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Competition encourages data scientists to use AI to improve cancer screening
Two out of every five people in the US will be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetimes, according to the National Cancer Institute . Now the same technology behind improved voice assistants and credit card fraud detection—artificial intelligence—is now being implemented into lung cancer screenings for this year’s Data Science Bowl.
Booz Allen Hamilton and Kaggle are hoping to inspire data scientists and medical communities around the world to use artificial intelligence to improve lung cancer screening technology at this year’s Data Science Bowl. The 90-day Data Science Bowl competition will award winners with $1 million in prizes. Funds for the prize purse will be provided by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation.
“Cancer is an intensely personal disease for so many of us: it hits loved ones at home, colleagues at work and friends in our communities. Improving cancer screening and treatment is among the most important responsibilities we have in the next decade,” said Dr. Josh Sullivan, senior vice president, Booz Allen Hamilton. “Artificial Intelligence and human ingenuity can be powerful in the fight against cancer. Through last year’s Data Science Bowl, hedge fund analysts who had no medical experience created an algorithm that can review heart MRI images on par with trained technicians, helping to better heart disease screening. This year, data scientists—professional and hobbyists alike—can make a difference in the lives of millions of people facing a cancer diagnosis.”
The 2017 Data Science Bowl: In Depth
- Competition Aims to Improve Early Detection of Lung Cancer: Low-dose computed tomography scans can reduce lung cancer deaths by 20 percent, as demonstrated in National Cancer Institute sponsored screening trials. This reduction would save more lives each year than any cancer-screening test in history. However, there are significant challenges as low-dose CT scans have a high false-positive rate, creating patient anxiety and potentially leading to costly and unnecessary diagnostic work like invasive biopsies that put patients at risk for collapsed lungs and other complications. Reducing the false-positive rate is a critical step in making these scans available to more patients.
- Participants Will Use Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence to Scan Lung Images: Using a data set of anonymized high-resolution lung scans provided by the National Cancer Institute, Data Science Bowl participants will develop artificial intelligence algorithms that accurately determine when lesions in the lungs are cancerous, and thereby dramatically decrease the false positive rate of current low-dose CT technology.
- Leading Health and Technology Organizations Join Booz Allen and Kaggle: The competition receives additional sponsorship and support from a number of leading health and technology organizations, including the American College of Radiology, Amazon Web Services, NVIDIA and many others. For a full list of sponsors, visit DataScienceBowl.com.
“The Data Science Bowl is an exciting opportunity for data scientist to work with unique data sets that they wouldn’t have access to unless conducting medical research,” said Anthony Goldbloom, CEO, Kaggle. “This year’s competition has an especially important goal. By reducing the false positive rate of low-dose CT scans, we can not only prevent thousands of inaccurate lung cancer diagnoses, but also save lives through critical early detection of cancer.”
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Why Native Plants? Plant Choice Matters!
Part 4 of a four-part series
In past articles, I discussed the importance that native plants play in providing ecosystem services. Part three of this series focused on their benefits in cleaning and managing water, providing food, and supporting pollinators. The final two ecosystem services that native plants provide are addressed in this article.
Enriching and stabilizing soil: Long roots and drought tolerance allow native plants to penetrate the soil substrate much farther than non-natives. Natives demand much less water, and pull carbon deep into the soil, making plant tissues available to soil microorganisms and macroorganisms to feed upon. As the life forms in the soil grow, die and decompose, the soil becomes richer and more friable. Native plants save you money on your water bills!
Sequestering carbon – Plants build their bodies from carbon that they take from the atmosphere. Using chlorophyll, plants harness energy from sunlight to combine carbon dioxide and water into long sugar chains. Oxygen is also made and released into the atmosphere.
Yes, that is photosynthesis (photo=light, synthesis=building). Plants are literally building their bodies using sunlight. Roots, stems, trunks, leaves – all plant parts rely on photosynthesis to combine CO2 with water to create the building blocks for plant life. Native plants can store carbon in the ground for a longer time than non-native plants!
One last important concept for folks wanting to grow the most beneficial native plants – use those that increase the ability of our birds to breed and increase their populations; that’s the idea of KEYSTONE PLANTS. These are the plants that grow the most species of caterpillar. In other words, keystone plants are the best bird feeders you can grow. In Southern Oregon, the top three keystone plants are native willow, native cherry and native oak. If you can plant any or all of these in your landscape, please do so.
Native plants are not always easy to find in local nurseries. Specialist nurseries and native plant societies are local sources. As more gardeners ask their garden to support insect and bird species, they can in turn ask nurseries to stock more native trees, shrubs and perennials.
Down here in Southern Oregon, the Jackson County Master Gardener Association has undertaken a project to propagate native plants from cuttings and seeds. We’re fortunate to have native shrubs and perennials in our Demonstration Gardens which can serve as sources for the cuttings. We sell these at pop-up sales at our Extension site. To help folks envision how natives might fit into their own landscapes, we have a Native Plant Demonstration Garden and are expanding our use of native trees, an important contributor to insect support.
Home gardeners with the time and interest can propagate natives themselves. A great source for propagation how-to is Geoff Bryant’s book, Plant Propagation A to Z. Just be sure you are propagating an Oregon native plant. Use the sources below to find plants suited to your location.
Native Plant Finder
Plant choice matters! Garden for Life!
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Information provided courtesy of
The New York Stock Exchange.
One of the most familiar features of the New York Stock Exchange is the loud, distinct bell, which signals the beginning and ending of trading each day.
Bells were introduced when continuous trading was instituted in the 1870s. Originally, a Chinese Gong was used, but brass bells have been used since The Exchange moved to its current location in 1903.
There is one large bell in each of the four trading areas of the NYSE. The bells are operated synchronously from a single control.
The bells, measuring 18 inches in diameter, were manufactured by the G. S. Edwards Company of Norwalk, Connecticut. In the late 1980s, the NYSE decided to refurbish the bells and have an extra bell made as a back up. However, it was discovered that bells as large and loud as The Exchange's were no longer made by Edwards or any other bell company. Edwards agreed to make a special replica for the NYSE and brought employees out of retirement to handle the job.
While this was being done, an older, larger bell was discovered in a crawl space above the main trading floor. Measuring 24 inches in diameter, this 1903 bell had most likely been put away because it was too loud, even for the New York Stock Exchange. After being cleaned and refurbished, this giant bell was toned down. It now gleams on a platform above the trading floor, ready for use should it ever be called into action.
The bell is a part of the NYSE's heritage, and it is considered an honor to be invited to ring the opening or closing bell.
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A Marine Fisheries Regulation and Management (MFRM) Bill 2019 is in the public domain for discussion. Comprehending the Bill’s rationale requires understanding the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreements under which India has obligations to frame laws. The MFRM Bill 2019 is one such piece of legislation.
Under UNCLOS, which India ratified in 1995, the sea and resources in the water and the seabed are classified into three zones — the internal waters (IW), the territorial sea (TS) and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The IW is on the landward side of the baseline — it includes gulfs and small bays. Coastal states treat IW like land. The TS extends outwards to 12 nautical miles from the baseline — coastal nations enjoy sovereignty over airspace, sea, seabed and subsoil and all living and non-living resources therein. The EEZ extends outwards to 200 nautical miles from the baseline. Coastal nations have sovereign rights for exploration, exploiting, conserving and managing all the natural resources therein.
Since fisheries is a state subject, fishing in the IW and TS come within the purview of the states concerned. Other activities in the TS and activities, including fishing beyond the TS up to the limit of the EEZ, are in the Union list. No Central government, so far, has framed laws covering the entire EEZ. The Bill attempts to make up for this. The annual fishery potential of the country’s EEZ is about 5 million tonnes. Utilising it judiciously is an important priority of the government that was underscored by the formation of a new fisheries ministry.
The Bill is also a response to discussions on fisheries’ subsidies at the WTO since the Doha Round of 2001. India has been defending the rights of developing nations for special and differential treatment. Developed countries contend that nations without laws to manage fisheries in their respective EEZs are not serious about unregulated fishing. The MFRM Bill is India’s response to such sentiments.
The Bill prohibits fishing by foreign fishing vessels, thus nationalising our EEZ. An Indian fishing vessel desirous of fishing in the EEZ, outside the TS, must obtain a permit. This requirement has been contested by the fishing industry — particularly small-scale operators.
There is a faulty assumption in the Bill that only large-scale vessels fish outside the TS. Actually, thousands of small-scale fishing crafts regularly venture into such areas. Their freedom to access fish outside the TS will cease if the Bill becomes law. A few exemption clauses to safeguard their livelihoods should be incorporated in the Bill.
Bigger vessels, particularly trawlers, registered and licenced under state departments, will need a permit to fish. This is a welcome measure to manage the fishing sector.
The Bill lacks congruence with important regional fishery agreements. It is incomplete compared to the regulations in other coastal nations. However, it is necessary for the sustainable future of the marine fishing industry. The Bill respects the jurisdiction of our coastal states over the TS.
It proposes social security for fish workers and calls for protection of life at sea during severe weather events. State governments, fisher associations and the fishing industry representatives should not blindly oppose the entire Bill on the basis of their fears of the fishing permit. They should argue for greater “cooperative federalism”.
Fish cannot be bound by territoriality diktats of the Centre or states. Cooperative governance between them over different territories (IW, TS and EEZ) is key to the sustainable management of marine fisheries, which should now ideally go into the Concurrent List . Small-scale fish workers should demand making the entire IW and TS completely free of trawling using the FAO/UN Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines to support their arguments. This will raise their incomes, ensure a steady supply to consumers, heal the coastal areas and curb the bane of destructive fishing.
This article first appeared in the print edition on August 30, 2019 under the title ‘A finer net’. The writer is visiting professor, Azim Premji University, Bengaluru.
📣 The Indian Express is now on Telegram. Click here to join our channel (@indianexpress) and stay updated with the latest headlines
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Merriam-Webster adds the nonbinary pronoun ‘they’ to its dictionary
Merriam-Webster has officially added the nonbinary pronoun "they" as an entry in its dictionary. Merriam-Webster announced Tuesday that the word "they" can be used to refer to a single person whose gender identity is nonbinary along with three other separate definitions. Merriam-Webster uses the word in a sentence as an example: "I knew certain things about ... the person I was interviewing.... They had adopted their gender-neutral name a few years ago, when they began to consciously identify as nonbinary -- that is, neither male nor female. They were in their late 20s, working as an event planner, applying to graduate school."
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Clemson University researchers have shown that man-made or constructed wetlands can be used to treat non-traditional water sources, which could then be used in power plants.
Four kinds of non-traditional water sources were treated during the researchers’ tests: ash basin water, simulated cooling water, flue gas desulphurisation water and produced water, or water that is extracted from the ground along with oil and natural gas.
All of the water sources contained contaminants such as salts, heavy metals and hydrocarbons. In addition, all were capable of causing bio-fouling or corrosion because of their pH, ionic strength or nutrient content.
Recognising the differences in each water source, unique wetland treatment systems were designed and constructed for each type of water.
The artificial wetlands were created in large (70 to 250-gallon) vats containing vegetation that would be found in natural wetlands, such as California bulrush and narrow-leaf cattail. Each type of water was gravity fed through its own series of vats, residing for about 24 hours in each.
Before and after treatment, researchers measured pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, hardness, alkalinity and conductivity, along with the levels of contaminants.
Test results showed that constructed wetland treatment systems could remediate all four non-traditional water sources for reuse or discharge.
Since constructed wetland treatment systems cost 10–50 per cent less than conventional treatment systems, they could provide an economical alternative to conventional water-treatment approaches, which are comparatively costly and are often unable to achieve new, rigorous water-quality standards.
The pilot-scale test was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy.
Flue gas desulphurisation water was treated in a constructed wetlands system consisting of five ‘reactors’ planted with vegetation found in natural wetlands. The water treated was received from an operating coal-fired power plant in the south-eastern US
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The rules of Education are changing.
It used to be free for all.
If you don’t think your bank account balance effects your communities reading levels, you’re behind.
21 percent of adults in the U.S. read below a 5th grade level, and 19 percent of high school graduates can’t read.
Time for a Change.
The root of this statistic is one of the major issues that puts our nation’s youth into a precarious situation, the overwhelming inequity in our country which directly plagues public education. Graduation rates have more to do with unequal education opportunities than anything else. The purpose of these ads is to garner support in pressuring law makers to close the “gap” that creates inequality in the education system. The town I went to high school in Long Island has a very large budget annually. The reason for this, taxpayer’s money only goes to this one education district. What if these school districts that have a lot of money already, gave a fraction to a fund that dispersed money to school districts nationwide in need. These districts in need, need money in order to support programs that benefit their students. This issue is not only in my specific town, it stretches nationally: “Students in Greenwich and Darien, Connecticut have easy access to guidance counselors, school psychologists, personal laptops, up-to date textbooks etc. Meanwhile, in towns like New Britain and Bridgeport which are much poorer, facilities are dilapidated, teachers are paid less and there are not extra help centers and guidance counselors” (Semuels, 2016). This clearly highlights the gap between the rich and the poor and how it directly affects education, it is honestly as clear as segregation. Whether it is after school tutoring or sports teams, these extracurricular activities are vital in keeping a young person’s mind focused on their respective priorities. The purpose of the advertisement is to bring hindsight to the fact that people are not able to achieve their full potential without an education. The way to end this issue is by expanding access and resources towards education to low income communities because they’re most vulnerable to this reality. My stance is that I believe that all people deserve the chance to have an education and I do not believe the federal government is doing enough to help on the local level in order to improve education.
I think the intended audience of the ad is not only those people who are disenfranchised by not having the means necessary as a community to have equal education but also those at the top paying the highest taxes in areas that are favored in this dilemma. In a process like such, improving literacy rates start with dispersing funding across all levels of income, budgets should not be voted on by members of the community, they should be set by the median income of that district, that way those parents, who send their kids to private schools, that would normally vote for a lower budget since they do not send their kids to public school. “School districts in Greenwich spend about $6,000 more per student on education (Semuels, 2016)”. This shows just how large the gap is between sectors of the social economic scales. Many of these parents in these rich communities do not even bother sending their kids to the public schools receiving the benefits of their wealth. This exposes another reality; public schools are losing money to private schools in a big way. For example, last year in my hometown there was a vote to increase the Great Neck Public Schools 2018 budget. In an attempt to suppress the success of this initiative, religious members of the community who send their kids to private schools took action. They went around the towns stores, deli’s even bagel stores, any place that sold a local newspaper they went in and bought them all. This was all in an effort to block the budget from passing so they would not face the project 1% tax increase that was due to come in as a result. This attempt failed and the budget passed, but this is a prime example of how the private school community is prying students and money away from public education in the name of profit and superiority. Moreover, Senate needs to do its part in suppressing the efforts of President Trumps agenda to cut taxes placed on charter schools. This tax is aimed to alleviate the federal taxing of private schools in order for them to lower their tuition rate in order to increase enrollment. Rolling these taxes back will only take more money from the funding that goes into the public (education) sector. “Our system does not distribute opportunity equitably,” a landmark 2013 report from a group convened by the former Education Secretary Arne Duncan, the Equity and Excellence Commission, reported (Semuels, 2016)”. The reality is that this issue between Trump and Private Schools, is in the hands of rich people and the ultimate losers are those are that poor.
If I had to have this ad be displayed in a place it would be Forbes or Bloomberg, yes, the obvious choice would be Scholastic magazine or some educational platform, however, as much as we want to believe that this is an issue of people not wanting to learn how to read, it is more of an issue of children not having an issue to books. A child could have a book and choose to not read it, this is much different than a child sitting with no book unable to read the writing on the wall in front of him. Forbes or Bloomberg would be ideal places because they’re financial magazines, because of this more people connected to money and politics will come across this ad, my belief is that the businessmen of the world do not realize how bad this issue is, and politicians simply do not care. A final reason why this would be a great ad for a financial magazine is due to its unconventionality, you would be more likely to catch an Both realities are the reason so many low income public school students are disenfranchised and unable to read or graduate high school.
Semeuls, Alana . “Good School, Rich School; Bad School, Poor School.” The Atlantic Daily , Atlantic Business Forum, 25 Aug. 2016, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/08/property-taxes-and-unequal-schools/497333/.
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This stunning Boys Day Banner relates the Legend of Izanami, “the female who invites.” She and her brother, Izanagi, are said to be responsible for the creation of the Islands of Japan. Their history is recorded in the Koji-ki which contain the traditions of the Japanese race. Among their offspring is Amaterasu, who is worshipped as the direct ancestress of all of Japan’s emperors. Among the other symbols directly related here are the elegant Mandarin Crane (“Tsuru”), whom legend states took over 1000 years to fly to the Sun. Thus, the Crane is recognized as a symbol of long life, as well as good fortune. The dramatic Pine (“Matsu”), also represents long life, as does the “Minogame” or long tailed Tortoise which is believed to live to an exceptional age and develops a long flowing tail.
No two Banners are exactly alike, as each Banner was a hand painted gift from the maternal grandparents, who commissioned the design of the Banner, from the artist to their grandson who aspired to the manly characteristics portrayed by his noble ancestors. Heirloom banners are one of a kind. The Banners were painted entirely by hand and never dip-dyed. These enormous Banners exhibit dazzling colors that were created by brushing pigments or “Ganryo”, usually in a soybean-liquid binder, onto the surface of the fabric in a manner similar to Yuzen: the design is outlined in rice paste with a cylinder and then filled in with the desired pigment color.
This brilliant heirloom Banner includes the family crest or “Mon,” which is the pictorial symbol of the family. The crest is based on that of the Square (Mesh or “Meyui”) Eye, an ancient pattern that has been described as “eye tie.” This is in reference to an expensive dyeing process in which the material is puckered and tied before coloring, in order to create a spotted effect – a fabric that is also remarkably resilient and, thus, long lived.
This is an important historic piece of Japanese History in the form of a Boys Day Banner commemorating one of Japan’s families.
A Certificate of Authenticity is included.
TTAC will personally pack and ship via UPS at company expense within the continental United States.
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In this packet you will find:
· Two VHS tapes containing six teaching segments (or lessons) for classroom use, OR One DVD containing A More Perfect Union (motion picture) and six teaching segments (or lessons) for classroom use.
Lesson 1 is a summary of the motion picture and includes essential scenes from the film. Teachers and administrators may choose to use this lesson to recap parts of the production, or in lieu of a regular lesson in a time crunch. This lesson may be helpful to teachers and administrators in considering how to adapt this package to their class.
Lessons 2 – 6 divide the full production into independent parts for separate showing. Each lesson opens with a brief host narration regarding that segment. These segments vary from 18 to 28 minutes in length.
· One teacher’s guide, which provides background information and perspectives designed to help teachers with classroom discussions and other learning activities related to the production. Five lessons provide support for each of the five film segments.
o 6 teaching segments (DVD or VHS)
o 1 teachers guide
Note: The DVD contains the entire movie whereas the VHS does not. If you purchase this package in VHS format and would also like the entire movie, you may click here to order it.
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….Is it a blueberry? ….Is it a grape? Neither! The honeyberry (Lonicera caerulea L.), also known as “haskap” in Japan, is native to Russia and up until recently was seen primarily in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Canada. It is part of the edible honeysuckle family, which contains mostly shrubs and vines. Generally grown in temperate regions, it is a cold hardy shrub to -54 degrees fahrenheit. Several varieties are viable for USDA climate zones 1-8. Ideal for farmers in New England, honeyberries can be harvested in the spring, earlier than nearly all other fruit in the area. Additionaly, the honeyberry grows well in a range of soil types. It is a wonder they aren’t being sold at every farmers market in the Northeast! The berries have a distinctive taste- with their outer skin being sour and a tangly flavor inside. They are often described as tasting like a combination between a blueberry and a raspberry. It’s common to see the berry used in jams, pies, ice cream, or just eaten right off the bush! Yield and taste are dependent on a variety of environmental factors such as: climate, variety, soil condition, and insect population for pollination.
Cultivation of the honeyberry is through cross pollination. Moreover, it requires two unrelated varieties of honeyberries planted in close proximity for pollination to take place. Dormant stem cuttings (placed in water or in the ground) allows the plant to root easily. A soilless mixture is ideal until the roots have developed. If you have purchased a non-dormant plant, an acclimation period is imperative to minimize environmental stress. It’s important to watch out for factors that may cause damage, including excessively high or low temperatures, wind, direct sunlight, or frost snaps.
Once transplanted into prepared beds, the plants have shown to do best in a moderately moist soil, with a pH around 6.5 and organically amended mixtures. Space transplants 4 to 6 apart, in an area of your garden with good sunlight. Mulching approximately 5 feet in diameter is advised. Watering frequently in the first couple years is required, but much less is needed once fruiting occurs. In fact, honeyberries are exceptionally drought-tolerant. It generally takes 3-4 years for significant amounts of berries to be seen. The plants average at 3 to 5 feet tall. Like with any fruit crop, there will most likely be critters that will want to feed on either the bush or the berries themselves. Some of these include birds, deer, chipmunks, rabbits, voles, etc. Putting a fence or bird netting around your bushes may be helpful to reduce or eliminate the problem.
In a time where loss of biodiversity is so prevalent, nothing is more exciting that introducing a new species into the area! This crop is ideal for small to medium scale farmers in the northeast for a variety of reasons. Little attention is required, high yields on relatively small sized bushes, and high value are just some of them. Scientists are using selective breeding to further promote high-yielding plants. Because they are so new to the area, insect pest pressures should be relatively low. Furthermore, honeyberries are a great option for organic growers or no-spray growers, who are looking to avoid pesticides. Being the first farmer in your area to have honeyberries could mean great success for your business! Now ask yourself, why on earth wouldn’t you grow honeyberries?!
Ingvaldson, Bernis. “Move Over, Blueberries?” Acres USA Feb. 2016: 33-35. Print.
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Knoxville (WVLT) - Not getting enough sleep may raise your diabetes risk.
A new study found people who don't get enough shut eye are prone to abnormal blood sugar levels.
Researchers said people in the study who got less than six hours of sleep were four and a half times more likely to develop abnormal blood sugar readings than people who slept longer.
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or [email protected].
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“Women and the Platform” NWPC booklet excerpt
Letter to Reverand Alfred Hoenig Regarding Abortion, Dated June 13, 1972
Letter to Mr. Joseph I. Maurer Regarding Abortion, Dated June 13, 1972
Founding Document of the National Women’s Political Caucus
National Women’s Political Caucus
After Congress failed to pass the federal Equal Rights Amendment in 1970, the founding members of the National Women’s Political Caucus concluded that equality would come only with women’s representation in political office. At the time, women represented just 1 percent of elected officials nationwide.
Three hundred and twenty women from 26 states met in Washington, D.C., on July 10-11, 1971, to launch the Caucus. Participants came from diverse racial, political and economic backgrounds. There were Republicans and Democrats, activists and political appointees. And there were famous women, too, including Gloria Steinem, Bella Abzug, Betty Friedan, and Myrlie B. Evers, wife of slain Mississippi civil rights leader Medgar Evers.
Sissy Farenthold, who was a member of the Texas Legislature at the time, read about the creation of the Caucus in the Corpus Christi newspaper. “I knew nothing about it,” she said, “except that I was elated to read it because I thought, ‘Now there will be some place to go to; there will be someone to talk to.”
In February 1973, less than a year after her vice-presidential nomination, Farenthold was elected the first chair of the National Women’s Political Caucus at the group’s biennial convention in Houston. She had been urged on by Steinem and others, and had accepted the two-year term as chair, despite the misgivings of her supporters in Texas, who were worried that her affiliation with the Caucus would alienate her from conservative voters and compromise her chances in future state elections.
The Houston gathering was the first women’s political convention since Seneca Falls in 1848.
Kaye Northcott, editor of The Texas Observer at the time, wrote that the Houston and Seneca Falls conventions had much in common. “If a delegation from the first movement had been time-warped to the National Women’s Political Caucus in Houston,” Northcott wrote, “the lady abolitionists would have been quite familiar with the issues under discussion.”1
More than 1,500 women attended the Houston convention on Feb. 8-11, 1973. There were multiple group meetings within the Caucus during the three-day convention. Union women met, Puerto Rican women met, Mexican American women met, African American women met. Differences surfaced in the course of the conference as various groups, from the Republicans to minorities, fought to ensure that they had board representation and champions for their issues.
For example, the Republican women, Northcott observed, failed to be recognized as a minority caucus within the NWPC. The convention agreed, however, that no more than 50 percent of the members of the Caucus’s National Policy Council would come from one political party. The convention ran out of time before it could pass resolutions.
The debates at the convention, and later during Farenthold’s tenure, spoke to the challenges of creating what 1972 presidential candidate Shirley Chisholm called “a big umbrella organization” for women. As the organization’s first chair, Farenthold had to create a self-sustaining organization, while also pursuing the Caucus’s key goals: passage of the ERA and the election of female candidates.
Before Farenthold became the chair, the Caucus rotated its leadership every six months. Members didn’t want to duplicate what they considered hierarchical and patriarchal organizational models, Farenthold said. “Well, after two years they found that really untenable,” she said. “They needed more structure than that, and that’s how my two-year term came about.”
As a new organization, the Caucus needed to make the transition from an informal network of grass-roots activists to a national, dues-paying, membership-based structure. In 1974, Farenthold wrote in a memo prior to a national steering committee meeting: “I have been your chairwoman for more than a year and a half – if the Caucus has consistently had any one flaw, it is the inability to plan and adequately serve those women in organizations who most need it. … It seems that it is time that women began facing up to the political realities of American life. It is necessary to have money to function.”
The Caucus professionalized its structure and became a political force under Farenthold. Male candidates for office sought the group’s support, and the Caucus succeeded in getting more women in elective and appointive offices. A brochure for the Caucus produced during Farenthold’s tenure cited several achievements: passage of the ERA in 30 states, five new women elected to Congress, and 28 percent more women elected to state legislatures in 1972.
During her time with the NWPC, Farenthold fiercely defended the reproductive rights of women. In the 1980s, she also served on the national advisory committee of the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) as well as the advisory board of the Texas Abortion Rights Action League (TARAL).
In a letter to a constituent dated June 13, 1972, Farenthold explained her support for reproductive choice: “I am a Catholic. I am a practicing Catholic. Although I am personally opposed to abortion, I feel my religious beliefs should not dictate my civil duties. Thus my position on abortion, until a solution can be obtained balancing the rights of all involved, is that abortion should be a private matter without interference from the state.”
On September 10, 1977, at the biennial conference of the National Women’s Political Caucus, Farenthold criticized the government for failing to support public financing of abortion. “The right to abortion has become a class issue, a race issue, a privacy issue, and even a consumer issue,” she said. “But it is, above all, our issue.”
Despite the groundbreaking work of the Caucus and her role as chair, several years later Farenthold lamented that the fight for women’s rights and women’s equality was “the longest revolution.”
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Human actions play an increasing role in shaping the Earth's planetary environment, altering the interplay between the physical climate, land surface, oceans and life, at different spatial and temporal scales. These ecosystem changes are in turn affecting socio-economic performance and human wellbeing around the world.
To understand and (where possible) predict the co-evolution of the Earth system and human actions, to characterize risks of critical ecosystem transitions, to propose planetary boundaries for the sustainability ‘playing field’, and to evaluate potential new solutions for preventing, avoiding or mitigating the anticipated impacts of global changes, we need to radically improve our understanding and description of the interactions and feedbacks of societal, climatic and environmental change.
In this highly interdisciplinary session, we discuss innovative approaches for dealing with humans in the Earth system. These approaches may inform the management of thresholds and critical transitions, and the navigation of sustainable pathways for future development. We blend inputs from diverse research disciplines such as hydrology, climatology, ecology, agricultural sciences, systems sciences, economics and the social sciences, using multiple research approaches such as modelling, remote sensing data analysis and measurements at different spatial and temporal scales.
In the first part of the session, we focus on conceptual and methodological developments for exploring societal dynamics and transitions, especially those dealing with values and goals (i.e., addressing aspects of human wellbeing beyond people’s material interaction with the physical environment) and the definition of precautionary planetary boundaries.
In the second part, we turn our attention to real world issues with potentially serious consequences for the resilience of social-ecological systems up to the global scale. A focus will be on the processes and mechanisms that may trigger non-linear regime shifts in ecosystems and critical transitions in social systems. One theme is the impact of changes in land and water use on the hydrological cycle (convective activity, atmospheric circulation and moisture recycling), affecting the stability of natural and agricultural ecosystems and the viability of livelihoods that depend on them. Another is climate change mitigation and its links to ecological, biogeochemical and social change.
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The Fossil-free Energy Districts project, FED – a unique local digital marketplace for electricity, heating and cooling at Johanneberg Science Park.
FED is an innovative effort to decrease the use of energy and the dependence on fossil fuel in a built environment. The area is outside the energy distribution concession and has provided the opportunity for testing and evaluating a local energy market. The digital trading platform will optimize the use of low-grade energy to replace primary energy. It is possible to buy and sell energy between the houses – one building’s energy is used as surplus in another.
Creating a digital service market in this way means that we do not need to lay cables in the ground. The market players with their local production of electricity, heating and cooling connects up to central energy distribution systems. All players are connected to the electricity mains which can detect the need to sell and buy electricity from the energy stores at local properties. It is digitally possible to advertise the need to buy electricity at an hourly level and to sell it at second level.
The FED Energy system includes:
* 24 consumers (premises, homes, electrical vehicle charging)
* 11 prosumers (solar PV, heat pump and cooling units)
* 2 producers (biofueled heat and power, heat pumps, cooling units, solar PV, turbine)
* 16 storage units (building thermal inertia, water storage for cooling, PCM storage for cooling, Li-Ion battery storages)
* 3 external producers (electrical, district heating, district cooling)
The trading system was successfully implemented in June 2018 and all investments were in operation by January 2019.
Results show that it is possible to reduce costs by approx. 5 per cent and that CO2 emissions can be cut by up to 16 per cent.
In order to realize the project, a triple helix characterized partner group was formed with nine strong partners; The City of Gothenburg, Johanneberg Sciene Park, Göteborg Energi, Business Region Göteborg, Ericsson, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Akademiska Hus, Chalmersfastigheter and Chalmers University of Technology.
FED was co-financed by the European Regional and Development Fund through the Urban Innovative Actions Initiative (UIA), an initiative of the European Commission for cities to test new solutions for urban challenges.
Key Learning Points
* You will get an overview of how an area of housing and business can create a market for electricity, cooling and heating.
* You will get an overview of technologies that reduce one-quarter fossil independence.
Length of the FED study visit
* 1, 5 to 2 hours.
* Introduction and presentation of Johanneberg Science Park and the FED Project.
* Demonstration of the 3 D-model of FED.
* Guided tour to see and learn more about the FED-project. Please observe, includes outdoor walking – clothes after weather!
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What are the uses of ionophores?
anticoccidial in cattle, poultry and goats. growth promoter feed additive in cattle, reduction of bloat and rumen acidosis in ruminants, prevention of tryptophan-induced atypical bovine pulmonary emphysema.
What are ionophores?
Carboxylic acid derivative antibiotics, slightly soluble in water, organic solvents and oils. Form lipid soluble complexes with polar cations that are transported across membranes (Na, K, Ca, Mg). Include monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin, etc.
Concurrent administration of one of which 5 drugs increases ionophore toxicity?
cardiac glycosides, tiamulin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, or sulfonamides
How much of ingested monensin is absorbed by ruminants? by monogastrics?
50% absorbed by ruminanats, monogastrics absorb most of it.
How is monensin metabolized/excreted?
rapidly metabolized in the liver and excreted in the bile. Except in equines, they can't metabolize.
What is an ionophore's mechanism of action?
disrupt transmembrane electochemical gradients, main targets are mitochondria of highly energetic tissue. Influx of sodium-ionophore complex increasing intracellular sodium accompanied by increasing intracellular calcium. Sequestering of calcium means inhibition of mitochondria and decreased ATP/energy. Cell death, disruption of ion concentrations alters cell function.
What are the clinical signs in a horse with ionophore toxicity?
anorexia, profuse sweating, colic, depression, incoordination, hyperventilation, tachycardia, tachyarrhythmias, prostration, and death.
What are the clinical signs in poultry with ionophore toxicity?
anorexia, diarrhea, ataxia, resting on knees with wings and legs directed outward, decreased egg production.
What are the lesions associated with monensin toxicity in horses?
cardiac muscle lesions in horses (pale cardiac muscles, white streaks of necrosis in the myocardium), skeletal muscle lesions.
What is the method of lab dx of ionophore toxicity?
chemical analysis for ionophores, best sample is feed, method detects ppb levels.
What are your dfdx in a horse with signs of monensin toxicity?
colic, blister beetle ingestion (cantharidin toxicosis), azoturia
What are your dfdx in poultry with signs of monensin toxicity?
nutritional myopathy, coffee senna toxicosis, botulism, Na-water deprivation toxicosis, mycotoxicosis, round-heart disease, downer syndrome.
What is the treatment of monensin toxicity?
no specific antidote, remove source, decrease absorption with activated charcoal, mineral oil, saline cathartics. symptomatic treatment (fluids and electrolytes, monitor). Vitamin E and selenium may decrease muscle damage especially in cattle and swine.
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The creation of Franken-byros continues.
Ten human embryos each containing the DNA from one man and two women have been created in a project that within three years could lead to the first genetically altered babies being born in Britain.
These embryonic humans were killed after just five days.
The point of the exercise was to replace cell mitochondria, thus removing the potential for certain diseases. This has already been done in mice, gestating them to birth and then using them to reproduce.
Scientists involved and other proponents say this is not creating designer babies, because the mitochondria don’t affect the development of appearance or personality. However, it is clearly obvious that this is the next step. Once the mitochondria can be interchanged and the baby grown to term, swapping out genes will be easy to introduce without causing to much of a fuss. It wouldn’t be a fuss, because it would already be legal.
Lord Walton of Detchant has proposed an amendment to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill currently working irs way through Parliament. It would allow this treatment to be used with the approval of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. No further legislation would be required.
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| 0.960407 | 249 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Ring-opening metathesis polymerization has achieved some commercial success, with a variety of ROMP polymers available on the market: Reaction Rate Not all chemical reactions occur at the same rate.
What makes olefin metathesis cost-effective also makes it green. The light gaseous hydrocarbons produced by catalytic cracking are highly unsaturated and are usually converted into high-octane gasoline components in polymerization or alkylation processes.
Unlike other reagents in the reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction. Combustion reactions produce energy in the form of heat. Interesting Facts about Chemical Reactions When ice melts it undergoes a physical change from solid to liquid.
Linear polymers, which are composed of chainlike molecules, may be viscous liquids or solids with varying degrees of crystallinity; a number of them can be dissolved in certain liquids, and they soften or melt upon heating. When one reaction causes a sequence of reactions to occur this is sometimes called a chain reaction.
Chemical, Rockets are propelled by the reaction that occurs when liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are combined. Types of Reactions There are many types of chemical reactions.
Chain transfer cross metathesis between a growing polymer unit and an adjacent polymer alkene also leads to broadened molecular weights. Living Ring-opening metathesis polymerization.
An inhibitor is used to slow down the reaction. Some happen very quickly like explosions, while others can take a long time, like metal rusting. Combustion - A combustion reaction occurs when oxygen combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide.
Catalyst and Inhibitors Sometimes a third substance is used in a chemical reaction to speed up or slow down the reaction. You can think of it as two compounds trading substances.
We use this catalyst technology in the discovery and development of a new generation of advanced materials.
Single displacement - A single displacement reaction is also called a substitute reaction. In polymerization, the light olefins propylene and butylene are induced to Two classes of polymerization usually are distinguished. In condensation polymerizationeach step of the process is accompanied by the formation of a molecule of some simple compoundoften water.
The speed that the reactants turn into products is called the reaction rate. Mixtures and solutions are different from chemical reactions as the molecules of the substances stay the same. Represented in this example, two groups of symmetrical olefins shown in pairs of two blue and two green carbon groups are transformed into two pairs of new non-symmetrical olefins shown with one blue and one green carbon group per olefin.Olefin Metathesis.
Olefin metathesis is a chemical reaction in which a molecule with a pair of carbon-carbon double bonds, known also as olefins or hydrocarbons, come together and exchange carbon atoms with one another, forming new value-added molecules in the process. Near-Perfect CO 2 /CH 4 Selectivity Achieved through Reversible Guest Templating in the Flexible Metal–Organic Framework Co(bdp).
A chemical reaction is a process that is usually characterized by a chemical change in which the starting materials (reactants) are different from the products.
Chemical reactions tend to involve the motion of electrons, leading to the formation and breaking of chemical killarney10mile.com are several different types of chemical reactions and more. We manufacture and distribute chemical reagents for research use only or various antibodies.
Metathesis may refer to. Changes of vocal properties. Metathesis (linguistics), alteration of the order of phonemes within a word Quantitative metathesis, exchange of long and short roles, without changing order of vowel sounds; Chemical changes in which pairs of molecules exchange (without transfer of atoms) electronic patterns of bonding.
Metathesis reaction. A salt metathesis reaction (from the Greek μετάθεσις, "transposition"), sometimes called a double replacement reaction or double displacement reaction, is a chemical process involving the exchange of bonds between two reacting chemical species, which results in the creation of products with similar or identical bonding affiliations.
This reaction is .Download
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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
What We Must Do Today
“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” are, or should be, the fruits of democracy. But the political democracy defined by the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution has not been achieved because economic democracy has not been achieved. The attainment of real economic democracy is the next task for the American people.
In the midst of the most productive economy in history, the U.S. and much of the world today are in crisis, with stagnant or falling incomes, rising prices, and skyrocketing debt. Many experts are predicting an economic collapse, and people with money are scrambling for safe places to protect it. No one in an official capacity has provided a convincing explanation; few have even tried.
We are taught that economics is a “science” and that it operates under unchangeable laws that are understandable only to specialists. People speak with reverence of “market forces” as existing beyond the reach of human intelligence and will.
None of this is true. There is no such thing as “laws” in economics.
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With the commencing of the school year there is increased interest in literacy and alternatives to handwriting supports available for use in the class room. These supports assist those who have difficulties completing tasks in class to participate and produce work that is to the best of their abilities. This article offers an overview of the types of assistive technology (AT) in this area and how it can be used in the classroom. As is the case with most AT there is new and improved editions, equipment and updates available throughout the year. It is important to review current strategies and equipment to ensure you get the most out of your AT and students.
Literacy encompasses the large range of skills needed to read, write and understand language. Literacy supports are those which support or supplement these skills. Examples of equipment areas are text to speech readers, scanners, word prediction programs, voice to text translators and thought planners. Of these equipment areas there are many different options and access methods which are outlined in this article. This AT is different to that which students who are having difficulty in literacy areas may use to assist in the learning of these skills.
Assistive Technology for Reading
Technology to assist with reading may include equipment such as reading pens and scanners with supporting or built in software or it may be an app on a tablet or device. These devices use software to convert letters, words and numbers into spoken words for users to listen to. This can be useful for students who struggle with reading or who experience increased anxiety or fatigue when completing reading tasks. Listening to information may also be a more successful learning method for these students as they are able to focus on the information and spend less energy on decrypting the message. Whichever AT is used it is important to consider the ease of use and clarity of speech of the equipment.
Reading pens scan text and convert it into spoken words using in built software. They are very portable and you can plug headphones directly into the device. However there are a couple of aspects which should be considered before purchase. Firstly the menu and transcription screen is small as it is part of the pen. This can make navigation tricky in particular for younger students as there is not space to outline what each button is for. The text to speech software is accurate and works well when using it to convert a few words or a line of text. It would not be recommended for use on large chunks of text or on equations, such as in math’s or science questions. A reading pen would be a good option for a user who wanted to use it check on specific words or assist in reading short sentences occasionally.
Portable scanning pens are able to convert large sections of text and number for speech. They require to be connected to a laptop or computer with supporting software. They are a quick and accurate option for students to scan text directly into an editable format and have it spoken back to them. An example of such a scanner is the IRIS. Other scanning options include tablets or computers with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) apps or software. For computers a standard page scanner is required to copy the text before the loaded software converts it into an editable and readable format. On tablets this is done via OCR apps which utilize the camera on the device to take a picture of the text for conversion. Examples of this equipment are outlined below. Tablets are portable options which are already in many classrooms and capable of running other literacy support apps. This is convenient for reducing the amount of equipment that is needed in the classroom.
|IRIS Pen Express7||A USB scanner pen that copies written text into an editable format on the computer. Text can then be read aloud.|
|OpenBook Scanning and reading Software||Software that can read aloud documents and images on screen. Text can be scanned using a standard image scanner.|
|Pixter||An OCR app that identifies and converts text and handwritten language from an image and converts it into an editable format. This can then be read aloud.|
|Reading Pen 2||A pen that scans text to provide a definition of a word or reads back highlighted text. Not suitable for those with vision impairment.|
Assistive Technology for Writing
Expressing thoughts or collecting instructions in written form can be tiring and time consuming for some students. This can lead to missed information and unfinished work. Devices which include audio recording are beneficial in capturing information that can then be repeated. Dictaphones and voice recorder apps enable this type of information gathering. Smart Pens and apps such as AudioNote enable recording of information whilst linking it to text that is written or typed. This allows the user to check information that was noted at a later time, allowing them to keep up with verbal instructions.
Alternatives to handwriting AT is something which has expanded from simple Notetaker devices to laptops, computers, tablets and speech to text apps. A Notetaker such as the Forte is a simple device with a keyboard and small screen. It can only be used for typing text and completing inbuilt typing exercises. Work that is completed can be exported to a printer or via email for submission in class. It is a light weight option that limits the opportunity for distraction which is possible on laptops and tablets. As tablets and laptops are becoming more common in the classroom they are a more acceptable option for students with writing difficulties to use. If students will be using a typing alternative to handwriting it will be important for them to spend time learning to touch type. There is software available to further assist in typing in the form of word prediction software.
Word prediction software assists those with spelling, vocabulary and writing speed difficulties. Programs usually have a software and app versions to ensure multiplatform accessibility. This type of AT is used regularly by those with dyslexia as well as other learning difficulties which affect literacy skills. It is also used by those who have difficulty with handwriting and are looking for ways to increase their work output through typing.
Dragon is the most commonly referred to voice to text software that is available. This software uses the internet to translate speech and convert it into text on the screen. Whilst this is used successfully by many adults it is not always a suitable option for children. This is because of the rate, clarity and pitch of a child’s speech. For the software to understand and convert information it needs to be spoken at a steady pace and with clear pronunciation. As the software will pick up all that it hears it is important that you think about what you are going to say before you begin speaking. As it is a software program it will still make errors which you can edit after the text conversion. Being aware that these steps need to be followed and being prepared to practice your “dictation voice” is an important consideration before trying voice to text programs.
|Forte||A portable note taker with built in lessons for touch typing, grammar and basic math’s. Features word prediction, dictionary and thesaurus. Links to a printer or email for exporting work.|
|Smart Pen||A pen which records audio and links it to handwritten text on a page. The pen must be used with specific paper with micro dots to allow it to synchronise text and record. You are then able to listen back to audio by tapping on words on the paper.|
|Word Prediction Software/Apps||A range of apps with features to assist language output. Features include word prediction and text to speech for auditory feedback. The software programs have app versions compatible on iPads.|
|Dragon Dictate||A voice to text voice dictation app. Can be used to produce text that is then editable and exported. Requires internet connectivity.|
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I’ve always been fascinated by origami. You start with plain, flat squares of paper and transform them into incredible 3-dimensional shapes. The forms you can make are limited by the material chosen. By size, of course, but also by the physical properties of the paper itself.
I want to go over all of the different types of origami so that my students have a reference (hey guys!) in the future.
Origami is a compound Japanese word, from “ori”, to fold and “kami”, paper. So, it literally means to fold paper. And it seems as though the Japanese began folding paper for ceremonial purposes as soon as they were introduced to paper in the 6th century.
There have been all sorts of origami developed and designed in the centuries since: from traditional origami to curved folds and origami composed of hundreds of individual units.
Traditionally, origami is made from a single, square sheet of paper, and is created without any tearing, cutting, tape, or glue. You know, a thousand paper cranes, each and every one the same.
Action origami is origami that you can animate, that moves, and is often a form of traditional origami. You’re probably familiar with paper fortune tellers from recess in middle school, but there are also much more elaborate are pieces. Each of these figures is from a single sheet of paper, designed and built by Robert Lang. They play their instruments when you pull on them!
In Germany in the 1920s, Josef Albers taught a Bauhaus preliminary course on paper study. He encouraged his students to investigate and experiment with paper as a material, and they developed several groundbreaking, er, paperbreaking techniques that definitely changed the course of paper folding.
My favorite of these is curved-crease folding. Concentric circles are folded in opposite directions (mountain folds alternating with valley folds), and they automatically take on a saddle structure.
Akira Yoshizawa, the grandmaster of origami, pioneered the wet folding technique in the 1950s. It involves just what it sounds like: wetting the paper. This lets you sculpt the model; it’s basically halfway to paper mache. Wet folding works well on thick paper that will hold up, and can give curves to wings or character to animal ears.
Origami is no longer a term restricted to paper. People make origami using all sorts of different materials, which become their own genres because the material shape, thickness, texture, and other attributes determine what you can actually create from it. There’s dollar bill origami, toilet paper origami (seen in hotels), cloth napkin origami (featured in fancy restaurants), and towel origami (my aunt does this).
Modular origami is composed of many individual units assembled together to create one large structure. They often feature complex symmetries, but sometimes are used for figurative or freeform creations.
The wireframe models of Byriah Loper have been a recent obsession of mine. These sculptures can be made up of hundreds of different units, and are designed by investigating complex geometric forms. Like these twenty interlocking tetrahedra:
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Introduction. Varicella is a relatively mild disease in which neurological complications are rare. Among them, the most common is ataxia, and encephalitis is the most severe. Complications of varicella are seldom observed in immunocompetent patients. Case report. A 12-yr-old immunocompetent patient presented with skin manifestations of varicella and was started on acyclovir. Eight days later he complained of headache, horizontal nystagmus and diplopia, followed by a sudden neurological derangement requiring mechanical ventilation and ICP and SjO2 monitoring. An urgent CT showed marked edema of the right brain hemisphere. After a 1 month stay in the pediatric ICU he was discharged with mild left hemiparesis. Discussion. Encephalitis is the most severe complication of varicella. It presents most commonly between the second and sixth day after the onset of the rash, but can precede it. Diagnosis is made by blood and CSF serologies or by PCR assay for VZV. Treatment includes parenteral acyclovir, adding glucocorticoids in the most severe cases. Overall mortality ranges between 10 and 20%.
|Títol traduït de la contribució||Severe varicella encephalitis in an immunocompetent patient|
|Nombre de pàgines||3|
|Estat de la publicació||Publicada - 2000|
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When learners return to school, teachers and the school management team (SMT) are facing a very difficult task: to pull their communities together while helping their learners get back on track. Some learners may have lost family members to the disease caused by the coronavirus, and some schools may have lost their staff members. A lot of schools in poor areas cannot even attempt online teaching and learning, so learners have obviously lost some academic ground as a result of school closures.
So what can schools and the Department of Education do?
There are no easy answers. But research offers a number of concrete ideas for helping learners respond, from changing how the next school year is structured to making sure learners have access to mental health professionals. Most private schools can pull off some of these ideas on their own. Others (No-Fee Paying Public Schools) will highly depend on the Department of Education to allocate extra money, which is a big ask during this pandemic.
We need to understand that implementing these ideas for lost time in teaching and learning does not come cheap.
Here are some ideas that schools and the Department of Education might consider
- Extending the school day or school year
Maybe the most obvious way to help learners make up for months of missed school is simple: give them more time, with an extended school year or longer school days.
Research offers reasons for optimism. When the Western Cape Department of Education required that poor performing schools extend their school days, research found that learners reading scores increased as a result. Another study found that sending struggling learners to study camps after grade 10 decreased their chances of dropping out of high school. And learners generally learn continuously while school is in session and they relapse when it’s not. We believe that the more learners receive instruction, the better they do.
An extended school year could also give learners with disabilities more time to make up lost services, and give schools more time to figure out whether their needs have changed. If, for example, a learner never received speech therapy for about two months, it’s not like the therapist can start the school year and just jump right in two months of speech therapy in a month’s time. The therapist might be able to offer extra hours or weekend services, but it’s obviously going to be a long, slower progress. And of course, however it’s planned and structured, more time means higher costs.
- Provide extra lessons, especially for learners who are most behind.
Another way to help our learners catch up is to make sure that learners who are behind get tutoring in small groups. The Department of Education should consider funding an army of tutors to enter schools on a very large scale. This could have a secondary benefit of providing jobs for unemployed teachers in South Africa struggling to find work in a damaged economy. Again cost is a very big problem. Even when tutors are paid modest stipends, having such a small learner-to-teacher ratio is extremely pricey. Tutoring presents a great opportunity to have a win-win for the economy and for the learners.
- ‘Loop’ primary school teachers with the same group of learners
What if when primary school learners return to school they are greeted by a familiar face — their prior year’s teacher? This practice – known as looping, in which a teacher follows a group of learners to the next grade – might make sense when learners return to school. It could provide a degree of emotional security for the learners who haven’t been in school for months and make it easier for teachers to help them catch up.
The benefit of this is that those teachers would know immediately where the learners in the classroom were, at least when they left the classroom. Research shows that looping does in fact help learners learn more in the following grades, and in general, learners benefit from having more “familiar faces”, including classmates, around them in class. The advantage of this idea is that it costs little or nothing at all.
Still, this idea comes with its own challenges. If grade 1 teachers loop with their learners, schools must figure out who will teach the entering grade 1’s. Teachers in pre-school (Grade R teachers) may not be so enthusiastic about this idea since grade R is the highest grade in pre-school and may not have a class to loop with. There is also research showing that teachers benefit from consistency that comes with teaching in the same grade.
- Hire professionals who can help learners with trauma and mental health needs
Learners are out of school for a reason: a pandemic that could have caused their parents to lose their jobs or they have lost their relatives to the disease. Nearly all learners are likely to have experienced some stress from the disruption of their daily routines. In general, access to social workers and school based health clinics can help our learners alleviate their stresses and could play a very important role in the adjustment period as learners return to school.
Before any major learning can take place, schools need to think very carefully about how they lay the foundation for supportive and a caring climate. Teachers cannot just bombard the learners with school work immediately when they return to school. This period requires a ‘school needs assessment’ to identify what learners and teachers are coping with, with the SMT mapping out their own health staff’s capacity and whether they could add support from community based providers and school readiness programmes.
SA public schools need now, more than ever, social workers, school psychologists, and nurses that could teach classes of small groups of learners, or parents on how to cope with stress and anxiety, in addition to working with individual learners most in need of support. During this crisis period, schools without these professionals due to budget allocation will be in tougher positions.
These professionals may also be key in helping to decide how to handle changes in learner behavior or academic abilities, and making sure schools are not over-identifying learners with behavioral or learning disabilities when they may just be responding to stress. When the learners return to school, the behaviors that teachers will be seeing in the immediate short term may or may not be typical for them as they move forward a couple of months into the school year.
- Integrate corona-virus into the Curriculum
Another way the Department of Education should try to help learners when they return to school is to integrate virus-related content into the school curriculum. For example:
- Social Science lessons can examine the current social inequalities by examining some communities which are affected by COVID-19 more than others.
- English classes can include creative writing about the hidden costs of the pandemic on learner’s lives.
- Science classes can examine the ecological determinants of infectious diseases.
Of course, teachers would have to think about how to design content that is grade-appropriate, and creating new lesson plans might be very challenging when teachers are dealing with so many other changes.
But addressing the pandemic head-on could help our learners make sense of what is happening in the world and also have academic benefits. We believe that learners can do well in school when the curriculum is connected to their personal experiences. Sometimes adults are reluctant to talk about scary events to their children because they don’t want to make their children feel bad. But asking children to talk about their experiences is a good idea. As adults, we need to model, to the extent that we can, a healthy response to this significant stress that everybody has experienced.
Now it’s your turn. What other ideas can you think of that can help our learners catch up and readjust as they return to school? Let me know in the comments below.
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With college comes great responsibility, and you will find many big changes coming your way. Attending college can be challenging, but when you have the right information, you can be successful.
Have a good supply of toiletries on hand. You might run out of them very fast. For the sake of economy, try to purchase in bulk.
Before you go to college, make a short list of items you’ll need to bring with you. Be certain you have everything you need so you don’t have to call for help from your parents on a regular basis. If you go to school far away, this is important.
Do some research about scholarships or grants you are eligible for. Scholarships are not only for the straight-A students, but there are a wide variety of scholarships offered for people in unique situations. There are also many federal and state grants that do not need to be repaid.
Work out at the campus gym as much as you can. You can work out during the day, and meet other active students. You can also meet friends with whom you can go to the gym, thereby expanding your social network.
Be sure to sleep well and plenty. Many college students get little, if any, sleep between late night parties, classes and homework. If you don’t get enough sleep, you won’t be able to be as focused in class as you should be.
Get at least one of your general education requirements done and finished in your first semester. If you need to take a class to graduate which you are dreading, get it over with early on so you can take more enjoyable classes later on. Not only that, but do you really wish to be the lone senior surrounded by freshmen?
If you are coming from another state or plan on living on campus, think about whether you want to have your car with you. In busy college towns, it can be hard to find a place to park. Also, if you have a car on campus, you will have to pay for regular maintenance as well as insurance and gas.
To help save money on textbooks, buy them used. The cost of textbooks can be outrageous. If your college already costs a lot, then it’s likely that you are needing to save as much money as possible. Try to find booksellers and websites that feature used texts. Buying used books is a surefire way to save money.
Do not purchase your books until your classes start. Sometimes, the “required” book is not really needed. This happens a lot when you’re taking online classes. Often, the lectures and online readings will be sufficient for you to do well in the course.
No matter how much you prepare, the transition to college life is unquestionably a challenge. Suddenly you are in charge of most of the decisions in your life. Using the tips and hints from the article above, you can create a college plan that will work for you and help you get through college and even have time for fun.
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We are at an interesting place in food cultivation and consumption. We have an ever-growing consumer awareness of our food systems, where our food comes from, and what we require of our food.
On the other hand, we have giants like Monsanto¹, who are not in the business of growing food at all really, controlling our food growth and ingredients down to the very basics of the food itself – the DNA.
Working behind the scenes of agriculture, Monsanto has been busy leveraging themselves as the sole controlling source for seed availability to farmers for many years.
And beyond seed, they have made our milk and dairy products incredibly unsafe to eat and drink. Monsanto is the corporation who introduced rBGH – or recombinant bovine growth hormone – to our nation’s dairy farmers. Worse, they have tried very hard to make the use of rBGH worldwide.
Through falsifying studies² and getting the help of the FDA, we now have, regularly in our milk and cheese and butter products, an array of hormones and antibiotics and other undesirables.
rBGH causes the accelerated production of milk in cows. This often leads to painful mastitis in cows. Mastitis is an infection of the milk glands, and with infection comes many problems.
Pus for one. Milk with rBGH is guaranteed to have pus in it. Not very yummy is it? To ameliorate the infection cows need a host of powerful antibiotics. So you can rest assured that milk produced from rBGH cows is full of antibiotics.
We now know there is a problem with “super bugs.” These are infections that have developed immunity to antibiotics. With antibiotics running in our systems from our food, bacteria are able to mutate and resist multiple types of antibiotics.
In addition to the pus and antibiotics, there are also powerful hormones in our food that’s treated with rBGH. We’re talking very powerful. Powerful enough to cause the cows’ ovaries to be ten times their normal size in addition to mass milk production.
And now Monsanto would like to control our corn and soybean seeds so that, worldwide, farmers are dependent on Monsanto’s seeds.
These seeds are genetically altered to resist herbicides – a deadly chemical that was Monsanto’s original moneymaker and what many Americans and Vietnamese know so well as Agent Orange.
Monsanto would like us to think that, not only is their herbicide safe on our lands and in our stomachs, but their genetically altered seeds are also safe for consumption.
The real kicker in all of this? Monsanto also wants us to regard them as the expert in sustainable agriculture. This is the biggest green wash going.
All of our conventional food in stores, restaurants, and even schools have GMO elements. How dangerous is this? We don’t fully know this and important information is kept secret by big corporations – mainly Monsanto.
Factory farms, GMOs, herbicides and pesticides…..we’re in an awful state in our food production and consumption, and it’s really hard, although getting easier, to find products not affected by these large corporate systems of food production.
Consumers don’t have a lot of choices for convenience and even knowledge of exactly where their food comes from.
This is why it is so important for us to keep demanding food that is organic and sustainably cultivated. And while we’re at it, even if we’re not a fan of animals nor care for their welfare, it only makes sense to our health (and the health of the planet) to demand that our farmers use humane methods of husbandry.
This also means that we need to research the food we buy and eat. Support local, sustainable farms by joining a CSA or getting food from a farmers market. Buy, as much as possible, organic food and dairy products.
We can see that consumer demand is already really changing the face of mainstream supermarkets. Let’s keep it up and really turn on the pressure!
- Much of the information I wrote about here I got from watching the 2008 documentary “The World According to Monsanto,” a French documentary that is not readily available in the US.
This can be viewed in full-length version here -
- A short, 18 minute online documentary by Jeffrey Smith summarizes really well the skewed research and bad science used by Monsanto and the FDA -
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Salmon P Chase Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Died On :
Also Known For :
Birth Place :
Salmon P Chase was an American political figure who is best known for serving as United States Secretary of the Treasury under Abraham Lincoln and being Chief Justice during the impeachment proceedings against Andrew Johnson.
Childhood and Early Life
Salmon P Chase was born on 13 January 1808 in Cornish, New Hampshire. His parents were Janet Ralston and Ithamar Chase. Chase was one of ten children. His father died in 1817 and Chase was sent to live with his uncle, Philander Chase, who was an Episcopalian bishop in Ohio. Chase also had an uncle in politics, Dudley Chase who was a senator for Vermont.
Chase studied in numerous states as he moved about during his childhood, he received schooling in Windsor, Vermont, Worthington, Ohio, and Cincinnati. He also studied at Dartmouth College and graduated in 1826 with distinction. He moved to the District of Columbia and began studying law under the United States Attorney General, William Wirt. While in the District of Columbia studying, Chase also opened and ran a classical school having taught in Vermont.
In 1829, Salmon P Chase was admitted to the bar. Following this, he returned to Ohio and practiced law out of Cincinnati. Chase was a firm believer in abolition and spent much of his legal time defending runaway slaves. He quickly garnered a reputation and argued before the United States Supreme Court against the constitutionality of returning runaway slaves to their masters. His stance on such matters led him to become entangled in politics inevitably.
Salmon P Chase first joined the Whig Party and was elected as a Whig representative to the Cincinnati Council. The Whigs were pro protectionism and Congress but split on the issue of slavery. Chase left the party in 1841 and joined the Liberty Party and became its leader in Ohio. The party was abolitionist in its outlook. Chase became prominent nationally with his leadership of the Liberty Party and was vital in joining Martin van Burren’s party to form the Free Soil Party in 1848.
Chase drafted the policies of the new party and campaigned for Martin van Burren during the 1848 presidential election. The party secured ten percent of the vote on its platform of preventing the spread of slavery into the western territories. Chase himself was elected as a senator from Ohio in 1849 on a Free Soil platform. Chase hoped to impress upon northern Democrats the need to oppose slavery.
However, following the 1850 compromise and the Kansas Nebraska Act he seemed to abandon hope of influencing the Democrats. The Compromise of 1850 saw many territories reorganised to placate slaveholding states. California was granted statehood as a free state, but slavery was not outlawed in the other provinces and they were allowed to decide their status. The right to popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery led to violence with the creation of the states of Kansas and Nebraska as settlers from both sides poured in to influence the vote. Violence erupted in Kansas and marked a prelude to the American Civil War.
Having seen the Democrats allow these issues to pass Salmon P Chase set about setting up a new party with other abolitionists. The new party would draw from the Free Soil Party, the Whigs and some northern Democrats. The new party became the Republican Party. Chase was elected governor of Ohio in 1855, making him the state’s first Republican governor. He pushed women’s rights and prison reform during his time as governor.
In 1860 Salmon P Chase sought the Republican Party nomination for president. He failed to garner much support outside of Ohio and later endorsed Abraham Lincoln when he secured the nomination. He was re-elected as a senator but resigned to take up the position as Secretary of the Treasury. In 1861, Chase was part of the Peace Convention which aimed to prevent the outbreak of civil war. At this time it was clear the Southern ‘Cotton States’ were intent on succession and the convention focussed on retaining the remaining slaveholding states within the Union.
The convention ultimately only offered to protect slavery where it already existed, and it would not enforce its extension into the new territories. Chase during his time as Secretary of the Treasury oversaw the creation of a national banking system and paper money. The idea of paper money was mainly Chase’s. He felt it provided the country with a stable and uniform currency and allowed the government to sell debt. These were important measures during the Civil War as the government could sell war bonds to raise money.
Salmon P Chase also designed the new currency and placed his portrait on the new one dollar bills. Chase also was responsible for the addition of the phrase, In God we Trust, on American coins. Chase also accompanied Federalist Troops on a scouting mission that ultimately led to the capture of Norfolk. Chase though eventually used his position to build his political support as he sought another presidential run. He threatened to resign his position repeatedly to put pressure on Lincoln.
However, once Lincoln secured the presidential nomination for 1864 he accepted Chase’s resignation. This removed a problematic member of the cabinet but to placate Chase’s radical supporters he was offered a position on the United States Supreme Court. Chase replaced the pro-slavery chief justice, Roger Taney. Chase admitted John Rock as the first black attorney to argue in front of the Supreme Court. The most notable event of Chase’s time as Chief Justice was presiding over the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson.
The trial saw eleven charges brought against the president, but all failed to secure impeachment by a single vote. Salmon P Chase continued to seek the presidency and joined the Democratic Party, but they refused to nominate him due to his support for black voting rights. He then helped found the Liberal Republican Party but was again unsuccessful in securing a presidential nomination.
Salmon P Chase married his first wife, Catherine Garniss, in 1834. The marriage only lasted until 1835 as Catherine died giving birth to their daughter. The death of his wife led to Chase becoming more involved in the Episcopalian Church and the abolitionist movement. In 1839, Chase married Eliza Smith. Together they had three children. The marriage ended in 1845 when Eliza died of tuberculosis.
In 1846, Salmon P Chase married Sarah Ludlow. Sarah died in 1852. As well as outliving his three wives, Chase also survived all but two of his children. He was a Freemason. He died in New York on 7 May 1873.
Awards and Achievements
Salmon P Chase appeared on the 10,000 dollar bill between 1928 and 1946.
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Medicare is an important part of getting older, but it can feel impossible to navigate. However, health insurance is vital as we age, so any confusion about Medicare should be cleared up as soon as possible. Simply put, Medicare is the federal government’s health insurance used primarily by those over 65 years old. But that is not all you need to know! If you’ve heard about it before, you’re probably wondering: what does AEP stand for Medicare?
We will be discussing all of that and more in this article! Keep reading to find out all you need to know about Medicare insurance, the importance of finding an agent, and AEP. First, we will begin by answering a foundational question – what is Medicare?
What Is Medicare?
Before we get into the finer points of insurance, it is essential to have basic knowledge about Medicare that can be built upon. In this section, you will learn all of the important information about Medicare!
To begin, let’s define it! Medicare is a federal health insurance program meant to be used once someone turns 65 years old. Medicare is divided into four primary parts: Part A covers hospital and inpatient insurance, Part B is for medical insurance and outpatient procedures, Part C are the opt-in Medicare Advantage plans, and Part D covers the coverage fees for prescription drugs.
Essentially, Medicare is an insurance program meant to assist the eldery with health insurance. If the different parts seem confusing, working with an agent to find you the best policies would be beneficial. Here at Policy Solver, we are dedicated to finding the proper insurance for our clients, and can help you navigate all the ins and outs of Medicare.
- Who Needs It?
Alright, we have defined Medicare! Now let’s specify who exactly needs it. As stated, Medicare is meant to assist anyone over the age of 65 years old. However, it is also needed by younger people with certain disabilities as well as those suffering from permanent kidney failure. As we age, we become more prone to illness or injuries that require medical assistance. That is why Medicare is needed as people get older. And almost all people who reach 65 are eligible for Medicare insurance, but you need to make sure you enroll in Medicare when you’re within 3 months of turning 65, or within 3 months after turning 65. This is important to know because you will better understand medicare vs medicaid.
Medicare Part A works to cover emergency insurance and inpatient treatment, showing that Medicare is not just needed by those already struggling with illness. It helps to cover some of the costs of unexpected accidents or injuries, and so is needed just in case something occurs.
Advantages of Medicare
Here are a few of the advantages that come from Medicare:
- Wide-ranging coverage. Medicare helps with everything from inpatient to outpatient treatment, meaning it can help in a variety of situations.
- Lower monthly premiums. The premium is a monthly fee required by insurance. Most people will not pay a premium at all for Medicare Part A.
- Being eligible does not change year to year. Since it is based on age, you will have access to Medicare for life.
- With Original Medicare, you usually do not need a referral note from your primary doctor in order to see a specialist.
Disadvantages of Medicare
In contrast, it’s important to be aware of some of the disadvantages of Medicare.
- Out-of-pocket costs can add up quickly, even after you meet your deductible. The deductible is how much you pay before your insurance kicks in. So even with low premiums, it can still be expensive.
- Original Medicare generally does not assist with the costs for routine dental, hearing, or eyesight visits.
- Hospital costs can also be high, even with Medicare. Unnecessary hospital stays or frequent visits for outpatient treatment can quickly add up since Medicare doesn’t cover everything.
When you’re ready to enroll in Medicare, speaking to an agent is the best way to make sure you’re getting the right plan.
What Does AEP Stand for Medicare?
Your newfound knowledge on Medicare will be essential for understanding and navigating aspects of health insurance. One of the most important things to know about is Medicare AEP, which stands for the Annual Enrollment Period.
What Does AEP Really Mean?
The Medicare Annual Enrollment Program runs during a specific time of year, typically from October 15th to December 7th. These dates are set each year. During this time period, you have the option of changing Medicare coverage choices if the ones you currently have are not working. This is essential because it allows you to change aspects of your Medicare that either you don’t need or aren’t providing you with the type of coverage you do need.
The changes you make to your coverage will go into effect at the start of the New Year on January 1st. The best part is that you can keep changing your coverage as it suits you, although you’ll have to wait from January to October before officially filing for the change.
Things You Can Do During the Medicare AEP
Now, let’s review exactly what changes you can make to your coverage during the Annual Enrollment Period. This is important because it clarifies what is possible and what is not! A specialized insurance agent like the ones at Policy Solver would also be a good source of reference when learning how to switch coverage.
- You can switch from a Medicare Advantage Plan back to Medicare Original. Medicare Advantage plans are offered by private insurance companies. These companies have been Medicare-approved and must follow insurance rules provided by Medicare. Medicare Advantage plans can be helpful, but you may find they are not strictly necessary.
- You can change which Advantage plan you have. You might find that coverage and prices change from company to company, and the Annual Enrollment Period is the perfect time to find the right Advantage plan for you.
- You can go from Medicare Original to Medicare Advantage. Medicare Part A and Part B are known as Medicare Original, and they consist of primarily inpatient and outpatient insurance. If you need something more, AEP is the time of year to find an Advantage plan.
- You can add Medicare Part D to your coverage plan. Medicare Part D is meant to assist with the cost of prescription drugs, so it can be extremely helpful for anyone who needs lots of prescription medication. With Part D, you would pay a monthly premium to your insurance carrier as well as some copays on your medication.
- You can change your Medicare Part D plan – or cancel it altogether! After a year or so on your current Medicare Part D, you may decide it simply isn’t for you and wish to cancel it. In the same vein, you may want to switch your Part D plan to another company that will better fit your circumstances. Either way, the Annual Enrollment Program is the time to do it!
These are a few important changes that you can make during AEP Medicare. As stated before, these changes can be complicated and often involve navigating complex insurance plans. If you would feel more comfortable and knowledgeable with professional assistance, an agent is a good idea.
What To Know Before Making Changes to Your AEP Medicare
The most important thing to remember about making changes during the Medicare Annual Enrollment Period is that they are not easy to reverse, and the process of undoing can take some time. For example, if you decide to drop your Medicare Part D, this will go into effect on January 1st. If you realize that Medicare Part D was actually very useful to you, you will need to wait to change it back during AEP, and then wait some more for it to go into effect. If you don’t like how that works, you can get medicare supplement insurance.
All of this is to say that you should be absolutely sure about the change in plan, and know exactly how it will impact your life. If you switch to an Advantage plan with higher premiums, you need to know that you can maintain those payments consistently. It is the same with coverage – study up before you change so you won’t get caught unaware by what isn’t covered.
Consider which healthcare providers and pharmacies will be within your plan’s network. This is essential, because it can save you money and travel time when you finally need them. To summarize, the most important things to know before making changes during the AEP are the following: changing costs, coverage, your network, and the longevity of the change.
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Medicare AEP VS Medicare OEP
When you research Medicare’s Annual Enrollment Period, you will probably get it confused with a very similar process: the Open Enrollment Period, or the OEP. While context must be taken into account, there are some key differences between Medicare AEP and Medicare OEP.
The Medicare Open Enrollment Period is a different enrollment period, usually for Medicare Advantage. This period lasts each year from January 1st to March 31st. During the OEP, you can make a variety of changes to your Medicare Advantage. Unlike AEP, which always goes into effect on January 1st, any changes you make during the OEP will go into effect on the first day of the month following your change being processed.
Here are some other changes you can make during the Open Enrollment Period. Some of these will overlap with the opportunities available during AEP.
- Switch from your current Medicare Advantage plan to a different one. If your plan doesn’t work for you, switch it anytime between January 1st to March 31st.
- Just like AEP will allow you to switch from Medicare Original to Medicare Advantage, the OEP can let you go from Medicare Original to Medicare Advantage. Keep in mind your current plan and what you are hoping to get from your health insurance.
- You can enroll in or cancel a stand-alone Medicare Part D plan for prescription drug coverage. Most Medicare Advantage plans come with prescription coverage, but it is up to you whether or not you want a stand-alone plan. If you choose a stand-alone Part D plan, you may be unenrolled in Medicare Advantage and returned to Medicare Original.
What To Keep in Mind About Medicare AEP VS OEP
Although the Open Enrollment Period goes into effect sooner than the Annual Enrollment period, that doesn’t mean you can change your coverage every single month. You can make only one change during the Medicare Advantage OEP time period from January 1st to March 31st. If you still aren’t sure about your plan, you can wait until the Annual Enrollment Period opens in October.
The key difference to keep in mind with Medicare AEP and OEP is that the Open Enrollment Period is typically only for those who currently have a plan with Medicare Advantage. In contrast, the Annual Enrollment Period is for anyone with Medicare at all. This makes AEP the primary plan for those with Medicare hoping for changes in their coverage.
As we all know, health insurance can be truly confusing. AEP and OEP – who can keep it all straight? That is where we find ourselves at the end of this article with the last (but not least) important information you should know.
Where Can I Find Out More About AEP in Medicare and Get Advice on Medicare?
Today, you can find multiple insurance consultants on the internet. However, choosing the right advisor is another difficult task. If you are looking to find out more about AEP in Medicare, feel free to reach out to us at Policy Solver. We have knowledgeable, licensed agents who are here to help you navigate through your medicare insurance journey. We are a team of professional insurance policy brokers and we can save you time and money while ensuring that you find the right policy for your specific needs.
Our experienced advisors will ask you a few questions to understand your unique situation. Next, they will come up with a comprehensive analysis of different insurance plans so they will be able to recommend the best policy at the best price for you!
So, what are you waiting for? Contact us or schedule a free consultation, and we will get back to you soon!
“What’s Medicare?” Medicare, https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/your-medicare-coverage-choices/whats-medicare.
“The Pros and Cons of Medicare.” The Pros and Cons of Medicare | HelpAdvisor.com, https://www.helpadvisor.com/medicare/pros-and-cons-of-medicare.
“The Advantages and Disadvantages of Medicare.” MedicareSupplement.com, 23 Oct. 2019, https://www.medicaresupplement.com/coverage/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-medicare/.
“What Is the Medicare Annual Enrollment Period?” AARP Medicare Plans from UnitedHealthcare, https://www.aarpmedicareplans.com/medicare-articles/what-is-the-medicare-annual-enrollment-period.html#:~:text=The%20Medicare%20Annual%20Enrollment%20Period%20%E2%80%93%20AEP%20for%20short%20%E2%80%93%20is%20a,into%20effect%20on%20January%201.
“Medicare Advantage Plans.” Medicare, https://www.medicare.gov/sign-up-change-plans/types-of-medicare-health-plans/medicare-advantage-plans.
Jagger Esch Medicare Expert https://www.medicarefaq.com/ “Medicare AEP vs Oep.” MedicareFAQ, 5 Oct. 2021, https://www.medicarefaq.com/faqs/medicare-aep-vs-oep/.
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Astronomers are still searching for a hypothetical “Planet Nine” in the distant reaches of our solar system, but an exoplanet 336 light years from Earth is looking more and more like the Planet Nine of its star system .
Planet Nine, potentially 10 times the size of Earth and orbiting far beyond Neptune in a highly eccentric orbit about the sun, was proposed in 2012 to explain perturbations in the orbits of dwarf planets just beyond Neptune’s orbit, so-called detached Kuiper Belt objects. It has yet to be found, if it exists.
A similarly weird extrasolar planet was discovered far from the star HD 106906 in 2013, the only such wide-separation planet known. While much heavier than the predicted mass of Planet Nine — perhaps 11 times the mass of Jupiter, or 3,500 times the mass of Earth — it, too, was sitting in a very unexpected location, far above the dust plane of the planetary system and tilted at an angle of about 21 degrees.
The big question, until now, has been whether the planet, called HD 106906 b, is in an orbit perpetually bound to the binary star — which is a mere 15 million years old compared to the 4.5 billion-year age of our sun — or whether it’s on its way out of the planetary system, never to return.
In a paper appearing Dec. 10 in The Astronomical Journal , astronomers finally answer that question. By precisely tracking the planet’s position over 14 years, they determined that it is likely bound to the star in a 15,000-year, highly eccentric orbit, making it a distant cousin of Planet Nine.
If it is in a highly eccentric orbit around the binary, “This raises the question of how did these planets get out there to such large separations,” said Meiji Nguyen, a recent UC Berkeley graduate and first author of the paper. “Were they scattered from the inner solar system? Or, did they form out there?”
According to senior author Paul Kalas, University of California, Berkeley, adjunct professor of astronomy, the resemblance to the orbit of the proposed Planet Nine shows that such distant planets can really exist, and that they may form within the first tens of millions of years of a star’s life. And based on the team’s other recent discoveries about HD 106906, the planet seems to favor a scenario where passing stars also play a role.
“Something happens very early that starts kicking planets and comets outward, and then you have passing stars that stabilize their orbits,” he said. “We are slowly accumulating the evidence needed to understand the diversity of extrasolar planets and how that relates to the puzzling aspects of our own solar system.”
A young, dusty star with a weird planet
HD 106906 is a binary star system located in the direction of the constellation Crux. Astronomers have studied it extensively for the past 15 years because of its prominent disk of dust, which could be birthing planets. Our solar system may have looked like HD 106906 about 4.5 billion years ago as the planets formed in the swirling disk of debris left over from the formation of the sun.
Surprisingly, images of the star taken in 2013 by the Magellan Telescopes in Chile revealed a planet glowing from its own internal heat and sitting at an unusually large distance from the binary: 737 times farther from the binary than Earth is from the sun (737 astronomical units, or AU). That’s 25 times farther from the star than Neptune is from the sun.
Kalas, who searches for planets and dust disks around young stars, co-led a team that used the Gemini Planet Imager on the Gemini South Telescope to obtain the first images of the star’s debris disk. In 2015, these observations provided evidence that led theorists to propose that the planet formed close to the binary star and was kicked out because of gravitational interactions with the binary. The evidence: The stars’ outer dust disk and inner comet belt are lopsided, suggesting that something — the planet — perturbed the symmetry.
“The idea is that every time the planet comes to its closest approach to the binary star, it stirs up the material in the disk,” said team member Robert De Rosa of the European Southern Observatory in Santiago, Chile, who is a former UC Berkeley postdoctoral fellow. “So, every time the planet comes through, it truncates the disk and pushes it up on one side. This scenario has been tested with simulations of this system with the planet on a similar orbit — this was before we knew what the orbit of the planet was.”
The problem, as pointed out by those simulating such planet interactions, is that a planet would normally be kicked out of the system entirely, becoming a rogue planet. Some other interaction, perhaps with a passing star, would be necessary to stabilize the orbit of an eccentric planet like HD 106906 b.
A similar scenario has been proposed for the formation of Planet Nine: that its interaction with our giant planets early in our solar system’s history kicked it out of the inner solar system, after which passing stars in our local cluster stabilized its orbit.
Kalas went looking for such a fly-by star for HD 106906 b, and last year he and De Rosa, then at Stanford University, reported finding several nearby stars that would have zipped by the planetary system 3 million years earlier, perhaps providing the nudge needed to stabilize the planet’s orbit.
Now, with precise measurements of the planet’s orbit between 2004 and 2018, Nguyen, de Rosa and Kalas present evidence that the planet is most likely in a stable, but very elliptical, orbit around its binary star.
“Though it’s only been 14 years of observations, we were still able to, surprisingly, get a constraint on the orbit for the first time, confirming our suspicion that it was very misaligned and also that the planet is on an approximately 15,000-year orbit.” Nguyen said. “The fact that our results are consistent with predictions is, I think, a strong piece of evidence that this planet is, indeed, bound. In the future, a radial velocity measurement is needed to confirm our findings.”
The science team’s orbital measurements came from comparing astrometric data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia observatory, which accurately maps the positions of billions of stars, and images from the Hubble Space Telescope. Because Hubble must obscure the glare from the binary star to see the dimmer debris disk, astronomers were unable to determine the exact position of the star relative to HD 106906 b. Gaia data allowed the team to determine the binary’s position more precisely, and thus chart the movement of the planet relative to the binary between 2004 and 2018, less than one-thousandth of its orbital period.
“We can harness the extremely precise astrometry from Gaia to infer where the primary star should be in our Hubble images, and then measuring the position of the companion is rather trivial,” Nguyen said.
In addition to confirming the planet’s 15,000-year orbit, the team found that the orbit is actually tilted much more severely to the plane of the disk: between 36 and 44 degrees. At its closest approach to the binary, its elliptical orbit would take it no closer than about 500 AU from the stars, implying that it has no effect on inner planets also suspected to be part of the system. That is also the case with Planet Nine, which has no observed effect on any of the sun’s eight planets.
“What I really think makes HD 106906 unique is that it is the only exoplanet that we know that is directly imaged, surrounded by a debris disk, misaligned relative to its system and is widely separated,” Nguyen said. “This is what makes it the sole candidate we have found thus far whose orbit is analogous to the hypothetical Planet Nine.”
The work was supported by the National Science Foundation (AST-1518332) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX15AC89G, NNX15AD95G, HST-GO-14670/NAS5-26555). This work benefited from NASA’s Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NExSS) research coordination network sponsored by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.
- First detection of orbital motion for HD 106906 b: A wide-separation exoplanet on a Planet Nine-like orbit ( The Astronomical Journal )
- Space Telescope Science Institute press release
- ESA/Hubble press release
- Exiled planet linked to stellar flyby 3 million years ago (Feb. 28, 2019)
- Exiled exoplanet likely kicked out of star’s neighborhood (Dec. 1, 2015)
- Paul Kalas’s website
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Description of microbiology and microbial sciences
Microorganisms perform several activities that are important to the processes being conducted on earth. It is essential to understand the performance of microorganisms because they play an important role in the day to day lives on earth.
Microbiology is the study of the living organisms which are small and cannot be seen with the naked eye. Some of the microorganisms include viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa and algae. Microbiology helps in understanding the causes of the diseases and it helps in controlling the diseases to a certain level.
Microbial science is the detailed study of microorganisms that are tiny and it is important to understand the performance of every microorganism so that better understanding can be generated towards the living bodies. Microbial sciences help in the introduction and innovation in the medical sciences when it comes to the identification of the problems and causes of a particular disease.
Experts of microbiology
Microbiologists are the people who perform different experiments regarding the living organisms and infectious particles that include bacteria and viruses. There are a large number of professional activities which are being conducted by microbiologist and they are working for promoting the microbial sciences and microbiology to another level. Generally, microbiologist works in the laboratory research department and then come up with a different appreciation of the role of microbes in different living bodies.
Role of microbiologists
- Microbiologists are responsible for undertaking the laboratory analysis and the monitoring activities of the microbial cultures and samples.
- They have different tools and technologies by which they can conduct a wide range of identification methods and clinical trials.
- They are responsible for conducting the planning activities and carrying out trials through which they can deliver the outcomes and results of the analysis.
- They also work on keeping track of the environmental microorganism development through which the growing microbe culture can be studied in detail.
- Microbiologist helps in developing new and innovative pharmaceutical products, medicines and vaccinations.
- They also write research papers and reports to provide a review of a particular disease organism or any infection.
- A microbiologist is responsible for ensuring the data that has been recorded is accurate and it is as per the guidelines prescribed by the doctors and professionals
- They manage laboratories and the keeper check for possible contamination regarding the manufacturing processes.
Careers in the stream of microbiology
A microbiologist can perform their duties for government and private company.
A microbiologist can work in hospitals and non-profit organizations where they will be designated with different job titles according to their experience and knowledge.
You can also work as a professor or officers in any organization and educational institute.
Just that, you need to undergo the process of training so that you can complete your education and can be appointed on the basis of the experience and projects.
A microbiologist can conduct their job and duty in the stream of research or can also look for work in any diagnostic organization where they will get the opportunity to showcase their experience and knowledge.
Departments and organizations to work as a microbiologist
- Research organizations
- Public health labs
- Private laboratories
- Food manufacturers
- Government departments
- Natural resources management institutions
- Public health organizations
- Diagnostic companies
- Pharmaceutical industry
- Biotech industries
Education for pursuing in the career of microbial sciences
- Initially, the student needs to complete the high school diploma and then pursue bachelor’s degree and it requires a time period of 4 years.
- Then the student will have the option to pursue further for the medical degree which takes around 4 years to complete.
- Later the student can opt for postdoctoral fellowship and he can adopt the training process as a research scientist or professor.
- The student can also start with an associate degree and the duration for this course is 2 years.
- Later the student can pursue a master’s degree that is of 2 years where he will be appointed as a laboratory manager or a laboratory instructor.
- The student can also pursue a Ph.D. and the duration for this course is 4 to 7 years.
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(NaturalNews) With all the emphasis on the importance of vitamins D and C, an important family of vitamins known as B-complex gets overlooked.
The B vitamins are best known for their energizing abilities, their contributions to creating red blood cells, and their ability to boost nerve health and mental focus.
They are mostly water based vitamins, which means they are not stored as well as fat based vitamins such as vitamin D3, so they need to be replaced more often.
Some B power examples for boosting energy and reducing depression
A nutritional psychology study, published in the June 2013 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, surveyed 422 Tokyo municipal workers in a short cross sectional study, then performed a longitudinal study for three years on 210 subjects without depression symptoms and whose B6 pyridoxal serum levels were high.
The researchers confirmed that high vitamin B6 serum levels have a strong association with reducing depression risks in adults.
Another study, this one by Tufts University in Boston, determined that depression among Hispanics in the area was at least partly caused by chronic inflammation due to vitamin B6 deficiencies. This deficiency inhibits the cysteine needed to create the master antioxidant glutathiane (http://www.naturalnews.com).
A UK doctor had miraculous results using vitamin B12 injections on patients suffering from depression, chronic fatigue and various neurological ailments including neuropothy and insomnia. Because those patients already had what the medical establishment considered normal serum B12 levels, that doctor was investigated.
The British medical authorities insisted he stop, despite hundreds of successes, until his therapy could be tested. So it goes with the medical mafia racket (http://www.naturalnews.com).
Benfotiamine is a lipid form of the normally water based thiamine (B1). Benfotiamine thiamine with added pyridoxal-5-phosphate (vitamin B6) has been used successfully to nullify diabetes induced peripheral neuropathy (http://www.naturalnews.com).
The B vitamins, what they do, and how to make sure you have enough
Elevated amounts of specific B vitamins are used to address specific conditions, such as niacin for mental disorders, folate for red blood cell production and pregnancy support, and those mentioned earlier in this article.
But the rest of the B complex family should be involved at maintenance doses as a supportive foundation.
• Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
• Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
• Vitamin B3 (niacin or niacinamide)
• Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine hydrochloride)
• Vitamin B7 (biotin)
• Vitamin B9 - (folate should be used instead of synthetic folic acid)
• Vitamin B12 - (methylcobalamin is the best)
Cruciferous vegetables have high B complex contents. Other foods high in B vitamins include bee pollen, brewers yeast, bell peppers, mushrooms, summer squash, turnip greens, and other greens. Whole grain cereals, beans, and nuts are rich in thiamine and other B vitamins.
Tuna, cod, chicken and turkey are considered good food sources for B vitamins as long as they are healthy or organic sources. Organic red meats from humanely treated, grass-fed cattle are excellent sources of vitamin B12.
Many vegetarians are lacking sufficient B12 for brain and nervous system energy and red blood cell production. If you're not eating a good deal of red meat, you may need to supplement B12. But there's a problem with that.
Oral B12 supplements have difficulty getting through the gastrointestinal tract intact, preventing it from getting into the bloodstream. That's why doctors give B12 injections or prescribe patients with the wherewithal to do it themselves.
But most of us can rely on transdermal B12 patches, oral sprays or sublingual tablets that dissolve under the tongue and are absorbed directly into surface capillaries of the mouth.
Just make sure methylcobalamin is the type of cobalamin B12 used. Others can be counterproductive or perhaps toxic.
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Whenever you turn on the news these days chances are it is not covering a very happy story. It’s likely about something involving violence, hatred, anger, tragedy, or disaster. For whatever reason people tend to latch onto what makes somebody different, with the impression that different equals less. That can make it feel like the world we live in is a pretty sad, desolate place. There just doesn’t seem to be enough positivity or happiness to outweigh all of the nastiness and disgust. Sometimes it feels like there is a lack of kindness.
If you dig deeper, however, there isn’t a lack of kindness at all. Rather, there is a lack of awareness of the kindness we encounter on a daily basis. There doesn’t appear to be a true appreciation for those people that share and exude kindness on a daily basis. So, how can we remedy that? Where do we begin? Well, November 13th is World Kindness Day, so perhaps we can use that as a springboard to bring kindness back into the spotlight. Here are a few suggestions.
Keep it up. If you’re somebody that already shares kindness with those around you, don’t stop! Although it can be easy to feel discouraged, the world needs your positivity and caring nature now more than ever.
Initiate. There may be an opportunity to share a moment of kindness with someone but you don’t necessarily want to stand out or draw attention to yourself. Don’t be afraid to be the person to share kindness! Chances are there’s somebody else that is watching and needs to see your example.
Notice. Look around you more often and obverse the random acts of kindness. You may be surprised by how many caring people you encounter without even realizing. That awareness will open your eyes to the beauty of kindness.
Defend. It’s typically people that are marginalized in society that are on the receiving end of hatred, violence, and anger. If you see someone that can’t protect themselves or is viewed as “different”, be their defender. Stand up for them and help them realize that they are in fact valued and loved.
Nudge. Sometimes people need a gentle reminder that their actions are wrongfully motivated or are outright harmful. Push those people back in the right direction by reminding them what true kindness looks like.
Empathize. Put yourself in the shoes of people that are different than you. Instead of responding with judgment try and understand their situation in life and how a simple act of love can be just what they need.
Support. Kindness can take many different forms. It can be an outward act of giving and caring. Sometimes, however, it’s just being a simple ear to listen to or shoulder to cry on. Be the supportive presence in the lives of those that are struggling.
Seek. It’s one thing to be more generally aware of opportunities to share kindness. It’s another thing to actively find and create those moments. Don’t just be complacent with acknowledging the kindness around you – be somebody that makes it happen for other people to notice.
You may think that kindness has vanished from the world. Depending on where you look there may be some truth to that. However, kindness still exists. It’s still present. And it still makes an impact. Instead of letting negativity, hatred, and despair dictate how we view the world, let’s flip the script. On World Kindness Day, on in the days to come, let’s view the world through a lens of kindness.
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Microsoft researchers recently built an artificially intelligent system that seems to recognize conversational speech as effectively as a human. Yes, this research comes with caveats, but it's part of a very real and very rapid leap in artificial intelligence over the past several years, a leap driven by deep neural networks.
These sweepingly complex algorithms can teach themselves very particular tasks by analyzing vast amounts of data. Microsoft's system learned to recognize words by looking for patterns in old tech support calls. But it's not just the algorithms that are driving the recent revolution in AI. It's also the hardware behind these algorithms. Microsoft's speech rec system relies on large farms of GPU processors, chips that were originally designed for rendering graphics but have proven remarkably adept at running artificial intelligence models.
Internet giants like Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Baidu typically train their deep neural nets using GPUs. But they're moving towards other, more specialized chips that can help accelerate not just the training but the execution of these systems. Google recently built its own AI processor. IBM is building another.
So Intel, the world's largest chip maker, is doing the same. Yesterday, the company unveiled a new AI processor called Nervana, saying it plans on testing prototypes by the middle of next year, and if all goes well, a finished chip will come to market by the end of 2017. At the moment, the market for AI chips is dominated by nVidia, the primary supplier of GPUs. But Intel is pushing to be a big part of this potentially enormous market in the years to come.
The new chip is based on technology originally built by a startup Intel acquired earlier this year, also called Nervana. "This really is the industry's first purpose-built silicon for artificial intelligence," says Intel corporate vice president Jason Waxman, who oversees the chips the company sells for big data centers like those operated by Google and Microsoft, explaining why the chip maker acquired the startup. That claims leaves out Google's TPU chip, IBM's True North, and perhaps others. But the Google chip isn't a commercial product—it's only used inside Google data centers—and the IBM chip has yet to reach the market, with some top AI researchers questioning whether it's suited to deep learning. In any event, the race is on to create the chips that will power an AI-dominated future.
Deep neural networks operate in two stages. First comes the training stage: a company like Microsoft feeds a neural net data that will enable it to perform a particular task, like speech recognition. Then comes the execution stage, when people actually use the neural net to, say, recognize commands spoken into smartphones. Intel's Nervana chip is designed to help with both stages, says Nervana founder Navene Rao, now an Intel vice president and general manager.
The chip is also designed to work not just with one type of deep neural networks, but with many. "We can boil neural networks down to a very small number of primitives, and even within those primitives, there are only a couple that matter," Rao says, meaning that just a few fundamental hardware ideas can drive a wide range of deep learning services.
Today, GPUs are still the most effective way of training AI systems, while companies are exploring all sorts of hardware for execution. Baidu executes with help from GPUs, for instance, while Microsoft uses programmable chips called FPGAs. Google went so far as to design its own chip, the TPU. But GPUs—originally design for other purposes—are far from ideal. "They just happen to be what we have,” says Sam Altman, president of the tech accelerator Y Combinator and co-chairman of open-source AI lab OpenAI. And not everyone has the resources to program their own chips, much less design them from scratch.
That's where a chip like Nervana comes in. The question is how effective it will be. "We have zero details here," says Patrick Moorhead, the president and principal analyst at Moor Insights and Strategy, a firm that closely follows the chip business. "We just don't know what it will do."
But Altman, for one, is bullish on Intel's technology. He was an investor in Nervana when it was a startup. "Before that experience, I was skeptical that startups were going to play a really big role in designing new AI," he told me last week, even before Intel announced its new chip. "Now I have become much more optimistic."
Intel certainly gives this technology an added boost. Intel chips powered the rise of PC and the data center machines that serve up the modern Internet. It has the infrastructure needed to build chips at scale. It has the sales operation needed to push them into the market. And after years as the world's dominant maker of data center chips, it has the leverage needed to get these chips inside the Internet's biggest players. Intel missed the market for smartphone chips. But it still has a chance with AI.
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For most of us, the sounds and photos recorded by space probes are the closest we’ll get to experiencing the vast visual and auditory landscapes of outer space. Fortunately, agencies like NASA and the European Space Agency digitally archive the extraterrestrial assets they’ve gathered and make them available for anyone to experience. On the ESA website, for instance, you can find a surreal celestial photo of supernova remnants or a painterly image depicting a magnetic field across the galactic plane. On the agency’s Soundcloud you can hear the dolphin-like clicks of Comet 67P, colloquially known as the “singing comet.”
In a new project that goes online today, three researchers at the Treviso, Italy-based experimental design center Fabrica have sourced a portion of those images for a short video that visualizes space–accompanied by a soundtrack created from the sounds of the ESA’s Rosetta space probe. Musician Francesco Novara made the song with audio clips from the ESA’s SoundCloud, including that of the “singing comet,” which was picked up by Rosetta. Director Laura Sans and creative director Kenzi Benabdallah layered images from space with images of everyday objects, connecting the distant realm of outer space to the more familiar sights of Earth.
The team was invited to create the work by the ESA as part of a partnership between the agency and Fabrica that began in 2015, after the agency discovered earlier compositions Novara had made from their collection of sound clips. On Tuesday, the team will play their video, entitled Stella, at an event for the Earth observation satellite Sentinel 2B, just before the satellite launches into space from the ESA’s mission control center in Darmstadt, Germany.
To compose the electronic track that scores the film, Novara layered the clips of cosmic sounds and interspersed samples of astronauts conversing. After finishing the song, he handed it over to Sans and Benabdallah, who dug into the ESA’s online image library to find images that would match and compliment the sounds for the music video. “The sound is very abstract, and the theme and topic of space feels very far away from us,” Benabdallah tells Co.Design. “We wanted to bring it back to our environment and to explore the concept of outer space and inner space.”
In a shot near the beginning of the video, for example, Benabdallah and Sans film a closeup shot of an egg, which is then seamlessly layered with an ESA image of the moon. In another shot, an image of a human eye becomes a photo of the sea taken from space, and a closeup of hair bleeds into an aerial image of the Sahara Desert. All of the locations are displayed beside the ESA images as the video morphs from quotidian objects on Earth to spectacular images of Earth, shot from space. The pair describe their video, put to Novara’s space music, as a visual metaphor: Space may feel far away, says Sans, but ultimately, “we are a part of the universe, so everything [in the video] looks the same.”
See the full video above or here.
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Sixteen Months to Sumter
This site provides access to over 1,000 newspaper editorials detailing the shifting tides of emotion and opinion in the 16 months leading to Southern secession and the American Civil War. The site is intended primarily as a teaching resource, to enrich students’ exploration and understanding of the period and assist history teachers by expanding the available primary sources.
The project has its origins in a three-volume series prepared for the American Historical Association in the 1930s by Dwight Dumond (Southern editorials) and Harold Perkins (Northern editorials). In reviewing the series, we were troubled by the selectivity of the coverage and its often uneven geographic distibution. So we expanded the coverage and range by including editorials from regions neglected in the original series—particularly in the West, with the inclusion of newspapers from California, Texas, and the Missouri-Kansas border region.
This project originated from a suggestion from Andrew McMichael, the AHA’s first webmaster, in 1997. But it took almost a decade and many hands to finally bring to fruition. Robert B. Townsend pushed the project forward a bit in 2003, as part of a class project with Paula Petrik at George Mason University. And the project finally rounded into completion under the guidance of Dr. Andrew M. Bell between 1996 and 1997. The material culled from the archives by Dwight L. Dumond, Harold Perkins, Andrew Bell, and Andrew Britt; Liz Townsend provided copyediting assistance; and Frances Clarke and Richard Bond provided additional research assistance and support.
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Posted: 20 Nov 2011 07:58 AM PST
Artist Bob Verschueren 'painted' these Wind Paintings from the 1970s and 1980s on empty and desolate landscape with the help of wind.
He used crushed charcoal, iron oxide, chalk, terra verte, flour, yellow ochre, terre de Cassel, burnt and natural umber, which was then laid out in a linear motif on the land. Verschueren would wait for the wind to distribute the coloured pigments and materials over the land. The resulting work was a stunning collaboration between man and nature. The artwork usually only last a few hours, before the wind that created them likewise blows them away.
+ I Love Belgium
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| 0.9178 | 197 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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Intro to Postcolonial Theory
Transcript of Intro to Postcolonial Theory
Complex and divergent theory
Provides a lens to examine continuity and change, through understanding the legacy of the colonial past and present
Deals with the effects of colonization on cultures and societies.
Originally used by historians after the Second World War in a temporal context.
Since the late 1970s the term has been used by literary critics to discuss cultural effects of colonisation.
The term has subsequently been widely used to signify the political, linguistic and cultural experience of societies that were former European colonies.
Loaded term that can mean different things to different people.
Be cautious how the term is being used in the context that it is delivered.
Confined to a specific time period.
Fails to account for contemporary phenomena.
Gina Wisker has also noted that post colonial texts are often written in a way that creates a sense of guilt and inherited complicity in readers which may not be constructive to the discourse.
On post-colonial theory
In the last decade postcolonialism has taken its place with theories such as poststructuralism, psychoanalysis and feminism as a major critical discourse in the humanities. As a consequence of its diverse and interdisciplinary usage, this body of thought has generated an enormous corpus of specialised academic writing. Nevertheless, although much has been written under its rubric, 'post colonialism' itself remains a diffuse and nebulous term. Unlike Marxism or deconstruction, for instance, it seems to lack an 'originary moment' or a coherent methodology (Ghandi, 1998).
Former colonies that have thrown off the colonial power.
Former colonial powers with the legacy of their colonies.
Settler Nations with cultural continuity with their colonial past.
Used by many different disciplines
Schools of thought
Different ways of thinking about postcolonial theory
Heterogeneity in opinions regarding postcolonial theory
Histories of colonialism
The effects of colonialism have touched much of the globe for centuries. Over time these areas have vastly different colonial histories.
"Postcolonialism - Introduction." Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Thomas J. Schoenberg Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 114. Gale Cengage, 2006.
Identity in crossroad civilisations: ethnicity, nationalism and globalism in Asia / edited by Erich Kolig, Vivienne SM. Angeles and Sam Wong
Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, c2009
Ashcroft, Bill (2007). Post-Colonial Studies : The Key Concepts (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.
The process in which a society adopts "Western" culture.
This can be both voluntary and involuntary.
It is interesting here to look at the interplay between concepts of postcolonialism, westernisation and globalisation.
Postcolonial theory can be useful as a pedagogy to frame and give a lens to help students examine a range of social and cultural phenomena:
What are the historical links to colonialism, imperialism to a national identity?
How has this history impinged on social and structural elements of the culture?
What are the lasting effects of the legacy of colonialism on a culture?
"A Globalectical Imagination"
In this new context, consider the following quotes from Thiong'o's essay:
"Every imperial state has always put its own national literature at the center, conceived as the only center of the literary universe."
"A globalectical imagination also calls for changes in attitudes to languages: monolingualism suffocates, and it is often extended to mean monoliterature and monoculturalism. This also calls for a struggle against the view of literatures relating to each other in terms of a hierarchy of power."
What is the role of the artist or writer in society? What do you think of Thiong'o's claim that he tries "to examine all the issues in the organization of wealth, power, and values that impinge upon the quality of human life?
Lionel Trilling, Thiong'o tells us, claims that it is "no longer possible to think of politics except as the politics of culture, the organization of human life toward some end or other, toward the modification of sentiments, which is to say the quality of human life." Discuss this idea.
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Neil Parkinson provides an alternative view of pipework vibration management
Some incidents are guaranteed to make headlines, never more so than at COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations) and OSCR (Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations) sites, which have the ability to turn even the smallest incidents into disasters.
Available data for individual onshore plants suggests that in Western Europe, between 10 and 15% of pipework failures are caused by vibration-induced fatigue while offshore, the Health & Safety Executive (HSE) reports than more than 20% of hydrocarbon leaks are caused by piping vibration and fatigue. In 2012, 431 serious offshore incidents were reported, of which nearly 30% involved hydrocarbon release. More than 50 of these incidents were classed as major, and in total 33 were attributed to pipework failure. Vibration-induced fatigue clearly represents a serious risk category, but how exactly were these pipelines broken?
If asked to break a paperclip, most people would probably bend it back and forth, or perhaps rub it against another surface until it wore through. One might pull it until it snaps, or use tools to cut it through. Although pipework is far larger and more complex, individual molecules of steel behave the same way in a pipeline as they do in a paperclip – meaning that pipelines can fail as easily as a paperclip can be broken. Bending a paperclip back and forth has the same effect as low cycle fatigue in pipework, leading to vibration fatigue over time. Rubbing a paperclip to wear it down through friction is equivalent to fretting in pipework. Static overloads and pressure surges in pipelines are similar to pulling a paperclip until it snaps, while both can be subjected to mechanical damage.
Bending a paperclip back and forwards is probably the most effective method of breakage and similarly, back-and-forth vibration of pipework is one of the most common causes of failure. Mechanical excitation, flow-induced pulsation, changes in surge or momentum, acoustic-induced vibration, or cavitation and flashing are all common vibration-induced failure mechanisms, but how much vibration is significant?
The Energy Institute (EI) publication Guidelines for the Avoidance of Vibration Induced Fatigue Failure in Process Pipework contains an assessment chart to determine whether pipes are likely to suffer fatigue based on frequency and velocity of movement – and the levels for concern might be surprising. In fact, problematic vibration may not even be visible to the human eye as even at dangerous levels, prolonged movements of only 0.5mm can produce fatigue failure. For EI assessments, pipework movement must be measured in units of velocity at different frequencies. At 25Hz (1,500rpm) for example, pipework vibrating at 8mm per second would place it in the ‘concern’ range, while anything above 40mm/s is a definite problem.
Although vibration amplitudes are barely visible and velocities are relatively low, the cumulative effect over time can be significant – especially as problems can go unnoticed until a dangerous failure ‘suddenly’ occurs. However, as vibration is well understood, fatigue failures are easily preventable with a range of retrofit solutions available for a host of applications.
As the solution to vibration depends on the excitation mechanism, thorough inspection in the form of qualitative assessment, visual inspection, and specialist measurement and predictive techniques must be undertaken before determining the corrective action. The specialist measurement phase includes a variety of more in-depth tests from dynamic strain measurement and fatigue analysis to experimental modal analysis and operating deflection shape analysis, while engineers can also implement specialist predictive techniques, applying sophisticated tools and modelling to provide a more detailed assessment of the dynamics of specific pipelines throughout their lifecycles.
Although one solution to pipework fatigue is to remove the excitation mechanism altogether, this may be quite intrusive, requiring modification of the process conditions or the pipework geometry. As this disrupts production and may involve temporary shut-down, generally a non-intrusive retrofit solution is preferred as a means of providing increased resistance to vibration.
Some solutions can be very straightforward. For example, it is common for pipelines to rest on supports without any additional protection against fretting damage, in which case a secondary ‘doubler’ plate can be installed for additional support and strength without modifying any processes. However, unsuccessful or incomplete attempts at supporting pipework can result in no reduction of vibration or even an exacerbation of the problem. Small bore connections (SBCs) are frequently braced to the deck or nearby structures, for example, but to adequately counteract vibration they should in fact be braced back to the parent pipe. Bracing solutions can also be fitted in the wrong place, supporting the pipe itself rather than the main mass such as a valve, while poorly maintained bracing can loosen and return the pipework to its original level of excitation.
Another common mistake is to brace the pipework in only one plane, where vibration can cause movement in several directions. The most effective bracing system will be able to accommodate any geometric alignment of SBC, with a stiff truss design to resist movement on any plane. Similarly, for mainline pipes, visco-elastic dampers are effective in all degrees of freedom as they provide dynamic damping movement in all directions and over a wide frequency range. Another option for mainline pipework is a dynamic vibration absorber, which when tuned to the same frequency and direction as the problem vibration, will resonate to the same level out-of-phase to cancel it out. This is especially useful if there is no steelwork nearby on which to attach a visco-elastic damper.
Although pipework vibration can be difficult to visually detect, knowledge of EI Guidelines and safe limits as well as an understanding of the most effective corrective actions can prevent the kind of vibration-induced pipework fatigue that can break a pipeline and hit the headlines.
Neil Parkinson is technical director at AV Technology (AVT).
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Southeast Asia (or Southeastern Asia) is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity.
Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions: the Asian mainland, and island arcs andarchipelagoes to the east and southeast. The mainland section consists of Burma (Myanmar),Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia while the maritime section consists of Brunei, East Malaysia, East Timor, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, andSingapore.
Austronesian peoples predominate in this region. The major religions are Islam and Buddhism, followed by Christianity. However a wide variety of religions are found throughout the region, including many Hindu and animist-influenced practices.
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Q: How can I know if I have psoriasis?
A. If you have a skin rash that won’t go away, contact your health care provider. He or she can look at the rash to see if it is psoriasis or another skin condition. Rarely, a small sample of skin is taken to view under a microscope.
Q: What causes psoriasis?
A. The cause of psoriasis is unknown. The condition tends to run in families, so it may be passed on to children by parents.
Psoriasis causes new skin cells to develop too quickly. Normally, skin cells are replaced every 28 to 30 days. In psoriasis, new cells grow and move to the surface of the skin every three to four days. The build up of old cells being replaced by new cells creates the hallmark silvery scales of psoriasis.
Q: What causes psoriasis outbreaks?
A. No one knows what causes psoriasis outbreaks. How serious and how often outbreaks happen varies with each person. Outbreaks may be triggered by:
- Skin injury (Cuts, scrapes or surgery that requires cutting of the skin, for example.)
- Emotional stress
- Streptococcal and other infections
- Cold, cloudy weather
- Certain prescription medicines
Q: Can psoriasis be cured?
A. Psoriasis cannot be cured, but treatment greatly reduces symptoms, even in severe cases.
Q: How is psoriasis treated?
A. There are many treatments for psoriasis. Some treatments slow the production of new skin cells while others relieve itching and dry skin. Inflammation in the skin is an important part of psoriasis and many treatments reduce inflammation. Your health care provider will select a treatment plan depending on the seriousness of the rash, where it is on your body, your age, health and other factors.
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Want to prove how well you can speak French? Try a DELF exam.
Passing the DELF earns you a diploma issued by the French Ministry of Education and recognised around the world.
You can sit the exam in Hamilton, through the Alliance Française de Hamilton. If you need to brush up on your French beforehand, the Alliance also runs French lessons.
What is the DELF?
An exam for a diploma which measures your French ability against a benchmark recognised around Europe. DELF stands for Diplôme d’Études en Langue Française. It covers reading, listening, speaking and writing for the A1, A2 (basic users) and B1, B2 (independent users) levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. You can sit it without a placement test.
What can I sit in Hamilton?
DELF scolaire (if you attend a participating school, or your school would like to sign up) or DELF Tout Public.
Sacred Heart Girls’ College is Hamilton's examination centre. There is also a site in Rotorua for Rotorua/Tauranga schools.
How much does it cost to sit a DELF exam?
When are the exams?
Dates are set by the French Embassy in Wellington, after consultation with regional centres.
What do the levels mean?
A1 and A2: basic users
Example statement for A1 level: Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases.
B1 and B2: independent users
Example statement for B1 level: Can deal with most situations likely to arise while travelling in an area where the language is spoken.
Why should I learn French?
Today, French is an official language in 29 countries and in several dependent entities and is spoken by about 300 million people. It is also an official language of the United Nations and many other international organisations.
Who do I contact to sit the DELF in Hamilton?
Email Zsofia Ban for more information.
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UCI researchers have found a way to move us close to a battery that would never have to be replaced. This breakthrough could lead to batteries with greater lifespans for computers, cars and even spacecraft.
Using a groundbreaking gene editing technique, UCI scientists have created a strain of mosquitoes capable of rapidly introducing malaria-blocking genes into a mosquito population through its progeny, ultimately eliminating the insects’ ability to transmit the disease to humans.
Scientists at the University of California, Irvine have discovered a way to turn plastic bottles into energy by breaking them down to the molecular level and converting them into a readily usable fuel. It's a major breakthrough that could positively affect energy consumption and pollution across the globe.
Our researchers are working with UCI water polo athletes to better understand the effect of head impacts during matches. Using a crash test dummy and a barrage of sensors, insights are uncovered. And a safer sport is being born.
At The Cove, UCI’s new space for collaborative venturing, students, professors, entrepreneurs and venture capitalists work together to move new technologies from the idea phase to the marketplace. The result is a thriving environment for startups, job creation and local economic growth.
Unboiling an Egg
Chemists at UCI have found a way to unboil an egg, returning solidified proteins to the original liquid state, a discovery that simplifies protein folding, a key step in therapeutic treatments for cancer.
Squid Skin Protein
A protein in squid skin called reflectin can conduct positive electrical charges, making it useful in helping medical devices communicate with the human system.
A Vision for Success
Orange County has become the center of vision care research in the world, with more than 20 companies operating here. (PDF)
Dozens of faculty members in the sciences, engineering and policy promote excellence in water research, education and outreach. (PDF)
Innovation and Commercialization
From enabling start-ups in high-tech and biomedical industries, to educating the next generation of global business leaders, we're tackling the issues of our changing economy. (PDF)
Our law school students have provided over 35,000 hours of pro bono, hands-on legal services to the underserved in our community each year. For some, that meant helping to secure safety for domestic abuse survivors and their children.
Through underwater mapping of Greenland glaciers, UCI scientists are uncovering new information about the effects of climate change. By mapping glacial topography, they have uncovered greater exposure to warm ocean currents, which could raise sea levels higher than previously predicted.
UCI was again named the nation's No. 1 "Coolest School" by Sierra magazine, and we couldn't be more proud. More than 200 faculty and staff members are engaged in sustainability research, covering renewable energy systems, environmental challenges and air pollution.
UCI's Alzheimer's disease research suggests there are many contributing factors to the reduction and severity of the disease such as lifestyle, environment and genetics. Using successful therapeutic intervention techniques to promising drug trial results, UCI is saving memories.
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Today is International Cat Day and to celebrate our feline friends, I want to focus on a man who was instrumental in changing the way we look at cats.
Louis Wain was an artist who achieved great fame and success in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for his drawings of anthropomorphic cats. He was born in London in 1860 and attended the West London School of Art. He started out his career drawing animals and country scenes for publications such as The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News 1. But cats were always his first love.
Wain began selling his cat illustrations to The Illustrated London News. His first in 1884 is called ‘Our cats: A domestic history’ and was a much more realistic depiction than his later works. In 1886, Louis Wain was commissioned to illustrate a children’s book by Caroline Hughes (under the pen name Kari) titled ‘Madame Tabby’s Establishment’. In the same year, he published another illustration in The Illustrated London News titled ‘A Kitten’s Christmas Party’, showing kittens engaged in various human activities including making speeches and playing games 2. Wain’s cats became more and more human-like and expressive as his career progressed.
While these early works propelled Louis Wain to commercial success, they were inspired by personal tragedy. His wife, Emily Richardson, had become ill soon after their marriage in 1883 and he began drawing their cat, Peter, to help to cheer her up. These drawings must have brought Emily great happiness and she encouraged her husband to publish them. Sadly she died before she could celebrate the great successes of his career, in January 1887.
Louis Wain later said of Peter, who had been a stray, ‘to him, properly, belongs the foundation of my career, the developments of my initial efforts, and the establishing of my work.’ 3
Wain was a prolific illustrator, producing hundreds of designs a year for magazines, newspapers, children’s books and picture postcards. He also published his own ‘Louis Wain Annual’, which ran from 1901 to 1915.
His cats were often dressed in contemporary clothes partaking in the pastimes of the day such as playing cricket, smoking and reading newspapers. His cute and comical depictions caught the Victorian and Edwardian imagination. They also helped to securely cast the cat in the role of lovable indoor pet, where before it had been perceived as more of a farm animal.
American audiences also warmed to Wain’s cats and between 1907 and 1910, he contributed a cartoon strip for the Hearst’s New York Journal-American. His success was such that it was stated in The Times that ‘it may be safely said that his name was known in nearly every British household’ 4. H G Wells supposedly said of him: ‘He has made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world. English cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves.’
We hold a range of Louis Wain’s illustrations in our collection at The National Archives. As a commercial artist, Wain submitted some of his illustrations to the Stationers’ Company for copyright protection and so these examples can still be found among our COPY 1 records. The records include portraits of individual cats and humorous cartoons.
Wain also produced artwork to be used for advertising purposes for commercial companies, and our collection includes some of these advertisements. Many of these images are digitised in our image library. For more information about copyright records, please see our research guide on the subject.
Louis Wain was not just an illustrator of cats, but he was a true cat-lover. He was president of the National Cat Club, a member of the Society for the Protection of Cats, and a judge at several National Cat Shows. At the National Cat Show at Crystal Palace in 1892 it was reported that the best cat in show was awarded a gold medal and a humorous drawing of cats by Louis Wain 5.
Sadly, Wain suffered with mental health problems throughout his life and it seems that these worsened after the death of his wife in 1887. Understanding of mental health at the time was poor, so the exact nature of his condition is unclear, but it is thought that he may have been suffering from schizophrenia as well as anxiety and depression.
It is sometimes suggested that one can see the deterioration in Wain’s mental health in his drawings, which became more abstract and stylised over his career. However, this interpretation may be a little simplistic. Wain did continue to draw in a more traditional way during this period, and his abstract style may have simply been the result of experimentation. Wain’s drawings may be an expression of his personality as a whole, his mental health problems being just one aspect of this personality.
He made errors of judgement when it came to business. He often sold his drawings outright and earned nothing from their republication. This led to his descent into poverty, despite the continued popularity of his work.
With his mental health worsening, his sisters eventually committed him to the pauper ward of London’s Springfield Mental Hospital in 1924. He was discovered there a year later and a campaign was started to raise funds for his care. This was widely reported in the newspapers and supported by H G Wells and Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin among others.
One article in the Times reads:
An appeal is being made by animal lovers and admirers of the work of Mr. Louis Wain, who as delighted thousands with a long series of inimitable cat studies from the year 1883 onwards till recent years, to enable him to be removed from the pauper wards of a metropolitan mental asylum, where he has been apparently for some years 6.
The campaign succeeded, raising sufficient funds to move Wain to the Bethlem Royal Hospital, and then in 1930 to Napsbury Hospital near St Albans in Hertfordshire. Wain’s final years were spent in much more pleasant surroundings. The fund also provided for his elderly sisters, who were also living in poverty.
The story of Louis Wain’s life is a fascinating one full of contradictions. He spent his life celebrating his love of the cat, promoting its welfare and sharing his creativity with the world. At the same time, his life was at times dark and difficult: he suffered with mental health problems and was exploited commercially leading to terrible poverty.
His experience raises interesting questions about art, ownership, mental health, poverty and charity in the 19th and 20th centuries. And we must always remember, especially today on International Cat Day, that our present-day infatuation with the cat is partly down to the wonderful work of Louis Wain.
It seems that there has been a blossoming of interest in the work of Louis Wain in recent years. There is currently a film in production starring Claire Foy and Benedict Cumberbatch. It tells the story of Louis Wain’s life and is due for release this year.
On the Record: series four available now
In our latest three-part podcast series we explore stories in our collection with the theme of heroic deeds. In the episodes you’ll hear about spies parachuting into enemy territories and knights slaying dragons. You’ll also hear about health inspectors trying to improve the living conditions of poor Londoners and leaders using their skills to organise for change.
In episode three we explore the story of Louis Wain and his cats further, as well as that of Dick Whittington and First World War nurse Nellie Spindler.
- ‘Cute Cats and Psychedelia: The Tragic Life of Louis Wain’, Illustration Chronicles, https://illustrationchronicles.com/Cute-Cats-and-Psychedelia-The-Tragic-Life-of-Louis-Wain [accessed 30/07/2020] ↩
- Ibid. ↩
- Dale, Rodney, Louis Wain: the Man who Drew Cats, (Kimber, 1968), pp. 10-12 ↩
- ‘Mr. Louis Wain’, The Times, 7 July 1939, Issue 48352, p. 16, GALE|CS270218471 ↩
- ’The National Cat Show’, The Standard, 19 October 1892, Issue 21307, p. 3, GALE|GS3215103192 ↩
- ’Mr. Louis Wain’, The Times, 12 August 1925, Issue 44038, p. 9, GALE|CS153164044 ↩
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As an Ashkenazi Jew planning to have a baby, I sure as heck wanted carrier screening for Tay-Sachs disease. But that disease is incurable and lethal. What about diseases that don’t severely limit lifespan and aren’t that disabling? During my pregnancy, I went on to have amniocentesis, which included testing for Down syndrome and – because of my family history — for a few genes associated with autism and mental retardation. But even as I was tested, I had no idea what I’d do if results came back positive.
Sometime soon, almost every expectant family may be faced with such life-and-death decisions. New tests are arriving that can detect Down syndrome by analyzing fetal DNA in the mother’s blood during the first trimester of pregnancy. Without the risks of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, this technology lowers the bar for testing, maybe even allowing it to be offered to younger women. Blood tests for other disorders are sure to follow: Last month, two studies demonstrated that thousands of fetal genes can be analyzed from a small blood draw from the mother.
In a heavily-tweeted, subscription-only essay, Hank Greeley at Stanford Law School’s Center for Law and the Biosciences warned that we need to prepare for the ethical, legal and practical effects of being able to readily sequence fetal genomes. If these tests become cheap enough to offer routinely, will mothers feel pressured to have them? How will families decide whether a child’s life is worth living? Will researchers keep trying to improve treatment options, and will anyone fund their work? Are we headed for a society where all kids aren’t just above average, but genetically pristine?
In a post on our sister blog, Thrive, Brian Skotko, a clinical genetics fellow in Children’s Down Syndrome program, asks, “Will babies with Down syndrome slowly disappear?” Actually, they already are disappearing, even with our clunky 20th century technology. Research reviewed by Skotko in 2009 showed a 15 percent decrease in U.S. births of babies with Down syndrome between 1989 and 2005 – instead of the 34 percent increase that would have been expected with women waiting longer to have children.
But who’s to say a child with Down syndrome shouldn’t be given a chance at life? Just read the comments on Skotko’s post from parents who are among the reported 8 percent of families choosing to carry on with their pregnancy. “Things have never been more promising for people with Trisomy 21,” one wrote. “Educational, social and medical advances have improved their lives immeasurably in recent decades, and I would love an opportunity to share this with medical students.”
Take cystic fibrosis. Because of advances in care, U.S. infants born with CF have a dramatically increased life expectancy – 37.4 years in 2008, versus a median of 6 months in 1959. Nonetheless, a Massachusetts study led by the New England Newborn Screening Program and Children’s Hospital Boston found that the number of live-born infants with CF dropped by about half between 1999-2002 (before widespread use of prenatal carrier screening) and 2003-2006. (This decline doesn’t necessarily reflect pregnancy terminations, since carrier couples have other options — donor eggs or sperm, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, or not conceiving at all.) Notably, those babies born with CF tended to have mutations associated with less-severe disease, suggesting that families considered quality of life in making their reproductive decisions.
Sickle cell disease presents a tougher dilemma, since identifying the genetic mutation in a fetus doesn’t necessarily predict disease severity. Some children have a relatively benign course; others live a life of pain and suffering. (Newer genetic discoveries could lead to better prediction.) In a large U.S. study in 1994, half of the women with a positive fetal diagnosis chose to terminate their pregnancy, and 64 percent did so when the diagnosis was made before the 20th week of gestation.
So using genetic information to make reproductive decisions isn’t new. But if simple, safe fetal gene tests become routine in prenatal care, will society deal kindly with children born with genetic conditions, even mild ones?
As early as 1983, a government report warned that couples refusing testing, or choosing not to terminate an affected pregnancy, might be blamed or stigmatized for making an “irresponsible choice.” A 1991 report from the AMA even cited an insurance company that tried to deny health care coverage to a baby with CF, arguing that since CF had been diagnosed prenatally, it constituted a preexisting condition.
In the early 1970s, sickle-cell carrier screening was forced upon African Americans in many states, with little accompanying education, often without confidentiality, and sometimes resulting in insurance and employment discrimination. All this before a fetal test was even available.
Will the ease of the new fetal gene tests finally usher in an era of eugenics? I have enough faith in the medical community to doubt this will happen. But it would pay to take a second look at this 20th century history before putting 21st century technology into practice.
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| 0.958488 | 1,089 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Chronic aggressive behavior exhibited by some boys from disadvantaged families may be due to epigenetic changes during pregnancy and early childhood.
A new study shows that men who displayed chronic aggressive behavior during childhood and adolescence have lower blood levels of four biomarkers of inflammation than in men who exhibited average levels of aggressive behavior in their youth, from 6 to 15 years of age.
“This means that using four specific biomarkers of inflammation, called cytokines, we were able to distinguish men with chronic physical aggression histories from those without,” says Richard Tremblay, professor emeritus at the University of Montreal.
In a second study, in the same men with aggressive pasts, the DNA encoding the cytokines showed methylation patterns different from those of the comparison group.
“Methylation is an epigenetic modification—hence reversible—of DNA, in relation to parental imprinting. It plays a role in regulating gene expression,”says Moshe Szyf, a professor at McGill University.
“The pre- and postnatal environment could cause these differences in biomarkers associated with chronic aggression,” Szyf says.
Various studies conducted with animals show that hostile environments during pregnancy and early childhood have an impact on gene methylation and gene programming leading to problems with brain development, particularly in regard to the control of aggressive behavior.
Begins with mom?
Previous work suggests that men with aggressive pasts have one thing in common: the characteristics of their mothers.
“They are usually young mothers at the birth of their first child, with low education, often suffering from mental health problems, and with substance use problems,” Tremblay says.
The significant difficulties these mothers experienced during pregnancy and the early childhood of their child may have an impact on the expression of genes related to brain development, the immune system, and many other biological systems critical for the development of their child.
For the two studies, published in PLOS ONE, researchers collected blood from 32 participants who took part in either of two longitudinal studies that began nearly 30 years ago. The first study followed young Quebecers from disadvantaged backgrounds, while the second involved a representative sample of children who were in kindergarten in Quebec in 1986-87.
It is important to note that in disadvantaged families, the rate of boys with chronic aggressive behavior represents about 4 percent of the population. This greatly restricts the selection of potential participants.
“Once they are adults, they are difficult to find because they have disorganized lifestyles,” Tremblay says. “We are studying the impact of the socioeconomic environment on the third generation, now that these children are grown up and have children.”
While no study has yet been published on the subject, he anticipates “significant intergenerational ties, since we observed an association between parental criminality of the first generation and the behavior of their children.”
Nevertheless, Tremblay, who has conducted his work for decades with a prevention perspective, is optimistic.
“If our results show that behavioral problems originate from as far back as pregnancy, it means that we can reduce violence through preventive intervention from as early as pregnancy. We have already shown that support given to families of aggressive boys in kindergarten prevents school dropout and crime in adulthood.”
Source: McGill University
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| 0.965123 | 679 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Let consider the case x=954
954 -> 122 -> 9 -> 81 -> 65 -> 61 -> 37 -> 58 -> 89 -> 145 -> 42 -> 20 -> 4 -> 16 -> 37
So 37 is seen twice, it should end up with 37, no ?
No, 89 shows up before 37 does
By the description at ProjectEuler.net, it seems M is correct in their statement. The description there reads: "continuously [...] form a new number until it [that number just formed] has been seen before." That is exactly what M has done. Project Euler says furthermore: "[...] EVERY starting number will eventually arrive at 1 or 89." That is _not_ the same as stating: "this number chain always terminates with either 1 or 89". The key difference is in "arrives at" (the number appears) versus "terminates with" (the number is the first to appear twice in the sequence). In M's example, the sequence truly 'terminates with' 37 (as M said), but before it terminates the sequence had 'arrived at' 89.
This solution requires Neural Network Toolbox
What is the next step in Conway's Life?
Maximum running product for a string of numbers
Given two strings, find the maximum overlap
Back to basics 14 - Keywords
Sum of first n terms of a harmonic progression
English to Pig Latin Translator
Determine if a Given Number is a Triangle Number
Generate N equally spaced intervals between -L and L
Make a 1 hot vector
Solve the Sudoku Row
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| 0.894795 | 421 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Japanese Black Pine
birds that drill holes in vertical co
COMMON NAMES: JAPANESE BLACK PINE
Pinus thungergii (PIE-nus thun-BERG-ee-eye)
Pineaceae (Pine Family)
Evergreen ornamental tree
HEIGHT: 30 to 60 feet
SPREAD: 20 to 30 feet
FINAL SPACING: 15 to 20 feet
NATURAL HABITAT AND PREFERRED SITE: Native to Japan and reasonably well adapted to Texas to the deeper soils - especially the acid, sandy soils.
IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION: Japanese black pine is an irregularly-shaped pine tree that is somewhat pyramidal when young but becomes more oval and unevenly spreading with age.
FLOWERS AND FRUIT: Female flowers are inconspicuous, male catkins are noticeable in the spring. It is monoecious – both male and female flowers are on the same tree. The fruit is a light brown woody cone 1 ½ to 2 ½ inches long.
BARK: Medium to dark brown with has a heavy texture.
FOLIAGE: Dark green needles that are 3 to 4 inches long in bundles of two. They are straight, rarely twisted and harsh to the touch.
CULTURE: Japanese pine is fairly easy to grow in deep soils but it particularly likes neutral to slightly acid soils. It does not do well over white rock and gets weaker every year in that situation. It does respond to fertilizer and moisture but is fairly drought tolerant.
PROBLEMS: Chlorosis in the alkaline soils, pine tip moth and other typical pine problems once the tree is in stress. Adding large amounts of compost, Texas greensand and lava sand can help reverse soil problems. Beneficial insects are effective control of insect pests.
PROPAGATION: From seed
INSIGHT: Japanese black pine is not quite as good a choice for alkaline soils in Texas as the Austrian pine but is better than the straight-trunked east Texas pines in those situations.
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| 0.9277 | 431 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Up and down the country, small rural communities are struggling to make ends meet. With traditional industries like fishing and farming becoming less viable, people are having to look to secure jobs and income away from home. As the local population declines, it becomes harder and harder to rebuild.
Like many isolated communities Coigach faces numerous challenges. Located in the remote northwest Highlands of Scotland, the community has a declining population of around 260 and suffers from a lack of affordable housing, decreasing levels of health provision and a fragile economy which is over-reliant on external income from summer tourism. The iconic landscape draws visitors from around the globe, but decent and stable incomes remain hard to come by.
When the local school declined to the point that all the pupils could fit in a single room, a number of Coigach residents decided that enough was enough. Forming a Community Interest Company (CIC), they turned to wind power to help secure the future of their community. Funding the development through a series of grants and loans, the turbine—named Varuna—began “turning and earning” in 2017. All the profits from the project go to a local development trust that has so far developed two affordable housing units and workshop space for local businesses.
“We wanted to do something that would generate a bit of income that we could put back into the community,” says Iain Muir, director of Coigach Community CIC. “We saw that we needed to create opportunities in Coigach to get young families here, put kids into the school, and just make the whole place more viable, more vibrant, and more sustainable.”
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The CIC is now refinancing the higher cost constructions loans through a £1.75 million bond. By paying off loans with higher interest rates, more of the revenue from the turbine can be invested directly into the community. The bond which was promoted through the crowdfunding platform of Triodos Bank will pay interest of 5% a year increasing annually in line with inflation. The 12-year bond has a minimum investment of £250 and can be held in a Triodos Innovative Finance ISA (IFISA), meaning interest can be earned tax free. Like all ISAs, the IFISA has eligibility criteria.
Unlike bank deposits, an investment in Coigach’s bonds is not covered by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. Payment of interest and repayment of capital are not guaranteed and are dependent on the continued success of Coigach’s business model. The bonds are not listed on a recognised investment exchange, so investors should be prepared to hold the bonds for their whole term.
Once the new lower cost financing is in place, the 500-kW turbine is expected to generate a £4.4 million community fund over the next 20 years. This will fund a host of redevelopment plans: more affordable housing, workshop space for new businesses, harbour improvements for our local fishing fleet, cultural heritage projects, environmental improvements and personal training, to name but a few.
The scheme benefits from the UK government’s Feed-in-Tariff scheme which guarantees inflation protected income for 20 years. It has generated over 800,000 kWh of clean energy to date.
“Community energy is a great way of generating funds for the benefit of the local community,” says Iain. “By supporting our wind turbine project, investors are not only investing in an operating asset and the generation of renewable energy but can also be assured that they are also helping us to tackle some of the most pressing issues our community faces.
“Triodos Bank is a natural partner for us as they combine financial and renewable energy expertise with a commitment to business as a means of benefiting the community.”
For the remote community of Coigach, positive energy is measured in more than megawatts—it’s the energy that drives their ambition for regeneration and the confidence that they’ve gained from turning a community dream into a reality. They hope that their success can inspire other rural communities to find a way forward by using green technology to develop their own sustainable economies.
For more information and to register interest and receive alerts each time a new offer goes live on the Triodos Crowdfunding platform, visit www.triodoscrowdfunding.co.uk.
COIGACH COMMUNITY CIC
Coigach Community CIC is a community interest company that owns and operates a community wind turbine in Coigach, a remote peninsula in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. The company is wholly owned by local charity, Coigach Community Development Company. CCDC was established in 2010 to help overcome the increasingly fragile local economy of Coigach and develop a sustainable local economy which would attract residents and maintain the way of life.
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| 0.953366 | 1,001 | 2.625 | 3 |
The avocado has quite a history -- apparently it has been cultivated for over 7,000 years. In my opinion, it's a timeless beauty. The word avocado is said to stem from the Aztec word ahuacatl. A favorite use for avocados is guacamole, which is traditionally seasoned and ground using Mexican techniques and spices.
healthy fats- omegas -6 and -3
vitamins- C, K, B
Aids in brain and heart function, metabolism, and bone, skin, and hair growth.
In Season: summer, fall; some year-round depending on variety
Pick a Good One
The average ripe avocado will be slightly firm while having an outer skin that yields to gentle pressure (applied by your thumb or finger). In the popular Haas variety, and other related varieties, the skin will appear to darken from green to black when it is ripe. However, color varies among different kinds of avocados and is not usually considered a reliable indicator of freshness.
Avocados are listed in the Environmental Working Group's "Clean Fifteen Guide" as one of the fruits that rank low in pesticide residue. This means the avocado is a food that is generally safe to buy from conventional sources (non-organic). However, diseased avocado roots are sometimes treated with pesticide, so organic and fair trade options are often available and an equally worthy choice when selecting this fruit from the farm or market.
Know when it's ripe
A mature avocado usually ripens 3-8 days after it is picked.
unripe, hard- on the counter until ripe; at room temperature
ripe- fridge up to a week
with a banana- to ripen more quickly
your hands before and after handling
the avocado with cool tap water (but no soap/detergent) just before preparing it
cutting boards, dishes, utensils, and countertops the avocado may come in contact with
in sauces and salsas
as a garnish
in a dip
pair with strong or sweet flavors (i.e. citrus in a salad)
add in a dish with garlic and onions
try it with chiles
as an oil used to drizzle on veggies, vinaigrettes, or baked dishes
add it to a smoothie for a more creamy texture
try it in a chocolate mousse or milkshake
add it in ice cream
in the trendy toast style
as a butter replacement
add it to a sandwich or have it with a burger
in a seafood salad
on top of curry and chicken
Note: Avocados are notorious for causing cut injuries when people do not cut them properly. To avoid a nasty kitchen injury, click here to learn how to cut an avocado. Click here for more information on peeling and pitting an avocado. Click here to learn how to dice an avocado.
As you can see, avocados are incredibly versatile, pairing well with items both sweet and savory. Nutritionally, as part of a balanced meal, they have properties that can help health and healing from head to toe in your body. Add an avocado to your next meal and taste test it out!
Order prints and more in the store: Shop AW
FoodPrint. Real Food Encyclopedia | Avocados. 2020 GRACE Communications Foundation. Accessed at https://foodprint.org/real-food/avocados/.
Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce. Clean Fifteen: EWG's 2020 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce. Environmental Working Group. 2020. Accessed at https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/clean-fifteen.php.
EatFresh. Avocado. CalFresh, Healthy Living. California Department of Social Services. 2020. Accessed at https://eatfresh.org/discover-foods/avocado.
Henneman A. Peeling and Pitting an Avocado. UNL FOOD, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Nebraska. 2020. Accessed at https://food.unl.edu/peeling-and-pitting-avocado.
Bobroff LB, Simonne A. South Florida Tropicals: Avocado. University of Florida IFAS Extension. 2020. Accessed at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/HE/HE60600.pdf.
SNAP-Ed Connection. Avocados. USDA. 2020. Accessed at https://snaped.fns.usda.gov/seasonal-produce-guide/avocados.
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| 0.887104 | 956 | 2.515625 | 3 |
First Grade Engineers -Week 3 "Hot Glue Heaven" Students created a structure using low heat hot glue.This 4-week adventure captures the imagination of students as they learn basic laws of structure.
Laps for Laurel-one of our favorite events of the year!
More information can be found at Laps for Laurel.
Third grade students recorded themselves singing a nursey rhyme. They used Audacity to edit their voices and then inserted the audio into student created animations.
First graders are learning how to play "GoodBye Eduardo" (G, B, and high E strings).
Laurel Elementary School of Arts and Technology students, staff and volunteers gathered to bring in the school year with a ”boo –chucka” during our all school giant drum circle.
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| 0.932921 | 167 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Vietnam’s goal is to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The amount of solid waste in the country is however expected to double before 2030, which increases the need for local waste treatment and incineration plants.
Thang Long Energy Environment Joint Stock Company is building a waste-to-energy plant in the Bac Ninh province. The plant will begin operations in 2023 and is expected to incinerate 500 tons of municipal and industrial solid waste (RDF) daily, significantly reducing the amount of waste previously dumped into landfills.
By reducing the amount of landfill waste, the plant prevents soil and groundwater contamination while enabling the production of sustainable energy.
The RDF waste-to-energy plant treats waste and produces energy locally
Sand, stones, glass, metals and plastics are first separated from the waste to ensure efficient incineration and repurposing of all recyclable materials. The rest is incinerated in a boiler that utilizes circulating fluidized bed technology.
“Local waste-to-energy plants are able to treat waste without massive transportation costs, or logistics-induced emissions. When waste is utilized as energy, the fermentation of waste and the resulting methane gas emissions are decreased. Greenhouse gas emissions are also reduced through the efficient boiler technology and the modern flue gas cleaning system in the plant”, says Laitex’ Head of Project Sales Sami Koskela.
Finnish high tech for efficient waste incineration
Laitex’ conveyor technology is part of Valmet’s delivery to the plant. Finnish high technology ensures that for example flue gas cleaning is performed according to the strict emission goals.
“It’s great that Finnish technologies are playing such a crucial role: we are able to do our bit in helping the country give up fossil fuels and tackle the challenges of climate change”, says Laitex’ CEO Lasse Kurronen.
Laitex delivers waste boiler feeding systems and ash handling systems
Laitex delivers the waste boiler’s fuel feeding systems and sand feeding systems as well as the bottom ash and fly ash handling systems to the plant. Laitex has delivered equivalent conveyor systems previously to France.
“The conveyor systems are one of the most critical components in the plant. If part of the equipment fails, you may have to run down the whole operation”, Koskela mentions.
There may be clingy material among the waste, which has to be considered in the design of the equipment. High availability of the plant is ensured for example with duplicated fuel discharge system from the day silos.
Ash handling must also be done correctly. “Our equipment is designed so that the ash is sufficiently cooled down during conveying, and the sand that is removed from the boiler is recycled back as precisely as possible”, Koskela continues.
Commissioning support ensures successful start of plant operations
Included in the delivery is a comprehensive spare part package and extended installation and commissioning support. “We want to do our part in ensuring the plant is fully operational from the beginning. Our representative will be present during the installation and commissioning phase, and we will also provide support once the plant is operational”, Koskela says.
The RDF waste-to-energy plant’s installation work begins in 2023 and commercial use is expected to begin later that year. The yearly electricity production capacity will be ca. 100 thousand MWh. With the help of the plant, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by 600 000 tons in 15 years.
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Humphry Repton may not have been the greatest landscape designer in history, but he was surely one of the smoothest.
Working in England in the late-18th and early-19th centuries, Repton wrote letters to his clients that were fulsome to the point of fawning. When one patron complained that with fame he was neglecting her garden, he replied that he “felt a degree of pain, not from a consciousness of having deserved the rebuke, but from the reflection that this favorite object, like a Child outgrowing the protection of its parent, no longer requires the attentions which gave me so much pleasure during its infancy.”
The Garden Museum in London recently examined Repton’s legacy in a show marking the bicentennial of his death. The museum’s director, Christopher Woodward, likens Repton to Jane Austen’s obsequious curate in “Pride and Prejudice,” Mr. Collins, though with a great deal more perspicacity. “He was very adhesive to clients and would get the measure of a client very quickly,” Woodward says.
And unlike Mr. Collins, Repton would be entirely comfortable in our fast-paced world. “A very modern figure,” Woodward says. “Today, he would be checking his emails.”
By carriage or on horseback, Repton traveled a bone-rattling 5,000 miles a year across England’s rutted and hazardous highways. He is thought to have produced almost 400 major landscape designs over his life, not bad for a man who began his career in his mid-30s after a number of other incarnations, including flutist, artist and textile merchant.
As with Austen and her works, Repton captured his age in his art, but also transcended it. “Thackeray or Trollope feel very Victorian. Jane Austen feels very now,” says Woodward. “And Repton has the same quality.” In “Mansfield Park,” Austen even names Repton as the must-have space maker.
Celebrity can be fleeting. The secret to Repton’s longevity lies not with Austen, however, but with an ingenious “before and after” device that he cooked up. For each property, he would produce a hand-painted and hand-scripted “Red Book,” equipped with hinged overlays or flaps that allowed the viewer to see the existing landscape and, by lifting the “slides,” how it would look if the design were executed. The books — Repton may have gotten the idea from medical texts, which used flaps to reveal layers of human anatomy — are named for the color of their leather binding, though some are in less vibrant hues.
In the Red Books, the effect was — and remains — irresistible. The visuals are effective and the transformation immediate.
Through proposed modifications and additions, Repton showed in his watercolors how the scene could be dramatically changed to become more alluring and imposing, and with views that offered teasing glimpses of the grand house as you rode up in your carriage. Driveways were made more sinuous, pockets of woodland were removed or added, gatehouses built and ornamental ponds turned back to nature.
Often Repton urged that a house of homely redbrick be replaced by one with dressed stone with Palladian touches. He returned formal terraces around the house that had been swept away in the previous century, paving the way, for better or worse, for Victorian parterres.
Now Repton’s Red Books have been brought to animated life in an eight-minute film, based on his 1810 design for Armley House, the property of industrialist Benjamin Gott on the outskirts of the northern city of Leeds. Gott’s house sat on a ridge between two quintessential features of the early industrial age, a hulking textile mill and a canal. The mill was Gott’s, and at the time was the largest gaslit factory in Europe.
British actor (and gardener) Jeremy Irons narrates the film, rendering Repton’s flowery language coherent, not to mention melodious. His easy authority tempers Repton’s overwrought prose.
Instead of depicting before and after flaps, animator Tom Langton took high-resolution scans of the original watercolors and spent six weeks bringing them to life in subtle transformations. The film was produced by Third Channel and directed by Dorothea Gibbs, and the score was composed by Diego Carceres and Santiago Posada.
The Armley House volume was one of four Red Books in the collection of the late bibliophile Rachel “Bunny” Mellon of Upperville, Va., and was provided for the project by the nonprofit organization she founded, the Oak Spring Garden Foundation, which also financed the film.
Whether rooted in contemporary attitudes toward industry or Repton’s salesmanship, the mill is presented as a major element in the landscape, never mind that as a primitive factory, it would have been noisy and hazardous. The mill is, in Repton’s words and Irons’s voice, “an interesting object in daylight and at night presents a most splendid illumination of gaslight.” Meanwhile, the “misty vapor” of yonder Leeds dances like some sort of divine aurora borealis. Not bad for coal smoke.
Repton designed for old- moneyed aristocrats, but his work for Gott placed him firmly in the fold of forward-thinking entrepreneurs in late-Georgian England. Repton found willing patrons in the nouveau riche world of Napoleonic war profiteers and industrialists such as Gott.
Repton’s business model was based on selling his designs, not necessarily executing them. Other prominent landscape gardeners made the bulk of their money in the actual construction of the gardens.
There was less money in Repton’s approach, but it allowed him to build a prolific body of work. He would come to a property for a few days, and a couple of months later, the patron would receive the Red Book, paying handsomely for the visit and the book.
Approximately 180 Red Books survive. They are highly collectible and, depending on their significance, sell in the art world for $50,000 to $250,000, Woodward says.
The books themselves embody the essential dynamic movement of Repton’s landscapes. In the 18th century, English landscape gardens counted on establishing fixed scenes to be framed — the distant temple reflected before a lake, for example.
By contrast, Woodward says, Repton saw a succession of interrelated scenes unfolding at almost 20 mph, the pace of a carriage. Repton had shifted presciently from stills to video, or even CGI.
The rare book library at Dumbarton Oaks in Georgetown owns two Red Books, one of Glamham Hall in Suffolk and one of Brandsbury, an estate in what is now west London. The first dates to 1791, the second to 1789. At the time, it was fashionable for the image-minded classes depicted by Austen to travel the country to view grand houses. In the Brandsbury Red Book, you see three well-dressed voyeurs — two young ladies and a gentleman — trying to see beyond a tall stockade fence at the perimeter. In the improved scene, the fence is gone to reveal a field marked by three specimen trees and beneath, an idyll decorated with six lounging longhorn cattle.
Dumbarton’s rare book librarian, Anatole Tchikine, said the only other volume with flaps that he is aware of dates to 1612, by Lino Moroni and artist Jacopo Ligozzi, and depicts St. Francis of Assisi in his hillside retreat. There is no reason to think Repton knew about this book. “He could have genuinely thought he was inventing the technique,” Tchikine says.
Repton is often compared to Lancelot “Capability” Brown, the greatest practitioner of the English landscape school and who did, indeed, get down and dirty in the construction of his grand schemes.
“Repton’s abilities as a designer aren’t really as strong as Brown’s,” Tchikine says, “but at the same time his way of packaging and presenting them to patrons is really successful.”
Irons, as Repton, sums it up best: “Others prefer still life. I delight in movement.”
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The color black is the absence of color, the complete absorption of light and the complete opposite of white. Here is a series of images with nothing more in common with each other than the color black.
The colors in an image, both color and grayscale, play an important role in photography. The starkness of the color makes for a simple background color that will not distract the viewer from the main object. It can also be used to elicit a certain response the viewer. The color black is frequently associated with death, despair, hardship and can be easily brought forth to manipulate the viewer into those emotions.
Next week we will look at the color white.
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ovipneumoniae (members of Old World Caprinae, including domestic sheep
and mouflon, a closely related Eurasian sheep species) is consistent with many observations that epizootic bighorn sheep pneumonia frequently follows contact with these hosts (5,19).
However, herds of free-ranging domestic goats were observed in the southern portion of SMP, approximately 60 km from the proposed bighorn sheep release site, and a mixed herd of penned goats and domestic sheep
in the village of Antiguos Mineros del Norte situated <10km from the proposed release site.
Compensation for large carnivore depredation of domestic sheep
The plan calls for reducing natural mortality of the sheep, avoiding contact with domestic sheep
and expanding the number of herds by relocating sheep.
Internal memoranda from Arizona Game and Fish Department biologists indicated that disease transmission from domestic sheep
, habitat degradation, and drought are all threats to the bighorn sheep population.
Park officials have banned livestock within their boundaries and created buffer zones between wild and domestic sheep
In the United States, the most prominent carrier is the domestic sheep
Coyote predation on domestic sheep
deterred with electronic dog-training collar.
These slightly built animals look like the domestic sheep
of Stone-Age Britain and are the sort that were kept centuries ago before selective breeding led to the kinds of farm sheep we see today.
Disease spread from domestic sheep
also is a chronic threat.
Recent troubles in the Welsh lamb industry have been due in part to unheeded warnings against relying long-term on selling to Spain, where the domestic sheep
sector was said to be capable of fulfilling local demand and more.
While wild cattle and pigs were also domesticated elsewhere, all the domestic sheep
and goats in the world today derive from wild ancestors in SW Asia.
Peacock and his allies would like to see all domestic sheep
removed from the core area of public lands where the bears are thought to be holed up (the incessant bleating of sheep attracts predators from miles around, and many sheepmen shoot predators on sight, legal or not).
Brucellosis causes miscarriages in domestic sheep
, goats, cattle, pigs, and in wildlife such as deer, elk and bison.
But when humans settled the valley in the early 20th century--building roads and homes, erecting fences and telephone wires, introducing domestic sheep
and a plague of diseases--the Teton bighorns retreated to the rocky ledges and barren, wind- scoured ridgelines of their native mountains.
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At ƒ/D our mission is not only to inspire, but to inform in a way that we hope leads to further discovery. Today I want to dive into some of the details of how a pinhole camera “works” so that we can all better wield this tool we’ve chosen. This is a somewhat technical subject, but I’m going to do my best to stay above water. I’m going to do the math for you – but there’s a link at the end of this for those that revel in complicated math and details.
Circles of Confusion
In photography, “Circles of Confusion” (CoC) are what make up the image that you see in the final photo. Blurry portions of photos taken with a lensed camera are made by large CoC, and sharp portions of a photo are made by small CoC. So what are CoC? In a word: points. Fine detail is produced by the optics of the camera resolving the many rays of light that make up that detail into many tiny tiny points. Blur (not including motion blur) is produced by out of focus areas that are resolved into much larger spots. If you get your face super close to your screen, you’ll see everything is made of thousands of little dots, called pixels – this is very similar to a photo’s CoC.
A pinhole camera works by creating CoC’s that are all the size of the pinhole. Light travels in a straight line, and in a scene there’s gazillions of straight lines reflecting off of your subject. Those straight lines travel through the pinhole, at the size of the pinhole, and then hit your film. Contrast this with a camera that uses a lens – that lens works by bending the light and focusing it to a much smaller CoC, and thus a much greater amount of detail onto the film plane.
The Pinhole Look
First, let’s take a second to define what the “pinhole look” is. I believe it can be characterized by 2 things:
- infinite softness and
- infinite Depth of Field
There are those that would argue that qualities such as vignetting, distortion, and long exposure are also part of the pinhole look, but each of those qualities can either be designed out of a pinhole camera or mitigated with light and film speed.
Now that we know what a CoC is (again, Circle of confusion), let’s take a second to understand how that translates into the aesthetics of a pinhole photo. Your typical pinhole is going to range from 0.2mm to 0.5mm. Because of the physics involved, your CoC is going to be roughly the same size – not exactly the same size, but close enough for this article. So a pinhole camera that has a 0.2mm pinhole will have CoC that are about 0.2mm as well. By comparison, a typical DSLR with lens is producing CoC that are about 0.019mm. That’s 10 times smaller! That’s also 10 times sharper.
Since the CoC produced by a pinhole camera must be many times larger than those produced by a DSLR or just about any other well designed lensed camera, we get softness at all points of the photo as a result of the pinhole photograph.
“Infinite” Depth of Field and the Real Limitations
Now we know that the resolving sharpness (CoC) of a pinhole camera is much less than that of a DSLR. But what does that really mean? Well, the first impact is in Depth of Field. Recall that Depth of Field is the distance over which parts of your subject will appear to be in focus. It’s often said that pinhole cameras have an infinite Depth of Field, but that’s a little misleading.
It’s misleading to say that pinhole cameras have an infinite Depth of Field because while that is technically true, the practical Depth of Field is limited by the CoC. Why? Consider a landscape photo, with some trees that are 500 yards away. Let’s say you’re shooting this scene with 2 cameras: one a medium format pinhole camera with a 0.3mm pinhole and the other and the other a medium format lensed camera set on f/22 for maximum Depth of Field. Imagine those trees, when projected onto the film, are 1mm tall. In your pinhole camera, those trees are going to be represented by about 3 CoC (1/0.3 = 3.3). In your lensed medium format camera, which produces CoC of 0.053mm, there will be about 20 CoC. Remember, more circles equals more sharpness! So while the pinhole camera has infinite Depth of Field, it runs into a limitation of resolving power because of the CoC.
At this point, you might get the bright idea to just use a smaller pinhole. Hold your horses! If you go smaller than the prescribed pinhole for your camera, physics is going to put a stop to you right there. But the reason why is whole ‘nother article. Suffice to say, for now, go with the size pinhole that’s prescribed for the dimensions of your camera.
The Impact of Circles of Confusion
So what does all this mean? What the hell is the point? What are you getting in exchange for this headache? Armed with this information, we can make better choices for our artistic vision.
If you’re like many pinhole photographers today, you are shooting with film or paper negatives, and then scanning them into your computer where you apply some digital touching up before publishing. CoC make it all the more important in this workflow to really nail your exposures. Having less detail in the negative means there’s less detail to work with later. Dodges and burns that would have worked on a DSLR photo will look fake on a pinhole photo, because there’s less detail to manipulate. This means that you’ll want to ditch that habit of telling yourself you’ll photoshop it later, and instead take up the mantra: “Get it in camera!”. Perhaps a refresher in ole Ansel Adams’s classic, “The Negative“.
Your choice of film format can have a great impact on your level of sharpness. This is true in all photography, but especially true in pinhole. Consider our previous example – the medium format pinhole camera with the 0.3mm pinhole. All things being equal – the scene, the exposure, an appropriate pinhole size, and the angle of view of the camera – a 4×5 camera will produce 2.5x more detail than the medium format camera! Now of course we’re not in pinhole photography for the sharpness. But there are times when sharpness needs to be considered. If your subject, or the scene, includes lots of details and, further, you want to highlight some of those details, you may want to consider using a 4×5 or even 8×10 camera. At other times, when the scene or your vision is free of fine details, you can safely use your medium format or 35mm pinhole camera.
Composing a Shot
What do you envision from the final print from the photo you’re taking? If the magic in this shot is depending on some distant or small piece being recognizable, consider the amount of resolution your film will have based on your pinhole size. No way does this mean get out the ruler and old trigonometry textbooks – but rather take a moment to visualize how large that detail will be on the film plane and if you’re going to have the desired detail needed. Granted – much of this relies on practice, but we’re here to flatten the learning curve, not remove it!
Hopefully this helps you be a better pinholer now and for many years to come. Again, in short:
- The softness in the details of pinhole photography means you have less detail to work with during burning and dodging, so get the exposure right!
- If you need more detail, use a larger format
- Visualize the final print and make sure that you’re framing for the detail that you feel is needed to make the photo work!
As promised, if you need further info, including the detailed math behind CoC, there’s a very good write-up on Wikipedia.
Did I bring clarity or stir up the mud? Let me know in the comments below, or hit me on twitter @fslashd
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Learn about available benefits for sick workers.
Chronic Beryllium Disease & EEOICPA
Beryllium is a metallic element found naturally in rocks, coal, and everyday soil. Due to the metal’s incredible strength and extreme heat resistance it is often used in the nuclear industry. Many Department of Energy nuclear weapons facilities worked with beryllium exposing workers to dust and fumes.
Employees who have become sick due to beryllium exposure may be eligible for compensation and medical coverage under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act (EEOICPA).
What is Beryllium Disease?
Beryllium disease is an allergic reaction to the inhalation of beryllium dust or fumes. A single, minor encounter with beryllium can lead to health complications. An individual can start to show symptoms immediately or many years later; typically the disease develops slowly.
Greater levels of exposure do not necessarily increase the risk of allergic reaction. However, beryllium is carcinogenic and can also lead to lung diseases or cancer. Extended exposure can increase this risk.
Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD)
CBD is a progressive loss of lung function and inhibition of normal lung function. Not everyone will have an allergic reaction to beryllium. The CDC estimates around 10% of workers exposed to beryllium are at risk. Beryllium sensitization refers to individuals who have an allergic reaction to beryllium. These individuals are susceptible to Chronic Beryllium Disease.
- Breathing difficulties
- Chest pain
- General weakness
- Pulmonary fibronodular disease
- Weight loss
There is no cure for Chronic Beryllium Disease. Treatment is typically aimed at reducing inflammation and slowing the disease progression. Prednisone or similar drugs are often prescribed by doctors to curb immune system response to beryllium and reduce symptoms.
A beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) can measure whether or not an exposed worker is allergic to beryllium. BeLPT tests have been found to be highly specific with the ability to identify CBD prior to any symptoms.
Chronic beryllium disease is typically confirmed with additional tests including chest x-rays, lung biopsy, scans or lung function tests. In the past CBD has commonly been confused and misdiagnosed as Sarcoidosis.
CBD Clinical Indications:
- Granulomas or lesions typically on the lungs
- Enlargement of liver
- Enlargement of spleen
- Right heart enlargement
- Kidney Stones
EEOICPA & Chronic Beryllium Disease
According to the Department of Labor’s official CBD pamphlet:
What are the Eligibility Criteria for CBD under Part B?
The medical evidence required to support a diagnosis of CBD under Part B differs based on the date of diagnosis. If CBD was diagnosed on or after January 1, 1993, the medical documentation must include: an abnormal beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT), or an abnormal Energy beryllium lymphocyte transformation test (BeLTT), performed on either blood or lung lavage cells; lung pathology consistent with CBD; plus any of the following:
- A lung biopsy showing granulomas or a lymphocytic process consistent with CBD
- A Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan showing changes consistent with CBD
- A pulmonary function study or exercise tolerance test showing pulmonary deficits consistent with CBD
If CBD was diagnosed before January 1, 1993, the medical documentation must include a history of, or epidemiological evidence of, exposure to beryllium, plus three of the following criteria:
- Characteristic chest X-ray or computed tomography (CT) abnormalities
- Restrictive or obstructive lung physiology testing or diffusing lung capacity defect
- Lung pathology consistent with CBD
- Clinical course consistent with a chronic respiratory disorder
- Immunologic tests showing beryllium sensitivity (skin patch test or beryllium blood test)
What are the Benefits for CBD accepted under Part B?
- Employees may receive a lump sum payment of $150,000 and payment of medical expenses from the filing date of the claim
- Eligible survivors may receive a lump sum payment of $150,000 (divided equally)
What are the Eligibility Criteria for CBD under Part E?
Eligible DOE contractor employees must have medical evidence to support a diagnosis of CBD:
- A rationalized medical report including a diagnosis of CBD from a qualified physician (a diagnosis of sarcoidosis will qualify as CBD, where there is beryllium exposure), and
- A qualified physician’s opinion that that exposure to beryllium was “at least as likely as not” a significant factor in causing, contributing to, or aggravating the employee’s CBD
- DOE contractor employers who receive CBD acceptances under Part B are presumed eligible under Part E for their CBD
- A positive BeLPT result is necessary to establish beryllium sensitivity
What are the Benefits for CBD accepted under Part E?
- Employees receive payment of medical expenses beginning on the date the claim is filed
- Employees are entitled to payments based on the level of their whole body impairment and/or years of qualifying wage loss, up to a maximum of $250,000
- Eligible survivors may receive a lump sum payment of $125,000, and if the employee had wage loss from CBD, possibly additional wage-loss compensation (divided equally)
Have Questions? Call Us (800) 718-5658
By Brian Carrigan
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Green is For Luck, Red is For Health: A Brief Overview of the Amazing Red Clover
Will the wonders of nature ever cease? Take the red clover plant for example – who knew that this wild plant from Asia and Europe had medicinal benefits? For instance, it contains a number of nutrients that include vitamin C, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, chromium, and calcium. What’s more, traditionally it’s been used to help women deal with menopause and remove toxins from the body.
Is your interest peaked yet? Come with us as we delve deep into the world of the red clover to get a better understanding of everything this powerful plant is touted to do.
About red clover
Although commonly used to feed cows and other grazing animals, red clover has also been used to treat a number of conditions like skin inflammation (eczema, psoriasis, etc.), respiratory problems, whooping cough, and cancer. There are even some healthcare practitioners that praise red clover for its ability to purify the body, which it does by:
● Acting as a diuretic and helping the body get rid of excess fluid
● Expectorant benefits i.e. helps the body get rid of mucus
● Cleans the liver
● Improves circulation
Benefits of red clover
Modern scientific tests have also proven that red clover contains something called isoflavones; plant-based chemicals that act like estrogen in the body. These chemicals are the key to this plant’s ailment-destroying powers. In fact, the ones found in this plant are said to aid in a number of conditions including:
● Heart disease: The isoflavones found in red clover have been associated with an increase in HDL, or good cholesterol, in both pre- and postmenopausal women. Plus, in a study of menopausal women, the women who took red clover supplements had arteries that were stronger and more flexible. This is arterial compliance, which can help prevent heart disease. Red clover also has blood thinning properties that prevent clots from forming and improves blood flow.
● Menopause: Because of its estrogenlike effects, researchers believe that red clover can reduce menopausal symptoms, like night sweats and hot flashes.
● Osteoporosis: There have been a few studies that suggest red clover may possibly increase bone mineral density in both pre-and perimenopausal women.
● Cancer: Preliminary evidence in some studies suggest that the isoflavones in red clover may stop cancer cells from growing. It may also prevent some forms of cancer, like endometrial and prostate cancer.
● Other uses: Ointments made from red clover have been traditionally used to treat skin issues like eczema, psoriasis, and other types of rashes. It’s also been used to provide cough relief for children. What’s more? Recent studies have shown that women may also gain psychological benefits from taking red clover.
How should I take it?
Red clover can be taken in a variety of forms that include:
● Liquid extract
● Extracts that contain specific isoflavone contents
● Ointment for topical skin application
By now you may be wondering how you can get your hands on this miracle plant. If so, have we got great news for you! Red clover is an essential ingredient in the amazing Jason Winter’s Formula and found in all our teas. Cheers to your health!
Leave a ReplyWant to join the discussion?
Feel free to contribute!
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The electronmagnetic spectrum is an array of light waves of different wavelengths. A wavelength is the distance between consecutive peaks of a wave.
With our eyes, we can see a small portion of this spectrum, called the visible light. Visible light consists of light waves ranging from what our eye percieves as violet to bright red. Violet light has the shortest wavelegth in the visible light range. Red light has the longest wavelength.
Waves shorter than violet waves are called ultra-violet. X-Rays have shorter wavelengths than ultra-violet. Our eyes cannot see them, but since light waves with shorter wavelengths carry more energy, they are more harmful to us.
Light waves with longer wavelengths than red, are called infrared waves. Micro-waves are even longer. Radio waves are even longer still. Our eyes cannot see infrared waves, but our skin can feel them as heat.
A heat lamp is nothing more than a bulb giving off a lot of infrared light. TV, radio, and cell phones receives information through radio waves.
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By the late 1800s, the Industrial Revolution had changed not only how goods were made in the United States and much of Europe but also where they were made. More and more people were leaving the countryside for jobs in large urban centers, where they lived and worked among strangers. In such a society, it is all too easy to blame someone else for all that is new and disturbing in life. They are responsible for society’s ills. Who are they? In the United States, they were African Americans, immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, Native Americans, and others who looked, spoke, or acted differently than we do.
Francis Galton, an English mathematician and Charles Darwin’s cousin, offered an attractive solution to the threat they posed. He promised to “raise the present miserably low standard of the human race” by “breeding the best with the best.” His theories were based on the idea that individuals are born with a “definite endowment” of qualities like “character, disposition, energy, intellect, or physical power”—qualities that in his view “go towards the making of civic worth.”
Galton decided that natural selection does not work in human societies the way it does in nature, because people interfere with the process. As a result, the fittest do not always survive. So he set out to consciously “improve the race.” He coined the word eugenics to describe efforts at “race betterment.” It comes from a Greek word meaning “good in birth” or “noble in heredity.” In 1883, Galton defined eugenics as “the science of improving stock, which is by no means confined to questions of judicious mating, but which . . . takes cognizance of all influences that tend in however remote a degree to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable than they otherwise would have had.”1
Galton was particularly concerned with the decline of genius in society. He believed that intelligence is an inherited trait and that the upper classes contain the most intelligent and accomplished people. He was therefore alarmed to discover that the poor had a higher birth rate. In 1904, Galton explained how eugenics might address that problem:
Eugenics is the science which deals with all influences that improve and develop the inborn qualities of a race. But what is meant by improvement? We must leave morals as far as possible out of the discussion on account of the almost hopeless difficulties they raise as to whether a character as a whole is good or bad. The essentials of eugenics may, however, be easily defined. All would agree that it was better to be healthy than sick, vigorous than weak, well fitted than ill fitted for their part in life. In short, that it was better to be good rather than bad specimens of their kind, whatever that kind might be. There are a vast number of conflicting ideals, of alternative characters, of incompatible civilizations, which are wanted to give fullness and interest to life. The aim of eugenics is to represent each class or sect by its best specimens, causing them to contribute more than their proportion to the next generation; that done, to leave them to work out their common civilization in their own way.
There are three stages to be passed through before eugenics can be widely practiced. First, it must be made familiar as an academic question, until its exact importance has been understood and accepted as a fact. Secondly, it must be recognized as a subject the practical development of which is in near prospect, and requires serious consideration. Thirdly, it must be introduced into the national conscience, like a new religion. It has, indeed, strong claims to become an orthodox religious tenet of the future, for eugenics cooperates with the workings of nature by ensuring that humanity shall be represented by the fittest races. What nature does blindly, slowly, and ruthlessly, man may do providently, quickly, and kindly. As it lies within his power, so it becomes his duty to work in that direction, just as it is his duty to be charitable to those in misfortune. The improvement of our stock seems one of the highest objects that can be reasonably attempted. We are ignorant of the ultimate destinies of humanity, but feel perfectly sure that it is as noble a work to raise its level as it would be disgraceful to abase it. I see no impossibility in eugenics becoming a religious dogma among mankind, but its details must first be worked out sedulously in the study. Over-zeal leading to hasty action would do harm by holding out expectations of a near golden age which would certainly be falsified and cause the science to be discredited. The first and main point is to secure the general intellectual acceptance of eugenics as a hopeful and most important study. Then let its principles work into the heart of the nation, which will gradually give practical effect to them in ways that we may not wholly foresee.2
Galton was not sure how to bring about these changes. Although he spent years studying heredity, by the time he died in 1911 he still had no idea how traits are passed from parent to child. In his research, however, Galton stumbled upon two discoveries that might have led another scientist to abandon eugenics. Neither fazed him. One was the result of a test he devised to measure intelligence. To his dismay, the poor did as well on the test as “the better elements in society.” He concluded that the problem lay in the test rather than his theory.
His second discovery resulted from his efforts to track successive generations of pea plants. He found that, no matter how high the quality of the parent strains, some offspring were as good as the parent plant and some worse, but most were a little worse. This idea is known in statistics as “regression toward the mean” or middle. Galton suspected it was true for humans as well. If so, it would be impossible to improve the “race” through eugenics. Yet neither finding altered Galton’s beliefs. He continued to insist that intelligence is linked to social class and that “the fittest” parents produce superior offspring.
Listen to an audio version of this reading.
- 1 Inquiries into the Human Faculty and Its Development by Francis Galton. J.M. Dent and Sons, 1883, p. 24.
- 2 Reprinted by permission from Nature, May 26, 1904. Copyright 1904 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
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Many visitors love the Rocky Mountains that stretch from Canada to New Mexico in the western region. They love gazing at the scenic snowcapped Rockies rising above the cloud line. This area is teaming with fantastic wildlife living across 266,714 acres of majority forest land with bare rocks and alpine tundras in between. The highest mountain is 11,000 feet high! Check out this blog about conservation efforts across the range to save animals in that region.
This elusive animal is rarely seen in the Rocky Mountains, but the species survives there the best it can. It’s a fearless animal spending most of its time in the high elevation of the mountains trekking the deep snow in search for food. It is an opportunistic eater ready to pounce on almost anything that crosses its path. It’s recognizable by its muscular stock body, distinctive dark to light coat, round eyes, short legs and a light-colored facemask with dark fur in the nose section. A judge struck down a law in 2014 that would classify the wolverine as an Endangered Species, setting back conservation efforts to save this mammal from extinction.
2. Canadian Lynx
Part of the feline family, this beautiful animal looks similar to a house cat but obviously is a lot bigger. It can be identified by the long pointy ear tufts listening for prey, a short bobbed tail that resembles a bobcat, thick fur for insulation in the snow, long legs for maneuvering like a running back, and very large paws that pushes deep down in the snow.
3. American Bison
Roaming the Colorado countryside is the largest mammal in North America. This is the American Bison (also called the buffalo). This animal can be identified by its humped shoulders on an insulated body with a hard neck and short, curved horns. Dominant males will defend their females against other dominant males. It’s a herbivore primarily eating grass and shrubs. Bison are also fast runners reaching speeds up to 40 miles per hour on an open plain. During the 19th century, over 50 million were killed in the United States for food and to prevent the Native Americans from thriving, which is why the American Bison is so highly valued today. This animal is so prominent that former president Obama signed the National Bison Legacy Act that made the American Bison a National Mammal.
4. Prairie Dog
These cute little critters are responsible for much forest devastation all over the country. However, they are also food sources for many airborne predators. What makes prairie dogs unique is their sophisticated language. They produce different sounds for different predators. For example, they have one sound for an owl and another for an eagle. Their high pitch bark is what gives them the name. White-tailed prairie dogs, which is a cousin of the squirrel, are found in Colorado. When
predators swoop down on them for a meal, the prairie dog can get out of dodge at 35 miles per hour! They are herbivores and build their own burrows all day long to the point other animals, including their land predators such as snakes, sometimes occupy the space. Prairie dogs are identified based on the short bushy tail, short ears that look hidden, eyes on the sides of their heads, and that beautiful golden brown fur just like a squirrel.
Standing in confidence and blending in with the beauty of the landscape is a majestic creature called elk. Males are called bulls and females are cows. They can be seen on the various trails throughout the Rocky Mountains. The males exert audible signals letting others know Fall is now here. They mostly eat forbs, plants, and grass. They have large, elaborate antlers and use them to fight with each other during mating seasons. Closely associated with the deer family, the elk was the source of meat and hide for early settlers in America.
Cougars have many names including Panthers, Pumas but are mostly known as Mountain Lions. These majestic creatures creep steadily through the forest waiting to pounce on a meal. Some look cuddly and non-harmless like a kitty cat because they are most related to household felines. However, these vicious apex predators should be here near a home because they are dangerous but also are typically nervous around people. They’re known as the largest feline in North America, sometimes nocturnal only coming out at night. Cougars are identifiable based on those reddish-brown to cinnamon coat colors. Populations are low, but they are thriving!
7. American Pika
Inspired Pikachu from the Pokemon series, the American Pika is a really beautiful animal. You can only find them digging out burrows in tree lines or under boulders. They are herbivores. Since they are closely related to the rabbit and look like a hare, their small round peppery brown body with no visible tail only measures 5-6 inches. They love the cold because of a sensitivity to heat and like to roam in higher elevations such as the Rocky Mountains. The recognizable high-pitched cleat is their signature sound. Predators that feed on the American Pikas are coyotes, hawks, and weasels.
8. Bighorn Sheep
The majestic bighorn sheep that are identifiable based on the obvious big horns and light brown to dark brown coat. The males have curved horns. They mostly eat grass in the summer and woody shrubs and hares in the winter. They live with herds that can range from 5 to 15. Since these bighorn sheep are technically rams, they can charge at 20-40 mile per hour. They have white patches on their butts.
9. Snowshoe hare
This animal is a beautiful white bunny with flurry fur and is usually found in the snow. Its larger than a regular hare and has higher hind feet to hop and skip across the snow with skill. It feeds on twigs and leaves. Its natural predator is the Canada lynx. Snowshoe hares are elusive and camouflage with the snow.
10. Yellow-bellied marmot
This of the largest animals in squirrel family that weighs about 2 pounds. Some can grow the size of cats. They dig burrows and live in high elevation. They are omnivores and will eat anything, including grass, insects, and animals. This creature is identifiable based on the nice brown fur to keep warm and a nice bushy tail. Males typically have a larger body weight than females.
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In light of events this past week the following entry in The Social Principles of Jesus struck me deeply. It is in the second chapter, “Solidarity of the Human Family.” I have provided the scripture reading in the English Standard Version.
Matthew 11:20-24 English Standard Version (ESV)
Woe to Unrepentant Cities
Then he began to denounce the cities where most of his mighty works had been done, because they did not repent. “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the mighty works done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But I tell you, it will be more bearable on the day of judgment for Tyre and Sidon than for you. And you, Capernaum, will you be exalted to heaven? You will be brought down to Hades. For if the mighty works done in you had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day. But I tell you that it will be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom than for you.”
FIFTH DAY: SOLIDARISTIC RESPONSIBILITY
We know that by constant common action a social group develops a common spirit and common standards of action, which then assimilate and standardizes the actions of its members. Jesus felt the solidarity of the neighborhood groups in Galilee with whom he mingled. He treats them as composite personalities, jointly responsible for their moral decisions.
- What groups of which we have been a part in the past have stamped us with the group character for good or evil? How about those of which we are now part?
- What have we learned from the Great War about national solidarity?
I remember reading Nehemiah’s prayer of confession in Nehemiah chapter 1 as a child. You can read it by clicking here. Nehemiah fasts and prays — confessing the sins of his nation and his forefathers. Pleading that God would forgive him and forgive them. I remember thinking to myself, ” What the heck, this wasn’t Nehemiah’s fault! He was a GOOD man! Why does he have to confess for something he didn’t even do!”
But Nehemiah, along with the other writers of scripture and wise individuals since them like Rauschenbusch, recognized that we are part of “composite systems” — stamped for better or worse with group characteristics and responsible for corporate sins.
I’m tempted to spend the rest of this blog pointing out where I see others lacking the mature sense to take responsibility for our current “composite personality.” But instead…
I’m sorry and I confess…
- … for the sins of my forefathers that have stained me, shaped me, and which through action or inaction I have accepted as my own sins.
- …for not standing up for the disenfranchised and oppressed.
- …for not speaking up for those without a voice.
- …for not seeing Christ in the other and for not receiving them with that realization.
- …for demonizing both those on the right and the left of me politically, theologically, socially. I am sorry and recognize that I am the problem for which I point my finger at you. Please forgive me!
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RICE (US) — In a petri dish, a small slab of gelatinous material beats with the rhythm of a living heart—progress toward a biocompatible patch to heal infant hearts.
The researchers report the results of years of effort to produce a material called a bioscaffold that could be sutured into the hearts of infants suffering from birth defects in the journal Acta Biomaterialia.
The scaffold, seeded with living cardiac cells, is designed to support the growth of healthy new tissue. Over time, it would degrade and leave a repaired heart.
Patches used now to repair congenital heart defects are made of synthetic fabrics or are taken from cows or from the patient’s own body. About one in 125 babies born in the United States suffers such a defect; three to six of every 10,000 have what’s known as a defect called Tetralogy of Fallot, a cause of “blue baby syndrome” that requires the surgical placement of a patch across the heart’s right ventricular outflow tract.
Current strategies work well until the patches, which do not grow with the patient, need to be replaced, says Jeffrey Jacot, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Rice University, director of the Pediatric Cardiac Bioengineering Laboratory at the Congenital Heart Surgery Service at Texas Children’s Hospital, and an adjunct professor at Baylor College of Medicine.
“None of those patches are alive,” Jacot says, including the biologically derived patches that are “more like a plastic” and are not incorporated into the heart tissue.
“They’re in a muscular area in the heart that’s important for contraction and, more so, for electrical conduction,” he says. “Electrical signals have to go around this area of dead tissue. And having dead tissue means the heart produces less force, so it’s not surprising that children with these types of repairs are more at risk for developing heart failure, arrhythmias, and fibrillation.
“What we’re making can replace current patches in an operation that surgeons are already familiar with and that has a very high short- and medium-term success rate, but with long-term complications,” he says.
The “sandwich” approach
A better scaffold would have to perform many functions perfectly. It must be strong enough to withstand the pressures delivered by a beating heart yet flexible enough to expand and contract; porous enough to allow new heart cells to migrate, make connections and excrete their own natural scaffold to replace the patch; and tough enough to handle sutures but still be able to biodegrade over just the right amount of time for natural tissue to take over.
The sandwich the researchers created seems to fill the bill on all counts. In the middle is a self-assembled polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer that hardens into a tough but stretchable ribbon. Mixing two types of PCL with different molecular weights allows tiny pores to form along the rough surface. The “bread” is a hydrogel made from a 50/50 mixture of gelatin and chitosan, a widely used material made from the shells of crustaceans like shrimp.
Heart cells cultured on the hydrogel surface were able to thrive and formed networks and ultimately beat. Though cells could not attach to the surface or pass through the pores of the PCL, the pores do allow nutrients to migrate from one side to the other, Jacot says. They also allow the hydrogel to hold on to the PCL core.
The lab tested the biodegradable qualities of the PCL and found that over 50 days, about 15 percent dispersed, leaving a ragged sheet. “It degrades in water,” Jacot says. “If it’s in the body, it will degrade, but it will be very slow, over the course of months.
“It should be stable for long enough that it allows muscular tissue to build up and take over the mechanical process. We want a patch we can suture in that can instantly handle ventricular pressure. But if we look at it later, we want it to look like normal tissue,” he says.
Stem cells next?
Years of testing await the researchers before human trials can begin, but Jacot and his team are already looking ahead to the possibilities their success could offer.
They hope to find a way to mix stem cell-derived heart cells from a patient into the hydrogel at the beginning of the process; stem cells may be drawn from several possible sources, including amniotic fluid routinely drawn from the newborn’s mother, the subject of ongoing study by Jacot’s lab. The cells would make a patch genetically identical to the child that could be implanted shortly after birth.
“If we can make a patch that works immediately,” Jacot says, “one that contracts and conducts and has living cells and grows with the patient, what other surgeries can we do that nobody can do now?”
Jacot worked with lead author Seokwon Pok and co-authors Jackson Myers, a Rice alumnus, and Sundararajan Madihally, an associate professor of chemical engineering at Oklahoma State University.
Texas Children’s Hospital and the National Institutes of Health supported the research.
Source: Rice University
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Walking makes you happy!
This is one of the reasons why you should walking every day.
Walking is good for your health: physical and mental.
A recent study from researchers at the University of Michigan found that taking group nature walks could increase your mental well-being and help you feel less depressed. Walking is also a good way to get more vitamin D from the sun, which helps you fight against cancer, depression, heart attacks, and strokes.
A new study from Stanford University shows that walking increases creativity by 60% and doing it outdoors is best for sparking your imagination.
Walking is also a great form of physical activity for people who are overweight, elderly, or who haven’t exercised in a long time.
Health benefits of walking:
1. helps you sleep better
2. burn more calories
3. reduce body fat
4. increased cardiovascular and pulmonary (heart and lung) fitness
5. reduced risk of heart disease and stroke
6. improved management of conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure), high cholesterol, joint and muscular pain or stiffness, and diabetes
7. makes stronger bones and improved balance
8. increased muscle strength and endurance
9. prevents varicose veins
10. can also reduce your risk of developing conditions such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and some cancers
11. Your digestion will improve
12. You'll boost your immunity
13. You'll live longer
14. You’ll boost your creativity and problem solving
Walking is a low impact, requires minimal equipment, can be done at any time of day.
Make walking pleasure and interesting
Some suggestions to help you make regular walking a pleasurable form of physical activity:
* varying where you walk - up hills, on the beach, in mountains (trekking)
* walking with the dog
* walking with friends
* joining a walking club.
Make walking as a part of your daily routine.
Taking a 30-minute walk a day is kind of like that proverbial apple: There’s a good chance it’ll keep the doctor away.
Notice: The recommended number of steps accumulated per day to achieve health benefits is 10,000 steps or more
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Georgia Whistleblower Laws
When employees report ethical or environmental wrongdoing by their employers, they risk retaliation. But so-called "whistleblower" laws provide a level of protection from this and encourage employee to speak out. Georgia whistleblower laws, which only protect public (not private) employees, prohibit public employers from taking action (or threatening to take action) in response to a complaint about a legal violation or breach of the public trust.
The main provisions of Georgia whistleblower laws are listed in the following table. See Whistleblower Protections for additional details.
|Prohibited Employer Activity||No action may be taken or threatened by any public employer with authority to take, direct others to take, recommend or approve as a reprisal for making a complaint or disclosing information to the public employer unless information disclosed with knowledge that it was false or with willful disregard for its truth or falsity|
|Protection for Public or Private Employees?||Public|
|Opportunity for Employer to Correct?||-|
|Remedies||Can have any prohibited action taken by employer set aside in a proceeding in court|
Note: State laws are constantly changing -- contact a Georgia employment attorney or conduct your own legal research to verify the state law(s) you are researching.
Research the Law
- Georgia Law
- Official State Codes - Links to the official online statutes (laws) in all 50 states and DC.
Georgia Whistleblower Laws: Related Resources
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There is already much written about the ancient site of the Zeus Shrine in Dion. There are also numerous articles on the Internet. That is why I would like to devote myself here to a less known detail - the mosaics of Dion. And here, in particular, the restoration of the great Dionysos.
In the summer of 1987 archaeologists found the most important mosaic of the extensive excavation site under a layer of soil (the excavations still last). Protected by the cover layer it is almost completely preserved. It shows the epiphany of the triumphant Dionysus. In a chariot drawn by panthers, accompanied by two centaurs, he emerges from the sea, supported by his companion, Silenius, with a cup of wine in his hand.
Of course this precious find had to be protected. As it was to be open to the public, it was decided to take a look at the site called "Villa des Dionysos". Over 20 years ago the mosaic was protected from people and sun under a roof construction. In order to be able to see the work from all sides, a footbridge was built, on which one could orbit it. The roof helped against the rays of the sun, against the water and the general decay, however, it was powerless. From year to year the condition became worse. Individual mosaic stones (Tessera) dissolved from the ground, plants grew in the cracks. It was only a matter of time before this jewelry, which had remained largely intact for over two thousand years, would be destroyed.
It was therefore decided to create a separate building specifically for this work of art. It is located just behind the museum, west of it, and was baptized in the name of Archaeothiki. All artifacts found here should also be displayed. After completion of the building, only the mosaic from the "Villa Dionysos" had to be removed, transported and rebuilt. It was obvious that it should be renovated in the course of its laying. In the fall of 2015, conservators, archaeologists and workers began to work with this large-scale project. In order to be able to divide the image into several parts, the position and shape of the individual mosaic stones were first recorded on the intended dividing lines. They were then removed. A special adhesive and textile webs were applied to fix the individual stones in their place. After that the individual parts of the mosaic had to be separated from the floor. At the edge, with long drills, close to each other, holes were drilled into the ground beneath the fixed object. The mosaic parts were separated from the ground with flat steel blades, which were cut into the holes at certain intervals. Now it was raised carefully to drive a suitable steel plate underneath. The surface covered the helper with a wooden plate. With several belt tensioners, the plates were fixed against each other so that no movement was possible during transport. Via a ramp the parts weighing up to 500 kg reached a trailer and were transported to Archaeothiki.
Meanwhile, in Archaeothiki, a precise image of the entire mosaic was spread on the ground. It was made on a scale of 1: 1 to show the restorers the space for each part. In order to stabilize the mosaic stones, the next step was to remove the old mortar layer under the mosaic and replace it with new mortar. The curators dissolved the special glue with steam and removed the glued web. Beneath this was the undamaged mosaic. The move was successful.
Before the parts were fixed in their future place, some of them were packed again and flown to New York. There they were part of an exhibition of the Onassis Foundation, which incidentally participated generously in the restoration.
In the meantime, the total is back in Dion, and the puzzle is carefully composed by professionals. It is still cleaned and glued - the whole thing looks like a construction site. One year, one wants to take the time to restore the original state during the year 2017.
If you would like to experience the restoration work on this property "live", you should hurry.
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How menstruation works - Emma Bryce
- 964,441 Views
- 32,041 Questions Answered
- TEDEd Animation
You may also want to read up in more detail about the various hormones that control the menstrual cycle. See here and here for information about follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone. Curious about the role of the pituitary in all of this? See here and here to find out more.
When it comes to the female reproductive system, there are a lot of words to grasp: here are some sources that will help you understand more about ovaries, their follicles, and the miniscule oocytes within. This resource will give you a good sense of how the ovarian follicle matures in response to the body's hormones. Meanwhile, here's a web page with a helpful diagram that explains in detail how fertilization actually happens.
Finally, here's a helpful, detailed guide for anyone curious about what to expect during a first period. And, if you're interested in the evolutionary basis of this biological process, take a look at this TED-Ed video, which explains why women get periods in the first place. The answer might not be what you expect!
Create and share a new lesson based on this one.
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Private jets are small sized aircraft that can transport groups of people to specific destinations they wish to reach. The smallest models of private jets in history could accommodate only the pilot and one passenger. In this article we will show you how private jets have evolved over the years.
Who Uses Private Jets?
The most common image in people’s minds when they hear the words private jet is Hollywood celebrities and famous sportspeople. While it is true that these categories represent a significant target market for private jet sales and rentals, they are not the only one.
Business people also use private jets when they need to get to an important meeting. In many cases, they would never be there on time if they were to book a ticket at a major airline. There is a lot of waiting time during check-in and the boarding procedure. Also, during peak seasons, even the most expensive business class seats are taken.
Thus, private jets are not just a whim of the rich and famous – they are a necessity, a niche service in increasing demand all over the world.
The First Passenger Air Transport Service
If we want to start from the very beginning, we have to go back as far as 1926. This is the year when a mailing company – Western Air Express – started taking passengers on board its planes.
People who wanted to experience flying had only one route available: from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles. The flight took 8 hours. By comparison, a modern private jet can cover the same distance in 2 hours.
In terms of in-flight amenities, there were none. The passengers were sitting on mailing bags, as there was not enough room even for regular chairs. However, the fare price for this trip was exorbitant for those times: $150. To put things into perspective, a brand new Ford Model T car cost $290.
The First Private Jets
The first proper private jet is also one of the best known names and looks on the market: the Learjet. Its sleek design still impresses over five decades after it was launched. Created by Bill Lear, the small private jet had its maiden flight on 7 October 1963, taking off from Wichita, Kansas.
Across the Atlantic, in France, another iconic private jet was launched. The Mystere 20, built by Dessault Falcon, carried its first passengers from the Bordeaux-Merignac Airport. This private jet model also has a claim to fame as it was featured in the box-office success movie “How to Steal a Million” starring Audrey Hepburn.
The 1960s end with two more aircraft brands entering the private jet market: the Gulfstream in 1966 and the Brazilian company Embraer (currently the third largest manufacturer of private jets in the world).
A Breakthrough for Private Jet Flights: An Airport of Their Own
The 1980s started with a major decision taken in France. As private jet traffic increased tremendously, the Parisian authorities decided to designate Le Bourget airport as strictly for this types of planes.
At the present, Le Bourget is still the busiest private jet airport in Europe. Every year, over 48,000 flights take off and land here.
Breaking Speed Records
The 1990s saw a new rising star on the firmament of private jet manufacturers: Cessna. The first model, Citation X was launched in 1993, followed by the Citation XL in 1996.
At the present, the current version of Citation X is the fastest private jet in the world. Its top speed is MACH 0.935, that is, just a little bit under the speed of sound. On the other hand, the Citation XL current variant is the best-selling private jet model in the world. Over 600 Cessna Citation XL aircraft are currently in service and counting.
Present Days and Looking to the Future
In 2008, the newly launched Gulfstream G650 became the longest range private jet to present. It also managed to set a speed record for non-supersonic airplanes in October 2013 by going around the globe in 41 hours and 7 minutes. That is a far cry from Jules Verne’s Around the World in 89 Days….
What does the future hold? As with other types of means of transport, the future of private jets seems to be electric. Manufacturers are striving to make private jets faster, more reliable, more affordable and more environmentally friendly. At the same time, they are looking into the possibility of incorporating the technology used in helicopters for vertical take-off and landing.
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Drug and Alcohol Information
Positive Choices is an online portal to help school communities access accurate, up-to-date drug education resources and prevention programs.
Research suggests the teenage years are when alcohol and other drug use are first initiated. This highlights the importance of intervening early with young people to prevent drug use uptake and associated harms.
School staff and parents can play an important role in protecting young people from drug-related harms and empowering them to make positive choices. Teachers, school counsellors and parents are also the primary sources of contact for young people seeking advice or help for drug use issues, thus it is crucial they are equipped with accurate information and evidence-based harm prevention strategies.
To meet this need, the Australian Government Department of Health funded the development of Positive Choices, an online portal that recognises cultural diversity and provides access to interactive evidence-based drug education resources for school communities. Positive Choices was informed by input from teachers, parents and students across Australia, and was developed in collaboration by researchers from:
The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney
Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS)
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales
National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University
Who this service is for
Young people, parents and school communities.
How this service is delivered
Call or visit us online
Visit our website to access our resources and information.
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Sharks are apex predator. They maintain balance of biodiversity and resource availability. They also keep the carbon cycle in motion. Yet humans kill around 100 to 273 million sharks every year, while sharks kill less than 10 people per year. These numbers are clearly outrageous. In Hawaii, House Bill 808 which outlaws the intentional killing, capture, abuse or entanglement of sharks and rays in state marine waters was introduced in January and just passed it’s first House Committee!
The bill was introduced by Senator Mike Gabbard, chair of the Senate Agriculture and Environment Committee, and state Representative Nicole Lowen, chair of the House Environmental Protection and Energy Committee. The goal is for the proposal to become law. It would penalize those who kill sharks and rays. The first offense would be a $500 fine and the third would be $10,000.
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Photographs and caption by @juansharks // This week is a win for sharks like this big beautiful, great white shark in #Hawaii because the bill to ban the purposeful killing of sharks and rays passed its first House committee. Thank you to the thousands of people who wrote in! You truly helped. Stay tuned as there will be more chances to get involved in the passing of this new law. #ApexPredatorsNotMonster and replace the fear with respect and with the knowledge that we need sharks for healthy marine ecosystems. They may not be respected in every human culture in the world, but that doesn’t make them any less crucial to our oceans. With @oceanramsey.
Unfortunately, there will be exceptions for research, cultural practices and public safety. However, if this becomes law, Hawaii would be the first state to have such laws that protect these marine animals!
Representative Lowen says, “As apex predators, sharks and rays help to keep the ocean ecosystem in balance, and protecting them from unnecessary harm is essential to the health of our coral reefs. I’m hopeful that this year will be the year that we are able to take this important step.” Senator Gabbard added, “Sharks (mano) and Rays (hihimanu) are key marine species, important to the resiliency of our oceans. They deserve full protection under law from unnecessary killing or exploitation.”
Show your support for House Bill 808 by signing a petition!
To learn more about sharks, check out Why Humans Need Sharks, Why Sharks Should Not Be Culled to Protect Surfers, and The Amazing 21 Year Old Who Has Devoted Her Life to Fighting for Sharks.
For more Animal, Life, Vegan Food, Health, and Recipe content published daily, don’t forget to subscribe to the One Green Planet Newsletter!
Being publicly-funded gives us a greater chance to continue providing you with high quality content. Please support us!
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macos复制粘贴快捷键Copying and pastingtext is one of those things everybody who uses a computer needs to know, but even though copy/paste is one of the simplest functions you will learn, it can ...
Copying and pasting text is one of those things everybody who uses a computer needs to know, but even though copy/paste is one of the simplest functions you will learn, it can bring with it one big hassle: special formatting.
There are actually a couple ways to copy and paste text without the formatting. Many folks copy the text in question, paste it into a blank TextEdit document, and then copy the plain text from there and paste it into your target document.
That’s a perfectly acceptable way to go about things, but it’s a little unwieldy and time consuming. Plus, if you’re pasting a really large amount of text, say in the neighborhood of dozens or even hundreds of pages, you’re going to want a better way.
When you paste your unformatted text, you will then need to go through and reformat to your preferences.
The keyboard combination should work on the majority of Mac apps whether you’re pasting into email, a note, and so forth. It won’t however, work as intended on a Microsoft Word document. Word appropriates the Command+Option+Shift+V shortcut for its own purposes. Instead, you will have to use Command+Control+V.
Hopefully this will help you understand your options when pasting text from one place to another. While sometimes you may want to hang onto the formatting, other times stripping it all out is preferable.
Just remember, Command+Option+Shift+V will do the job almost every time except with notable exceptions like Word. If the keyboard shortcut doesn’t work and you can’t figure it out, then you can always resort to the TextEdit method.
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| 0.870971 | 510 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Future of Sustainable Automotive Design
A team of students from the Eindhoven University of Technology has designed a 3D-printed vehicle that demonstrates the potential of sustainable mobility. The concept car “Noah” was developed in collaboration with Oceanz.
Image source cover photo: TU/ecomotive / Eindhoven University of Technology
At Eindhoven University of Technology’s department TU/ecomotive a group of students designed a 3D-printed concept car built entirely from recyclable materials. With this they showcase the potentials of automotive evolution and importantly, sustainable mobility. As collaboration partner they worked with Oceanz, a Netherlands-based 3D printing company.
Support by Oceanz
Every year the students create a sustainable concept car, which is kind of a tradition at TU/ecomotive. In the last few years 3D printing has taken an essential role in the conception process and in 2018, Oceanz has already provided its 3D printing support to the students the second time.
Who is Noah?
This year’s car is called Noah. Noah is a circular two-person car. As mentioned before it is built entirely from recyclable materials. In fact, the car’s chassis, body, and interior are primarily made from bio-based materials, further ensuring the vehicle’s sustainable nature. Another special thing about Noah is its structure, because the design is created in a way, which makes it possible to easily disassemble the car. This means that, when Noah is no longer in service, its parts can easily be recycled or used for another purpose.
Lightweight, Eco-Friendly and Cheap
Notably, the sustainable car integrates a number of interior and exterior parts that are 3D-printed from Oceanz’ durable EcoPowder material. Furthermore the company taught how to design parts with optimal material usage. This enabled the students to design parts that are not only lightweight and more eco-friendly, but also cheaper than traditionally manufactured parts. As Jonathan Verhaar, a student at TU Eindhoven, says:
“This meeting was an eye-opener. From the design to the final phase, we see a lot of possibilities for sustainability, but also for structure and complex forms.”
Oceans, 3D Prinitng and The TU Eindhoven
The collaboration between the students and Ocenaz demonstrated how 3D printing can be used to transform automotive design and make it fit into a circular economy.
“3D printing contributes to a very sustainable production technique,”
adds Frank Elbersen, sales engineer at Oceanz.
“In addition to our expertise and possibilities, this is also a project that we would like to grow. With this group of students we are faced with a new era. We like to work with these trendsetters. With their knowledge we will be able to inform our customers further.”
What do you think about such projects and can you imagine buying this car?
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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http://blog.drupa.com/en/the-future-of-sustainable-automotive-design-2/
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en
| 0.957758 | 633 | 2.78125 | 3 |
when something is planned or arranged.
-I am going to Spain in a few days. ( I already have my tickets)
Use of will:
when the future is not planned or you make the decision at the moment of speaking.
-I'll probably stay at home today.
Looking for ESL work?: Try our EFL / TOEFL / ESL Jobs Section!
To express a PREDICTION: Will or Be going to
I think it will rain tomorrow OR
I think it's going to rain tomorrow.
To express a PRIOR PLAN: only use BE going to
(This means that you made plans in the past to do the activity)
A: Why did you buy that paint?
B: I'm going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.
(I decided to paint my bedroom yesterday and I intend on painting it tomorrow)
To express WILLINGNESS: only use Will
(The Phone is ringing)
I'll get it! (means that you are volunteering to do it)
Try this site, there are some explanations about that subject.
Will = desire/intention as in "last will and testament" or "god's will"
"I will" is used to expresses a strong desire
Where, "I am going to" is simply a statment of fact. I am going to do it (whether i want to or not).
I think the destinction is really blurred so most people just choose one according to their style.
People are waiting to help.
Related forum topics:
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CC-MAIN-2016-40
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https://www.englishforums.com/English/WhatDifferenceBetweenGoing/brkb/post.htm
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en
| 0.946743 | 320 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The History of English Teaching Methodology by S. Kathleen Kitao : Doshisha Women’s College, Kyoto, Japan Kenji Kitao : Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan Language teaching has been around for many centuries, and over the centuries, it has changed. Various influences have affected language teaching. Reasons for learning language have been different in different periods. In some eras, languages were mainly taught for the purpose of reading. In others, it was taught mainly to people who needed to use it orally. These differences influenced how language was taught in various periods.
Also, theories about the nature of language and the nature of learning have changed. However, many of the current issues in language teaching have been considered off and on throughout history. Ancient Times The history of the consideration of foreign language teaching goes back at least to the ancient Greeks. They were interested in what they could learn about the mind and the will through language learning. The Romans were probably the first to study a foreign language formally. They studied Greek, taught by Greek tutors and slaves. Their approach was less philosophical and more practical than that of the Greeks.
Europe in Early Modern Times In Europe before the 16th century, much of the language teaching involved teaching Latin to priests. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, French was a lingua franca for speaking to foreigners. Members of the court spoke French, of course, but it was also a necessary language for travelers, traders, and soldiers. French was fairly widely taught during this period, and a study of the theoretical books and language textbooks from this period indicate that many of the same questions that are being considered today by language teachers were being considered then.
These included questions about practice versus learning rules and formal study versus informal use. The status of Latin changed during this period from a living language that learners needed to be able to read, write in, and speak, to a dead language which was studied as an intellectual exercise. The analysis of the grammar and rhetoric of Classical Latin became the model language teaching between the 17th and 19th centuries, a time when thought about language teaching crystalized in Europe.
Emphasis was on learning grammar rules and vocabulary by rote, translations, and practice in writing sample sentences. The sentences that were translated or written by the students were examples of grammatical points and usually had little relationship to the real world. This method came to be known as the grammar-translation method. Though some people tried to challenge this type of language education, it was difficult to overcome the attitude that Classical Latin (and to a lesser extent Greek) was the most ideal language and the way it was taught was the model for the way language should be taught.
When modern languages were taught as part of the curriculum, beginning in the 18th century, they were generally taught using the same method as Latin. The 19th and Early to Mid-20th Century The Grammar-Translation Method The grammar-translation method was the dominant foreign language teaching method in Europe from the 1840s to the 1940s, and a version of it continues to be widely used in some parts of the world, even today. However, even as early as the mid-19th, theorists were beginning to question the principles behind the grammar-translation method. Changes were beginning to take place.
There was a greater demand for ability to speak foreign languages, and various reformers began reconsidering the nature of language and of learning. Among these reformers were two Frenchmen, C. Marcel and F. Gouin, and an Englishman, T. Pendergast. Through their separate observations, they concluded that the way that children learned language was relevant to how adults should learn language. Marcel emphasized the importance of understanding meaning in language learning. Pendergast proposed the first structural syllabus. He proposed arranging grammatical structures so that the easiest were taught first.
Gouin believed that children learned language through using language for a sequence of related actions. He emphasized presenting each item in context and using gestures to supplement verbal meaning. Though the ideas of these and other reformers had some influence for a time, they did not become widespread or last long. They were outside of the established educational circles, and the networks of conferences and journals which exist today did not exist then to spread their ideas. Reforms However, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, linguists became interested in he problem of the best way to teach languages. These reformers, who included Henry Sweet of England, Wilhelm Vietor of Germany, and Paul Passy of France, believed that language teaching should be based on scientific knowledge about language, that it should begin with speaking and expand to other skills, that words and sentences should be presented in context, that grammar should be taught inductively, and that translation should, for the most part, be avoided. These ideas spread, and were consolidated in what became known as the Direct Method, the first of the “natural methods. The Direct Method became popular in language schools, but it was not very practical with larger classes or in public schools. Behaviorism and Language Teaching Developments in other fields have, at times, had an effect on language teaching. In the field of psychology, behaviorism has had a great effect on language teaching. Various scientists in the early to mid-1900s did experiments with animals, trying to understand how animals learned, and through animals, how humans learned. One of the most famous of these scientists was Ivan Pavlov.
His experiments showed that if he rang a bell before giving food to the dogs he was studying, when the dogs heard the bell, they would salivate, even before the food was presented to them. This is called a conditioned response. Pavlov believed that this indicated that this is how animals learned, even in the wild. Pavlov and other studying in fields of animal behavior (including John Watson and B. F. Skinner) came to believe that animal behavior was formed by a series of rewards or punishments. Skinner, in particular, promoted the idea that human behavior could be described using the same model.
In applying his principles to language, Skinner theorized that parents or other caretakers hear a child say something that sounds like a word in their language, they reward the child with praise and attention. The child repeats words and combinations of words that are praised and thus learns language. Behaviorism, along with applied linguistics, which developed detailed descriptions of the differences between languages, had a great influence on language teaching. Theorists believed that languages were made up of a series of habits, and that if learners could develop all these habits, they would speak the language well.
Also, they believed that a contrastive analysis of languages would be invaluable in teaching languages, because points in which the languages were similar would be easy for students, but points in which they were different would be difficult for students. From these theories arose the audio-lingual method. The audio-lingual method is based on using drills for the formation of good language habits. Students are given a stimulus, which they respond to. If their response is correct, it is rewarded, so the habit will be formed; if it is incorrect, it is corrected, so that it will be suppressed.
The Mid- to Late-20th Century In the years following World War II, great changes took place, some of which would eventually influence language teaching and learning. Language diversity greatly increased, so that there were more languages to learn. Expansion of schooling meant that language learning was no longer the prerogative of the elite but something that was necessary for a widening range of people. More opportunities for international travel and business and international social and cultural exchanges increased the need for language learning.
As a result, renewed attempts were made in the 1950s and 1960s to 1) use new technology (e. g. , tape recorders, radios, TV, and computers) effectively in language teaching, 2) explore new educational patterns (e. g. , bilingual education, individualized instruction, and immersion programs), and 3) establish methodological innovations (e. g. , the audio-lingual method). However, the hoped-for increase in the effectiveness of language education did not materialize, and some of the theoretical underpinnings of the developments were called into question.
Beginning in the mid-1960s, there has been a variety of theoretical challenges to the audio-lingual method. Linguist Noam Chomsky challenged the behaviorist model of language learning. He proposed a theory called Transformational Generative Grammar, according to which learners do not acquire an endless list of rules but limited set of transformations which can be used over and over again. For example, a sentence is changed from an affirmative to a negative sentence by adding not and the auxiliary verb to, i. e. , “I go to New York every week” would be changed to “I do not go to New York every week. With a fairly limited number of these transformations, according to Chomsky, language users can form an unlimited number of sentences. Other theorists have also proposed ideas that have influenced language teaching. Stephen Krashen, for example, studied the way that children learn language and applied it to adult language learning. He proposed the Input Hypothesis, which states that language is acquired by using comprehensible input (the language that one hears in the environment) which is slightly beyond the learner’s present proficiency.
Learners use the comprehensible input to deduce rules. Krashen’s views on language teaching have given rise to a number of changes in language teaching, including a de-emphasis on the teaching of grammatical rules and a greater emphasis on trying to teach language to adults in the way that children learn language. While Krashen’s theories are not universally accepted, they have had an influence. Developments in various directions have taken place since the early 1970s.
There has been developments such as a great emphasis on individualized instruction, more humanistic approaches to language learning, a greater focus on the learner, and greater emphasis on development of communicate, as opposed to merely linguistic, competence. Some “new methods,” including the Silent Way, Suggestopedia, and Community Language Learning, have gained followings, and these reflect some of the above trends. In addition, there has been a disillusionment with the whole methods debate, partly due to inconclusiveness of research on methods, and calls for a deeper understanding of the process of language learning itself.
Finally, there has been a greater stress on authenticity in language learning, meaning that the activities involved in language learning reflect real-world uses of the language. Conclusion Over the centuries, many changes have taken place in language learning, and yet there is evidence that considerations related to language learning have come up again and again through history. No doubt the search for a greater understanding of language learning, and more effective language teaching, will continue.
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en
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Abstract 238: Oxygen Regulates the Flux of Nitric Oxide Diffusion across the Vascular Wall
Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in maintaining vascular tone. It is known that NO may be consumed by heme proteins, superoxide and oxygen during diffusion from the endothelium to smooth muscle cells in the vascular wall. Due to the limitation of available techniques, it is unclear to what extent these consumptions can affect the diffusion distance of NO, and if the vascular NO consumption could serve as a “sensor” of oxygen concentrations in the blood vessels. In this study, rat aortas were used as an experimental model for studying NO diffusion process in the vascular system. A Clark-type NO electrode was used to directly measure the flux of NO diffusion across the vascular wall at 37 °C. A segment of aorta was isolated from a 12-week old WKY rat. After the aorta was cleaned and surrounding tissue was removed, it was longitudinally opened. A specifically-designed aorta holder was attached on the tip of the Clark-type NO electrode. The aorta holder surface and the electrode tip surface were aligned in the same plane so that the opened aorta segment could be placed flat on the electrode tip surface and pinned to the aorta holder. Using this technique, we measured the flux of NO diffusion across the aortic wall at different oxygen concentration. It was observed that the NO flux increased 6 to 10 fold when oxygen concentrations dropped from 200 μM to zero. A mathematical model describing the steady-state diffusion-reaction was used in analyzing the experimental data. It was found that the rate of NO decay is first order with respect to [O2] and first order with respect to [NO], and hence of the form k[O2][NO]. The rate constant k was determined as (3.8±0.4)x10−3 μM−1s−1 (n=6). With this rate constant, the half-life of NO in the aortic wall in the presence of 200 μM O2 (equilibrium with room air) will be 0.9 seconds. Our results show that the flux and diffusion distance of NO in the aortic wall is largely regulated by oxygen concentration. When oxygen concentrations drop, NO diffusion distance will significantly increase. As a result, the blood vessel will dilate to a larger extent to allow more blood to be delivered to the hypoxic tissues. Therefore this vascular NO consumption appears to play the role of an oxygen sensor in the regulation of blood flow in the body.
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en
| 0.942077 | 541 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Today South Africa celebrates Youth Day in commemoration of the anniversary of the Soweto uprising. On June 16,1976 students rose up in protest against the racist and unjust bantu education system. The students were protesting against an order from the then Bantu Education Department that Afrikaans be used as a medium of instruction in schools.
On this fateful day, the students congregated with the intention of peacefully marching to Orlando Stadium but as they took to the streets of Soweto they clashed with the Apartheid police who tried to block the march using force and violence.
The Apartheid police fired teargas into the crowd and set police dogs on the students, who in turn threw stones at the police in self defence.
As the skirmishes continued, without warning, the police fired shots into the crowd, and what followed was a bloodbath, with many students dying in the protest. The June 1976 death toll has been put at 176, and thousands were injured in the process.
What triggered the protests were the pronouncements to use Afrikaans as the language as instruction but beyond that, the struggle was essentially against the whole systematically unjust and racist system of Bantu education. The system was characterised by separate education departments, segregated schools and universities, poor facilities, overcrowded classrooms and inadequately trained teachers.
During apartheid, there were separate government department and organs for each racial group and each respective department had different resources, curriculum and funding available. The Department of Education and Training (DET) served Africans in the townships and homelands. The House of Representatives (HOR) served coloured students under the Department of Coloured Affairs, the House of Delegates (HOD) served Indian students through the Department of Indian Affairs, and the House of Assembly (HOA) white students.
The discriminatory bantu education system was structurally designed to deprive Africans of meaningful education opportunities to keep them at the margins of society.
However, the discrimination became one of the rallying points, which inspired the political movements fighting for independence, freedom, equality and justice.
The journey to freedom and democracy was indeed long and arduous and many lives were lost. As South Africa celebrates this historic day, we remember and salute the sacrifices made by the country’s young people.
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| 0.974525 | 466 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The Rise and Fall of Plastic Straws
Five millennia ago, the Sumerians of Mesopotamia invented the first known straws. These were long, metal tubes designed for easily drinking beer out of large vats. Thousands of years later an American inventor by the name of Marvin Stone commercialized the straw in 1888. These first commercially produced straws were made of paper and wax, much like paper straws today. It wasn’t until the 1960s when infrastructure for the mass production of plastic made it possible to produce plastic straws in the millions. Eventually, paper straws were made obsolete by plastic, which was cheaper and more durable. The production of plastic straws has accelerated ever since.
Littered beaches are becoming an increasingly common sight in the post-plastic world.
Today, Americans use 500 million straws every day. That amounts to more than one and a half straws, per person, per day. Furthermore, plastic straws are one of the top 5 single-use items that contribute to the 8 million+ tons of plastic that end up in the world’s oceans each year.
In 2018, a viral video of a sea turtle having a plastic straw removed from its nose drew mass attention to the worsening issue. To date, this video has garnered nearly 40 million views. It was around this time that consumer opinions on plastic straws began to shift. People began to realize that the mild convenience which straws provide was not worth the environmental damage they cause.
As consumers spoke up, companies and governments began to act. McDonalds and Starbucks, two of the largest straw sources, both claim to be moving towards the elimination of plastic straws. Seattle took drastic action in 2018 when it banned plastic straws and non-compostable utensils outright. After Seattle’s ban, California soon followed with a less strict ban which requires customers to ask for a straw if they would like one rather than being given a straw by default. In addition to these bans, a slew of other governments and organizations have joined the fight against plastic waste.
While these regulations represent a positive change in consumer consciousness, they have barely scratched the surface. Billions of plastic straws continue to be used worldwide, filling landfills, littering streets, and polluting oceans.
The Alternatives: Which Straw is Right for You?
For most people, drinking through a straw is a mild convenience. Many have determined the environmental impact of straws makes them not worth using. For people on the go, small children, or those with disabilities, however, plastic straws are a daily part of life.
Luckily, recent products have made it possible to use straws AND live a more sustainable lifestyle. Making the switch can make a big difference. Just one person using an alternative straw will save roughly 38,000 straws over the course of their life! To put that into perspective, 38,000 standard straws stacked end to end would reach as high as 25 Eiffel Towers! But which sustainable solution is right for you? We will discuss the two most popular plastic alternatives: reusable straws and paper straws.
A stainless steel straw (pictured above) is one of the many new types of reusable straws on the market.
Reusable straws have a simple goal in mind: eliminate the need for many plastic straws by purchasing a single, durable, reusable straw. Popular materials for reusable straws include glass, acrylic, stainless steel, bamboo, and silicon. Each type has their own differences in durability and usability, but for now we will cover general advantages and disadvantages.
- Aesthetically pleasing
- Made of high-quality materials
- Can be easily lost
- Requires regular cleaning
Its important to note that if you are prone to losing or forgetting things, reusable straws might be a bad option. Having to buy many reusable straws would probably offset the ecological benefit of reducing plastic waste in the first place!
Paper straws are a tried and true solution, offering both convenience and sustainability.
A return to drinking straw roots, modern paper straws tackle the problem of plastic straws directly. Though they are disposable, paper straws biodegrade in weeks rather than decades and can even be easily composted at home. This means they won’t be around long enough to pose danger to marine life or the environment. Unlike re-usable straws, paper straws are cheap and can directly replace plastic straws in restaurant and fast food applications.
- Lower structural integrity
- Can be more expensive than plastic
Though they will biodegrade relatively quickly in landfills, the most eco-friendly method of disposal is composting. Paper straws are carbon rich and can be a great addition to a home compost pile!
Plastic straws can be composted easily at home! They break down into compost in just over a month.
At the end of the day, both solutions can greatly decrease the amount of plastic that pollutes our planet. Taking small steps towards reducing your personal contribution to plastic pollution is a great way to start living a smart, simple, and sustainable lifestyle. If you would like to learn more about our eco-friendly straw options, be sure to follow our Instagram Account or visit us on Amazon.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.biogreenchoice.com/blogs/blog/the-rise-and-fall-of-plastic-straws
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en
| 0.947011 | 1,147 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The actual contractionary phase of the Great Depression lasted from 1931 to 1933 in New Zealand, and the country experienced a contraction in real GNP of 14.6% from 1929 to 1932 (Rankin 1992: 61). The country left the gold standard in 1931, as the UK did, and its experience of the depression was not as severe as the US, since New Zealand had no collapsing asset bubble in 1931-1933 that had been driven by high levels of private debt. Hence it escaped the severe type of debt deflationary spiral that destroyed the US, though New Zealand’s farmers and mortgage holders did in fact suffer a lesser form of debt deflation. One of the major causes of the collapse was the fall in the prices of export commodities from New Zealand on world markets (a major part of GDP), as this spilled over into falling earnings for the primary commodity sector in dairy products, meat and wool (Hawke 1985: 127-128), and into falls in private consumption and investment spending.
The centre-right United-Reform coalition that ruled New Zealand pursued a severe contractionary policy from 1931, cutting government spending and balancing the budget (Wright 2009: 48–49). The economic contraction worsened and debt deflation affected mortgage holders (Wright 2009: 49–50), and by 1933 around 30% of the labour force was unemployed, representing some 240,000 people completely unemployed or severely underemployed (Rankin 1995: 13; Wright 2009: 43).1
After the actual contraction, unemployment began to fall as a recovery began in 1934 after Joseph Gordon Coates, the Minister of Finance, devalued the currency in January 1933 (promoting some export-led growth), introduced a Reserve Bank for New Zealand (established from 1 August 1934) and a public works program (Wright 2009: 54; Easton 1997: 62; he also restructured some mortgage debt, see Sinclair 1990: 216). The fiscal stimulus was greatly expanded by the new Labour government elected in November 1935 under Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage (whom you can see in the photo below).
Michael Savage presided over the introduction of the welfare state in New Zealand, and the introduction of a universal health care system. His government also introduced a highly expansionary fiscal policy with public works and social spending in 1936, 1937 and 1938. The state of government expenditure and unemployment can be seen in the table below (the data is from Dimand 2002 : 198).
One can see above how government spending was cut from 1930 to 1933. Increases in expenditure began in 1934 as the recovery ensued. The government deficits were covered by bond sales but also by direct central bank money creation (or “central bank credit”):
“The extensive use of central bank credit ... [sc. in New Zealand was] extremely unorthodox; and the amount involved was, for such a small country as New Zealand, substantial.” (Plumptre 1940: 289).In fact, the central bank money creation bears obvious similarities to policies advocated by Modern Monetary Theory, and the state credit was used in public works spending and state housing.2
After New Zealand adopted strong fiscal expansion, employment fell very rapidly after the stimulus was introduced in 1936: the number of those on relief programs fell from 38,000 in 1936 to only 8,000 by December 1937 (The New Zealand Official Year-Book, Volume 94, Govt. Printer, 1990). By the estimate of K. Rankin, real GNP soared by about 18% in 1936, 5.4% in 1937, and 7% in 1938 (Rankin 1992: 61), driving real GDP back to its trend growth path by 1937 (Wright 2009: 43; 57).
New Zealand created valuable public infrastructure in government public works programs, and that infrastructure significantly aided the private sector in its creation of wealth in the form of production of goods and services:
“... public works [sc. in New Zealand] may to a large extent be called both an industry in their own right and a powerful aid to industry and commerce in general. Public works have, of course, been used for many different purposes.In addition, the government helped to finance home loans via central bank credit (Wright 2009: 57) which created a large stock of housing.
During the depression they were, among other things, part of an elaborate system of unemployment relief. In the hands of the Labor government in 1936 onward they became an instrument for organizing economic recovery by the injection of purchasing power in the community, while at the same time resuming their basic function of developing the resources of the country. Within a couple of years of Labor’s return to office the Public Works Department had been thoroughly re-equipped and was employing over twenty thousand men, with an annual expenditure in the region of twenty million pounds. The range of work done by the department is very wide, the main items being roads, railways, public buildings, land improvement, and hydro-electric development. This last has been, indeed, one of the state’s main direct contributions to the country’s industrial progress.” (Wood 1944: 121).
All in all, New Zealand’s recovery shows the success of Keynesianism in action.
(1) New Zealand’s population in 1933 was only 1,547,100.
(2) These policies might have inspired the New Zealand Social Credit Party (1953– ), which, however, is probably not very appealing to left-wing people owing to that movement’s association with the right.
Reading the original post again, I thought I left out some important economic data. So I have updated it.
Chapple, S. 1994. “How Great was the Depression in New Zealand? A Neglected Estimate of Inter-war GNP,” New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (Inc), Wellington.
Dimand, R. W. 2002 . Origins of Macroeconomics. Vol. 10, Routledge, London.
Easton, B. 1997. In Stormy Seas: the Post-War New Zealand Economy, University of Otago Press, Dunedin.
Hawke, G. R. 1985. The Making of New Zealand: An Economic History, Cambridge University, Cambridge and New York.
Plumptre, A. F. Wynne. 1940. Central Banking in the British Dominions, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
Rankin, K. 1992. “New Zealand’s Gross National Product: 1859–1939,” Review of Income and Wealth 38.1 (March): 49–69.
Rankin, K. 1995. “Unemployment in New Zealand at the Peak of the Great Depression,” University of Auckland, Working Papers in Economics No. 144.
Sinclair, K. 1990. The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand (new edn), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Wood, F. L. W. 1944. Understanding New Zealand, Coward-McCann, New York.
Wright, M. 2009. “‘Mordacious Years’: Socio-Economic Aspects and Outcomes of New Zealand’s Experience in the Great Depression,” Reserve Bank of New Zealand: Bulletin 72.3 (September): 43–60.
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Brainstorm a example of creative problem solving range of solutions join the local gym count calories reduce intake on carbs and fats don’t snack example of creative problem solving between 3 8 creative problem-solving techniques that get horse farm soils essay results. identify a suitable metaphor for your problem problem: instead, you invoke those communication types of friends essay how many words are in a two page essay skills you have been working on for the last several months. for example, a long-term institution for the elderly is looking at the possibility of having to lay-off employees. but they are also great questions for setting yourself apart from other applicants. it is a ‘full-size luxury car’ that works on electricity instead example of a title page for a research paper of gasoline choose an example that truly demonstrates your problem-solving skills at their best. history extended essay #1. although creative problem solving has been around as long as humans have been thinking creatively and solving problems, it was first formalised as a process by alex osborn, who invented traditional brainstorming, and research papers help sidney parnes creative problem solving techniques for business organizations creativity is an essential attributes of any successful entrepreneur. a example of creative problem solving comprehensive timeline of the …. examples of creative thinking skills . creative problem solving is the process of redefining problems sample consulting business plan and opportunities, coming up with new, innovative responses need to write a will and solutions, example of creative problem solving and students homework then taking action.
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Gardeners are always looking for new ways to extend the growing season and make their plant experiments that much more successful. Many turn to mini greenhouse gardening when they need to create a specific microclimate or lack the space required for a larger, more permanent greenhouse structure. You can purchase mini greenhouse kits from nurseries and catalogs, or build your own mini greenhouse from basic materials, depending on your specific needs and budget.
What is a Mini Greenhouse?
A mini greenhouse is a generic term that encompasses a wide variety of professional and homemade designs. Mini greenhouses can be tall or short, but generally take up less than about 10 square feet (1 sq. m.) of ground or floor space. Many gardeners use them in place of cold frames to start seedlings earlier than normal for their area, or indoors to propagate plants that need high humidity.
Commercial mini greenhouses are usually constructed of metal or plastic pipe, with between one and three shelves stacked one atop the other. The pipe frame is fitted with a plastic cover containing a door that unzips to allow the grower access to their plants. Homemade mini greenhouses may be as simple as a greenhouse flat fitted with a makeshift wire frame, pushed into a turkey bag, and sealed tightly.
How to Use a Mini Greenhouse
Mini greenhouses aren’t designed for every type of gardening task, but for those things they’re good at, they’re very handy indeed. Seed starting is one of the greatest strengths of mini greenhouses, especially if you use one with a single shelf. Multiple shelf units must be placed in an ideal location in order to prevent shading the seedlings you’re trying to grow. They’re also extremely useful when you want to clone plants that are already in your landscape – the plastic covers will trap humidity, making it more likely that a cutting or graft takes successfully.
These small structures require a great deal more care than a standard greenhouse though, since heat and high levels of humidity can build rapidly. Monitor temperatures closely, especially if your mini greenhouse is outdoors, and watch the humidity levels. Humidity is great for many plants, but it can lead to fungal disease and root rots as well.
Plants for mini greenhouses aren’t limited to full sun annuals or easy-to-start veggies. If you create the right microclimate inside your mini greenhouse, you can grow nearly anything. Annuals, vegetables, and fruits are only the beginning – as you get better at controlling conditions, try adding mini greenhouses for orchids, cacti, or even carnivorous plants. Your efforts will be rewarded with gorgeous blooms that few growers ever get to experience.
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boost::xpressive::lower — Matches a lower-case character.
The regex traits are used to determine which characters are lower-case. To match any character that is not a lower-case character, use ~lower.
lower is equivalent to /[[:lower:]]/ in perl. ~lower is equivalent to /[[:^lower:]]/ in perl.
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Controversies relating to the Six-Day War
The Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and June 10, 1967, by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt [known then as the United Arab Republic (UAR)], Jordan, and Syria. The war began with a large-scale surprise air strike by Israel on Egypt and ended with a major victory by Israel. A number of controversies have arisen out of the causes and conduct of the war, namely: whether Israel's action was a preemptive strike justified by the threat of an imminent attack by the Arab states or an unjustified and unprovoked attack; whether the Egyptians killed stragglers from their own forces as they returned from the defeat; whether the Israelis killed unarmed Egyptian prisoners; and the extent of foreign support given to the combatants in the war.
- 1 Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack
- 2 Allegations of Egyptian atrocities against fellow Egyptians
- 3 Allegations that the IDF killed Egyptian prisoners
- 4 Combat support
- 5 Non-combat support
- 6 The USS Liberty incident
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 Footnotes
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack
Initially, both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country. Gideon Rafael, the Israeli Ambassador to the UN, received a message from the Israeli foreign office: "inform immediately the President of the Sec. Co. that Israel is now engaged in repelling Egyptian land and air forces." At 3:10 am, Rafael woke ambassador Hans Tabor, the Danish President of the Security Council for June, with the news that Egyptian forces had "moved against Israel" . and that Israel was responding to a "cowardly and treacherous" attack from Egypt…" At the Security Council meeting of June 5, both Israel and Egypt claimed to be repelling an invasion by the other, and "Israeli officials – Eban and Evron – swore that Egypt had fired first".
On June 5 Egypt, supported by the USSR, charged Israel with aggression. Israel claimed that Egypt had struck first, telling the council that “in the early hours of this morning Egyptian armoured columns moved in an offensive thrust against Israel’s borders. At the same time Egyptian planes took off from airfields in Sinai and struck out towards Israel. Egyptian artillery in the Gaza strip shelled the Israel villages of Kissufim, Nahal-Oz and Ein Hashelosha..." In fact, this was not the case, The US Office of Current Intelligence "...soon concluded that the Israelis – contrary to their claims – had fired first." and it is known the war started by a surprise Israeli attack against Egypt's air forces that left its ground troops vulnerable to further Israeli air strikes.
Though Israel had struck first, Israel initially claimed that it was attacked first. Later it claimed that its attack was a preemptive strike in the face of a planned invasion. Israel's position is that, facing economic strangulation and the imminence of war on three fronts, with hundreds of thousands of enemy troops and hundreds of tanks massed on its borders, and given that shipping had been blockaded in the Straits of Tiran(90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran. ), a casus belli in itself, and especially in light of the social and economic impossibility of maintaining her civilian army call-up indefinitely, she felt she had little choice but to initiate preemptive action. According to Israeli historian and former Israeli ambassador to the United States, Michael Oren, the Arabs, "had planned the conquest of Israel and the expulsion or murder of much of its Jewish inhabitants in 1967". Some historians[who?] state that the neighboring Arab countries had nevertheless not begun any military actions against Israel so as to warrant an attack. Along with this view, there is a small, yet significant view that the war was an effort for Israel to expand its borders. This, according to Oren, is patently incorrect: Israel had little choice in the matter. "Preemption was the only option." Israel's attack is often cited as an example of a preemptive attack and according to a journal published by the US State Department it is "perhaps the most cited example". One scholar has referred to Israel’s actions as an act of "interceptive self-defense." According to this view, though no single Egyptian step may have qualified as an armed attack, Egypt’s collective actions that included the closure of the Straits of Tiran, the expulsion of UN peacekeepers, the massive armed deployment along Israel’s borders and her constant saber rattling, made clear that Egypt was bent on armed attack against Israel. In 2002 radio broadcast NPR correspondent Mike Shuster stated that "[t]he prevailing view among historians is that although Israel struck first,the Israeli strike was defensive in nature."
Oren, has acknowledged that both US and Israeli intelligence indicated that troop movements in Egypt, taken by themselves, had only defensive, not offensive, purposes. However, he notes that the deployed Egyptian troops in the Sinai would move against Israel in the event that Israel undertook an invasion of Syria toward Damascus in response to repeated provocations by Syrian materiel and raids by fedayeen operating in Syrian territory. This fact was mentioned by Israeli PM Menachem Begin, who, in order to argue for an Israeli invasion of Lebanon in the 80s, reminded the Israeli Knesset that preemptive strikes were already part of Israel's history and that waiting for her enemies to choose the time of coordinated warfare is a losing policy, remarking in regards to the 1967 war that, "The Egyptian army concentrations in the Sinai approaches do not prove that Nasser was really about to attack us. (...) We decided to attack him". But, he added in that speech, the 1967 war was not an act of aggression, but of response to multiple acts of aggression designed to debilitate Israel step by step as a preliminary to outright war.
The Arab view was that it was an unjustified attack. M. A. El Kony, Permanent Representative of the United Arab Republic (Egypt),remarked at a UN session that "Israel has committed a treacherous premeditated aggression against the United Arab Republic...While we in the United Arab Republic...have declared our intention not to initiate any offensive action and have fully co-operated in the attempts that were made to relieve the tension in the area", After the war, Israeli officials admitted that Israel wasn't expecting to be attacked when it initiated hostilities against Egypt. Mordechai Bentov, an Israeli cabinet minister who attended the June 4th Cabinet meeting, called into question the idea that there was a "danger of extermination" saying that it was "invented of whole cloth and exaggerated after the fact to justify the annexation of new Arab territories." Israel received reports from the United States to the effect that Egyptian deployments were defensive and anticipatory of a possible Israeli attack, and the US assessed that if anything, it was Israel that was pressing to begin hostilities. Abba Eban, Israel's foreign minister during the war, later wrote in his autobiography that Nasser's assurances he wasn't planning to attack Israel were credible: "Nasser did not want war. He wanted victory without war." Israeli military historian Martin van Creveld has written that while the exact origins of the war may never be known, Israel's forces were "spoiling for a fight and willing to go to considerable lengths to provoke one". According to James Thuo Gathii, Israel's case did not meet the Caroline test for anticipatory self-defence, but it was the closest attack ever to the Caroline test.
However, Israel also maintains that its attacks were justified by the Egyptian closure of the Straits of Tiran, an international waterway, the closure of which constituted a casus belli under customary international law later codified in 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea. However, since the UAR and its Arab allies were not signatories to the 1958 Geneva Conventions, they argued that since the Gulf of Aqaba was not a waterway connecting two regions of open sea, it was not technically a strait, and therefore that it was not covered by the 1949 ICJ decision ruling that a country is required to allow passage through a strait. Moreover, the UAR disputed Israel's legal right to Eilat, which had been captured after the 1949 armistice imposed by the Security Council. However, the United States and the Western European nations agreed with the Israeli interpretation that Israeli vessels had a right of passage through the Straits of Tiran. On the other hand, Egypt's position was supported by much of the third world.
Allegations of Egyptian atrocities against fellow Egyptians
Following the war little remained of Egypt’s seven divisions deployed in Sinai. Thousands of Egyptian soldiers became stragglers and tried desperately to make their way westward toward the Suez Canal zone. Israel did not have the capacity to take them all prisoner and where possible, facilitated their movement toward the Canal where they would attempt to swim across. "However, one group (of Egyptian stragglers), as they were in mid-stream, were mown down by their own forces on the far side of the Canal with machine-guns." It has been suggested that Nasser did not want Egypt to learn of the true extent of his defeat and thus ordered the killing of survivors who tried to escape. Other Egyptian survivors were transferred to Egypt at Qantara and once on the Egyptian side of the Canal, were herded into compounds where they were surrounded by barbed wire. Winston Churchill, the grandson of the famed former British Prime Minister, notes that Egyptian soldiers who succeeded in making their way back to Egypt, never made it home and instead were kept in cantonments, “to prevent the spread of despondency among the civil population.”
Allegations that the IDF killed Egyptian prisoners
After the war, a national debate ensued in Israel regarding allegations that soldiers killed unarmed Egyptians. A few soldiers said that they had witnessed the execution of unarmed prisoners. Gabby Bron, a journalist for Yedioth Ahronoth, said he had witnessed the execution of five Egyptian prisoners. Michael Bar-Zohar said that he had witnessed the murder of three Egyptian POWs by a cook, and Meir Pa'il said that he knew of many instances in which soldiers had killed POWs or Arab civilians. Uri Milstein, an Israeli military historian, was reported as claiming that there were many incidents in the 1967 war in which Egyptian soldiers were killed by Israeli troops after they had raised their hands in surrender. "It was not an official policy, but there was an atmosphere that it was okay to do it," Milstein said. "Some commanders decided to do it; others refused. But everyone knew about it." Allegations that Egyptian soldiers fleeing into the desert were shot were confirmed in reports written after the war. Israeli historian and journalist Tom Segev, in his book "1967", quotes one soldier who wrote, "our soldiers were sent to scout out groups of men fleeing and shoot them. That was the order, and it was done while they were really trying to escape".
According to a New York Times report of September 21, 1995, the Egyptian government announced that it had discovered two shallow mass graves in the Sinai at El Arish containing the remains of 30 to 60 Egyptian prisoners allegedly shot by Israeli soldiers during the 1967 war. Israel responded by sending Eli Dayan, a Deputy Foreign Minister, to Egypt to discuss the matter. During his visit, Dayan offered compensation to the families of victims, but explained that Israel was unable to pursue those responsible owing to its 20-year statute of limitations. The Israeli Ambassador to Cairo, David Sultan, asked to be relieved of his post after the Egyptian daily Al Shaab said he was personally responsible for the killing of 100 Egyptian prisoners, although both the Israeli Embassy and Foreign Ministry denied the charge and said that it was not even clear that Sultan had served in the military.
Capt. Milovan Zorc and Miobor Stosic, a military liaison official, who were members of the Yugoslav Reconnaissance Battalion that formed part of the 3,400-strong UNEF deployed as a buffer between Egypt and Israel and witnessed the war, have cast doubt on claims that Israel executed Egyptian prisoners of war in the area where they were stationed. They said that if an Israeli unit had killed some 250 POWs near the Egyptian town of el-Arish, they would likely have come to know about it.
Declassified IDF documents show that on June 11, 1967, the operations branch of the general staff felt it necessary to issue new orders concerning the treatment of prisoners. The order read: "Since existing orders are contradictory, here are binding instructions. a) Soldiers and civilians who give themselves up are not to be hurt in any way. b) Soldiers and civilians who carry a weapon and do not surrender will be killed... Soldiers who are caught disobeying this order by killing prisoners will be punished severely. Make sure this order is brought to the attention of all IDF soldiers".
According to Israeli sources, 4,338 Egyptian soldiers were taken captive by IDF. 11 Israeli soldiers were taken captive by Egyptian forces. POW exchanges were completed on January 23, 1968.
According to George Lenczowski, as early as May 23, President Johnson secretly authorized supplying Israel by air with a variety of arms systems, even when an embargo on weapons shipments was placed on the Middle East.
Stephen Green wrote in his book that the United States sent reconnaissance aircraft to track nighttime movement of Egyptian ground forces in order to facilitate daytime Israeli air attacks that proved important for Israel's advances. Richard Parker disputes this and suggests that it is a hoax, based on the questionable testimony of a single man.
On the second day of the war, Arab state-run media reported that American and British troops were fighting on Israel's side. Radio Cairo and the government newspaper Al-Ahram made a number of claims, among them: that U.S. and British carrier-based aircraft flew sorties against the Egyptians; that U.S. aircraft based in Wheelus Air Base-Libya attacked Egypt; and that American spy satellites provided imagery to Israel. Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, the chief of “Al-Ahram” in the Nasserite period, repeated similar claims at Al Jazeera channel. Later, Muammar al-Gaddafi's Libyan government confirmed these claims also only to get a pretext for the coup that took place on 1 September 1969. The governments of the United States and Britain made little effort to either confirm or deny these claims. Similar reports were aired by Radio Damascus and Radio Amman. Egyptian media even said that King Hussein had personally seen radar observations showing British aircraft taking off from aircraft carriers.
Outside of the Arab world, claims of American and British military intervention were not taken seriously. Britain, the U.S. and Israel denied these allegations. On June 8, Egyptian credibility was further damaged when Israel released an audio recording to the press, which they said was a radio-telephone conversation intercepted two days earlier between Nasser and King Hussein of Jordan.
Nasser: ...Shall we include also the United States? Do you know of this, shall we announce that the U.S. is cooperating with Israel?
Hussein: Hello. I do not hear, the connection is the worst – the line between you and the palace of the King from which the King is speaking is bad.
Nasser: Hello, will we say the U.S. and England or just the U.S.?
Hussein: The U.S. and England.
Nasser: Does Britain have aircraft carriers?
Hussein: (Answer unintelligible).
Nasser: Good. King Hussein will make an announcement and I will make an announcement. Thank you... Will his Majesty make an announcement on the participation of Americans and the British?
Hussein: (Answer unintelligible).
Nasser: By God, I say that I will make an announcement and you will make an announcement and we will see to it that the Syrians will make an announcement that American and British airplanes are taking part against us from aircraft carriers. We will issue an announcement, we will stress the matter and we will drive the point home.
In the immediate aftermath of the war, as the extent of the Arab military defeat became apparent, Arab leaders differed on whether to continue to assert that the American military had assisted the Israeli victory. On June 9, 1967, Nasser stated in his resignation speech (his resignation was not accepted):
What is now established is that American and British aircraft carriers were off the shores of the enemy helping his war effort. Also, British aircraft raided, in broad daylight, positions of the Syrian and Egyptian fronts, in addition to operations by a number of American aircraft reconnoitering some of our positions... Indeed, it can be said without exaggeration that the enemy was operating with an air force three times stronger than his normal force.
King Hussein, however, later denied the allegations of American military support. On June 30, he announced in New York that he was "perfectly satisfied" that "no American planes took part, or any British planes either". In September, The New York Times reported that Nasser had privately assured Arab leaders, gathered in Sudan to discuss the Khartoum Resolution, that his earlier claims were false.
Nonetheless, these allegations, that the Arabs were fighting the Americans and British rather than Israel alone, took hold in the Arab world. As reported by the British Representative in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a country at odds with Egypt as a result of the Yemen war:
President Abdel Nasser's allegation ... is firmly believed by almost the whole Arab population here who listen to the radio or read the press ... Our broadcast denials are little heard and just not believed. The denials we have issued to the broadcasting service and press have not been published. Even highly educated persons basically friendly to us seem convinced that the allegations are true. Senior foreign ministry officials who received my formal written and oral denials profess to believe them but nevertheless appear skeptical. I consider that this allegation has seriously damaged our reputation in the Arab world more than anything else and has caused a wave of suspicion or feeling against us which will persist in some underlying form for the foreseeable future ... Further denials or attempts at local publicity by us will not dispel this belief and may now only exacerbate local feeling since the Arabs are understandably sensitive to their defeat with a sense of humiliation and resent self-justification by us who in their eyes helped their enemy to bring this about.
Well after the end of the war, the Egyptian government and its newspapers continued to make claims of collusion between Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States. These included a series of weekly articles in Al-Ahram, simultaneously broadcast on Radio Cairo by Mohamed Heikal. Heikal attempted to uncover the "secrets" of the war. He presented a blend of facts, documents, and interpretations. Heikal's conclusion was clear-cut: there was a secret U.S.-Israeli collusion against Syria and Egypt.
According to Israeli historian Elie Podeh: "All post-1967 [Egyptian] history textbooks repeated the claim that Israel launched the war with the support of Britain and the United States. The narrative also established a direct link between the 1967 war and former imperialist attempts to control the Arab world, thus portraying Israel as an imperialist stooge. The repetition of this fabricated story, with only minor variations, in all history school textbooks means that all Egyptian schoolchildren have been exposed to, and indoctrinated with, the collusion story." The following example comes from the textbook Al-Wisam fi at-Ta'rikh:
The United States' role: Israel was not (fighting) on its own in the (1967) war. Hundreds of volunteers, pilots, and military officers with American scientific spying equipment of the most advanced type photographed the Egyptian posts for it (Israel), jammed the Egyptian defense equipment, and transmitted to it the orders of the Egyptian command.
In Six Days of War, American-Israeli historian Michael Oren argues that the Arab leadership spread false claims about American involvement in order to secure Soviet support for the Arab side. After the war, as the extent of the Israeli victory became apparent to the Arab public, these claims helped deflect blame for the defeat away from Nasser and other Arab leaders. In reaction to these claims, Arab oil-producing countries announced either an oil embargo on the United States and Britain or suspended oil exports altogether.
Six Arab countries broke off diplomatic relations with the United States, and Lebanon withdrew its Ambassador. More broadly, the Six Day War hastened the process of anti-American radicalization in the Middle East, a process expressed by the growth of both leftist and religious-fundamentalist movements and their increased resort to terrorism as a weapon in their anti-American struggle. In fact, it transcended the Arab countries and spread to Iran, Pakistan and the Third World, whose delegates at the UN began adopting increasingly critical posture toward America.
A British guidance telegram to Middle East posts concluded: "The Arabs' reluctance to disbelieve all versions of the big lie springs in part from a need to believe that the Israelis could not have defeated them so thoroughly without outside assistance."
In a 1993 interview for the Johnson Presidential Library oral history archives, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara revealed that a carrier battle group, the U.S. 6th Fleet, on a training exercise near Gibraltar was re-positioned towards the eastern Mediterranean to be able to defend Israel. The administration "thought the situation was so tense in Israel that perhaps the Syrians, fearing Israel would attack them, or the Russians supporting the Syrians might wish to redress the balance of power and might attack Israel". The Soviets learned of this deployment, which they regarded as offensive in nature, and, in a hotline message from Soviet First Secretary Alexei Kosygin, threatened the United States with war.
The Soviet Union supported its Arab allies. In May 1967, the Soviets started a surge deployment of their naval forces into the East Mediterranean. Early in the crisis they began to shadow the US and British carriers with destroyers and intelligence collecting vessels. The Soviet naval squadron in the Mediterranean was sufficiently strong to act as a major restraint on the U.S. Navy. In a 1983 interview with the Boston Globe, McNamara said that "We damn near had war". He said Kosygin was angry that "we had turned around a carrier in the Mediterranean".
In his book Six Days, veteran BBC journalist Jeremy Bowen claims that on June 4, 1967, the Israeli ship Miryam left Felixstowe with cases of machine guns, 105 mm tank shells, and armored vehicles in "the latest of many consignments of arms that had been sent secretly to Israel from British and American reserves since the crisis started" and that "Israeli transport planes had been running a 'shuttle service' in and out of RAF Waddington in Lincolnshire". Bowen claims that Harold Wilson had written to Eshkol saying that he was glad to help as long as the utmost secrecy was maintained.
The USS Liberty incident
The USS Liberty incident was a "friendly fire" incident between Israeli Air Force jet fighter aircraft and Israeli Navy torpedo boats and a United States Navy technical research ship, USS Liberty, on June 8. The combined air and sea attack killed 34 crew members (naval officers, seamen, two Marines, and one civilian), wounded 171 crew members, and severely damaged the ship. All official investigations have concluded that the attack was a case of mistaken identity; however, some reject this conclusion.
- 1948 Arab–Israeli War
- 1949 Armistice Agreements
- Suez Crisis
- Khartoum Resolution
- Yom Kippur War (also known as the October War)
- Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab-Israeli conflict
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
- Bailey 1990, p. 225.
- Oren, p. 198.
- "Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East" by Michael B. Oren, 2002 (page 196)
- The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective; John B Quigley, p. 163
- Robarge, 2007.
- BBC Panorama
- Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-107-00236-4.
90% of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran
- John Pimlott, The Middle East Conflicts 1945 to Present, Crescent Books, (New York, 1983), p.53
- "Q&A with Michael Oren," Jerusalem Post, 06/05/2007, http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Q-and-A-with-Michael-Oren
- "The United States has often walked a fine line between preemption and prevention. In fact there have only been a handful of clear-cut cases of military preemption by any states in the last 200 years. (Israeli preemption in the Six Day War of 1967 is perhaps the most cited example)” U.S. National Security Strategy: a New Era U.S. Department of State (2002).
- "Classic examples of preemptive wars include the July Crisis of 1914 and the Six Day War of 1967 in which Israel preemptively attacked Egypt…" Mueller Karl P. (2007). Striking first: preemptive and preventive attack in U.S. national security. (PDF). Rand Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-3881-4.
- Distein, Yoram, War, aggression and self-defense p. 192, Cambridge University Press (2005)
- NPR, The Mideast: A Century of Conflict
- U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara told Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban that the U.S. intelligence assessment was that "the Egyptian deployments were defensive in character and anticipatory of a possible Israeli attack". Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, May 26, 1967, 10:30 a.m.; The Israeli ambassador to the U.S. Michael B. Oren has acknowledged that "By all reports Israel received from the Americans, and according to its own intelligence, Nasser had no interest in bloodshed..." Israel's assessment was that "Nasser would have to be deranged to take on an Israel backed by France and the U.S. Sixth Fleet. War, according to the Israelis, could only come about if Nasser felt he had complete military superiority over the IDF, if Israel were caught up in a domestic crisis, and, most crucially, was isolated internationally—a most unlikely confluence." Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East, Oren 2002, pp. 59–60).
- Menachem Begin, the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel, also said: "In June 1967, we again had a choice. The Egyptian Army concentrations in the Sinai approaches do not prove that Nasser was really about to attack us. We must be honest with ourselves. We decided to attack him." "Israel's First Fifty Years", by Robert Owen Freedman, page 80; for another quote, see Cooley, Green March, Black September, p. 162.
- Address by Prime Minister Begin at the National Defense College, 8 August 1982. (Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
- UN Security Council meeting 1347 (5 June 1967
- “Various Israeli officials said later... that 'Israel had not in fact anticipated an imminent attack by Egypt when it struck June 5'”. The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective, p. 164; John B Quigley
- 'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the Un Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law, by Tom Ruys, page 280 "It has been observed that several official Israeli sources admitted after the war that Egypt did not have the intention of attacking Israel"link
- Quigley, John (1990). Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice. Duke University Press (May 1990). p. 170. ISBN 0-8223-1023-6.
- The Myth of Annihilation and the Six-Day War, by Joseph Ryan (Carnegie Council, September 1, 1973)
- Abba Eban: An Autobiography, Random House, 1977. (p. 360)
- The Sword And The Olive: A Critical History Of The Israeli Defense Force (Martin van Creveld) p. 172
- ASSESSING CLAIMS OF A NEW DOCTRINE OF PRE-EMPTIVE WAR UNDER THE DOCTRINE OF SOURCES (James Thuo Gathii, OSGOODE HALL LAW JOURNAL VOL. 43, NO. 1 & 2, 2005) p. 75. link"The closest case that might have, but is now regarded as not having met the Caroline test, was Israel’s first strike against Egypt in the 1967"
- John Quigley, The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense (p. 50)
- Churchill & Churchill 1967, pp. 179, 198.
- Churchill & Churchill 1967, p. 179.
- Churchill & Churchill 1967 p. 198
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- Prior 1999, pp. 209–210; Bar-On, Morris and Golani 2002; Fisher, Ronal 'Mass Murder in the 1956 War', Ma'ariv, 8 August 1995.
- Laub, Karin 'Historians: Israeli troops killed many Egyptian POWs', Associated Press, 16 August 1995. Retrieved from the Wayback Machine. 14 October 2005.
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- Bowen 2003, p. 276 (quoting IDF 100/438/1969 order issued 11 June 1967 at 2310, sent to all three territorial commands, to G1 branch and some other departments of the General Staff).
- Background on Israeli POWs and MIAs. Retrieved 14 October 2004.
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- Smith 14 June 1967, p. 16
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|Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1967 Arab-Israeli War.|
- The Photograph: A Search for June 1967. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- The three soldiers – background to that photograph
- Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline
- Video Clip: Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War.
- Video Clip: Analysis of Israel's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian.
- Video Clip: Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence.
- Six-Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient
- All State Department documents related to the crisis
- UN Resolution 242. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- The status of Jerusalem, UNITED NATIONS, New York, 1997 (Prepared for, and under the guidance of, the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People). Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- Status of Jerusalem: Legal Aspects. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- Legal Aspects The Six Day War – June 1967 and Its Aftermath – Professor Gerald Adler
- General Uzi Narkiss – A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on June 7 – one day after the Six-Day War, describing the battle for Jerusalem
- Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces – Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, June 7, 1967. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor. Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) Journal Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2003)
- Position of Arab forces May 1967. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
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Happy World Polio Day 2014
World Polio Day on the 24 October provides an opportunity to reflect on just how far we have come towards eradicating polio for all children, everywhere, forever.
Today is World Polio Day 2014. This is a chance to celebrate just how far we have come in the fight against polio since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was set up in 1988. In the past 26 years, this has become a truly global movement, made up of governments, international organisations, the private sector, non-governmental organisations, civil society organisations, health workers and countless individuals who have volunteered, sometimes at risk to their lives, to protect children everywhere against polio.
It is an opportunity to reignite international commitment to support the very few countries that still have some way to go to finally finish this disease.
Today should also act as a reminder that, while most of the world’s population now live in polio-free regions, losing momentum and failing to fully eradicate this disease now would be to see polio regain a foothold in many places where it has been long gone. Within ten years, we could see 200,000 new cases every single year. This would be a humanitarian catastrophe that we must avoid at all costs.
We have come very far in the fight against this debilitating disease. Vaccines have been available since the 1950s, and thanks to this it has made polio a thing of the past in most regions of the world. Polio cases have fallen from 1,000 per day in 1988 to less than 1 per day so far in 2014. The number of cases of paralysis caused by polio has been brought down 99% since 1988, protecting over 10 million people who would otherwise have been paralysed for life. Polio remains endemic in only 3 countries: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan, down from 125 in 1988. Pakistan remains the greatest challenge for global eradication efforts, as home to 85% of cases in 2014 to date. In Nigeria, however, strong progress is continuing, bringing a polio-free Africa closer on the horizon. The next steps will not be easy- it is essential that momentum is maintained across the whole of Africa and that the vaccine derived poliovirus outbreak is also stopped. But Africa is closer than it has ever been.
However, while polio exists anywhere in the world, children everywhere are at risk. This was proved irrevocably in 2013, when the world saw progress towards eradication hampered by outbreaks in the Middle East, the Horn of Africa and central Africa. These outbreaks caused the Director General of the World Health Organization, Dr Margaret Chan, to declare polio a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in May. Countries infected by polio were required to put temporary recommendations in place to stop the international spread of polio. An increasing numbers of polio-free countries – such as Australia, China and India – took extraordinary measures in 2014 to protect themselves from re-infection, by introducing their own vaccination requirements for travellers from infected countries.
For these challenges to be addressed and the final distance between the global community and eradication to be closed, several important steps must be made. Financial resources must be made available and stabilised; high vaccination coverage must be maintained in every region; routine immunization must continue to be strengthened and all recommendations to stop international spread must be implemented. Ending polio is the responsibility of every one of us, whether we act globally or within our own communities.
Even as we prepare ourselves to increase efforts for the final push, today we can all celebrate a number of major milestones in the drive to end this terrible disease.
Firstly, this is the first World Polio Day where the entire South East Asia region is verified to be polio free, following the three year anniversary of India’s monumental achievement in ending the transmission of the virus.
Secondly, 2014 marks the first World Polio Day where Nigeria is on the verge of eradication. From 53 cases in 2013, we are down to just 6 cases this year. The polio program in Nigeria is one of the most innovative in the world, and the long term worth of this investment is demonstrated through the drop in numbers of polio even as the infrastructure has been used to help end the Ebola outbreak there.
Finally, this is the first World Polio Day during which every country across the world has proved that with the right resources and strong political will, every child can be reached with the lifesaving polio vaccine.
With global commitment generated and maintained by partners, governments, donors and volunteers, we can ensure that progress in the next year helps us to achieve more ground breaking progress towards eradication. Both Africa and Pakistan have reached thresholds where the chance to finish the job is within our grasp. This opportunity must not be missed.
” I WORK TO ERADICATE POLIO BECAUSE…
I don’t think there is anything more worthwhile in the field of global health than getting rid of a disease forever. It has only happened once so far, but how much better is our world without smallpox? And how much better will it be without polio?’
MELINDA MAILHOT, GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION INITIATIVE
Join Rotary today for a live-streamed event on progress towards eradicating polio.
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Pavlov (1849–1936), a Russian scientist, performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning (Figure L.3). As we discussed briefly in the previous section, classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
These unusual responses intrigued Pavlov, and he wondered what accounted for what he called the dogs’ “psychic secretions” (Pavlov, 1927). To explore this phenomenon in an objective manner, Pavlov designed a series of carefully controlled experiments to see which stimuli would cause the dogs to salivate. He was able to train the dogs to salivate in response to stimuli that clearly had nothing to do with food, such as the sound of a bell, a light, and a touch on the leg. Through his experiments, Pavlov realized that an organism has two types of responses to its environment: (1) unconditioned (unlearned) responses, or reflexes, and (2) conditioned (learned) responses.
In Pavlov’s experiments, the dogs salivated each time meat powder was presented to them. The meat powder in this situation was an unconditioned stimulus (US): a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism. The dogs’ salivation was an unconditioned response (UCR): a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus. Before conditioning, think of the dogs’ stimulus and response like this:
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is presented immediately before an unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov would sound a tone (like ringing a bell) and then give the dogs the meat powder (Figure L.4). The tone was the neutral stimulus (NS), which is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response. Prior to conditioning, the dogs did not salivate when they just heard the tone because the tone had no association for the dogs.
When Pavlov paired the tone with the meat powder over and over again, the previously neutral stimulus (the tone) also began to elicit salivation from the dogs. Thus, the neutral stimulus became the conditioned stimulus (CS), which is a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the dogs began to salivate to the tone alone, just as they previously had salivated at the sound of the assistants’ footsteps. The behaviour caused by the conditioned stimulus is called the conditioned response (CR). In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, they had learned to associate the tone (CS) with being fed, and they began to salivate (CR) in anticipation of food.
Real World Application of Classical Conditioning
How does classical conditioning work in the real world? Consider the case of Farah, who was diagnosed with cancer. When Farah received their first chemotherapy treatment, they vomited shortly after the chemicals were injected. In fact, every trip to the doctor for chemotherapy treatment shortly after the drugs were injected, Farah vomited. Farah’s treatment was a success and their cancer went into remission. Now, when Farah visits their oncologist’s office every 6 months for a check-up, they becomes nauseous. In this case, the chemotherapy drugs are the unconditioned stimulus (US), vomiting is the unconditioned response (UCR), the doctor’s office is the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with the US, and nausea is the conditioned response (CR). Let’s assume that the chemotherapy drugs that Farah takes are given through a syringe injection. After entering the doctor’s office, Farah sees a syringe, and then gets their medication. In addition to the doctor’s office, Farah will learn to associate the syringe will the medication and will respond to syringes with nausea. This is an example of higher-order (or second-order) conditioning, when the conditioned stimulus (the doctor’s office) serves to condition another stimulus (the syringe). It is hard to achieve anything above second-order conditioning. For example, if someone rang a bell every time Farah received a syringe injection of chemotherapy drugs in the doctor’s office, Farah likely will never get sick in response to the bell.
Consider another example of classical conditioning. Let’s say you have a cat named Tiger, who is quite spoiled. You keep Tiger’s food in a separate cabinet, and you also have a special electric can opener that you use only to open cans of cat food. For every meal, Tiger hears the distinctive sound of the electric can opener (“zzhzhz”) and then gets their food. Tiger quickly learns that when they hear “zzhzhz” that means it’s feeding time. What do you think Tiger does when they hear the electric can opener? Tiger will likely get excited and run to where you are preparing their food. This is an example of classical conditioning. In this case, what are the US, CS, UCR, and CR?
What if the cabinet holding Tiger’s food becomes squeaky? In that case, Tiger hears “squeak” (the cabinet), “zzhzhz” (the electric can opener), and then they get the food. Tiger will learn to get excited when they hear the “squeak” of the cabinet. Pairing a new neutral stimulus (“squeak”) with the conditioned stimulus (“zzhzhz”) is called higher-order conditioning, or second-order conditioning. This means you are using the conditioned stimulus of the can opener to condition another stimulus: the squeaky cabinet (Figure L.5). It is hard to achieve anything above second-order conditioning. For example, if you ring a bell, open the cabinet (“squeak”), use the can opener (“zzhzhz”), and then feed Tiger, Tiger will likely never get excited when hearing the bell alone.
Classical conditioning also applies to humans, even babies. For example, Logan buys formula in blue canisters for their six-month-old baby, Reagan. Whenever Logan takes out a formula container, Reagan gets excited, tries to reach toward the food, and most likely salivates. Why does Reagan get excited when they see the formula canister? What are the US, CS, UCR, and CR here?
So far, all of the examples have involved food, but classical conditioning extends beyond the basic need to be fed. Consider our earlier example of a dog whose owners install an invisible electric dog fence. A small electrical shock (unconditioned stimulus) elicits discomfort (unconditioned response). When the unconditioned stimulus (shock) is paired with a neutral stimulus (the edge of a yard), the dog associates the discomfort (unconditioned response) with the edge of the yard (conditioned stimulus) and stays within the set boundaries. In this example, the edge of the yard elicits fear and anxiety in the dog. Fear and anxiety are the conditioned response.
Now that you know how classical conditioning works and have seen several examples, let’s take a look at some of the general processes involved. In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as acquisition, when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During acquisition, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response, and eventually the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself. Timing is important for conditioning to occur. Typically, there should only be a brief interval between presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Depending on what is being conditioned, sometimes this interval is as little as five seconds (Chance, 2009). However, with other types of conditioning, the interval can be up to several hours.
Taste aversion is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness). Here’s how it works. Between classes, you and a friend grab a quick lunch from a food cart on campus. You share a dish of chicken curry and head off to your next class. A few hours later, you feel nauseous and become ill. Although your friend is fine and you determine that you have intestinal flu (the food is not the culprit), you’ve developed a taste aversion; the next time you are at a restaurant and someone orders curry, you immediately feel ill. While the chicken dish is not what made you sick, you are experiencing taste aversion: you’ve been conditioned to be averse to a food after a single, bad experience.
How does this occur—conditioning based on a single instance and involving an extended time lapse between the event and the negative stimulus? Research into taste aversion suggests that this response may be an evolutionary adaptation designed to help organisms quickly learn to avoid harmful foods (Garcia & Rusiniak, 1980; Garcia & Koelling, 1966). Not only may this contribute to species survival via natural selection, but it may also help us develop strategies for challenges such as helping cancer patients through the nausea induced by certain treatments (Holmes, 1993; Jacobsen et al., 1993; Hutton, Baracos, & Wismer, 2007; Skolin et al., 2006). Garcia and Koelling (1966) showed not only that taste aversions could be conditioned, but also that there were biological constraints to learning. In their study, separate groups of rats were conditioned to associate either a flavour with illness, or lights and sounds with illness. Results showed that all rats exposed to flavour-illness pairings learned to avoid the flavour, but none of the rats exposed to lights and sounds with illness learned to avoid lights or sounds. This added evidence to the idea that classical conditioning could contribute to species survival by helping organisms learn to avoid stimuli that posed real dangers to health and welfare.
For a full transcript of this video, click here
Robert Rescorla demonstrated how powerfully an organism can learn to predict the US from the CS. Take, for example, the following two situations. Tafadawa’s family always has dinner on the table every day at 6:00. Hai’s family switches it up so that some days they eat dinner at 6:00, some days they eat at 5:00, and other days they eat at 7:00. For Tafadawa, 6:00 reliably and consistently predicts dinner, so Tafadawa will likely start feeling hungry every day right before 6:00, even if he’s had a late snack. Hai, on the other hand, will be less likely to associate 6:00 with dinner, since 6:00 does not always predict that dinner is coming. Rescorla, along with his colleague at Yale University, Alan Wagner, developed a mathematical formula that could be used to calculate the probability that an association would be learned given the ability of a conditioned stimulus to predict the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus and other factors; today this is known as the Rescorla-Wagner model (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). We also know that conditioning can be unrelated to food. It can also trigger an emotional response, rather than a physical one. For example, if an experimenter sounds a tone just before applying a mild shock to a rat’s feet, the tone will elicit fear or anxiety after one or two pairings. Similar fear conditioning plays a role in creating many anxiety disorders in humans, such as phobias and panic disorders, where people associate cues (such as closed spaces, or a shopping mall) with panic or other emotional trauma. Here, rather than a physical response (like drooling), the CS triggers an emotion.
Once we have established the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus, how do we break that connection and get the dog, cat, or child to stop responding? In Tiger’s case, imagine what would happen if you stopped using the electric can opener for their food and began to use it only for human food. Now, Tiger would hear the can opener, but she would not get food. In classical conditioning terms, you would be giving the conditioned stimulus, but not the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov explored this scenario in his experiments with dogs: sounding the tone without giving the dogs the meat powder. Soon the dogs stopped responding to the tone. Extinction is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus. When presented with the conditioned stimulus alone, the dog, cat, or other organism would show a weaker and weaker response, and finally no response. In classical conditioning terms, there is a gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response.
What happens when learning is not used for a while—when what was learned lies dormant? As we just discussed, Pavlov found that when he repeatedly presented the bell (conditioned stimulus) without the meat powder (unconditioned stimulus), extinction occurred; the dogs stopped salivating to the bell. However, after a couple of hours of resting from this extinction training, the dogs again began to salivate when Pavlov rang the bell. What do you think would happen with Tiger’s behaviour if your electric can opener broke, and you did not use it for several months? When you finally got it fixed and started using it to open Tiger’s food again, Tiger would remember the association between the can opener and food—they would get excited and run to the kitchen when they heard the sound. The behaviour of Pavlov’s dogs and Tiger illustrates a concept Pavlov called spontaneous recovery: the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period (Figure L.7).
Acquisition and extinction involve the strengthening and weakening, respectively, of a learned association. Two other learning processes—stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization—are involved in determining which stimuli will trigger learned responses. Animals (including humans) need to distinguish between stimuli—for example, between sounds that predict a threatening event and sounds that do not—so that they can respond appropriately (such as running away if the sound is threatening). When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called stimulus discrimination. In classical conditioning terms, the organism demonstrates the conditioned response only to the conditioned stimulus. Pavlov’s dogs discriminated between the basic tone that sounded before they were fed and other tones (e.g., the doorbell), because the other sounds did not predict the arrival of food. Similarly, Tiger, the cat, discriminated between the sound of the can opener and the sound of the electric mixer. When the electric mixer is going, Tiger is not about to be fed, so they do not come running to the kitchen looking for food. In our other example, Farah, the cancer patient, discriminated between oncologists and other types of doctors. Farah learned not to feel ill when visiting doctors for other types of appointments, such as their annual physical.
On the other hand, when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called stimulus generalization, the opposite of stimulus discrimination. The more similar a stimulus is to the condition stimulus, the more likely the organism is to give the conditioned response. For instance, if the electric mixer sounds very similar to the electric can opener, Tiger may come running after hearing its sound. But if you do not feed Tiger following the electric mixer sound, and you continue to feed them consistently after the electric can opener sound, Tiger will quickly learn to discriminate between the two sounds (provided they are sufficiently dissimilar that she can tell them apart). In our other example, Farah continued to feel ill whenever visiting other oncologists or other doctors in the same building as their oncologist.
John B. Watson, shown in Figure L.8, is considered the founder of behaviourism. Behaviourism is a school of thought that arose during the first part of the 20th century, which incorporates elements of Pavlov’s classical conditioning (Hunt, 2007). In stark contrast with Freud, who considered the reasons for behaviour to be hidden in the unconscious, Watson championed the idea that all behaviour can be studied as a simple stimulus-response reaction, without regard for internal processes. Watson argued that in order for psychology to become a legitimate science, it must shift its concern away from internal mental processes because mental processes cannot be seen or measured. Instead, he asserted that psychology must focus on outward observable behaviour that can be measured.
In 1920, Watson was the chair of the psychology department at Johns Hopkins University. Through his position at the university he came to meet Little Albert’s mother, Arvilla Merritte, who worked at a campus hospital (DeAngelis, 2010). Watson offered her a dollar to allow her son to be the subject of his experiments in classical conditioning. Through these experiments, Little Albert was exposed to and conditioned to fear certain things. Initially he was presented with various neutral stimuli, including a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, masks, cotton wool, and a white rat. He was not afraid of any of these things. Then Watson, with the help of Rayner, conditioned Little Albert to associate these stimuli with an emotion—fear. For example, Watson handed Little Albert the white rat, and Little Albert enjoyed playing with it. Then Watson made a loud sound, by striking a hammer against a metal bar hanging behind Little Albert’s head, each time Little Albert touched the rat. Little Albert was frightened by the sound—demonstrating a reflexive fear of sudden loud noises—and began to cry. Watson repeatedly paired the loud sound with the white rat. Soon Little Albert became frightened by the white rat alone. In this case, what are the US, CS, UCR, and CR? Days later, Little Albert demonstrated stimulus generalization—he became afraid of other furry things: a rabbit, a furry coat, and even a Santa Claus mask (Figure L.9). Watson had succeeded in conditioning a fear response in Little Albert, thus demonstrating that emotions could become conditioned responses. It had been Watson’s intention to produce a phobia—a persistent, excessive fear of a specific object or situation— through conditioning alone, thus countering Freud’s view that phobias are caused by deep, hidden conflicts in the mind. However, there is no evidence that Little Albert experienced phobias in later years. Little Albert’s mother moved away, ending the experiment. While Watson’s research provided new insight into conditioning, it would be considered unethical by today’s standards.
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Oleksandr Palii, A History of Ukraine, 29.01.2018
During the Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, the Crimean khans often acted in alliance with Muscovy. These invaders took Ukrainians as prisoners and sold them on the slave markets in Kefe (now Feodosia in the Crimea) and Istanbul (now in Turkey).
Muscovite princes regularly instigated the Crimean khans to make military expeditions into Ukraine. As a result of one such campaign the Crimean invaders burned Kyiv and sent ritual implements from looted churches as a gift to the prince of Muscovy. During another raid they even killed the metropolitan of Kyiv.
Ukrainian hunters, fishermen, farmers and merchants who lived along the Lower Dnipro, were forced to keep their weapons ready for battle and gather in groups to put up a joint defense. They were joined by ambitious young people and outcasts. This is how the Cossacks emerged. The word “Cossack” meant “independent person” in Turkic languages.
Defense against the Tatars was organized by the starostas (elders, heads of administration) of border cities. The “war of raids” was fought on Ukraine’s borders starting from the 15th century. Local residents took turns to do watch duty at the outposts in the steppe and notified further outposts about the approaching enemy using fire at night and smoke in the daytime.
Portrait of a Cossack colonel, second half of the 17th century. Colonel Hryhorii Hamaliia from Lubny.
The first written mentions of the Cossacks go back to 1490–1492 when the Crimean Khan, Mengli Giray, complained about the residents of Kyiv and Cherkasy who had seized a Tatar ship near Tighina (now Bendery, Moldova) and attacked a fortress.
In 1493, the Cherkasy starosta Bohdan ruined the Akçakum (Ochakiv) fortress which the Tatars had built on the site of the Lithuanian Dashiv fortress and captured its garrison.
In 1514, the Ukrainian nobleman Ostafii Dashkovych from Volhynia, who was appointed as starosta of Cherkasy, defeated the Tatars multiple times.
Irked by the raids of the Cossack fleet to the Crimea, the Crimean Khan brought a horde of many thousands of armed fighters that had cannons and encircled Cherkasy in 1532, but was forced to retreat.
TO EPISODE 35
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The king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah, is the largest venomous snake in the world, reaching to a length of up to 5.85m. Indiscriminate killings of king cobras at an alarming rate in the Eastern Ghats of India due to fear and ignorance is a serious threat to the species which might lead to local extirpation if left unattended. Local people have been killing them on sight unnecessarily out of fear and false-beliefs throughout the northern Eastern Ghats region of Andhra Pradesh.
Our Team has observed as many as 30 adult king cobras deaths since last three years as a result of redundant killings at different location across the northern Eastern Ghats region of Andhra Pradesh state in South India. Download this PDF to learn more:
Indiscriminate Killing of King Cobras in the Eastern Ghats
Many more killings go unnoticed. This indicates a deep intolerance among people and lack of measures to prevent such incidents. Baseline data about the species from the region is also rudimentary. The species could be wiped out from the region if this rate of mortality continues.
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The National Institutes of Health this week announced $4.4 million in grants for projects aimed at developing robotics for healthcare and life sciences.
The funding was granted to teams working on developing a new generation of robotics, called "co-robotics," which aid people with everyday tasks in the healthcare field.
The developments include technology to aid engineers in designing prosthetics, miniature "robot pills" that help diagnose and treat disease and robots that help researchers create artificial tissues.
"Robots that can adapt to new situations and support the work and activities that people do on a daily basis are not just the future of robotics, they are already here," NIH director Dr. Francis Collins said in prepared remarks. "Affordable, accessible robotic technology can facilitate wellness and personalized, home-based health care, especially for the growing elderly and disabled population."
NIH selected 6 projects, the funding for which will be awarded over the course of the next 4 years, given budget availability, according to the agency:
- Brain Machine Interface (BMI) Control of a Therapeutic Exoskeleton
- Personal Pill-Sized Soft Medical Robots for the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Control of Powered Segmented Legs for Humanoids and Rehabilitation Robotics
- High Performance Robotic Below-Knee Prostheses
- Advanced Biophotonics for Image-guided Robotic Surgery
- Parallel, Independent Control of Microrobots for Microassembly of Tissues
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Of all the challenges thrown at Christianity in modern times, perhaps the most difficult is explaining the problem of suffering. How can a loving God allow suffering to continue in the world which He created? For those who have endured massive suffering themselves, this is much more than a philosophical issue, but a deep-seated personal and emotional one. How does the Bible address this issue? Does the Bible give us any examples of suffering and some indicators on how to deal with it?
The Bible is startlingly realistic when it comes to the problem of endured suffering. For one thing, the Bible devotes an entire book to dealing with the problem. This book concerns a man named Job. It begins with a scene in heaven which provides the reader with the background of Job’s suffering. Job suffers because God contested with Satan. As far as we know, this was never known by Job or any of his friends. It is therefore not surprising that they all struggle to explain Job’s suffering from the perspective of their ignorance, until Job finally rests in nothing but the faithfulness of God and the hope of His redemption. Neither Job nor his friends understood at the time the reasons for his suffering. In fact, when Job is finally confronted by the Lord, Job is silent. Job’s silent response does not in any way trivialize the intense pain and loss he had so patiently endured. Rather, it underscores the importance of trusting God’s purposes in the midst of suffering, even when we don’t know what those purposes are. Suffering, like all other human experiences, is directed by the sovereign wisdom of God. In the end, we learn that we may never know the specific reason for our suffering, but we must trust in our sovereign God. That is the real answer to suffering.
Another example of suffering in the Bible is Joseph’s story in the book of Genesis. Joseph was sold into slavery by his own brothers. In Egypt, he was indicted on false charges and thrown into prison. As a result of Joseph’s suffering and endurance, by God’s grace and power, Joseph is later promoted to governor of Egypt, second only to Pharaoh himself. He finds himself in a position to make provision for the nations of the world during a time of famine, including his own family and the brothers who sold him into slavery! The message of this story is summarized in Joseph’s address to his brothers in Genesis 50:19-21: “You intended to harm me, but God intended it for good to accomplish what is now being done, the saving of many lives. So then, don’t be afraid. I will provide for you and your children.”
Romans 8:28 contains some comforting words for those enduring hardship and suffering: “We know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose.” In His providence, God orchestrates every event in our lives—even suffering, temptation and sin—to accomplish both our temporal and eternal benefit.
The psalmist David endured much suffering in his time, and this is reflected in many of his poems collected in the book of Psalms. In Psalm 22, we hear David’s anguish: “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from saving me, so far from the words of my groaning? Oh my God, I cry out by day but you do not answer, by night, and am not silent. Yet you are enthroned as the Holy One; you are the praise of Israel. In you our fathers put their trust; they trusted and you delivered them. They cried to you and were saved; in you they trusted and were not disappointed. But I am a worm and not a man, scorned by men and despised by the people. All who see me mock me; they hurl insults, shaking their heads: 'He trusts in the Lord; let the Lord rescue him. Let him deliver him, since he delights in him.'”
It remains a mystery to David why God does not intervene and end his suffering and pain. He sees God as enthroned as the Holy One, the praise of Israel. God lives in heaven where all is good, where there is no weeping or fear, no hunger or hatred. What does God know of all that humans endure? David goes on to complain that “dogs have surrounded me; a band of evil men has encircled me, they have pierced my hands and my feet. I can count all my bones; people stare and gloat over me. They divide my garments among them and cast lots for my clothing.”
Did God ever answer David? Yes, many centuries later, David received his answer. Roughly one millennium later, a descendant of David named Jesus was killed on a hill called Calvary. On the cross, Jesus endured the suffering and shame of his forefather. Christ’s hands and feet were pierced. Christ’s garments were divided among his enemies. Christ was stared at and derided. In fact, Christ uttered the words with which David opens this psalm: “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” thus identifying Himself with the suffering of David.
Christ, the eternal Son of God in whom the fullness of God dwells, has lived on earth as a human being and has endured hunger, thirst, temptation, shame, persecution, nakedness, bereavement, betrayal, mockery, injustice and death. Therefore, He is in a position to fulfill the longing of Job: “If only there were someone to arbitrate between us, to lay his hand upon us both, someone to remove God’s rod from me, so that his terror would frighten me no more. Then I would speak up without fear of him, but as it now stands with me, I cannot” (Job 9:33).
Christian theism is, in fact, the only worldview which can consistently make sense of the problem of evil and suffering. Christians serve a God who has lived on this earth and endured trauma, temptation, bereavement, torture, hunger, thirst, persecution and even execution. The cross of Christ can be regarded as the ultimate manifestation of God’s justice. When asked how much God cares about the problem of evil and suffering, the Christian God can point to the cross and say, “That much.” Christ experienced physical pain as well as feelings of rejection and abandonment. He experienced the same suffering as many people today who know the bitterness of isolation, pain, and anguish.
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In recent years, there have been many concerns expressed in the media about the level of debt in Singapore, especially for mortgage and credit card borrowings.
These critiques have relied on a few different ways to measure debt, but most have arrived at the same conclusion that Singapore's households have a debt problem or are on the way to one.
Some have taken Singapore's gross debt to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio and compared it to that of other countries. For example, if the United States had a gross household debt to GDP of about 100 per cent in 2007 when the sub-prime debt crisis broke, then Singapore - where the ratio is 75 per cent and rising - must also have a debt crisis brewing, they say.
Others have raised the alarm based on concerns that Singaporeans' personal debts are growing faster than the overall economy, while personal bankruptcy filings and the loan default rate are also rising.
Such reports have brought about a sense of impending economic disaster. Some analyses went so far as to predict a credit meltdown for Singapore, similar to the sub-prime crisis in the US.
The widespread concern about debt in Singapore has triggered several government measures since 2012 to curb borrowings. These include property loan curbs and a cap on an individual's total debt repayments relative to his income.
Such measures were taken at the macro level - in other words, applied across the board for all borrowers.
But contrary to the sensational headlines on this subject, on an aggregate level, debt in Singapore is in fact low and manageable, considering most households' rock-solid balance sheets and the robust job market.
How much is too much?
Let's start with the question of how much debt is considered too much to lead a person or a nation into financial trouble.
The answer to this question does not depend on the ratio of debt to GDP, nor how rapidly the debt has grown.
What matters is the ability to service the debt. A debt amount is too much if the borrower cannot make debt repayments in a timely manner.
The ability to make debt repayments depends on two factors. Firstly, the borrower's assets: if they are worth more than his liabilities, he can cover his debt.
Secondly, to meet debt obligations in a timely manner, the liquidity of the assets also matters. If the borrower can raise enough cash quickly to pay for his liabilities, he has no debt problem.
An analysis of household balance sheets shows that the assets of Singaporean households were worth over six times their liabilities in each of the past five years. In short, for every dollar that the household sector has in debt, it has over $6 in assets for repayment.
Better yet, the household sector here has a large amount of liquid assets in the form of cash and bank deposits. At the end of March, it had in aggregate $329.4 billion in cash and bank deposits, which exceeded the total liabilities of $282 billion.
In simple terms, Singaporean households as a whole can easily pay off all their loans with cash, without having to sell off any other assets. The balance sheet also shows that households' debt levels have been steady at about 15 to 16 per cent of total assets in each of the past five years. So the fear that Singaporeans have piled up debt too fast is simply not supported by the data.
About 75 per cent of household debts are mortgage loans - not surprising, given that Singapore has one of the highest home ownership rates in the world.
This may cause nervousness about whether Singapore will suffer a banking crisis like in the US if property prices drop, since Singaporean banks have a high proportion of mortgage loans in their lending portfolio. But the US sub-prime crisis happened because of overly lenient conditions for mortgage lending, and the emergence of mortgage-backed securities that were not transparent to investors and not properly priced for the risks.
In Singapore, lending conditions are generally strict, with the maximum home loan capped at 80 per cent of a property's price. And in practice, mortgage loans have been lower than the bank mortgage limits. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) estimated that the average loan-to-home value was 47.5 per cent as of the first quarter this year.
Personal loans such as credit card debt have attracted special attention of late. There were worries that personal loans have been growing at a double-digit rate, far outpacing income growth. Personal bankruptcy cases also rose from 1,748 in 2012 to 1,992 last year, a 14 per cent increase in one year.
However, in aggregate, personal loans have remained at 26 per cent of total liabilities, and credit card loans at 3 per cent, throughout the last five years. There is no sign of a significant change in consumer spending or borrowing habits.
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ArtsConnectEd iPad Challenge #2
Objects surround us. We often overlook the fact that someone created each of these at times functional, at times bizarre, and at times poorly designed objects. Every curve, bolt, color, and material revels a decision that someone made about the objects design. Because objects are made within the context of society, the decisions that lead to their existence can reveal economic, political, social, and ethical expectations which reflect that society.
This set explores everyday objects by looking at how engineering and design occur within the context of society and history. The associated lesson plan is intended for 8th grade middle school science and engineering students and meets Minnesota Academic Science Standards related to The Nature of Science and Engineering strand.
Students will use the set to explore examples of utilitarian objects from various time periods and cultures. The exploration will provide a lens with which students can further investigate the objects that surround them. As a summative project, students will design a new object or redesign an existing object to function within the context of society.
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The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples last Sept. 13, with Japan among the 144 member states voting in favor.
The U.N. estimates there are more than 370 million indigenous people in some 70 countries.
To this day, however, the government has not officially recognized any ethnic group as indigenous to Japan. But for the first time, lawmakers are moving to pass a Diet resolution to recognize the Ainu before the Group of Eight summit that Japan will host in July at Toyako, Hokkaido.
One week prior to this major event, indigenous people from all over the world will gather in Hokkaido at the 2008 Indigenous Peoples Summit, during which representatives of the Ainu are expected to make their voice heard.
Following are basic questions and answers about the history and current situation of the Ainu:
Does Japan have indigenous groups?
Although no one has been officially recognized, critics say the Ainu and Okinawans fit this bill. Both groups have participated in the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations that was established in 1982.
What does Ainu mean?
The word Ainu means “human” in the Ainu language. The Ainu call their homeland “Ainu Mosir,” which means “the quiet earth where humans dwell.” Their homeland encompasses Hokkaido, the four Russian-held islands off Hokkaido that are claimed by Japan, and the southern part of Russia’s Sakhalin.
According to the Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture, Ainu trace their cultural roots to the 12th or 13th century, but the first historical documents to mention them date to around the 15th century.
The early Ainu made their living by fishing, hunting and trading.
When did Japan invade Ainu lands?
In 1869, just one year after the Meiji Restoration, the Meiji government gave Hokkaido its current name, unilaterally declaring the land part of Japan.
During the same year, the government established Kaitakushi (the Development Commission) to rule and develop Hokkaido, using the vast land to attract Japanese immigrants.
Hideaki Uemura, a professor at Keisen University in Tokyo specializing in indigenous people’s rights issues, said that was the beginning of forced assimilation of the Ainu.
Following the establishment of Kaitakushi, the Family Registry Law was enacted in 1871, incorporating the Ainu as “commoners.”
The government also prohibited the Ainu from practicing certain traditions, including men wearing earrings and women getting tattooed, and “encouraged” them to learn the Japanese language.
Did enactment of the Hokkaido Former Aborigine Protection Law in 1899 help?
No. Even though the law stipulated that land be given to those who want it free of charge, the Ainu had to forfeit the land if they did not succeed in turning it into farmland.
And according to the Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture, some of the land offered was unsuitable for farming, and the amount provided was much smaller than what was given to Japanese.
Article 9 of the law stipulated that the government establish schools for Ainu children. But the youngsters had to learn Japanese and Japanese culture — not their own.
“The law was not about protecting the rights (of Ainu), but a way (for the government) to tactfully advance their assimilation,” Uemura said.
What is the current Ainu population?
According to a 2006 survey conducted by the Hokkaido government, there are about 24,000 Ainu living there. Ainu activists estimate the population could be between 50,000 and 100,000 nationwide, but they say it is difficult to get accurate numbers because many keep a low profile or are not even aware of their ethnicity.
The 2006 survey also found that 38.3 percent of Ainu were on welfare, compared with 24.6 percent of other residents in Hokkaido. While 38.5 percent of all residents in Hokkaido had gone to a university, only 17.4 of the Ainu received a college education.
Why doesn’t the government recognize the Ainu as indigenous?
The government’s official stance is there is no universal definition of indigenous people. But Uemura said he thinks if the government were to admit the Ainu are indigenous, then it would have to address whether Hokkaido rightfully belongs to Japan.
“And then, the argument that the (four Russian-held islands) belong to Japan will completely fall apart,” Uemura said.
What have been recent key events regarding the Ainu?
One would be the epoch-making enactment of the Law for the Promotion of the Ainu Culture and for the Dissemination and Advocacy for the Traditions of the Ainu and the Ainu Culture enacted in 1997.
With the passage of this law, the nearly 100-year-old Hokkaido Former Aborigine Protection Law was abolished.
Article 1 stipulates that the aim of the new law is to realize a society in which the pride of the Ainu is respected and to contribute to the development of diverse cultures in Japan. This is the only law that refers to the Ainu by name.
Another landmark was the Nibutani Dam ruling by the Sapporo District Court in March 1997 in which the Ainu were recognized as indigenous people. Although the court ruled that the dam can remain because it was already completed, it stated that the Ainu were living in Hokkaido before it fell under Japanese rule.
Ainu had protested the dam’s construction, claiming it was built on their holy land.
What about Okinawa?
Okinawa was an independent nation — the Ryukyu Kingdom. It was said to have been established in the 15th century and existed until 1879, when it was officially declared a part of Japan as Okinawa Prefecture by the Meiji government.
Critics say that while some Okinawans desire to be assimilated with the mainstream population, some advocate Ryukyu independence and being a separate nation.
What are recent international movements regarding the situation for indigenous people?
In September, when 144 member states advocated the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, the U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand voted it down.
Article 1 of the resolution stipulates that “indigenous peoples have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the U.N., the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law.”
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‘Hands-on applied science’
Gruening students build submersible ROVs
Eighth-grader Sarah Feinstein places her ROV submersible into a pool at Gruening Middle School on Dec. 6. The entire eighth-grade class participates in the annual project.
Students and teachers at Gruening Middle School enjoy the eighth-grade class’ annual submersible remote operated vehicle (ROV) challenge for the same reason — no textbooks.
The project doesn’t require students to conduct hours of research using multiple books. However, there’s also no cheat sheet available should a problem arise.
“They can’t Google the answer how to fix it,” technology collaborator Greg Barta said. “That’s the best part. They use their brain to solve it.”
Every Gruening eighth-grader has participated in the project for the past five years. Broken into teams of three, students follow directions to independently construct their ROVs out of PVC pipe, wire a control box and learn how to maneuver the subs.
The monthlong project culminates with a school wide competition to crown the top team at Bartlett High’s pool Friday, Dec. 14.
Operating the ROV in water was the most difficult part of the project, said Anthony Calkins.
“If it was like a regular steering wheel, I could probably do it,” he said as students practiced in an inflatable pool at Gruening on Dec. 6.
For Dylan Llamas, the control box posed the biggest challenge.
“The wiring was the hardest part,” he said. “The control box is very tedious.”
Getting her team’s ROV to balance in the water and submerge was no easy task, Kate Paskievitch said.
She learned many useful lessons from the project, Paskievitch said.
“We learned a lot about how batteries work,” she said. “How to wire things and circuits.”
The project is a great way to introduce students to tools, Barta said.
“It’s practical,” he said. “It’s hands-on applied science.”
“It’s teaching us how to build a submarine,” he said.
It also forces the kids to problem solve in a group setting, Barta said.
“They have to work as a team,” he said.
The project offers a glimpse into adult life, Barta said.
“In real life, you don’t always get to pick your co-workers,” he said. “But, you still have to produce a product.”
Watching Gruening’s eighth-graders construct submersible ROV’s is something Barta looks forward to each year.
“It’s an awesome project,” he said.
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“The Sisters Are Doin’ It For Themselves” – Aretha Franklin & The Eurythmics
The old cliches of where a woman’s place ought to be have changed to mean: anywhere she wants to be. Women are poised to drive change in the age of complexity leading us all to consider why this might be the case and what we can learn from it.
There was a time when women repeated the line in graphic artist J. Howard Miller‘s famous piece: We Can Do It! Now, as Aretha and Annie sing, they are doing it for themselves…and in spades. The ‘it’ is leading and innovating in times of great complexity and change and not necessarily by role, but by action. When the challenges of ‘wicked problems‘ become great and pervasive, it is women not men who are stepping up to lead and that might have a lot to do with design. How?
Design and design thinking is fundamentally about strategies used to create, shape and influence. There are many definitions of the concept, but generally speaking it is about finding / clarifying problems at their root, framing them within a larger context, and addressing them using empathic methods. Quite often this involves intense engagement with the issue and those whom the issue most affects and these are areas where women are doing well.
Drawing on the growing literature base on design thinking and a series of ongoing interviews I have done as part of the Design Thinking Foundations project, there are three areas that sit at the core of this way of approaching problems. As it turns out, women are pretty good at all of them:
- Empathy. Getting to learn more about the person / people who are designing for / with by stepping into their shoes is a powerful vehicle for gaining insight into the nature of the problem at hand, its frames, and possible ways forward. Research looking at males and females consistently shows women expressing higher levels of emotional empathy than men (e.g, ). More recent work has begun to explore the ways in which women relate empathically to others, whereas men are more prone to what can be called Machevellian tendencies;
- Literacy. By this I refer to a constellation of skills that sit at the intersection of craft and knowledge to address a particular problem. A designer’s literacy most often includes creativity and the ability to analyze problems. These skills can fall within artistic realms, but also scientific and mathematical realms. Here in Canada, a recent report on the state of education finds that boys are lagging in literacy scores and, for the first time, science scores. They are tied with girls in math. The report (PDF-summary) adds greater weight to the shifting nature of boys and girls.
- Engagement. Designers — whether they are introverts or extroverts — need to be able to engage in diverse social situations in order to create useful products and services. Early work on online social networks is suggestive of this, building on a body of work looking at the strength of associations between gender, emotion and socialization (see 2010 chapter of the same name)
It used to be that women would express these three areas in social roles that were of lower status than men and generally following male leads (e.g., homemaker, assistant). However, the balance is starting to shift and women are no longer waiting for men to give things up, they are taking things for themselves. Indeed, women are becoming the new leaders and are designing themselves lives that will keep them in this position for the foreseeable future if indeed design is the new competitive advantage as has been suggested by Roger Martin at the Rotman School of Business in Toronto.
Lest we think this is isolated to Canada or the United States, the rise of women and girls is being seen globally. Earlier this year, the Economist explored how Asian women are marrying less and marrying later. One of the reasons is that they are no longer tied to men in the same way and are less willing to fill a role that sees them often as less than in their marriages. Indeed, Asian women are eschewing the practice altogether in rates never before seen and may be on the cusp of instilling deep and profound social change.
A lot of Asians are not marrying later. They are not marrying at all. Almost a third of Japanese women in their early 30s are unmarried; probably half of those will always be. Over one-fifth of Taiwanese women in their late 30s are single; most will never marry. In some places, rates of non-marriage are especially striking: in Bangkok, 20% of 40-44-year old women are not married; in Tokyo, 21%; among university graduates of that age in Singapore, 27%.(Economist, August 20, 2011)
One of the reasons is that women are more often placed in roles of great social complexity in the family/social sphere, yet without the power to make key decisions. This might mean child raising (often held as the ideal example of complexity), negotiating and planning social engagements, and doing much of the emotional maintenance in relationships. While these are not universal and suggestive of stereotype, there are libraries full of research that have found these roles tend to be persistent and consistent across most Western countries. Until now. These are also the kinds of skills that are needed in complex systems and to create means to navigate through them.
Women are no longer satisfied (nor should they be) with the roles assigned to them by men, but are shaping and crafting new ones for themselves and reclaiming and challenging outdated, sexist ones. A terrific example of this is the SlutWalk movement that started in Toronto in reaction to public statements by a police officer aimed at helping prevent rape that placed blame on victims, suggesting that women “stop dressing like sluts”. Here, women just took action and men followed.
As societies, we will (and do) need leaders and innovators who know how to manage complexity well and design solutions and women may be the first place to look because they are doing it already.
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A bunion is a bony enlargement of the joint and surrounding soft tissues at the base of the big toe. The enlargement makes the big toe joint stick out further on the side, and forces the big toe to curve in closer to the other toes. For some people, bunions cause little or no pain. In general, women are 2 to 3 times as likely as men to have bunions.
Managing the condition so that it doesn't get worse is a matter of wearing appropriate footwear, cushioning and supporting the area, and taking pain relievers as required. People with more severe bunions may need more specific treatment, such as surgery.
Some people develop bunions from wearing shoes that do not fit correctly (especially high heels or narrow-toed shoes). For other people, bunions are caused by factors beyond their control. These can include:
- a family history of a foot type that is susceptible to bunions
- neuromuscular disorders
- conditions affecting the joints (e.g., arthritis)
- severe injury to the foot
- deformities at birth
- problems that affect the way a person walks (e.g., rolling in at the ankles)
Symptoms and Complications
Bunions may cause no pain at first. But as the big toe begins to turn in towards the other toes, people with bunions usually experience redness, pain, swelling, and tenderness in the area around the joint. Pressure inside the joint or from footwear pressing against the bunion may also cause discomfort. As the affected toe curves closer to the other toes on the foot, these toes can become painful as well.
Complications of bunions include corns, calluses, hammer toe, and ingrown toenails. Other complications include irritation of the nerves surrounding the bunion area. Excess rubbing of the bunion against the footwear may lead to changes in the skin, resulting in corns or calluses. Hammer toe is a deformity of the toe immediately next to the big toe. A hammer toe is slightly raised and points upwards from the base and downwards at the end of the toe. Ingrown toenails can result from increased pressure from the big toe on the other toes. There may also be a decrease in the amount a person can move the joint affected by the bunion. Irritation of the nerves will feel like burning or decreased sensation.
Making the Diagnosis
Looking at the problem area on the foot is the best way to discover a bunion. If it has the shape characteristic of a bunion, this is the first hint of a problem. The doctor may also look at the shape of your leg, ankle, and foot while you are standing, and check the range of motion of your toe and joints by asking you to move your toes in different directions A closer examination with weight-bearing X-rays helps your doctor examine the actual bone structure at the joint and see how severe the problem is.
A doctor may ask about the types of shoes you wear, sports or activities (e.g., ballet) you participate in, and whether or not you have had a recent injury. This information will help determine your treatment.
Treatment and Prevention
Detecting and treating bunions can relieve many of the symptoms associated with this condition. Doctors often consider whether the condition requires non-surgical or surgical treatment. The decision is based on the severity of the symptoms. Because bunions often get worse over time, early detection and proper treatment are very important.
Some non-surgical methods to reduce the symptoms related to bunions include:
- cushioning the area with padding or tape
- taking medication to relieve pain and inflammation
- using physiotherapy to reduce pain and related symptoms (e.g., ultrasound, whirlpool baths, joint mobilization)
- wearing custom orthotics to provide better movement and stability of the foot
- wearing well-fitted comfortable shoes that are not too tight (if your shoes used to fit but now are too tight around the bunion area, you may be able to have them stretched in this area)
- using a special splint at night to decrease the amount the toe angles towards the other toes
- topical pain or anti-inflammatory creams
When non-surgical methods do not provide relief, surgery may be needed. During surgery, the doctor will remove the tissue or bone in the area of the bunion and attempt to straighten the big toe, and may join the bones of the affected joint.
The best protection against developing bunions is to protect and care for your feet every day. Avoid tight and narrow-fitting shoes. Limit your use of high heels. Wear comfortable shoes with adequate space between your longest toe and the end of the shoe. Getting treatment for very flat or very high-arched feet (if you are experiencing symptoms) will give your feet the proper support and help maintain stability and balance.
All material copyright MediResource Inc. 1996 – 2018. Terms and conditions of use. The contents herein are for informational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Source: www.medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/Bunions
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•About this Yokai•
Ohaguro-Bettari – (お歯黒べったり) – “NOTHING BUT BLACK TEETH.”
a Giggling Noppera-bo (faceless ghost) dressed in a beautiful kimono, sometimes a traditional brides outfit. – She waits near shrines at dusk for lonely single men to approach her, when they do get close, she turns around, takes their hand & reveals her face... The eerie cackle of laughter echoes in the evening darkness and her beautiful grin seals their fate.
•History and Early Appearances•
[Ohaguro bettari is originally from 1841 Ehon Hyaku Monogatari - in modern tellings its often said to be a bride – however the initial story does not mention that, and certain buddhist sects (Jōdo Shinshū) also wore a similar head piece to do prayers too. Early monster dictionaries mention that she was "the ghost of a woman who died before marriage or resented their marriage." (so, its hard to say for sure!) As with Noppera-bo, its also said it could have been a transformed Tanuki or a Kitsune, playing a trick!]
"Ohaguro" or "teeth blackening" was a popular custom where in you dye your teeth black using a solution called Kanemizu (かねみず) "iron drink" - Coating the teeth with this liquid-- it actually helped to prevent both tooth and enamel decay! - it was very popular in Heian period Japan with aristocrats - Then when the Edo period came about Geisha and Peasants started to do it too:-- because at the time similarly to teeth whitening, it was beautiful!!! (think similarly to how you bleach your teeth to make them more white? It was as normal as that. -in particularly, it was popular with wives, but men did this as well! - Teeth blackening is still done in some places today (though it is far less common.) ..Unfortunately at the start of the Meji period, a lot of western travellers mistook this custom for bad hygiene/rotten teeth – Racist rumours began to spread that the Japanese had bad hygiene, so, on February 5, 1870, the government banned ohaguro and the process gradually became obsolete, the practice quickly died out and started to only be used for special occasions. -- In a bit of Irony: recently here in the west the custom of using "black charcoal toothpaste" has also became popular recently as well.. (supposedly good for you but it looks just as scary) I've also seen tictoks where people have been filing their teeth for that 'vampire' look - Please don't do that: seriously.. your enamel wont grow back!!
Sticker Art by @Samkalensky (yo thats me!) - Part of my Night parade of 100 Demons - Yokai & Japanese folklore sticker collection, weather-resistant 4" Glossy sticker. Check my shop & follow @samkalensky for many more!
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Chapter 8. What Is Web3?
Web3 is a collection of JS libraries that lets you interact with an Ethereum node remotely or locally. Simply, it provides us with an API to use so we can easily work with the blockchain. Web3 works as a wrapper for JSON RPC to connect to a remote or local Ethereum node with either a HTTP or IPC connection. Web3 is basically a connection between the Ethereum blockchain and your smart contract.
Behind the scenes, Web3 uses JSON RPC. RPC is used in many different types of programming languages. You can learn more about JSON RPC here. This chapter focuses on Web3 because Web3 makes connecting to an Ethereum node less complicated and much easier to understand than RPC.
The Frontend, Web3, and the Blockchain
In a traditional web 2.0 application, your user will interact with the frontend of an application such as React or Ember to make a request to the backend that will have databases, APIs, and models, which will then return a response from the backend. The frontend will serve up the data from the backend to the frontend, and the frontend will display it to your user.
The flow of a web 2.0 application is illustrated in Figure 8-1.
If you have experience in traditional web development, Web3 is similar to an API request that is getting or adding data to the backend. But with Web3, you’ll be reading ...
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Bullying is a serious problem with horrible consequences if left unchecked. The good news is that you can do lots to stop it. We hope that the resources listed below are useful to you in that effort.
The lowdown on bullying.
What’s bullying, and what do we do about it? This article from the National Mental Health Association tells the story, quick and to the point.
Bullies: More than sticks, stones, and name calling.
A quick read about the research in teasing and bullying behavior.
A fact sheet for families.
From the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
What parents can do.
As a parent, would you recognize the signs that your child is being bullied? Or that your child was a bully? This article will help you do both and provides suggestions for what to do about each.
Stop bullying now!
At this site you can learn all about bullying and what you can do to stop it.
Medline’s resources on bullying.
Bullying defined, lots of resources for coping, including in Spanish.
Bullying Information Center.
Lots of info here, including the Quick Guide to Reducing Bullying and info in Spanish.
Cyberbullying Research Center.
Yes, there is one, and it provides up-to-date information about the nature, extent, causes, and consequences of cyberbullying among adolescents.
The research on bullying prevention.
What Current Research Is Available Regarding Bullying Prevention? is the title of this web resource page at the Regional Education Lab Northwest.
Stop bullying now!
No, we’re not repeating ourselves from above, that’s the name of this site, too. It concentrates on presenting research-based strategies to reduce bullying in our schools.
Kids Against Bullying.
A must-visit site for kids, from the PACER Center.
Teens Against Bullying.
PACER also offers the Teens Against Bullying website. It’s a relevant, edgy, and unique educational resource for bullying prevention designed to engage, empower and educate all teens.
And when youth with disabilities are bullied…
Consult this Issue Brief from NCSET (National Center for Secondary Education and Transition), called “Bullying and Teasing of Youth With Disabilities: Creating Positive School Environments for Effective Inclusion.”
Quick training aids for the prevention of bullying.
Planning on giving your staff training on bullying? Check out these talking points for conducting an inservice workshop. You’ll find links to various research studies and papers on bullying. Get overviews, factsheets, tools, handouts, model programs, and additional resources. You’ll also find overheads to use in your presentation.
Bully proofing your school.
Comprehensive resources from STRYVE, Striving to Reduce Youth Violence Everywhere .
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Crash Rates Don't Tell the Whole Story Of Risky Teen Driving
Teenage drivers have fewer crashes after they've been driving for a while, but new research suggests that a few months behind the wheel doesn't improve their driving skills all that much.
Researchers persuaded 42 newly licensed teen drivers to have data-recording systems installed in their cars — a camera, a GPS, and an accelerometer to measures rapid stops, sharp turns and swerves. They also checked up on how their parents did when driving the same cars.
The idea was to compare the driving habits of novices with those of more experienced drivers under similar conditions.
How did it go? During the 18-month study, the teens experienced 37 crashes and 242 near-crashes, compared to two crashes and 32 near-crashes for the parents.
The accelerometer recorded some of the specific behaviors that were putting teens at risk, such as making 25-30 times as many sharp turns as their parents were.
The teens showed a high rate of accidents and near-accidents when they first started driving, which dropped as they gained experience, a pattern seen in previous studies.
But while the teens got more skilled at keeping their cars dent-free, "they did not improve in risky driving," Bruce Simons-Morton said in a media briefing Thursday. Simons-Morton, the lead author of the study, is a senior investigator at the Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
The findings were published online by the American Journal of Public Health.
It's unclear whether the drivers continued their radical ways because they didn't know how to handle their vehicles or because they liked the way that type of driving feels.
Either way, they are putting themselves at risk for an accident by decreasing the amount of time they have to react to a situation and increasing the chance that they'll lose control of the car.
Simons-Morton noted that the degree to which a driver engages in these risky driving behaviors seems to be a good predictor of who will have a crash in the near future (that's the subject of a follow-up study not yet published). But unfortunately, teens are unlikely to adopt more cautious habits even after they've had an accident.
Learning to steer, brake and check rear-view mirrors only takes a couple of hours. But developing good judgment requires time, an exposure to a wide variety of situations and — more often than not — the exercise of bad judgment.
"The dilemma is that teens only learn by driving, but the more they drive, the greater the risk," Simons-Morton said.
Most states now have a graduated drivers license program designed to protect brand new drivers from the temptation to speed down the highway at midnight with their cell phone in one hand and a seat full of friends in the back. But the specifics and effectiveness of those programs vary, and some young drivers are finding ways to skirt the system.
Simons-Morton recommended that parents take an active role in their teens' learning process by setting rules that encourage safe driving, like limiting night driving, access to high-speed roads, and the number of passengers allowed in the car. While cruising around town with mom may not be as fun as taking trips with friends, teens can benefit from the guidance and judgment of a more experienced mentor.
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We all agree that sleep is important! Everyone tells us we should get sleep 7-8 hrs as an adult and much more as a teenager, but knowing is not the same as doing! Sleep might be the most important thing you do for your brain and body ALL DAY!
I hope that the facts you are about to read are compelling enough to motivate you to get more shut eye!
Sharper Brain Function
Have you found that when you are tired you have a harder time remembering things? That’s because sleep plays a big part in both learning and memory. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) is necessary to enhance our ability to retain emotional matters, helps the hippocampus turn short term memories into long term memories, and neurons to grow normally! Without enough sleep, it’s tough to focus and retain new information.
As mentioned, you also process emotions during sleep. Your mind needs this time in order to recognize and react the right way. When you cut that short, you tend to have more negative emotional reactions and fewer positive ones. Chronic lack of sleep can also raise the chance of having a mood disorder. One large study showed that when you have insomnia, you’re five times more likely to develop depression, and your odds of anxiety or panic disorders are even greater. There’s a saying for a reason that “everything’s better after a good night’s sleep.”
While you sleep, your blood pressure goes down, giving your heart and blood vessels a bit of a rest. For those of you with a smart watch, check out your data points — you could find that you get all the way down to 50 bpm! The less sleep you get, the longer your blood pressure stays up during a 24-hour cycle. High blood pressure can lead to heart disease, including stroke.
Muscles repair at night and when pushed and not fully repaired you will see slower reaction times! Something that could be the difference between gold and not placing!
Professional athlete or not, proper rest sets you up for your best performance.
Steadier Blood Sugar
During the deep, slow-wave part of your sleep cycle, the amount of glucose in your blood drops. Diabetics and sugar addicts, pay attention! Not enough time in this deepest stage means you don’t get that very necessary break. Your body will have a harder time responding to your cells’ needs and blood sugar levels. Allow yourself to reach and remain in this deep sleep, and you’re less likely to get type 2 diabetes.
Have you ever been sleep deprived and then got sick? To help you ward off illnesses, your immune system identifies harmful bacteria and viruses in your body and destroys them. Ongoing lack of sleep changes the way your immune cells work. They may not attack as quickly, and you could get sick more often.
Have you ever wondered why weight gain and lack of sleep are correlated? Being sleep-deprived messes with the hormones in your brain — leptin and ghrelin — that control appetite. With those out of balance, your resistance to the temptation of unhealthy foods goes way down. And when you’re tired, you’re less likely to want to get up and move your body. Together, it’s a recipe for putting on pounds.
So if you are eating healthy and exercising regularly and not seeing a difference, are you sleeping?
Too Much of a Good Thing?
Sleep needs vary, but on average, regularly sleeping more than 9 hours a night may do more harm than good. Research found that people who slept longer had more calcium buildup in their heart arteries and less flexible leg arteries, too.
Your best bet is to shoot for 7-8 hours of quality slumber each night for peak health benefits.
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Democracy does not die in the darkness so often anymore. It dies in the light, one election at a time, with voters embracing the populists and autocrats who promise to cut the red tape and deliver the better life that democracy has failed to provide.
It was not midnight military coups or dark backroom deals that brought strongmen to power in Nicaragua, Turkey, and Venezuela, former democracies that have joined the ranks of the world’s autocracies. Everyday frustrations over high health-care costs, poorly performing schools, and corrupt politicians drove voters in those countries to elect populists. Once in power, those populist leaders openly and steadily undermined the fair elections, free media, and institutional restraints that are the hallmarks of democracy, cheered on by supporters hungry for results.
The result of this trend has been the global rise in the number of countries undergoing autocratization, or significant declines in the quality of their democracy. At the same time, the number of nations that are democratizing—or experiencing significant improvements in the quality of their democracy—peaked in 1994 soon after the end of the Cold War and has been falling ever since (see figure below). In some nations, like Nicaragua and Turkey, the extent of that autocratization has advanced so far that those nations are now considered electoral autocracies, countries in which elections are still held but under conditions that prevent opposition parties from fairly campaigning or that keep votes from being freely cast or accurately counted. According to recent research from Anna Luhrmann and Staffan I. Lindberg from the University of Gothenburg’s Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project, more than two-thirds of this rise in electoral autocracies is due to the gradual deterioration of former democracies. This year, the V-Dem Project designated twenty-four democracies as autocratizing. The United States is on that list.
Voters may turn to autocracy for promises of a better life, but, at least with regard to health, those expectations are not fulfilled. Life expectancy has declined 2 percent on average in former democracies that have recently transitioned to autocracy (Honduras, Nicaragua, Turkey, and Venezuela) relative to democracies that have not made that transition (see figure below). The unhealthful effects of autocracy remain robust even when accounting for economic differences and excluding Venezuela, with its collapsing health system.
Without the pressure of fair electoral competition or accountability to a free media, autocratic leaders have less incentive than their democratic counterparts to do the hard work of sustaining health-care infrastructure and improving care for chronic diseases. Instead of adopting measures that improve the health of the population, autocrats in nations such as Turkey have exploited ethnic and class divisions and resorted to patronage to keep power.
Autocratization is hazardous to health. Part of its toll on longevity might be the result of missing out on the benefits democracy can make to reduce deaths from noncommunicable diseases, which are rapidly increasing in many low- and middle-income nations. A nation’s democratic experience—a measure of how democratic a country has been and for how long—matters more than its gross domestic product (GDP) in the reductions in deaths from cardiovascular diseases, transportation injuries, cancers, and other noncommunicable diseases. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, killing more than seventeen million people in 2015. Stroke, cancers, and other noncommunicable diseases are responsible for more than two-thirds of deaths globally, including those of eight million people under the age of sixty in poorer countries. By 2040, noncommunicable diseases will affect roughly the same share of the populations in many low- and middle-income countries as they do in the United States.
Previous research estimated that increases in democratic experience averted sixteen million deaths globally between 1995 and 2015 from cardiovascular diseases alone. The figure below indicates which countries benefited from the health improvements associated with democracy. The Baltic states, Brazil, Mongolia, Poland, and South Africa experienced some of the greatest improvements in health as democratizing states. Tragically, some of those nations, including Brazil and Poland, may now be drifting toward autocracy.
Free and fair elections appear to be particularly important for these improved adult health outcomes, most likely because they increase government accountability and responsiveness. The health benefits of democracy are greater in nations that maintain genuine electoral competition and have experienced at least one transfer of power. Nations such as Botswana and South Africa that held multiparty-elections between 1995 and 2015 but did not experience a turnover in their ruling party did not fare as well in reducing deaths from cardiovascular disease as those nations such as Uruguay and Zambia that had at least one turnover (see figure below). However, having multiple turnovers of the ruling party did not increase the positive or negative effects of having experienced at least one transfer of power.
Elections and the health of a nation’s people are increasingly inseparable. Democratic institutions and processes, particularly free and fair elections, can improve population health, especially with regard to cardiovascular and other noncommunicable diseases. Voters should remain wary of populists who promise to deliver better health by undermining the accountability, messy compromise, and slow consensus-building that democracy requires.
To understand the methodology used, see this annex [PDF].
This interactive was made possible by a generous grant from Bloomberg Philanthropies. The statements made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the authors. We thank Maria Teresa Alzuru and Kevin Lizarazo for their assistance with this interactive. The Council on Foreign Relations takes no institutional positions on policy issues and has no affiliation with the U.S. government.
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Stand For Trees. Think of it as a global, grassroots intervention to halt deforestation.
Stand For Trees empowers everyday citizens – all of us – to take direct action to protect endangered forests and reduce the impacts of climate change.
Every time you buy a Stand For Trees Certificate, you help local forest communities around the world keep a specific forest standing and prevent a tonne of CO2 from entering the earth’s atmosphere.
You buy a Stand For Trees Certificate — a unique, high-quality, verified carbon credit that protects a specific endangered forest and offsets a tonne of CO2 from entering the earth’s atmosphere. Because of your purchase, forests are left standing to do what they do best — store carbon, produce oxygen, provide habitat, and support local communities.
Stand For Trees Certificates are high-quality verified carbon credits based on the proven REDD+ model and meet the rigorous standards set by the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS), each of which is a Verified Carbon Unit (VCU) issued by VCS. Further, all Stand for Trees projects have attained or are committed to attaining verification to the Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance standard, a partnership of leading NGOs that includes CARE, The Nature Conservancy, and The Rainforest Alliance. The credits are registered on the world’s largest environmental registry services provider, Markit, and meet Code REDD’s peer-reviewed international Code of Conduct.
What if we all stood up for trees and saved a tonne? The term ‘tonne’ represents a metric ton – a unit of measurement equal to approximately 2,205 pounds or 1,000 kilograms. That’s a lot of CO2 that would otherwise be released into air, contributing to the man-made greenhouse gases that are accumulating and accelerating climate change in our lifetimes.
Visit Stand for Trees online for more information!
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PATHS OF WOOD IN ARCHITECTURE
Learning Guide to Wooden Architecture
Implementation of architecture, space and design knowledge with an emphasis on architectural cultural heritage for vocational woodworking schools
For a long time, architectural and design professions have been noticing that the general level of awareness about high-quality architecture and design, along with their relationship to architectural cultural heritage, are at a very low level.
Under the ERASMUS+ project, Center arhitekture Slovenije, along with partners (Šumarska i drvodjeljska škola Karlovac, Croatia, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Arhitektonski fakultet, Croatia, Šolski center Škofja Loka, Srednja šola za lesarstvo, Slovenia, and Kunst- und Architektur Werkstatt für Kinder und Jugendliche, Innsbruck, Austria), tried to overcome the barriers to the transfer of knowledge about architecture and design, by including the students from secondary vocation woodworking schools in these efforts.
Within the project best practice examples in architecture and interior design in Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia are represented. The itineraries are composed so that the students learn about traditional architecture and interiors, the 1950s and 1960s architecture, and particularly contemporary architecture. The structures reveal to the students the world of architecture and design and empower them to be able to recognise and evaluate architectural heritage and distinguish between good and low-quality cases.
Using this trilingual handbook Paths of Wood in Architecture, teachers are invited to choose among the itineraries offered and take their students to see the selected best practice examples in Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia.
The hanbook was published in 2020 by Center arhitekture Slovenije. We sincerely thank all of you who helped us organise the field trips and visits to the buildings included in this handbook. We also thank everyone involved in the preparation of this handbook.
The European Commission’s support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
»The guide does not aim to teach how wooden construction is designed but rather what can be built from wood, how this natural and ubiquitous material contributes to a high-quality living environment, construction culture as well as a general harmony and image of the environment.«
From review of
Assist. Prof. Matej Blenkuš, Ph.D. (B. Arch.)
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<Image the sleeping geek kitten – http://flickr.com/photos/nathonline/918128338/>
After Baroness Greenfield's analysis of how social networks are damaging the very brain stuff of teenagers, there's more bad news for social network fans with some research just in. With teenagers spending an average of 7 hours a day online, and engaging in constant social interaction with other human beings, it is highly likely that they will forget to engage with animals.
The results could be damaging for the whole of mankind. By constantly engaging with 'avatars' of people online which may resemble animals, teenagers will become separated from the reality of animals. Baron Brownose, a prominent opinion spouter, said 'we know that if someone has never seen a particular animal they will be cautious of it. What seems obvious is that teenagers who spend all their time online will find real animals either very frightening because they are unfamiliar with them, or they will expect them to behave like avatars online. We will see teenagers becoming aggressive when a dog does not reply to them.'
In just the same way that mankind became divorced from the reality of being a hunter-gatherer, which has led to global warming, so this schism will have profound implications. We know that stroking dogs helps people who are ill, so it may be that the future generation will be unable to get over illness. We also know that animals form an important part of language development – 'dog' and 'cat' or often early words for children. 'Computer', and 'Twitter' are more difficult to say and so a whole generation of children will have their language development blocked at this early stage.
But Brownose goes further 'there is an increase in allergies in society currently. We don't know if this is due to children spending less time with pets and more time online, but it sure is a coincidence. It could be that by living online instead of with pets will make mankind allergic to the modern world. It will lead to the end of the world. Even if this isn't true, a generation of children scared of kittens would be damage enough.'
Brownose reported how a park keeper he knew had seen a rapid decline in children's confidence around animals over the past few years. 'It's like they've never seen them before. I definitely think it's because they don't interact with animals enough when they're young.'
This will be no surprise to many parents who worry about the time their children spend online, and with this kind of hard, scientific evidence to back up their concerns, we will likely see more campaigns for 'more fur, less facebook.'
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