignore and disregard some of their children’s needs. You’re human, so you’re not perfect, and you’ll make this mistake.
However, try to be mindful of this point. When your child gets emotional or fussy about something, don’t brush off their feelings. Encourage them to articulate the problem so that you can respond appropriately. It’s all about making your child feel heard, seen, and important.
Making Time for Play
All work and no play isn’t good for kids. They need structure, but they always need time to let loose and have fun. Encourage your kids to play, and play with them at any chance you get. Find out their likes and dislikes and tap into your inner child.
When they want to embark on a journey of make-believe, moments can be extremely beneficial to their development. You get their creative juices flowing, and a creative mind is a sharp and intelligent mind. Remind your child every chance you get that they can pursue any dream they want.
Be an Example
Children see everything, even when you think they don’t. Never make the mistake of thinking your child isn’t paying attention to you because they are. As their parent, you’re their focal point for guidance. They will look to you for answers on most things.
So you want to lead by example. Try and emulate the person you want your child to be. You don’t need to morph them into your mini-me because you want them always to be themselves and discover who they are as individuals. However, try to pass on certain morals and beliefs to them. The goal is to provide your children with the building blocks and watch what they create from there.
Even when your children become closer to adults, you can always offer advice and help, but it’s good to start improving their development early.
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Sometime in the early 2000s, this place was still a speck of data in some astronomers brain. The announcement of a system of seven earth-sized planets was pretty big. The further revelation of three of those worlds sitting within their stars habitable zone was the icing on the cake.
As the first intelligent explorers approach TRAPPIST-1e, we present to you these images: the culmination of decades of waiting, hoping that return transmissions from the TRAPPIST-1 mission wouldn’t get lost in interstellar space. There were those who worried that anything beamed back by the missions wouldn’t even make it out of the system. TRAPPIST-1 is a red dwarf star: a tiny relic of a thing but incredibly ancient. Age estimates range from 8 to 12 billion years old. Red dwarf stars tend to be nasty little suckers, and TRAPPIST-1 is no exception. Extreme solar flare activity sometimes hits the system, as the parent star has a tantrum. Communication from the system is nothing short of a miracle. Nevertheless, here are some of the better images we’ve managed to glean from the stream of data being sent back. Thirty nine years worth. Thirty nine years of waiting.
Approach: A New Red Planet
The very first direct images of TRAPPIST-1 and it’s rocky retinue were messy little blobs of pixels.
Of course, many exoplanets (and exomoons) had been imaged directly using a variety of techniques. The use of coronagraphs to scrape together images from points of light across impossible distances was revealing new vistas for a long time. The following image was taken all the way back in 2004:
A disc of debris around the red dwarf star AU Microscopii. Image: Hubblesite.org
Of course, progress marched on, and as missions approached the system the world waited for new images. A first blurry image sped across the galactic neighbourhood:
This image was a first test. As the mission approached the system, we began seeing more. High quality imaging was held off until final approach, in the interests of energy efficiency.
An infrared and monochromatic direct light image, taken from a distance of approximately 11 AU. Images: Ben Roberts
TRAPPIST-1e was waiting for us.
Imaging of exoplanets is explored in a new video, presenting the concept of coronagraphy. Help astrobiology reach the world (this and others) by checking it out. Subscribe and share if you like.
This post is the first of a series taking us on a trip to a real alien world, and speculating on just what it could be like, using real world astrobiology. I hope you like it!
I’ve been working on some more astrobiology art. It’s taken on a life of its own, and I have to say, I’m paying more attention to these images than my YouTube channel!
I’ve been enamoured lately of dead or dying worlds. A recent video on my channel talked about the amazing possibility of limestone fragments orbiting the white dwarf star SDSSJ1043+0855. Ever since reading of this it’s captured my imagination. The notion that life has existed long ago, possibly before life began on earth bears thinking about.
Limestone is a mineral produced primarily by organisms which produce shells, using a matrix that incorporates calcium carbonate. In the early days of multicellularity, as the predator-prey paradigm took hold of Darwinian evolution, an ancestor of today’s molluscs discovered how to make use of an upsurge in calcium levels in the oceans. It used it to produce a protective suit of armour. This trick was so successful that molluscs became incredibly abundant. So abundant, in fact, that their remains ended up as vast deposits of limestone.
To the present day.
Using spectroscopy, the three elements that comprise calcium carbonate: carbon, oxygen and calcium have been detected in the upper atmosphere of this particular white dwarf. By themselves they aren’t a smoking gun. It’s also fair to point out that limestone can form abiotically. Limestone deposits in subterranean caves are one example. However, the vast majority of limestone on earth is biologically produced.
The “limestone” orbiting this star is believed to be embedded in the fragments of a large rocky object. We know nothing about this world, only that it probably existed and (possibly) limestone comprised part of it. Is it a fossil, spotted across the light years by modern humans? How long ago did this world harbour life? White dwarf stars (which aren’t technically stars! Find out why here) have been discovered which are nearly as old as the universe.
Earth is 4.6 billion years old. What of the world currently being torn up by the immense gravity of this white dwarf?
It would be interesting to look forward and see how our own world eventually will die. For now, this white dwarf star and it’s companions are a way to look ahead at what may befall us. It’s believed that eventually the earth will become incapable of supporting life, as the sun begins to undergo senescence billions of years from now. What iterations will the terrestrial biosphere take over such a vast stretch of time? Will life start over? Are these “fossil” fragments within this unnamed rocky world pieces of its last ecosystems?
A comment on a facebook post I put up a few days ago got me thinking about habitability. Moreover, I got to thinking about the parameters of habitability.
We think that life here on earth is fragile, holding on to a thin silicate crust within a fairly narrow range of temperatures and conditions. For the most part it is. Life needs a fairly stable environment in order to keep on keeping on. However, there are plenty of examples of oddballs: extremophiles, that seem to do quite well in some pretty horrible places. The recent discovery of Antarctic microbes that derive energy from air itselfexpands the catalogue of organisms that could have analogues on other worlds.
Now, extremophiles do well in extreme environments. No brainer there, and there is no shortage of extreme environments in our solar system alone.
Venus is an example, and a good one. Analogous to Earth in size, density, gravity and composition, it differs markedly in others. No magnetic field, no water (at 0.002% of the atmosphere not worth mentioning), surface temperatures that melt lead, and atmospheric pressure ninety two times what we’re used to here. It’s horrible.
No plate tectonics. On earth we slowly sail about the globe on slabs of continental crust, which happen to be more buoyant than the thicker, denser oceanic crust. Driven by convection of magma in the mantle, crust is slowly pushed hither and thither by tectonic processes such as seafloor spreading.
To understand what this is, imagine a pot of something thick like soup or porridge on a stove top. As the contents of the pot heat up they begin to stir. Have you ever noticed when this begins to happen that as the surface begins bubbling the top layer is forced aside as new material wells up from below? This is seafloor spreading in a nutshell. Magma from within the earth wells up, heated by a radioactive core, and pushes the seafloor aside as it breaks through, forming new crust. The continental plates, perched atop this moving crust, slowly journey across the planet.
Why is this so important to life on Earth? Because our planets interior is so hot, plate tectonics (along with volcanism) is the primary means by which excess heat is released over time. If this didn’t happen, well, you wouldn’t be here reading this and there would be two Venuses in our solar system instead of one.
For reasons unknown, Venus shut down. It’s core stopped spinning, it’s magnetic field dwindled to nothing and radiation from the sun began a process of stripping the planet of water. Water is a true miracle ingredient. Not only is it a solvent for biological processes, it’s also a lubricant for plate tectonics. Venus seized up and overheated: exactly like a car without oil will do.
A stagnant lid world is one which has no plate tectonics. Climate is seriously affected by such a situation. With no means of escape, heat builds up within, and eventually it becomes an exo-Venus: scorching hot.
Researchers looking at the issue of habitability on exoplanets have looked at the implications of a stagnant lid regime for the possibility of life. Whilst it would obviously be different to life on earth, other factors can lend habitability to a planet.
These other possibilities are exciting indeed. I’ve been exploring astrobiology through images, producing a bunch of pictures. They will be appearing over the next few posts, so I hope you enjoy them. They’re doing well on Instagram!
Thank you for reading the ramblings of a space nerd. The universe is just too intetesting to ignore.
It’s been estimated that a good percentage of planets beyond our solar system may be water worlds.
We here on mother Earth like to think of our blue green marble as a water world. Indeed it is watery, and water is pretty much the reason anything lives here at all. That’s why astrobiologists naturally seek signs of water on exoplanets. “Follow the Water” is a central tenet in the search for extraterrestrial life.
But compared to some worlds, earth really isn’t that waterlogged at all. It’s 0.002 percent water by mass. Only a tiny fraction of that water is available to terrestrial life. That water which isn’t directly involved in biological processes is linked to them, linking life to the planet via seasons and climate.
Some exoplanets are believed to be up to fifty percent water! These are true ocean worlds. To date, up to thirty five percent of exoplanets larger than may be covered by vast layers of water that may or may not harbour life. The jury is well out on that, but the idea is intriguing (and tempting) as the traditional definition of habitable zones is being stretched and reinterpreted.
For now, we have only our imaginations with which to explore these worlds…
The universe is turning out to be a more interesting place with each passing day for me. It’s not all about reading research articles and trawling the internet for interesting news in the vast field that is astrobiology.
I’ve been working on images related to various themes in astrobiology. This field really is a playground for the imagination, and it has something for everyone….
Something really special here: possible traces of limestones found in the fragments of objects orbiting a nearby white dwarf star…
Differing definitions of the Habitable Zone further push the limits of life in the universe..
Svante Arhenius, a swedish chemist and early pioneer of the theory of panspermia..
Ruminations on the code (codes?) that make life possible. How many languages does life have in the Universe?
Does the chemical rich, pitch black seabed of Europa host life? Does that of Enceladus?
The first image I created. I hope you’ve like these. There will be more! By the way, the background for this image comes from an online simulator called Goldilocks, by Jan Willem Tulp. His work can be found here. It’s really cool.
It’s a story that began 20000 years ago, and has been waiting for you. Like something out of a “Star Trek” episode. The vista before you hangs in the black like a portal into the fiery underbelly of all that’s good in the Universe.
“Star Trek” You remember it now. The Battle of Wolf-359. It was a classic episode, in which a tattered human military force took on a vastly superior foe: the Borg. These creatures were bloodless and implacable. Truly unsettling bad guys.
This monster is just as unsettling. Wolf-Rayet-124 is real. It’s huge. You’ve come a long way to encounter it. A small fleet of drone-sats has been dispatched to get up close and personal with this Wolf-Rayet star, to see how extreme extreme sports can get.
As soon as humans got comfortable in space and started calling all kinds of dark corners and odd rocks home they were up to their usual mischief. As soon as all the laws were decreed and the soapboxes were all put away, humans got back to the serious business of finding new and bizarre ways to enjoy themselves.
Space tourism didn’t become big business. It became exponentially big business. Extreme sports fans weren’t interested in scuba diving with great white sharks anymore, or parachuting.
Ha! You recall the stories. The One-G-ers were those quaint old extreme sportsters who couldn’t let go of old mother earth. Most of them were toothless and half nuts decades ago, but they still harped on about climbing Mount Everest or wrestling crocodiles.
You look upon Wolf-124, blazing with a luminosity several million times greater than Earths sun back home. Wolf-124 is huge. How huge? These kinds of stars are rare. Of the millions of stars known to humanity only around 500 Wolf-Rayet stars are known to exist in this galaxy.
Wolf-Rayet stars are thought to be the powerhouses driving many planetary nebula or stellar nurseries. How does this work?
Your little drone sats are tasting the cloud of ionised gas and interstellar gunk that swirls around the star. This cloud is nearly 6 light years across; a dusty miasma flung outwards by the intense solar winds radiating from the star within. From your vantage point out here, looking down into this slow maelstrom you see chunks of the star heading outward. Earth sized pieces of WR-124 soar through the cloud like the volcanic rage of a demon tearing itself apart.
You write that last line down. The tourists will love it.
Sometime around 20000 years ago, when human beings were first discovering Europe WR-124 began tearing itself apart. Scientists never really ascertained why, but it’s made for some great observations over the years. Tourists will love this. You got here first, to set up the first fleet of solar sailing yachts. The winds from the star crack along at 1600 km per second, fast enough to twist the most iron stomachs.
These stars have unusual emission spectra. Many of the space tourists won’t care what this is, but there’s always someone in every group who just has to understand what they’re leaping into. Fair enough. What it means is that like any other star a Wolf-Rayet star burns up fuel. Our star, a relatively youthful star somewhere near middle age, is still burning hydrogen via the process of stellar fusion. As a star ages it’s supply of hydrogen becomes depleted, and it must burn heavier elements in order to survive.Wolf-Rayet stars are often seen to have high levels of quite heavy elements or “metals” such as carbon or nitrogen in their upper atmosphere. This is due to nearly complete depletion of hydrogen fuel so as a result heavier elements are being used up.
What does this have to do with spectra? Well, as elements transition from higher to lower energy states, ie when they’re being burned up inside a star, photons of particular wavelenghts are given off. It’s possible to tell just by analysing the wavelengths of light radiating from a star (it’s emmision spectra) what’s going on in and immediately around the star. This is why scientists know WR stars are old, and what they’re burning off in place of hydrogen. It’s also the reason they can infer the presence of extreme solar winds. The luminosity and heat given off by a WR star is extreme. At it’s surface a WR star can reach temperatures of between 30000 and 200000 Kelvin; hotter by far than most other stars. Such radiative pressure literally manifests as a “wind”, with the abilty to exert pressure on objects, such as solar sails!
Most of the drone sats are keeping a safe distance from WR-124. This might just be an imaginary blog post, but you have imaginary operating costs, you know?
So you’ve staked your claim here. Now, all that’s left to do is wait for the money to fly in!
Still, you’re thinking of your next venture. There’s an exoplanet out there somewhere: HD 189733B where it rains glass! Now that sounds like fun…..
While you’re here, join me on the AstroBiological YouTube channel. I’m hard at work sprucing it up. What do you think of this intro sequence?
One last thing!
Hop onto WeCreateEdu: an online community for educational you tubers. There is a galaxy of stuff to learn and explore here. Very much worth a look:
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Don’t you love the smell vanilla beans! Vanilla is such a versatile spice you can use it in ice cream, baking and even perfume.
Here are a couple fun facts about vanilla!
– The Totonac people, who inhabit the East coast of Mexico in present-day state of Veracruz were the first to cultivate vanilla.
– The word vanilla is, derived from the Spanish word vaina (vaina itself meaning sheath or pod), is translated simply as “little pod”.
-Vanilla is the second-most expensive spice after saffron, because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive
-Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people cultivated the vine of the vanilla orchid, called tlilxochitl by the Aztecs.
-Three major species of vanilla currently are grown globally, all of which derive from species originally found in Mesoamerica including parts of modern-day Mexico.
-Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes is credited with introducing vanilla to Europe in the 1520s.
If you want learn how to make homemade vanilla extract, check out the recipes page!
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April 29, 2012
Children Neglected In Clinical Drug Trials
Study finds mismatch between global disease burden in youths and research devoted to pediatric patients
Although children are more likely than adults to suffer from many diseases, few clinical trials are being conducted to test drugs in pediatric patients, according to a study to be presented Saturday, April 28, at the Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) annual meeting in Boston.Drug studies in children are important because children often respond differently to medications than adults. However, there is widespread concern about the lack of clinical evidence available to guide physicians in prescribing pharmaceuticals to children.
Florence Bourgeois, MD, MPH, assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, and her colleagues sought to measure how much research activity is devoted to conditions representing a high burden of pediatric disease. They identified all drug trials for the 10 highest burden conditions registered from 2006 to 2011 in ClinicalTrials.gov, a database of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted around the world. These conditions included asthma, migraine headaches, schizophrenia, depression, diarrheal illness, lower respiratory infection, malaria, bipolar disorder and HIV/AIDS.
"We found that there is a large discrepancy between global disease burden in children and the amount of clinical trial research devoted to this population," Dr. Bourgeois said.
While nearly 60 percent of the disease burden for high-priority conditions is borne by children, only 12 percent of clinical drug trials are pediatric trials. This discrepancy was greatest for conditions prevalent in middle- and low-income countries.
Funding sources may play a large part in the amount of research devoted to pediatric populations, Dr. Bourgeois said. "We found that 58.6 percent of pediatric drug trials were conducted without any industry funding, relying solely on nonprofit organizations. In contrast, the majority of adult drug trials (64.7 percent) received industry funding."
Additional programs and incentives are needed to increase the number of drugs tested in children by pharmaceutical companies and noncommercial entities, Dr. Bourgeois said. "It is critical that drugs are studied that are most likely to benefit children, particularly children in developing countries who appear to be most neglected in the current research portfolio."
Researchers also found differences between the designs of pediatric and adult trials. For example, studies conducted in adults were more likely to focus on safety outcomes and to be multicenter trials.
"As has long been suspected, children suffering from both acute and chronic diseases are not well-served by the current drug development and approval processes," said Kenneth Mandl, MD, MPH, senior author of the study and associate professor at Harvard Medical School.
On the Net:
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Writing Essentials 4:
Excellent Sentence &
Paragraph Writing II
Suggested Grade Level: 6th or 7th grade
Learn how to craft
excellent sentences and paragraphs
with critical must-have writing skills...
Your Course Description
This essential writing course for middle school students — where your student continues learning how to create well-crafted sentences and paragraphs using specific nouns, strong verbs, appropriate adjectives and adverbs, prepositions and prepositional phrases, and compound sentence structures. Special emphasis is placed on using words correctly in systems of testing such as standardized tests and the student’s ability to identify improper word choice and make the corrections.
Your Course Outline
Class 1: Identifying and building on specific nouns and strong verbs in sentences
Class 2: Identifying and building on appropriate adjectives and adverbs in sentences
Class 3: Identifying and correctly using prepositions, prepositional phrases, and compound sentence structures within sentences and paragraphs
Class 4: How to easily identify incorrect usage in standardized tests
Class 5: Creating paragraphs with strong transitions and connectives
Class 6: Critical know-how for writing multi-paragraph essays
Your Course Details
Total Number of Classes: Six (6)
Prerequisites: 6/7-1, Punctuation & Grammar I; 6/7-2, Excellent Sentence & Paragraph Writing 1; 6/7-3, Punctuation and Grammar II
Required Materials: All documents are turned in as Microsoft Word documents. If you do not own Microsoft Word 2007 or a later version, you can use a system such as Google Docs that converts to Word documents FREE.
Suggested Credit: When combined with the 6/7-3 Course, this course is worth a full semester’s credit of middle school writing.
How this course fits with your Middle School Writing courses...
|Fall Semester||Spring Semester|
** The 6/7-3 and 6/7-4 courses are consecutive courses. To create a full semester of Middle School Writing, sign up for the 6/7-4 course when you sign up for 6/7-3, to complete the 6/7 series of courses.
Live, Interactive Courses
During the week, multiple course sections, times, and instructors are offered for this course. Sign up for the time and the instructor that best meets your needs. Click here to see the days and instructors for the LIVE course offerings — and to sign up for a LIVE course.
Recorded, Independent-Learning Course
When you sign up for Unlimited Access and take this recorded course, your instructor is the designer and Director of Aquinas Writing Advantage, Erin M. Brown, MA, MFA (aka author EB Conroy/Erin Brown Conroy).
Three Sign Up Options (Choose One)
1. Live, Interactive Course
Students attend a LIVE class in a virtual classroom on a specific day, at a specific time. After class (during the week), the student independently completes the coursework that includes readings, activities, and weekly quizzes. Quizzes are graded automatically by the computer for instant feedback. Written assignments are graded with feedback by the instructor. Your instructor is also available for communication outside of class via email, to help answer questions. Homework time outside of class is estimated to be two to three hours per week.
2. Unlimited Access: Recorded, Independent-Learning Course
When you take the Recorded course, you will independently view the recorded video lesson and complete the coursework in the learning management system. Quizzes in the course are graded automatically by the computer for instant feedback. If choosing to not use Instructor Access, grading with feedback is provided by the parent; however, Instructor Access grading is available (see below). There is an estimated two to three hours of homework/coursework per week outside of watching the weekly video lecture.
When you get “Unlimited Access,” you get 24/7 access to ALL of the writing courses — AND access to 400+ middle and high school courses, in all subject areas, for only $34.97 a month.
3. Unlimited Access with Instructor Access Grading Services
Instructor Access is an optional service, for an additional fee, that accompanies Unlimited Access. When you sign up for one-on-one tutoring with Instructor Access, in addition to the weekly quizzes that are graded automatically by the computer for instant feedback, your student will receive one-on-one help via email with the professional writing instructor. The Instructor Access instructor will grade the work submitted, and there is an estimated three to four hours per week for homework for your student outside of watching the video lecture. The link to sign up for Instructor Access will be available to you within the learning management system (on the course page).
Specific Course FAQs
Is this course required? Can I skip this course?
Because all of the courses’ content in the writing program is sequential, the 6/7-1, 6/7-2, and 6/7-3 courses are prerequisites for the 6/7-4 course. For your student’s success, please take the prerequisite courses (LIVE or watching the recordings of the classes in Unlimited Access) before signing up for this course. If your student is in 8th grade, you may watch the 6/7-series courses on video in Unlimited Access to meet the requirement.
Can I start the 6/7-4 course in the Fall Semester?
The LIVE 6/7-3 and 6/7-4 courses are held in the Spring Semester only; Spring Semester courses begin in January. If you are beginning this course in September (or at any other time of the year besides January), simply take this course in Unlimited Access (with or without Instructor Access grading services).
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Monkey Fruit Benefits – Monkey fruit is also known as Artocarpus lacucha. Monkey Jack fruit is a species of pine-shaped tree in the tropics and belongs to the Moraceae family. This monkey tree is widespread throughout the Indian and Asian subcontinent such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Basically, this tree is appreciated because the wood is taken, but the fruit which is called a monkey can also be consumed as a cure for disease.
This tree has several popular names such as Monkey jack, Monkey fruit, Monkey jack tree, and Monkey jack fruit. The generic name comes from the Greek word “Artos” which means “bread” and the word “karpos” which means “fruit”. The fruit is very nutritious and includes fruit that is good enough in human consumption to get additional nutrients for the body. Monkey fruit contains many vitamins and some of them are antioxidants namely vitamin C and beta-carotene.
Description of Monkey Fruit Plant
This is a tree with medium to large leaves and can grow from 10 to 15 minutes. The monkey tree grows in lowland hill forests, sometimes in villages and open areas with a height of up to 300 meters above sea level. This plant grows locally along Mandai Road, in the Nee Soon Swamp Forest, and Ubin island.
Monkey trees prefer areas with deep soil and good drainage and humidity. The skin is gray with oblique striped skin and the sap is milky white. Branchlets are 3-6 mm thick, this tree is also called Arthashastra.
The leaves are large, usually 25-30 cm long, and 15-20 cm wide. Sometimes the shape of the leaves are curved wedge-shaped, with the tips of the leaves obtuse. The edges of the leaves are entirely jagged.
Flower and Fruit
The monkey tree has unisexual flowers, female flowers and male flowers are separate but in the same tree. Male flowers are yellow orange and female flowers are reddish. All female flowers form fruit, almost round and irregular. The width can be 2 to 5 inches. The color of the fruit is green to greenish yellow. The color will turn brownish yellow when the fruit is ripe perfectly, sweet and sour taste and can be eaten immediately but usually made curries or chutney. The size can be 5 to 10 cm with a weight of 200-350 grams per fruit. The seeds are varied, some are 10 and even the seeds are up to 30. The size of the seeds also varies and is irregular. The seeds contain white gum which is very sticky like jackfruit sap.
The texture of the monkey fruit like jackfruit with a fibrous, fibrous consistency, and it is rather springy. Lakucha fruit is very rich in nutrients with antioxidants from beta carotene and vitamin C. These antioxidants are very good for maintaining general health, preventing heart disease, and coronary disease and preventing cancer, it can also treat cancer that has already occurred.
Benefits of Monkey Fruit Prevents a Host of Diseases
This nutrient-rich fruit has captured the attention of many scientists and Ayurveda experts to look in more detail and explore how it is used in various medical interests. However, based on research, consuming monkey fruit regularly can prevent dangerous diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and prevent coronary heart diseases. Monkey fruit is also rich in anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic, this is an important fruit in Ayurveda medicine.
Lakucha or monkey jack fruit has a unique and unusual taste, maybe the taste will be difficult to find in a number of other fruits. The taste of the fruit is sweet mixed with sour and sharp. Monkey fruit or lakucha is a source of vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and fiber that provides a number of health benefits if consumed in the right amount.
Benefits of Consuming Monkey Fruit
Lakucha or monkey fruit is reported to be beneficial for health. It is beneficial for refreshing the heart, and refreshing the grains. While the fruit sap is used as a laxative. The skin and seeds of the Lakucha plant are also often used as a stomach and liver medicine. its use in the context of anti-inflammatory therapy and works very well for rejuvenation and anti-aging by providing the additional effect of whitening the skin.
The benefits of monkey or lakucha are also felt by hair loss, and it is able to strengthen hair follicles so that they can overcome and prevent hair loss. This is the benefit of lakucha in treating skin diseases so that the scalp can also be treated so that the hair follicles become strong. It can also eradicate skin darkening and make skin glow and whiter. Monkey fruit is also useful for treating dysentery and rheumatic diseases, swelling and wound disease.
The amount of drug content in lakucha or monkey fruit makes this fruit able to treat many diseases at once, but must be consumed with the right amount. Below we see what are the benefits of monkey or lakucha for human health.
Benefits of Consuming Monkey Fruit and Traditional Uses
- Lakucha fruit extract can stimulate hair growth, reduce hair loss, skin diseases, herpes and can fade dark skin.
- Monkey fruit can also treat rheumatism, swelling, dysentery and can clean wounds.
- The monkey porridge is useful as a medicine for the liver, refreshing the liver, the seeds and the sap act as a laxative.
- The bark consists of 8.5% tannins and this is useful for treating skin lesions.
- The skin powder can be used as medicine to heal wounds and remove purulent substances from various abscesses.
- The seeds and bark of a monkey tree are useful for liver disease and stomach ailments.
- The sweet sour fruit becomes a tonic on the liver
- The juice and seeds of the monkey plant are used as a laxative
- Its roots are used as a refresher in treating friable pain.
- This wood extract has been used as a traditional treatment for inflammatory drugs and as an anti-aging skin.
- Lakocha is also widely used as a traditional medicine for several types of diseases in India.
- The extract has also been used as a drug in the treatment of tapeworms.
- Lakocha tree root is acting as an astringent and as a laxative.
- Saturated extracts from the lakocha tree are used as a poultice in skin diseases and are also used as a headache medicine.
- The sap and juice are used as medicine for boils and zits and wounds.
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Female protagonists are any leading characters in a work of fiction that are women. The word “protagonist” comes from the Greek and means “chief actor” or “the one who plays the first part.” One of the most famous female protagonists in literature comes from Greek drama, Antigone. The play Antigone was written by Sophocles, and tells the tragedy of the heroine and her disobeying of the law in order to bury her brothers.
During the Middle Ages, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales presented several memorable female protagonists, including the legendary Wife of Bath. Female protagonists remerged in the 19th century, largely as the result of the emergence of women authors. Charlotte and Emily Bronte and Jane Austin all produced serious, critically acclaimed novels with strong female protagonists, including Jane Eyre, Little Women, and Pride and Prejudice. Additionally, Nathaniel Hawthorne created one of the strongest female protagonists, Hester Prynne, in The Scarlett Letter.
Modern literature shows no shortage of female protagonists. These are fully formed, central characters that display a wide range of skill and depth. Such memorable modern female protagonists include Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games trilogy, Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird, and Offred in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. Female protagonists continue to provide rich explorations for literature.
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TCP/IP Electronic Mail RFC 822 Standard Message Format Processing and Interpretation
(Page 1 of 2)
The standards that define SMTP describe the protocol as being responsible for transporting mail objects. A mail object is described as consisting of two components: a message and an envelope. The envelope contains all the information necessary to accomplish transport of the message; the message is everything in the e-mail message we have seen in the last two topics, including both message header and body.
The distinction between these is important technically. Just as the postal service only looks at the envelope and not its contents in determining what to do with a letterno wise-cracks, please! JSMTP likewise only looks at the envelope in deciding how to send a message. It does not rely on the information in the actual message itself for basic transport purposes.
So technically, the envelope is not the same as the message headers. However, as you can tell by looking at the list of e-mail headers, each message includes the recipients and other information needed for mail transport anyway. For this reason, it is typical for an e-mail message to be specified with sufficient header information that it can be considered enough by itself to accomplish its own delivery. E-mail software can process and interpret the message to construct the necessary envelope for SMTP to transport the message to its destination mailbox(es). The distinction between an e-mail message and its envelope is discussed in more detail in the topic describing SMTP mail transfers.
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Version 3.0 - Version Date: September 20, 2005
© Copyright 2001-2005 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved.
Not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site.
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en
| 0.898254 | 377 | 2.875 | 3 |
Best Lesson Plan Format Geography Solutions - Positioned the scholars in the riding seat, after all, we adore to comprehend their difficult paintings so why shouldn’t this turn out to be a reciprocal association? Subsequently the ‘pink pen of strength’ a easy, yet powerful manner to have interaction and empower college students to comfy development. I’m now not pronouncing that is precise in our faculty, as it’s now not, however, imparting common opportunities for all scholars to ‘have their say’ in making progress is proving surprisingly successful.
Lesson Plan Format Geography Cleaver Kindergarten Lesson Plan Format Enchanting Curriculum With Plans, Your Sample Schedule Like This, Replace Solutions
Lesson Plan Format Geography Most Lesson Plan 4 Europe Galleries
The word verbs machine.? right here you may locate lively illustrations of one hundred phrasal verbs set in the circus international of ‘phraso’ and his buddies.?regularly, phrasal verbs could have more than one that means. ?you could discover an example sentences in english and the interpretation into 5 special languages. Additionally blanketed are different meanings while they may be beneficial or vital to absolutely recognize the phrasal verb.
Lesson Plan Format Geography Best Grade 12 Geography Research Project Ideas Images
Remedy the outbreak. Top notch for worldwide consciousness learning. College students get clues, examine data, remedy the case, and keep lives! On this a laugh app they are the disorder detective.?do they quarantine the village? Communicate to those who are sick? Ask for extra lab effects? The better their answers, the higher your rating – and the extra fast they’ll keep lives. College students start off as a trainee and may earn badges via solving instances, with the purpose of incomes the pinnacle rank: sickness detective.
Lesson Plan Format Geography Top (PDF) Field Trips As Valuable Learning Experiences In Geography Courses Field Trips As Valuable Learning Experiences In Geography Courses Collections
I’d additionally want to thank ross mcgill (aka @teachertoolkit) for his relentless and pretty profound blogging on this topic, imparting such realistic sources consisting of this, the ‘five minute marking plan’ – helping claw lower back valuable time with our ever-growing workloads.
Lesson Plan Format Geography Brilliant (PDF) Enhancing Inclusion In Geography Classrooms: Application Of, IPAA Framework Collections
Comics inside the lecture room.?that is an interesting method to coaching history to kids thru digital comics, with subjects along with pearl harbour, florence nightingale and jack the ripper. Children fill within the speech bubbles to prove their understanding of the subjects. 3 comics are protected, with extra ones available as 69p in-app purchases.
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en
| 0.920775 | 590 | 2.609375 | 3 |
An estimated 27 million Americans have thyroid disease, and more than half are undiagnosed.
Frequently misunderstood, and too often overlooked and misdiagnosed, thyroid disease affects almost every aspect of health.
What is the Thyroid Gland?
The thyroid is a small endocrine gland located just below your adam’s apple and is often described visually as a butterfly having two halves or lobes.
The thyroid release hormones that influence many bodily functions, such as physical growth and development, metabolism, puberty, organ function, fertility and body temperature.
These functions depend on two hormones released from the thyroid gland: tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
These thyroid hormones play a vital role in the body, thereby influencing all organs. They also determine how fast or how slow the organs should work and when the body systems use energy.
Symptoms of Thyroid Disorders
The most common symptoms of thyroid disorders are:
- An Underactive Thyroid – Hypothyroidism
The thyroid does not produce enough hormones and many symptoms of thyroid disorder in this case are related to a slow metabolism.
- An Overactive Thyroid – Hyperthyroidism
The thyroid becomes enlarged, produces too much hormone, and the body uses energy faster than it should.
Symptoms of the above disorders can include:
- dry, coarse skin and hair
- hair loss
- hoarse voice
- mood swings
- trouble swallowing
- weight gain or weight loss
- intolerance to temperature
- sleep problems
- muscle weakness/tremors
- irregular menstrual periods
- vision problems or eye irritation
Taking Care of Your Thyroid with Good Nutrition
Taking care of your thyroid with good nutrition is a smart step in the right direction. Here are some superfoods that research has shown can nurture a healthy thyroid, as well as some ones to avoid.
Coconut and coconut butter, or more commonly known as coconut oil, has been used as a food and medicine since the dawn of history. Unlike saturated animal fats found in meats and dairy products, coconut butter is a raw saturated fat containing fatty acids which the body can metabolize efficiently and convert to energy quickly. Research also shows it helps to regulate thyroid function.
Kelp is a stellar, nutrient-dense sea vegetable. It is also known as Laminaria and contains a natural substance that enhances flavor and tenderizes. Kelp works as a blood purifier, and promotes adrenal, pituitary and thyroid health. Its natural iodine may help normalize thyroid-related disorders, like overweight, and lymph system congestion.
Turkey is one of the leanest protein foods and is low in calories, making it an excellent healthy food choice. Turkey also contains selenium which has been shown to inhibit cancer development, improve the immune system, and aid in the metabolism of our thyroid hormone.
Thyroid patients should avoid the consumption of goitrogens, substances that suppress the function of the thyroid gland, and which can also cause an enlargement of the thyroid. Goitrogens are in foods such as broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, mustard, kale, turnips, and canola oil. Soy and peanuts also include goitrogens and should be avoided.
Both copper and iron are so important for thyroid function, so thyroid patients should take time to make sure they’re getting enough in their diets. Foods such as organ meats, oysters, clams, crabs, cashews, sunflower seeds, wheat bran cereals, whole-grain products, and cocoa products are all rich in copper. Foods like leafy green vegetables, beans, shellfish, red meat, and poultry are high in iron.
Complement your iron intake with adequate amounts of vitamin C from foods such as citrus fruits, red berries, tomatoes, potatoes, and bell peppers to help maximize your body’s iron absorption efficiency.
Aromatherapy for Thyroid Problems
You can use essential oils to help regulate your thyroid. Some general ones are Geranium, Rose (Blend of Rose works just fine for this), Bergamot, Jasmine (Blend of Jasmine works as well), Neroli (Blend of Neroli works as well), Lavender, Peppermint, and Myrrh.
And more specifically:
You can take one or more of the oils, mix with a carrier oil like Jojoba or Sweet Almond and use it as a massage oil. Some people will massage it into the neck area, right over their thyroid.
Also you can apply it to the bottom of your feet. That will quickly get the oils into your system.
You can diffuse it. The scent will get into your system very quickly through your olfactory senses.
Use it in a bath. Use about 5-10 drops in a bath and just soak for a while. Just be careful if you are using hot oils like spices, Myrrh and the mints. Make sure you can handle them being on your skin before you immerse yourself in the bath.
Natural Herbal Help for Thyroid Problems
Thyroid Assist is a natural, safe, effective and powerful herbal formula that contains herbs that have been carefully selected for their beneficial effect on thyroid functioning, as well as on overall systemic health.
Thyroid Assist will help to restore healthy thyroid functioning; treat iodine deficiency causing hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid); ensure adequate production of thyroid hormones; assist with depression, fatigue, constipation, weight gain and other symptoms associated with hypothyroidism.
ThyroSoothe is a natural, safe, effective herbal remedy containing herbs known for their ability to soothe and normalize the overactive thyroid and related symptoms, naturally decrease levels of T4 and TSH and inhibit the binding of antibodies to the thyroid.
Use ThyroSoothe to calm, soothe and normalize overactive thyroids; to reduce the symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism and Graves Disease; to prevent overproduction of T4 and TSH hormones; to block the attachment of antibodies to the thyroid cells.
Fill out the form below to receive our free natural health newsletter. It's filled with practical tips, health alerts & more!
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Free PDF Health Ebook...
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en
| 0.931731 | 1,317 | 3.375 | 3 |
Superfluous Error in English for SSC :-
Superfluous Error in English is very common in grammar. If you know the definition and some basic concept it will will be very easy to spot these Superfluous Error. We will study 20 questions and their solutions related to Superfluous Error in English for SSC. In the previous post we have studied basic concept related to Superfluous Expression and Slang.
1. Within an hour’s journey /they will /approach near Patna./no error
Ans- ( C ) Remove near. Near is superfluous here.
2. The P.M. said that/ it was his decision /and that nobody could get it changed./ no error
Ans- ( C ) Remove that
3. The teacher forbade/ the students not /to stage a walk out./no error
Ans- ( B ) Remove not. Use of not after forbade is superfluous.
4. “The patient is comparatively better /today and I hope /that he will recover soon”, said the doctor./no error
Ans- ( A ) Remove comparatively or replace better with good. Two comparative degree can not be used together.
So the right sentence will be any of the two : –
“The patient is better today and I hope that he will recover soon”, said the doctor.
” The patient is comparatively good today and I hope that he will recover soon”, said the doctor.
5. Yesterday in the night /she came to dinner but ate very little /because she was emotionally disturbed./no error
Ans- ( A ) Replace yesterday in the night with last night.
6. The thing what /he likes is not/ available here./no error
Ans – ( A ) Remove the thing.
7. He asked me politely/ where I was going to/ and what I would bring for him./no error
Ans- ( B ) Remove to
8. In Mumbai she/ came across with many of her friends/ who had settled there ./no error
Ans- ( B ) Remove with. Never use with or suddenly with come across.
9. Two recent incidents/amply illustrate about / the present political condition of the country./no error
Ans- ( B ) Remove about. Never use about after illustrate,describe or discuss.
10. Throughout the whole year/ there was not a single day /without some violence./no error
Ans- ( A ) Remove whole.
11. The reason why /most of the people commit crime/ is because they have not been properly educated./no error
Ans- ( C ) Replace because with that. The reason and because can not be used together in a sentence.
12. Many people /don’t hardly know about the real factors/ that have led the state to so many crises./ no error
Ans- ( B ) Remove don’t. Never use negative words like no, not, don’t, doesn’t, didn’t, etc with hardly and scarcely. Because hardly and scarcely are themselves negative words.
13. We stayed in Goa /for a very short period of time /and then we returned home./no error
Ans- ( B ) Remove of time.
14. She wanted to know /whether it was /the right and proper thing to do./no error
Ans- ( C ) Remove either right or proper. Because both these words have same meaning and can not be used together.
15. Now-a-days she is living/ in foreign /but her parents still live in India./no error
Ans- ( B ) Replace in foreign with abroad.
16. According to me /every student of English literature/ must read all the best tragedies of Shakespeare./no error
Ans- ( A ) Replace according to me with in my opinion.
17. Many pupils/ of this department are working as teachers/ in different public schools of the district./no error
Ans- ( A ) Replace pupils with students.
18. She was /very friendly enough /to help him when he was in distress ./no error
Ans- ( B ) Remove very. Because when enough is used after positive degree of adjective then we should not use very before that positive degree.
19. There is/ no place/ in the bus./no error
Ans- ( B ) Replace place with room
20. She ran /as fastly as/ she could to win the race but ultimately she lost./no error
Ans- ( B ) Replace fastly with fast. There is no such word like fastly in English Grammar.
21. He is / comparatively better / today./ no error
Ans – Correct sentence will be – He is comparatively good today. OR He is better today.
Explanation – The rule says that two comparative degree can not be used together. In the question comparatively and better are in comparative degree.
These 20 Superfluous Error in English will really help you.
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https://www.ssctrick.com/superfluous-error-english/
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| 0.949299 | 1,065 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Since Eastern European civil records reflect the secular (i.e., Yiddish) given name, that is the name that a genealogist must know in order to find official records of previous generations in Europe. For immigrants to the U.S.A., passenger arrival manifests are the best source of the Yiddish name, since they were filled out by the shipping company before immigration.
If one has no idea of a pre-Americanized name, but does know where an immigrant ancestor is buried, look at their tombstone to find the Hebrew name. Use the Hebrew name on the tombstone to form hypotheses about the possible Yiddish name, using the guidance presented here.
Each male immigrant has three different names:
Females only have two names -- the Hebrew and Yiddish names (A and B) are the same.
For genealogical purposes, we're interested in determining B, the original Yiddish name. But what we know from the tombstone is only A and C. Can you infer B from A? There's not always in a one-to-one correlation. But the correlation is much closer than that between A and C, which is often no correlation at all.
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| 0.953874 | 249 | 3.171875 | 3 |
|part of speech:
||to leave a ship that is in danger of sinking.
The captain ordered the crew to abandon ship.
||to extricate oneself from a situation where danger or failure seems imminent, often at the expense of loyalty to a group or cause.
Business profits were so low last year that he felt like abandoning ship.
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http://www.wordsmyth.net/?rid=56997
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| 0.930856 | 72 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Moon is Full each month as it reaches a position exactly opposite the Sun, so tonight’s Full “Harvest” Moon rises as the Sun sets, and then sets as the Sun rises tomorrow morning. This timing can vary due to the Moon’s tilted orbit, about 5 degrees compared to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
Just as the last of the twilight fades by 7:15 this evening, you’ll find the nearly Full Moon again rising, to spend the night crossing the heavens. About an hour later, well to the lower left of the Moon, a marked bright object rises, much brighter than any star, the enormous Jupiter. The Moon slides even closer to Jupiter to open up October tomorrow.
October opens with a waning Gibbous Moon climbing into the east-northeast, followed quickly by the giant planet Jupiter at 8 o’clock. They’ll climb to due east, more than one quarter of the way up at 10 o’clock. The Moon’s orbit brings it around to another meeting with Jupiter on the 28th, the Moon shining as the Full Hunter’s Moon.
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https://fairbanksmuseum.org/friday-september-29-2023/
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en
| 0.928524 | 241 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Such is the expression in the original, the eastern
horizon being so
named apparently by way of eminence.—E.
As written by an Italian, Melcha has the sound
of Melka, and the place
here indicated is obviously the city of Malacca in the Malayan
peninsula, long a famous emporium for the trade of eastern India and
The Bay of Bengal and sea of China.—E.
In the original these positions are thus unaccountably
as literally translated: “Melcha is more to the west, and Calicut
more to the south; being situated 33 deg. from the Antarctic pole.”—E.
It would appear from some circumstances in the sequel, that this fleet was directed to visit Brazil on its way to India; and that the ultimate object of the voyage was frustrated through its early misfortunes.—E.
Per suduestium, qui ventus est inter meridiem
et lebeccium: Between
the S. and S.W. or S.S.W.—E.
Perhaps the island of St Matthew, which is nearly
in the latitude
indicated in the text, and about the distance mentioned from Sierra
Leone; yet it is difficult to conceive how they could get there with a
storm at S.S.W. as the course is S.S.E. from Sierra Leone.—E.
Such is the literal meaning of the original, yet
I suspect Americus
here means his largest boat.—E.
In the original, Omnium Sanctorum Abbatium,
but which must assuredly
be Bahia dos todos los Santos, in lat 13 deg. S. on the coast of
The distance between the island of St Matthew,
and the Bay of All
Saints, is not less than 600 leagues, or thirty degrees; yet that
distance might certainly be run in seventeen days with a fair wind.—E.
The number of leagues mentioned in the text would
lead us to the Bay
of Santos on the coast of Brazil, in latitude twenty-four degrees S.
but in the text this first attempt to colonize Brazil is said to have
been in latitude eighteen degrees S. near which the harbour now named
Abrolhos is situated.—E.
* * * * *
SUMMARY OF THE DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE
SPANIARDS IN THE WEST
INDIES, FROM THE DEATH OF COLUMBUS, TO THE EXPEDITION OF HERNANDO CORTES
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en
| 0.922472 | 541 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In December over 190 countries will converge in Paris to finalize a new global agreement on climate change that is scheduled to come into force in 2020. A central part of it will be countries’ national pledges, or “intended nationally determined contributions” (INDCs), to be submitted this year which will serve as countries’ national climate change action plans. For Latin American countries, the INDCs present an unprecedented opportunity. They can be used as a strategic tool to set countries or at least some sectors on a cleaner path toward low-carbon sustainable development, while building resilience to climate impacts. The manner in which governments define their plans will determine the level of political buy-in from civil society and business. The implementation of ambitious contributions is more likely if constituencies consider them beneficial, credible, and legitimate.
This paper aims to better understand the link between Latin American countries’ proposed climate actions before 2020 and their post-2020 targets under a Paris agreement. We look at why Latin American climate policies and pledges merit attention, and review how Latin American nations are preparing their INDCs. We then examine the context in which five Latin American nations (Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Costa Rica, and Venezuela) are developing their INDCs—what pledges and efforts have already been made and what this context tells us about the likely success of the INDCs. In doing so, we focus on flagship national policies in the areas of energy, forests, cities, and transportation. We address what factors are likely to increase or restrain efforts on climate policy in the region this decade and the next.
Latin American countries are playing an active role at the U.N. climate change talks and some are taking steps to reduce their emissions as part of their pre-2020 voluntary pledges.
Latin American countries are playing an active role at the U.N. climate change talks and some are taking steps to reduce their emissions as part of their pre-2020 voluntary pledges. However, despite some progress there are worrying examples suggesting that some countries’ climate policies are not being implemented effectively, or are being undermined by other policies. Whether their climate policies are successful or not will have significant consequences on the likely trajectory of the INDCs and their outcomes. The imperative for climate action is not only based on Latin America’s contribution to global carbon emissions. Rather, a focus on adaptation, increasing the deployment of renewable energy and construction of sustainable transport, reducing fossil fuel subsidies, and protecting biodiversity is essential to build prosperity for all Latin Americans to achieve a more sustainable and resilient development.
[On the EU's proposed tax on high carbon imports] There's some concern that U.S. industry could also get caught up ... because we don't have a carbon price on industry in the United States, and we're not likely to have one in the future ... When you start getting into the details, it's an absolute bear to implement. But nonetheless Europe seems quite serious about it.
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CC-MAIN-2021-21
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https://www.brookings.edu/research/a-new-global-agreement-can-catalyze-climate-action-in-latin-america/
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| 0.958104 | 600 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Forget donkey’s milk, according to scientists we could soon be guzzling the “fantastic” protein supplement that is cockroach ‘milk’.
Researchers have discovered that a protein crystal found in the gut of cockroaches is three times better than cow’s milk.
While cockroaches don’t technically produce milk, researchers said that a breed of roach called Diploptera punctate has been shown to feed an energy-filled milk-like liquid to its offspring.
This, they said, could hold the key to feeding the global population - particularly those in developing areas who suffer from malnourishment - in years to come.
Researchers from the Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine in India want to replicate the milk protein crystals produced by cockroaches in their laboratory.
They will do this by sequencing the genes responsible for producing the milk protein crystals in the lab.
Researcher Sanchari Banerjee likened the crystals to “a complete food” in terms of nutrition.
“They have proteins, fats and sugars,” he told The Times of India. “If you look into the protein sequences, they have all the essential amino acids.”
Scientists hope to get yeast to produce the protein crystals in larger quantities - so we don’t have to go about the rather gross method of stealing protein crystals from the guts of cockroaches.
We’ll probably stick to cow’s milk for now.
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CC-MAIN-2018-34
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| 0.934439 | 319 | 2.75 | 3 |
What’s it about?
The true story of how mathematics won the second World War. A socially inept mathematical genius called Alan Turing is employed by a government agency to break the German cryptographic systems.
What we thought
Dan says: This is the story of one of the greatest of human achievements. Along with Babbage and Lovelace, Turing is one of the parents of the modern age. While the dramatisations sometimes inch into the realm of misinformation any man, woman and child whose life benefits from the invention of the computer owes it to themselves to watch this exciting story.
If they don’t owe it to themselves, they at least owe it to Alan Turing.
Oh god, I can’t stop crying.
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<urn:uuid:9c6f627b-d6f1-4877-b6b6-02745012ecf3>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.superquickreviews.com/the-imitation-game/
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en
| 0.921076 | 152 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The British Industrial Revolution in a Global Perspective
Thu 29 Oct 2009, 17:30
Why did the industrial revolution take place in 18th century Britain and not elsewhere in Europe or Asia? Robert Allen argues that the British industrial revolution was a successful response to the global economy of the 17th and 18th centuries. He shows that in Britain wages were high and capital and energy cheap in comparison to other countries in Europe and Asia. As a result the breakthrough technologies of the industrial revolution – the steam engine, the cotton mill, and the substitution of coal for wood in metal production – were uniquely profitable to invent and use in Britain. The high wage economy of pre-industrial Britain also fostered industrial development since more people could afford schooling and apprenticeships. It was only when British engineers made these new technologies more cost-effective during the 19th century that the industrial revolution would spread around the world.
About the Speaker
Robert Allen is Professor of Economic History at Oxford University and a fellow of Nuffield College. He has written on English agricultural history, international competition in the steel industry, the extinction of whales, and contemporary policies on education. His articles have won the Cole Prize, the Redlich Prize, and the Explorations Prize. New books include Enclosure and the Yeoman: The Agricultural Development of the South Midlands, 1450–1850 (2009), andThe British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective (2009). Currently, he is studying the global history of wages and prices and pre-industrial living standards around the world.
Professor Robert C Allen FBA
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<urn:uuid:8d99ae6d-5065-43de-b62d-7182ec1947b7>
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/british-industrial-revolution-global-perspective/
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| 0.942162 | 319 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Ariadne (ărēădˈnē) [key], in Greek mythology, Cretan princess, daughter of Minos and Pasiphaë. She loved Theseus, and gave him the skein of thread that enabled him to make his way out of the labyrinth after killing the Minotaur. When Theseus left Crete, Ariadne went with him, but before they reached Greece, he abandoned her at Naxos. There the god Dionysus consoled and later married her. She bore him several children, including Oenopion, whom Dionysus first taught the art of winemaking. It was said that Zeus granted Ariadne immortality and that Dionysus set her bridal crown, the Corona Borealis, among the stars. Subsequent treatments include nearly 50 operas by Monteverdi, Handel, Massenet, Richard Strauss, Milhaud, Martinü, and others.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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en
| 0.957089 | 217 | 2.625 | 3 |
Stories of Princess, Barbie and Panchatantra,Practice and Learning pages for Toddlers.
Practice Pages and Activities for Toddlers
Barbie Stories -1
Short Stories And Aesop's Fables
Thursday, May 17, 2012
Small Alphabet Letters
Now, since our Kids have practiced and have got perfection in Uppercase Alphabets, we can give them worksheets to practice Lowercase Alphabets.
These sheets are made for a size of A4. Feel free to print them.
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Data compiled in 2015 by the National Center for Educational Statistics in the United States showed that more than one out of five students between the ages of 12 and 18 reported being bullied during the school year. Students in the Cayman Islands are not excluded from this experience.
Bullying affects everyone — the person being bullied, the bully and the bystanders. Bullying comes in all forms: it can be physical, verbal, social or cyber. No matter how bullying takes place, the outcomes are serious and pose negative effects impacting one’s health, emotions and academics.
Anti-bullying programmes are created in many schools and a number of organisations have formed positive- learning and living environments to assist children and parents on awareness and preventive measures. However, despite all these advancements, bullying remains an unfortunate reality in schools that many students are forced to endure.
On Oct. 6, the Cayman Islands Family Resource Centre presented an anti-bullying fair at the Camana Bay Arts & Recreation Centre. The fair, titled “Stood Up,” aimed to create a united front against all forms of bullying. The event showcased children in age groups 10 to 12 and 13 to 15 presenting their message of awareness of the social effects of bullying. More than 40 teams representing Grand Cayman’s schools participated in the event, with this being Cayman International School’s first year.
The Cayman International School team of Charlize Keens and Natalie Bolland took second place in the fair with a video presentation on cyberbullying and the consequences it can have on a person’s life.
“It was a really good experience to be able to stand up against all types of bullying and learn how we can help,” said Charlize about the fair.
During the month of September, Cayman International School dedicated all homeroom time for teachers and students to discuss, explore and understand what bullying is, what students can do about bullying, and how the school should handle and prevent bullying from happening at the school.
Cayman International School has recently announced certain behaviour principles for all students and staff to follow. The principles are kindness, partnership, good intent and sustainability. These principles have been written on posters in all classrooms for students to see to prevent bullying.
Other strategies to prevent bullying include:
Begin at home — Parents should talk with their children about their day and what happened in their interactions with other students at lunch, recess and after school.
Make kindness a habit — Create a kindness mindset and don’t tease other students, judge them or spread rumours. Be responsible when online socially.
Empower children — Teach children to be strong to say “stop,” walk away and report bullying to their teacher or parent. Children should not be afraid to tell someone they trust if they feel they are being bullied.
Lauren Colaiacovo is a Grade 8 student at Cayman International School.
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Not everyone is allowed to microchip an animal. A chip may be applied by a veterinarian or other professionally qualified person.
A microchip is actually a transponder; an elongated tube of 8-12mm in length, about the size of a rice grain, made of synthetic material or bioglass. The tube contains an antenna (reel) and a chip with a unique 15-digit code, hence the name ‘microchip’. The transponders all comply with ISO-standards, so they can be read out worldwide. The chip itself does not contain name or address details. Therefore, it is important to have the chip registered at all times. Without registration, microchipping is useless.
The chip is applied between the shoulder blades using an injection needle. The chip becomes encapsulated, ensuring it remains in place. The feeling an animal gets is the same as with a normal injection.
All information, and the chip itself, is checked both before and after chipping. The vet can register the information for you. You can change these details and indicate any preferences. You decide which details are visible when the chip is read out.
Vets, animal shelters, the animal ambulance, police, etc all use a reading device to retrieve the chip number once they have found a pet. This device provides the chip with energy, enabling it to send back the code. This means there is neither a battery inside the chip nor a GPS receiver for determining location. The chip lasts a lifetime.
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An Exciting New Exhibit
Lost Catskill Farm
A typical 1930’s family farm evoking the simplicity of life in the Catskills before the reservoirs.
From the 1930s through the 1950s, over twenty farming communities were lost when New York City came to the Catskills to build reservoirs and take our abundant water. People, animals and even cemeteries were moved, buildings destroyed and all evidence of human life eliminated . . . until now.
The recreated Catskill farm preserves the story of their loss and celebrates the simple family farm life.
The farm family’s story comes to life through the use of mobile technology, stationary and hands-on activities.
Period buildings, artifacts, tools and equipment help visitors explore:
The different ways each family member was affected by having their farm taken from them and being forced to move.
Family life on a small Lost Catskill farm in the 1930s, including the function of different buildings and tools, and the importance of each family member in running the farm.
Catskill Farm Open
Memorial Day to Labor Day
Open weekends from Memorial Day through the end of September, noon to 4 p.m. and other times by appointment.
Located behind the Museum, the new 1930s Lost Catskill Farm tells the story of farmers who were forced to give up their land to build NYC’s water system. Period buildings include a farm house, outhouse, milk house and workshop with a working waterwheel. An 1870’s barn was painstakingly disassembled and reassembled on site, and visitors can also see an original 1930’s power plant.
All of the buildings are furnished with period furniture, equipment, tools and artifacts to evoke an earlier and simpler time, but the farm is also interactive with videos, computers and games and activities for both children and adults.
Visitors can even download a mobile app audio tour of the farm onto their smart phone or mobile device. Created by volunteer Melana Quick-Lepke, the tour reflects a ten year old girl’s perspective on everyday local farm family life before the reservoirs and gives a unique look into a child’s view of the 1930s, depression and the “takings”. Go to the Uniguide App in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store to download the free tour!
Barn boards were taken down, numbered and stored until they were reconstructed on the Lost Catskill Farm in 2016.
Preserving the Past and Looking to the Future
The Lost Catskill Farm will also give visitors a glimpse into the future of watershed protection. Additional exhibits will be installed to foster an understanding of how agriculture and forestry are preferred land uses to protect New York City watersheds.
Help Us Expand the Lost Catskill Farm!
A plaque with your name will be displayed on a kiosk near the entrance of the building being sponsored.
In kind donations are also welcomed.
Sap House ($10,000)
Smoke House ($2,000)
Root Cellar ($4,000)
Hen House ($4,000)
Saw Mill ($20,000)
Ice House ($5,000)
Pig Pen ($2,000)
Wagon Barn ($20,000)
You may use this form to make a donation or sponsor a building:
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Over the course of human history, men often found it easy to destroy forests. Settlers of different tribes and races habitually burned trees down to have terrain to plant crops with, and some even smoldered forests to build up grasslands full of hefty game animals. Through the corridors of time, men were found out to be the very leaders of almost all scopes of evils here on earth, and one of the greatest troubles which impose a great threat to world's survival is the deforestation problems.
Deforestation entails a variety of problems both to man and nature. Some of them are very crucial that the root of the problem should immediately be cut. Some however come to pass without leaving much damage and mark on the Earth. But no matter how big or small the tribulation may be, it must be faced with total responsibility and accountability of man's actions.
Deforestation became a major global menace since the turn of the 19th century. Scientists and environmentalists alike envisioned what the world could be like if depleted and deprived of these forests. We might just wakeup one day and find out that we are living in a God-forsaken world. Although such things seem hard to believe, the possibilities are always true especially if man never stops to destroy and harm nature. Keep in mind that the more we scathe nature, the more it retaliates back at us.
Deforestation Problems In Different Landmarks
The problem of deforestation is not only confined to a single area or a small locale. The entire world usually experiences all the troubles that deforestation brings. Each and every human therefore took part in the destruction of some of the most vital areas of our world. Hence, such things should immediately be put to a stop. To begin with, the problem is faced not only by a single continent, but the whole world instead. Here are the most affected landmarks of deforestation problems: Africa, South America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia.
The rich and the cultural world of Africa have been devastated by deforestation problems. If you think that Africa is just a wide jungle with a very open savannah, then you may consider thinking twice again. Its open plains have now been reduced to cattle farming and animal grazing. It's becoming less and less of a nature, and the effects of mankind's acts upon it has totally denuded what used to be a prosperous land.
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In addition, sea levels could rise as glaciers melt and warm ocean waters expand. This would inundate bays and coastal marshes vital to waterfowl, especially during the winter. Wedged between the ocean and physical barriers like sea walls, roads, and cities, these marshes have nowhere to “migrate” and would simply disappear. The Chenier Plain marshes of Louisiana, which support more than 1.3 million waterfowl today, would no longer support significant numbers of waterfowl if the rising Gulf of Mexico swallows the marshes. Similarly, Chesapeake Bay could lose 45 percent of its current waterfowl habitat to sea-level rise in the future.
Is There a Silver Lining?
As society more fully accounts for the environmental costs of energy extraction and production, new opportunities may emerge for waterfowl conservation. A “cap and trade” system, aimed at reducing GHG emissions, bears watching. The cap—a limit on emissions—would come with associated GHG “allowances” held by companies. If the initial allowances are sold by auction, which is one possibility, sales will generate an estimated $645 billion from 2012 to 2019. While there is much debate about how this money should be used, a portion of the revenue could be allocated for helping wildlife adapt to climate change.
These “adaptation funds” could be used for conservation projects that not only help ducks cope with climate change but also address broader societal needs. For example, rebuilding Gulf Coast marshes will also help buffer coastal communities against hurricanes. Securing highly diverse native prairie will not only ensure duck nesting habitat for the future but also help ranchers and grass-based agriculture cope with more severe and frequent droughts.
Another possible dimension to cap and trade legislation is “offset credits” that can be bought and sold to help companies meet their emission obligations. Biological offsets are derived from the ability of plants to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store carbon in their roots, leaves, and wood. DU can create offset credits that benefit ducks and the atmosphere by replanting grasslands and bottomland hardwood trees, protecting and restoring pothole wetlands, and securing easements that prohibit plowing of native prairie. When grasslands are plowed, carbon stored in the soil is released into the atmosphere as CO2. Worldwide, 20 percent of global CO2 emissions are created by land conversion, so it’s only natural that avoiding such destruction and restoring wildlife habitat should be part of the climate-change solution.
If we are going to ensure a bright future for waterfowl, Ducks Unlimited must engage in discussions about our energy future and capitalize on emerging opportunities. As we have always done, DU will rely on science to identify the real threats and develop pragmatic solutions that will lead to clean new energy sources and healthy duck populations.
Dr. Jim Ringelman is a director of conservation programs at DU's Great Plains Regional Office in Bismarck, N.D.
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critic: carlos barrios ph.d
collaborator: richard gomez
A semester long project, using the principles and fundamental rules of morphology, a new design system and process was created. Morphology is simply the study of the form of an element, object, organism, etc. using a specific set of rules a fundamental sources is to be found which governs the overall object being analyzed. A four phase process, the first phase was used to gain an in-depth understanding of how the structure of a Santiago Calatrava structure works and how it was built. Through a series of precision reconstruction models of the architects' Lyon Satolas station in Lyon, France, the methods and techniques used by the designer were explored and investigated.
Phase 2 is morphogenesis, understanding the morphological principles governing the selected structure of study was a key factor. The idea was to find the morphological source of the structure through a tedious process. From a morphological point of view, the fundamental unit governs the overall design of the project.
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Course Hero. "Cinderella Study Guide." Course Hero. 13 Mar. 2020. Web. 28 Mar. 2020. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Cinderella/>.
Course Hero. (2020, March 13). Cinderella Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved March 28, 2020, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Cinderella/
(Course Hero, 2020)
Course Hero. "Cinderella Study Guide." March 13, 2020. Accessed March 28, 2020. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Cinderella/.
Course Hero, "Cinderella Study Guide," March 13, 2020, accessed March 28, 2020, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Cinderella/.
Fairy Tales, Women's Studies
The speaker uses the second-person point of view, directly addressing the reader as "you" throughout the poem.
"Cinderella" begins in the present tense, as the speaker describes things "[y]ou always read about." When the speaker begins to relate the story of Cinderella, the poem shifts to the past tense.
In the poem, the speaker presents several examples of a rags-to-riches "Cinderella story," then retells a version of the fairy tale "Cinderella," revising the ending.
This study guide for Anne Sexton's Cinderella offers summary and analysis on themes, symbols, and other literary devices found in the text. Explore Course Hero's library of literature materials, including documents and Q&A pairs.
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Backstroke is a Long Axis Stroke and the Power comes from hip Rotation. We must first establish The Line by making our spine as long as possible. Unlike freestyle, the spine in backstroke is not perfectly straight, but slightly curved like a Frozen Banana.
To achieve the Frozen Banana position Press the breastbone into the spine, and Press the Lungs slightly into the water. Keep the shoulders away from the ears and the hips slightly below the surface of the water. There should be no arch in the back. The Frozen Banana position is efficient for backstroke because the hips are slightly under the water where they can Rotate faster than if they were at the surface. Also unlike freestyle, we do not emphasize Front Quadrant or _ High Side swimming in backstroke. Instead the arms move basically in direct opposition of each other.
The chin should be in a little, and the swimmer should Grow the Neck and look towards the feet at a 45 degree angle. Rotation begins in the hips, travels through the body, to the shoulders. The power in backstroke comes from hip Rotation! Enter pinky first, Press down lightly, set the Anchor, Rotate the hips, Throw the weight of the recovering arm to the pulling arm for the Transfer of Energy, Vault the body past the Anchor, scull in and up at the end of the stroke,and repeat. Swimmers should try to Rotate the hip down before the arm enters the water and utilize a small, powerful kick with feet slightly pigeon-toed so the energy runs up the body.
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It is a reference to Public Officer for legal investigations and criminal emergencies.
The word”police” comes directly from Middle French police (‘public order government, administration, and public order’), which is an adverb from Latin-language politia that is an abbreviation of Greek politeia (politeia), “citizenship, civil polity, administration”.
They are uniformed people who are in charge of maintaining law and order.
What is Police?
The official body whose mission is to ensure that law-abiding citizens obey as well as to stop and eliminate crimes
In the field of social service Police assist people in need of urgent assistance, whether that is first aid, or locating missing children.
Some of the tasks for maintaining order include controlling crowds and traffic the resolution of domestic disputes, getting prostitutes off the streets.
It is vital that police officers have values that are compatible with their policing duties and display these to the general public. Congruity in the way they make decisions is essential for both officers who make conclusions and the members of the community who are affected by their decisions.
History of Police
The Indian Police Act, which was approved in March 16th, 1861 was in effect from March 22, 1861.
The military police was to be removed, and policing would be given to a civilian constabulary.
Civil police were required to have their own distinct administration structure, under the direction of an inspector-general in every province.
The highest ranks of police officers were previously purely European The lower ranks were dominated by Europeans, while Indians were mostly recruited in the lower levels of the police force however, not all of them.
The importance of the improvement of village police and putting it under the control and supervision that of the village magistrate was a further element in the Act.
The Police Post
- Director General for Police (DGP)
- Additional Director General Police
- Inspector-General Police (IGP)
- The Deputy Inspector General for Police
- The Senior Superintendant of Police (SSP)
- The Superintendent of Police (SP)
- S. Superintendent Police
- Assistant Superintendent Police
- Assistant Superintendant for Police (Dy. SP)
- Assistant Sub-Inspector
- Head Constable
Duty of Poilice?
A police officer’s job is considered to be among the most sought-after jobs in the world. If you are a person with a passion for helping others, police officers are the ideal career choice for you.
Some of the main duties of a police officer is keeping the public peace and investigating crime as well as identifying problems and incidents that could cause crime, maintaining the law and order, and so much more.
Police officers are regarded with the highest respect within society and is among the most many lucrative careers within the government sector.
Also read: What Is CS Full Form?
The qualities of Police
- Be kind to everyone Even those you hate.
- Don’t abuse your authority
- Don’t lie, if do not remember being a certain person or thing, tell the truth. that you don’t remember.
- Don’t be an authoritarian. utilize your power sparingly, and with prudence
- Help people solve their issues or refer them to someone who can help.
- Be aware that you are a an integral part of your community. Without the support of the community, your job will be much more challenging.
Unknown Facts About Police
- The first woman official in the police force of India was recruited by Kerala’s Travancore Royal Police in the year 1933.
- The East India Company was inspired by the Napier police force to create an uniform police force modeled on the Irish Constabulary
- The British Indian Government established a police commission in 1858 after the first war of the 1857 uprising.
- Lord Cornwallis established an all-time Police force for India.
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Raw foods are usually very healthy. Numerous diets center on a large portion of, or 100%, raw foods. I believe raw foods are an excellent part of a balanced diet, but there’s a number of things that aren’t ideal about relying heavily on raw foods. Probably few of my readers are inclined to a completely-raw fruit and vegetable diet, but since it seems to be the prevalent opinion that “raw = best”, there are a few things I wanted to note, as follows: 1. Raw foods are very rich in enzymes, which help to digest food and are vital to many metabolic functions in the body. Our body both makes its own enzymes and gets enzymes directly from food. The more enzymes that are in the food that we eat, the less the body has to work at making enzymes. There are enzymes in all raw foods, including raw milk and raw meat, though this discussion is primarily about raw produce. Tropical fruits are especially high in digestive enzymes, and as such are especially conducive to being eaten raw. Raw foods are alive, life-giving foods! (Interestingly, grains are the one food that can’t be eaten raw unless sprouted. Vegetables and animal foods can be eaten raw if they come from clean sources. Vegetables and meat comprise one of the best, well-balanced diets–and no, I don’t eat hardly any animal products raw, just like I don’t eat all my vegetables raw.) 2. Raw foods are excellent sources of water-soluble vitamins B & C. These vitamins are easily lost in cooking, and are lost even in leaving produce peeled or cut for several hours. Some fruits, such as berries and citrus, are often eaten raw, which helps us to get appropriate intake of vitamin C, particularly. It has been observed, however, that non-organic produce often has much lower levels of vitamin C than organic produce does. If you are eating raw produce for its water-soluble vitamin content, it’s best to buy it organic. 3. Raw produce contains high amounts of indigestible fiber. While we need fiber in our diets for balancing metabolism, aiding digestion, and feeding good gut flora, too much fiber can be irritating to a leaky gut or compromised intestinal system. It’s hard to “digest” or pass through since it’s actually indigestible. Eating a lot of raw leafy salads can provide a lot of enzymes for a healthy body, but cooked/low-fiber foods are much easier on intestines trying to heal. Raw milk, fresh vegetable juices, or blended smoothies/shakes are prime ways to get enzymes and nutrients into the digestive system and bloodstream without the obstruction of so much fiber. 4. Raw foods aren’t the only foods that contain nutrients, by far. Cooked foods still contain all the macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, fat) and many micronutrients (minerals and vitamins). Minerals and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E & K) are barely harmed by heat. Plant foods contain an array of other phytonutrients that remain in foods whether eaten raw or cooked. Proper cooking, not overcooking, is important to maintain the integrity of the macronutrients. Roasting or steaming are good ways to preserve as many nutrients as possible without losing nutrients into boiling water. There are a few advantages to eating cooked vegetables for at least part of your vegetable intake. Cooking reduces some of the antinutrients, or digestive inhibitors, found in some cruciferous vegetables and dark leafy greens. Cooking imparts heat to, and reduces the water content and cooling nature of raw foods. This increases the sugar content of the foods, helps to balance your metabolism, and warms your body temperature when the weather is cold. Cooking breaks down some of the fiber in raw produce, which can be easier on digestion. And lastly, cooking simply helps many vegetables to taste better (likely because they are warmer and sweeter). Of course, some vegetables taste better raw and are typically eaten that way; and the same with cooked vegetables. 5. Raw foods have a lot of nutrients, but culturing/lacto-fermenting vegetables actually increases the enzyme and vitamin content exponentially. Plus, fermentation partially “digests” the food, eliminating the issue of too much fiber and roughage. Some recommendations say to eat raw produce at every meal (not a bad thing), but traditional wisdom says to eat a cultured food as a a condiment at every meal. Cultured foods enhance the taste of other foods, whereas raw foods often benefit from added seasoning or dressing to make them more palatable. 6. Raw foods, especially produce, are generally understood to be the most health-promoting–but this is a situation where more isn’t necessarily better. We desperately need animal protein and animal fats in our diets to provide the full spectrum of nourishment. Animal foods provide essential amino acids, minerals, B vitamins, and healthy saturated fats in a quantity and manner that is most needed and most easily assimilated by our bodies. So, make raw vegetables a good portion of your diet, but don’t make them 100%. (That could never be done in Montana; we would freeze in the winter!) Vegetables and meat together, however, could alone comprise a balanced diet. 7. Raw foods are very helpful for cleansing the body for a period of time and giving it a break from denser, richer foods (or processed foods, if those are still in your diet). Or, even eating all vegetables (raw or cooked) for a several weeks, is a great way to avail of the high nutrients in vegetables, and let them cleanse and heal your body. Vegetables don’t contain enough nutrients for supporting your long-term performance, but they are a necessary inclusion (or large portion) of any diet, and a helpful method of short-term detoxification. People following intense, short-term vegetable diets often report excellent results such as weight loss, better digestions, and clearer skin. However, one only has to Google vegans who have switched back to meat-eating, to realize the detriments of eating only vegetables for years on end. 8. Raw foods taste best in season, and our bodies are most prepared–in their natural rhythm that follows the seasons–to savor them at those times. Spring greens to cleanse from winter; berries and tomatoes to sweetly refresh in summer’s heat; apples and pears to give crispness and accompany fall’s root vegetables. Fruits and vegetables have the most nutrition and flavor in season. Buying them locally or regionally ensures the highest nutrient content (not lost in travel time or being picked when unripe) and best economical value (no transportation cost; supporting your neighbor farmers). Many people say and believe that raw foods are meant to be eaten in season, and when they’re not in season, it’s better to eat them canned or frozen–since they were canned or frozen at the peak of nutrition. Food frozen at its peak likely rivals or exceeds the nutrients of raw veggies from another continent, and veggies kept in a storehouse through the remaining three seasons. And as we discussed, raw produce isn’t the only carrier of nutrients. Canned and frozen foods retain many, many nutrients. Usually frozen is best, but in the case of tomatoes, canning increases the levels of one of the best phytonutrients, lycopene. Better canned than fresh tomatoes in the middle of winter! 9. Raw foods are not the only thing mentioned in the Bible, so that’s the best historical and theological indicator that we need more than fresh raw veggies in our diet. Following the foods that the Bible mentions–and trying to acquire foods in whole forms like they would have had millenia ago–is the best path toward the healthiest diet. We live in different regions from the Middle East, so it is wise to focus on eating foods and produce that are fresh, seasonal, and native to our own areas. 10. Links to a few of my other articles that also weigh in on the subject of raw foods can be found in the full article on Culinary Reformation.
Featured´s archives ↓
I admit to being a little skeptical when I started reading Mini Farming, Self-sufficiency on 1/4 Acre. I’ve seen a few books that were written by people who didn’t have a clue what they were writing about with titles similar to this. Some of these books have unworkable ideas and make claims that are just not true.
This book on the other hand has much useful information and ideas that can help you gain a greater level of independence on fairly small areas of land. I think a better and more accurate title would have been “Mini Farming, How to Gain a Greater Level of Self-sufficiency on 1/4 Acre”. Obviously, no one can have total self-sufficiency on a 1/4 acre but the author of this book grows 80% of his family of three’s food on just that much land.
The author has developed a system of gardening that takes the best of the Biodynamic, Grow Bio-intensive and Square Foot Gardening methods. He utilizes double dug raised beds, vertical gardening, compost and organic growing techniques. His “mini-farming” system also includes raising chickens for eggs and meat.
I appreciated one area that Markham covered in the area of economics and “mini-farming”. He shows how the two income family is much better off by having one spouse stay home and raise food and children. He runs through the numbers and proves that in all actuality families are further ahead financially by doing this. I think that his argument will wake up many working mothers to fact that they are running themselves into the ground for very little return.
If nothing else, this book shows how to grow a substantial amount of a family’s food on a very small amount of land. Granted, the average Christian homesteading family is much larger than the author’s, but it still drives home the point that you don’t need a huge amount of land and if fact you probably haven’t even begun to utilize the land you already have.
I think that the book is ideal for beginners because it covers everything from seed selection to harvest and preservation. Not an exhaustive treatment of any subject, but very informative. I thought that the section on soil health was very well done. Considering how inexpensive this book is, I think that anyone who is trying to utilize a small holding of land to raise food should own a copy.
This post is excerpted from The Entwife’s Journal.
Today, January 11th is National Milk Day. When milk started being delivered in sterlized glass bottles in 1878 that was a big deal. National Milk Day was established to commerate this event every January 11th. I saw this in an email put out by Milk Unleashed for their shelf safe milk- you know the kind you buy in cartons that can stay on your shelf for months and months and still be absolutely fine to drink. How is that even possible I wonder and maybe you do too.
Well it is because the milk is ultra pasteurized and packaged in special cartons. What is ultra pasteurization and how does it differ from pasteurization you wonder? Regular milk bought at most stores is pasteurized-the milk is heated to 161-167 degrees Fahrenheit for 15-20 seconds and then cooled. In ultra pasteurization the milk is heated to 275-284 degrees Fahrenheit for about 3 seconds and then cooled. The UHT treatment is a continuous process in a closed system that keeps out all possibly contamination from airborne microorganisms. This is why UHT milk can be kept for long periods of time.
The down side-the milk is dead. The enzymes and cultures are changed, the calcium is changed and the protein structure is damaged. This milk will not be able to be used for cheese and probably not for kefir or yogurt.
Pasteurized milk is also altered, albeit not as severely as the ultra. Many people have trouble with dairy these days and much of that comes from the pasteurization which alters the proteins and changes the composition of the milk.
The New Year brings opportunity to make changes to your lifestyle, and what better change to implement than to eat better? There’s a great new educational film called Hungry for Change that provides both the why and the how for eating healthier. It exposes the truth about the diet industry and the dangers of food addictions, and enables you to take charge of your health and strengthen your mind and body.
The folks the produced the film have shared some great actionable plans to help people get started, including a 3 day detox program that you can implement on a weekend – why not start this weekend? Here’s an overview of the program.
Day 1, 2 & 3
- UPON RISING – Ginger Lemon Detox Drink
- BREAKFAST – Super Detox Green Juice (or optional Super Simple Green Drink)
- MID MORNING SNACK – Cucumber, Celery & Carrot Sticks
- LUNCH – Sushi Salad (or optional green salad)
- AFTERNOON SNACK – Activated almonds
- DINNER – Potassium Balance Soup
- DESSERT – Chia Pudding
- AFTER DINNER – Calming Chamomile Tea
You can get the details for this three day detox program, including recipes and helpful educational info, on the Hungry for Change website.
To help get this extremely helpful video into the hands of as many people as possible, we’re offering Hungry for Change for only $20 for a limited time. That’s a 43% discount!
As the American holiday of Thanksgiving is celebrated we often will hear some bit of the story of the Pilgrims and their “First Thanksgiving.” Regrettably, their story is often boiled down to the basics and we lose some of its fullness. Here I want to flesh out a small part of the story concerning the Pilgrims’ work in agriculture.
In the spring of 1621 the Pilgrims and the Indian tribes planted and worked in the fields of agriculture. We can see that both the English and the native tribes had skills and abilities the other lacked. We read in William Bradford’s book Of Plymouth Plantation, “Afterwards they…began to plant their corn, in which service Squanto stood them in great stead, showing them both the manner how to set it, and after how to dress and tend it.” Squanto and the Indian tribes had great experience with the land that the English lacked. They had a history of learning from mistakes and finding what worked. They knew the right seeds to plant. Squanto taught the English to fertilize their corn with the fish that would spawn in the river nearby at just the right time. If they didn’t, the nutrients in the land would get used up.
Here we can recognize that God provided the Indians with fish that would spawn at just the right time to fertilize the land so they could eat and live. As Matthew 5:45 says, God “makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust.” Here the Pilgrims reaped the benefits of working with the pagan tribes by learning the good things God had given them. This was a very providential blessing as their own seed did not do well, but thanks to this help they had enough food. But despite God’s blessing on the native tribes, they were not exactly prosperous and thriving. The help was not all one sided, as we can see from an event that happened two months later.
It had been a little time since the English had seen Massasoit and so they sent two men along with Squanto to meet with him. This expedition had several objectives. First, to reaffirm peace with Massasoit and to keep a good relationship with him. Second, to exchange for seed for experimentation. The Pilgrims wanted to make sure that had a variety of things planted in case some failed. Third, to find out which tribe it was that they had taken corn from in the winter, so they could pay them back for it. Fourth, to explore the area around them. And fifth, to limit hungry visitors. It is this last objective that shows something about the Indians’ work ethic and food production. What was happening was there were many Indians that were taking advantage of the Pilgrim’s hospitality and staying there eating up their food. The Pilgrims wanted to be hospitable, but did not want to run out of food and so asked Massasoit to limit visitors to the amount they could handle. They were generous with gifts and hospitality, but did not want to become welfare providers, especially when they couldn’t afford it.
As the small expedition went out they could start to see why many Indians preferred to get the food from the English. The Indians, despite having a great abundance of natural resources, still struggled in having a stable food supply and clean habitations. As Edward Winslow (one of the two men on the expedition) says in his book Mourt’s Relation, describing a meager meal they had with Massasoit, “this meal only we had in two nights and a day, and had not one of us bought a partridge we had taken our journey fasting…he was to have us stay with them longer: but we desired to keep the Sabbath at home: and feared we should either be light-headed for want of sleep, for with bad lodging, the savages’ barbarous singing (for they use to sing themselves asleep), lice and fleas within doors, and mosquitoes without, we could hardly sleep all the time of our being there; we much fearing that if we should stay any longer, we should not be able to recover home for want of strength.” Bradford remarks concerning this lack of prosperity among the Indians, “For the Indians used then to have nothing so much corn as they have since the English have stored them with their hows, and seen [the Englishmen’s] industry in breaking up new grounds therewith.” On their trip some Indians desired that the Englishmen kill some crows, because they had been ruining the corn. There the two Englishmen with their superior weapons killed 80 crows in an afternoon.
We can see that the Indians benefited both from observing the English work ethic, and the technology it produced (such as guns and hows). This work ethic had come from the long history of Christendom where it had been taught that work is worship to God, that work is a blessing, that we are created to work and produce to the glory of God, that our first command from God is to “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it, and have dominion” (Gen. 1:28).
Even the monks in the Middle Ages were taught this and spent much of their time in working and agriculture. The Protestant Reformation continued this and expanded it with its teaching of vocation, that the farmer and the pastor are both doing God’s work. The Pilgrims understood the importance of work and produced great things. When my family and I were in Plymouth in 2009 we saw a mill built only fifteen years after the Pilgrims first landed. It was amazingly intricately designed with all sorts of wheels, gears, stones, and levers–and it’s still working! We can see that the Christianity of the Pilgrims made them hard-working, productive, and a relatively prosperous society. It was this culture that built America.
Read more at The Christian Philosophy of Food
Food is not what it used to be, at least not the food found at the supermarket. The modern world boasts of a bountiful harvest provided by technology – the wonders of industrialization applied to agriculture. But the result of this production system has largely become one of turning a few crops into commodities and engineering a vast new sea of “foods” from them. The modern western (and especially U.S.) diet largely consists of highly processed food products, far removed in form and nutrition from the original life form that they came from.
The Industrialization of Food
This commoditization of food has been greatly aided by government subsidies for corn and soy, to the benefit of the food processing and fast food/junk food industries. The creation of very cheap inputs into factory foods by government policy is a foundational contributor to the change in the nature of food in America over the past several decades. This, combined with the cultural changes valuing mobility and convenience over family time and traditional cooking, have led the sea change in the way that Americans interact with food.
The results have been devastating. We now have widespread (if not epidemic) rates of obesity, heart disease, cancer of all kinds, food allergies, and behavioral problems linked to poor digestion and gut health. It is not coincidental that these changes have come with the change in the American diet and lifestyle. Causal is a better term to describe it.
Industrial farming has leveraged economies of scale to produce for the mass market through factory farming, but the land, animals, and humans have suffered the consequences in falling nutritional quality and illness caused by chemical farming techniques. And industrial farming is petroleum based farming, turning oil into food.
The era of cheap food is over.
Even before the great American drought of 2012, rising oil prices have combined with third world nations’ rising incomes and increasing demand for more meat and other higher-cost food, to drive food commodity prices ever-higher. Food has traditionally gone down in price, at least the trend had been that way for the last 100 years. According to Global Financial Data, food prices have dropped over the last 100 years by 82%, and looking at the economic business cycle for food, it would seem this would just be another “bust.”
But two important factors reveal that this may be a more long term trend. First, oil is now more than ever a critical input to commodity crops, and therefore food production. According to a study by Cornell University, it takes 140 gallons of fossil fuel to grow and harvest one acre of corn. This fuel is not just for the tractor; this includes all the petroleum used to make the pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, and this number does not include the cost of transporting the corn to a market, or the petroleum used in the packaging of the food. As volatile geopolitical situations arise, and as sources of oil continue to diminish, the price of food will rise regardless of regional food price differences. Ill-conceived government subsidies for ethanol that is turning food crops into fuel have only exacerbated this trend.
A second factor at play is the diminishing amount of farmland. The demographic trend continues to be individuals gravitating towards large urban population centers, and not out to the farmland. The American Farmland Trust estimates that American farmland is disappearing at the rate of 2 acres per minute. As farmers and their land become more scarce through industrialization, the system becomes more susceptible to shocks and rising food prices.
With a severe global economic downturn setting in and millions of families worldwide facing difficulty in figuring out how to feed their families, we have now entered a global Food Crisis. The “Arab Spring” was one of the many indications that the global food system is precariously balanced at the edge of a cliff.
But the crisis caused for millions due to the increasing price of food is a lagging indicator. More fundamental is the drastic way that food production, distribution, and consumption has changed over the past few decades. With increasing urbanization has come the loss of productive farmland and the decline of family farming around the globe. This makes the modern food system much more susceptible to risks of various sorts, everything from weather and crop failures, to market conditions in oil markets and global geopolitical events. The 2012 drought in America’s heartland – the worst ever – is an important recent example. Even local disasters can produce serious problems with respect to food availability due to the long supply lines in modern food systems.
What is the Solution?
With so many systemic problems in our food system, what is the solution? The solution to all of these problems – to our depleted soil, shrinking and aging farmer population, our toxic environment, diminishing nutrition, chronic health problems, and rising prices – is YOU. You are the solution!
As much as you are able, grow your own food. Being productive with what you have is an essential first step. Buy fresh and buy local. Know your farmer and support your local economy. Buy from a farmer you can trust, one whose farm is not entrenched in the factory farm system. Join a CSA or community garden. Localization is a key to transforming the food system.
Know the risks associated with buying chemically-produced food, and choose to buy organic and sustainable products. Self-education is a critical foundation for transforming the way your family deals with food. Don’t rely on someone else to do it all for you. Further, research and implement traditional food preparation methods, which will help you maximize the nutrition that your family receives and keep them healthy.
Plan ahead and buy in bulk from trusted suppliers. Join a food co-op or buying club to get better deals on whole foods, buying in bulk to utilize aggregated purchasing power. Build up a food storage supply – the larder of olden days – to be prepared for emergencies and ready to share with neighbors in need. Forward thinking is required to get out of the rat race that comes with “convenience”.
Is It Really That Simple?
With such huge challenges facing us with our broken modern food system, could it really be that simple? Yes, it is that simple. You are the Solution. It requires action by individuals and families to change the system, because food choices are what support the system. It was, in fact, only because people changed the way they acquired, prepared, and ate food – adopting “convenience” and price as determining factors – that our current system became what it is. Stop feeding the beast with your purchases – opt out, as much as you are able. Change what you are demanding, and the market will change to accommodate you. In fact, it already has begun to do so.
Grow a garden. Know and support your local farmers. Join a buying club. Build your food storage. Grow community around food. It really is that simple. It starts and ends with you. You are the Solution.
The USDA announced on August 30th, 2012 that $18 million worth of aid would be distributed to new farmers and ranchers, particularly those who were “socially disadvantaged.” The program (titled the "Beginner Farmer and Rancher Development Program") is a new wave of aid enacted through the 2008 farm bill designed to entice a young workforce to enter the farming occupation, specifically to establish themselves within the developing sustainable niche.
The program sets aside money for college and university programs, nonprofits, and organizations that promote off-grid living, and collective farming operations. The USDA claims the program, “will help beginning farmers and ranchers overcome the unique challenges they face and gain knowledge and skills that will help them become profitable and sustainable,” without considering the grand irony of the federal government being involved in “sustaining” agriculture.
The Meaning of “Sustainable”
“Sustainable” has a specific meaning in my agriculture worldview. It does not merely serve as a placeholder on the “progressive foodie” cereal box, and it is not just the philosophy to live by for the good of humanity. Honest advertising and moral concerns for the planet play a part in the “sustainability” label, but as a market garden manager, sustainability for me is separated into two connected categories: economic security and biological diversity.
A farmer must budget for what his farm can sustain and what it will need, considering future projected income through crop and animal yields. How then could the farmer use government funds and still be sustainable if his farm must profit from grants? Even if the grant is just a startup investment, a marketplace unable to sustain the start-up businesses that provide for the most basic human need is a poor marketplace to be a part of, and one I certainly would avoid.
At the least, the farmer is not appropriately preparing for what the market will dictate. The aid offered through this specific grant, and other grants which the USDA pushes on young farmers, will never strengthen the market for the farmer, but will only induce a system of dependency on government aid. It will eventually cause the loss of independent farms and farmers that the very programs are trying to prevent.
Is the USDA Really Supporting Farmers?
Despite my previous denunciation of government funding for sustainable farming, I think most sustainable farmers would expect a farm bill to contain direct grants (as in previous bills) for individual farmers, yet the majority of the funding (after the university programs) is given to organizations that support sustainable gardening or collective programs.
One organization in Illinois, The Black Oaks Center for Sustainable, Renewable Living, is more of a working community than a farm, and is more focused on teaching survival skills in a “post-carbon” world, creating renewable energy, and on collectively farming for the common good, than on producing food to economically sustain a family.
I believe such a program would have positive effects on individuals and families weaning themselves from a consumer-heavy mindset, but at best, this grant provision show the ignorance the USDA has when it supports sustainable farming, in the context of the business of farming.
USDA Really Supports the Industrial System
The USDA has traditionally manipulated the market for farm products, turning many crops into commodities in order to enable low cost food products to the consumers, and at the same time offering aid to the farmers taking the risk so they can hedge against crop failures. Without the need to plan for the risk of losses, farmers have developed an agricultural landscape that supports monoculture, quickly harvestable and often environmentally misplaced crops.
Sustainable farming has no place in such a system, and if anything has come of this system, it has neither helped the farmer nor the consumer. The system has made the farmer dependent on debt and industrial technology, and the consumer has experienced a reduction in real food and poor nutritional quality.
It is no wonder that over the last decade we have seen a rise in the demand for organic and sustainable food products. The companies who support agribusiness are still making their profits, and one would think the USDA would support them entirely, so why would the USDA suddenly decide to help the small, limited market? I believe the answer lies with the consumer.
The USDA is no doubt noticing the impact that such labels as the organic label (a $32 Billion industry in the US) and the sustainable label have had on consumers and producers alike. These labels have been processed through bureaucratic jargon to come to mean nothing from the governmental regulatory standpoint. Organic foods can contain many different chemical agents, either applied in the field or in a processing plant.
At the same time, this is the same agency who has shut down small farming operations across the United States because they marketed products that consumers sought, even though the products were considered unsafe for consumption or production by the USDA (I am speaking of raw milk, hemp, raw honey, etc), while greenlighting the use of GMO seeds and hormone enhanced cattle, neither of which are sustainable.
Now, the USDA seemingly wants to find a way to extend an olive branch to the new generation of young entrepreneurs who want to positively affect the food supply, yet I think it has more to do with the influence that young farmers will have on their land.
Supporting Family Farms?
The USDA will attempt to redeem themselves by pointing out that they have stood for family farmers, although to what degree? 98% of US farms are family owned. An encouraging sign, but of those farms, only a few are true polyculture farms, growing for biological and economic sustainability. Their agricultural production is dependent upon the industrial systems used to sustain vast monocropped land.
This industrial system has created many casualties. There are 330 "family" farmers are leaving their land every week because they aren't able to make ends meet. This statistic would be less sad if there were a new generation of farmers to fill the void left, but not many exist.
The mean age of farmers in this country now stands at 65. So, the USDA is doing their bit to provide the educational needs of the new generation of farmers, bringing them into the "21st Century" of farming. Yet, this kind of thinking produced the problem in the first place! The grants have an educational focus on how to "engineer" the farm, instead of how to let the farm produce on it's own. I am not denigrating college in anyway, or stating that it doesn't have a place in helping upcoming farmers understand the science involved in creating a truly sustainable farm, but within a system supported by agribusiness, there is no a silver lining.
What Will Really Support the 21st Century Farmer?
"The young farmer only needs a little more education" is the cry, and the USDA can be seen promoting and supplying the “socially disadvantaged” young farmer with the tools for the 21st Century. But the 21st Century has shown solutions that are not in support of the young sustainable farmer. Although such programs exist that promote organic or sustainable agriculture, they do not give a farmer any edge over the internet-savvy individual who can mine the knowledge base of the internet, and who can invest more money into land or sustainably developing his farm. Being socially disadvantaged (are they meaning to say, "dumb hick?") does not necessarily mean technologically inept.
That is what the 21st Century has really offered the new farmer, the possibilities of infinite knowledge sharing and the verification of results. Results is what the classroom farmer will still be offering, the "slightly smudged" organic tomato which has all the outward certifications of organic, but the internal poverty of mismanagement and licensed cheating. But to the true sustainable 21st Century farmer, land becomes the resource to be sought, not costly knowledge, and most importantly, the freedom to farm as one pleases, and as the consumer market dictates.
The USDA can certainly try to sell their wares to the young generation of farmers, but I believe these strong, hard-working growers are seeing through the deceptive hypocrisy. Government cannot solve the ills that have been built up over several generations of conventional farming, supported by the USDA, and government is not the answer to the decline of American farming.
This aid is not the support young farmers should desire, nor is it the redemption the USDA craves. The solution is the farmer and his field, free from the tyranny of government regulation and unadulterated by government handouts.
Joel is a very unique man. He has been a visionary leader of the sustainable farming movement, a prophet of sorts, calling people back from the destructive ways of modern industrial farming to return to a sustainable agriculture model that utilizes technology appropriately while honoring God's design in creation. Take a few minutes to read this reflective note from Joel written this morning and posted on the Polyface Farm Facebook page, and rejoice with him on this momentous occasion!
A note from Joel…….
Sept. 24, 1982 marked my first day of full time farming. It was a Monday, just like today, and the Friday previous
I had cleaned out my desk in the Staunton News Leader newsroom and waved goodbye to my fellow journalists.
Everyone thought I was making a huge mistake. Farming? Anything but that.
Even farmers thought I was making a huge mistake. And then to know that I was not going to use chemicals. That
I was going to pasture chickens and pigs. That I wasn't going to build silos and plow the soil. How could anything be
This morning I awakened to a farm festooned with balloons. I had mentioned the day and its 30-year importance in
passing a couple of times during the summer, but frankly have been too covered up with responsibilities to plan any
big celebration for myself. No worries. I'm surrounded by the most loyal, grateful, creative, dependable, conscientious
team of young people you can imagine.
I've been crying all morning.
I think Eric and Brie led the plans. Overnight, they and accomplices decorated the farm with balloons, strategically
placed to intercept my morning routine at every step. From the clothesline beside the backdoor to the equipment
shed, balloons lined the path. The Massey Ferguson tractor they knew I would use to move the Eggmobile had
balloons anchored to the wheels. As I approached the Eggmobile to hook it up, balloons cascaded off the front.
As is my routine, I went out to get the morning newspaper–once a news junkie, always a news junkie–and the farm
entrance literally floated with ballons and our entrance sign had an explanatory addition in huge letters: Happy
Anniversary Joel Fulltime Farming 30 Years.
Tears welled up uncontrollably as the reality of the love and support of these young people overwhelmed me. To
be this age, farming, surrounded by this kind of enthusiasm and honor–could it get any better than this? And then
I had to chuckle: take that, friends, farmers, experts. All you folks that said I was throwing my life away, being foolish.
Can you see me now? Ha!
I always check the cows in the morning. Yes, balloons on the 4-wheeler (my personal Japanese cow-pony). Streaming
behind me, the balloons followed me up the three-quarter mile farm lane to the farm pasture. And as if that weren't enough,
all along that route, from the trees and bushes, balloons heralded the celebratory day. We're here! We've made it
this far! Touchdown! Hallelujah! Say it however you want to; scream it from the rooftops. We're still here. And not
only have a survived, we've thrived.
Tears streaming down my face, I topped the little knoll before coming to the cows and there, adorning every electric
fence stake in the cross fence, were more balloons. The cows, mostly lying down on this 38 degree morning (we
actually had the first patchy frost of the season), simply burped up another wad of grass cud to chew on. They looked
at me completely ordinarily. Nothing much upsets their routine. Nothing is as placid as a placid cow.
With gratitude and a deep sense of blessing welling in my heart, tears streaming down my cold cheeks, I headed
back to the house for breakfast, the newspaper, morning emails, and desk work. My spirit is overflowing today.
Teresa and I had a dream. We worked at it. We prayed over it. We babysat it. We lived and loved it. Today it shines
like a burning bush, attracting people from all over the world to come and see. Thank you, Lord, for 30 wonderful years.
And lest you're wondering, we don't think we've hardly started yet. Now we're not just a couple of people standing on
the shoulders of our parents, but we're a tribe, with the next generation and the next and a whole team of players
plugging the gaps where we're weak and leveraging our expertise where we're strong. Look out, world. Here we come.
Thank you, family. Thank you, Polyface team, staff, interns. Thank you, patrons who have stood by us monetarily,
supporting us with your smiles, your eating, and yes, your dollars. Polyface Farm is charitable, but not a charity. It is
a business, but not only a business. So raise your glasses, folks. Here's to another 30 years. Thank you.
My brother, dad, and I recently drove two counties over here in our homestate of Texas to pick up 8 local bee hives. The bees and their honey will form the backbone of our "artisan" product offering to our market-garden customers, and are a welcome addition to our current stock of sweetless produce. The adventure of picking them up was a success, but not without a fair share of trouble. The easiest way to minimize the hassle transporting bees is by performing the task at night when they are sleeping in their hives. We chose a moderate evening to move them.
"Summertime is when we transport our bees," Dad mentioned, referring back to his days as a beekeeper on his family orchard. Of course, the weather in Washington State was different than Texas. It is imperative that bees be transported at 50 degrees above Farhenheit, since bees tend to cluster at temperatures below 50, and when the hive is jarred on the journey to a new location, the clusters began to break apart, and the bees die. I would have enjoyed transporting during a Texas fall evening, but at least that night, Texas experienced a surprisingly low high of 85. A moderate wind also gave some relief to the chore.
We arrived at the property where a first set of hives were kept, and unload our trailer and my brother. His task was to collect all the empty bee boxes, and dead hives he can pick up. Dad and I continued on into the night to a property where the remaining hives are.
We placed the most important tool for transporting bees, a smoker, behind us in the truck bed. If you ever have to light a smoker and travel to where the hives are, it is a good idea to pack even more fuel for the smoker then you anticipate using. In our case, the wind blowing through the bed burned through fuel out quickly. When we arrived at the location, we decided to attack the hive without the smoke.
The hushed rustle of a thousand wings emerge from the inside of the box. That is the sound is the winged creatures during their sleep. The pioneers had their homes built for them, but they were the ones that carved a place on the land, collecting pollen, and building stores of honey in comb.
Four of the hives have not survived the year, and so they are quickly loaded onto the truck. The front lights fork into the grass, and illuminate our large, netted hats, as we head out to grab the "live" hive. Our gloves are slaked with sweat. We formulate a plan for moving the hives while dad secured the hive boxes together with a staple and hammer. It is best to secure the hive boxes several days before the move, since the bees do not take kindly to someone hammering on their home in the middle of the night (and who wouldn't!). Soon enough, the hammer's pounding made us wish we had not run out of smoke!
The hive began to stir as we reached underneath the shallow crevices at the bottom of the box. The hive creaked; it was weighed down by the the bees, and the full honey combs they have stored over the course of the season. Later we find out that this is the strongest, most menacing of the hives.
As their home became airborne, The bees begin to swarm out in droves, colliding into our protective clothing and helmets. We stumble sideways, bearing our cargo to the lowered tailgate of the truck. As soon as our cargo is deposited, it is a race to get away, and dive into the tall grass.
At that moment, every single killer bee documentary I watched flashed through my mental theater. If I could advice my younger self of anything, it would have been to never watch those National Geographic specials! The do not make the process of collecting bees any easier.
It did not get any better when I found I had not secured my helmet correctly, and two bees had slipped inside the netting. I retreated (although it appeared more like a route), and slipped the helmet off as I did, batting the bees away. I definitely would have benefited from having my dad check my gear. Thankfully, no harm was done. In fact, I survived the night without a single sting; my brother suffered 5; my dad, 3.
It took 20 minutes for the hive to settle down so we could approach it again. When we finally did close the truck bed, the guard bees were still whacking into our clothes. Another 20 minutes, and we were off toward the first set of hives.
We made it back, the dead hives were on the trailer, and safely secured. It is always a good idea to secure the hives with straps during transport. Even with the weight, the hives could topple, and the disorganized swarm lost.
The hives at the first location were more easily loaded. Our smokers were loaded, and the smoke they produced was thick. Many people have the notion that smoke somehow puts the bees to sleep. This is not true.
The bees sense of smell is their most powerful sense, and smoke masks the bees alarm pheremones. Smoke also triggers their flight instinct when faced with natural fires. The bees retreat back into the hive and fill up on honey in case they have to move their hive to a new location. For us, it was a matter of minutes before we had moved each hive onto the back of the trailer. The final ropes were attached around the live hives and we headed for home.
While in transit, the hives' weight already did their bit to slow our vehicle down, but it is worth noting that continued jarring will not help keep your bees calm and inside the hive. It is best to travel well below the speed limit and keep a slow, steady pace. The vibration of the engine will keep the bees quiet.
Home for our bees was not on our land. We still haven’t prepared for the bees, so for now, they wait on a friend’s land, while we build a permanent platform. Unloading the bees required only smoke, and by then it was 4 AM. With our charges on a makeshift platform, we departed to the comfort of our beds.
Once we get our bees on the land, I'll check back in and share some more about maintaining hives..
Thanks goes to Robb Wokaty for input on some researched points.
For more info on how to get started with Beekeeping, check out Beekeeping for Beginners.
Intentionally focusing on eating local is all about understanding the source of our food in an effort to make choices that are more healthy for our bodies, the land, and our local economy.
1) Learn the issues
Choosing to eat local is a shift in thinking. It is a reorienting of our food and money priorities. Economic, ecological, social, and personal health issues intersect our dinner table. It’s important to seek out resources, books, documentaries, etc, that can give us a rounded understanding of why eating local matters. …
2) Grow your own
One of the most common criticisms I hear against choosing to eat local and sustainable is that it is too “elitist”. Because buying healthier foods can be more expensive you may think it won’t fit into your food budget, especially lately as food prices are rising. The surest and quickest way to eat local and even somewhat organic is to grow it yourself. Choosing to be a producer and not just a consumer is the first place to begin. …
2) Buy cooperatively
There are times when buying as a group can really save you a lot of money. For instance, if you are interested in buying local, grassfed beef it would be most economical to go in with a few other families to buy a whole cow rather than buy particular cuts a little at a time. You can also start or join a buying club. …
3) Support sustainable producers
The local food movement is integrally linked with sustainable agricultural practices. Sustainable agriculture involves growing food and raising animals in a way that continually restores the land and respects the animals. Using toxic pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers is destructive over the long term and does not build the health of the soil. Also raising animals in confined feeding operations raises the risk for disease. One of the main reasons for buying local is that it makes more sense ecologically. …
4) Define what matters to you
Eating local can mean different things to different people. For some people it means a 100 mile radius; for other people it means only eating food grown in the state; still for others they are fine if it comes from the their part of the country. You need to decide what matters to you and why. Start small and be flexible. …
5) Seek the source
Right now eating local is a popular trend so it seems everything and everybody wants to be in the game. The reality is though there is no certification for what local means. You should always inquire where the food comes from and how it is grown. The whole point of eating local is restoring our relationship with the food, the land and those who grow and produce it. Build relationships with the farmers and it will change the way you eat. As farmer, philosopher, and writer Wendell Berry has said: “Eating is an agricultural Act“
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A Pop Quiz for Teachers and Special Educators: Are You Using Yesterday's Training with Today's Students?
Innovative Classroom Management Strategies That WorkClick thumbnail to view full-size
Teacher Professional Development That Stops Class Management Problems
Teachers: Do you ever wonder if you are using yesterday's strategies with today's students? You very well may be. Here is a quick quiz that will aid you to discover if your college training prepared you for the serious, chronic, and overwhelming problems that contemporary students present in the mainstream, special ed, alternative ed, or charter school classroom. If you think that the problem is you, it may be your skills, which are geared for Beaver Cleaver, not Beavis and Butthead.
At our teacher training workshops, teachers often express dismay that their training did not adequately prepare them to win the race for the top. We also hear a lot of comments that teacher training prepares teachers for a world where guns meant water pistols.
The accompanying graphics illustrate new methods not taught to teachers in college, but that could help solve some of the current problems in schools, especially concerns with bullying, violence, work refusal, truancy, disrespect, peer conflict, school failure, and apathy. All the methods pictured are taken from Youth Change Professional Development Workshops' books and posters, link above. (To get a free sampling to test with your students, click the link above.)
Take this quiz to test your readiness for managing the considerable behavioral, emotional, and social problems of the contemporary mainstream or special education classroom.
1. Can you name the most potentially violent kid, and how must you work with him differently than everybody else?
2. There may be just 3 major ways that kids can respond to adult directions. Name the 3 ways.
Bonus Question: What is the only effective way to get children to comply with adult directions?
3. Do you know which student is most likely to drop out? Name them.
Bonus Question: What other problems will this child quite likely face?
4. This is important. Name the youngsters most at risk of extreme violence?
Bonus Question: Do you work the same with these youth, why?
5. Other than preventing violence, what's the most important school readiness skill to teach to students. (Hint: Schools don't have a written plan to teach it, but all require it)
Bonus Question: When is the time to this?
1. CONDUCT DISORDERS (CDs)
"Conduct disorder" is a mental health term that essentially means that the child is sociopathic. A whopping 11-14% of today's students may be conduct disordered.That means you have at least one or two of these unmanageable youngsters in your classroom. Conduct disorders can be the 1% of students who take 99% of your time. While you can continue to successfully use relationship-based approaches with any other child, these methods inevitably fail with conduct disorders who, by definition, can't relate normally to others. Use yesterday's methods with conduct disorders and you will quickly discover "nothing works." If you use conventional relationship-based approaches with CDs, it conveys to them that you do not understand them. Actions that are normally appropriate under some circumstances, such as giving one more chance, can be dangerous-- even disastrous-- with conduct disorders. If you do not know this child backwards and forwards, you may lack key tools to ensure your safety and the safety of other children.
2. The youth can become OPPOSITIONAL. The child can CAPITULATE if coerced to do so. The child can comply; that's ACCEPTANCE.
Bonus Question: Only acceptance is the way to gain compliance. Power-struggling means everyone loses-- especially you-- as no adult ever wins a power struggle with a kid. If you must hassle and harass a kid into capitulating, that is not a positive way of interacting that will work in the "real" world. Plus, imagine the harm you might do hassling a troubled child by coercing compliance from them. Acceptance is the standard that works everywhere and won't damage even a very vulnerable child while gaining their compliance.
3. TEEN MOMS
The dropout rate for teen moms is by far the worst.
Bonus Question: Teen moms also have the highest risk of poverty of anyone, and have a high need for welfare services.
4. CONDUCT DISORDERS, THOUGHT DISORDERS, EXTREMELY DEPRESSED KIDS
Note how this answer is far more sophisticated and complex than the simple sound bites you hear in today's media. If a contemporary teacher doesn't know what these three mental health terms mean, that is a big impediment to ensuring safety.
Bonus Question: Each of these 3 children needs a very different kind of help. For example, the thought-disordered child might be able to benefit tremendously from medication, while there is no medicine for conduct disorders. Here is the bottom line: To best prevent extreme violence with today's students, teachers must understand how to work with different kids very differently.
If the student isn't in your classroom, you can't work your magic on them. Every school expects attendance, but while many sanction poor attendance, very few schools routinely teach basic attendance skills to students.
Bonus Question: Teach skills on Day 1 of the school year.
For questions or more information, visit Youth Change Professional Development Workshops or call 503-982-4220.
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Researchers have developed a new and highly efficient method for gene transfer. The technique, which involves culturing and transfecting cells with genetic material on an array of carbon nanotubes, appears to overcome the limitations of other gene editing technologies.
The device, which is described in a study published today in the journal Small, is the product of a collaboration between researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) and the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT).
"This platform holds the potential to make the gene transfer process more robust and decrease toxic effects, while increasing amount and diversity of genetic cargo we can deliver into cells," said Ian Dickerson, Ph.D., an associate professor in the Department of Neuroscience at the URMC and co-author of the paper.
"This represents a very simple, inexpensive, and efficient process that is well-tolerated by cells and can successfully deliver DNA into tens of thousands of cells simultaneously," said Michael Schrlau, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the Kate Gleason College of Engineering at RIT and co-author of the paper.
Gene transfer therapies have long held great promise in medicine. New gene editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, now enable researchers to precisely target segments of genetic code giving rise to a range of potential scientific and medical applications from fixing genetic defects, to manipulating stem cells, to reengineering immune cells to fight infection and cancer.
Scientists currently employ several different methods to insert new genetic instructions into cells, including creating small holes in the cell membrane using electrical pulses, injecting DNA into cells using a device called a "gene gun," and employing viruses to "infect" cells with new genetic code.
However, all of these methods tend to suffer from two fundamental problems. First, these processes can be highly toxic, leaving scientists with too few healthy cells to work with. And second, these methods are restricted in the amount of genetic information - or "payload" - they can deliver into the cells, limiting their application. These techniques can also be time consuming and expensive.
The new device described in the study was fabricated in the Schrlau Nano-Bio Interface Laboratory at RIT by Masoud Golshadi, Ph.D. Using a process called chemical vapor deposition, the researchers created a structure akin to a honeycomb consisting of millions of densely packed carbo nanotubes with openings on both sides of a thin disk shaped membrane.
The device was employed in the Dickerson Lab at URMC to culture a series of different human and animal cells. After 48 hours, the cells were bathed in a medium that contained liquid DNA. The carbon nanotubes acted as conduits drawing the genetic material into the cells. Using this method, the researchers observed that 98 percent of the cells survived and 85 percent were successfully transfected with the new genetic material.
The mechanism of DNA transfer is still under investigation, but the researchers suspect it may be via a process called enhanced endocytosis, a method by which cells transfer bundles of proteins back and forth through the cell membrane.
The device has also shown the ability to successfully culture a wide range of cell types, including cells that are typically difficult to grow and keep alive, such as immune cells, stem cells, and neurons.
The researchers are now optimizing the technology in hopes that the device - which is inexpensive to produce - can be made available to researchers and, ultimately, used to develop new treatments for a range of diseases.
Explore further: Modified form of CRISPR acts as a toggle switch to control gene expression in stem cells
High-Efficiency Gene Transfection of Cells through Carbon Nanotube Arrays, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503878, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.201503878/full
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After the Sun, Earth’s Moon is the most obvious object in our skies – an ever-changing but reassuringly permanent presence in the heavens. Yet the origins of the Moon were a mystery for astronomers until recently, and may still not be entirely resolved.
Many ancient cultures from around the world had their own legends about the origin of the Moon. Most were linked to a mythological understanding of the cosmos that considered the Sun, Moon and stars as avatars of the gods.
As far as we know, the ancient Greeks were the first to treat the Moon as a physical object in space, but the idea of the heavens as a celestial clockwork, maintained by divine power throughout eternity, went largely unchallenged into late medieval times.
The first detailed theory to explain the origins of Earth and the Solar System in scientific terms was the ‘nebular hypothesis’ proposed by the Swedish philosopher Immanuel Swedenborg in 1735, and developed by the French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1796. In this model, interstellar nebulae – clouds of gas and dust between the stars – collapse and coalesce to form the stars and planets that surround them.
Read more about the moon:
- Why is the Moon sometimes visible in the day?
- What if we mined the Moon?
- Race to the Moon: Inside China’s plans to build a lunar base
- Why we need to go back to the Moon
The worlds of the Solar System therefore grew in stages from the bottom up, and collisions between them released enough heat to melt and separate them into layers of different densities. Laplace’s theory has since turned out to be substantially correct, although it spent much of the 19th and early 20th Centuries out of favour.
For Laplace, the most obvious explanation for the Moon was that it must have formed alongside Earth (a process known as binary accretion) and been a constant companion since the earliest days of our planet’s history.
But even Laplace could see that the Moon’s huge size presented a problem. With a diameter more than a quarter of Earth’s own, it is by far the largest satellite compared to its planet in the Solar System. This seemed to demand that Earth’s formation left behind an unfeasibly large amount of excess material.
Ironically, Laplace’s theory fell temporarily from grace – replaced by a cold-formation theory – before the problem of the Moon’s diameter could undermine it. This left the way open for other theories. Perhaps the most promising alternative was put forward by astronomer and mathematician George Darwin, son of the great naturalist Charles, in 1879.
Darwin’s theory was inspired by the then-recent discoveries of the Moon’s outwardly spiralling orbit and the gradual slowing of the Earth’s rotation, both linked to tidal forces between the two. He argued that the young, semi-molten Earth might have spun so rapidly that the resulting tidal bulge around its equator became unstable, flinging off large amounts of material that then coalesced to form the Moon.
NEED TO KNOW
Two or more forms of an element that share the same chemical properties but have different atomic masses. The relative mix or ‘isotopic ratio’ found for particular elements varies widely across the Solar System, so this provides a useful clue as to where materials came from.
A large body formed early in the history of the Solar System, with enough gravity to pull in gas and dust from the surrounding solar nebula and undergo rapid growth. Collisions between planetesimals are thought to have played a vital part in forming the planets.
A chemical compound or element with a relatively low melting point that can be easily melted or evaporated by geological processes. The precise boundary between volatiles and high-melting-point substances varies depending on the context, but in lunar geology, volatiles include metals with melting points below 1,500°C.
Four years later, geologist Osmond Fisher added colour to the theory with his suggestion that the enormous Pacific Ocean basin could be the scar left behind by this separation.
Many doubted that Earth’s rotation could have slowed down quite so dramatically throughout its history; others pointed out that, big though it is, the Pacific basin has only a fraction of the volume of the Moon.
But the fatal flaw in Darwin’s theory emerged from an improved understanding of fluid dynamics. In 1930, geophysicist Harold Jeffreys showed that the enormous bulge that would have developed around Earth’s equator would also have acted as a natural brake.
This would have prevented our planet reaching the extreme spin speeds needed to fling off the Moon. Variants of Darwin’s fission theory remained vague possibilities until the 1960s, but shortly after World War II they were faced with competition on three fronts.
In the early 1950s, chemist Harold Urey and astronomer Horst Gerstenkorn revived the capture theory first proposed by Thomas Jefferson Jackson See in 1909. In this model, the Moon evolved elsewhere in the Solar System, before being captured into a close orbit around Earth.
Some astronomers argued that the relative speeds of the two bodies during such an encounter would have been too large for gravity to overcome them, but a variant on the theory suggested that the Moon evolved in an orbit very close to Earth’s own, and so the capture was a slow, gradual affair.
Urey’s theory influenced NASA during the early planning of the Apollo programme, but so did the rival ideas of astronomer Gerard Kuiper. Kuiper revived the idea that the Moon had formed alongside Earth, showing how many of the problems due to the Moon’s large size could be overcome.
A third theory went almost unnoticed in the clash between Urey and Kuiper. In 1946, Canadian geologist Reginald Aldworth Daly had suggested a twist on Darwin’s fission idea. Instead of relying on a rapidly spinning Earth, he proposed that a major impact into the young Earth from another planet-sized body could have supplied enough energy to eject the material that formed the Moon.
But despite Daly’s reputation as a geologist, his musings on lunar origins were largely disregarded.
By the time Apollo 11 blasted off for the Moon in 1969, settling the dispute between the rival co-accretion, fission and capture hypotheses had become one of the Apollo programme’s key scientific aims.
The six manned lunar landings were deliberately targeted at areas of the Moon whose geological history was likely to be very different, and in total some 382kg of lunar rock was returned to Earth for analysis.
Each of the major theories had its own implications for the composition of lunar rock and the Moon itself. If the Moon formed alongside the Earth, or if the fission hypothesis was correct, twin bodies with very similar compositions would be created. A captured Moon, on the other hand, might be very different in its chemistry and mineralogy.
If the Moon formed at the same time, or was captured, it would probably be a ‘differentiated’ satellite, with internal layers and a dense iron core. But if it came from Darwin’s fission idea it might not be, since the material to form the Moon would come from relatively lightweight mantle rocks.
As the geologists got to work, they found the composition of lunar rock samples was an intriguing mix of the familiar and the unknown. Basalt rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity turned out to be heavily depleted of volatiles compared to those on Earth, but otherwise mineralogically very similar.
But what was most surprising was the widespread presence of the igneous rock anorthoside, and glass-like vitrified olivine. Both these and the lack of volatiles suggested the young Moon’s surface had been hot enough to develop an ocean of liquid magma.
In the early 1970s, supporters of the three main competing theories struggled to explain the Apollo data, but still none entirely matched the new evidence. Fortunately, an overlooked alternative was waiting in the wings – Daly’s giant impact hypothesis. Daly’s idea returned to the spotlight in a 1975 paper by William K Hartmann and Donald R Davis of the Planetary Science Institute in Arizona.
By this time the resurrection of Laplace’s nebular hypothesis was in full swing, thanks largely to the work of Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov. Safronov’s twist on the Laplace theory included a stage in which the early Solar System was littered with ‘planetesimal’ bodies ranging in size from hundreds to thousands of kilometres across.
Collisions between these formed the planets, and Hartmann and Davis were intrigued by the possibility that impacts by some of the smaller planetesimals onto the young Moon might have created the huge impact basins on its surface. Unaware of Daly’s earlier suggestion, they also hit on the idea that a larger planetesimal striking Earth could have powered a fission-like process, flinging a blend of rocks from Earth and the impacting body into orbit.
A year later, Alastair GW Cameron and William R Ward of the Harvard College Observatory suggested an impactor the size of Mars that struck the Earth at a shallow angle. This would ensure that the majority of ejected material came from Earth’s mantle, explaining the low density of the Moon compared to the Earth, and generate enough heat for most of the volatiles to escape into space.
Hartmann and Davis’ theory dovetailed neatly with evidence from the Apollo missions, and gathered scientific momentum over the next decade. At the same time, the ‘big three’ theories were increasingly undermined by geological analysis and computer modelling. However, the complex nature of the Apollo results left plenty of room for debate, and it wasn’t until a 1984 conference at Kona, Hawaii that the idea really took hold.
The Moon today
Since the late 1980s, evidence that the Moon formed from material flung off in a giant impact has been mounting. Computer models have allowed the mass of the incoming body, the young Earth and the ejected material to be estimated, and in 2000 geochemist Alex Halliday even gave the impactor a name – Theia, after the mother of the Moon goddess Selene in Greek mythology – which seems to have stuck.
Theia is just one of a number of large hypothetical planetesimals that may have roamed the Solar System in its early days. For obvious reasons, it has exerted a peculiar fascination for astronomers and a considerable amount of effort has been spent on investigating its potential properties.
Read more about the origins of the Moon:
- A timeline of key discoveries
- The importance of lunar rocks
- The great scientists who uncovered the origin of the Moon
But, disconcertingly, as geologists have continued to learn more about the composition of the Moon, astronomers have once again been forced to revise the hypothesis in order to explain the mineral evidence.
It’s now clear that the Moon is not as dry as once thought, and that the water locked into some of its minerals is unlikely to have been dumped there by comets. The idea of a global magma ocean is no longer tenable and models must instead allow the Moon to coalesce without melting all the way through.
The isotopic ratios of certain minerals, meanwhile, are unnervingly similar to those found on Earth, with no signs of a contribution from the supposedly alien Theia.
Three possible tweaks to the theory have emerged to explain these problems. One is that Theia evolved in the same part of the solar nebula as Earth itself, and therefore had near-identical chemistry. It may even have orbited Earth until it grew too massive and unstable.
A second idea is that Theia was much bigger than previously suspected – perhaps twice as massive as Mars – and so its impact substantially modified Earth’s own chemistry.
The third is that Theia was a stray ice dwarf world from much further out in the Solar System.
Its impact provided large amounts of energy to eject rock from Earth’s mantle, but its own volatile material evaporated away into space and it contributed little to the Moon’s eventual composition.
Despite these problems, it is clear that the giant impact hypothesis still provides by far the best explanation for the properties of the Moon as we see it today. It may need further amendments, but we’ve come an awfully long way in our understanding of our nearest cosmic neighbour.
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- Symptoms are divided into two categories: cognitive, or intellectual, and psychiatric.
- Differentiating them is important so that behavioral problems that are caused by loss of cognitive functioning are not treated with anti-psychotic or anti-anxiety medications.
- Cognitive, or intellectual, symptoms are amnesia, aphasia, apraxia and agnosia (the 4 As of Alzheimer's).
- Amnesia is defined as loss of memory, or the inability to remember facts or events. We have two types of memories: the short-term (recent, new) and long-term (remote, old) memories. Short-term memory is programmed in a part of the brain called the temporal lobe, while long-term memory is stored throughout extensive nerve cell networks in the temporal and parietal lobes. In Alzheimer's disease, short-term memory storage is damaged first.
- Aphasia is the inability to communicate effectively. The loss of ability to speak and write is called expressive aphasia. An individual may forget words he has learned, and will have increasing difficulty with communication. With receptive aphasia, an individual may be unable to understand spoken or written words or may read and not understand a word of what is read. Sometimes an individual pretends to understand and even nods in agreement; this is to cover-up aphasia. Although individuals may not understand words and grammar, they may still understand non-verbal behavior, i.e., smiling.
- Apraxia is the inability to do pre-programmed motor tasks, or to perform activities of daily living such as brushing teeth and dressing. An individual may forget all motor skills learned during development. Sophisticated motor skills that require extensive learning, such as job-related skills, are the first functions that become impaired. More instinctive functions like chewing, swallowing and walking are lost in the last stages of the disease.
- Agnosia is an individual's inability to correctly interpret signals from their five senses. Individuals with Alzheimer's disease may not recognize familiar people and objects. A common yet often unrecognized agnosia is the inability to appropriately perceive visceral, or internal, information such as a full bladder or chest pain.
- Major psychiatric symptoms include personality changes, depression, hallucinations and delusions.
- Personality changes can become evident in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Signs include irritability, apathy, withdrawal and isolation.
- Individuals may show symptoms of depression at any stage of the disease. Depression is treatable, even in the latter stages of Alzheimer's disease.
- Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations and delusions, which usually occur in the middle stage. Hallucinations typically are auditory and/or visual, and sensory impairments, such as hearing loss or poor eyesight, tend to increase hallucinations in the elderly.
- Hallucinations and delusions can be very upsetting to the person with the disease. Common reactions are feelings of fear, anxiety and paranoia, as well as agitation, aggression and verbal outbursts.
- Individuals with psychiatric symptoms tend to exhibit more behavioral problems than those without these symptoms. It is important to recognize these symptoms so that appropriate medications can be prescribed and safety precautions can be taken.
- Psychotic symptoms can often be reduced through the carefully supervised use of medications. Talk to your primary care doctor, neurologist or geriatric psychiatrist about these symptoms because they are treatable.
For more information, connect with the Alzheimer’s Foundation of America’s licensed social workers. Click here or call 866.232.8484. Real People. Real Care.
Alzheimer's Foundation of America 866.232.8484
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CLARKE INTRODUCES LEGISLATION PRIORITIZING CLIMATE JUSTICE AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL
Washington, D.C. — Today, Congresswoman Yvette D. Clarke (NY-09) announced the introduction of the Climate Justice Act of 2021. This legislation prioritizes addressing the inequitable impacts of climate change on disadvantaged and underserved communities.
Communities of color and low-income communities have contributed the least to environmental pollution and the climate crisis. Yet, they are disproportionately affected by climate change impacts, including rising sea levels, more frequent and severe weather disasters, and hotter summer heatwaves amplified by the lack of green infrastructure in disadvantaged urban areas. Simultaneously, communities of color and low-income communities have also received the least amount of investment in clean-energy technologies and resilient infrastructure that protect against climate impacts and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The Climate Justice Act addresses the deep disparities around climate change by ensuring that climate justice and equity are central to the federal government’s approach to infrastructure investment and tackling the climate crisis.
“Black, Brown, Indigenous communities, and vulnerable communities across our nation, continue to be most severely impacted by the negative effects of climate change. We saw this eight years ago in Brooklyn with Superstorm Sandy, and we see it now with the record wildfires out West, hurricanes in the Gulf, and most recently with the polar vortex in Texas,” said Rep. Clarke. “As we invest in a clean-energy future and modernize America’s challenged infrastructure for the 21st Century, we must ensure that we both protect and prioritize frontline communities that continue to bear the brunt of the climate crisis. My legislation—the Climate Justice Act—will prioritize and amplify climate justice at the federal level by creating a Climate Justice Working Group to guide our nation’s equitable transition to a zero-emission economy.”
Modeled after the New York State landmark Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act, the Climate Justice Act establishes a Climate Justice Working Group—comprised of representatives from federal agencies, community organizations, cities, states, and indigenous nations—with the mission of helping to guide the country’s just and equitable transition towards a clean, climate-resilient, zero-emission economy. Among its many advisory duties, the Climate Justice Working Group is provided with two key directives. First, it will establish a list of core criteria and metrics that can be used to identify climate-burdened communities in urban, suburban, and rural areas throughout the United States. Second, it will develop a series of guiding principles for federal agencies to ensure that climate-burdened communities see a direct and substantial benefit from each federal initiative to invest in a clean-energy economy and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.
A copy of the legislation can be found HERE.
Congresswoman Clarke is joined by 15 members of the House of Representatives in introducing the Climate Justice Act of 2021, including Congressmembers Nydia Velazquez (NY), Nanette Barragan (CA), Eleanor Holmes Norton (DC), Gwen Moore (WI), Earl Blumenauer (OR), Raul Grijalva (AZ), Jerry Nadler (NY), Jamaal Bowman (NY), Judy Chu (CA), Adriano Espaillat (NY), Lisa Blunt Rochester (DE), Barbara Lee (CA), Doris Matsui (CA), Grace Meng (NY) and Mondaire Jones (NY).
“It’s always encouraging to observe members of our Congressional delegation scaling out solutions designed and developed by their constituents. To that end, New York Lawyers for the Public Interest is encouraged by Rep. Clarke’s Climate Justice Act, which draws from the landmark New York State Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act in a way that centers disadvantaged, frontline communities in New York and nationwide, providing another tool to address the greatest needs and generate the highest impact by allocating 40% of federal investments directly to them,” said Anthony Rogers-Wright, Director of Environmental Justice at New York Lawyers for the Public Interest (NYLPI). “Climate justice is not just about the outcomes, it’s also about inclusive processes that produce equitable outcomes as part of a legislative proposal’s implementation phase. Rep. Clarke and her staff have adhered to that ethos with this exciting legislative proposal, and, therefore, they enjoy our sincere gratitude.”
“The Climate Justice Act is a model case for showcasing how state-level policy can transition to federal level policy,” said Jasmine Sanders, Executive Director of Our Climate. “The establishment of a national climate justice working group is another step in the right direction towards a just and equitable transition.”
“Years of grassroots organizing and frontline community leadership won the hard-fought battle for New York’s Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act—the most progressive climate policy in the nation—paving the road for models and processes that are inclusive and community-led climate solutions grounded in racial justice and equity,” said Elizabeth Yeampierre, Executive Director of UPROSE and Board Co-Chair of the Climate Justice Alliance. “The Climate Justice Act builds on decades of work fighting environmental injustices in frontline communities like Sunset Park, Brooklyn. These community-led models serve as a foundation from which the federal government can accelerate a Just Transition.”
“Now more than ever, we need to lift up the voices of the frontline communities most impacted by the climate crisis,” said Eddie Bautista, Executive Director of the New York City Environmental Justice Alliance. “As a member of the New York State Climate Justice Working Group, the NYC Environmental Justice Alliance is proud to support Congresswoman Clarke and her Climate Justice Act that will take the principles of climate justice and apply them to the federal level. This is not just about climate change, this is about our communities, public health, jobs, and most importantly, this is about justice.”
“This legislation intentionally integrates and concentrates the intersectionality and shared expertise of community representatives, federal agencies, offices, and councils. That means from the streets to the suites, we can collectively establish robust metrics, identify infrastructure priorities, and deliver public health and lifesaving aid, in a more just and equitable way,” said Simone Lightfoot, Associate Vice President for Environmental and Climate Justice at the National Wildlife Federation. “The legislation also helps to ensure that as we are mapping communities we are not missing communities at a time when federal efforts aim to center our most vulnerable people, places, habitats, and natural resources.”
Yvette D. Clarke has been in Congress since 2007. She represents New York’s Ninth Congressional District, which includes Central and South Brooklyn. Rep. Clarke is a Senior Member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, including the Environment and Climate Change Subcommittee, and a Senior Member of the Committee on Homeland Security.
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|Suicide Linked to Gene|
|TORONTO (AP) — Scientists from the Royal Ottawa Hospital have found a link between a gene mutation and suicide. |
The discovery, to be published next month in the American Journal of Medical Genetics, may lead to a ``suicide test'' that would identify patients at risk, the National Post reported Friday.
Suicide is the world's ninth leading cause of death.
The researchers found a mutation in a gene that regulates the brain's level of serotonin, one of the proteins that carries messages between cells. They estimated that the mutation more than doubles the risk of suicidal behavior in those who have it.
``Individuals who carry the (mutation) are at higher risk when a situation that triggers their suicidal tendencies will occur,'' neurobiologist Dr. Pavel Hrdina, who co-wrote the landmark study, told the Post.
The study looked only at patients with major depression. It did not examine people who have not been chronically suicidal and may have attempted suicide for what doctors believed was a one-time cry for help.
However, the researchers say it's possible the mutation may also be linked to the elevated risk of suicide among schizophrenics. People have long believed that mental illness and suicide are inherited.
A diagnostic test for this trait would identify people in need of medical help, including gene therapy.
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Depression is a disease that affects an estimated 350 million people all over the world. The World Health Organization reports that over 800,000 people die each year due to depression.
What is more, suicide is the second leading cause of death in 15 to 29 year olds. In fact, 7 percent of US adults (that’s 15.7 million people) had at least one major depressive episode in 2013.
Treating depression is very difficult because of the stigma put on mental health issues. One of the basic treatments of depression is using medications. However, there are many side effects that come with taking prescribed medications.
A large number of medicated patients complain that they don’t “feel the same” or that the medication makes them sluggish and tired all the time.
Fortunately, there are different studies that focus on the natural ways we can manage depression. In addition, there is one promising herb called Turmeric showing some very interesting results in a new research.
Turmeric is a herb that has been historically used to manage a variety of ailments. This is due to the active substance called curcumin. Curcumin is a very strong antioxidant which can help fight chronic diseases.
A study published in 2016 by Al-Karawi, Al Mamoori, and Tayyar concluded that curcumin administration helped significantly reduce the signs and symptoms of major depression.
Sanmukhani, et. al in 2014 had similar results, wherein curcumin could be used in conjunction with fluoxetine (a medication typically prescribed for depression, also known as Prozac) to manage the symptoms of MDD or major depressive disorder.
It was as equally as effective, if not better than Prozac in managing depression — without any of the unwanted side effects.
Turmeric is effective for people who are not diagnosed with a major depressive disorder but still suffer from mood swings or depressive episodes. Zhang, et. al. in 2014 published a study that concluded that curcumin’s neurorotective and anti-depressive ability could help manage mild, stress-induced depression.
Not only is turmeric able to target depression specifically, it can also promote neurological health and well-being.
This plant has other important uses.
This includes: management of indigestion, stomach ulcers, arthritis, heart disease, viral and bacterial infections, and even cancer. This is all due to the turmeric’s potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
How To Make Turmeric Lemonade
You can take turmeric in a variety of ways- either in capsule form, as a spice or as a drink. You can even chop small shavings of fresh turmeric onto savory dishes such as scrambled egg. It turns out that turmeric is pretty versatile as a drink.
You can make tea with it and drink it either cold or hot. You can even add it to cool drinks like lemonade. Dried or powdered turmeric will work well; fresh turmeric can be quite spicy so be careful when you use it. Turmeric lemonade is very popular because lemons are packed with Vitamin C and this helps boost immunity.
Squeeze a few lemons into a glass, add a teaspoon or two of turmeric, some honey and perhaps a pinch of black pepper or cayenne if you want to.
You can make the turmeric lemonade in advance and store it in your refrigerator overnight.
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Natural Juices an alternative to maintain your immune system
To increase defenses and strengthen the immune system, foods rich in vitamins and minerals should be included in the daily diet, and one of the best ways to do this is through the preparation of juices or smoothies that include fruits, vegetables, seeds and/or nuts, which provide all these nutrients to the body. In addition to being eye-catching because of their bright colors, fruit and vegetable juices are an important part of breakfast to strengthen the immune system, as they provide vitamin A, C and B6, Iron.
When the immune system is weakened, the person is more susceptible to disease, so the ideal is to consume these shakes regularly, as this offers the body a constant supply of vitamin C, vitamin A, zinc, among other nutrients, which are essential to stimulate, regulate and increase the body’s defense cells. Juices are a good way to consume nutrients needed to strengthen the immune system and fight off disease. To avoid unwanted colds, a morning glass of these natural preparations is the key.
- Some recipes of Simple, delicious, vitamin-laden juices
Beet juice with carrotsThis carrot and beet juice is an excellent home remedy to strengthen the immune system, as it is rich in beta-carotene and iron. Besides this, ginger has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action, so it could help prevent and improve respiratory diseases such as flu, cough, asthma and bronchitis.Ingredients
1 raw carrot;
1/2 raw beet;
1 tablespoon of oats;
1 cm fresh ginger root;
1 glass of water.Method of preparationWash, peel and chop the ingredients. Blend them until the juice is smooth and drink 1 glass a day.
Strawberry and mint shakeStrawberries are rich in vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant that helps fight the free radicals that promote the emergence of certain diseases. In addition, it has natural yogurt, which is rich in probiotics that help maintain healthy intestinal flora, and mint that acts as an antiseptic, reducing the growth capacity of microorganisms in the digestive tract.Ingredients1 cup of strawberries;
10 mint leaves;
1 teaspoon chia seeds;
120 mL of plain yogurt;
1 tablespoon of honey.Method of preparation
Blend all the ingredients and drink 1 glass a day. If it is too thick, you can add a little water or skimmed milk. Strawberries can be frozen beforehand to make the shake more refreshing.
Green juice with lemon
This green juice is rich in vitamin C and folate, the latter being a vitamin involved in the formation and repair of DNA, the deficiency of which could affect the immune system mediating cells. In addition, it contains ginger, lemon and honey, the regular consumption of which has been associated with an increase in the body’s defences.
2 cabbage leaves;
1 leaf of lettuce;
1 medium carrot;
1 celery stick or celery spain
1 green apple;
1 cm of fresh ginger root;
1 tablespoon of honey.
Method of preparation
Wash and cut the ingredients. Blend and drink 1 glass per day.
Papaya and oatmeal shake
This shake is an excellent way to consume all the nutrients that are needed to strengthen the immune system. It contains vitamin A, zinc, silicon, selenium, omegas and vitamin C.
1 skimmed yogurt;
2 tablespoons of oats or oat bran;
1 brazil nut or 3 almonds
1/2 small papaya (150 g);
2 tablespoons of avocado.
Method of preparation
Place all the ingredients in the blender. Blend them until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. It should be taken 2 to 3 times a week.
Tomato juice with lemon
Tomatoes are rich in antioxidants that protect cells against free radical damage that can compromise the immune system. Tomatoes provide three vitamins with high antioxidant power, such as beta-carotene, vitamin C and E.
3 large ripe tomatoes;
1/2 lemon juice:
1 pinch of salt.
How to prepare
Wash and cut the tomatoes into segments, place them in a pot and let them simmer for 10 to 15 minutes. Strain and add salt to taste and a few drops of lemon. Leave to cool and drink.
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Definition: An instrument that magnifies the microscopic movements of a diaphragm by means of light interference and records them on a moving photographic film; may be used for recording various pulse curves, sound waves, and any forms of motion that may be communicated through the air to a diaphragm.
[micro- + G. grapho, to write]
Disclaimer: This site is designed to offer information for general educational purposes only. The health information furnished on this site and the interactive responses are not intended to be professional advice and are not intended to replace personal consultation with a qualified physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. You must always seek the advice of a professional for questions related to a disease, disease symptoms, and appropriate therapeutic treatments.
Search Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Examples: glitazone, GI cocktail, etc.
© Copyright 2017 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. Review Date: Sep 19, 2016.
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Surviving Lead Free PCB Manufacturing
by: Tony Garramone
The RoHS Directive and similar legislative acts in other parts of the world are fostering changes in the fabrication and assembly of printed circuit boards. The elimination of the six hazardous materials listed below from the bare board is easily accomplished. If only it were as simple as removing the offending materials there would certainly be less turmoil throughout the industry. Unfortunately the elimination of lead from solder used for both board manufacturing and assembly has forced a number of process, raw material, component and equipment changes. Before I focus on bare board manufacturing issues created by the RoHS directive I want to review the elements of the legislation. The legislation limits the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls or polybrominated diphenyl ethers in new electrical and electronic equipment beginning July 1, 2006. In other words any products brought to market after that date must meet the requirements of the law. Repair parts, rebuilt equipment and inventories that were marketed prior to July of 2006 are exempt from the restrictions. Similar restrictions will go into effect in California in January of 2007. Of the six "regulated" materials the removal of lead is placing the heaviest burden on the industry. As far as the board manufacturers are concerned it is the replacement alloys for the lead in solder that are creating the biggest problem – higher processing temperatures.
Process Issues Arising from Lead Free Conversion
The major changes for most board shops will be the mainstream use of different types of laminate materials and final finishes that will withstand higher processing temperatures. The types of laminates that can be used with the higher temperatures have not been in high demand until now. As panels move through the manufacturing process a number of changes need to be made to the existing process parameters. For example multi-layer press processes have higher temperatures, different pressures and processing times. Changes to drill "feeds and speeds" will need to be made as well as limitations on drill hits. These same panels will also behave differently in the typical desmear and electroless processes. Extended dwell times along with other process changes may be necessary to effectively process panels with the higher thermal capacity. To meet RoHS requirements solder mask and legend inks will have to be hazardous material free and withstand the higher temperatures without noticeable discoloration. Because final finishes can vary so much its not clear which option, if any, will emerge as a "standard". Plated nickel gold, electroless nickel immersion gold, OSP, immersion tin or silver or palladium – which one of the optional finishes will pass muster for the customer? On top of all these changes, board manufacturers may be required to qualify process temperature and material changes through Underwriter's Laboratories.
The laminate picture is not as clear as one is lead to believe. All of the talk is centered on using materials that have higher thermal capacities than the "typical" 150°C Tg range materials. However, there are midrange Tg materials that are acceptable for processing as long as the assembler is aware of their thermal limitations. I know of a small number of board assemblers that are processing RoHS compliant products using 170°C Tg (DSC) material for their boards and having great success. On the other hand, I have talked with others who do not want the liability and are seeking out the highest thermal capacity that they can reasonably afford. Certainly, there have been laminate materials available for some time that have the capability to withstand the increase in time at higher temperatures being proposed for lead free assembly. These materials were designed to withstand the extended higher temperatures that the "standard" FR4 materials may not. A number of characteristics have been identified for the laminates and prepreg that will successfully survive the new assembly processes. Those include Td, T-260 & T-288, and CTE as well as Tg (DSC) ratings. The combination of these properties and their respective test results should provide the information necessary to select a laminate material with the thermal capacity you require. In the past, Tg or the glass transition temperature of the laminate was the main criteria used in laminate selection. With the increase in soldering temperatures, Tg is no longer the only consideration for material selection. Essentially, designers and assemblers are being challenged to consider the temperature and number of thermal excursions each part may be expected to undergo and survive as a fully functional product. Industry experts are suggesting that decomposition temperature (Td) is much more important than Tg and that T-260, T-288 performance and Z-axis expansion (CTE) should also play a larger part in material selection. As a board fabricator, we began our lead free research by investigating a large number of available materials and their various attributes. We made the decision to qualify three higher thermal capacity laminates through Underwriter's Laboratories. It became evident that a number of changes would need to be made if we were to provide the same quality product we do now. In our situation we found that processing multi-layer panels through the press would require higher press temperatures and a longer processing window. As a "quick turn" PCB manufacturer, adding time to a process is difficult to swallow. Once the parameters for the press cycle were established we began processing a number of sample panels, among them our UL qualification boards. We have discovered that the usual "stackup" or number of prepreg sheets that we currently use may not match up with the new materials and will cause a review of the various multi layer builds that we use.
Studies have shown that the higher thermal laminates require variations in drill feed and speed rates. Some have different chip load requirements, others need different bit geometry and the group, as a whole, can force lower drill hit counts to maintain good hole quality. As these materials begin to make up more of our daily production load we will continue our process evaluation and testing. Possible lower hit counts and lower feed rates will add more time to processing panels. One issue associated with drilling is deburr and debris removal from the hole. At Advanced Circuits we made the decision to replace an older piece of equipment with one that has ability to deal with any debris issues that might be associated with the new laminates.
Desmear, Electroless & Final Finishes
When the drilled holes have been cleaned and deburred the panels move on to the desmear and the electroless processes. Desmear is the removal of laminate resin smeared across the face of inner layer interconnects during the drilling process. This process is similar to etchback in that it removes laminate resins. Electroless is the chemical deposition of a very thin layer of copper across the panel and through the holes. This layer, about 50 millionths thick, electrically connects the copper on both sides of the panel and the exposed interconnects. The thin metallic layer will facilitate electro plating the panel later on in the process. Again higher thermal capacity laminates set themselves apart from the "norm". They can require longer dwell times and possibly higher temperatures to process correctly. Depending on the laminate material, they may even require special processing like plasma etchback. In any event we are again faced with the real possibility of additional time and a process dissimilar to other laminates that we currently use. After the electroless process the panels are ready for image processing. Here we begin "normal" processing methods and little if any variation will be necessary until after the etching process takes place. Variations will begin to appear again depending on the final finish. Full panel processing with ENIG, NiAu, immersion tin or silver may take place prior to the application of solder mask. The same processes can also be done after mask application – coating only the exposed metallic surfaces. When lead free solder is used the panels will be coated with mask prior to applying the solder. OSP application is usually done after bare board testing to prevent probe damage to the coating.
Lead Free Solder
When making the decision to operate a lead free solder operation a number of choices must be made. First, will you manufacture both lead free and standard pcbs and how will you maintain both operations? We made the choice to run a lead free HASL in tandem with our current leaded solder machine. A second machine will be our leadless solder line and we will continue to run our current leaded machine as long as the product is viable. If you choose to manufacture a lead free solder board you must also decide on an alloy. We have investigated the processing parameters of a small number of alloys and kept abreast of both the INEMI and IPC solder projects. What is most interesting to me about the majority of the solder investigations is that few if any have recommended an alloy for PCB manufacturers. Solder pastes, flux, solder alloys, reflow processes, wave processes, rework, and more have all been covered in depth for assembly operations. Despite this lack of discussion the leading candidate for use in our facility is a tin copper alloy due to its processing temperature of 260°C. It's nearly identical to the temperature of the process currently running on our leaded machine. Another reason for this choice is value – this alloy is less expensive than others and it retains compatibility with the majority of assembly alloys under investigation. The processing of panels through a leadless process is not that much different than existing procedures and does not present any major issues.
Rout, Scoring and Quality & Test Issues
There have been some discussions surrounding router bit and score blade longevity and a few industry sources have voiced concerns regarding fracturing at breakaway tabs and poor separation characteristics along score lines. I am not aware of any definitive data regarding these issues. Once removed from the panel the parts move on to test, inspection and shipping. It would seem that these materials would present a relatively benign addition to these final processes. However, there have been indications that test probes on various types of bare board testing equipment may see a shorter life span. Apparently tin residue from lead free solders left on probes can damage them if not properly maintained. Surface coating damage from various types of test pins is a real issue and has raised some concerns. In addition, inspection criteria will change slightly to allow for a different finish that the "no lead" solders can present. There may also be concerns over coverage and dewetting, which can crop up more often than with the leaded solders. Shelf life, oxidation and humidity are just a few issues surrounding packaging for shipment and stocking that must be addressed.
Traceability, Training & Communication Issues
Along with all of the process issues there are other problems to solve. Traceability becomes a major issue. The ability to identify specific lots of raw materials as well as manufacturing process dates and times will help substantiate lead free claims. As the manufacturer we have to certify that the product we are shipping is indeed RoHS compliant. To do that we need the support of our suppliers and vendors in maintaining supplies that conform to our requirements and are backed by certificates of conformance. We have already contacted our vendors regarding their products and provisions for conformance certification. The usual date code identifier and traveler information will help trace orders to specific process dates and times. By using a different UL type designator following our logo, customers will be able to easily identify those parts that are produced to meet the higher thermal capacity. Eventually we will be providing a certificate of conformance that states compliance to the RoHS directive as well as customer specifications and requirements outlined in the purchase order. Another issue is having knowledgeable employees throughout the facility. Beginning with the sales staff there has to be a certain level of understanding of what RoHS compliance is, what is necessary to produce the "lead free" order that they are reviewing and what questions should be answered to understand exactly what a customer needs or wants. Anyone who reviews orders, reads drawing packages, creates process travelers or deals with any pre-production process must be aware of the requirements. Training the staff to recognize the differences, the materials and processes required to meet the customer's needs is a priority. Production staff will need to be clear on what can or cannot be done with lead free panels. Cross contamination is a concern that we have to deal with as a possibility. I have recently had conversations with customers asking how they should write specifications that will be meaningful to a board manufacturer and result in a product that will meet both the thermal requirements and RoHS. A large number of fabrication notes I've read are not very clear or specific. Certainly to just specify RoHS compliance leaves the laminate choice up to the fabricator. There could be problems if a customer expects a Td in the 350° range and gets something in the 290's. On the other hand, I have read purchase orders that have gone to the extreme. One I read recently specified a choice of 5 laminates by name, listed the Tg Td and CTE parameters and provided a selection of 4 or 5 final finishes in addition to reproducing nearly the entire RoHS directive.
The board designer should provide specific information in the electronic package and the purchase order should confirm the material type necessary, final finish and the requirement for RoHS compliance at the very least. All things being equal I would like to see organizations like IPC push to have designers and assemblers clearly state their needs in their purchase orders and "readme" files. This would alert our sales, programming and production staff to the specific needs for each part number being manufactured. The designer's role in this whole scheme is critical. Both the RoHS and WEEE directives encourage design changes that support a greener role for all types of electrical and electronic equipment. Of course, some of the immediate changes are being driven by the use of alternative materials. For instance, a board designed to operate using the impedance values for standard FR4 may not function well using one of the higher thermal capacity laminates. Components that survive assembly temperatures currently in use may not be available in a lead free package or may not survive the higher temperatures needed for some of the lead free alloys. A designer who is aware of the industry's need for change will be able to provide products that will support recycling, reuse and meet the restrictions of current and proposed legislative acts. The future of electronic devices should not be dictated by the various legislatures throughout the world. It's time for the industry as a whole to step up and take the initial steps to eliminate hazardous materials from their products and pcbs. There is a need to keep an eye out for future issues that are already beginning to be raised. Like halogens and their place in the scheme of electronic components, raw materials and manufacturing processes. It's even possible that some of our current saviors, like silver, that have a less than stellar reputation in environmental issues may eventually come under fire. We, as an industry, need to strive to be proactive rather than scrambling to meet deadlines that we had little or no part in establishing.
As a printed circuit board manufacturer our role has been to provide a quality product capable of meeting the specifications of a wide range of customers. With RoHS it's not as simple – now we have customers who do not know what they need. I spend the majority of my "lead free" time answering strikingly similar questions from customers. They include designers with years of experience, buyers that are totally inexperienced, engineers, operations and quality managers. Some assemble 100 boards a month, some 100 in an hour, some have engineered a hundred boards others are making their first one. They all have one thing in common - newfound responsibilities to obtain RoHS compliant products. Some know what they want and need but don't know how to tell us that. Some just need reassurance that they're on the right track and that we can support their needs when they get done. Most have just begun and haven't got a clue. The key is and always will be communication – in all directions. If you have questions and concerns voice them to the person responsible. Verify the impedance needs with the designer, settle on maximum processing temperatures with your process engineer, clarify your board manufacturer's capabilities and then put it down in black & white in language you and your vendors understand. When I took on the responsibility of spear heading the RoHS and WEEE compliance investigations for Advanced Circuits I had no idea what a challenge it would become. There's nearly a year left to go and I expect that that may not be the end of it. The next few months will certainly test the mettle of all of us in the industry.
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- Who We Are
- What We Do
- News & Events
- Access Resources
- Take Action
- Join or Give
How to Tread Lightly to Protect Climbing Access
Climbing, once an obscure activity with few participants, has become a mainstream form of outdoor recreation. And our impact on the environment and others around us is under increasing scrutiny. As climbers, we must show a healthy respect for the places and policies where we climb. This mindset helps assure continued climbing access by showing landowners and managers that we take care of the places where we play.
Slip into stealth mode and follow these easy guidelines to help protect climbing access every time you’re at the crag …
Clean up excess chalk – Chalk is a necessary part of climbing, but it also creates visual evidence of climber impact. Clean up spills and brush off tick marks after each session.
Respect closures – Respecting the wildlife (e.g., nesting birds) and cultural resource (e.g., petroglyphs) closures will help ensure that they don’t turn into unreasonable closures. Visit www.status.accessfund.org
Keep tabs on your dog – Dogs at the crag can have a serious impact on climbing access due to their ability to disturb the peace of those around them, including that of the landowner. Consider leaving Fido at home. If
Pack it out – Don’t trash the crag. Carry an extra plastic bag and pack out your own trash (yes, even climbing tape counts). Human waste counts too—do your business away from cliffs, boulders, trails, and water
Pad and tread lightly – We know you’re focused on sending that sweet boulder problem, but remember to think about the life on the ground around you. Avoid trampling or throwing crash pads on vegetation.
Educate others KINDLY – If you see someone hiking off trail, blaring music, or throwing trash on the ground, kindly let them know that their actions could threaten access for everyone. In many cases people simply don’t
For more information on stealthy climbing practices, contact [email protected].
Illustration by Kristin Marine
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Mosaicism denotes the presence of two populations of cells in one patient, where one of the two is usually affected by a genetic disorder. Although most forms of trisomy are due to problems in meiosis and affect all cells of the zygote, there are cases where the trisomy only occurs in a selection of the cells. Generally this leads to a milder phenotype than in non-mosaic patients with the same disorder. Post-zygote event: a mutational event or abnormally in chromosome replication/segregation that occurs after fertilization of the ovum by the sperm, often leading to mosaicism. Germline mosaicism denotes two or more genetic or cytogenetic cell lines confined to the precursor (germline) cells of the egg or sperm, formally called gonadal mosaicism. Somatic mosaicism denotes two or more genetic or cytogenetic cell lines within the cell of the body (may or may not include the germline cells). Isolated: an abnormality that occurs in the absence of other systemic involvement.
Resources: Milewicz, D. M., Witz, A. M., Smith, A. C. M., Manchester, D. K., Waldstein, G., Byers, P. H.: Parental somatic and germ-line mosaicism for a multiexon deletion with unusual endpoints in a type III collagen (COL3A1) allele produces Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV in the heterozygous offspring. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53: 62–70, 1993.
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Calvin Durham, AIA, NCARB, Mu Delta 1988, was once again recognized for his work by the North Alabama Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), this time for his design of a museum in Florence, Alabama.
The Florence Indian Mound Museum is dedicated to the interpretation of the prehistory of the Shoals area, which stretches back more than 10,000 years. The Florence Indian Mound itself is roughly 2,000 years old. With many prehistoric American mounds no longer standing due to encroaching farms, industry, or extensive excavation, the museum has committed itself to a dialogue on environmental stewardship and preservation.
Brother Durham’s design for the 3,400 square foot building keeps the mound as its focus and even draws on its shape. The exterior of the building includes native cypress wood and the cast stone includes an explorer’s map of the Tennessee River, mound, and surrounding area. Also carved into the exterior stones are petroglyphs of the local Woodland Indians, serving both as a design element and as an educational tool.
The mound itself also presented a challenge for Brother Durham’s project, as the narrow space allocated for the museum posed difficulties for the heavy construction equipment, increasing the risk of damaging the ancient earthwork. Careful consideration was taken with every step, however, and the museum was erected according to plan and without any incident.
Brother Durham and his firm were presented the North Alabama Chapter Honor Award for Design Excellence for their work, the highest honor offered by the organization. The award was given based on recommendation from a panel of architects who considered on the museum’s design challenges and appreciated the unobstructed view of the mound from almost every corner of the building.
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| 0.973055 | 355 | 2.796875 | 3 |
If you felt breathing came a little easier in the summer just past, it wasn`t strictly your imagination. After the scorching summer of 1988, in which the Chicago area violated the federal ozone limits a record 19 times, there were only two such occasions this year-thanks in large part to more sublime weather.
It is amazing what nature can do in healing some of man`s indiscretions. But just as surely, nature can slug right back, so it helps when man lends a hand, too.
The Amoco Corp. plans to lend a hand next summer to help keep those ozone levels down, setting a voluntary example for the other oil companies. Amoco will introduce in northern Illinois and northwest Indiana gasoline formulated with a lower vapor pressure.
That may sound like a technically obscure contribution to cleaner air, but it is an important one. The lower the vapor pressure, the slower gasoline evaporates. The less the evaporation, the fewer the hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere. It is the hydrocarbons-baking in the summer sun-that help form ozone, the principal component of urban smog and a major cause of eye, throat and lung irritation.
The oil companies do not willingly make changes like these because they are expensive; Amoco, for example, has invested $1 million at its Whiting, Ind., refinery to produce the reformulated gasoline. This less volatile gasoline also tends to make cars more balky in cool weather-not exactly good public relations.
But the environmental benefits can be substantial, since vehicle emissions are responsible for about half of the urban smog problem. And with Amoco controlling about 25 percent of the Chicago-area market, the benefit it will create will be more than token.
In a sense, Amoco is anticipating the inevitable. The Illinois Pollution Control Board is heading toward imposing the same lower vapor pressure standard next summer anyway, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is expected to impose one even stricter in 1992. But Amoco is proceeding here regardless, and plans to move the improved gasoline to the rest of its 30-state market in time for the new U.S. standards.
Inevitable or not, that is an exercise in corporate and environmental responsibility, and the same reality must dawn soon on the rest of the oil industry.
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| 0.924497 | 474 | 2.515625 | 3 |
December is a festive month with several national holidays that are exciting for kids. With all of the big Festivities in December you might overlook some of the silly days like monkey day, or cotton candy day. Here are some fun ways to celebrate these holidays with children:
Hanukkah: Hanukkah is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the miracle of the oil that burned for eight days in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. Celebrate with your children by lighting the menorah, playing dreidel games, making latkes, and sharing Hanukkah stories.
Christmas (December 25): Christmas is a Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. Children can participate in decorating the Christmas tree, baking cookies, and making homemade ornaments. Other fun activities include singing Christmas carols, watching Christmas movies, and exchanging gifts.
Winter Solstice (December 21): This may be the shortest day of the year but we can still celebrate. I love to cover my room in fake snowflakes to welcome the children to school.
Kwanzaa: Kwanzaa is an African American holiday that celebrates family, community, and African culture. Encourage your children to learn about African traditions and heritage by lighting the kinara (candle holder), making traditional crafts, and enjoying traditional African cuisine.
New Year’s Eve (December 31): New Year’s Eve is a time to say goodbye to the old year and welcome in the new one. Children can participate in counting down to midnight, making resolutions, and enjoying a special meal or treat. You can also create a time capsule with your children to remember the year that has passed.
Overall, December national holidays are a great opportunity to teach children about different cultures, traditions, and celebrations. By engaging in fun activities and sharing stories, children can learn to appreciate and respect the diversity of the world around them.
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| 0.940416 | 394 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Polar bear may be listed as endangered species
Rhett A. Butler, mongabay.com
February 9, 2006
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service today announced that it is considering a petition to list the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Scientists believe polar bear populations are increasingly in danger due to the effects of climate change, specifically receding ice and warming temperatures.
Drowned polar bears are being found for the first time by researchers in Alaska, who speculate that greater distances between ice sheets could be taking a toll on the bears. While bears are capable of swimming long distances—up to 60 miles (100 km) without stopping—it is conceivable that they could suffer from exhaustion during an unexpectedly arduous swim.
The loss of ice also makes it more difficult for bears to find food. Unlike grizzly bears, polar bears aren’t adapted to hunting land animals like caribou, instead feeding primarily on seals. However, recent aerial surveys by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service show that, over the past five years, polar bears are changing their habits and spending more time on land, congregating on beaches and scavenging whale carcasses.
Extrapolating from these developments, some scientists believe that polar bears could be extinct in the wild within the next century. While the last survey in 1997 suggested that polar bears in Alaska were not endangered, next year’s update might come to a different conclusion. Scientists estimate there are currently 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears world-wide.
Courtesy of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service—the principal Federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats in the United States—will review the status of the bear bear over the next 12-month to determine whether it warrants listing. In coming to their conclusion, the agency will examine information on population distribution, density and trends, taxonomy, food habits and habitat selection; information on the short and long-term effects of climate change and sea ice change on the distribution and abundance of polar bears and their principal prey; information on the effects of other potential threats to the species, including oil and gas development, contaminants, hunting and poaching, and; information concerning whether any populations of the species may qualify as distinct population segments.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages the 95-million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System, which encompasses 544 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas.
Polar bears and people, at the chilly top of the Arctic’s food chain, risk consuming a smorgasbord of industrial pollutants that have seeped into their habitat and pose potential health hazards. Now a University of Florida researcher, aiming to better understand just how dangerous the chemicals might be to humans, has zeroed in on how effectively polar bears are able to rid themselves of environmental toxins consumed in the food they eat. It turns out the bears can completely eliminate only one of five of the classes of industrial contaminants they are exposed to, a finding that’s bad news for the bears and other species who share their environment.
This article used information from previous mongabay.com articles, The Wall Street Journal, and press materials from the the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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| 0.92967 | 703 | 3.390625 | 3 |
When it comes to well-being at work, self-employed people are often overlooked. In her doctoral study, occupational sociologist Jessie Gevaert investigated working conditions and mental well-being among those working for themselves. She concludes that precarious working conditions among self-employed workers can have serious consequences for their mental well-being. Those who depend on only one client, those who are self-employed because they could not find other work, and small store owners or farmers appear to be especially vulnerable.
Although the self-employed typically have a reputation for being dynamic and entrepreneurial, the mental well-being of the above group is, on average, the worst of all employed people. This contrasts sharply with other self-employed groups – including stable self-employed workers without staff (such as freelancers with a sought-after skill set, for example) or owners of medium- to large-scale enterprises – who score particularly well on mental well-being. Gevaert’s research suggests that job quality plays an important explanatory role for the differences in mental well-being.
Wide diversity in self-employment
The research shows great diversity among the self-employed labour force.
Gevaert: “Since the 1980s, an enormous revolution has taken place. Not only has the number of self-employed people changed, but the internal composition of that group has taken on a whole new face.” Gevaert and her colleagues point to the existence of a “traditional” and a “contemporary” type of self-employment person. Whereas the former are mainly those with a limited to large workforce in sectors such as retail, agriculture and industry, the latter are mainly self-employed people without staff in sectors not historically associated with self-employment such as the service sector.
Precarious self-employment is found in all strata
Within these groups, the great diversity in working conditions is also noticeable. Among a significant group of self-employed Europeans, there is an accumulation of socioeconomic vulnerability and unfavourable working conditions: precarity due to insecurity and low income, low decision-making authority, physically demanding work and lack of social support. Moreover, several adverse working conditions often seem to coincide in certain groups.
Gevaert: “What is particularly striking is not only that this accumulation of disadvantageous working conditions occurs in new forms of self-employment, but that traditional self-employed workers in, for example, agriculture or retail also struggle with precarious work. Yet there too we noted an important difference. Whereas the former group often struggles with financial insecurity, the latter mainly struggles with work intensity.”
For the groups accumulating adverse work conditions, the researchers found a strong relationship with reduced mental well-being.
Gevaert: “What we can especially learn from this study is that to address poor mental well-being among certain groups of self-employed workers, their employment terms as well as their intrinsic working conditions must be improved. Much more than pushing people in the direction of entrepreneurship, we need to focus on creating conditions for quality and sustainable entrepreneurship. The government can play an important role here.”
Specifically, the study argues for investment in affordable and accessible training for the self-employed and in setting up collaborative networks. Rethinking policies around labour market activation by encouraging self-employment among the unemployed, as well as improving social and income protection, are also considered crucial to ensure the mental well-being of the self-employed.
Based on figures from the 2015 European Survey of Working Conditions, Jessie Gevaert, from the VUB’s Interface Demography research group led by supervisor Professor Christophe Vanroelen, examined the mental health and working conditions of self-employed workers in Belgium and other European countries, compared to employees. The study is based on a survey of 30,000 employed people, 5,000 of whom are self-employed.
Gevaert constructed several indicators to measure the quality of work of the self-employed. This is a practice that has been applied several times to employees, but not so far to the self-employed. The researchers used several criteria to detect variation: the size of the enterprise, the extent to which someone can build up a client base, whether they can acquire sufficient income and are financially secure in case of illness, the number of days worked per week, and whether they have the chance to develop additional skills. Furthermore, researchers also explored people’s reasons for becoming self-employed as well as the degree of decision-making freedom they have in hiring, making important decisions, allocating their income and taking time off.
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| 0.971856 | 948 | 2.671875 | 3 |
I give you now Professor Twist,
A conscientious scientist,
Trustees exclaimed, “He never bungles!”
And sent him off to distant jungles.
Camped on a tropic riverside,
One day he missed his loving bride.
She had, the guide informed him later,
Been eaten by an alligator.
Professor Twist could not but smile.
“You mean,” he said, “a crocodile.”
A typical cruel poem , with a crooked twist. Twist is the name of the protagonist, who is a professor, a conscientious scientist sent to the tropics because he never bungles. When sent to the jungles he never bungles. He is camped on a riverside and surely that is no bungle in the jungle.
Look he never bungles , say the Trustee of the scientific expedition or whatever it is. Twist is not a twisted personality . He is just a conscientious scientist . When one day the guide informed him that his loving bride had been eaten by an alligator, all he was worried about was the identification of the species of the crocodile that had eaten her. The purist that he is he cannot brook linguistic incompetence. There are no alligators in the tropics, only crocodiles. The guide has not got his facts right.
The guide , mixed up about the crocodile species, seems to have been in no particular hurry to inform the scientist about his loving bride’s tragic disappearance in the crocodile’s gastronomy. It was only later that the serious-minded professor is informed about it. May be he was too busy with his scientific pursuits and the guide hesitated to call his attention to this rather routine event in the jungle. That was not a bungle by him. That is how the events turn out. The professor-scientist is language purist. He is mildly concerned about the minor bungle in the identification of the species.
A cruel poem with a crooked twist. Does the inside cruelty not hit you somewhere in the stomach? And you expected to laugh?
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| 0.969812 | 434 | 2.875 | 3 |
Your Child’s First Visit to the Dentist
In accordance with the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, we recommend that children be brought to the dentist by age one. The ideal time for a child to see a dentist is when their first tooth has grown in but no later than their first birthday.
How to Prepare Your Child for a First Visit to the Dentist
If this is your child’s first trip to the dentist, you as a parent will play a large roll in preparing your child for this visit. Children are keen and can see if you are nervous or display any anxiety.
You can help to make their first trip to the dentist enjoyable and positive. A few tips include using positive language around your child when discussing his/her first visit and role-playing with your child such as counting teeth together. Children’s books and videos are available at most bookstores to also help with your first visit. Your child’s dental visit should be an important and fun adventure that if you are relaxed and positive about this experience, it will help them be positive, too.
What to Expect During the First Visit
The first visit will start with a review of your child’s medical and dental history and an initial examination. After a comprehensive examination of your child, any significant findings will be directly discussed with you. Dental radiographs are taken, if necessary, to ensure a thorough examination followed by oral hygiene instructions to emphasize proper oral health care.
All aspects of a preventive dental health program including diet, hygiene, sealants, and fluoride will also be discussed.
If able, a cleaning and polishing of their teeth will usually follow along with fluoride application. For optimal communication, we will explain each of our procedures in terms your child can understand. We want to make your child’s first appointment a positive experience in order to set the tone for future appointments. If any dental findings indicate further treatment is needed, then subsequent appointments may be scheduled.
It is always better to make a first dental appointment before your child has a dental problem or pain. By starting an early prevention program, future dental problem can be avoided. Often times, if tooth decay is detected early enough, there are therapies available that can be used to reverse or minimize their growth. Furthermore, by introducing your child when little dental treatment is needed, he/she becomes a better patient with a more positive attitude about dentistry.
What Forms to Bring to Your Child’s First Visit
- Patient Registration
- Medical History
- Be sure to bring your insurance card!
These forms may be completed online and submitted ahead of time to decrease your time in the waiting room.
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| 0.939394 | 547 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The purpose of this information is to impart basic crime prevention techniques to reduce Automated Teller Machine (ATM) crime. The primary focus of the ATM Crime Prevention Program is user safety. Surveys have shown the reported crime rate at ATM's has changed little over the last decade and that this is a crime of low probability. A person using an ATM is more likely to be the victim of a street robbery or involved in a traffic collision than the victim of an ATM crime. In fact, ATM crime incidents are on a downward trend due to heightened user awareness and prevention
applications. However, low probability odds and statistics are a moot point to those who suffer the trauma of ATM crime.
The media informs the public about important issues and events. Sometimes a negative side effect is produced when too much attention is focused on criminal events. Oftentimes, the public's perception is that crime is occurring at epidemic levels, with fear rising dramatically out of proportion to the reality of becoming a victim. The following crime prevention tips can help make the use of ATM’s safer for everyone.
Because of the variety of ATMs, the unique characteristics of each installation, and crime considerations at each location, no single formula can guarantee the security of ATM customers. Therefore, it is necessary for ATM customers to consider the environment around each ATM and various procedures for remaining safe when using an ATM.
Perform mental exercises and think out what you would do in different crime or personal security situations. Follow your instincts. If you feel you are in danger, respond immediately. Remember that your personal safety is the first priority.Criminals select their victims and targets, focusing on the unaware or unprepared.
Criminals are also drawn to environmental conditions that enhance the opportunity to successfully complete their crime. The attitude and demeanor you convey can have a tremendous effect on potential assailants. There are a number of things you can do to increase your personal security and reduce your risk of becoming an ATM crime victim. Walk purposefully and with confidence. Give the appearance that you are totally aware of your surroundings. Be aware of your total environment and what is going on around you. Criminals tend to avoid people who have this type of demeanor.
ATM Selection Considerations
The law sets minimum standards for ATM lighting, procedures for evaluating the safety of ATM's and requires notices to ATM users outlining basic safety precautions for using ATM's.Although ATM environmental design issues are covered in the law, there are other considerations that an ATM customer needs to consider prior to selecting and using an ATM.For example:
- Do not select an ATM at the corner of a building. Corners create a blind area in close proximity to the customer's transaction. Select an ATM located near the center of a building. An ATM further from the corner reduces the element of surprise by an assailant and increases effective reaction time by the user;
- Identify an ATM with maximum natural surveillance and visibility from the surrounding area. This will create a perceived notion of detection by a criminal and increases the potential for witnesses;
- Select an ATM at a location void of barriers blocking the line of sight of the ATM. This includes shrubbery, landscaping, signs and decorative partitions or dividers. Barriers provide hiding areas for would-be assailants;
- Select an ATM that is in a well-lighted location;
- Whenever possible, select an ATM that is monitored or patrolled by a security officer;
- Select an ATM with a wide-angle transaction camera and/or a continuous transaction surveillance camera. Consult the bank or location management for this information;
- Solicit prior criminal activity statistics from law enforcement for the ATM site and surrounding neighborhood; and
- Avoid ATM locations with large perimeter parking lots and numerous ingress and egress points.
Considerations prior to and during transactionsMaintain a small supply of deposit envelopes at home, in your car or office. Prepare all transaction paperwork prior to your arrival at the ATM site. This will minimize the amount of time spent at the ATM;
- Maintain an awareness of your surroundings throughout the entire transaction. Do not become so involved with your transaction that you are not aware of changing conditions around you;
- Do not wear expensive jewelry or take other valuables to the ATM. This is an added incentive to an assailant;
- Be aware of anyone sitting in a parked car in close proximity to or at a distance from the ATM location;
- When leaving an ATM location make sure you are not being followed. If you are being followed, drive immediately to a police, sheriff or fire station, crowded area, well-lighted location or open business. Flash your lights and sound your horn to bring attention to your situation; and
- If you are involved in a confrontation and the attacker is armed with a weapon and demands your money or valuables, COMPLY.
Fraud ConsiderationsMemorize your Personal Identification Number (PIN). Do not write it down or keep it in your wallet or purse. Do not tell anyone else your PIN;
- Shield the ATM keypad from anyone who may be standing or parked nearby or anyone crowding you in an attempt to view your transaction. This may be an attempt to determine your PIN or they may be waiting for you to throw your transaction receipt away;
- Make sure you retain your transaction receipt. Do not throw the receipt away at the ATM site; and
- Immediately report any stolen or lost ATM card to the proper entities.
To reiterate, the foremost consideration is ATM user security. If confronted by an assailant, give up what they demand. Do not resist, property may be recovered later or replaced.
Do not be lulled into a false sense of security. Employing crime prevention techniques does not exempt you from crime. However, employing these techniques will significantly reduce your chance of becoming a crime statistic. Technology is not a guarantee of ATM user security. It is unlikely there will ever be any security device to prevent ATM related crimes of violence, but security products such as security lighting and wide-angle-transaction cameras, aid in the identification and apprehension of perpetrators. Most ATM's are properly placed and lighted.
The concern of ATM users should focus on the walkways, access and parking areas that provide areas of concealment for assailants. ATM crimes are predicated on opportunity and will continue as long as the criminals continue to invade our society. Do not provide any opportunity that increases your risk of becoming a victim. Alter your habits and offer yourself as an undesirable target.This information is offered to contribute to your personal security while conducting ATM transactions. As far as your security is concerned, you can never be too careful, too prepared or too aware. Share this information with family and friends. Schedule family discussions and practice regularly to ensure that everyone you know is safe and informed.
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| 0.949304 | 1,390 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What can we possibly learn that we don't already know?... like what colours make brown? What means; to neutralize a colour?
Thats too easy but we'll review that one too.
Well, How about - what colours are the primaries called in the 15th century?
What colours make black and other educational advice to help us along with our year. But lets learn some mind boggling knowledge not even mom and dad will know!
Ok see you all this week for the long and gruelling colour theory lessons. Bring a smiley face, yes a bright and cheery smiley face. (preferably not yellow, if yellow please refer to the parents rules... )Then we'll make some prints using the various colour combinations we will be reviewing, like complimentary colours and primary. Bring if you like a rolling pin, materials that have a pattern (corrugated cardboard), with holes, these will be the background textures, what is texture?
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| 0.940209 | 199 | 2.984375 | 3 |
February is Heart Health Month!
The heart is one of the most critical organs in the human body. In fact, it is divided into two pumps that works alongside the lungs to ensure that your body functions as optimally as possible. Blood from your body’s tissues and organs is delivered to the right pump of your heart. Your heart then delivers the blood to your lungs which remove waste from the blood and recharge it to oxygen for the body to utilize. This is the magic of the cardiovascular system which is why it is very important to fuel your body with the right foods to ensure you have a healthy heart! Unfortunately though, heart health has been an American public health issue for decades now. When eating a heart healthy diet, you should try to limit and/or avoid foods high in sugar, sodium and bad fats. Additionally, avoid food products that have been heavily processed. Two rules of thumb that I use when shopping at the store is if I cannot pronounce the ingredients or it it has more than eight, it won’t go in my cart. Instead, choose whole, natural foods that support cardiovascular health.
Try these 12 Heart Healthy Snack Ideas
1. Non-fat or Low fat cheese2. Fruits like apples, berries, pears…3. Veggies like carrots, celery, broccoli...4. Smoothies made with fruits and veggies5. Whole-grain toast with peanut butter (Almond butter is good too!)6. Seeds and Nuts like cashews, pistachios, almonds….7. Hummus with veggies like carrots or cherry tomatoes8. Low fat meat like salmon, tuna, chicken...9. Plain low-fat or fat-free yogurt (Pairs great with fruit!)10. Popcorn(Avoid processed but choose whole grain!)11. Whole-grain crackers with canned tuna or salmon12. Steel Cut oatmeal with cinnamon for flavor
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| 0.925526 | 386 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Photo: © Hawkshead Grammar School Museum
Wordsworth attended Hawkshead Grammar School from ages 8-16. The school was started in 1585 to educate the sons of Protestant families after the Reformation. It taught Latin and Greek grammar, arithmetic, geometry, sciences, modern history and the classics with the aim of preparing boys for entrance to Cambridge. Lessons were in Latin and Greek and attendance at the neighbouring church was compulsory. Boys boarded with local families in and around Hawkshead. Wordsworth and his brothers stayed in Colthouse, about half a mile away along the shore of Esthwaite Water. Wordsworth liked to walk around the lake and roam the fields before and after school, and it is easy to imagine that today as both the museum and the village of Hawkshead look much as they did in Wordsworth’s day.
Visiting: A curator is available to show visitors around and tours are held hourly. Visitors can see the main school room, which still contains the wooden benches the boys sat on (and carved with their pocket knives). There is the headmaster’s study on the stairs and an upstairs room displaying further collections of historic artefacts, some of which date from the sixteenth century. The Museum also contains the old school library of rare books, which Wordsworth donated to, and which the Governors are working towards making available for public viewing.
Hawkshead Grammar School Museum,
Open 1st April – 31st October
Mon-Sat. 10am-1pm, 2pm-5pm
Tours hourly, on the hour. Closed Sunday.
Organisation: Hawkshead Grammar School Foundation
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| 0.968072 | 360 | 2.703125 | 3 |
PAL(1) Short for Phase Alternating Line, the dominant television standard in Europe. The United States uses a different standard, NTSC. Whereas NTSC delivers 525 lines of resolution at 60 half-frames per second, PAL delivers 625 lines at 50 half-frames per second. Many video adapters that enable computer monitors to be used as television screens support both NTSC and PAL signals.
(2) Short for Programmable Array Logic, a type of Programmable Logic Device (PLD).
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During the first two years of life, a child’s brain undergoes extensive development, especially of pathways used in higher functions such as thinking, learning, attention, memory, social control, and language. While 80 percent of brain growth is complete by age 4, the frontal lobes continue to develop until around age 26.
This explains why mental illness peaks during adolescence. Studies also show that serious mental disorders begin very early in life, even during infancy or in the womb. It also explains why adolescents take risks and often exercise poor judgment — those parts of the brain are still poorly developed.
I am convinced that the vaccine schedule interferes with this development. The results are antisocial behaviors, poor judgment, and learning difficulties. To learn more about the dangers of vaccines, read my special report "Vaccines and Brain Injuries — Are You At Risk?"
But vaccines are not acting alone. The toxic environment, stress, injuries, poor diets, and natural infections also contribute to this problem. Take a child who is not breast-fed and is also vitamin D3 deficient, and as a result has poor immune development and function.
A weak immune system means that the child will not only have more infections, but the infections will be more devastating and prolonged.
Like the vaccines, this will prime the brain’s microglia and impair brain development. This translates into poor attention span, behavioral problems, and impulsiveness.
For more of Dr. Blaylock's weekly tips, go here
to view the archive.
© 2015 NewsmaxHealth. All rights reserved.
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New iPad application helps students understand how conditions affect blackbody radiationOctober 11, 2012 by John Toon in Physics / General Physics
Understanding the phenomenon of blackbody radiation – electromagnetic emissions that play a role in a broad range of physical systems – is an important part of physics instruction at both the high school and college level. Thanks to researchers at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), explaining this to students just became a little easier.
The observed frequency and intensity of blackbody radiation is affected by interaction between temperature, humidity, distance from the radiating object and other parameters. Traditional textbooks rely on a series of charts to show how these variables affect the emissions, making the concept potentially difficult to understand.
Researchers have now created an iPad application that illustrates the relationship between these parameters, allowing students to explore the interactions and visually determine the impacts of changes. Known as iBlackbody, the application was originally produced as part of a handbook for electro-optical engineers, who must understand the impact of blackbody radiation in their defense and atmospheric sensing research. The program has since been made available to educators and students.
"We have built a tool that allows users to experiment with these parameters to see how the blackbody curve changes based on temperature, humidity, haze conditions, distance and other factors," said Leanne West, a principal research scientist at GTRI. "The program puts the equations into action so you can see the results from changing variables."
Using sliders on the screen, users can change the parameters in discrete values that are programmed into the application. For instance, the application allows users to see the impact of temperatures as low as minus 333 degrees Fahrenheit, and as high as 10,340 degrees Fahrenheit.
Available in the iTunes store, iBlackbody is the first iPad application to illustrate the concept of blackbody radiation. It is part of a series of programs and games that GTRI scientists and K-12 education specialists are developing to illustrate science and technology topics that can be difficult to understand using traditional teaching methods.
"We think this is a much better learning tool for anyone attempting to understand blackbody radiation," said West, a former high school physics and physical sciences teacher. "Using the iPad can really help to bring concepts to life for students and anyone else interested in this topic. Seeing how equations change as input variables change aids in the understanding of the equation and what it is trying to tell you."
Funds generated by the sale of the app – which is available for 99 cents – will go back into improving it and building other iPad programs, West added. The app was written primarily by Brian Parise, a GTRI research scientist.
The project was supported by SENSIAC, the military sensing organization based at Georgia Tech. The iBlackbody application was originally produced as part of a project converting a traditional handbook on infrared radiation into an electronic book. The application replaces text and a series of charts in the first chapter of the handbook.
"People enjoyed using this application and the saw its potential beyond the handbook," said West. "What was meant to be just a module within the e-book turned into its own iTunes application."
Blackbody radiation has a characteristic and continuous frequency spectrum that depends on the temperature of the object emitting it, a phenomenon described mathematically by Planck's radiation law. The spectrum shifts to higher frequencies as the temperature of the object increases. At room temperature, most of the emissions from a blackbody are in the infrared region, which is not visible to the human eye, which is why the object appears to be black. At higher temperatures, blackbodies can produce visible emissions that range in color from red to blue-white.
A blackbody absorbs all of the electromagnetic energy that it encounters, and then emits it back into the environment. When a blackbody is at a uniform temperature, its emissions have a characteristic frequency distribution that depends on the temperature.
For the future, West hopes to produce other iPad applications, as well as games, intended to teach physics principles.
"Tablet computers are becoming important teaching tools that are playing a larger and larger role in education," she added. "We want to contribute to future generations understanding the science and engineering concepts that are important to the research we do."
Provided by Georgia Institute of Technology
"New iPad application helps students understand how conditions affect blackbody radiation" October 11, 2012 http://phys.org/news/2012-10-ipad-application-students-conditions-affect.html
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With increasing frequency, barriers such as dams are being removed from rivers and streams to improve watershed connectivity, increase biodiversity, and preserve ecological integrity. While barrier removal allows animals to move more freely in freshwater systems, there may be unintended disease consequences related to pathogen dynamics and host immune competence. This is of particular importance in the context of climate change because warm water can increase the disease susceptibility in fish. Many dams have been in place for decades, meaning fish populations have been physically separated for generations; this isolation can result in a loss of genetic immune factors that help recognize foreign pathogens. An evolutionary “arms race” between host immunity and pathogen infectivitycan also take place, resulting in changes to both host and pathogen genomes. When a dam is removed, previously isolated fish populations can mix freely, but so can their bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents. If a host’s immune system cannot recognize and defend against these pathogens, transmission and disease development could negatively impact individual size and survival, decrease population productivity, and alter future disease resistance.Given that many watersheds are warming, pathogen transmission and disease dynamics associated with barrier removal must be evaluated within a temperature context.
I will develop population forecast models that comprise disease-associated outcomes of improved watershed connectivity that will aid managers in making strategic decisions about the timing and location of barrier removals. Iwill start and end my project by bringing together stakeholders and managers to identify perspectives related to watershed connectivity, climate change, and disease concerns for wild brook trout populations. I will compare genetic immune factors (major histocompatibility complex polymorphism) and infectious agent community composition among isolated and connected brook trout sub-populations in a fragmented watershed. I will then use cohabitation experiments that simulate barrier removal to measure transmission efficiency within and among brook trout sub-populations at cool and warm temperatures. My results will be used to parameterize population forecast models that predict brook trout productivity depending on barrier removal, pathogen diversity, genetic immune competence, and projected stream temperatures. I will incorporate my findings into decision-making tools and frameworks that help determine when, where, and how barriers should be removed to maximize the effectiveness of watershed conservation initiatives. The results of this effort will also be examined in a broader context of ecosystem connectivity, informing hypotheses at different spatial scales and across habitat types to identify management considerations and conservation initiatives that merit disease-relevant research.
Follow Amy on Twitter: @tefferfish
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The new boom in American energy has caused many people that were laid off in the great recession to make their way to that foreign land known as the oil field. People ask all the time, “How did this boom happen? What started it all?”
The media has used ambiguous phrases such as ‘The new technology’ and ‘New drilling techniques’. But they never tell you what those technologies entail that makes the boom happen.
Back in the old days of drilling, straight down holes were the norm. Basically, geologists figured out through different scientific means where large pocket of oil were. The name of the game was to find the biggest “Pool” of oil as possible, drill down to it, suck it out, and sell it to the market. But they knew that the lion’s share of the oil was being untapped. This is because oil forms in layers down in the earth. Picture a layered cake in your oven. The top layer represents topsoil, and each descending layer is a different form of dirt, etc. The bottom layer is the oil. Well, if you stick a straw down the bottom of the cake and suck, you’ll only get a little bit of the layer. The question that has been on the minds of oil company executives is “How do we get to the rest of the layer?”
Two technologies have unfolded to help this, directional drilling (which I’ll cover in a different article) and measuring while drilling. Essentially, we figured out a way to slowly bend pipe at 1 or 2 degrees down into the earth until we were drilling horizontally. Once we figured out that we could build a type of pipe that could bend, we had to figure out a way to steer it down into the earth. This is where the MWD comes in.
MWD, or measuring while drilling, is a type of down hole surveying technique that accumulates information and sends this information to the surface. This tool is placed inside the BHA (bottom hole assembly) and transmits information back up hole to be logged and recorded. Here’s how it works:
The bottom hole assembly is a conglomeration of different pipes, motors, drill bit, etc. Within this pipe setup goes the MWD. The MWD tool is built on the pad site by the MWD hands. The tool looks like a long torpedo. Inside of this torpedo are a pulser, gamma log computer, lithium batteries, and other surveying computers. The pulser is just that; a large instrument that the drilling mud is pumped through from the rig that sends the pulser working. These pulses are recorded by the various computers within the tool and the information is sent back up hole for logging purposes. The main activity of an MWD is to take surveys.
This tool is inserted into the pipe that is a part of the bottom hole assembly, therefore allowing the tool to measure the hole as close to the drill bit as possible. Usually the MWD tool is 50 -75 feet away from the drill bit.
A section of pipe, knows as a stand, is about 93 feet long. Once a stand is drilled down into the ground, a connection must be made with new pipe so that drilling can continue. While this connection is made, a technique known as ‘recycling the pump’ is used. Basically, the large pump motors that constantly pump the drilling mud down hole are shut off and brought back up to full speed. This causes the MWD tool down hole to stop and reconfigure. Once the pumping is started back it gets the MWD tool running and a survey is taken. Think of it like turning your personal computer off and then back on to clear out some things you don’t like. Same effect, it’s just that this is done on purpose.
After the pumps are brought up, the MWD computer logs a new survey. This survey shows many details of importance, with two being the most important. Inclination and Azimuth are the keys to drilling horizontally. You have to know which way your drill bit is going. Inclination is simple; is it going up or down? Azimuth is whether it’s going right or left. This way the driller and the MWD hand knows whether they are on course or not.
After the survey is taken, drilling commences.
How to get a job as an MWD
As I’ve stated in other articles about the oil field, an engineering degree is a solid way into any field job. But if you don’t have an engineering background there are two ways to get in. 1) Have already worked in the oil field and network your way into MWD or 2) Be related to or know someone. The second one is nepotism at its worst, but it’s an unfortunate reality of the business. The oil field is still a family and knowing someone is big out here. I’ve seen men who have never stepped onto a pad site become MWD’s because their father-in-law was the coordinator of the rig. This is not to say that perseverance won’t get you in, but you better have an iron will and knock down the hiring managers’ door in order to get hired.
How much do MWD’s make?
This varies from company to company. The good thing about MWD is that you are working for a directional drilling crew, which charges a large amount of money for their services. This money is passed on to you. The income setup is usually a salary, per diem, day rate, company truck with fuel card, and maybe a bonus for finishing the hole early. For a new guy in MWD the compensation package could be:
- Salary: $2,000 per month
- Per Diem: $45 per day
- Day rate: $175 per day
So let’s assume that this new MWD hand is on a 30 day drill job. He would earn $2,000 in salary, $1,350 in per diem (30 days times $45), and $5,250 (30 days times $175) in day rates. Total for the 30 day time period: $8,600 gross. Many companies have health plans and 401k’s as a part of the package. But this varies by company.
These rates go up as you get better and more experienced. Please keep in mind that the lion’s share of earned money is when you are in the field. If you are at home waiting on a rig, then you only earn your salary.
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USA – -(Ammoland.com)- As we know from our history books, the War for Independence began with the shots fired at Lexington and Concord.
Those shots required gunpowder, a substance that was in short supply throughout the colonies. In 1775 there was only one American gunpowder mill, the Frankford Mill in Pennsylvania, and it was turning out a miniscule amount compared to what would be needed to wage a successful war. In addition, this mill was not turning out the high-quality powder needed for artillery use.
If the Patriots were going to have any chance of victory, the colonies needed to step up production or import it. Had it not been for the French assistance in supplying the Americans with gunpowder from 1776 throughout the war, American forces would not have been able to fight and win the battles that they did.
Gunpowder is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate that must be combined in specific ratios. While this sounds simple enough, it must be remembered that in 1775 the state of chemistry was rudimentary. Potassium nitrate itself is a compound of nitrogen and potassium, neither element of which had been identified at that point in time. What they did know was that what they called “nitre” was needed, which, in some recipes, involved soaking soil in urine from both animals and humans, and then allowing it to dry. The dried urine-soil was then boiled to produce saltpeter. Not all recipes agreed with this method which added to the problems in making gunpowder. Unfortunately this required half a year or more to produce nitre-bearing soil and created a bottleneck in the production of gunpowder in America.
When the War for Independence started American supplies of powder were what they had gathered from Royal sources or their own local supplies. The amount was not enough to sustain an army in the field. While Congress was hopeful that they could establish enough mills to create their own self-sustaining sources of gunpowder, they also decided to seek additional supplies from overseas which meant European suppliers. The Journals of the Continental Congress are full of references to purchasing gunpowder in the West Indies. To do so meant selling American goods which involved adjusting the rules under the Association agreement of 1774. As several congressional delegates noted, gunpowder was needed or else the whole enterprise was lost. A Secret Committee was set up on September 19, 1775 to contract and agree to importation of gunpowder not to exceed 500 tons. In addition, saltpeter and sulfur could be bought to make up part of the 500 tons.
This illustrated just how desperate the Continental Congress was for gunpowder as well as the poor state of affairs in gunpowder manufacturing in the colonies. It also brings us to a question about why gunpowder manufacturing was so miniscule for colonies that had been involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for almost a century as well as an on-and-off-again conflict with Native Americans along the frontiers. The first known colonial powder mill was mentioned in an order of the General Court of Massachusetts on June 6, 1639. Then as it was during the Revolution, the production of saltpeter was recognized as a barrier to gunpowder manufacturing. Steps were taken to alleviate that situation and small scale gunpowder manufacturing were in operation throughout the remainder of that century and the 18th until the Seven Year’s War.
The burgeoning trade between Great Britain and her colonies in North America that flourished from the 1750s onward apparently included gunpowder as one commodity that was cheaper to make in Britain than in the colonies. France found her gunpowder manufacturing had slipped as well by 1774, partly due to the importation of cheap saltpeter from India, a trade controlled by Great Britain. Fortunately for the French and later the Americans, Antoine Lavoisier was appointed to head France’s Gunpowder Commission where his recommendations quickly brought France back to full production of both gunpowder and saltpeter. Saltpeter again was the key ingredient for both nations. Trade with the American colonies was controlled by Britain through the Navigation Acts and industrial production discouraged by various laws. One of the results of this was that the colonists allowed their powder mills to decay and closed them as it was far more convenient and cost effective to import gunpowder from Britain.
The result would be that the colonies found themselves in dire need of powder mills in 1775.
Due to the nature of the colonial governments and their relationship with the Continental Congress, it was felt by many that gunpowder production was something left to the state governments. At first production was renewed and several thousand pounds produced, but the lack of available saltpeter quickly throttled back production. Only the arrival of imported saltpeter allowed some mills to continue production, but that varied on what ports the saltpeter arrived in as well as the difficulty in obtaining contracts from Congress, who was purchasing most of the saltpeter. In addition, the quality of the gunpowder from these hastily erected mills ranged over a wide margin. In Massachusetts both Generals William Heath and George Washington noted the poor quality of that gunpowder. The result was one which would last throughout the entire war, that of a persistent demand for gunpowder which would never be met by domestic production at any point in the conflict.
The shortage of powder was felt early in the conflict; one factor (not necessarily a main one) in the British victory at Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775 was the limited amount of gunpowder possessed by the Patriot forces. In late April, General Artemas Ward, commander of the Massachusetts Bay forces besieging Boston, had taken stock of the powder in his army’s control and found it to be woefully short prompting that colony’s Committee of Safety to request gunpowder from the towns and villages. This situation improved, but in August another inventory ordered by George Washington found supplies to be so short that only a half pound per man could be furnished. Gen. John Sullivan said that Washington on hearing of this report did not utter a word for half an hour. Requests were sent to colonial governments for gunpowder which arrived in short order. We can only speculate on what might have happened had the British made an attempt to break the siege before that critical shortage of gunpowder was eased.
Desperate for powder, no matter where it was located, both Washington and Congress eyed the British powder magazine on the island of Bermuda. Unbeknownst to each other both undertook separate operations to seize the powder. Governor Bruere of Bermuda described the raid organized by Congress on the powder magazine as follows:
I had less suspicion than before, that such a daring and Violent attempt would be made on the Powder Magazine, which in the dead of night of the 14th of August was broke into on Top, just to let a man down, and the Doors most Audaciously and daringly forced open, at the great risk of their being blown up; they could not force the Powder Room Door, without getting into the inside on Top. They Stole and Carried off about one Hundred Barrels of Gun powder, and as they left about ten or twelve Barrels, it may be Supposed that those Barrels left, would not bare remooving. It must have taken a Considerable number of People; and we may Suppose some Negroes, to assist as well as White Persons of consequence…
The next morning the 15th instant (of August), one sloop Called the Lady Catharine, belonging by Her Register to Virginia, George Ord Master, bound to Philadelphia, was seen under Sail, but the Custom House Boat could not over take Her.
The “Negroes” and “White Persons of consequence” the governor referred to were people on the island of Bermuda who assisted the Americans steal the powder. The ship sent by Washington arrived weeks later only to find the powder gone.
The campaign in Canada, threats along the western frontier from Native Americans, the looming expectation of a major British attack at New York, and the needs of naval forces all meant that even more gunpowder would be needed. The new powder mills would fall short of expected needs in 1776 and as the initial supplies of saltpeter ran low, only imported amounts allowed the mills to produce any real supplies of gunpowder at all. While sources disagree on the percentage of powder produced by these mills during this period compared to imported amounts, they do agree that without imported or captured gunpowder the Continental Army would have run out several times during that year’s campaigns. This situation was made dire by the loss of supplies at Forts Washington and Lee in New York in November of 1776 where over 400,000 rounds of ammunition were captured at Fort Lee alone.
Fortunately for the American cause, interests in Europe were such that aiding the Americans was seen by several nations as a means to weaken Great Britain. The Dutch were more than happy to trade with American ships at St. Eustatia throughout the conflict until the British attacked and captured the island in 1781. Gunpowder from Europe, mainly French, transferred hands and was sent to America as well as saltpeter. Prior to the French agreeing to supply clandestine aid to the Americans, enterprising French merchants had already arranged to ship large quantities of arms and gunpowder through the West Indies despite the obvious violations of international law. The various colonial legislatures had also been busy arranging for gunpowder purchases as well. This was fortuitous because the large losses by the Continental Army left little available for the colonial militias.
The clandestine aid from France arrived at a time when it was desperately needed. The powder mills in the colonies began to run out of saltpeter in 1777 and production fell abruptly. Silas Deane, the Continental Congress’s representative in France served as a middleman and arranged for the shipment of almost a million pounds of gunpowder. Washington’s shortage of gunpowder had led him to issue orders prohibiting its wastage in 1775 and he had to repeatedly reissue similar orders throughout the war despite the French supplies of gunpowder. Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign up to 90%, but the gunpowder used was for all practical purposes supplied by the French entirely. The critical shortage of gunpowder played a major role in the continued stalemate in the north in 1780 as General Knox’s estimates of the powder needed for a siege of New York City was more than the Continental Army could reasonably expect to have available that year.
The inability of the Americans to manufacture an adequate supply of gunpowder was just one of the many critical problems the rebels faced during the Revolutionary War. Domestic production, though promising at first, never came close to fulfilling their needs. This shortage created a situation that necessitated an American search for foreign supplies as well as revealing the necessity of foreign aid. Fortunately, the conflict between Great Britain and her rebellious colonies created a situation that other nations, particularly France, exploited in order to hurt Britain’s place in the balance of power.
Had it not been for the French assistance in supplying the Americans with gunpowder from 1776 throughout the war, American forces would not have been able to sustain their war effort and win the battles that they did, and ultimately the war and independence.
- David L. Salay, ”The Production of Gunpowder in Pennsylvania During the American Revolution,” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 99, No. 4 (Oct. 1975), 422.
- J.L. Bell, “How Not to Make Saltpetre,” Boston 1775, April 3, 2013. http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/gunpowder (accessed August 9, 2013).
- Library of Congress, Journals of the Continental Congress, September 19, 1775. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field([email protected](jc00282)): (accessed August 8, 2013).
- Records of the General Court of Massachusetts, quoted by J.L. Bishop, History of American Manufacturers (Philadelphia: Young, 1864), II, 24.
- Orlando W. Stephenson,”The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jan. 1925), 271.
- T.H. Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 88.
- Jack Kelly, Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 162.
- Robert Middlekauf, The Glorious Revolution: The American Revolution 1763-1789, rev. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 297.
- Erna Risch, “Supplying Washington’s Army, Center of Military History, US Army” (Washington, D.C.: US Army, 1981), 5.
- John Sullivan, Letters and Papers of Major-General John Sullivan, ed. Otis G. Hammond, 3 vols. (Concord: New Hampshire Historical Society, 1930-39), 1:72.
- Letter Governor Bruere to Lord Dartmouth, August 17, 1775 and September 13, 1775. William Bell Clark, editor, Naval Documents of the American Revolution, vol. 1 and vol. 2, (Washington, DC: U.S. Navy Department, 1964, 1966), 91.
- John Ferling, Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 154.
- J. Franklin Jameson, “St. Eustatius in the American Revolution,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Jul. 1903), 689.
- Neil L. York, “Clandestine Aid and the American Revolutionary War Effort: A Re-Examination,” Military Affairs, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Feb. 1979), 28.
- Salay,”Production of Gunpowder,” 439.
- Risch, “Supplying Washington’s Army,” 344-345.
- Ibid., 346.
About Jimmy Dick
Jimmy Dick is an American history instructor for Moberly Area Community College. He earned an MA in history at American Military University and is currently working on his Ed.D at Walden University. He lives in Edina, Missouri with his wife, Deborah and Schnorkie, Lizzie Lou. His primary area of interest is American history to 1865 with a concentration in the American Revolution and Early Republic eras. He served 20 years in the Missouri National Guard and U.S. Army, where he worked in military intelligence as a Morse Code interceptor.
About Journal of the American Revolution
In a world of increasing historical illiteracy and apathy, Journal of the American Revolution (allthingsliberty.com) publishes passionate, creative and smart content intended to make history more palatable. Our daily goals are simple: Make serious history more approachable among a diverse audience and regularly deliver original, unique and interesting material to our readers. Collectively, our rapidly growing archive — now approaching 200 articles — provides amazing substance, depth and breadth as we strive to become the leading source of information about the American Revolution and Founding period.
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Crunching the numbers, ALMA has weighed the mass of the supermassive black hole at the center of this spiral barred galaxy called "NGC 1097."
It's pretty awesome progress. This is a combo image of the galaxy using multiple real photos of different light freq. ranges, which is called a composite image, and very real.
Image Credit: ALMA (NRAO/ESO/NAOJ), K. Onishi; NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, E. Sturdivant; NRAO/AUI/NSF
Turns out this black hole has a mass of...
over 140 million times that of our sun
(which called Sol, btw.)Woosah... Deep breaths... It'll be ok. Don't worry, none of us can really, fully grasp this enormity.
Our sun is 99.8% the mass of OUR solar system. Sol, our sun, is about 330,000 times the weight of the Earth.
And we're pretty tiny, walking around on Earth trying to do stuff.
Remember as you go around doing oh so very important stuff, that this black hole in the center of the picture above is
Earth's Mass times, oh, about 46,200,000,000,000
enjoy your latte.
EDIT:ALMA JAPAN just uploaded this fantastic youtube video featuring this galaxy, NGC 1097.
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Share Spread the Love------
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|The Ingushetian and Chechnyan presidents Yunus-Bek Yevkurov and Ramzan Kadyrov|
NORTH CAUCASUS (CHECHNYA, DAGESTAN, INGUSHETIA, CIRCASSIA)
Chechen, Ingush Negotiators Meet to Resolve Border Dispute. In an attempt to iron out their newly flaring border dispute, leaders from two Russian republics met in Magas, Ingushetia, this week to lay out ground rules for negotiations on a border dispute. The two negotiators—the speaker of the Chechen Republic’s parliament, Dukvakha Abdurakhmanov, and the Republic of Ingushetia’s prime minister, Musa Chiliyev—vowed to resolve the issue without intermediaries, but they seem to be miles apart. Chechnya wants to drastically reduce the land area of Ingushetia, already the smallest constituent member of the Russian Federation, leaving it in two discontiguous chunks separated by Chechen territory. This would, Chechen negotiators say, restore the boundary to where it was before the Chechen and Ingush autonomous oblasts merged to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast (later Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) in 1934. But an Ingush historian claims that a map from the 1920s—when the territories were part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic—shows a Chechen–Ingush border closer to where it is today. Chechens point out that in those days the disputed regions were part of a Cossack district that was later absorbed, in 1929, into the Chechen Autonomous Oblast. Chechnya and Ingushetia separated as Communism fell, prompted by Chechnya’s war with Russia and Ingushetia’s smaller armed conflict with its neighbor on the other side, the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. The new, de facto boundaries have never been formally demarcated.
4 Police, 9 Rebels Killed in Battles with Islamists in Chechnya, Dagestan. The Russian Federation’s ministry of the interior announced September 22nd that the previous two days in the Chechen Republic in the Vedeno region had seen the killings of four police officers and four rebels, with 11 officers also injured. This confirms earlier, sketchy figures for that period of time provided (as reported last week in this blog) on the website of the Caucasus Emirate, an Islamist militia which is fighting to establish a separate state in Russia’s predominantly-Muslim North Caucasus region. In the neighboring Republic of Dagestan’s Khasavyurt distrinct, four rebels were killed in a gun battle with security forces on September 23rd that resulted from a traffic stop. The next day, also in Khasavyurt, a college psychology professor who was vocal in his opposition to Islamist violence, was shot and killed near his home, killing him. A rebel was killed by police in Dagestan, it was reported September 28th, during a joint operation between local police and the Federal Security Service (F.S.B.).
|One of several Chechen separatist flags. Is that, what?, a mink on a serving tray? I’m confused.|
Pavel Grachev, Russian Commander in First Chechen War, Dies at 64. The Russian Federation’s former minister of defense, Gen. Pavel Sergeyevich Grachev, died near Moscow on September 23rd at the age of 64. See this blog’s full obituary for Grachev.
SOUTH CAUCASUS (GEORGIA, ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN)
South Ossetia Diplomat Rejects Annexation by Russia, Touts “Integration” with Alania. The ambassador to the Russian Federation from the mostly unrecognized Russian puppet state of the Republic of South Ossetia said on the state-run Voice of Russia radio network this week that South Ossetia will not become part of Russia but intends “maximum integration” with the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, which is an adjacent subdivision of the Russian Federation. It was unclear if this meant that North Ossetia would eventually split from Russia and join South Ossetia to form an independent “Greater Ossetia.” Speaking on Conversation with Konstantin Kosachev, the ambassador, Dmitry Medoyev, said that after the 2008 South Ossetia War between Russia and the Georgia, in which Russian troops fully severed South Ossetia’s last vestiges of ties to the Georgia, South Ossetia had become so well integrated with adjacent Russian republics that the question of unification is “somewhere far away” and “irrelevant.” Most of the world still regards South Ossetia, which declared independence immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, as part of the Republic of Georgia.
First Wave of Refugees from Syrian Civil War Settled in Abkhazia. According to authorities in the Republic of Abkhazia, a mostly-unrecognized Russian puppet state carved out of the northwestern tip of the Republic of Georgia, 73 refugees from Syria’s civil war have been resettled in Abkhazia. Fifty-three of them have been given Abkhazian citizenship, a status most of the world does not recognize. Another 30 settlers are expected next week. Some have been given housing and university spots, but three families returned to Syria after seeing what Abkhazia had to offer. In the past, Georgians have worried that Syrian refugees in Abkhazia would be moved into homes vacated by ethnic Georgians who were ethnically cleansed out of the republic in the early 1990s. The refugees in this case, though sources did not specify, tend to be ethnically Abkhaz. The Abkhaz is linguistically related to the Circassians—Muslim peoples of the northwest Caucasus area, between the mountains and the Black Sea—and some classify the Abkhaz as, very broadly, Circassian in language and culture. Circassians from Syria have had a notoriously difficult time returning to their homeland in southwestern Russia’s western North Caucasus region since the Syrian civil war began, due to obstruction by the Russian government. Abkhaz, who, unlike the Circassians, are mostly Eastern Orthodox Christians, are treated more preferentially by Moscow—unless they are, as some Abkhaz are, married to wives from the Russian-based and predominantly-Muslim Kabardian ethnic group, a branch of the Circassian nation proper.
Armenian Soldier Shot, Killed along Tense Border with Azerbaijan. The Republic of Armenia’s ministry of defense announced this week that a 19-year-old Armenian soldier had been shot and killed by Azerbaijani forces on September 25th along the Armenia–Azerbaijan border. Both sides accuse each other of cease-fire violations on an almost daily basis along the tense border that separates Azerbaijani-controlled territory from the unrecognized Armenian puppet state of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (N.K.R.).
[Note: This is a corrected version of this posting, which originally erroneously referred to Circassian and Abkhaz as Turkic languages. See reader comments below for the correction.]
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Eating For Better Sleep
Life feels so much easier when you have slept well. All aspects of our life can begin to suffer if we are sleep deprived – energy, mood, health, work performance, concentration and focus.
Some of us have a tough time when it comes to sleep, whether it’s not being able to fall asleep or stay asleep. However, food can have a drastically positive influence on your quality and quantity of sleep.
It may be surprising to know that what you eat at the beginning of the day, counts as just as important as what you eat at the end when it comes to sleep quality.
Eating foods that have a high glycemic index such as fruit juice, sweets and cakes will cause your blood sugar levels to drop, which will likely lead to you experiencing irritation and anxiety as your body releases adrenaline and cortisol to deal with it’s perceived crisis – the body cannot differentiate between different forms of stress, whether that be a heavy workload of a blood sugar crash. If this crash happens in the middle of the night, your sleep will be interrupted.
How to eat for better sleep:
- Eat plenty of protein throughout the day, including breakfast – this could be white meat, fish, Greek yoghurt or eggs. An amino acid found in protein is converted to make serotonin (a feel calm neurotransmitter). At night, this is converted into melatonin – the hormone that controls your sleep/wake cycle.
- Always eat breakfast – studies have shown that those who don’t have an increased risk of insomnia.
- Eat foods with a low glycemic index such as vegetables, avocados, nuts, meat, fish, eggs and beans. This will help to keep your blood sugar level stable throughout the day
What to eat for better sleep:
Dark leafy greens
|Dairy i.e. milk, yoghurt|
Poultry i.e. chicken, turkey
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Image: Flickr - Marshal Hedin
The ability to grow a replacement tail or limb, present in some species of amphibians such as salamanders and newts, has been lost in vertebrates. Earlier this year
, scientists from the Wistar Institute and Washington University showed
that mice lacking p21, a downstream target of the tumour suppressor p53, have a greater regenerative capacity than normal mice and now scientists at the Stanford University School of Medicine
have shown the importance of other tumour suppression pathways in limiting regeneration in mammalian muscle cells.
Differentiated mammalian muscle cells are not normally able to divide but the team found that mouse myocytes can be induced to re-enter the cell cycle and begin proliferating by blocking the expression of two tumour suppressors, retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and ARF, a protein transcribed from an alternate reading frame of the INK4a locus. ARF is found in birds and mammals but not in lower vertebrates and, interestingly, is expressed at lower than normal levels in mammalian livers – the only organ with some regenerative capacity. When RNA interference was used to temporarily block expression of Rb and Arf in cultured mouse myocytes, the cells lost their differentiated properties, re-entered the cell cycle and began to proliferate. The cells are incorporated into existing muscle fibres when transplanted into mice, but only if Rb function was restored. Without functioning Rb, the new cells proliferated excessively and disrupted the structure of the muscle tissue.
Previous studies had shown that suppression of the Rb gene alone causes newt muscle cells, but not mammalian muscle cells, to re-enter the cell cycle.
Although knocking down tumour suppressor genes has obvious potential dangers, temporary silencing of gene expression may eventually allow regeneration of cardiac or pancreatic tissue if the technique is also successful in other cell types.
The study is published in the journal Cell Stem Cell.
Although some species of amphibians – such as salamanders and newts – are able to regenerate lost or damaged tissue, the capacity for regeneration diminished as vertebrates evolved and adult mammals generally have limited regenerative capacity. Over a decade ago, it was discovered that the Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mouse strain was able to regenerate new epidermis, new hair follicles, and new cartilage to repair punch holes in the ears, unlike other strains of mice that close the holes with scar tissue. The MRL mice were later shown to have the ability to repair damaged heart muscle and spinal cord with restoration of normal structure and function and to have some limited capacity for digit re-growth. Scientists have been trying to identify the gene or genes that are responsible for the increased capacity for regeneration in MRL mice and researchers at the Wistar Institute
and Washington University have now shown that the p21 gene is involved in regulating the regeneration process.
The team showed that p21, a cell cycle regulator, was found to be consistently inactive in cells from MRL mice. When they looked at p21 knockout mice, they found that, unlike normal mice which heal wounds by forming a scar, mice that lack p21 begin by forming a blastema, a mass of cells capable of rapid growth and de-differentiation which behave more like embryonic stem cells than adult mammalian cells. The p21 knockout mice were able to replace missing or damaged tissue with healthy tissue that showed no signs of scarring.
Since the cyclin-dependent kinase p21 is one of the best characterized downstream targets of the tumour suppressor p53, knockout of p21 might be expected to increase the incidence of cancer and other studies have suggested that p21-deficient mice develop tumours at an earlier age than their wild-type counterparts and are more susceptible to the effects of some carcinogens. Although increased DNA damage was observed in the present study, there was also an increased incidence of apoptosis and no net increase in the incidence of cancer. If MRL mice and p21 knockout mice are a good model for tissue regeneration in humans, temporary inactivation of the p21 gene could eventually be used to speed up wound healing in people.
The study is published in PNAS.
A number of organs, including the heart, have limited regenerative powers, but US scientists have now shown that fully differentiated cardiac muscle cells can be induced to proliferate and regenerate. Writing in the journal Cell, they show that the growth factor neuregulin 1, which plays a role in early development of the heart and nervous system, induces mononucleated, but not binucleated, cardiomyocytes to divide in vitro by acting on the receptor tyrosine kinase, ErbB4. In mice, genetic inactivation of ErbB4 was shown to reduce cardiomyocyte proliferation, whereas increasing ErbB4 expression enhanced proliferation. Following heart attack in adult mice, daily intraperitoneal injection of neuregulin 1 for 12 weeks led to regeneration of the heart muscle and improved function. Unlike the control mice, the treated animals showed reduced signs of heart failure such as left-ventricular dilation and cardiac hypertrophy. If the neuregulin/ErbB4 signalling pathway plays the same role in human heart muscle, stimulating proliferation of differentiated cardiomyocytes by activation of this pathway may provide an alternative to stem cell therapy to regenerate damaged heart muscle in patients with heart failure or children with congenital heart defects. Since ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases and neuregulins have oncogenic potential and may cause proliferation of other tissues, a full safety assessment would be needed before any clinical studies.
Neuregulin 1 has previously been associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia and has also been shown to protect neurones following stroke.
Heart disease is a leading cause of death and illness in the developed world and, once damaged, the heart has very limited capacity for regeneration. Following a heart attack, if blood flow is not restored to the heart muscle within 20-40 minutes, the muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) will die. The dead cells are replaced by scar tissue which does not contract or pump as well as healthy heart tissue.
Writing in the journal Nature, Jun Takeuchi and Benoit Bruneauat at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease have now identified a cocktail of three proteins that can turn mouse mesoderm into cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). Mesoderm is one of the three primary germ cell layers in the very early embryo – the others are the ectoderm and the endoderm – that can differentiate to give a number of tissues such as bone, blood, and muscle, including heart muscle. The three key proteins are the cardiac transcription factors, GATA4 and TBX5, which are believed to be involved in heart development and function, and a cardiac-specific subunit of BAF chromatin-remodelling complexes, Baf60c. Defects in the genes for these proteins have been linked to abnormal development and defects in the heart.
A combination of all three proteins was shown to direct differentiation of mouse mesoderm specifically into cardiac muscle cardiomyocytes that beat rhythmically, just like normal heart cells. Although, so far, only cells from very early mouse embryos have been turned into cardiomyocytes, Takeuchi and Bruneauat hope that their work will help to understand how new cardiomyocytes can be produced for use in regenerative medicine to treat heart disease.
A new discovery increases the likelihood that treatments could eventually boost specific subtypes of stem cells, and promote self healing following injury or disease. In response to tissue injury or disease, progenitor cells are mobilised from bone marrow into the tissues and contribute to tissue repair and regeneration. Different subpopulations of progenitor cells are recruited depending on the type and site of disease or tissue injury. Although it is becoming apparent that specific types of progenitor cells could be used to treat a variety of diseases, there are practical and technical difficulties in harvesting, isolation, ex vivo expansion, and delivery of these cells. An alternative strategy would be to directly stimulate the mobilisation of specific populations of stem cells from the bone marrow into the circulation. Scientists at Imperial College, London, have shown that the mobilisation of progenitor cell subsets can be differentially regulated by growth factors that affect their retention in bone marrow and cell-cycle status. Treatment of mice with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) followed by the CXCR4 antagonist, Mozobil™ (AMD3100), caused maximal mobilisation of hematopoietic stem cells (HPCs) and neutrophils. On the other hand, treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) followed by Mozobil™ maximally stimulated mobilisation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and stromal progenitor cells (SPCs). By showing that different factors and molecular mechanisms regulate the mobilisation of discrete populations of progenitor cells from the bone marrow, the study has far reaching implications for regenerative medicine. Although it is not yet clear whether such an approach would, for example, speed cardiac repair following myocardial infarction or promote bone healing after a fracture, the ability to selectively mobilise different stem cell populations will enable further research in these areas. The study is published in full in the January 9th issue of Cell Stem Cell.
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7 Color Terms Every Designer Should Know
Did you know that the human eye can distinguish between approximately 10 million colors, but your computer monitor can display millions more?
Color is about much more than just staying inside the lines like we’re taught as kids; color is inherently subjective, and it’s a complicated aspect of design. Check out Smashing Magazine’s great three-part series on color theory to learn more about how we perceive colors and what different colors can signify. For now, we’ll focus on a few design-specific color terms to get you started.
Color depth refers to how many colors and shades can be displayed by your monitor’s screen. Color depth is usually measured in “bits”.
“Bit” is an abbreviation for “binary digit”, which is the smallest unit of measurement used to quantify computer data. A bit contains a single binary value of either 0 or 1.
Each of the primary colors (RGB) is assigned a number of bits to describe its color depth. If a color has more bit depth, more colors can be displayed.
In the RGB color model, the primary colors are red, blue, and green. Every color displayed on your screen will be made up of different intensities of these three colors, typically measured on a scale of 0-255.
CMYK is a four-color model used for almost every printed material. In the CMYK model, the primary colors are cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. Every printed color is created by mixing different intensities of these four colors, typically measured on a scale of 0-100.
Pantone is considered the worldwide standard of color. Established in 1963, Pantone has spent over 50 years perfecting a universal system for understanding and matching color. Their Matching System is based on a set of standard colors that can be mixed to print colors consistently across different printing presses and substrates.
Pantone colors are identified by individual numbers, with each number followed by a C, U, or M, indicating which color corresponds to coated, uncoated, or matte paper.
Monotone & Duotone
Monotone images are created by printing a grayscale image in a single color that isn’t black. For example, on a CMYK press, a monotone color could be magenta, yellow, or cyan. Duotone images are grayscale images printed using multiple colors.
Monotone and duotone printing is often used to create an artistic feel, or to add an antique or vintage flair.
“True” color is also known as 24-bit color.
Each primary color (RGB) has 8 bits (for a total of 24 bits), and each primary color has 256 shades. If you multiply 256 x 256 x 256, you get more than 16.7 million bits, which is well over the 10 million colors our eyes can actually perceive.
Color Me Happy!
Color (or lack thereof, if you opt for classic black and white!) is an integral part of any design project. It can be used to evoke emotion, communicate a message, or provoke a reaction. Understanding basic color terminology will help you get the most of the colors you choose to use in your next design project.
Shop The Paper Mill Store’s paper and cardstock by color to get inspired for your next project.
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With Senate Resolution 0099, Illinois declared May 15, 2019 as Trauma-Informed Awareness Day to highlight the impact of trauma and the importance of prevention and community resilience through trauma-informed care.
Take a moment to review the available resources for training to increase awareness for everyone in this vital work with the youngest citizens of Illinois. This list was created to highlight some important offerings from state-wide community partners with the trauma-informed lens! Please share with others and extend an invitation to them to participate in some of these offerings!
Military Families Learning Network
MFLN Early Intervention Trauma Module Link:
- Childhood Trauma: Understanding, Supporting, and Preventing web-based modules (carries EITP CE credits) This course was created by the Military Families Learning Network’s Early Intervention Team and co-sponsored by EITP. This course explores childhood trauma, disability, and trauma-informed practices in early childhood settings. This self-paced, interactive module includes four units which cover the prevalence and impact of trauma, manifestation of trauma in young children, providing trauma-informed supports, and preventing future trauma. It is designed to be a high-level overview of the topic and a starting point for professionals working with young children and their families.
- Trauma in Young Children Under 4-Years of Age: Attachment, Neurobiology, and Interventions (MFLN 2014 webinar; link to the recording on YouTube at the very bottom of the webpage)
- What is Trauma and Why Must We Address It? Part 1: Implications for Clinical Practice (MFLN 2014 webinar; link to the recording on YouTube at the very bottom of the webpage)
- What is Trauma & Why Must We Address It? Part 2: Implications for Work with Children (MFLN 2014 webinar; link to the recording on YouTube at the very bottom of the webpage)
MFLN Blog Posts
- Child Brain Development & Trauma
- Children’s Exposure to Violence: Treatment Considerations
- Children’s Exposure to Violence: Prevalence & Effects
- Family Factors Affecting Child Well-being
- Military Child Maltreatment, Deployment, and Future Research
Illinois Early Intervention Training Program
Everyone who suspects child abuse or neglect should call the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services Child Abuse Hotline to make a report, but Mandated Reporters are required by law to do so.
Mandated Reporter Information for Illinois
Offers information about what it means to be a mandated reporter and links to a variety of resources to assist professionals who work with families and young children. Includes a link to the DCFS online course that is required for Illinois Mandated Reporters to understand their critical role in protecting children by recognizing and reporting child abuse.
Digging Deep: Utilizing Trauma Informed Practices in Early Intervention (SFY20 dates coming soon)
This webinar series is a follow-up to the Childhood Trauma: Understanding, Supporting, and Preventing online module. Participants will dig deeper into what trauma-informed practices are and how early interventionists (EIs) can utilize trauma-informed strategies in their everyday work. The goals of this offering are to increase the capacity of EIs to collaborate effectively and create actionable local plans related to trauma-informed care, increase knowledge of evidence-based EI policies, practices, and programs, enhance the ability of EIs to identify, implement, and monitor the impacts of effective trauma-informed practices, and to improve the capacity of the EI systems to sustain implementation of evidence-based practices that are trauma-informed. These sessions will be held virtually, in a live, real-time format through ZOOM, will be highly interactive and are well suited for professionals who are interested in reflecting upon current practices AND are ready to make changes in their EI practice.
Trauma in the World: Wellness on the Mind (FY20 dates coming soon)
Many professionals know about major sources of trauma but underestimate how much accumulated instances of it can detrimentally impact children and families. This professional development opportunity uncovers the many sources of traumatic experiences and their subsequent effects. Trauma awareness and strategies to detoxify the trauma through the process of wellness hygiene are discussed.
Illinois Early Childhood Asset Map
Statewide Child Abuse & Neglect 2009-2015
This landing page offers spreadsheets and static maps from 2009-2015 on the number and the rates per 1,000 children age 0 through 17 indicated for abuse and neglect as well as those indicated for sexual abuse.
Spotlight on Stats: Child Abuse & Neglect
This one-page report describes the types and implications of child maltreatment and contains two maps showing the number and rate per 1,000 children indicated for abuse and neglect in 2015.
Number per 1,000 of Illinois Children Indicated for Abuse and Neglect By County, 2015
This map shows the number per 1,000 children indicated for abuse and neglect by county in 2015. It was created using data from the Illinois Department of Children & Family Services’ report on Child Abuse and Neglect.
Illinois Early Intervention Clearinghouse
Stress and Trauma in Young Children
This resource guide provides a collection of recommended family-centered and professional resources in a variety of formats including (books, audiobooks, ebooks, videos and websites) to assist those working with young children and their families who have experiences stress and trauma. To borrow any of these materials or others, contact the EI Clearinghouse.
Illinois Early Learning Project
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN)
Early Childhood Technical Assistance Center: Disaster Planning and Trauma Response
This topic page provides resources to assist individuals working with children and families to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from natural disasters or other emergency situations.
Child Trends News Service: Overcoming Childhood Trauma video
The Child Trends News Service is a collaboration of the Child Trends Hispanic Institute and Ivanhoe Broadcast News, with the support of the National Science Foundation.
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This is the second in a series of guest blogs on innovative developments in online learning in Ontario post-secondary institutions. (The first was examples of hybrid learning.)
In this post, Judith Tobin of Contact North| Contact Nord focuses on examples of virtual worlds and simulations, and mobile apps. Here is her guest post:
In my previous guest blog, I highlighted examples of online and hybrid learning innovations in Ontario post-secondary institutions that were serving as vehicles for bringing new ideas into the classroom, such as restructuring class time, collaborative learning, and changes in the teacher/student relationships. This time, I have focused on applications of leading edge technologies, including virtual environments, simulations, and mobile apps. These technologies are just beginning to have a role in learning and considerable research and experimentation are taking place to determine their optimal contributions. The innovations below explore student learning and responses, while working to make the technologies easy to use and flexible.
Virtual Worlds and Simulations
The Virtual World Design Centre at Loyalist College in Belleville has been working with virtual environments for a number of years, using the open source software Second Life (http://secondlife.com) since 2006. They have recently adopted the Unity 3D authoring tool as they find it more adaptable for educational purposes.
Virtual worlds are successful in education because students identify with the characters and the situations portrayed and so become active participants in the events on screen. The learning from these experiences carries over into real life applications. In an award-winning and educationally successful project, the staff in the Virtual World Design Centre created a virtual border crossing at which students’ avatars take on the roles of border crossing guards, interviewing travellers who present challenges of documentation, prohibitions, smuggling, and difficult communication. The virtual traveler interviews take place in class and each encounter is then analyzed by the entire group so that best practices are identified. Applications for completely online learning are being investigated.
The students at Loyalist found the virtual experience provided them with more than enhanced content learning; they also developed confidence, observational skills, and the capacity to respond to developing situations.
Other virtual environments created at Loyalist included a virtual hospital tour for secondary school students and a factory simulation for the repair of machinery for food processing. Experience in these virtual worlds prepares students for more effective and informed exposure to the real environments.
Carleton Virtual is an online virtual environment resembling the physical setting of Carleton University in Ottawa that was constructed to explore how virtual environment can be used to enhance learning. An English-as-a-second-language teacher used the virtual meeting space so that her students could practice language usage and collaboration skills in a risk-free environment. They used the virtual classrooms, meeting rooms, and other spaces, with many students participating more actively in the virtual spaces than in a face-to-face classroom. A virtual archeological site allowed students to better understand the archeological processes that create knowledge, when a visit to a functioning site was not possible.
At the Sheridan Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning in Oakville, students in the Veterinary Technician Program could no longer have access to live animals and cadavers for both ethical and health reasons. In response to this need, the Network for Innovation and Leadership in Education built a 3D dog skeleton with images that can be manipulated and disassembled. The skeleton was then built into a web-based learning tool as a complete package for online student learning, including mobile applications. The simulation is being tested for educational effectiveness.
In Fall 2012, all full-time, first-year students enrolled in the four-year Bachelor of Business Administration Program at Nipissing University in North Bay will receive iPads. Leading up to this innovation, pilot projects are being undertaken to explore applications for teaching and learning. For example, connectivity was set up so a professor could use an iPad while moving about the room and illustrating and annotating normally static PDF documents, then saving the revised slides for class distribution. Meanwhile, the students would use their iPads to add their own notes to the same slides. The first year of the iPad usage will be dedicated to introducing students to software for document preparation and research; more advanced learning applications will be developed over time to emphasize the collaborative and creative possibilities of the iPad.
Nipissing is also exploring the development of apps for mobile learning but, for ease of access and flexibility of revision, these would be web applications hosted on web servers that would look and function like apps.
Using mobile apps to encourage language learning and practice outside the classroom has been the focus of recent work at George Brown College. Extensive research is being done on student ownership of mobile devices and data plans, preferences for activities in mobile learning, and an instructional design framework to encourage active participation and extensive language usage. From this, a set of design principles for effective mobile learning was created. The Mobile Learning Specialist at George Brown would like to collaborate with colleagues in other institutions on mobile learning developments.
Research is an essential component of all these innovations as post-secondary institutions ponder and test how these technological and software advances can best be used to serve learners. They are often expensive and require technological and pedagogical sophistication to develop and implement. The educators want to be sure they are using them as tools for effective learning.
Thank you, Judith, and if anyone else would like to do a guest post of an innovation in online learning at their institution, please contact me at [email protected]
For more details on each application go to the following links:
Border Simulation – Student Learning in a Virtual World: Loyalist College
Simulations for Learning: Loyalist College
Carleton Virtual: Carleton University
A Simulation-Based Learning Tool for Students in the Veterinary Technician Diploma Program: Sheridan Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning
Going mobile: Nipissing University
Mobile-assisted language learning: George Brown College
For more examples of innovation in online learning in Ontario, go to: Pockets of Innovation
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A metamaterial is the general term any type of artificial material that has properties not found in nature. Specifically, these artificially structured materials are designed to manipulate and interact with electromagnetic waves.
Duke Univeristy defines metamaterials as: 'These exotic composite materials are not so much a single substance, but an entire structure that can be engineered to exhibit properties not readily found in nature. The structure used in these experiments resembles a miniature set of tan Venetian blinds.'
Duke, one of the top metamaterial research centers in the world, is currently working on metamaterials under the term 'Novel Electromagnetic Materials.' The work is being performed at the William Bevan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Duke's Pratt School of Engineering.
According to the Duke University article 'Manipulating Light At Will,' electrical engineers at the school have developed a metamaterial that ''¦ could lead to the replacement of electrical components with those based on optical technologies.'
The results of their activity with metamaterials were published in Physics Review Letters on August 1, 2011. It was authored by Alec Rose, Da Huang, and David R. Smith, all from Duke University.
Page two continues.
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Exodus 24:8 – “Behold the blood of the covenant that Yahweh has made with you.”
Hebrews 9:20 – “This is the blood of the covenant which God has ordained for you.”
The blood of the covenant is an important doctrine in the Bible. It comes from the Hebrew word briyth [בְּרִית H1285] and/or the Greek word diatheke [διαθήκη G1242], both of which mean a contract. The contract is often made by passing between pieces of flesh, hence the expressions “making a blood contract” or “cutting the covenant”.
Covenants are one of the many ways Yahweh guarantees his faithfulness.
History tells us that a covenant was and is an agreement between two parties. The agreement, according to custom, consists of several parts:
1) Identification of parties
2) Historical prologue where the deeds establishing the worthiness of the dominant party is established,
3) Conditions of the agreement
4) Rewards and punishments in regard to keeping the conditions
5) Disposition of the documents where each party receives a copy of the agreement (e.g. the two tablets of stone of the 10 Commandments).
The Exchanges of a Blood Covenant.
The coat signifies the identity and authority of the person, group, or tribe entering into the covenant. Each participant in this ceremony says “Everything I am, everything I represent, all my possessions are no longer my own, I now belong to you.”
The belts hold the bow, knife, sword, or any other weapons, and signifies that all my strength now belongs to you. Your enemies and my enemies are now each other’s enemies. Your friends and my friends are now each other’s friends. We will serve each other whenever needed.
An animal is now sacrificed by splitting it down the backbone. It is usually a bull, a goat, or a lamb. The halves are laid open with a pool of blood between them. Both parties walk in a figure eight between the halves and meet in the middle in the pool of blood, symbolizing an eternal or never-ending relationship. Both parties meet face to face and pronounce the blessings and the curses of the covenant. A pledge is given by both parties stating: “Just as this animal gave its life so I will give my life if necessary.”
While standing in the blood, both parties declare that all their possessions are available to their covenant partner if they ever have need of them.
Each participant takes the others name to himself, indicating that both are no longer concerned only with themselves, but with their blood covenant partner. You care for your blood partner the same as you care for yourself because the two of you are now one.
An incision is made in either the palms or the wrists of each participant with a knife. The two participants now either shake hands or put their bleeding wrists together so that the blood intermingles, symbolizing that the two bloods / two lives, have become one blood / one life.
A dark substance such as charcoal would be rubbed into the wounds so that when they healed a dark scar would be clearly visible, clearly identifying both as being in covenant with someone else.
The two partners then break one loaf of bread and place a piece of that bread into their covenant partner’s mouth, demonstrating that a part of each of us has gone into the other and that the covenant partners have become one.
Old Testament Covenants
Yahweh made several covenants in the Old Testament:
● Edenic, Yahweh’s promise of redemption (Genesis 3:15).
● Noachian, for the preservation of the race (Genesis 9:9).
● Abrahamic, granting blessings through Abram’s family (Genesis 15:18).
● Sinaitic, designating Israel as Yahweh’s chosen people (Exodus 19:5,6).
● Levitical, making reconciliation through priestly atonement (Numbers 25:12,13).
● Davidic, Messianic salvation promised through David’s dynasty (2 Samuel 23:5).
The Abrahamic Covenant
Of particular interest is the Abrahamic covenant found in Genesis Chapters 12-17. In Chapter 15, the following verses are found:
9. “And he said unto him, Take me an heifer of three years old, and a she goat of three years old, and a ram of three years old, and a turtledove, and a young pigeon.”
10. “And he took unto him all these, and divided them in the midst, and laid each piece one against another: but the birds divided he not.”
17. “And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold a smoking furnace, and a burning lamp that passed between those pieces.”
The Significance of The Shed Blood
Normally, both parties would be pledging their lives to the endurance of the covenant relationship so the shedding of blood represented an inviolable commitment to loyalty on pain of death. However, in verse 17, Yahweh is the only one who walks through the blood sacrifice. Only He will pay the price with His life and blood if the covenant is broken. The covenant is restated in Genesis 17:2-9 and Deuteronomy 1:7-8 for the descendants of Abraham’s son, Isaac.
The New Testament
Scripture gives us three pictures of the Lord’s Supper in which Yeshua proclaims that it is his blood of the covenant, or “new” covenant:
Matthew 26:27-28 “And when He had taken a cup and given thanks, He gave it to them, saying, “Drink from it, all of you; for this is My blood of the covenant (διαθήκη), which is poured out for many for forgiveness of sins.”
Mark 14:22-23 “And when He had taken a cup and given thanks, He gave it to them, and they all drank from it.” And He said to them, “ ‘This is My blood of the covenant (διαθήκη), which is poured out for many’.”
Luke 22:20 “Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new (καινός) testament (διαθήκη) in my blood, which is shed for you.”
Scripture also tells us that Yeshua came to fulfill the Law in its entirety Matthew 5;17 – “Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill.”
The words used are:
diathēkē [G1242 διαθήκη], meaning: a disposition that is, specifically, a contract, covenant, or testament.
kainos [G2537 καινός], meaning: new, fresh, new things.
Fulfilled, Renewed, or New Covenants?
So, are there a fulfilled covenant, a “renewed” covenant, and a “new” covenant of the Older Testament Covenants?
● By shedding his blood, Yeshua fulfilled the promise that He made to all humanity to make atonement in Numbers 25:12-13.
● By shedding his blood, Yeshua fulfilled the promise that He made to Abraham that only he would shed his blood in the event the covenant was broken in Genesis 12-17.
● By shedding his blood, Yeshua fulfilled the promise to Abraham, blessed all of Abraham’s descendants, and renewed the covenant for both those of the flesh and those of faith who would be born in the future.
Yeshua, by shedding his blood, has both fulfilled the Levitical covenant by making reconciliation through a priestly atonement, renewed the existing Abrahamic covenant, and also extended it in newness to those who now come to faith in His gift of grace and salvation.
How great and wonderful is our God, and how faithful to fulfill all of His promises, both new and renewed covenants.
Final Thought for 2023
The stage for Yeshua’s return is being set. Prophecy continues to unfold in an escalating pattern as foretold by the Hebrew prophets. The season of the birth pains is here – they are burgeoning and not going away. Time is short – Yeshua Ha’Mashiach is coming soon – be sure you have salvation in Yeshua and keep busy reaching the lost.
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The Kansas Reflector welcomes opinion pieces from writers who share our goal of widening the conversation about how public policies affect the day-to-day lives of people throughout our state. Kirk Sharp is executive director of the Gordon Parks Museum at Fort Scott Community College.
The fall of 1969 marked the first time a major motion picture studio in Hollywood released a film directed by a Black filmmaker. Internationally known photographer, filmmaker, musician, author and Kansas native son Gordon Parks was that groundbreaking pioneer.
“The Learning Tree“ was produced by Warner Brothers-Seven Arts Studios. Parks not only directed the film, he also wrote and produced it and composed the soundtrack.
“The Learning Tree” is based on Parks’ semi-autobiography 1963 novel of the same title, about growing up in a Midwestern small town in the mid-late 1920s when life was made difficult by segregation and poverty. The film is centered on the lead character, Newt Winger. Parks portrays Newt as a young teenager who struggles with racism, discrimination and poverty, while also having to deal with the emotions of love, conflict, and fear of death in the fictional town of Cherokee Flats, Kansas.
Parks chose his hometown of Fort Scott to film this momentous movie in 1968. In 1989, “The Learning Tree” was among the first 25 important films to be placed in the Library of Congress’ National Film Registry to increase awareness and preservation.
This is a coming of age story about a young man who grows up dealing with bigotry, poverty, violence, conflict and love, along with the unwavering support and love of his hardworking family. The film realistically portrays the severity of social and racial injustices and inequality. There are several moving and emotional scenes throughout the film; one of them is when Newt talks with his mother, Sarah, about living in Cherokee Flats and dealing with his conflicted emotions about his home and who he is growing to be.
Probably the most powerful scene takes place in a courtroom, when the judge reprimands white community residents in the gallery as they shout viciously with racial epithets and other expressions of hate and anger toward the accused. The judge vividly reminds the courtroom of the racial divide within the community and how every person has a right to a fair trial in a court of law and how they took that right away with their hate.
Even though “The Learning Tree” is set in the 1920s, it has obvious parallels with today’s struggles against racial inequity and social injustice still fed by the same hate that existed when Gordon Parks was a boy.
This film breaks all racial stereotypes of how Black families are perceived on the big screen. It continues to provide an important message we all can learn from, showing us how to learn to live and love and not love to hate. It illustrates the importance of equity and social justice for all, not just for the select or privileged. We are inspired to learn to accept and respect the differences in people in other races and cultures, not to judge, disenfranchise and suppress others with different standards, boundaries and obstacles. We are reminded that everyone has worth and feelings, and not to devalue, shame or discourage.
We can all learn from watching “The Learning Tree.” Along with Parks’ other films, and his photography, books, music, poetry and a long list of lifetime achievements, it provides an enduring legacy that should make all Kansans proud.
Those of us at the Gordon Parks Museum in Fort Scott are dedicated to celebrating his life and work, and to using his remarkable life story to teach others about artistic creativity, cultural awareness and the role of diversity in our lives. Our goal is to keep his legacy alive and well for generations to come. The museum collections include many of his famous photographs, awards, medals and honorary degrees, as well as replica furnishings from his apartment in New York.
The camera was Gordon Parks’ choice of weapon to fight against racism, discrimination and poverty. If you are far away and unable to travel to Fort Scott, you can still always appreciate his work and legacy like we do.
Now is a perfect time to watch, or re-watch, “The Learning Tree.”
Through its opinion section, the Kansas Reflector works to amplify the voices of people who are affected by public policies or excluded from public debate. Find information, including how to submit your own commentary, here.
The post It’s time to re-watch Kansas native Gordon Parks’ groundbreaking 1969 movie ‘The Learning Tree’ appeared first on Kansas Reflector.
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Nowadays, each of the components of our earth system is influenced by human activities in some way. All kinds of agriculture, industrial production activities are directly reflected that human activities in driving the changes of the earth system. Earth has entered a new era of geologic epoch — the Anthropocene. But in the mean time, how well do you know about the Anthropocene?
Human activities are driven the change of the river system and influenced its sediment flux for over 3000 years. Deforestation, transportation, mining and agriculture makes a strong impact to geological climate. By sixteenth Century, the development of modern society began to transform the environment. The disturbance of soil was more frequent in that period. (Syvitski & Kettner 2011) Though a long period of human pressure impact on all aspects of terrestrial aquatic systems. Canada and Alaska, the Amazon, the Congo Basn and a few parts of the Siberian rivers is the only place that still retains original state in the earth nowadays. From a global point of view, there are a series of major changes in the terrestrial aquatic system after entering the Anthropocene. For instance fragmentation, sediment imbalance, neo–arheism, salinization, chemical contamination, acidification, eutrophication and microbial contamination. (Meybeck 2003) The impact of human activities in river system are extremely strong.
Human activities caused accelerated erosion of river sedimentation and morphology, though dam building, agriculture and other land mining activities. According to the record, we currently have over 45000 dam is more than 15m high. Large reservoirs have changed the time and intensity of water flow, not only dissolved substances, but also made the material particles, and changed the position and way of chemical reactions. At the same time, these dams are also separated by rivers, cracked landscapes and habitats of aquatic animals, creating new deposits and carbon pool. (National Research Council Processes 2010). On a global scale, the annual dam reduces a huge amount of sediment to the coast. Even though soil erosion and river transportation, the dam sediments are constantly increasing every year. (National Research Council Processes 2010).
If you still thought that the ‘Anthropocene’ is just a publicity of human wisdom and creativity, and still wasting a variety of resources of our only home, you are making a huge mistake! The earth is not only a belong to humanity, but also every living beings on the earth. The ‘anthropocene’ is NOT let human to become the haughty dominator of the earth. The ‘anthropocene’ is a manifesto to remind us the strong responsibility of becoming the caregivers of the earth. To take on this responsibility, we must change the traditional mode of economic growth and achieve a sustainable development. Our earth provides us enough resources to meet every living being’s need, but it can’t meet everyone’s greed. Think about our children and grandchildren 500 years later, when they will happy to live on our earth and they did not describe us as the barbarians who have destroyed their homes!
Syvitski,J.P.M., Kettner, A. 2011, ‘Sediment flux and the Anthropocene’, The Royal Society, 31 January, viewed 20 August 2015, <http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1938/957>.
Meybeck, M., 2003, ‘Biological Sciences’, Global analysis of river systems: From Earth system controls to Anthropocene syndromes, 29 December, 358(1 440): 1 935-1 955.
Dybesuis, M., Nilsson, C., 1994, ‘Science’, Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world, 266: 753-762.
National Research Council Processes, 2010, ‘Land scapes on the Edge: New Horizons for Research on Earth’s Surface’, The National Academies Press, Washington, USA.
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The field of SEL is rapidly expanding as educators sharpen their focus on helping children build skills beyond academic knowledge. School climate initiatives, anti-bullying work, positive behavior supports and other SEL efforts are now steering programs in schools and out-of-school time (OST) settings across the country. Building children's SEL skills has taken on even more urgency in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
A new podcast series from The Wallace Foundation looks at the history of SEL, its practice, some recent developments and its future. The three episodes feature the authors of an updated guide, Navigating Social and Emotional Learning from the Inside Out, Looking Inside and Across 33 leading SEL Programs: A Practical Resource for Schools and OST Providers; Revised and Expanded 2nd Edition (Preschool and Elementary Focus).
Gerald S. Lesser Professor in Early Childhood Development,
Harvard Graduate School of Education
Research Associate, EASEL Lab, Harvard Graduate School of Education
Director of Communications, The Wallace Foundation
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Presentation Speech by Professor Bertil
Näslund of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences, December 10, 1997.
Translation of the Swedish text.
Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
If a Swedish company has to pay 10 million dollars for a machine in six months, it runs the risk that the exchange rate will change. In order to protect itself against a future increase in the value of the dollar, the company can purchase an option with the right, but not the obligation, to buy dollars in six months at a predetermined price.
A financial option contract is an example of a derivative instrument. The price of a derivative depends on an underlying financial instrument. The price of the above-mentioned currency option is determined by the value of the dollar. Derivative instruments serve a highly useful purpose in society by redistributing risks to those who are willing and able to take them.
Options have a long history. As far back as in ancient Greece Aristotle described the use of option-type contracts. We also know that options were actively traded in Amsterdam, the financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century. In spite of its potential importance, option trading remained rather limited. Up until the end of the 1960s, there did not exist a fully acceptable method of evaluating and pricing option contracts.
Three young Ph.D.'s connected with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Fischer Black, Robert Merton and Myron Scholes - worked on option valuation around 1970. In 1973, Black and Scholes published the so-called Black-Scholes formula for pricing stock options, which solved the evaluation problem. Merton had a direct influence on the development of the formula and has generalized it in important ways.
Soon afterwards, the formula was applied on the new options exchange in Chicago; it is now used daily by thousands of agents on markets all over the world. More important than the formula itself, however, was the method that this year's Laureates used to derive it. In one stroke they solved the problem which had been an obstacle in the pricing of all kinds of options, that is: what risk premium should be used in the evaluation.
The answer given by the Prize-Winners was: no risk premium at all! This answer was so unexpected and surprising that they had considerable difficulties in getting their first articles accepted for publication. But this insight proved to be the key to a very general and powerful method for determining the value of all kinds of options and other derivative securities. In combination with advances in information technology, it is this method which has generated the explosive growth of new financial products and markets over the past 10-15 years.
The method developed by Merton and Scholes has also had a great impact in several areas outside of financial markets. In deciding between investment alternatives, it is often important to determine the value of flexibility. One investment alternative may be more flexible than another regarding, for example, the use of different sources of energy. The possibility of switching from one type of energy to another is an option, and the economic value of flexibility can now be determined. The methodology can also be used to determine the value of corporate liabilities and the value of insurance and economic guarantees.
Dear Professor Merton, Dear Professor
In collaboration with Fischer Black, who sadly passed away just two years ago, you have developed a new method to determine the value of derivatives. Your methodology has paved the way for economic valuations in many areas. It has also generated new financial instruments and facilitated more effective risk management in society. It is a great honor and a privilege for me to convey to you, on behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, our warmest congratulations.
I now ask you to receive the Prize from his Majesty the King.
From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1997, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1998
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1997
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A third dose of MMR is safe but do we need it?
It was recently reported - at the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases 15th Annual Conference on Vaccine Research - that the rate of adverse effects from a third dose of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is the same as those of the second dose. This was conducted as part of a Centres for Disease Control study and led by Glen Abedi, an epidemiologist at the CDC and Masters student. I'm basing this on a media report of the conference as the paper has not yet been published. You can find more results here.
This is the first study to look at the safety of receiving a third dose of the vaccine in school children during an outbreak. The study has some obvious caveats but what it brings up is the question of whether we should extend 3-dose coverage to the population as a whole?
A mumps outbreak from 2009 to 2010 in and around New York City offered the CDC the chance to specifically look and see just how safe the administration of the third dose would be. In this outbreak - and in others - a very large percentage of those with clinical mumps had received two doses of MMR. We don't really know why, maybe it's a question of them getting a large dose of mumps, or maybe it's the vaccine not being perfect and inducing waning immunity.
They used this as a booster shot against the mumps virus in order to prevent further infection and spread from the community and to do so, they set up vaccination clinics in a number of school in the Orange County area of NYC. Those immunised were between 11 and 17 years old. These booster clinics have been set up before for mumps. These clinics are very money intensive and have reported to cost around $500/person.
As a means to stem the tide of the outbreak, this three dose schedule worked and the rates of mumps infection dropped from 4.93/1000 to 0.13/1000. Although there was no reporting of antibody levels before and after the 3 doses. And we can't be sure whether the outbreak would have abruptly ended like this without vaccine intervention. One caveat with these kinds of studies is that they usually administer the dose late into the outbreak. If done earlier they may have completely controlled it's spread.
But to determine whether this was safe they had to send out questionnaires to the families of the kids, they consulted local clinics and they looked up the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS). Over 90% of those immunised responded and only 115 reported adverse effects 2 weeks after vaccination. Those effects were only local pain/swelling at the injection site, muscle pain and dizziness/light-headedness. All the kinds of things that suggest that your immune system recognised the vaccine. Note that no cases of meningitis, glandular swelling or orchitis were recognised, somewhat more serious effects of mumps vaccination in some cases.
This research highlights that in certain situations (a relatively small localised outbreak, with very targeted vaccination of schoolchildren) a third dose of MMR is safe. Of course if they wanted to definitively test this I think they would need a bigger sample size/diversity than the 1755 religious school kids. Remember also that they didn't report looking into levels of mumps immunity so time will tell whether these children were really protected and whether they may still get mumps in the next couple of years.
But the question now remains is whether or not we should extend three doses to the general population or even in cases of a localised outbreak. Mumps is a very infectious virus and hence you need very high levels of population protection to achieve herd immunity (estimated as high as 92%). In the U.S, those between 13 and 17 have an estimated 2-dose MMR coverage of 90.5% and the MMR vaccine uptake percentage in colleges etc is just shy of 90%. So maybe what this data says is that in general we should really focus on achieving very high levels of 2-dose MMR but in the cases of a mumps outbreak we could use a targeted third dose. If we didn't mind the cost. Maybe in the future to lower the costs, all schools/campuses will introduce a MMR catch-up when the new students start.
Another issue apparent is whether we need a new mumps vaccine. Clearly our current mumps vaccine has been amazingly effective to date but maybe it is not enough to completely eradicate the virus. This is something we will have to consider now that people are developing newer vaccines against the virus.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010). Update: mumps outbreak - New York and New Jersey, June 2009-January 2010. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 59 (5), 125-9 PMID: 20150887
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An activity designed to enable two groups to work together to explore an environment.
All ages who can read and write simple questions.
What you need
Mobile devices for scanning codes, each with a QR reader installed (eg. Scan).
A printer. Squares of card in two colours for mounting codes.
‘Treasure’ for both winning groups to find and share.
Internet access for creating the trails. No internet access is needed for carrying out the trail.
What you do
Explain to the groups that you are going to create treasure hunts for each other and that the idea is to do some finding out and exploring about the new place.
Their first job is to explore the environment as a group. What can they discover by looking, by talking to people or by researching online? What would make an interesting focus for the treasure trail? Encourage them to choose a focus and to be creative in their ideas. The first word of the answers might solve an acrostic puzzle, for example. They can use the notebook on their device to draft questions.
The next step is to visit an online QR Treasure Hunt Generator: http://www.classtools.net/QR . This has a click-through guide to creating a quiz. Questions and answers need to be separated by *. The questions are turned into printable QR codes and the answers are available for reference.
Once they have their printed codes groups stick them to the coloured card and make their trail around the environment. Groups then swap and follow the trails, decoding the questions as they go.
Participants gain experience of team working and of exploring an environment. They create and follow instructions.
Taking it Further
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Engineering public transport policy
Professor Shoshanna Saxe (2012) features in the University of Toronto Engineering's #RisingStars series, where she is an early career Professor.
The benefits of building public transit include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, relieving traffic congestion and expanding growing cities. Each transit project is unique and predicting future effectiveness is difficult. Professor Saxe crunches the numbers on existing infrastructure to provide decision-makers with a ‘reality check’ on the environmental and social impacts of today’s transit investments.
During her PhD at Cambridge, Professor Saxe conducted a detailed analysis of London Underground’s extension of the Jubilee Line, completed in 1999. She gathered data on the greenhouse gases produced during construction and operation of the line, then used transit and land-use surveys to estimate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions attributable to people using the line and living near it. By combining the two, she could calculate the net environmental benefit of that transit project.
“Engineers usually aren’t involved in policymaking and policymakers usually aren’t involved in engineering,” says Professor Saxe. “I’m trying to bridge that gap.”
Professor Saxe joined University of Toronto Engineering in August 2016. Before completing her PhD at the University of Cambridge, she spent three years at a major consulting engineering firm in Toronto, working on projects such as the Eglinton Crosstown transit line and the Toronto-York Spadina subway extension.
“I love design, it’s amazing,” she says. “However, when you’re building things that people are going to use, you have to stay well within the limits of what you know for sure. I was curious about questions that we didn’t already know the answers to.”
You can read more about Professor Saxe's work on the University of Cambridge Department of Engineering's alumni stories page
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| 0.942695 | 398 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A new report, Promises Kept, outlines the accomplishments of the first two years of the Obama administration. The six page pdf provides details on Obama's campaign promises and presidential actions. Here are some examples:
REBUILDING OUR ECONOMY
The Recovery Act represented the largest infrastructure investment since
President Eisenhower, the largest education investment since President
Johnson, and the largest clean-energy bill ever. It has saved or created as
many as 3.7 million jobs across America while creating a foundation for
WALL STREET REFORM
Wall Street reform empowered consumers and investors, put a stop to
predatory lending practices, brought shadowy Wall Street trades into the
light, and ended taxpayer-funded bailouts.
MIDDLE-CLASS TAX CUTS
The Recovery Act reduced taxes for 95 percent of working families,
putting more money in the pockets of Americans who need it most.
President Obama also worked to prevent a middle-class tax increase,
while extending vital unemployment benefits for Americans who lost
their jobs through no fault of their own.
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| 0.906243 | 224 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Name:Dr. Margaret Wessling
Office: CFS 91091
Welcome to astronomy, both the oldest science and one of the most modern. In an astronomy class you’ll learn more about everything than most of the people on this planet. But while you’re learning about planets, stars, galaxies, and the fate of Everything, you’ll also find out how astronomers can be sure that our solar system began 4 billion 567 million years ago, why we are so confident that invisible (dark) matter exists, as well as how the entire Universe started. Through all of this you’ll find out one of the greatest discoveries humans have ever made: that for all the things that happen over billions of years or billionths of a second, that for all the things almost infinitely big or almost infinitely small, the Universe is understandable. And not just by people in white lab coats with fancy degrees typing away at computers ... science makes it understandable by YOU. And on top of all of that, you’ll find that you can then use that science skill you develop here to help you figure out what is going on for the rest of your college career, in your professional life, and even in your personal life. Science is the skill that will give you the power to understand things yourself. Please join us. You won’t look at the world the same way again.
Discipline Adviser: Dr. Dale Fields
Astronomy 1 – 3 Units – The lecture-based introduction to astronomy. 15 Weeks which covers almost everything that has, does, and will exist in the Universe.
Astronomy 2 – 1 Unit – The laboratory companion to Astronomy 1. You’ll find out how astronomers know about this Universe of ours.
Astronomy 3 – 4 Units – A combination of both Astronomy 1 and Astronomy 2 all in one package.
Note: Taking both Astronomy 1 and Astronomy 2 or taking Astronomy 3 fulfills your physical science requirements for transfer. Astronomy 2 may be taken either the same semester as Astronomy 1 or in a following semester.
Dr. Dale Fields
Dr. Lee Loveridge
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| 0.898367 | 444 | 2.625 | 3 |
Meanings of "Ayan"
is the meaning of the word 'ayan'? Well, there are different meanings
of this unique word.
path through which the sun travels in the daytime is called 'Ayan'
Tamil: 'Ayan' is the name of Brahma, the Creator.
also means Shepherd
is also a form of African drumming.
in Turkish, means "obviously" or "clearly"
[Urdu/Persian.] with the last 'n' not pronounced fully... but half
i.e. nasal tone sound..)... means something that is open and clear
/something like : "something vividly clear on the face of it" or
Somalia 'Ayan' means "the lucky one". However, in Somali, 'Ayan' is
the female form of the name, and 'Ayanle' is the male form.
Somali female name meaning "bright."
Sanskrit this also means "Speed" in English or "Gati" in Hindi.
Rooh form “Rooh-e-Insani (Human soul) or Ayan. This part of the soul
is inscribed with commands characterizing the life. It is also
termed as Ayan. When a human being gets acquainted with it, he can
witness the record & scheme of “all that exists”, written on
- the Sanskrit word, is explained as Nara + Ayan = Narayan. ie.,Nara
meaning human being and Ayan meaning the mirror. In essence it
is the reflection of self - the soul.
Ptah was also a miracle worker. It was believed that Ptah saved the
town of Pelusium from Assyrian invaders with an army of rats. Ptah
ordered the rats to sneak into the camp of the Assyrians and gnaw
through the bowstrings and shield handles of the enemy. Without
weaponry or defense, the Assyrian army fled. It was also said that he
stopped a fight between Horus and Set:
He judged between Heru and Set; he ended their quarrel. He made Set
the king of Upper Egypt in the land of Upper Egypt, up to the place in
which he was born, which is Su. And Geb made Horus King of Lower Egypt
in the land of Lower Egypt, up to the place in which his father was
drowned which is "Division-of-the-Two-Lands." Thus Horus stood over
one region, and Set stood over one region. They made peace over the
Two Lands at Ayan. That was the division of the Two Lands.
Nigeria and Benin, the spirit in the drum is called Ayan.
also the name of a type of tree (African Satinwood), the one Shango is
said to have hung himself on, and wood used for bata in Nigeria. Some
people from long lines of drumming families have Ayan as part of their
last name, such as Master Rabiu Ayandokun from the town of Erin Oshun,
or Àyòn is the òrìsà of drums. In Cuba it is spelled Aña yet is
pronounced exactly as it would be in Yorùbáland. It is also the name
of the African Satinwood tree, Distemonanthus, used to construct
drums, Sàngó dance clubs, houseposts, and sometimes canoes. The
following oríkì (praise poem) tells us something of Àyàn:
Chief of trees that talks
The one that makes me eat with the chief of the market
The one that makes me know the road one has not seen before
The slender tree that grows money
"The one who finds brass and carries it" "Talks deeply"
Àyàn support me
We never follow you and go hungry
Message board on:
Out of the meanings given, the Sanskrit origin
ones are basically correct. Derived from the root i with cognates all
over the Indoeuropean languages e.g. ειμι, iter, иду, signifying
motion, one gets aYan, the act of going, or the path, and is used both
literally and figuratively. A peculiar development also led to it
meaning a house or place of refuge.
But all that is about ayana, not aayana; i.e. the first vowel is as in
cut or cot, not as in car. That can happen in Sanskrit if one uses the
prefix A to the above word, in which case the meaning changes from
going to coming, and Ayana usually means approaching, though it can
mean income as well. Alternatively, since ayana has celestial
significance, Ayana can mean belonging to the solistice. I do not
think that either of these two aayan is used as a name.
Forgot to mention that AYAna (or aayaan if you prefer) is a very
famous character n mythology: AYAna ghoSa was the husband of rAdhA,
the heartthrob and lover of kRSNa, the playful pastoral God, an
incarnation of viSNu, the protector amongst the Hindu trinity.
AYAna can mean arrival, and natural temperament, but I do not know if
the name is anyway connected to the word.
The sanskrit meaning is incorrect. satyanArAYaNa comes from satya =
truth (or, etymologically, that which exists from the root as, to be,
with obvious cognates) + nArAYaNa (descendent of nara, man, with
cognates in Greek and Latin). The word nArAYaNa was identified as the
first man, the creator, etc. in the past, but now refers to ViSNu, the
protector amongst the Hindu trinity.
Hi, we are Hindu and named our son Ayan. One
thing we liked about it was that it is such a cross-cultural name. The
meanings we researched are as follows:
1. Hindu/Tamil: Brahma, the God of Creation
2. Sanskrit: Soaked in the Divine (as in Satyanarayan)
3. Biblical: Motion, To Arrive (related to Noah); Iian, which is
pronounced like Ayan, is the Scottish variation of John
4. Hebrew: Nothingness, Peace
5. Persian: Notable
6. Islam/Arabic: God’s Gift
7. Several African Languages: Center Part of the Soul.
you know any other meaning?? Please let me know!
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en
| 0.941457 | 1,438 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Summer has officially arrived, which makes it the perfect time for a few safety reminders from the American Red Cross—heat and water safety in particular.
In recent years, excessive heat has caused more deaths than all other weather events, including floods. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessive heat, generally 10 degrees or more above average, often combined with excessive humidity.
During a Heat Wave:
Could you tell if someone were suffering from heat exhaustion or heat stroke? Would you know how to respond?
The American Red Cross First Aid App puts that information at your fingertips, helping you prepare and respond to heat emergencies and other events.
Available for iPhone and Android devices, the free First Aid App gives you instant access to the information you need to know to handle the most common first aid emergencies. It also features videos, interactive quizzes and simple step-by-step advice.
Learn to Swim
The best way to safely enjoy the water is to learn how to swim, so enroll your family in age-appropriate Red Cross water orientation and Learn-to-Swim courses. Basic water safety rules are also part of the course. You will learn how to tell if a swimmer is in distress or is drowning, and how and when to call for emergency help. You will also learn how to help someone in trouble in the water while keeping safe yourself.
To find classes for you and your family, contact your local aquatic facility and ask for American Red Cross Learn-to-Swim programs.
Top Water Safety Tips
A Red Cross water safety poll released last month showed that nearly half of Americans say they’ve had an experience where they were afraid they might drown, yet more than half of Americans plan on engaging in behaviors that put them at risk of future drownings when they take to the water this summer.
Members of the Aquatic Sub-Council, part of the Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, have developed the Circle of Drowning Prevention and Chain of Drowning Survival to raise awareness of the most important steps that Americans can take to reduce the number of preventable drownings.
The Circle of Drowning Prevention shows the layers of protection that can help prevent potential drownings: provide close and constant attention to children you are supervising in or near water; fence pools and spas with adequate barriers, including four-sided fencing; learn swimming and water survival skills; children, inexperienced swimmers and boaters should wear U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jackets; and always swim in a lifeguarded area.
The Chain of Drowning Survival illustrates the steps you should take when you spot someone in distress in the water: recognize the signs of someone in trouble and shout for help; rescue and remove the person from the water without putting yourself in danger; call emergency medical services; begin rescue breathing and CPR, and use an AED if available; and transfer care to advanced life support, if needed.
You can find much more water safety information on redcross.org.
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| 0.943734 | 613 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The topic of green energy has been a mainstay in the world’s news headlines for years. But several factors have placed an even greater emphasis on the subject in recent months. The Environmental Protection Agency’s aggressive stance on fossil fuels has made it clear that the march toward green energy has become a sprint. Sharply rising costs for gasoline, diesel fuel, and natural gas have also turned green energy from an environmentally responsible option to an economic necessity. As the demand for large solar farms grows, global supply chain issues and labor shortages mean developers must take an efficient approach to remain viable and profitable.
The Birth of a Solar Farm
On February 18, 2021, the Ohio Power Siting Board approved Yellowbud Solar, LLC’s application to construct a 274-megawatt solar farm in Pickaway County, Ohio. Upon completion, the solar facility will occupy a 2,040-acre project area and consist of large arrays of ground-mounted photovoltaic modules that are mounted on a tracking system that will rotate to track the sun. Yellowbud Solar and National Grid contracted one of North America’s largest engineering and construction organizations, for the construction of the project. The contract required that the contractor install fencing simultaneously as the panels were installed to help prevent theft, unlawful entry, and possible injury.
Calling on the Fencing Experts
The scale of the fencing installation, including nearly 20 miles of fencing and 14,000 wooden posts secured in cement, mandated an approach that would be efficient and safe. The contractor looked to EZG Manufacturing, based in Malta, Ohio, for its well-known tools of the fence installation trade. Included were the Barbwire Hog and its accompanying Stretch-N-Go attachment, the Fence Hog, and the Mobile Mud Hog.
The Fence Hog maximizes productivity through dramatically increased efficiency. In fact, it can provide the productivity of a four-person crew with two or three men. Fencing industry veterans assisted in the design and development of the Fence Hog. They needed a product that picked up a fence roll from the ground without great physical effort. The Fence Hog also provides efficiency through capacity—holding up to 100 feet of chain link or 330 of woven wire, so constant reloading is unnecessary.
The Barbwire Hog provides similar efficiency for barbwire. It holds three 36-inch rolls of barbwire and can install up to three strands simultaneously and unroll it directly against fence posts. The EZG Stretch-N-Go Barbwire Dispenser holds four 330-foot rolls or two 660-foot rolls of barbwire and loads with a standard skid-steer. Its adjustable braking system allows the tension to be modulated precisely and easily. The Stretch-N-Go labor-saving trifecta includes stretching as it dispenses, a large capacity for quarter mile of installation between reloads and dispensing tautly directly against fence posts.
The landscape was not conducive to a cement truck, but the contractor found an effective alternative in the EZG Mobile Mud Hog mixer, designed for use with a standard skid steer. The crew could mix cement while moving the Mud Hog along the fence lines. Unnecessary steps are eliminated because the Mud Hog is easy to load and unload and the mixer can be moved to the materials. It also features a water bar that makes it easy to fill. The Mud Hog negates the need for a cement truck which could cause damage to the landscape.
When fully operational, the Yellowbud Solar Farm will positively impact the local economy and environment. It will offset carbon dioxide emissions by an estimated 392,000 tons per year—the equivalent of removing more than 80,000 cars off the road. The project also illustrates how dedication to innovation in construction as well as energy is making work safer, faster, and more efficient.
I was already familiar with EZG and knew they had quality products, so I had no reluctance in choosing the Fence Hog, Mud Hog and Barbwire Hog for the Yellowbud project. They were definitely up to the task.Tony Schweiger
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| 0.951412 | 836 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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