text
stringlengths 222
548k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 14
1.08k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 53
113k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
There has been a visible shift, especially in larger companies, to be seen as “ethical” or to have good “ethics”. The question is what is the difference between law and ethics?
A dictionary definition of Ethics is “the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation” (Merriam-Webster). For our comparison, law is defined as “a binding custom or practice of a community ; a rule of conduct or action … recognised as binding or enforced by a controlling authority” (Merriam-Webster)
Ethics tends to be seen as a personal sense or desire to preserve your own self-respect. Ethics are based on the moral code of the ‘society’ in which you operate. This ‘society’ may be your family, ethnic group, country, company or group of friends. So your ethics may have to adjust depending on the society you find yourself occupying at any particular time. If not, you might find yourself in an ethical dilemma.
Law is far more clear-cut. Regulations, legislation, statutes, bills, acts, whatever they are called where you are, are passed through a governance process, hopefully democratically, and made legally enforceable. It is each person’s duty to know, understand and follow the parts of the law that relate to them and to avoid violating the rights
of those it seeks to protect. There can, of course, be ethical objections to law, but that does not invalidate the law. However, it could provide reasons for a future change. Law is binding and only a controlling authority can change it and it has to be learnt by those it affects.
Organisations are, like the rest of us, bound to keep the laws of the lands in which it operates. There are aspects of running a business that cannot be strictly governed by a country’s law. Businesses have found that creating an internal set of “laws” creates a huge overhead of governance, education, enforcement and discipline; so they are changing to adopt a more principled approach to managing their ‘society’. By setting an organisational moral code which aligns to ethics of its citizens (e.g. customers, employees, suppliers), they reduce the burden of learning and observance.
However, what if you work, live or socialise in a ‘society’ which is in conflict with your own person ethics. Then you need to change. You’re less likely to change your own ethics unless presented with a compelling argument. So, you may need to move ‘societies’… if that fits with your ethics of course!
Suffice to say, Law and Ethics each have a place in our lives, but one of them allows you to set the “rules”.
|
<urn:uuid:3541504b-1015-406a-9141-736956a8f60e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://gydeline.com/company/view/law-ethics-difference/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668534.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114182304-20191114210304-00067.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958549 | 591 | 2.9375 | 3 |
If you are interested in improving your health with nutrition you have come to the right place! A variety of health issues can be improved with nutrition. Many chronic conditions and diseases are simply caused by inadequate nutrition, inefficient digestion or stress.
These are just a few of the holistic nutrition services offered at Oasis Naturopathic.
Why not get started with a consultation today!
Contact Dr Santora via email or call 623-925-2722
Vitamin D Deficiency
What is Vitamin D deficiency or what are the signs of Vitamin D deficiency?
Some signs of Vitamin D deficiency are Bone and Muscle Pain and Weakness; Weight Fluctuation, Depression, Mood Swings, and Chronic Fatigue. Some of the diseases and disorders that can result from a severe and prolonged vitamin D deficiency are: Cardiovascular Disease; Cognitive Impairment; Asthma; Cancer and Increased Cancer Risk; Hypertension; Multiple Sclerosis; Diabetes type 1 and 2 as well as Glucose Intolerance.
What causes Vitamin D deficiency?
There are multiple ways to become deficient in Vitamin D. A deficiency can be caused by limited exposure to sunlight; Dark Skin; Poor Kidney Function; Overweight; Digestive Tract Malabsorption; and a Poor Diet. All of these factors are difficult to avoid on the when living the standard American diet and lifestyle; thus the prevalence of this condition.
How can I treat Vitamin D deficiency?
Vitamin D deficiency can be diagnosed by the 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D test, this is a blood work test that is preformed and evaluated by a Physician. There is no established optimum level for Vitamin D; however the current dietary allowance is 600- 800 IU. The deficiency can be treated with sunlight exposure, dietary supplements, and increased dietary variance. It is important to consult with a doctor on the dosage of supplements; going above the recommended 800 IU could have negative side-effects unless monitored or recommended by a physician. The dosage of the oral supplement is determined by blood work results. Vitamin D therapy can also take anywhere from weeks to months of ongoing treatment to normalize or increase your levels. It is important to make sure that you’re on a physician mediated program when undergoing Vitamin D therapy to ensure you don’t develop Vitamin D toxicity.
Vitamin C Therapy
Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps bind toxins in the body as well as boosting immunity and maintaining skin health. It is also vital for maintaining a healthy and functioning metabolism.
What are the Benefits of Vitamin C Therapy?
The benefits of Vitamin C Therapy are increased vitality, health, and wellness. Most Americans are deficient in Vitamin C or are only getting the bare minimum of the recommended daily dosage of Vitamin C. If you are suffering from certain conditions such as Cancer or Heart Disease then you will benefit from a higher than normal dose of Vitamin C. When the body is in a state of depletion it is highly absorbent of the Vitamin.
What Conditions are Improved Through the Use of Vitamin C Therapy?
Some of the conditions improved with Vitamin C Therapy are: Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Cataracts, Lowered Blood Pressure, Anemia, High Cholesterol, and general Vitamin Depletion.
What Can I Expect while Undergoing Vitamin C Therapy?
Your Physician will start the IV by having you sit down and get comfortable and then insert an almost painless butterfly needle into your forearm and then connect you to the IV tubing. You can expect to spend about forty-five minutes to an hour hooked up to an IV and having the vitamins infuse into your system.
Vitamin B Injection Therapy
What is Vitamin B Injection Therapy?
Vitamin B Injection Therapy is a form of treatment that utilizes Vitamin B in
a liquid form and is directly administered as an injection. When injected the vitamin is more potent than when it is administered as an oral supplement.
What is Vitamin B Injection Therapy Used For?
Vitamin B Therapy can be used to treat forms of anemia, help perpetuate weight-loss and maintain metabolism, as well as increase energy. Vitamin B also helps improve and maintain skin health as well as mental clarity.
Is Vitamin B Injection Therapy Right For Me?
If you suffer from chronic fatigue, Anemia, or are attempting to lose or maintain weight loss please consult with your Physician about whether or not Vitamin B Injections are right for you. Your Physician can further advise you as to what regimen will be best for you if it is determined that you will benefit from Vitamin B Injection Therapy.
Stress Depletion of Vitamins
Stress depletion of vitamins
Stress, as we all know is bad for you. It kills our mood, damages our psyches, and it also destroys our health. Not only does stress rob us of both long and short-term health it also depletes our bodies of Vitamin stores and other essential nutrients.
Stress causes the body to secrete hormones and consume nutrients and vitamins at a higher rate than usual. This is because the body perceives that there is a threat and must perform at peak output. This is acceptable in short doses and important if an adrenaline surge is needed. However, over time or on a prolonged basis it causes the body to deplete and soon you are literally “running on empty”.
If you think that you are chronically stressed then please talk with your Physician about your options. Your Physician will evaluate you for stress level and vitamin levels. After this assessment is made your Physician will determine what level of vitamin therapy will be necessary as well as help you to develop stress-management and coping techniques.
Overuse of Antibiotics and Prescriptions
What are Prescriptions and Antibiotics and what is the Definition of Overuse?
Prescriptions are Pharmaceutical grade medications that are prescribed by a Physician for the maintenance and prevention of disease. Antibiotics are prescribed by Physicians to treat bacterial infections, however, sometimes the cause of the infection is unknown — it could be viral or bacterial. If Antibiotics are prescribed too often or for the wrong reasons they can deplete the body and lead to more infections and illnesses, as well as gastrointestinal imbalance and upset.
What are Signs and Symptoms of Prescription and Antibiotic Overuse?
The signs and symptoms of Prescription Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Overuse include but are not limited to: Gastrointestinal Upset; Decreased Immune Response, Depression and Fatigue, Chronic Infections and Illnesses, as well as the side-effects associated with the Pharmaceutical Prescriptions.
What can I do to Combat the Overuse of Prescriptions and Antibiotics?
To help reverse the symptoms of Prescription Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic overuse you can meet with your Physician and discuss options such as pro-biotic therapy and immune-boosting treatments, as well as dietary support. Your Health Care Provider will be able to evaluate you and compile a personalized treatment plan based on your needs and level of depletion.
What is Aspartame?
Aspartame is an artificial sweetener/sugar substitute. It is commonly found in “sugar free” and “diet”; it is also found in Equal and Nutrasweet packets. Aspartame is composed of two amino acids bound together with methanol. These acids break down into formaldehyde and formic acid and DKP. All of these substances are known carcinogenics and neurotoxins.
Why does Aspartame do to my body?
Aspartame is broken down by the body into toxins, these toxins can cause “mild” side-effects such as headaches, dizziness, poor balance, vomiting, cramping and memory loss and various other neurological symptoms. Aspartame can also cause bipolar and manic depressive symptoms, mood swings, and hallucinations as well as birth defects. Aspartame has also been linked to cancer and neurological diseases. Aspartame has also been sown to interact with Coumadin, Dilantin, antidepressant and psychotropic agents as well as all cardiac medications. Aspartame is also a highly addictive and habit forming substance
What can I use instead of Aspartame?
Aspartame is still in use and is FDA approved for the same reason tobacco is legal — it’s convenient and addictive. However, there are alternatives that can be used in its place. If sugar isn’t an option you can try Stevia or Agave. Both of these are natural and cause none of the adverse side-effects associated with Aspartame.
|
<urn:uuid:462774da-6d69-4f2c-ad3e-a9eb1a5959c9>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://santoramed.com/nutrition
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689102.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922183303-20170922203303-00351.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9322 | 1,763 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Diversity Counts is a comprehensive study of gender, race and age in the library profession, originally conducted in 2006 and released in 2007.
The study was updated in 2012 using 2009-2010 American Community Survey analyses. The new data reveals a small gain – from 11 percent in 2000 to 12 percent in 2009-2010 – in the percentage of racial and ethnic minorities working as credentialed librarians in the nation’s public, academic and school libraries. While credentialed librarians remain predominantly female and white, this new data provides a fuller picture of diversity within the profession today.
“Although the findings show some improvement in the diversity of the library workforce, we clearly have a long way to go,” stated Maureen Sullivan, ALA president. “To continue to serve the nation’s increasingly diverse communities, our libraries and the profession must reflect this diversity. We must continue to offer initiatives like ALA’s Spectrum Scholarship Program to recruit and educate librarians of color. We also must do the research necessary to discover effective ways to increase the numbers. This is a matter of urgency for all of us.”
- Diversity Counts Report - Revised January 2007
Compiled 2006 by Denise M. Davis, Director, Office for Research & Statistics and Tracie Hall, Director, Office for Diversity
- Diversity Counts Presentation Slides - Revised August 2007
- Diversity Counts Press Release - October 12, 2006
- ACS 2001-2005 Analysis (Tordella, June 2007)
- Diversity Profile 2000 and 1990 (Decision Demographics)
- Additional Resources for Making Diversity Count
|
<urn:uuid:96209f9d-0023-42ac-8f10-0ba8d955f76c>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-40
|
http://www.ala.org/offices/diversity/diversitycounts/divcounts
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737867468.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221747-00242-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915331 | 334 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Get the end position of a spherical segment line.
I just want to say: This is my first time here and I haven't taken trig just yet, so bar with me a bit.
Hey guys, I been trying at this problem for a few days now, but to no luck. I am taking a spherical object that is using a heading, pitch, roll type movement and trying to cast a line segment from it and then get the end point of that line segement. Can anyone show me the math behinde it?
I know it's wrong, but here's what I did try:
I was using the math I saw here: Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Someone pointed me to this link to help solve the issue from ##Math.
from math import cos, sqrt, tan, sin, radians, degrees
x1 = 0
y1 = 0
z1 = 0
P = 90
H = 0
R = 0
D = 10
x2 = round(degrees(sin(radians(H)) * cos(radians(P)))) * D + x1
y2 = round(degrees(sin(radians(H)) * sin(radians(P)))) * D + y1
z2 = round(degrees(cos(radians(H)))) * D + z1
print x2, y2, z2
Hope it's ok that is it is in programing code. Should still be readable in anycase. (D)istance I want to move in from the position of where the spherical object is looking at using (P)itch and (H)eading. As for roll we can leave at as 0.
|
<urn:uuid:5702dcb4-fc4b-4078-a2de-b71aa7ecf081>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://mathhelpforum.com/trigonometry/201063-get-end-position-spherical-segment-line-print.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298387.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00104-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949111 | 359 | 3.09375 | 3 |
| Hurlbut's Story of the Bible|
|by Jesse Lyman Hurlbut|
|A book which stands in such honor as the Bible should be known by all. And the time when one can most readily obtain a familiarity with the Bible is in early life. Those who in childhood learn the Story of the Bible are fortunate, for they will never forget it. In this unabridged and unedited edition you will find all the principal stories of the Bible, each one complete in itself, while together combining to form a continuous narrative. With 168 stories from both the Old Testament and the New Testament, there is ample material for a full year of reading. Ages 6-12 |
LAZARUS RAISED TO LIFE
John xi: 1 to 55.
HILE Jesus was at Bethabara beyond Jordan, and ready to
begin preaching in the land of Perea, he was suddenly
called back to the village of Bethany, on the Mount of
Olives, near Jerusalem. You remember, from Story
132, that Martha, and Mary, and Lazarus, the
friends of Jesus, were living in this place.
The word came to Jesus that Lazarus was very ill. But
Jesus did not hurry away from Bethabara to go to
Bethany. He stayed two days, and then he said to his
disciples, "Let us go again to Judea, near Jerusalem."
The disciples said to Jesus, "Master, when we were in
last the people tried to stone you and to kill you; and
now would you go there again?"
Jesus said, "Our friend Lazarus has fallen asleep; but
I go that I may awake him out of his sleep." The
disciples said, "Master, if he has fallen asleep, he
may be well."
For they thought that Jesus was speaking of taking rest
in sleep; but Jesus meant that Lazarus was dead. Then
Jesus said to them, "Lazarus is dead; and I am glad
that I was not there to keep him alive; for now you
will be led to believe in me all the more fully. But
let us now go to him."
Then one of the disciples, named Thomas, said to the
others, "Let us also go, and die with our Master!"
So Jesus left Bethabara with his disciples, and came to
Bethany; and then he found Lazarus had been buried four
days. Many of the Jews had come to comfort Martha and
Mary in the loss of their brother. They told Martha
that Jesus was coming, and she went
to meet him, but Mary sat still in the house. As soon
as Martha saw Jesus, she said to him very sadly, "Lord,
if you had been here, my brother need not have died.
And even now, I know that God will give you whatever
Jesus said to her, "Your brother shall rise again."
"I know that he shall rise," said Martha, "when the
last day comes, and all the dead are raised."
Jesus said to her, "I am the resurrection, the raising
from the dead; and I am the life. Whoever believes on
me, even though he may die, he shall live; and whoever
lives and believes on me shall never die. Do you
She said to him, "Yes, Lord, I believe that thou art
the Christ, the Son of God, the one who comes into the
Then Martha went to her home, and said to her sister
Mary, but quietly, so that no other person heard her,
"The Master is here, and he asks for you!"
At once Mary rose up to go to Jesus. Her friends
thought that she was going to her brother's tomb, and
they went with her. Jesus was still at the place where
Martha had met him, near the village. When Mary came to
him, she fell down at his feet, and said, as her sister
had said, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother need
not have died!"
When Jesus saw her weeping, and the Jews weeping with
her, he also was touched, and groaned in his spirit,
and was filled with sorrow. He said, "Where have you
They showed him the place where Lazarus was buried, a
cave, with a stone laid upon the door. Jesus wept as he
stood near it, and the Jews said, "See how he loved
But some of them said, "If this man could open the eyes
of the blind, why is it that he could not keep this man
whom he loved from dying?"
Jesus, standing before the cave, and still groaning
within, said, "Take away the stone!"
Martha said, "Lord, by this time his body has begun to
decay, for he has been dead four days."
Jesus said to her, "Did I not say to you that if you
would believe, you should see the glory of God?"
They took away the stone, as Jesus had commanded. Then
Jesus lifted his eyes toward heaven, and said:
"Father, I thank thee that thou didst hear me. I know
that thou dost hear me always; but because of those who
are standing here I spoke, so that they may believe
that thou hast sent me."
Then, with a loud voice, Jesus called out, "Lazarus,
And the man who had been four days dead came out of the
tomb. His body, and hands, and feet were wrapped round
and round with grave bands, and over his face was bound
Jesus said to those standing near, "Loose him, and let
When they saw the wonderful power of Jesus in raising
Lazarus to life many of the people believed in Jesus.
But others went away and told the Pharisees and rulers
what Jesus had done. They called a meeting of all the
rulers, the great council of the Jews, and they said,
"What shall we do, for this man is doing many works of
wonder? If we let him alone everybody will believe on
him, and will try to make him the king; and then the
Romans will make war upon us and destroy our nation and
LAZARUS COMES TO LIFE AGAIN
But the high-priest Caiphas said, "It is better for us
that one man should die for the people than that our
whole nation should be destroyed. Let us put this man
And to this they agreed, and from that day all the
rulers found plans to have Jesus slain. But Jesus knew
their purpose, for he knew all things. His time to die
had not yet come, and he went away with his disciples
to a city near the wilderness and not far from
Bethabara, where he had been before. And from this
place he went forth to preach in the land of Perea,
into which he had sent the seventy disciples, as we
read in the last story.
Hundreds of additional titles available for
online reading when you join Gateway to the Classics
|
<urn:uuid:0c542463-2306-406c-b699-e94d6959a88f>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-34
|
http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=hurlbut&book=bible&story=lazarus
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210408.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816015316-20180816035316-00382.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9831 | 1,519 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Supervised Machine Learning – This is our first post in this subseries “Machine Learning Type” under master series “Machine Learning Explained“. We will only talk about supervised machine learning in details here. Machine learning algorithms “learn” from the observations. When exposed to more observations, the algorithm improves its predictive performance.
Supervised Machine Learning is a type of system in which both input and desired output data are provided.
Machine Learning for Businesses
Supervised Learning is becoming a good friend for a marketing business in particular. For example how much money will we make by spending more dollars on digital advertising? Or even making small predictions for stock markets i.e. What’s going to happen to the stock market tomorrow?
Machine learning techniques are accelerating almost on a daily basis with intentions to bring good values to the businesses of today. It is revolutionising the way we do our business and what should be done to improve upon. On a high level, we got three main types of Machine Learning types i.e. Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement learning. Since this post is limited to supervised learning and what it is doing in business; so I will stick to it only for now.
Supervised Machine Learning -SML
Let’s understand a bit about SML and find answers around what it does, how it does, and what it can do for our real-life business. Supervised learning through historical data set is able to hunt for correct answers, and the task of the algorithm is to find them in the new data.
How it’s powering our businesses to make sure we survive and get the best out of what we do. Supervised Machine Learning is
- Is a task of deducing function from labelled training data.
- Making predictions based on evidence in the presence of uncertainty
- Identifying patterns in given data with adaptive algorithms
Machine learning techniques are accelerating daily basis with intentions to bring good values to the businesses of today.
In supervised machine learning, each example is sorted in a pair consisting of an input object and the desired output value. An algorithm in this domain analyses the training data and produces an inferred function, which can be used for mapping new examples. The training data consist of a set of training examples. This learning uses techniques as below to develop predictive models.
- Regression – To predict the output value using training data.
- Classification – To group the output into a class.
SML is a type of system in which both input and desired output data are provided. Input and output data are labelled for classification to provide a learning basis for future data processing. Here I am going to describe an empirical description of supervised machine learning techniques.
Frequently used Algorithms in Supervised Machine Learning
Supervised learning gives a glimpse of how to solve classification and regression problems. The algorithm is “trained” on a pre-defined set of “training examples”, which then facilitate its ability to reach an accurate conclusion when given new data. It has “labelled” data for creating predictive models by using either type of ml algorithms as mentioned below. It provides outputs typically in one of two forms.
- Regression outputs are real-valued numbers that exist in a continuous space.
- Classification outputs, on the other hand, fall into discrete categories.
We will not define the algorithms mentioned in the above picture, These were defined in our previous post. Also in my upcoming posts, we will try to take each one of them in a very detailed manner including their definition, use cases and flow etc. For now, let’s just keep our focus on supervised learning where each example is a pair consisting of an input object i.e. typically a vector and desired output value.
Supervised Learning Process – SLP
While there are many Statistics and Machine Learning algorithms for supervised learning, most use the same basic workflow for obtaining a predictor model. The accuracy of SLP is determined by the number of correct classification divided by the total number of test cases. This equation clearly shows accuracy will be more close to perfection when we have when the difference between “number of correct classification” and “number of test cases” is minimal.
The process for Supervised Machine Learning is basically a two-step process as below.
- Learning – Learn a model using the training data or train model using training data.
- Testing – Test the model using unseen test data to assess the model accuracy
- Prepare data
- Choose an algorithm
- Fit a model
- Choose a validation method
- Examine fit and update until satisfied
- Use the fitted model for predictions
The detailed steps for supervised learning processes are included but not limited though with pointers as above.
Goals of Supervised Learning
The goal of supervised learning is to approximate the mapping function well. An algorithm is used to learn the mapping function from the input to the output. In other words, when input data (X) comes in predictions can be made for expected output variables (Y) for that data. Learning stops when the algorithm achieves an acceptable level of performance. This functional mapping takes the general form y = f(x) — specified target output y, provided inputs x, and the ML algorithm will learn the optimal f() by finding patterns in the data.
Y = f(X)
When an algorithm is applied on input variables (X) and an output variable (Y) to learn the mapping function from the input to the output which tells us that probably a supervised machine learning used here. The processor task is called supervised learning because an algorithm learning from the training data set can be thought of as a supervisor supervising the learning process.
Use cases of Supervised Learning- Real Business
Supervised Learning is as good as low hanging fruit in data science for businesses. The key question when dealing with ML classification is not whether a learning algorithm is superior to others, but under which conditions a particular method can definitely outperform others on a given problem.
Supervised learning model makes predictions based on evidence in the presence of uncertainty. Some of the use cases for supervised learnings are depicted in the below picture.
Points to Note:
All credits if any remains on the original contributor only. We have covered supervised machine learning where we make predictions from labelled historical data. In the next upcoming post will talk about unsupervised machine learning.
Books + Other readings Referred
- Research through open internet, news portals, white papers and imparted knowledge via live conferences & lectures.
- Lab and hands-on experience of @AILabPage (Self-taught learners group) members.
Feedback & Further Question
Do you have any questions about AI, Machine Learning, Data Science or Big Data Analytics? Leave a question in a comment or ask via email. Will try best to answer it.
Conclusion – Supervised Learning which is one of three types of machine learning. This post is limited to supervised learning in order to explore its details i.e. what it is doing and can do for businesses as new electricity to power them up. This blog post I tried to performed a comparison of different supervised machine learning techniques in classifying FinTech data. This blog post is an attempt to describes the best-known supervised techniques in relative detail but not to claim anything. The aim was to produce a lighter rephrase of supervised learning and review of the key ideas rather than a simple list of all algorithms in this category.
============================ About the Author =======================
Read about Author at : About Me
Thank you all, for spending your time reading this post. Please share your feedback / comments / critics / agreements or disagreement. Remark for more details about posts, subjects and relevance please read the disclaimer.
Categories: Machine Learning
|
<urn:uuid:07eeca16-37f5-43db-b42a-5e68a2c391ce>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://vinodsblog.com/2018/04/02/supervised-machine-learning-insider-scoop-for-labeled-data/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00606.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915034 | 1,598 | 3.421875 | 3 |
What is energy?One of the definition for energy is
Power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.
An incident [An extra unit of current consumption puts you in another slab rate] that happened recently made me to focus on ELECTRICAL ENERGY today. All our lives are very much connected to this particular energy. One of the energy which is making us interact on this platform is electrical energy.
Don't worry, I am not going to discuss about its production procedure etc., Let us focus on how electrical energy can be produced at a cheaper rate.
Various sources used by Indian government for the production of Electricity
In the USA
By using above sources, the electricity is produced at a higher price. By using free energy, current can be produced at much cheaper price.
Let us learn about free energy
What is free energy?
Economics defines it as "Energy from sources that do not require an input which has to be paid for". Usage of free energy LOWERS DOWN THE COST OF PRODUCTION. For more details visit
When free energy is available, why should a government spend so much money and waste fossil fuels to generate electricity. Free energy technology has to be released by the year 1900 to the public. Then why the governments are not releasing free energy technology? Answer is as usual to keep humanity under slavery.But India permits free energy technology despite threat from UK, US etc.,
Still it has to reach common man. It took more than a century for the knowledge to reach us.
For working models of quantum energy generators, visit
Thanks to Nikola tesla
Let us hope to see the world experiencing FREE ENERGY technology every where.
VICTORY OF LIGHT
|
<urn:uuid:6f36ea8f-a3df-4032-b0f0-a526540451f4>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
http://crackthebelief.blogspot.com/2016/07/free-energy-every-where.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510749.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016113811-20181016135311-00199.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910685 | 362 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Obviously Roman numbers mean the way of writing a number.Conversions top From the Roman to the Decimal System First you look at numbers which are written in Roman numerals in decreasing values. The I roman numeral is equal to the number 1So the roman numerals for the number 4 is written as IV Related Questions. What does CIII mean in roman numeral?Answer It. What number in arabic Numerals is roman numeral MCMXLIV? When you write 34 using Roman numerals you get XXXIV, which in reverse reads VIX (XX), meaning "hardly", "with difficulty", "barely."In fact, it is difficult to find a book that does not have 978 as the first digits of ISBN- 13, thus rendering this part of the ISBN unchangeable. 6 eggs "Half a dozen eggs." 13 .The roman numeral for 100 is C, for centum.The word myriad used to mean 10,000. Nowadays its used to refer to a countless number or multitude of specified things. Image: On the clockface you see Roman numerals for the hours and Arabic numerals for the minutes. The letters used in Roman numerals are13. Find what does Roman Numeral 13 mean and the explanation and definition of Roman Numeral 13 and online related results around the web. What does cxcvii mean in roman numeral? In todays terms they represent the number 197.What does XIII represent roman numerals? It is: XIII 13. Dictionary entry overview: What does Roman numeral mean? ROMAN NUMERAL (noun) The noun ROMAN NUMERAL has 1 sense: 1. a symbol in the old Roman notation I,V,X,L,C,D,M represent 1,5,10,50,100,500,1000 respectively in Arabic notation. Try our Roman Numeral Challenge.
Roman numerals are expressed by letters of the alphabet and are rarely used today except for formality or variety.Worlds Largest Known Prime Number Numbers and Formulas Mean and Median. Learn all about Roman Numerals! What the Letters Mean. Here is a chart that has all the Roman Numerals, and what they stand for. The system is based on seven different symbols in total. Roman numerals written in groups are added together, therefore, II is equivalent to two because I I 1 1 2. A letter can only be repeated three times thus, III represents three but, IIII cannot represent four.What does 777 mean? Willkommen auf meiner Homepage. What does L and C mean in roman numerals.Answered by the roman. how to make bagel bites crispy in the microwave Tu duena mean.
Method of roman. Click here is placed before m can. But what do Roman numerals mean, and how do you use them?Class Birthday Book—Students can convert their birthdays to Roman numerals—for example, August 20, 1937, would become XX August MCMXXXVII. Meaning of Roman numerals. A single line, or "I," referred to one unit or finger the "V"There are a number of other rules related to Roman numerals. For example, do not use the same symbol moreFor example, 13 is not IIXV. Its easy to see how the reasoning would be: 15 minus 1 minus 1. But XII is the Roman numeral for the number 12. XIII is 13.What does this mean in Roman Numerals? learnmusictheory.net/PDFs/pdffiles/01-05-02-RomanNumerals.pdf View Online Down. as distinguished from the Roman numerals. The names Arabic and Roman simply the word ghubar does not simply mean What does it mean roman numerals. Definition of roman numerals. The following texts are the property of their respective authors and we thank them for giving us the opportunity to share for free to students, teachers and users of the Web their texts will used only for illustrative educational and Roman numerals are constructed using additive and subtractive principles. Addition is the main rule.The converter splits up a Roman numeral to its parts and teaches you how to decode it letter by letter. Number zero does not exist in Roman numerals. The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral, but the word nulla (the Latin word meaning "none") was used by medieval computists in lieu of 0. Dionysius Exiguus was Owen, Rob (2012-01-13). "TV QA: ABC News, Storage Wars and The Big Bang Theory". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. The key is to handle one arabic digit at a time, and translate it to the right roman number, where zeroes become empty. Go ahead and use the converter and observe how the table shows the solution in realtime! Current date and time in Roman Numerals. Xc roman numeral xc to arabic number numeralsroman numerals fact monster. Number represented by the letters xc in roman numerals (6.
Free lessons, games, quizzes, andWhat does mcmlxxxvi mean? Date 01 13 97 at 11 34 45 from robert subject i am trying to learn how read roman numerals. Putting Roman numeral chord notation into practice. 1. How do I know what chords to play? 4. Strikethrough and Roman numeral analysis in Schoenberg. 5. Can you construct chords for all musical modes? Roman numerals is the numeral system of ancient Rome (B.C period, meaning before Chris in the 10th century ). It uses letters from the Latin alphabet to signify values.Roman numerals does not include a zero. Roman numerals on stern of a British clipper ship showing draft in feet. The numbers range from 13 to 22, from bottom to top.The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral, but the word nulla (the Latin word meaning "none") was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0. Dionysius Exiguus was What does the roman numeral 13 look like? In: Roman Numerals [Edit categories ]. Answer: XIII.LTHS CHEM PREP Podcast 4.3. Meaning of the Number 13. How do you convert January 13 2009 into roman numerals? Its 27: Each X is a "ten", each V is a "five", and each I is a "one". Roman Numbers follow these rules: you sum numbers from left to right (from higher grade numbers to lower grade numbers) up to three lower-grades following the previous higher grade Nci glencoe mn 13. Qjltrh8880jq.mihanblog.com 14. Www.appenninobianco.it 15.What does V mean in Roman Numerals - Answers.com. Roman Numerals. Answered by: Eco13.What does VCM mean in roman numerals? Microsoft Windows Answered. Roman Numerals: I-The numeral one. II is two, III is three. You rarely see IIII as 4, since IV can also mean 4, plus its shorter to write.kgb answers » Science Technology » Math, Chemistry, Physics » What does XXL mean in Roman Numerals? Are you supposed to write dates in Roman numerals in the same order that you write the day, year and month in America (month, date and the year) or are you supposed to do it like its doneI thought it might be amusing sending people letters and stuff dated with roman numerals. affect, i mean. Meaning of roman numeral. What does roman numeral mean? Information and translations of roman numeral in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. How do we translate 1000000 to Roman Numerals?9 is IX, because in roman numerals, you never put more than three of the same sign in a row I II III IV V. Putting a sign with lower value in front of another means you substract it. How do you read 13 as Roman numerals. To correctly read the number 13 as the Roman numeral XIII, It must be read as it is written from left to right and from high to low numbers. When do children learn about Roman numerals in primary school? Under the new 2014 curriculum, children are required to know what Roman numerals are and be able to decipher and write them.It means I am helping my child, not confusing her. What does XIII mean? XIII means Thirteen (in Roman Numerals). This acronym/slang usually belongs to Undefined category.XIII - 13 (number)|Thirteen (in Roman numerals). What does mean in math? What is the Roman numeral for one thousand?The meaning would be that II is an example of a Roman numeral, and Roman numerals can only represent positive integers (the first choice). Try the Roman Numeral Challenge. Roman numerals are expressed by letters of the alphabetFor 13, do NOT write IIXV (15 1 - 1). DO write XIII (X I I I or 10 3). Other numbers use addition or subtraction, such as XX, meaning 10 plus 10, or 20. Source: Reference.com.Get Trivia Questions like "In Roman numerals, what does the numeral "C" represent?" directly in your inbox! Subscribe to Trivia Hive today! Converting roman/arabic numerals higher than 4000 [closed]. Ask Question. up vote 1 down vote favorite.dive into python has a whole chapter on this behzad.nouri Dec 20 13 at 12:10.What does "call BS" mean in the sentence "We call BS"? Roman numerals on stern of a British clipper ship showing draft in feet. The numbers range from 13 to 22, from bottom to top. Western Arabic.What does the scientific term "pH" mean? | Do we still use Roman Numbers and Roman Numerals today?With all the uses of roman numbers or roman numerals, it is indeed a useful knowledge to have an idea what they mean, how they work, and how to read and write them, OR, if you are stumped for time, you can use our free online Roman Under the system of Roman numerals, I represents one, V stands for five, X means 10, L is used for 50, C marks 100, D indicates 500, and M is 1000.This was well before significant Roman contact with Lycia. Has anyone done a study of the Lycian numerals? That means the seventh day before the Ides on the 15th day (note that the Romans counted the Ides as the first day, so the 9th is theOther fractions could not be depicted in Roman numerals. Zero The Roman numeral system did not include zero and Romans had no concept of it in their arithmetic. Sentences with the word Roman numeral How do you pronounce the word Roman numeral?What is the meaning of the word Roman numerals: XIV? hot 01/17/13.SATURDAY FILM SCHOOL | Our Cartoon President is More Frightening Than it is Funny. YouTubes DemonetizationDay could mean big trouble for gamers. The concept of "Zero" did not exist in Europe until after 1000AD thus, there was no roman numeral symbol for "Zero". If you think adding or subtracting in roman numerals isSo "IV" means 4. The value "IIII" is sometimes used for "4". "IIII" is used mostly on faces of clocks and for other special uses. What the Letters Mean. 13, XIII, 10111. The system is based on seven different symbols in total.What does that even mean? As a visual person, its tripping me up in a major way and definitely lacking thDefine Roman numeral. b. Write these numbers in roman numerals. 1. 35. XXXV. 4. XXX XV. f. Arrange the Roman numerals in increasing order. XII , XX. I read Roman numerals most days without realising it, I have a clock which has Roman Numerals on it in my living room so yeah, I know what one to twelve looks like, but not thirteen onwards. Well, heres the history and a list of what the Roman Numerals mean.
|
<urn:uuid:acac9550-c200-42a8-ada5-24825584e9c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
http://istopover.cf/forum1126-what-does-13-mean-in-roman-numerals.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647777.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322053608-20180322073608-00680.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.895401 | 2,590 | 3.609375 | 4 |
World Humanitarian Day is a time to recognise those who face danger and adversity in order to help others. The day was designated by the General Assembly to coincide with the anniversary of the 2003 bombing of the United Nations headquarters in Baghdad, Iraq.
August 19, 2013 marks 10 years since that tragic event, which claimed 22 lives. This year, the international community will pause to remember those who died, as well as the dozens of aid workers, who have died in the years since.
But World Humanitarian Day is also an opportunity to celebrate the spirit that inspires humanitarian work around the globe.
This year the UN and its humanitarian partners are launching a ground-breaking campaign called The world needs more… This is a first-of-its-kind project that will quite literally turn words into aid.
To get involved and to learn more about the campaign visit: www.worldhumanitarianday.org
|
<urn:uuid:f46c1fc3-9947-41a1-8700-f4690be80fe0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
http://www.aljazeera.com/humanrights/2013/08/2013819151328422145.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501169776.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104609-00147-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958796 | 184 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Michigan expands effort to stop invasive speciesPosted on
Michigan attorney general Bill Schuette recently announced a new effort by six Great Lakes attorneys general to expand a coalition to fight the spread of aquatic invasive species such as Asian carp and zebra mussels passing between the basins of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River via Chicago-area waterways.
Schuette and the attorneys general of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania are reaching out to colleagues in other states affected by aquatic invasive species by asking those officials to join them in demanding immediate action by federal authorities to develop a permanent ecological separation at Chicago.
Such a barrier would halt the spread of and damage caused by aquatic invasive species.
In July, the Army Corps of Engineers released a list of 40 aquatic invasive species with the highest risk of traveling through the waterway in either direction. Of those species, 30 pose a high risk to the Mississippi River Basin and 10, including Asian carp, pose a high risk to the Great Lakes Basin.
We have Asian carp coming into Lake Michigan and zebra mussels moving out of the Great Lakes and into the heart of our country, both of which are like poison to the ecology of our waters, Schuette said in a statement. This is not just a Great Lakes issue. It is a national issue. By working together we hope to put pressure on the federal government to act before it’s too late.
The Great Lakes attorneys general will target their outreach to 27 states that have already been affected by invasive species first introduced to the United States via the Great Lakes, many arriving in the ballast water of oceangoing vessels.
Affected states include those with territory on waterways along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, as well as those as far west as Nevada. Those states have seen the alien species brought into their waters, most likely on boats that picked them up in the Mississippi Basin.
|
<urn:uuid:f3fb4b38-04fb-4886-b4ad-bf41b4a35e13>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://www.tradeonlytoday.com/2011/09/michigan-expands-effort-to-stop-invasive-species/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119637.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00612-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959088 | 389 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Eustace II, Count of Boulogne
|Eustace II, Count of Boulogne|
|Died||c. 1087 (aged 72)|
|Noble family||House of Flanders|
|Spouse(s)||Goda of England|
Ida of Lorraine
|Father||Eustace I of Boulogne|
|Mother||Matilda of Leuven|
Eustace II, (c. 1015 – c. 1087), also known as Eustace aux Gernons ('Eustace with moustaches'), was Count of Boulogne from 1049–1087. He fought on the Norman side at the Battle of Hastings, and afterwards received large grants of land forming an honour in England. He is one of the few proven companions of William the Conqueror. It has been suggested that Eustace was the patron of the Bayeux Tapestry.
He was the son of Eustace I of Boulogne.
In 1048 Eustace joined his father-in-law's rebellion against the Emperor Henry III. The next year Eustace was excommunicated by Pope Leo IX for marrying within the prohibited degree of kinship. Eustace and Ida were both descended from Louis II of France, and just within the prohibited seventh degree. However, since not all their ancestors are known, there might have existed a closer relationship. The Pope's action was possibly at the behest of Henry III. The rebellion failed, and in 1049 Eustace and Godfrey submitted to Henry III.
Eustace visited England in 1051, and was received with honour at the court of Edward the Confessor. Edward and Eustace were former brothers-in-law and remained political allies. On the other side of the political divide the dominant figure in England was Earl Godwin, who had recently married his son Tostig to the daughter of Eustace's rival the Count of Flanders. Furthermore, Godwin's son Sweyn Godwinson had been feuding with Eustace's stepson Ralph the Timid.
A brawl in which Eustace and his servants became involved with the citizens of Dover led to a serious quarrel between the king and Godwin. The latter, to whose jurisdiction the men of Dover were subject, refused to punish them. His lack of respect to those in authority became the excuse for his being outlawed together with his family. They left England, but returned the next year in 1052 with a large army, aided by the Flemish.
In 1052 William of Talou rebelled against his nephew Duke William of Normandy. Eustace could have been involved in this rebellion, although there is no specific evidence, for after William of Talou's surrender he fled to the Boulonnais court.
The following years saw still further advances by Eustace's rivals and enemies. Count Baldwin of Flanders consolidated his hold over territories he had annexed to the east. In 1060 he became tutor of his nephew King Philip I of France. In contrast Eustace's stepson Walter of Mantes failed in his attempt to claim the County of Maine. He was captured by the Normans and died soon afterwards in mysterious circumstances.
Fights at Battle of Hastings
These events evidently caused a shift in Eustace's political allegiances, for he then became an important participant in the Norman conquest of England in 1066. He fought at Hastings, although sources vary regarding the details of his conduct during the battle. The contemporary chronicler William of Poitiers wrote concerning him:
With a harsh voice he (Duke William) called to Eustace of Boulogne, who with 50 knights was turning in flight and was about to give the signal for retreat. This man came up to the Duke and said in his ear that he ought to retire since he would court death if he went forward. But at the very moment when he uttered the words Eustace was struck between the shoulders with such force that blood gushed out from his mouth and nose and half dead he only made his escape with the aid of his followers.
The depiction in the Bayeux Tapestry shows a knight carrying a banner who rides up to Duke William and points excitedly with his finger towards the rear of the Norman advance. William turns his head and lifts up his visor to show his knights following him that he is still alive and determined to fight on. This conforms therefore with Eustace having somewhat lost his nerve and having urged the Duke to retreat while the Battle was at its height with the outcome still uncertain. Other sources suggest that Eustace was present with William at the Malfosse incident in the immediate aftermath of the battle, where a Saxon feigning death leapt up and attacked him, and was presumably cut down before he could reach William.
Eustace received large land grants afterwards, which suggests he contributed in other ways as well, perhaps by providing ships.
In the following year, probably because he was dissatisfied with his share of the spoil, he assisted the Kentishmen in an attempt to seize Dover Castle. The conspiracy failed, and Eustace was sentenced to forfeit his English fiefs. Subsequently, he was reconciled to the Conqueror, who restored a portion of the confiscated lands.
Eustace died circa 1087, and was succeeded by his son, Eustace III.
Marriage and progeny
Eustace married twice:
- Firstly to Goda, daughter of the English king Æthelred the Unready, and sister of Edward the Confessor. Goda died circa 1047.
- Secondly in about 1049, soon after Goda's death, he married Ida of Lorraine, daughter of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Eustace and Ida had three sons:
By his second wife, Eustace may also have had a daughter, Ida, wife of Conon, Count of Montaigu.
Eustace also had a son, Geoffrey fitz Eustace, who married Beatrice de Mandeville, daughter of Geoffrey de Mandeville. Geoffrey and Beatrice were parents of William de Boulogne and grandparents of William’s son Faramus de Boulogne.
- Tanner, Heather. "The Expansion of the Power and Influence of the Counts of Boulogne under Eustace II". Anglo-Norman Studies 14: 251–277.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition appears to favour a 1087 death date. This conflicts with the previous source and with Holböck, Ferdinand (c. 2002). Married Saints and Blesseds. Ignatius Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-89870-843-5. and Duby, Georges (c. 1996). Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages. Jane Dunnett (trans). University of Chicago Press: Ignatius Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-226-16774-7.
- Heather J. Tanner, ‘Eustace (II) , count of Boulogne (d. c.1087)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
- Tanner 263
- Wm. of Poitiers, per Douglas, David C. & Greenaway, George W. (Eds.) English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959. "William of Poitiers: the Deeds of William, Duke of the Normans and King of the English", pp. 217–232 (pp.228–9) & "The Bayeux Tapestry", pp. 232–279. Douglas (1959),
- Vitalis, Ordericus (1854). The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, Vol II. Thomas Forester (trans). London: H.G. Bohn. pp. 12, footnote.
- Murray 2000, p. 6.
- Bridgeford, Andrew (1999). "Was Count Eustace II of Boulogne the patron of the Bayeux Tapestry?". Journal of Medieval History. 25: 155–185. doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00029-3.; Bridgeford, Andrew (2005). 1066: The Hidden History in the Bayeux Tapestry. Walker & Company. ISBN 1-84115-040-1.; Bridgeford, Andrew (2004). "Whose Tapestry is it Anyway?". History Today. 54.
- Murray, Alan V. (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125. Prosopographica et Genealogica.
- Tanner, Heather. "The Expansion of the Power and Influence of the Counts of Boulogne under Eustace II". Anglo-Norman Studies. 14: 251–277.
- Vitalis, Ordericus (1854). The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, Vol II. Thomas Forester (trans). London: H. G. Bohn. pp. 12, footnote.
- Holböck, Ferdinand (c. 2002). Married Saints and Blesseds. Ignatius Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-89870-843-5.
- Duby, Georges; Jane Dunnett, translator (c. 1996). Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press: Ignatius Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-226-16774-7.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Eustace". Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956–957.
Eustace II, Count of Boulogne
House of BoulogneBorn: c. 1015-1020 Died: c. 1087
| Count of Boulogne
|
<urn:uuid:d53f3fbb-7e21-45b6-9baa-1fc25eda42e9>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_II,_Count_of_Boulogne
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573476.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919101533-20190919123533-00419.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950071 | 2,101 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Not all cancer cells are created equal - some stay put in the primary tumor, while others move and invade elsewhere. A major goal for cancer research is predicting which cells will metastasize, and why.
A Cornell cancer research team is taking a new approach to screening for these dangerous cells, using a microfluidic device they invented that isolates only the most aggressive, metastatic cells.
"The approach we've taken is a reverse approach from what is conventionally done," said Cynthia Reinhart-King, associate professor of biomedical engineering and senior author of the recently published Technology Journal paper describing the research. "Instead of looking at what molecules are being expressed by the tumor, we're looking for the phenotype - that is, the behavior - of individual cells first. Then we can determine what molecules are causing that behavior."
Typically, searching for biomarkers of metastasis has focused on screening for certain molecules or genes expressed by large numbers of migrating cancer cells. The problem is that it's easy to miss subtle differences in the tiny subpopulations of cells that are the most aggressive.
Taking, for example, 100 tumors and seeking out molecular biomarkers for metastasis, one particular molecule might be identified as being "upregulated" in those tumors, Reinhart-King said. But it's not the whole tumor expressing that particular molecule - some cells express the biomarker and some do not.
The researchers decided to first sort cells with the most aggressive behavior, and analyze only them for molecular changes. Their innovation is a microfluidic device that contains side channels to wash out the less aggressive cells, while herding the more aggressive ones into a separate channel.
For their proof-of-concept, the researchers screened for cells with migratory responses to Epidermal Growth Factor, for which the receptor is known to be present in most human cancers and is tightly linked to poor prognosis.
"The thing we're most excited about, in addition to the physical device, is the conceptual framework we're using by trying to shift gears and screen for cells that are causing the worst parts of the disease," Reinhart-King said. The device could also be used in other applications of tissue engineering, inflammation and wound healing.
|
<urn:uuid:c7e67c44-60f0-4023-b352-f4a1d684089b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-36
|
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/277780.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982976017.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200936-00115-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951661 | 452 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The technology industry is rife with buzzwords. The packaging of a computer or computer hardware is crowded with technical terms and badges. One of the more prominent ones is 64-bit. So, it begs the question, what exactly does 64-bit mean? What does it imply? And, most importantly, what does it mean for you?
This article serves as both a technical and practical explanation about nature of 64-bit computing.
What is 64-bit Computing?
Information in computers is normally represented in bits, a binary sequence (what’s binary?) of ones and zeros. The more bits you have, the more information you can represent. Specifically, a sequence of n bits can represent 2n different pieces of information.
A lot of hardware components don’t work with a continuous flow of data, but rather processes the data in chunks, limited by a certain bit size. A processor is similarly limited by its word size: the processor’s natural unit of data. Among other things, this word size determines the amount of information that can be processed in one go (during one cycle of the hardware clock) and the amount of RAM memory that can be accessed.
When we’re talking about a 64-bit processor, we essentially mean a processor with a 64-bit word size.
The operating system has a key role in communicating with hardware components. It is the operating system that handles process scheduling, memory addressing and storage access. To make full use of 64-bit hardware, the operating system needs to step up its game as well. It’s for this reason that the 32-bit and 64-bit distinction is carried through to the operating system (e.g. there’s a separate 64-bit version of Windows). A 64-bit operating system, then, is one that is designed to exploit 64-bit hardware.
In the market of consumer computers, 64-bit computing is used to indicate the combination of 64-bit hardware (the processor in particular) and a 64-bit operating system.
From 32-bit To 64-bit
Several decades ago, 32-bit processors were originally designed, a word length of 32 bits seemed plenty. Back then, 4 MB of memory was the standard, so 4 gigabytes (the memory addressing limit of a 32-bit processor) was thought to be astronomic. The difference hoped to provide enough of a buffer to withstand the test of time.
As we know now, that wasn’t entirely correct. Four and eight gigabyte memory capacities are standard for new consumer hardware today. For commercial hardware, servers and powerful desktops, even more memory is regularly used. In a few more years, those numbers will be dwarfed once again.
In several areas, current hardware is nearing the limit of what can be realistically achieved using a 32-bit architecture. The industry is now in a transitional period between 32-bit and 64-bit computing. Thanks to several efforts to provide backwards compatibility (more on that later) this should prove to be a relatively painless transition.
Benefits of 64-bit Computing
The step from 32-bit to 64-bit computing has several practical benefits for users. Most notable are the effects on processing speed and memory capacity.
Speed and Accuracy
With a 64-bit word size, the size of the chunks which your processor can handle data is doubled. More importantly, the x86-64 specification increases the number of general-purpose registers from 8 to 16, which makes a 64-bit processor technically faster.
This also impacts the accuracy that can be attained by the processor in its calculations; after all, the processor can use twice as many bits to represent a single number. With 64 bits, you can make over 4 billion times as many combinations as you would with 32 bits.
Larger Memory Support
When working with a computer’s RAM, memory addresses are used. These memory addresses convey the location of instructions or data in the computer’s physical memory (RAM). Although many clever addressing schemes have been devised, the number of available addresses is bound by the maximum number of bits that comprise it.
For 32-bit computing, 4 gigabytes worth of RAM can be theoretically addressed. If you put more RAM in a 32-bit setup, there’s just no way for the processor to refer to the additional memory. In effect, the situation is even more dire than that. Some operating systems reserve part of the available memory for the operating system kernel. Windows, for example, usually claims between 1 and 2 gigabytes for kernel use, further lowering the amount of memory available to applications in the user space.
If you want to use more than 4 gigabytes of memory, 64-bit computing offers a solution. These 32 additional bits give 64-bit addressing schemes a theoretical upper limit of 16 exabytes (that’s 16 billion gigabytes, or 16 million terabytes). In reality, the number is lower. To give you an indication, current AMD64 (which is AMD’s version of the x86-64 specification) support a physical addressing space of about 256 terabyte.
Computer memory is several orders of magnitude faster than computer storage — even SSD storage. Memory mapping is used to speed up some storage interactions. Simplified, it loads oft-accessed files from storage into computer memory, thereby speeding up subsequent access.
Memory mapping has been employed by operating systems for some time, so it’s not new to 64-bit computing. However, there’s a notable trend of growing file sizes. Big data, big video, big games, and so on. With a 4 gigabytes maximum for computer memory (see the above section), memory mapping is slowly crippled as well.
So What Applications Will Benefit?
Concretely, it’s the applications that work with big data. Your average text processor or web browser doesn’t need a lot of memory and processor registers. They will work just swimmingly with a 32-bit processor and 4 gigabytes of memory. However, even for web browsers the difference is clearly noticeable.
Applications that work with encoding, decoding and encryption can benefit a lot from the additional registers in 64-bit processors. One such example is video conversion. 3D applications can benefit if the rendering is CPU-heavy. For gaming, the GPU will take the brunt of the rendering impact and games will mostly benefit from the additional RAM.
When implemented correctly, some HPC (high power computing) software processes like stress testing, multi-tasking and clustering can benefit from 64-bit as well.
Drawbacks of 64-bit Computing
Although most of the evidence is in favour of 64-bit computing, the drawbacks should also be mentioned. Most notably: increased memory usage and the lack 16-bit software and 32-bit driver compatibility.
Compatibility is discussed at length in the next section.
Increased Memory Usage
The same data may occupy more memory on a 64-bit system, than on a 32-bit system. This is mostly due to the increased length of some internal structures, like memory addresses (bigger pointers) and 64-bit numbers. On the larger scale, this isn’t really noticeable. It’s nothing to worry about if you have sufficient memory to warrant a 64-bit system.
People have expended a lot of effort to make the transition between 32-bit and 64-bit computing as smooth as possible. Compatibility, in 64-bit computing, can be considered at several levels. We’ll start at the computer processor and work our way up to computer applications.
The center piece of the 64-bit parade, you certainly need a 64-bit processor. You can find out whether you have a 64-bit processor by checking the manufacturer’s website, or by using the Securable tool from Gibson Research Corporation. This tool takes a closer look at the processor in your computer and can tell you if it has a 64-bit maximum bit length, among other things. The Windows 8.1 Upgrade Assistant will tell you much the same.
64-bit processors have become the standard for consumer computers since x86-64 CPUs made their entry in 2003. If you’ve bought your processor in the past few years, you probably have a 64-bit processor.
Operating System Compatibility
64-bit processors are compatible with both 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems. Nowadays, all popular operating systems come in these two flavours. If you have a 64-bit processor, you can choose with which of these two flavours to install. Although, if you want to make full use of the benefits of a 64-bit processor, you’ll have to go with a 64-bit operating system as well.
You might even be using a 64-bit operating system already.
It’s very important to note that 32-bit drivers are not compatible with a 64-bit operating system, and vice versa. In other words, your hardware needs a 64-bit driver to work with a 64-bit operating system. For almost all recently manufactured hardware, both a 32-bit and 64-bit driver are supplied. If you go to the store and buy an HP printer, rest assured that it will have 64-bit drivers.
The main problem exists with old hardware, for which in some cases, the hardware manufacturer has not been able (or willing) to make new drivers since 2003. In other words, hardware that hasn’t been actively supported in the last decade. Again, you can check with the manufacturer if 64-bit drivers are supplied. For most products, these can be downloaded from the manufacturer’s support page.
You can also check the Windows Compatibility Center. If a product is certified for Windows 8.1, it is guaranteed to work on both the 32-bit and the 64-bit versions of the operating systems.
A lot of effort has been expended in the hopes of making the inevitable transition from 32-bit to 64-bit computing as painless as possible. As a result, software compatibility is nearly seamless. In effect, almost all 32-bit software is compatible with 64-bit operating systems.
Two types of software are not supported on 64-bit operating system. First, because of the driver compatibility discussed in the previous section, the software may not rely exclusively on a specific 32-bit driver. Second, the software must not incorporate 16-bit code (the even more ancient predecessor of 32-bit) in its own code.
You can again check the Windows Compatibility Center to see if a 32-bit software will run on a 64-bit Windows operating system. With Windows 8.1 certification, it will work on both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the operating systems.
Are you running a 64-bit or 32-bit system right now? What made you switch, or what’s holding you back? Drop a line in the comments!
|
<urn:uuid:338cee84-69a2-4a4b-b804-7ed7a5a51adc>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
|
https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/64-bit-computing/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998607.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618043259-20190618065259-00354.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94062 | 2,260 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Ensuring the survival of wild vines in the Rhine’s floodplains by means of targeted in situ-Management
- Project Group:
Botanisches Institut I, KIT
Botanischer Garten, KIT
Julius Kühn-Institut, Institut für Rebenzüchtung Geilweilerhof
Without human intervention, the last wild vines will vanish from the Rhine’s forests within the next few decades. The population sizes have fallen short of the critical limit. Several isolated remnant stocks consist solely of either male or female plants. A natural rejuvenation no longer takes place.
The project aims to ensure the survival of the remaining diversity of wild vine varieties in ex situ collections and at natural locations, the conservation of the species by rehabilitating selected locations in the primary habitat as well as flanking secondary locations with viable, sufficiently heterozygous populations, and lastly, enabling the continuation of evolutionary adaptation processes by reproductive networking of locations and the skilled selection of locations. The work is done in collaboration with the Botanical Institute (Prof. Nick) of the University of Karlsruhe.
|
<urn:uuid:81a6b568-0f88-47cd-814c-b425041ccb9e>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.ifgg.kit.edu/english/research_501.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00502.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.832422 | 260 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A country in the Middle East at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.
Bounded on the north by Turkey, on the east by Iraq, on the south by Jordan, and on the south-west by Israel and Lebanon, Syria has a narrow coastal plain: citrus fruit and tobacco can be grown. Behind a range of hills the Asi (Orontes) River runs northward, along a rift valley; and beyond that the ground rises to a plateau. This merges into hot, dry desert, relieved only by the upper Euphrates, which runs across the country. In the extreme north-east there is oil.
Although still largely agricultural, with sheep- and goat-raising the primary activities, Syria is becoming more industrialized and has benefited from rising oil exports. Other exports are textiles, clothing, and chemicals. Mineral resources include phosphates, salt, and gypsum, and manufacturing industry includes textiles, cement, and chemicals.
Syria was settled successively by the Akkadians, Arameans, and Canaanites, and formed a valuable province of successive empires, from the Phoenicians to the Byzantines. After the Arab conquest of the 630s, Damascus became the capital of the Arab caliphate under the Umayyads from 661 to 750, but subsequently Syria became a province of other rulers, such as the Fatimids and the Mamelukes of Egypt. It became a province of the Ottoman empire in 1516, and after the Turkish defeat in World War I Syria was mandated to France. Controlled by Vichy France at the outbreak of World War II, the country was invaded and occupied by British and Free French forces, and declared its independence in 1941. Political stability proved elusive, with three army-led coups in 1949 and others in 1951 and 1954. An abortive union with Egypt in the United Arab Republic provided no solution and was terminated by a further army coup. A leading political grouping, the Ba'ath Socialist Party, remained split by personal and ideological rivalries, though one successful and two abortive coups in 1963 did see a swing to policies of nationalization. Further coups in 1966 and 1970 saw the eventual emergence of General Hafiz al-Assad as the leader of a new regime, capable not only of crushing internal opposition but also of asserting significant influence over neighbouring war-torn Lebanon. However, Syria suffered major reverses in the 1967 Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War of 1973 against Israel. It was deeply involved in the civil war in Lebanon (1975–89), and remained generally antagonistic towards Iraq, sending troops to defend Saudi Arabia in 1990 in the Gulf War. In December 1991 a reconciliation took place with the PLO, when Yasser Arafat visited Damascus. Relations with other Arab League states were improved and Syria took a cautious part in the Middle East peace negotiations of 1992. Unlike its former allies in the Six-Day War (Egypt and Jordan) Syria had not undertaken any rapprochement towards Israel. However, with the peace agreements between Israel and the PLO and Israel and Jordan (1993; 1994), President Assad made tentative moves to reach an accommodation with Israel. Assad died in 2000 and was succeeded as President by his son, Bashar al-Assad, who maintained his policies. Syria withdrew its troops from Lebanon in 2005 following accusations of involvement in the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri.
|
<urn:uuid:d3fefaae-c3da-42e5-a087-287f27a564a3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100548150
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543434.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00233-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975853 | 696 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Dead Zone Size Predicted to be Between 22,253 and 26,515 Square Kilometers21 June 2011
The record-breaking flood of 2011 will likely cause another record-breaking event: the largest Dead Zone ever recorded. Dr. Nancy Rabalais, along with collegues that include her husband, LSU’s Dr. Gene Turner, predict that the increased influx of nutrients carried by the Mississippi River flood waters will cause the zone of hypoxia (low-to-no oxygen), aptly nicknamed the "Dead Zone", to become largest it has ever been. The largest Dead Zone ever recorded was in 2002, at about 8,400 square miles. Rabalais estimates the area to be between 100 and 1,000 square miles larger this summer.
Rabalais makes this prediction with a few cafeats, as factors such as strong weather events and river flow volume impact disolved oxygen levels in the water.
Rabalais’ annual Dead Zone mapping cruise begins July 25, where the researchers will spend two weeks aboard the R/V Pelican visiting 80 (?) stations along the Louisiana and Texas coasts to determine the size of the area of low oxygen.
To read the full report, click here: http://www.gulfhypoxia.net/Research/Shelfwide%20Cruises/2011/HypoxiaForecast2011.pdf
To learn more about Gulf Hypoxia, visit http://www.gulfhypoxia.net
|
<urn:uuid:5ef32cd8-22cc-42d3-bcad-ed639fca9b41>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://gulfhypoxia.net/dead-zone-size-predicted-to-be-between-22253-and-26515-square-kilometers/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319470.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824020840-20190824042840-00141.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917207 | 303 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Seven Ways to Foster Empathy in KidsBy Jill Suttie | June 10, 2016 | 0 comments
In our age of narcissism, a new book offers research-based tips for encouraging children to be empathic.
We live in the age of the selfie—the ubiquitous symbol of narcissism.
But this focus on the self to the exclusion of others is harmful to our children, according to Michele Borba, author of the new book UnSelfie: Why Empathetic Kids Succeed in Our All-About-Me World. More than the photos themselves, the idea behind them—that we are the center of our world—is the problem, reflecting a decreased focus on others and a lack of empathy.
According to Borba, low levels of empathy are rampant in our culture, and in kids that’s associated with bullying, cheating, weak moral reasoning, and mental health issues, like anxiety and depression. Her book is a call to parents, teachers, and other caring adults to help encourage children to develop empathy and generosity toward others, and it’s full of research-based tips on how to do so.
Some tips are focused on increasing emotional literacy in general, by helping kids to better understand their own emotions and the emotions of others. Others involve helping kids to foster a sense of themselves as caring people, by engaging them in activities where they can be generous and by modeling generosity toward others ourselves. Still others involve helping kids to become moral heroes, in school and out of it. Below are some of Borba’s suggestions.
1. Help kids develop a moral identity
In one study, researchers found that three- to six-year-old kids who were praised for helping others were less likely to act more generously in the future than kids who were praised for being a helpful person. Borba argues that we need to help kids develop a moral identity, not just praise them for good deeds.
“To respond empathically, kids must see themselves as people who care and value others’ thoughts and feelings,” she writes. “Missing that crucial piece leaves a huge void in a child’s empathy quotient.”
2. Give kids “do-overs”
Of course, it’s not always easy to get kids to take another’s perspective. When they speak or act insensitively, it can be helpful to allow kids to have “do-overs,” rather than simply punishing them. Borba suggests four steps to help kids respond more empathically with “CARE”: 1) Call attention to uncaring behavior; 2) Assess how uncaring affects others, helping kids to understand another’s perspective; 3) Repair the hurt and make amends; and 4) Express disappointment for uncaring behavior, while stressing expectations for caring behavior in the future.
“The trick is to look for those discipline moments when we can help our children grasp how their actions affect others so it stretches their empathy, and one day they can act right without our guidance,” she writes.
3. Encourage empathy through stories
Borba encourages adults to help kids build their empathy muscles through play-acting, reading books that let them get inside characters’ minds, and watching inspiring movies. Activities that allow careful reflection on how others are feeling in a given situation help build the skills needed for moral action.
“The right book can stir a child’s empathy better than any lesson or lecture ever could,” writes Borba. “And the right book matched with the right child can be the gateway to opening his heart to humanity.”
4. Support empathy education in school
Borba makes several suggestions about ways schools can teach kindness and empathy. For example, at one school, the teachers have implemented a kindness board for listing kind acts; another brought in Playworks, a program for teaching cooperation and empathy on the playground. At yet another school, they’ve used the cooperative learning program Jizzsaw to help students decrease prejudice and increase caring in the classroom.
5. Examine your values
Still, too often these are isolated efforts by individual teachers or schools. Part of the problem, according to Borba, stems from our overly competitive culture, and the fact that many kids are pushed to succeed academically rather than pushed to be kinder, better people. Even if parents say they value kindness and compassion, if they only praise achievement, they give the wrong impression to their kids.
“If we are serious about raising a kindhearted, caring generation, then our expectations must be a lot clearer to our kids,” writes Borba. “And understanding how kindness benefits children and gives them an advantage for success and happiness might be just the motivator to change our own ways.”
6. Be mindful of social media use
Borba also bemoans social media culture, which can take time away from face-to-face encounters where empathy is born. She advises parents to pay careful attention to how much time their kids spend online and to make sure that time is balanced with more in-person conversations and a focus on caring.
7. Help kids find their inner hero
The book also discusses heroic action in kids, including what prompts kids to stand up to bullies. A lot of kids don’t intervene in bullying because they feel powerless, don’t know what to do, assume someone else will intervene, or worry they won’t get support from adults.
To help our kids act courageously, it’s important that we help kids find their inner hero by setting a good example of standing up for others ourselves, by teaching them how to effectively say no to a bully and diffuse bullying situations, and by making them aware of how peers can support each other. Research has shown that the best way to stop bullying is to get kids to stop being bystanders and to step in to turn the situation around.
“Mobilizing children’s courage to be Upstanders may be our best hope to stop peer cruelty,” writes Borba.
Her stories of individual heroic kids were inspiring. From 11-year old Trevor Ferrell, who distributes blankets to the homeless; to nine-year-old Rachel Wheeler, who raised money to build homes in Haiti; to 12-year-old Craig Kielburger, who formed an organization to fight child slavery, we see how nurturing a child’s caring spirit can lead them to become champions for others.
While Borba is thorough in providing ideas for parents and teachers, the abundance of advice and the number of acronyms she uses sometimes make it difficult for a reader to know where to start. But it seems clear that if want the world to be a better place, we do need to nurture empathy and compassion in our kids.
“Empathy has never been more crucial, but the ability to understand how others feel can be nurtured,” writes Borba. “It’s up to adults not to let the kids down.”
Greater Good wants to know:
Do you think this article will influence your opinions or behavior?
About The Author
Jill Suttie, Psy.D., is Greater Good‘s book review editor and a frequent contributor to the magazine.
|
<urn:uuid:ad44c0c9-ada0-443a-bdd0-38c1ddbcfbbb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/seven_ways_to_foster_empathy_in_kids
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00152-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940336 | 1,519 | 3.578125 | 4 |
First-of-its-Kind Lawsuit Seeks Legal Rights for the Colorado River
Case could establish foothold for rights of nature in American courts, say activists
In the first-ever rights of nature lawsuit filed in federal court in the United States, the Colorado River seeks recognition as a “person” with rights to exist, flourish, regenerate, and naturally evolve. Denver-based civil rights attorney Jason Flores-Williams, working with the Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund (CELDF), filed a complaint in the United States District Court, District of Colorado on Tuesday. Though the river itself is named as the plaintiff, five members of the international environmental justice organization Deep Green Resistance (DGR) serve “as next friend” plaintiffs to ensure the river’s interests are protected in court. (Full Disclosure: The author is one of the five “next friends.”)
Photo by Henrik Johansson
The opening lines of the complaint declare, “Our system of law has failed to stop the degradation of the natural environment, and consequently, has failed to protect the natural and human communities which depend on it for their survival and livelihood.” To remedy this failure, and to give the Colorado River power to enforce its rights, the next friends contend that the Colorado River must be granted standing — the right to sue — in American courts. They also seek a declaration from the federal court that the state of Colorado, the defendant in the case, may be held liable for violating the rights of the river. A victory for the Colorado River would establish a foothold for the rights of nature in American courts and help even the playing field between the natural world and corporations, which already possess standing in the court system.
No ecosystem is more responsible for the facilitation of life — human and non-human — in the arid Southwest than the Colorado River. Climate change exacerbates droughts which deprive the river of water and many of the river’s tributaries have receded. Due to extensive damming, overallocation of the river’s water, and drought, the Colorado River rarely flows all the way to the sea.
DGR is active in water protection campaigns across the West and is committed to the principle that the soil, the air, the water, the climate, and the food we eat, are created by complex communities of living creatures like those creating the Colorado River. As Deanna Meyer, a DGR member and one of the “next friends” explains, “Without the recognition that the Colorado River possesses certain rights of its own, it will always be subject to wide scale exploitation without any real consequences. I’m proud to stand with the other “next friends” in this lawsuit to enforce and defend the rights of the Colorado, and we’re calling on groups across the country to do the same to protect the last remaining wild places in this country and beyond.”
If the court rules in favor of the river, the United States would join a growing movement around the world to enact jurisprudence that reflects the seriousness of ecological collapse. Courts and legislatures from South America to Asia have recognized that ecosystems themselves possess rights. In 2008, Ecuador amended its national constitution to establish the rights of ecosystems within the country to exist, regenerate, evolve, and be restored. Using these constitutional provisions, Ecuadorians have filed several enforcement cases protecting the rights of rivers and other ecosystems in the country.
In July 2014, Te Urewera, an 821-square mile forest area of New Zealand, was designated as a legal entity with “all the rights, powers, duties, and liabilities of a legal person.” Te Urewera may now bring causes of action on its own behalf without having to prove direct injury to human beings. And in spring of this year, New Zealand’s Whanganui River gained legal “personhood status” under an agreement that states the river is no longer the property of the government but rather owns itself.
Colombia’s Constitutional Court, in November 2016, ruled that the Atrato River, including its tributaries and watershed, is “an entity subject to rights to protection, conservation, maintenance, and restoration.” To enforce these rights, the Court ordered that the Colombian State shall “exercise legal guardianship and representation of the rights of the river in conjunction with the ethnic communities that inhabit the Atrato river basin.”
Most recently, in March, the High Court of Uttarakhand at Nainital, in the State of Uttarakhand in northern India, declared that the Ganges and Yumana Rivers are “legal/living persons.” This declaration followed numerous rulings by the court which found that while rivers are “central to the existence to half of the Indian population and their health and well-being,” they are severely polluted and their existence seriously threatened.
The next friends of the Colorado River will now wait for the case to be added to the court’s calendar while anticipating a strong response from the State of Colorado and corporations with interests in the river.
While water continues to be polluted, air is poisoned, climate change worsens, and the collapse of every major ecosystem on the continent intensifies, the environmental movement scrambles for effective tactics. Deep ecologists and ecopsychologists have long identified the objectification of nature as a root cause of the natural world’s destruction. The rights of nature legal framework provides environmentalists with a tool to change the American legal system’s treatment of nature as property and the Colorado River’s success could usher in a new, more hopeful era of environmental law.
|
<urn:uuid:ef56ca39-29f2-4343-95e1-8d33eca433c9>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/elist/eListRead/lawsuit_seeks_legal_rights_for_colorado_river
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861163.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618203134-20180618223134-00331.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939633 | 1,169 | 2.609375 | 3 |
France, Scott 1047
Above: France, Scott 1047
France, Scott 1048
Above: France, Scott 1048. Postage stamps can be a potent medium for nations to celebrate their technological achievements. France issued these stamps, above, in 1962 to inform the world that a facility owned by their post office had made the first satellite television broadcast.
Réunion, Scott 343
Above: Réunion, Scott 343
Réunion, Scott 344.
Above: Réunion, Scott 344. The same French stamps, overprinted the following year for use in the French Indian Ocean colony of Réunion.
Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Scott C26
Above: Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Scott C26
Comoro Islands, Scott C7
Above: Comoro Islands, Scott C7
French Antarctic Territory, Scott C5
Above: French Antarctic Territory, Scott C5. A number of French overseas territories feted the mother country’s achievement by participating in an omnibus issue—a set of stamps that is released by multiple countries but features the same design and commemorates the same event.
“Space mania” gripped philately in 1962. Several early catalogues of space stamps were printed; the American Topical Association released its first space-related handbook; and albums designed specifically for space-themed stamps appeared on the market. In November, 20,000 collectors packed New York City’s Fourteenth National Postage Stamp Show to view Friendship 7 and a full-sized model of the now little-remembered Telstar 1, the world’s first commercial communications satellite.
Telstar’s owner, AT&T, paid NASA $3 million to launch the satellite from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, a detachment of Patrick Air Force Base, on July 10, 1962. The two souvenir covers above were postmarked at Patrick on the launch date. One cachet (purple) depicts the Thor-Delta rocket lifting off from the pad while the other (multicolored) features an image of the satellite itself.
Designed to orbit Earth at an average height of 2,000 miles, Telstar relayed television, telephone, and data transmissions among three ground stations in America and Europe. The American station at Andover, Maine belonged to Bell Labs while the British and French stations belonged to their respective post offices (at that time, many European postal administrations claimed a monopoly on telecommunications as well as on mail).
Test transmissions were carried out on July 11, the day after Telstar’s launch. The French station (at Pleumeur-Bodou in Brittany) reported pictures and sound as clear as if they had originated only “twenty miles away,” while Britain received only a picture. Further tests were scheduled and July 23rd was agreed upon for the first exchange of satellite television broadcasts between Europe and America.
Buoyed by their initial success, however, the French could not wait. On July 12, Pleumeur transmitted a seven-minute program that was carried by the American networks. It opened “Relax, you are in Paris!” and featured the popular singer Yves Montand. The British scrambled to get their own program out while complaining that France had violated the broadcast agreement.
On September 29, 1962 France released a 25-centimes stamp depicting the Pleumeur station and a 50-centimes value with an artistic rendering of Telstar 1 in orbit. The high value carried the pointed inscription “11-12 July 1962 / First Television Relay by Satellite.” The French stamps were overprinted for use in the colony of Réunion, while other French dependencies celebrated the achievement (and catered to the burgeoning philatelic market for space-themed stamps) with Telstar issues of their own.
As for the satellite itself, Telstar 1 began behaving erratically after it passed through the radiation belt of a high-altitude nuclear test. It finally went dark again forever on February 21, 1963. According to the U.S. Space Objects Registry, Telstar 1 still circles Earth as “space junk” object 1962-029A—but its memory lives on in thousands of stamp albums.
Written by Daniel Piazza
|
<urn:uuid:3981a01f-db18-49eb-9579-796ad4b3fd40>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/museum/1d_Telstar_Covers.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00404-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952307 | 878 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The story of doubting Thomas is full of–you guessed it–doubt. The disciples doubt that they are safe and so lock the doors of the home where they have gathered. The disciples doubt that Jesus is alive and among them. The disciples doubt that there is any purpose in their carrying on the Jesus mission. The story continues with Thomas doubting the word of the other disciples and even doubting his own eyes until he can actually touch Jesus.
Doubt is a tricky thing. Doubt can make us cautious. If I told you I could sell you some ocean front property in Saskatchewan I hope you would doubt my word. Hesitancy and caution are forms of doubt which might protect us from making bad choices. Doubt is a good thing. When we bring doubt into our faith, it creates room for questions, for debate and for discussion. I believe that doubt is an essential part of our faith and allows us to struggle with God in our lives. It forces us to ask questions of the scripture and of the theology that has been passed to us. Some of these questions might be put aside as trivial. Some of these questions might lead us into a place of turmoil where we remain for years as we wrestle with whatever the question is. Sometimes our doubt may lead us away from the faith that we have been taught.
One of the things I love about the United Church is the ways in which we are encouraged to question, to doubt and to wrestle with what our faith means for us personally and what it means for the world in which we find ourselves. The question of doubt and its role in the disciples’ lives is central in this story.
Sometime after Jesus’ death and resurrection, the disciples have gathered in a home. They have huddled inside, locked the doors, and pulled the curtains. They have gathered and yet they are afraid to gather. They doubt that they are safe.
Around the time of Jesus’ death, Caesar published an ordinance. We don’t know the exact date of this publication but it has to do with grave robberies and was discovered as an archeological artifact. The translation reads like this:
“Ordinance of Caesar: It is my pleasure that the graves and tombs—whoever has made them as a pious service for ancestors or children or members of their house—that these remain unmolested in perpetuity. But if any person lay information that another either has destroyed them, or has in any other way cast out the bodies which have been buried there, or with malicious deception has transferred them to other places, to the dishonor of those buried there or has removed the headstones or other stones, in such a case I command that a trial be instituted, protecting the pious services of mortals, just as if they were concerned with the gods. For beyond all else it shall be obligatory to honor those who have been buried. Let no one remove them for any reason. If anyone does so, however, it is my will that he shall suffer capital punishment on the charge of tomb robbery.”
The disciples doubt their own safety and their ability to protect themselves. We don’t know exactly what happened to Jesus’ body. Maybe the disciples knew. Maybe they didn’t know. Maybe some of the disciples suspected others of removing the body. They are all potentially in a lot of trouble with the Romans. They might doubt the trustworthiness of the disciples they are now locked in a room with.
Their doubt might lead to panic. You can imagine the disciples being pretty frazzled by this point in the story. The first thing Jesus says to the disciples when he appears in the room with them is, “Peace be with you.” In other words: Don’t panic. Peace be with you is sometimes translated as keep the peace or be quiet. So when Jesus arrives he is giving the disciples some very practical advice. In the midst of fear and doubt don’t panic but pause and be quiet. In the quiet, listen for God. Breathe in the Holy Spirit. It was good advice that Jesus gave to the disciples and good advice for us too.
In those moments when the world seems like it will fall apart around us we can breathe, listen for God and move forward. Jesus doesn’t just tell the disciples to be calm. He sends them back out into the world in the midst of their doubt. They are not allowed to hide because they are uncertain or because they don’t know what will happen next. Jesus expects that this little pause that fills them with the holy spirit will give them the strength and courage they need to continue his mission.
As the disciples try to figure out what happened on that first Easter morning and deal with their own disbelief they might be angry with each other about someone else’s response, something that someone said or did. They can hold onto that anger and hurt but Jesus is asking them to release it. The responsibility for a new way of living and for their response to these events lays with the disciples themselves and their treatment of each other. They cannot fulfil the Jesus mission if they are angry at each other and busy fighting amongst themselves. They must let go of the hurt that the others have caused them. But how do you forgive when you doubt someone else’s behavior, motives or opinions? Jesus is asking them to put some trust in the other disciples. Many of us know how difficult it is to trust people who have let us down in some way. We might doubt their ability to follow through on something or to behave appropriately. Doubt and trust are intimately linked in this story.
And then we come to Thomas. The other disciples had an experience of Jesus and they tried to explain to him what that experience was like. They asked him to trust that they had had an experience which was real. The experience might have been real for them but for Thomas, who had not been there, the experience was just a story—wishful thinking. The story wasn’t his own experience.
In the early church it was common for people to have visions, dreams and experiences that shaped their faith and their understanding of God. Having those types of experiences became the mark a mature faith. As time went on the church became more institutionalized and creeds developed. Faith came to mean affirming statements of faith rather than experiencing faith. Spiritual practices that allowed people to experience God on their own terms were discouraged and so faith became an intellectual practice rather than an experience.
The intellectualization of faith has meant that, in many cases, people who doubt and question no longer feel able to connect to the faith. I firmly believe that scripture and the stories of faith continue to speak to us but only if we are open to doubt. The doubt is the place where we can make meaning out of the stories and where our faith can come alive for us. Belief, only as an affirmation of creed or doctrine, sets walls around our faith and may actually limit our experience of the Holy as we try to fit God into particular images and structures.
Easter allows our faith to be expansive. It widens the realm of possibility. In the midst of a certainty that death is the end of life, Easter creates doubt. In the doubt is where we meet God. Our faith needs permission to doubt, to be cautious, to learn through our own experience. It is in the midst of our doubt that Jesus invites us to experience the risen Christ.
. Bruce Malina and Richard L. Rohrbaugh, Social Science Commentary on the Gospel of John (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998) pg 282.
|
<urn:uuid:c072c4cb-d6dc-470f-8b97-f036f7357ffe>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://twirlingjen.wordpress.com/2015/04/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00542.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976256 | 1,557 | 2.6875 | 3 |
FBI Norfolk History
A week after the U.S. entered World War II—on December 15, 1941—the Norfolk Division opened for business under the leadership of Special Agent in Charge Charles E. Hennrich.
Given the Bureau’s central role in homeland security during the war and the presence of the Hampton Roads naval facility in the Norfolk Division, the new office initially concentrated on national security issues. That included not only countering sabotage and espionage, but also addressing more mundane war-related matters like Selective Service violations, desertion, and theft of government property.
It was the significant number of these cases that convinced FBI Headquarters to keep the office open following the end of the war in August 1945. And with the onset of the Cold War, the division continued its national security work. Like other offices, though, the division also pursued serious violent and white-collar crimes. In 1949, for example, Norfolk investigators responded to the sexual assault and murder of a six-year-old. A man named Lawrence Markham was quickly identified, captured, and convicted for the crime. Throughout such investigations, whether national security or criminal in nature, the division worked closely with U.S. naval personnel and state and local law enforcement agencies within its jurisdiction.
1950s and 1960s
Although there were many important cases in the division through the 1950s and early 1960s, several fugitive matters stood out. In 1959, agents arrested John Roe Priester in Accomack after tracking him through densely wooded terrain and marsh land. A local citizen had noticed Priester’s identification order in a local post office and alerted us. Not long after that, Director Hoover commended the division for its work in the capture of a number of other fugitives wanted for robbery.
Fugitives weren’t the only crime problem facing the Norfolk Division—federal crimes committed by naval personnel also kept the office busy. In a 1960 case, for instance, the division worked with the FBI’s office in Detroit to investigate the possible bribery of a government inspector at the naval base. And in 1964, Norfolk agents arrested an enlisted naval man for the assault of his wife and the murder of her lover.
Special Agent in Charge Robert Hicks (1944-1945)
Bank robberies were an ongoing concern in the 1960s. In 1965, Norfolk agents arrested several naval enlisted personnel for bank robberies in North Carolina. In this and similar cases, the Bureau was ably assisted by U.S. Navy law enforcement personnel. Norfolk investigators made key arrests in violent bank robberies during the next two years. By 1969, the division’s work against such criminals was having an impact. In January, FBI Headquarters commended Norfolk agents for their success in substantially reducing bank robberies in the division’s territory. During 1966, the Norfolk area had experienced 18 bank robberies. The next year, there had been 10 fewer, and in 1968, there were only seven bank robberies. All seven bank robbery investigations in 1968 resulted in the identification of the responsible subjects.
The growing activity of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the area also had a major impact on the division’s work. In 1966, the Norfolk special agent in charge informed FBI Headquarters that his workload had increased from 850 to 1,102 cases over the course of a year, largely due to increased Klan activity in his jurisdiction. In one of many successful investigations, Norfolk agents arrested a local KKK member, who was later sentenced to prison for destruction of government property. The man had let the air out of a tire on a Bureau car at the scene of an FBI surveillance of a KKK meeting. Norfolk’s close monitoring of the Klan’s activities had clearly struck a nerve.
Throughout the 1970s, the investigation of espionage, organized gambling rings, and wanted fugitives remained priorities.
In March 1974, for example, Norfolk agents arrested Carl Dante Napoli— a member of the Confederate Angels, a motorcycle gang from Richmond, Virginia. Napoli, a fugitive wanted for murder, was located and arrested at a funeral home where 50 members of the gang had gathered to mourn the death of one of their own, who was killed in a shoot-out with a rival gang. That same year, Norfolk agents captured Ten Most Wanted Fugitive Melvin Walker. Walker had escaped from the federal penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania in August 1974 along with Richard McCoy. McCoy had been serving a 45-year sentence for hijacking a commercial airliner and then bailing out over Provo, Utah with a half-million dollars in ransom money. A few months later, McCoy fired on agents who were attempting to arrest him and was killed with return fire. He was thought by some to be the elusive hijacker D.B. Cooper, but subsequent investigation has shown that he was not.
Changes in FBI policy and practice—especially the cultivation of long-term undercover operations—were as important in Norfolk as they were across the Bureau. In Operation SEAWALL, division personnel and Norfolk Police Department officers targeted organized crime in the area. Undercover investigators made 175 drug buys during the case, leading to 13 federal indictments. Another 46 subjects were also indicted on local charges, and more than $16 million in stolen property was recovered, including late-model luxury automobiles, motor homes, boats, and motorcycles. Investigators also obtained confessions to two murders and a bank robbery. A 1978 white-collar sting operation was a success as well, resulting in the arrest of 19 people on procurement fraud and bribery charges.
1980s and 1990s
Major drug enterprises, organized crime, espionage, and white-collar and violent crimes were a major focus of the Norfolk Division in the next two decades.
In 1980, for instance, the division participated in a joint federal/state task force that targeted narcotics trafficking in southeastern Virginia. The investigation eventually involved more than a dozen federal, state, and local agencies and produced dozens of convictions.
Another major case for the division during this time was UNIRAC—short for union racketeering. This organized crime investigation rooted out corruption along East Coast waterfronts. Norfolk agents pursued corruption at Hampton Roads, one of the largest seaports in the United States. In the end, the UNIRAC cases yielded more than 100 convictions from New York to Miami.
Espionage remained a key concern as well. In 1985, Norfolk agents identified and arrested an intelligence specialist named John Walker who sought to enter into a clandestine relationship with the Soviet Union. The Norfolk Division soon found itself deeply involved in the investigation of one of the most damaging spy rings in U.S. history. Walker had revealed U.S. naval cryptographic secrets for decades before his former wife’s anger at his attempt to recruit his daughter prompted her to contact the FBI.
White-collar and violent crime continued to provide significant cases for the division. An investigation with the Naval Investigative Service and the Internal Revenue Service into allegations of fraud by officials working on a contract to install non-tactical computer systems aboard U.S. Navy ships led to the December 1989 conviction of three men. The potential value of the contract was estimated at $1 billion. In a major property theft case, the Norfolk Division recovered 11 stolen government-owned jet engines and hundreds of other parts valued at over $6 million. The division also assisted local police on a number of murder and fugitive cases in the 1980s.
In 1990, Norfolk agents participated in an investigation that resulted in a major organized crime takedown in the Hampton Roads area. The case led to the seizure of a number of pizza parlors, an Italian restaurant, and beverage company. Mobsters like Pietro Cottone, Baptista Pirrone, and Salvatore Cottone were convicted.
Less than a decade later, the division followed up with other noteworthy criminal enterprise cases. One investigation conducted by the Norfolk Division’s Safe Streets Task Force—which was created in the early 1990s and includes detectives from the Portsmouth Police Department and other law enforcement and prosecutorial officials—involved Richard Thomas Stitt and his gang. Stitt and 12 co-defendants, known as “the Miami Boys,” were charged in 1998 with various narcotics, criminal enterprise, murder, and firearms violations. They used violence and execution-style murders to gain control of rival drug territories and silence other gang members accused of cooperating with law enforcement. Stitt was the first federal defendant from Virginia sentenced to death in more than seven decades on account of the severity of his crimes. In 1999, the division probed another organized criminal enterprise—the Renegade Outlaw Motorcycle Club—resulting in dozens of arrests and seizures of weapons, explosives, and drugs.
On the morning of 9/11, Special Agent in Charge Michael E. Varnum held his first all-hands meeting, one day after he had taken charge. The gathered agents and professional support staff knew their responsibilities had immediately changed—that preventing terrorist attacks was now the overriding priority for them and for the entire Bureau.
In response, the Norfolk Division stood up the Tidewater Joint Terrorism Task Force in December 2001 and its Field Intelligence Group (FIG) in September 2003. The task force brought together area law enforcement and intelligence partners from federal, state, local, and military agencies to investigate terrorism leads, share information, support special events, and proactively identify threats that might impact the Norfolk area and the nation. The FIG supports both this national security work and the office’s criminal responsibilities, analyzing and sharing intelligence and making sure that the division remains aware of and responsive to national information collection and analysis needs.
Even with the focus on terrorism, the Norfolk Division continues to investigate a wide variety of criminal threats. In 2003, for example, the division broke up a “phishing” operation that attempted to trick Internet users into revealing personal information. One of the intended victims, however, was a Norfolk agent who specialized in cyber crime. The division quickly identified the perpetrators and arrested them.
As the FBI enters its second century, the Norfolk Division continues to build on a history of innovation and dedication as it works to protect southeastern Virginia and the nation as a whole.
|
<urn:uuid:ee1606ed-559e-43c3-9ed5-9bb583cd2d62>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://www.fbi.gov/history/field-office-histories/norfolk
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818692236.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925164022-20170925184022-00546.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966241 | 2,072 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Question: "Is The Divine Comedy / Dante's Inferno a biblically accurate description of heaven and hell?"
Answer: Written by Dante Alighieri between 1308 and 1321, The Divine Comedy is widely considered the central epic poem of Italian literature. A brilliantly written allegory, filled with symbolism and pathos, it is certainly one of the classics of all time. The poem is written in the first person as Dante describes his imaginative journey through the three realms of the dead: Inferno (hell); Purgatorio (Purgatory); and Paradiso (heaven).
The philosophy of the poem is a mixture of the Bible, Roman Catholicism, mythology, and medieval tradition. Where Dante draws on his knowledge of the Bible, the poem is truthful and insightful. Where he draws on the other sources, the poem departs from truth.
One extra-biblical source Dante drew upon was Islamic tradition (Hadiths) as depicted in Muhammed’s “Night Journey.” According to one scholar, Islamic eschatology has exercised “an extraordinary influence on Chinese and Christian thought. Among numerous popular eschatological works written by Christians, Dante's Divina Commedia is an example of Islamic influence” (Islam by Solomon Nigosian, Crucible, 1987, page 152).
In fairness to Dante, however, it should be noted that his work is intended to be literary, not theological. It does reflect a deep yearning to understand the mysteries of life and death and, as such, has generated tremendous interest over the centuries, remaining extremely popular even today.
When comparing the poem to the Bible, many differences surface. Apparent immediately is the third of the work devoted to Purgatory, a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church having no foundation in the Bible. In Dante’s poem, the Roman poet Virgil guides Dante through the seven terraces of Purgatory. These correspond to the seven deadly sins, with each terrace purging a particular sin until the sinner has corrected the nature within himself that caused him to commit that sin. After the sinner has been “purged” of all sin, he is enabled to proceed at some point to heaven. Aside from the fact that Purgatory is an unbiblical doctrine, the idea that sinners have another chance for salvation after death is in direct contradiction to the Bible. Scripture is clear that we are to “seek the Lord while He may be found” (Isaiah 55:6) and that once we die, we are destined to judgment (Hebrews 9:27). Judgment is based on our earthly lives, not on anything we do after we die. There will be no second chance for salvation beyond this life. As long as a person is alive, he has a second, third, fourth, fifth, etc., chance to accept Christ and be saved (John 3:16; Romans 10:9–10; Acts 16:31). Furthermore, the idea that a sinner can “correct” his own nature, either before or after death, is contrary to biblical revelation, which says that only Christ can overcome the sin nature and impart to believers a completely new nature (2 Corinthians 5:17).
In the other two parts of The Divine Comedy, Dante imagines various levels of hell and heaven. He describes the Inferno in great detail, vividly describing the torments and agonies of hell; these descriptions, however, do not come from the Bible. Some come from Islamic tradition. “The Qur'anic basis for this account is Qur'an 17:1, and Muslims commemorate annually ‘the night of ascension’ (lailat al-miraj) on the 26th of Rajab—the seventh month of the Islamic calendar. It is assumed that the general plot as well as the many small details of Dante’s Divine Comedy reflect a fanciful treatment of this Islamic theme” (op. cit., p128).
Some have speculated that perhaps the terrible images of the Inferno spring from Dante’s doubt about his own salvation. In any case, the major differences between the Inferno and the Bible’s depiction of hell are these:
1. Levels of hell. Dante describes nine concentric circles, representing an increase of wickedness, where sinners are punished in a fashion befitting their crimes. The Bible says nothing of varying levels of punishment in hell, nor of different levels of severity of sin. The universal punishment for all who reject Jesus Christ as Savior is to be “cast into the lake of fire” (Revelation 20:15). As far as sin is concerned, the Bible declares that failing to keep God’s law in even the smallest aspect makes us guilty of all of it and therefore worthy of eternal punishment (James 2:10). The murderer, the liar and the proud man are all equally guilty in God’s eyes, and all earn the same basic punishment—the lake of fire.
2. Different types of punishment. Dante’s vision of hell involved such eternal punishments as souls tormented by biting insects, wallowing in mire, immersed in boiling blood, being lashed with whips. Lesser punishments involve having heads on backwards, chasing unreachable goals for eternity, and walking endlessly in circles. The Bible, however, speaks of hell as a place of “outer darkness” where there will be “weeping and gnashing of teeth” (Matthew 8:12; 22:13). Whatever punishment awaits the unrepentant sinner in hell, it is no doubt worse than even Dante could imagine.
The final section of the poem, Paradiso, is Dante’s vision of heaven. Here Dante is guided through nine spheres, again in a concentric pattern, each level coming closer to the presence of God. Dante’s heaven is depicted as having souls in a hierarchy of spiritual development, based at least in part on their human ability to love God. Here are nine levels of people who have attained, by their own efforts, the sphere in which they now reside. The Bible, however, is clear that no amount of good works can earn heaven; only faith in the shed blood of Christ on the cross and the righteousness of Christ imputed to us can save us and destine us for heaven (Matthew 26:28; 2 Corinthians 5:21). In addition, the idea that we must work our way through ascending realms of heaven to approach God is foreign to the Scriptures. Heaven will be a place of unbroken fellowship with God, where we will serve Him and “see His face” (Revelation 22:3–4). All believers will forever enjoy the pleasure of God’s company, made possible by faith in His Son.
Throughout The Divine Comedy, the theme of salvation by man’s works is prevalent. Purgatory is seen as a place where sins are purged through the sinner’s efforts, and heaven has differing levels of rewards for works done in life. Even in the afterlife, Dante sees man as continually working and striving for reward and relief from punishment. But the Bible tells us that heaven is a place of rest from striving, not a continuation of it. The apostle John writes, “Then I heard a voice from heaven say, ‘Write: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from now on.’ ‘Yes,’ says the Spirit, ‘they will rest from their labor, for their deeds will follow them.’” Believers who live and die in Christ are saved by faith alone, and the very faith that gets us to heaven is His (Hebrews 12:2), as are the works we do in that faith (Ephesians 2:10). The Divine Comedy may be of interest to Christians as a literary work, but the Bible alone is our infallible guide for faith and life and is the only source of eternal truth.
|
<urn:uuid:391e526a-32bc-45db-ba3a-0d2ece8e4e73>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-48
|
http://www.gotquestions.org/Printer/Divine-Comedy-PF.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450762.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00316-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94704 | 1,637 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A cochlear implant is an electronic prosthetic replacement for damaged cells in the inner ear. The implant is a small electronic device that can help "make" sound if you have severe or total hearing loss. The implant does the job of the damaged or absent nerve cells that in a normal ear make it possible to hear (auditory nerves). Cochlear implants can be programmed according to your specific needs and degree of hearing loss.
Cochlear implants may help people with severe or total hearing loss in both ears who do not get any benefit from hearing aids. Cochlear implants have been shown to improve a person's ability to understand speech and speak clearly. Unlike hearing aids, cochlear implants do not make sounds louder but improve how well you hear sound.
A cochlear implant consists of a:
Microphone worn behind the ear, to pick up sound.
Speech processor worn on the body. Some types may be worn behind the ear.
Small device placed under the skin near the ear, with electrodes placed in the cochlea.
The microphone picks up sound and sends it to the speech processor, which changes the sound to information the cochlear implant can understand. The implant then tells the nerves in the ear to send a message to the brain. The message is understood as sound.
There are no tests to predict the level of benefit a particular individual will receive from a cochlear implant. The degree of improvement varies among individuals. However, most adults who receive a cochlear implant report many benefits that include improved communication ability and a personal sense of emotional well being.
With the implant, and the appropriate post-operative training, most patients are able to improve their accuracy in understanding speech in combination with speechreading. The average patient is able to carry on a conversation on the telephone if he or she uses effective strategies to clarify what has been said to them.
Almost all are able to differentiate environmental sounds and monitor the volume and quality of their own voice. Many patients report that they experience less stress communicating with family, friends, employers and co-workers; they feel the implant has had a positive effect on involvement in daily life and relationships.
The specialists in the Adult Cochlear Implant Program in the Department of Otolaryngology at Washington University School of Medicine provide a comprehensive evaluation and treatment program for patients eighteen years and older. Candidates for a cochlear implant are those who are severely or profoundly hearing impaired in both ears (including those with nerve deafness). These individuals typically receive limited benefit from hearing aids and communicate using the limited auditory information they do receive in combination with speechreading (lipreading).
The cochlear implant team includes skilled clinical, rehabilitative and research audiologists, two otolaryngologic surgeons, a neuropsychologist, a biomedical engineer and a medical secretary. The program has extensive experience in providing a thorough pre-surgical evaluation, performing the surgery, conducting the all important post surgical training and device programming that is critical to successful cochlear implant use, and coordinating all the administrative details.
After surgery, speech therapy will help you make the most of your cochlear implant. Training in listening, language, and speech-reading skills (paying attention to people's gestures, facial expressions, posture, and tone of voice) also help you.
Cochlear implants have a low rate of complications, which may include:
Risks of surgery, such as infection and medicine that numbs your senses during surgery (general anesthesia).
The implant moving out of its proper location. You may need a second surgery to relocate the implant.
The implant not working. It may not work because it was made incorrectly or because of an injury to or problem within the ear.
Twitching of the face (such as a tic) or not being able to move muscles in the face. This is uncommon and rarely permanent.
The cochlear implant was invented about twenty five years ago to help severely to profoundly deaf persons communicate more easily. Thanks to extensive research and evolving technology the device has come to be accepted as a most valuable one for persons with this much hearing loss. Cochlear implants are recognized by the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (AAO- HNS) as an approved medical procedure for adults and children. They were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the mid-1980s and are covered by insurance policies, Medicare, Medicaid and Vocational Rehabilitation. There are now more than 60,000 individuals worldwide who have received cochlear implants.
|
<urn:uuid:39369864-0b8a-4c09-bf19-5b0cf6a796ac>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
http://www.barnesjewish.org/Medical-Services/Ear-Nose-Throat-ENT/Cochlear-Implant-Program
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541692.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00005-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94925 | 942 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Every day, government agencies process and disburse millions of benefit payments. These include, but are not limited to, social security, veteran aid, worker’s compensation, and federal pensions. Processing these payments is made more efficient with Big Data technology. Perhaps more importantly, government agencies are using Big Data software to analyze unstructured datasets in order to improve decision making capabilities and detect fraud before it occurs, which has the potential to save taxpayers millions. Distributing benefits to the millions of Americans who qualify for them, while detecting fraud is a monumental task. If successful, government agencies can help those in need of help while reducing costs. Big Data has the potential to greatly improve operational efficiency of government agencies.
Big Data technology is improving the decision-making capabilities of almost every government agency. For instance, predictive analytics are being used to improve national security, by identifying potential risks before they occur. The FDA is using similar Big Data tools to find patterns of foodborne illness, and limit the outbreak of deadly diseases. The National Institute of Health is using Big Data to fund biomedical research, in an attempt to improve the lives of every citizen and find cures of the deadliest of disease. Big Data is also being used to monitor key aspects of the economy, predict market fluctuations, and provide compliance transparency. With Big Data, government agencies are improving their decision-making. New technology is fueling innovation and discovery, monitoring security threats, and providing economic transparency.
Nearly every American deals with mass transportation on a daily basis. Government transportation agencies have begun to use Big Data to improve mass transit systems across the country. For instance, it is being used to predict the affect of road closings and construction. With this new insight, transportation agencies can schedule maintenance and construction at times when the least amount of citizens will be affected. Predictive analytics can show the potential reaction to an increase in fare pricing, or route change. By putting all of this information together, transportation agencies have the ability to provide the best possible mass transportation system to the most citizens.
|
<urn:uuid:02af9759-9980-4e73-8110-c20c69cfa272>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
http://apollobit.com/data-story-goverment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371803248.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407152449-20200407182949-00098.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931319 | 408 | 2.90625 | 3 |
While some medications are used to treat the hot, swollen joint, other medications are used to prevent further attacks of gout. With any of these medications, call your doctor if you think you are having problems from them or if they are not working.
Medicines used to treat acute gout and/or prevent further attacks are as follows:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Examples include indomethacin (Indocin), ibuprofen (Advil), and naproxen (Aleve). Newer drugs such as celecoxib (Celebrex) can also be used. Aspirin should not be used for this condition.
- High doses of anti-inflammatory medications are needed to control the inflammation and can be tapered off within a couple of weeks.
- Tell your doctor about your other health problems, particularly if you have a history of peptic ulcer disease or intestinal bleeding, if you are taking warfarin (Coumadin), or if you have problems with your kidney function.
- The primary complications of these medications include upset stomach, bleeding ulcers, and decreased kidney function.
- Colchicine (Colcrys)
- This medication is given in two different ways, either to treat the acute attack of arthritis or to prevent recurring attacks.
- To treat the hot, swollen joint, colchicine is given rapidly (generally, two tablets at once followed by another tablet an hour later).
- To help prevent an attack from coming back, colchicine can be given once or twice a day. While the chronic use of colchicine can reduce the attacks of gout, it does not prevent the accumulation of uric acid that can lead to joint damage even without attacks of hot, swollen joints.
- Tell your doctor if you have any problems with your kidney or liver function.
- Corticosteroids such as prednisone (Meticorten, Sterapred, Sterapred DS) are generally given when your doctor feels this is a safer approach than using NSAIDs.
- When given by mouth, high-dose corticosteroids are used initially and tapered off within a couple of weeks. It is important to take these medications as prescribed to avoid problems.
- Some complications with the short-term use of corticosteroids include altered mood, elevated blood pressure, and problems with control of glucose in patients with diabetes.
- Corticosteroids can also be injected into the swollen joint. Resting the joint temporarily, after it is injected with steroids, can be helpful.
- Occasionally, corticosteroids or a related compound, corticotropin (ACTH), can also be injected into the muscle or given intravenously.
Medicines in addition to low-dose colchicine used to prevent further attacks of gout and lower the level of uric acid in the blood include the following.
- Probenecid (Benemid)
- This medication helps the body eliminate excess uric acid through the kidneys and into the urine.
- You should drink at least 2 liters of fluid a day while taking this medication (to help prevent uric acid kidney stones from forming).
- Advise your doctor if you have kidney problems or a history of kidney stones or if you are taking aspirin. You may need to take allopurinol (see below) instead.
- There are a number of drug interactions with probenecid, so you should advise your doctor of your other medications. If you are prescribed a new medication, let your doctor know that you are taking probenecid.
- This medication decreases the formation of uric acid by the body and is a very reliable way to lower the blood uric acid level. Allopurinol is currently the gold standard of maintenance therapy.
- Advise your doctor if you have kidney problems. Allopurinol can be still used, but the dose may need to be adjusted.
- Common side effects include stomach pain, headache, diarrhea, and rash.
- Discontinue allopurinol if you develop a rash or a fever, and call your doctor.
- A very rare risk of allopurinol hypersensitivity exists. This problem can cause a severe skin rash, fever, kidney failure, liver failure, bone marrow failure, and can be fatal.
- Advise your doctor if you are taking azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), 6-mercaptopurine, or cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Cytoxan Lyophilized, Neosar); dose adjustments of allopurinol may be needed.
- Ampicillin (Principen) is more likely to cause a rash if you are taking allopurinol.
- Febuxostat (Uloric)
- Febuxostat is first new medication developed specifically for the control of gout in over 40 years.
- Febuxostat decreases the formation of uric acid by the body and is a very reliable way to lower the blood uric acid level.
- Febuxostat can be used in patients with mild to moderate kidney impairment.
- Febuxostat should not be taken with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), or azathioprine.
It is important to understand that these maintenance medications are used to lower the uric acid well below normal to prevent recurrent gouty arthritis attacks. Generally, doctors want the blood uric acid level to be below 6.0 mg/dL. This level of uric acid is referred to as the "target level" or "goal" of therapy.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 3/27/2014
Must Read Articles Related to Gout
Alcohol problems vary in severity from mild to life threatening and affect the individual, the person's family, and society in numerous adverse ways. Despite al...learn more >>
Arthritis is inflammation of the joints. Causes include injury, abnormal metabolism (such as gout), inheritance (such as in osteoarthritis), infections (such as...learn more >>
Dehydration in Adults
Dehydration occurs when the loss of body fluids (mostly water), exceeds the amount that is taken in. Causes of dehydration include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, di...learn more >>
Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Gout:
|
<urn:uuid:2e67af61-1689-4533-92ed-0400aa984eaa>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/gout/page7_em.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663460.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00366-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.893355 | 1,349 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Three Dimension Movies Leap from Screen (Aug, 1931)
Three Dimension Movies Leap from Screen
PATENTS have recently been granted to Jacob Burkhardt of Detroit, Michigan, on a type of motion picture film which produces pictures having so realistic a three dimension effect that the actors seem almost to walk from the screen among the audience.
The new film has two pictures in a single frame, and the top and bottom of these pictures are parallel with the sides of the film instead of at right angles. The lower of the two pictures is the image or action picture while the upper is the background picture.
The background of the action picture is blacked out, as is the background picture in the space occupied by the foreground picture, so that the light from those sections of the film will not appear on the screen to mar the projection.
A refracting prism, placed in front of the lens, projects the side by side images as one complete picture on the screen. This prism also turns the image at right angles, so that it will appear right side up instead of standing on one end. Space has been allowed on the film for a sound track.
|
<urn:uuid:ffa31294-87e8-4d56-8d9d-35cd93b9d670>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://blog.modernmechanix.com/three-dimension-movies-leap-from-screen/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131295993.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172135-00222-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93456 | 232 | 3.296875 | 3 |
By| May 23, 2012
Mending the Springbok machine
An international rugby player’s body is a finely tuned machine that has taken years to condition. The Rugby World Cup is the greatest challenge any rugby player faces. Running out onto the rugby field under the national flag, voices raised in unision for Nkosi sikelel’ iAfrika, with emotions running high as they wait to face-off against the haka is akin to going into battle.
But every injured player represents a weak link in the chain and it may effect the outcome of the team’s performance and ultimately the score.
Dr Andrew Taylor Still M.D. founder of Osteopathy 1874 said ‘The body is a Unit’, which means one part of the body cannot be separated from another. The “whole” is greater than the sum of its parts, and a disturbance in one part of the body will affect another. So an underlying joint dysfunction in one joint will effect another part of the body, forcing that part to increase its work load and increasing the probability of injury.
For instance: if a rugby player has an under-strength or recovering ankle, it may well place greater demands on the lower leg muscles, knee joint, hip and thigh muscles. This may translate into a reduction in performance - especially towards the latter part of the game.
Naturally, the fittest and most experienced players will be the first choice for selection, but there are limits to the amount of trauma the human body can absorb. Of course, the muscle bulk of rugby players absorbs much of this kinetic energy. Joints are more vulnerable. There will come a point when there is a dip in performance due to the frequency of high-intensity games after a long season or year of play. The dip in preformance will come at the end of the season, but these days there doesn’t seem to be a beginning or an end to the season.
Bodies and trauma memory
Many injuries have long term effects on structure of the body. The scar tissue and muscular contraction that remain long after trauma and injury have resolved themselves can easily upset the mechanical balance of the body. Most of us have experienced the fact that muscles tighten and tense immediately in response to trauma. The area is naturally splinted against movement which may cause further damage. But it’s the after-effect of many injuries that throws out the mechanical balance of the body. For example, an old ankle injury may leave it stiff and off-balance. Such an ankle can cause strain and imbalance higher up in the body which may eventually surface as a knee, hip, lower back, shoulder or neck problem. It may even be responsible for severe headaches. The residue of all trauma, great and small, can influence structural balance and rhythm.
Not always so obvious
Some injuries are so minor, and the initial recovery so quick, that they simply register as a passing ache or pain. This is especially common in the spine. The effects of some jars and shocks may go completely unnoticed, but all eventually exact a penalty on mechanical freedom. Whatever the circumstances the common denominator is the fact that structural trauma disorganises mechanical balance and freedom locally and throughout the body as a whole.
Even though some injuries are unavoidable, the rugby player can help prevent many of them by improving body mobility and function with appropriate exercise conditioning. Every international rugby team has a team devoted to the current performance and injury management of each player.
In addition to injury management, it will be important to ensure that each player is mentally ready for each test match. This will help diminish and extinguish any negative elements there might have been, and remind the Boks that they command great respect from the opposition.
The real glory is being knocked to your knees and then coming back. That’s real glory. – Vince Lombardi Looking forward to the future.
Players can also work towards resolving the long term effects of unresolved injuries already sustained by trying a different approach called Osteopathy.
Osteopathy can help you get over most of the above injuries and return to the game quicker. Osteopathy can also help you to reduce the risk of injury in the first place. First and foremost training for the game is vital in the prevention of injuries. Improved technique will help to reduce the possibility of injuries, and increased strength will help as we have more muscle bulk to protect ourselves and our joints. Pre-match stretching and warming up is very important to prevent muscle strains and sprains.
How can a visit to an osteopath reduce the risk of further injury? During a consultation an osteopath will perform a full postural and musculoskeletal assessment to find areas of restriction in muscles, ligaments and joints. Using osteopathic techniques such as massage and manipulation, the health and mobility of these tissues can be improved. Osteopathy can also benefit old injuries by improving the function of damaged tissues. An osteopath will also be able to give specific advice on exercises for rehabilitation of an injured tissue. (Dr Guy Ashburner Osteopath on behalf of the osteopathic profession.)
Discovery the benefits of Osteopathy
- What is Osteopathy?
- Adult health issues
- Babies and Children
- During and after pregnancy
- Common Complaints
- Sports Injuries
- Genral Osteopathy FAQs
- The Science & Reasearch
|
<urn:uuid:75dcd845-ebcf-4d27-8592-04b84eb13bba>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.osteogoodhealth.com/blog/injury-to-the-springboks-rugby-injuries/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148163.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228231614-20200229021614-00418.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948515 | 1,109 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Technology Teacher
International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
The article presents information on the relationship between the logic circuits and the quality of life. The applications of logic circuits are countless. With the flooding of New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, people around the world became all too aware of human dependency on technology to manage the forces of nature and maintain a high quality of life. New Orleans' sewage and water control systems depend on water pumps to move sewage, storm-water runoff, and fresh water around the city. Under normal conditions, when it rains in New Orleans, a city that sits below sea level, massive water pumps are automatically engaged, and ram water is pumped into Lake Pontchartrain, a nearby reservoir. However, when Katrina hit and electrical power to the city was cut, the system failed. The transport of drinking water is one of the technological marvels that people do not think about until they have to go without. At the heart of the system that automates water pumping is an electronic control circuit. Electronic control circuits are used in a wide variety of applications, from controlling pump motors to making automobiles more safe and efficient. Apart from this, logic circuits are used in temperature control units, security systems, and arithmetic circuits for a variety of microprocessors built into everything from computers to microwave ovens.
Childress, V. W. (2006). Logic circuits and the quality of life. The Technology Teacher, 65(5), 12-16.
|
<urn:uuid:d3c6aba6-163a-4c55-8771-cc3708607631>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/ncete_publications/4/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132025.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00323-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912967 | 297 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Hidden Travels of the Atomic Bomb
WILLIAM J. BROAD, NY Times: In 1945, after the atomic destruction of two Japanese cities, J. Robert Oppenheimer expressed foreboding about the spread of nuclear arms. “They are not too hard to make,” he told his colleagues on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, NM. “They will be universal if people wish to make them universal.”
That sensibility, born where the atomic bomb itself was born, grew into a theory of technological inevitability. Because the laws of physics are universal, the theory went, it was just a matter of time before other bright minds and determined states joined the club. A corollary was that trying to stop proliferation was quite difficult if not futile.
But nothing, it seems, could be further from the truth. In the six decades since Oppenheimer’s warning, the nuclear club has grown to only nine members. What accounts for the slow spread?
Two new books by three atomic insiders hold out hope. Neither book endorses Oppenheimer’s view that bombs are relatively easy to make. Both document national paths to acquiring nuclear weapons that have been rocky and dependent on the willingness of spies and politicians to divulge state secrets.
|
<urn:uuid:8e300163-989f-45a8-8864-35fed93d8d40>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-35
|
http://www.orangemane.com/BB/showpost.php?p=2198605&postcount=1136
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645328641.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031528-00173-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95373 | 263 | 2.59375 | 3 |
INSIDE MOBILE: Planes, Trains, Automobiles: Why Computers Should Be In Control
All planes, trains and automobiles should have substantially more technology than they do today. Plus, they should all be allowed to be taken over by a remote, approved agency in case of problems that would negatively affect the ability of the vehicle to reach its destination safely. Here, Knowledge Center mobile and wireless analyst J. Gerry Purdy explains why we should use networking of vehicles, remote robotics and device intelligence to prevent problems that would endanger passenger lives.
In the renowned 1987 movie, "Planes, Trains & Automobiles," advertising exec Neal Page (Steve Martin) and shower ring salesman Del Griffith (John Candy) are total strangers. Together, they use all three forms of transportation in an effort to get home for Thanksgiving. Things go awry during their entire trip from New York to Chicago.
On Oct. 21, 2009, Northwest Flight #188 missed landing in Minneapolis. The pilots (Captain Timothy Cheney of Gig Harbor, Washington and Richard Cole of Salem, Oregon) had the plane on autopilot, lost track of time while they were using their personal notebook computers (the same as many of the passengers were also doing at the same time), and didn't notice warning messaging flashing on the cockpit display telling them that they had missed their destination to land in Minneapolis.
They went 200+ miles past Minneapolis before a flight attendant noticed that something was wrong and banged on the cockpit door, thus alerting the pilots to "get their minds back toward landing the plane." Fortunately, no one was hurt and the plane landed safely.
Not enough technology
On Oct. 27, 2009, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) revoked the pilots' licenses. An ABC World News Tonight segment then suggested that perhaps there is too much technology in airplanes today, leaving pilots without much to do. I want to propose that there is not enough technology in airplanes today-and we should quickly remedy the situation. Here's why.
It's fortunate that this situation didn't cause any real danger to the passengers. Things such as this may have a positive outcome: they can work to prevent similar situations from happening again. You have to ask yourself about the pilots on this flight in an Anderson Cooper vein, "What in the world were they thinking?"
I agree that planes today have a lot of technology that make the flying of planes more akin to programming a computer. Most-if not all-commercial planes can be programmed at the end of the runway before taking off to fly without human intervention and land safely at the destination. It is human error that often causes the problems, not the autopilot. There are cases of pilot flight control, however, that have had disastrous outcomes.
|
<urn:uuid:308f8760-8a58-4d0a-ac6a-bcb7d4ea537f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Mobile-and-Wireless/INSIDE-MOBILE-Planes-Trains-Automobiles-Why-Computers-Should-Be-In-Control
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541876.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00101-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96435 | 558 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Food safety is a hidden and often overlooked problem. For these reasons, the WHO is dedicating its 2015 World Health Day to food safety. In this regard Austria is one of the safest countries in the world. Yet about 0,4 percent of the food samples are harmful to health.
Everyone needs food, and food must be nutritious and safe. But yet food safety is a hidden, and often overlooked, problem. Foodborne diseases, caused either by an acute infection with a pathogen or by chronic exposure to chemicals, are largely under-reported. Nobody has precise figures on their societal effect. This is one of the reasons, why the WHO dedicates its 2015 World Health Day to food safety.
On the occasion of this day the WHO is highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with food safety under the slogan from farm to plate, make food safe.
“Food production has been industrialized and its trade and distribution have been globalized,” says WHO Director-General Dr Margaret Chan. “These changes introduce multiple new opportunities for food to become contaminated with harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or chemicals. A local food safety problem can rapidly become an international emergency.” Unsafe food can cause more than 200 diseases – ranging from diarrhoea to cancer. Examples of unsafe food include undercooked foods of animal origin, fruits and vegetables contaminated with faeces, and shellfish containing marine biotoxins.
According to estimates of the WHO Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) there are about 582 million cases of 22 different foodborne enteric diseases and 351.000 associated deaths; The enteric disease agents responsible for most deaths were Salmonella Typhi (52.000 deaths), enteropathogenic E. coli (37.000) and norovirus (35.000).
Also in Austria Salmonellae are among the registered harmful bacteria, just as Campylobacter. The problem is, that – like in other countries – there exist only estimations. For example: In Austria each year there are 4.000 diarrhoea cases documented, caused by Campylobacter. “But if one in ten people would go to the doctor we would have 40.000 cases; and if one in five doctors would make a stool sample, we are already at 200.000 diseases each year”, estimates Univ.-Prof. Dr. Franz Allerberger from the Austrian Agency for Food Safety (AGES), by which there are examined about 30.000 food samples per year. In the last report (2013), from 31.333 food samples 0,4 percent were harmful to health.
|
<urn:uuid:b95605fd-bd49-4b16-a8ac-eba841b0d435>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://semmelweis.info/7-april-who-dedicates-its-2015-world-health-day-to-food-safety/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819134354-20190819160354-00480.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945916 | 538 | 3.640625 | 4 |
What is a pacemaker? A pacemaker is actually a two-part system consisting of a pulse generator and a pacing lead. • • The pulse generator contains the battery and electronic circuitry which produce the electrical impulse needed to make the heart beat. The typical pulse generator is usually very small (less than 2 inches wide and 1/4 inch thick). It is implanted in the upper chest just below the skin near the collar bone on either side of the body. The pacing lead (or leads) is a thin, insulated wire inserted through a vein to connect the pulse generator to your heart. Who needs a pacemaker? Most pacemakers are recommended when an individual experiences symptoms (such as fatigue, weakness, lightheadedness, shortness of breath or fainting) related to an inappropriately slow heart rate. When the heart beats too slowly, it does not pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. Most commonly, the slow heart beat results from diseases in the heart's own pacemaker (SA node) or in the heart's conduction ('wiring') system. Ask your doctor for the specific reason you need your pacemaker. The indications for permanent pacemakers continues to evolve. What preparation is typical prior to pacemaker implant? • • • • • You will not be allowed to eat or drink anything for 6-12 hours before the procedure. An intravenous (IV) line will be started if you do not already have one. You may be provided with special antibacterial soaps and be instructed to wash from your neck midway down your chest. You will be given antibiotics through the IV line just prior to the procedure. You may be given a mild sedative to make you feel relaxed. How is a pacemaker implanted? You will be taken to a special room called the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory or a surgical operating room and placed on an x-ray table. Once you are settled, you will be prepared for theprocedure. • • • • • Electronic (EKG) leads will be attached to your chest to monitor your heart rate and rhythm. An antiseptic solution will be applied to the upper chest and shoulder where the pacemaker will be inserted. Pacemakers can be inserted from either the right or the left. The decision is generally made based on the preferences of both the operator and the patient. You will be covered with sterile sheets. A local anesthetic will be injected to numb the area before the pacemaker is inserted. Once these preparations are complete, a small incision (2 to 4 inches) will be made just below the collar bone. A needle will be placed into a vein near your collar bone. The lead (or leads) will be positioned inside your heart through this vein. Your doctor will be making measurements to determine the pest position for placementof the lead inside your heart. The doctor will also be using x-ray pictures in placing the lead(s). While the pacemaker and leads are being inserted, you may feel some pressure. If you begin to feel anydiscomfort, let the doctor know immediately so you can receive some additional medication to keep the area numb. Once the lead(s) are in place, you may be asked to take deep breaths and to cough vigorously while your doctor watches an x-ray of your heart. This is done to ensure secure placement of the lead(s). What happens after a pacemaker implant? You will spend a short time, typically 1 to 2 days, in the hospital following implantation. Most patients are on a heart monitor (telemetry) and receive antibiotics during this period. You may have a little soreness where the pacemaker was implanted. This is often treated with pain medication if needed. When I go home from the hospital, what will happen and how will I take care of my surgical wound? You will probably be aware of the pacemaker for a while. This is a normal feeling and generally will lessen with time. Sometimes, there will be a black and blue mark in the area of the pacemaker. This is from the surgical procedure and will go away with time. If, however, your incision becomes red, hot, more painful, swollen or starts to drain fluid, notify your doctor immediately. Also, call your doctor promptly if you develop a fever. Do not wait for your next scheduled visit. What activities should be avoided? Avoid strenuous activity for one week after the operation. During the first few weeks after sugery, avoid sudden, jerky movements with your arms, or stretching or reaching over your head. The type of sutures (stitches) and dressing used on your wound will determine when you can resume your usual bathing routine. Your doctor will tell you when to resume your usual bathing routine and other normal activities. Can you use the microwave after receiving a permanent pacemaker? Your pacemaker cannot be damaged by using properly operating household appliances, such as microwave ovens, electric blankets and most power tools. Passing through the metal detector at airports will not damage your pacemaker, but the metal in your pacemaker may sound the alarm. Activities you should avoid are working within a few feet of large electrical transformers, electric arc welding and working on automobile ignition systems. These activities will not damage your pacemaker, however, there is a possibility that they may interfere with the proper operation of your pacemaker. If you are concerned about the use of any appliance or power tool, consult your doctor. If you are having any type of medical procedure performed, let your physician, dentist, chiropractor, physical therapist or any health or cosmetic care provider know that you have a pacemaker. What is the follow-up for pacemaker patients? It is important to periodically check the pacemaker to make sure that it is functioning properly and that its settings remain appropriate for your medical needs. Therefore your doctor will schedule you for periodic follow-up checks. A typical follow-up visit to your doctor usually includes a brief physical examination, an electrocardiogram and a detailed evaluation of how well your pacemaker is performing. Examining and adjusting your pacemaker is quick and painless. Your doctor has special equipment that communicates with the pacemaker, allowing adjustment of its function without any additional surgery. Inaddition, some doctors use telephone monitoring ('transtelephonic monitoring') to obtain information about your pacemaker. Ask your doctor about the specific schedule of follow-up for you and your pacemaker. How long does a pacemaker last? Pacemakers are extremely dependable devices. In general, pacemaker batteries last between 4 and 14 years, the average being 8 years. During follow-up checks, your doctor will be able to determine when replacement is necessary.
|
<urn:uuid:4dade461-0ca7-4590-86c8-ba1fe1af2c05>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://studylib.net/doc/18327626/what-is-a-pacemaker%3F-who-needs-a-pacemaker%3F-what-preparation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358033.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226234926-20210227024926-00164.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927132 | 1,359 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Excerpt from the August 10, 1963, issue of Science News Letter
Future weather satellites and improved methods of using computers to forecast weather are keys to the continued expansion of the Weather Bureau under its new head.... The computer program is expected to lead to improved long-range weather forecasts and to help bring closer to reality the control of weather.... Use of weather satellites to give photographs of the earth’s cloud cover has already given weathermen valuable information on otherwise unknown storms, including hurricanes, and has shown changes in large-scale weather patterns.
UPDATE: The ability to control the weather remains a dream, but the fleet of Earth-monitoring satellites and sophisticated computer programs now available to predict the weather has greatly improved forecasting. Warnings for hurricanes, for instance, are now given more than 50 percent earlier than in the 1960s.
|
<urn:uuid:3be00df0-b6cc-47fc-ad46-c4c99f85b366>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/forecasting-computer?mode=topic&context=98
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122865.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00050-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940955 | 168 | 3.421875 | 3 |
What are mosquitoes?
Texas is home to many different types of insects, one of the most dreaded insects to have in our yard is the mosquito. These flying insects deliver bites that leave behind unsightly, itchy welts.
Female mosquitoes do the biting these pests are well-known for, delivering the bites that we all can’t stand. The reason females bite us using their elongated piercing mouthparts is to feed on our blood to get the proteins they need to create viable eggs.
Mosquitoes thrive in Texas’s hot, humid weather. They are unmatched in their ability to swarm our properties and ruin the time you try to spend outside, especially when these insects are most active at dusk and dawn.
Are mosquitoes dangerous?
Since female mosquitoes feed on many different hosts throughout their lives, they can acquire and spread many diseases that can make people and animals ill. While not every mosquito that bites you carries a disease, it is important to understand that some do, so limiting your contact with them is vital to your health.
Diseases and parasites spread by mosquitoes living in Texas include:
- Lyme disease
- Tick-borne relapsing fever
- Parasitic heartworms (dogs and cats)
Why do I have a mosquito problem?
Mosquitoes are a problem wherever there is an outdoor space that provides them with shaded resting spots and plenty of standing water for the females to lay their eggs. Unfortunately for us, our Texas yards provide mosquitoes with exactly what they are looking for.
Things found in most of our yards that provide mosquitoes with shady areas to escape Texas’s midday sun include:
- Shrubs and bushes
- Tall grass or weeds
Where will I find mosquitoes?
Mosquitoes can become a problem anywhere there is standing water available for them to use as a breeding site. Mosquitoes tend to stay around the areas where they hatch. Therefore, the more breeding sites on your Texas property, the more mosquitoes will be flying around your property every day.
Places in our yards that collect rainwater and offer mosquitoes breeding sites include:
- The tops of tarps and trash can lids.
- Tree hollows or tree stumps.
- Buckets and flower pots.
- Leaf piles.
- Clogged gutters.
- Low lying areas.
- The ground under dripping outdoor fixtures or air conditioners.
How do I get rid of mosquitoes?
Mosquitoes live out in nature and use their wings to fly in search of food and breeding sites. While completely eliminating these pests from any space is impossible, we can perform effective home mosquito treatments to reduce the number of adults and larvae able to survive on your property. With the help of the professionals at Daniel Pest Control and our monthly mosquito control program, you can greatly reduce the number of mosquitoes on your property and enjoy your backyard with family and friends whenever you would like!
If you live in Seguin, Texas, or our surrounding areas and want to learn more about our mosquito control solutions for your Seguin property, reach out to us today and speak with one of our helpful and knowledgeable professionals!
Daniel Pest Control Blog
Bed bugs are creepy, but worse than that, they’re dangerous. Know how to spot them and how to stop them, in Seguin, TX with help from Daniel Pest Control.Read More
Fleas may seem harmless and small, but they can be dangerous! Learn more about them and how, with Daniel Pest Control’s help, you can prevent them.Read More
There are many different types of rodents that live here in Seguin. We have large rodents, medium rodents, and small rodents.Read More
|
<urn:uuid:96ec2020-509a-4c60-a26f-a982f0cf7561>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://www.danielpestcontrol.com/pest-library/mosquitoes
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301670.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120005715-20220120035715-00269.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948766 | 791 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Change clocks, and test life safety devices
As we “fall back” on Sunday, the Midland Fire Department wants to remind residents to make another change that could save their lives: changing the batteries in their smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors.
The Midland Fire Department urges people to change smoke detector and carbon monoxide batteries when changing clocks back to standard time each fall.
Changing smoke detector batteries at least once a year is one of the simplest, most effective ways to reduce tragic deaths and injuries. The National Fire Protection Association reports that 71 percent of smoke alarms that failed to operate had missing, disconnected or dead batteries.
Additionally, the Midland Fire Department recommends replacing your smoke detectors every 10 years. Beginning in 2002, all smoke alarms must have a manufacture date marked on the outside of the smoke alarm. If your smoke alarm does not have a manufacture date, then it is more than 10 years old and must be replaced. When replacing your smoke alarms the fire department suggests purchasing alarms with 10-year lithium batteries.
In addition to testing fire safety devices, the fire department recommends that residents do the following:
• use the extra hour on Nov. 6 to plan and practice escape routes
• use both ionization and photo electric smoke alarms to alert people to home fires
• prepare a fire safety kit that includes working flashlights and fresh batteries
For more on fire safety, call the Midland Fire Department at (989) 837-3410 or e-mail Fire Marshal Josh Mosher at [email protected]
|
<urn:uuid:ef6f96dd-c3ec-4b9f-b7b7-24af27e365ea>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-34
|
https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Change-clocks-and-test-life-safety-devices-today-10596163.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218101.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821092915-20180821112915-00174.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912777 | 318 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Summer Read 10 Challenge: see the sidebar to learn how to sign up for this optional summer reading challenge.
Rising fifth graders: Students are required to read three books from the Summer Battle of the Books list over the summer vacation, but they are encouraged to read more. The more books they read, the better able they will be to help their team. In the fall, students will be placed in groups for the Battle of the Books competition. This consists of students being asked all types of questions about each book on the list. The winning team will receive a special treat during school! Students will also complete a project on a chosen summer reading book.
Fifth graders must read at least three books from the fifth-grade list. Do not choose books from the 6th–8th grade list.
|
<urn:uuid:01ff0356-f9df-4524-be7b-276c9a7acf39>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-30
|
https://www.kcd.org/back-to-school/summer-reading
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528869.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723043719-20190723065719-00089.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963232 | 164 | 2.6875 | 3 |
late 14c., persuasioun, "action of inducing (someone) to believe (something) by appeals to reason (not by authority, force, or fear); an argument to persuade, inducement," from Old French persuasion (14c.) and directly from Latin persuasionem (nominative persuasio) "a convincing, persuading," noun of action from past-participle stem of persuadere "persuade, convince," from per "thoroughly, strongly" (see per) + suadere "to urge, persuade," from PIE root *swād- "sweet, pleasant" (see sweet (adj.)).
Meaning "state of being convinced" is from 1530s; that of "religious belief, creed" is from 1620s. Colloquial or humorous sense of "kind, sort, nationality" is by 1864.
|
<urn:uuid:0d49cf3f-5a8d-4ae5-a9f4-b6c98b856ba1>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://www.etymonline.com/word/persuasion?ref=etymonline_crossreference
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141746033.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205013617-20201205043617-00040.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936131 | 183 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Fight Against What Is Literature Review in Research
Our custom writing service is entirely ethical and gives busy students with terrific resources for their assignments. You can also find details on the best way to clear cookies from your computer together with more general info about cookies. A literature review should start with an exhaustive literature search using the principal keyword phrases in relevant on-line databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, etc..
Select 3-5 articles in your discipline that are related to your undertaking. It’s the last and most crucial portion of your review. When you’re finished preparing your review, ask the following questions in order to rate your workmanship.
It helps to think of your research topic for a question. As you start to investigate and rate scholarly literature on your subject, you might find it essential to revise your initial research question based on what you learn. In sum the research proposal needs to be coherent with a unifying body of knowledge and abilities operationalized for the conduct of a part of research in the close future.
Indicate the way the approach fits the total research design. Its goal is to make familiarity with current thinking and research on The proposal should have enough info to convince your readers that you’ve got an important research idea, that you get a very good grasp of the appropriate literature and the important problems, and your methodology is sound. A functional analysis of the goals of behaviour for the kid is incorporated into intervention planning for the bulk of research reports in the published literature.
You can receive a lot of articles and internet books on the majority regions of study. If you compose a well-organized and all-inclusive proposal, then you are going to have less difficulty incorporating the suggestions and comments of your professors and committee members into your upcoming research. In case the method is proving to be tough, and in certain fields, like medicine and environmental research, there’s a lot of poor science, don’t let yourself essay writing service be reluctant to ask a supervisor for a couple tips.
You should have a notion of what you are going to be reviewing to be able to effectively hunt for references and to compose a coherent overview of the research on it. You ought to have a fantastic collection of high-quality studies or unique articles supporting your subject. Since systematic reviews try to incorporate all relevant studies, exclusion criteria aren’t generally utilized inside this situation.
Students will undertake a detailed literature review with regard to their research proposal. This section should anticipate the possible issues good scholars will probably raise. In general, the paper summarizes the present state of knowledge of the topic.
Likewise, a literature review may also have an argument,” but it isn’t as essential as covering numerous sources. It may be a self-contained document, or it may be a section of a larger report. After it is complete, you should incorporate it into your research paper (if you are writing the review as one component of a larger paper).
Endnote is a wonderful means to put away your research library and import it in the manuscript in the format needed by the journal. Make sure to follow the directions for the journal you’re submitting your paper to.
Identify and define the topic that you’ll be reviewing. If your topic is too narrrow, you might not be in a position to discover enough info to put in your literature review. Discoveries about this issue.
Despite how the Introduction is presented first it doesn’t indicate it has to be the very first to be scholarly written. Use quotes sparinglyonly if you want to emphasize the author’s point and can’t rewrite it in your words. Describing different searches Provide a concise overview of different sources searched.
Looking at a literature review example MLA provides you with a notion of the way to lay out your MLA literature review to make sure that it meets all the demands of the MLA format but as to content, it might just confuse you further. The dissertation procedure begins with the dissertation proposal phase. Literary analysis is a trying essay to write together with analytical essay.
Then use a citation database to stick to the studies published by finding articles that have cited that article, either since they support it or since they disagree with this. When writing a research paper on a particular subject, you will often should incorporate a synopsis of any prior research that’s been conducted on that topic. Find out how you should talk about the literature review by writing about a research is typically a literature review will think about 3.
When you are getting ready to compose your literature review having the ideal tools at hand can immensely boost your productivity. An integral facet of a review paper is the fact that it provides the evidence for a specific point of view in an area. You also need to know the way that your research paper will be evaluated.
You have to work with an extremely professional and specialized service such as ours however in the event you wish to acquire the outcome that you’re expecting. Your goal is to think about every one of your concepts and think of a list of the various ways they could be expressed. Continue below to get started working through the approach.
|
<urn:uuid:1ea97f2c-d868-431d-a19b-7bd5ff8dd79b>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
|
http://assistenciatecnicacelular.com/the-30-second-trick-for-what-is-literature-review-in-research/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256040.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520142005-20190520164005-00527.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947534 | 1,051 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Epworth Old Recory
History, tourist information, and nearby accommodation
HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: John Wesley's childhood home
Epworth Old Rectory was built in 1709 to house the rector of St Andrew's Church in Epworth, replacing an earlier rectory which had dramatically burned down. The first rector to take up residence was Samuel Wesley. Two of Wesley's sons are more famous than their father; John and Charles Wesley are credited with establishing the Methodist Church.
The Old Rectory served as the residence for the rector of St Andrew's Church until 1954. It stood empty for several years before it was purchased by the World Methodist Council.
The WMC planned to restore the building and open it to the public as a museum, but in the meantime, the building had to pay its own way so it was launched as a bed and breakfast. Paying guests could sleep under the 'Whitney Quilt', the same bed covering used by John Wesley when he lived here. Now the rectory is a full-time museum (and no one is even allowed to touch the Whitney Quilt!)
Samuel Wesley was named as the rector of Epworth, Lincolnshire in 1695. It was not an auspicious appointment. Samuel was a committed Royalist, a Tory, and an academic. He had very little in common with the parishioners he was sent to nurture. Samuel Wesley was regarded with suspicion and on occasion with outright antagonism. His strict moralist outlook made him very unpopular with his parishioners.
Samuel and his wife Susanna had at least 19 children, including two sets of twins, of whom just 10 survived childhood. Susanna looked after the children's education and followed a rigorous, methodic approach that was later adapted by Charles and John in the religious studies. All three sons obtained MA degrees at Oxford University and all three became clergymen.
In February 1709 a fire broke out in the thatched rectory. There is a suspicion that the fire was started by arson, another sign of how much Samuel Wesley's preaching had provoked local antagonism. John, then aged just six, was dramatically rescued from the flames like 'a brand plucked from the burning'. One man had to stand on another man's shoulders and pluck John from a first-floor window before the building collapsed.
The event is captured in a dramatic painting in the stairwell. The rescue was a pivotal event in John Wesley's life and gave him the sense that God had a purpose for him, a mission to fulfil.
With the rectory burned to the ground a new rectory building was needed to house the Wesley family. The result is the elegant red-brick Old Rectory we see today. The family moved into the new rectory in December 1709. Here John, Charles, their brother Samuel and seven sisters spent the remainder of their childhood.
The cost of the new rectory building was born entirely by Samuel Wesley. He could have saved quite a bit of money by rebuilding in timber and thatch, like the old rectory that had burned down, but Samuel opted for a much more expensive brick and stone structure. Perhaps he was trying to make a statement to the arsonists that he would not be intimidated.
Unfortunately, the expense of building the Old Rectory and furnishing it left Samuel Wesley in debt for the rest of his life. It also caused ongoing tension between Samuel and Susanna.
The Wesley family lived at the Old Rectory until Samuel Wesley died in 1735. Susanna spent time with several of her children and died in 1742 while visiting John Wesley in London. She is buried at Bunhill Fields, opposite Wesley's Chapel and House. John Wesley returned to Epworth in 1742, and he came back to preach every other year until 1790. He would stay at the Red Lion Inn and preach in the open air by the market cross.
Behind the rectory building is a physic garden, a walled garden area featuring plants in John Wesley's book, 'Primitive Physic: an Easy and Natural Method of Curing Most Diseases'. As the title suggests, these were plants that Wesley believed could be used in the treatment of diseases.
Legend has it that the Old Rectory is haunted. The Wesley family were reported to have been terrified by the unexplained noises in the house. Servants living under the eaves first reported strange noises, and soon all the family were hearing unexplained banging noises. The family believed that the haunting was the work of 'Old Jeffrey', a servant who had recently died.
When Samuel Wesley heard the noises he began to feel concerned for his family's safety. On one occasion he entered the children's nursery and exhorted the ghost to leave his family in peace, but to no avail.
John Wesley was away from home, studying in London at the time, but letters from his sisters to him have been preserved un which they tell him of the ghostly noises. The younger girls reported being pinched when there was no one in the room, and objects were thrown across the room.
In March 1716 the ghostly noises ceased as suddenly as they had begun. Since then, visitors have reported hearing an occasional groan or a banging noise in the uppermost chambers of the house.
All visits are by guided tour, which takes about one hour. Our guide was exceptional, and really helped bring the house and its inhabitants to life.
On the ground floor are a dining room and kitchen, while on the first floor are family bedrooms, one converted into an exhibition area. Here you will find rare first editions of Wesley's book, letters, and other personal items.
Many of the house furnishings belonged to the Wesley family, others are simply there to show how the house would have looked during the time the Wesleys lived here. one of the most interesting pieces of furniture is a beautifully carved chair from the missionary ship, the 'John Wesley'.
Other items that caught our eyes include John Wesley's journal, and a gold mourning ring made to remember John John Romney (1710-1750). Romney was Samuel Wesley's curate and became rector of Epworth after Wesley's death in 1735. Romney courted Hetty Wesley, then transferred his affections to her sister Martha.
Another personal item on display is a wooden box made from a sycamore tree planted by John Wesley in Epworth churchyard. In the dining room a large iron key to the rectory's front door used by the Wesleys.
The Old Rectory is an absolute delight to visit. You really get a sense of the Wesley family and their daily lives, with a wealth of personal items and period furnishings. The Old Rectory is very well signposted from the village centre and is extremely easy to reach from any of the central visitor parking areas in Epworth.
Most photos are available for licensing, please contact Britain Express image library.
About Epworth Old Recory
Address: 1 Rectory Street, Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, DN9 1HX
Attraction Type: Historic Church
Location: On Rectory Street, just off Albion Hill. Well signposted from the centre of Epworth. Several paid parking areas within a short stroll.
Website: Epworth Old Recory
Photo Credit: David Ross and Britain Express
We've 'tagged' this attraction information to help you find related historic attractions and learn more about major time periods mentioned.
Find other attractions tagged with:
John Wesley (Person) -
NEARBY HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS
Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low to exceptional) on historic interest
Epworth, St Andrew's Church - 0.3 miles (Historic Church)
Wesley Memorial Methodist Church - 0.3 miles (Historic Church)
Burringham, St John's Church - 4.8 miles (Historic Church)
Gainsborough, All Saints - 8.6 miles (Historic Church)
Gainsborough Old Hall - 8.9 miles (Historic House)
Saundby, St Martin's Church - 9.7 miles (Historic Church)
Mattersey Priory - 10.1 miles (Abbey)
Normanby Hall - 10.2 miles (Historic House)
Nearest Accommodation to Epworth Old Recory:
|
<urn:uuid:41f4bb5a-4620-4f21-a30b-239a856eca1c>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://www.britainexpress.com/counties/lincs/churches/epworth-old-rectory.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585696.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023130922-20211023160922-00528.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977162 | 1,716 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Scott Nolt and Caitlyn Gironda pioneered blended-learning classes in their North Carolina district, extending their reach to more students by teaching two groups of students during the same class period—when one group was in class with the teacher, the other worked online from home or in a lab, switching the next day. Despite receiving less in-class time with their teachers, students showed strong student growth, and learned other crucial skills, including independent learning and time management. Gironda and Nolt reached 40 to 100 percent more students per class period, with class sizes the same or smaller. Hear them explain how they structured their classes, learned from mistakes and made changes along the way, plus offer advice for other teachers. Learn more in the accompanying vignettes.
Can’t access YouTube? Watch this video on Vimeo instead!
|
<urn:uuid:ad2ad627-0389-4263-b789-89ef8f6738ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
http://opportunityculture.org/category/videos/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00431-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964527 | 168 | 2.515625 | 3 |
20-Year-Long Study Shows Common Butterfly Species Is on the Decline
Complete the form below to unlock access to ALL audio articles.
The most extensive and systematic insect monitoring program ever undertaken in North America shows that butterfly abundance in Ohio declined yearly by 2%, resulting in an overall 33% drop for the 21 years of the program.
Though the study was limited to one group of the insect class and one geographic area, the findings provide an important baseline for what's happening more broadly with insect populations amid climate change and other human-caused disturbances, the study's corresponding author said. The findings also are in line with those of butterfly monitoring programs in multiple European countries.
"These declines in abundance are happening in common species," said Oregon State University researcher Tyson Wepprich, who led the study. "Declines in common species concern me because it shows that there are widespread environmental causes for the declines affecting species we thought were well adapted to share a landscape with humans. Common species are also the ones that contribute the bulk of the pollination or bird food to the ecosystem, so their slow, consistent decline is likely having ripple effects beyond butterfly numbers."
Findings were published today in PLOS ONE.
Wepprich, a postdoctoral scholar in botany and plant pathology in OSU's College of Agricultural Sciences, used more than 24,000 butterfly surveys contributed by trained citizen scientists from 1996 through 2016 to establish his findings.
"Because it's easier to monitor butterflies than other insects - lots of people like butterflies and enjoy keeping track of them - butterflies tend to be the best source of abundance data for tracking insect population declines and increases," Wepprich said. "Environmental assessments use them as an indicator for the general trajectory of biodiversity since they experience the same types of pressures from land-use changes, climate change and habitat degradation as other insect groups."
The data from Ohio enabled population trends to be estimated for 81 butterfly species and found three times as many species were trending downward as upward - three out of every four species with a positive or negative trend grew less abundant over the course of the monitoring. Forty of the analyzed species had no significant trend up or down.
"Species with more northern distributions and fewer annual generations declined the most rapidly," he said, adding that these species are adapted to cooler regions and may do worse in Ohio with warming temperatures.
Wepprich noted that even some invasive species associated with human-dominated landscapes are declining, which suggests the trends are rooted in widespread environmental causes.
"Analyses of insect declines are dominated by European studies about butterflies, but our study is showing that the rate of change in Ohio butterfly abundance is very similar to that found in monitoring programs in the UK, the Netherlands and Spain," Wepprich said. "The rate of total decline and the proportion of species in decline mirror those documented in comparable monitoring programs. What's common among all of the monitoring programs is that they are in areas with a high human impact and made possible by dedicated volunteer recorders."
Even though the common butterfly species aren't yet close to extinction, declines in those species will nevertheless have an outsized, negative impact on ecosystem services provided by insects, he said.
Earlier studies involving intensive, long-term monitoring of individual butterfly species have allowed for rigorous estimates of declines in those species, Wepprich said. Over the past two decades, the migratory eastern North American monarch has declined by more than 85% and the western North American monarch by more than 95%, said Wepprich, adding that some of the rarest butterflies have also fallen off sharply.
"Monarchs and rare species were monitored because people are worried about them going extinct," Wepprich said. "In Ohio, they monitored every species they could and found declines in species previously not on the radar for conservation."
The rate of butterfly decline in Ohio is greater than the global rate of 35% over 40 years, Wepprich said, and is closer to the estimated rate for insects in general: a 45% decline over 40 years.
"Our study adds another example of declines in common butterfly species thought to be well suited to human-modified habitat," he said.
Reference: Tyson Wepprich, Jeffrey R. Adrion, Leslie Ries, Jerome Wiedmann and Nick M. Haddad. 2019. Butterfly abundance declines over 20 years of systematic monitoring in Ohio, USA. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216270.
This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.
|
<urn:uuid:ced97181-c62e-430c-8536-ce4aaa79439e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/20-year-long-study-shows-common-butterfly-species-is-on-the-decline-321633
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322211955-20230323001955-00192.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953274 | 951 | 3.375 | 3 |
(Scientific Name: Pholiota nameko
) A brown capped mushroom with a white stem that grows in groups of clusters of numerous stems and caps closely aligned. Very popular in Asia where it originated, this mushroom is now cultivated thoroughout the world. Shiny orange in color, the cap of the Nameko develops a slimy gel coating that is desirable to some consuming this mushroom, but may be undesirable to others. As the mushroom is cooked, it blends in with some foods, but if sautéed, the Nameko becomes somewhat slippery-textured and sticky, which may not be appealing for various food combinations. Fresh Nameko mushrooms are available October to February while the canned Nameko mushrooms can be found in Asian food stores throughout the year.
When selecting fresh mushrooms, choose those that have shiny, fresh looking caps and avoid any that have shriveled stems. Fresh Nameko mushrooms are best when cooked and eaten as soon as possible after purchasing. They can be stored for two or three days if wrapped loosely in plastic and kept in the refrigerator.
|
<urn:uuid:f8e21d8f-9549-4e24-9703-c84a162970bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-22
|
http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--33539/nameko-mushroom.asp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930895.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00288-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946772 | 215 | 2.546875 | 3 |
AYURVEDA means the science of life. It is considered divine in original and is widely
practiced in South Eastern Asia especially in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka.
The basic theory of AYURVEDA arises from the concept of Panchamahabhutas and Tridosha.
Tridosha means three basic constituents complexes in the physiological system-
- Vata (motion)
- Kapha (inertia)
These are three basic biological elements derived from the Panchamahabhutas(five
basic physical elements)
which constitute the bodies of all living creatures from microbes to man.
- Vata particles control the utilization of energy by various cell and organs for
their anabolic as well as katabolic activities. Vata also controls the movements
of Pitta and Kapha and thus control all the functions and activities of the body
in the form of Pitta particles.
- Pitta particles are responsible for all the biochemical reactions and metabolic
processes and supply heat and energy to the body.
- Kapha particles constitute
the cellular as well as intracellular structure of the body and maintain the internal
environment of the body. They impart strength and stability to the body. The imbalance
state of these Doshas gives rise to diseases.
A detailed study of the Tridosha principles may reveal that these are nothing but
motion, energy and inertia.
THUS AYURVEDA IS NOT MERELY MEDICAL SCIENCE BUT IS INFACT A WAY OF LIFE.
IDENTIFICATION OF TRIDOSHAS in the body is based on certain objective and
subjective signs and symptoms (factors). It can be assessed by examination or self-assessment
of certain specific factors related to various traits which individual attributes
|
<urn:uuid:b7b99bbf-7c49-4d88-a3f3-ed66711f80d8>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-13
|
http://incredibleayurveda.com/Prakriti.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325072024-20190325094024-00043.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.89396 | 382 | 3.515625 | 4 |
A decade has passed since the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) published George D. Kuh’s seminal report “High-Impact Educational Practices: What They Are, Who Has Access to Them, and Why They Matter.” Kuh (2008) argued that student learning is negatively impacted by the unsystematic utilization of active learning practices and he presented 10 high-impact active learning educational practices that, “according to a growing array of research studies, are correlated with positive educational results for students from widely varying backgrounds” (p. 1). The High-Impact Practices (HIPs) identified by Kuh (2008) include:
- First-year experiences
- Common intellectual experiences
- Learning communities
- Writing-intensive courses
- Collaborative assignments and projects
- Undergraduate research
- Diversity/global learning
- Service learning, community-based learning
- Capstone courses and projects
- ePortfolios (added 2016)
Kuh (2008) recommended that “each institution take action to ensure that all students participate in at least two of these practices” (p. 7). One challenge with this idea is that one faculty member most often cannot institute these types of larger changes. For instance, if you feel your institution would benefit from first-year experience seminars, the development of such courses would likely require support from faculty and administrators plus approvals through the school’s governance process. Fortunately, for faculty who want to avoid those larger scale institutional level projects, there are elements of high-impact practices that can be incorporated at the course level.
Instead of focusing on the list of 10 practices, faculty who want to inform the development of their courses with these concepts should instead focus on the behaviors underlying each. Kuh (2008) suggests that when executed well, HIPs should include six specific behaviors. He suggest students should:
- Invest time and effort
- Interact with faculty and peers about substantive matters
- Experience diversity
- Respond to more frequent feedback
- Reflect and integrate learning
- Discover the relevance of learning through real-world applications
In order to leverage high-impact practices and the associated student behaviors, faculty should first reflect on their strengths and align their teaching schedule to them. If your talents are for teaching capstone courses, coordinate with your dean to teach senior-level courses. If you have strong skills in building online courses, developing elements similar to an ePortfolio may create summative projects in your course that are engaging for the students and fun for you to grade. If you have an existing course that you’ve been teaching for a while, consider what changes you might be able to incorporate.
For one of our authors, incorporating these behaviors meant revising an existing assignment. In a media writing course, students learned how to write public service announcements (PSA). To leverage these high-impact practices, an existing assignment was modified. Instead of having students write PSAs for fictional clients, an actual client was found. Partnering with a local non-profit organization to create a service learning project, students worked with their peers, their instructor and a representative from the non-profit to learn about the organization’s communication needs and brainstorm possible solutions. Feedback was provided to students throughout the entire writing process which culminated in the creation of an actual PSA video (partnering with another faculty member from a video production course) and the final product was distributed through the organization’s website and social media sites providing students with a real-world experience. Before concluding the project, students were asked to reflect on the project and how they integrated the course materials into the activity. This activity required a substantial investment of time and allowed students to engage with each other, their professor and employees from all levels within the partner organization. The activity incorporated all six behaviors and it was well received by students.
It’s important to remember that the design and incorporation of HIPs into courses should be intentional. Students need to have a clear explanation of the value of the activity, why it’s important (either as a skill- or disposition-builder), and how it will help them achieve a certain outcome. This transparency helps gain student buy-in and creates a faculty/student partnership centered on student success.
Getting started with this process is easy. First, determine whether or not you are engaging in HIPs already. Take an audit of your course and compare your activities and assignments to the six student behaviors mentioned earlier. You may be surprised to discover that you may already be incorporating high-impact practices, but you might have not identified them as such. Based on your findings, consider how you can either adjust an existing activity or if there is a need to create a new one. If you need to create a new activity, use the six student behaviors as a guide and how they can help students achieve the course learning outcomes. Some potential activities with these attributes might include partnering with another faculty member to create a learning community, incorporating collaborative assignments and projects, engaging students in research projects, or adding a service learning activity to your syllabus to name a few. There’s no limit to the potential ways these behaviors can be incorporated in any discipline.
Kuh, George D. (2008). “High-impact educational practices: What they are, who has access to them, and why they matter.” AAC&U, Washington, D.C.
Priscilla Hobbs is the Associate Dean of General Education and Interdisciplinary Studies at Southern New Hampshire University. She hold a PhD in Mythological Studies with emphasis in Depth Psychology from Pacifica Graduate Institute and is the author of Walt’s Utopia: Disneyland and American Mythmaking.
Evan Kropp is the Associate Dean of Faculty, Communication and Philosophy at Southern New Hampshire University. He holds a PhD in Communication from the University of Georgia where he also earned a Graduate Certificate in Interdisciplinary University Teaching.
|
<urn:uuid:c61c1588-bd4d-448a-93fb-a2a5a2fc82e8>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/teaching-and-learning/leveraging-high-impact-practices-at-the-course-level/?st=FFdaily;s=FF181015;utm_term=FF181015&utm_source=ActiveCampaign&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Leveraging+High-Impact+Practices+at+the+Course+Level&utm_campaign=FF181015
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151638.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725045638-20210725075638-00026.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950292 | 1,209 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Published on December 24th, 20120
How Columbus Was Wrong
Most students of History know Christopher Columbus as a Genoese sailor and explorer who defied the research community and refused to accept the established truth that the world was flat. We in Popular Social Science have had a look at the debate surrounding Columbus’ voyage.
It is well known that Columbus stranded in the Bahamas in 1492. What is less known is that his trip was not hampered by a European belief that the world was flat. As a matter of fact, most serious scientists at the time knew that the world was roughly spherical. This had been known to the research community since around the first century AD.
The explorer and navigator Columbus made early expeditions to the Atlantic ocean and to Africa, before engaging on the famous journey from Spain with the Santa Maria, Pinta, and Niña.
Columbus knew that the world was not flat; however, he deeply miscalculated the distance from Europe to India, the latter which was the goal of his expedition. He has later become a symbol of progress, when the truth was that he made an error of calculation.
Naturally, the science community was skeptical, as they rightfully thougt he underestimated the distance to India. This is also the reason he initially had trouble raising finances for his voyage. Had it not been for the coincidence that America lay in the way, something Columbus did not know, his expedition would have run out of fresh water and food.
One could say that Columbus was lucky, as he profited from his error. Also, another European seaman had already made the trip to New Foundland some centuries earlier. However, Columbus’ discovery benefited all of us, as the great continent of America was now opened up for European settlers.
Hanman, James (2009). God’s Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science. Washington, DC: Icon Books.
Statue photo by Ken Zirkel
|
<urn:uuid:8b8a0e8c-0ba6-4e9c-b1cf-01e7173c7f14>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
http://www.popularsocialscience.com/2012/12/24/how-columbus-was-wrong/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647883.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322112241-20180322132241-00725.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.985174 | 405 | 3.875 | 4 |
Change language SV
Perhaps not many of us connect well-being and health to flooring. However, considering that we typically spend about 20 hours per day indoors would make healthy floors seem like an obvious choice. Then, what is a ‘healthy floor’? To that question, there are at least four dimensions.
First, there is the environmental aspect. A healthy floor is a floor that is certified “low emission” from at least one certification organization. The floor should be healthy for its occupants and the environment, as well as able to be recycled, upcycled, reused or repurposed at the end of its life – it should not be a landfill product. In the past few years, a growing body of scientific evidence has indicated that air within homes and other buildings can be more heavily polluted than the outdoor air, even in the largest and most industrialized cities (Lung.org/United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA). Indoor pollution is strongly affected by emissions from materials such as paint, furniture, plastics, flooring and accumulations of dust. Thus, an easy to clean and maintain floor, made of sustainable, low-emitting materials provides for good conditions for improving indoor air quality, in addition to beautifying the space where you live and work.
The best assurance for environmental quality and health is to have products third-party tested for formaldehyde and VOC emissions that meet the EU E1 standard, the Finnish M1 standard for emissions, the French VOC law, US CDPH 01350 and Floorscore® certification program for LEED projects. Kährs' design- and production teams work closely with its suppliers to ensure they are providing the best, safest and healthiest materials for our flooring. In addition to this, the chemical team analyzes all chemicals used in our flooring to meet standards such as the EU REACH and the Swedish BASTA. Kährs arguably has among the most environmental certifications and transparency of products, and the company’s work in this field will never be done.
Secondly, floors have an impact on ergonomics. A healthy floor can improve ergonomics in several ways, for example by absorbing noise and thus making an acoustic climate less stressful and more comfortable. The third dimension is comfort. A healthy floor should be soft and comfortable to stand and walk on, which is significant not the least for people who spend their whole day standing and walking indoors. Flooring made by a softer material is gentler to your knees and hips and makes you less tired.
The fourth dimension to a healthy floor is the coloring. This is particularly important within the healthcare sector where colors for example might affect the need for pain killers, but also in schools where the right choice of color can have a calming effect on the students and improve their overall performance. In conclusion, the choice of a healthy floor can improve your indoor well-being significantly.
Kährs Group is currently adapting for the future with a strong focus on new product categories, where sustainable requirements are applied throughout the process. We develop products that are healthy, recyclable and perform to the highest standards, while all materials are responsibly sourced. We also work closely with our suppliers to ensure that they provide us with the safest and highest performing materials and coatings. For Kährs, health and safety for all stakeholders is always top priority.
|
<urn:uuid:611ad359-5249-431d-926a-3e21e17a3335>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.kahrsgroup.com/en/sustainability/articles/indoor-well-being/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00508.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962655 | 690 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The tropics have hot and humid climatic conditions that are inexorable against any building design. Enclosed spaces without air-conditioning and cross ventilation hold the heat, and become stuffy and moldy environments. Algae grow within days on plastered and painted surfaces due to the heavy tropical rains. The introduction of industrial mechanical building systems comes with high costs for both man and nature. Architects fight a continuous battle with climatic conditions and unsuitable material in an effort to offer more comfort and better design. Faced with climate conditions, the traditional art of building ceases to exist. Yet, architects like Kerry Hill and Kevin Mark Low create added value to a tropical design by combining both traditional methods of building while employing cross ventilation as a design feature. Traditionally, ventilation blocks have been used to make living in hot and humid regions more comfortable. Mass-produced modular blocks can take over construction loads, permit cross ventilation and protect the building's interior from intense tropical rainfall. Ventilation blocks, as modular-building systems, using carefully executed designs, create richly ornamented sculptural facades. Unfortunately, with air-conditioning and the current preference for steel-glass facades, ventilation blocks are no longer fashionable. Casting Architecture rediscovers the spirit of traditional forms of buildings. This publication shows the ventilation block as an unique tropical building element. Precast concrete pieces form not only walls, but also create, wonderfully fluent forms. By combining traditional principles with new, advanced building technologies, this studio generates excitement from old ideas and new products. The results are lightweight concrete screens with minimal materials, rich with tectonic reliefs, including fascinating forms and patterns. As homogeneous facades, they create a dramatic interplay of contrast with light. With each wall, the architect shows a unique construction expression. Casting architecture is a unique process of creating the vision of architecture in a concrete structure. Casting architecture inspires design enthusiasts toward erecting futuristic ideas in cement and concrete, and enables the further exploration and creative liberation of ideas beyond the limits of classical building methods. It also adds some excitement to those who want to learn more about how things stack together. An almost forgotten art, the Ventilation block has a long history as a traditional building module in tropical regions. It provides climatic comfort, protection and architectonic a continuous application of modules. This book rediscovers the formwork's beauty in a continuous application of modules, designed by Florian Schatz and the Year 02 architecture students from the department of Architecture at National University of Singapore."
|
<urn:uuid:eb5583ae-a83f-4a6b-af62-4cde8da7f6bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.zookal.com/casting-architecture-ventilation-blocks-9781941806371/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320491.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625115717-20170625135717-00305.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922616 | 508 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Temperature rise in Sri Lanka is projected to be marginally lower than the global average. Under the highest emissions pathway (RCP8.5) temperatures are projected to rise by 2.9°C–3.5°C by the 2090s, over the 1986–2005 baseline. In contrast, warming of 0.8°C–1.2°C is projected over the same time horizon on the lowest emissions pathway (RCP2.6).
Rises in minimum temperatures are projected to be faster than rises in average temperatures.
Sri Lanka faces significant threat from extreme heat, with the number of days surpassing 35°C, potentially rising from a baseline of 20 days to more than 100 days by the 2090s, under emissions pathway RCP8.5.
Extreme heat threatens human health and living standards, particularly for outdoor laborers in urban areas without adequate cooling systems; this will particularly impact communities in Sri Lanka’s northern region. There is also potential for adverse implications to Sri Lanka’s large tourism sector.
Temperature rise is likely to put downward pressure on agricultural yields, including key staples such as rice. This may impact negatively on national and household food security.
Without adaptative action, the projected increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events may put lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure at risk through their link with riverine flooding, flash floods, and landslides.
Increased incidence of flooding also brings the potential for enhanced disease transmission, an area demanding further research and disaster risk reduction efforts.
Projected changes are expected to impact on Sri Lanka’s poorest and most marginalized communities most strongly, exacerbating poverty and inequality.
Sri Lanka is a small island nation lying between 6°N and 10°N latitude and 80°E and 82°E longitude in the Indian Ocean, with a land area of approximately 65,000 square kilometers (km2). The island consists of a mountainous area in the south-central region and a surrounding coastal plain. The climate of Sri Lanka is wet and warm, ideal for forest growth; almost all of the nation’s land area was at one time covered with forests. Over the last century, more than two-thirds of this forest cover, rich in biodiversity, has been removed to accommodate human use. Nonetheless, rich natural resources remain and, alongside its vibrant cultures, contribute to the nation’s successful tourism industry.
The economy of Sri Lanka is dominated by the service sector (61.7% of Gross Domestic Product [GDP] as of 2017), with major contributions from trade, transportation, and real estate activities. While the agricultural sector has shrunk in its contribution to GDP (7.8% as of 2017), it remains a significant employer (27% of the labor force as of 2016). Approximately a quarter of Sri Lanka’s population are believed to live within the metropolitan area of its commercial capital, Colombo. However, official statistics suggest Sri Lanka’s urban population is relatively low, reportedly 19.3% in 2016. As shown in Table 1, a large proportion of Sri Lanka’s population remains undernourished (22.1% in 2014–2016).
Sri Lanka’s high temperatures, unique and complex hydrological regime, and exposure to extreme climate events make it highly vulnerable to climate change. In 2012, the Ministry of Environment submitted its Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (NC2), which highlights key vulnerabilities in the agriculture and water resources sectors, as well as significant risks to human health and in coastal zones. These key climate-related risks were again emphasized in Sri Lanka’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted after it signed and ratified the Paris Climate Agreement in 2016. Sri Lanka’s NDC outlines the country’s commitment to addressing its vulnerability to climate change in line with its commitments to a low carbon pathway through sustainable development efforts.
This document aims to succinctly summarize the climate risks faced by Sri Lanka. This includes rapid onset and long-term changes in key climate parameters, as well as impacts of these changes on communities, livelihoods, and economies, many of which are already underway. This is a high-level synthesis of existing research and analyses, focusing on the geographic domain of Sri Lanka, therefore, potentially excluding some international influences and localized impacts. The core data is sourced from the database sitting behind the World Bank Group’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP), incorporating climate projections from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). This document is primarily meant for WBG and ADB staff to inform their climate actions and to direct them to many useful sources of secondary data and research.
Due to a combination of political, geographic, and social factors, Sri Lanka is recognized as vulnerable to climate change impacts, ranked 100th out of 181 countries in the 2017 ND-GAIN Index. The ND-GAIN Index ranks 181 countries using a score which calculates a country’s vulnerability to climate change and other global challenges as well as their readiness to improve resilience. The more vulnerable a country is, the lower their score, while the more ready a country is to improve its resilience, the higher it will be. Norway has the highest score and is ranked 1st. Figure 1 is a time-series plot of the ND-GAIN Index showing Sri Lanka’s progress.
- Asian Development Bank
- © Asian Development Bank
|
<urn:uuid:776bcb04-49b6-4a0c-b2e0-acb4efe2b870>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/climate-risk-country-profile-sri-lanka
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545326.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522094818-20220522124818-00414.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936583 | 1,150 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Outstanding, Intermediate, Young Adult, Betsy Cornwell, Cinderella, Fairy Tale, Magic, Technology, Mechanics, Inventions
Nicolette Lampton, Nick, knows her life under “the Steps” is about to change when she locates the key to her mother’s secret workshop. As she tinkers around she discovers the unlikely blend of technology and magic that allow her to further her mother’s work with practical mechanisms and delicate, automated animals. When Nick takes her inventions to the market she finds not only buyers but also real friendship in palace workers Fin and Caro. At the ball before the Exposition (a showcase of the realm’s finest mechanical marvels), Nick meets the Heir and leaves behind a glass and gear slipper. Despite the excitement about her identity, Nick chooses independence over matrimony, entrepreneurship over royalty, and friendship over romance.
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Children's Book and Media Review: Vol. 37
, Article 17.
Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cbmr/vol37/iss7/17
|
<urn:uuid:fbb03f2b-97d6-40cf-bbae-b408bef73310>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
|
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cbmr/vol37/iss7/17/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618183446-20190618205446-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883703 | 231 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Clonidine and chlorthalidone (Oral)
KLOE-ni-deen hye-droe-KLOR-ide, klor-THAL-i-done
Medically reviewed on Oct 4, 2018
Commonly used brand name(s)
In the U.S.
Available Dosage Forms:
Therapeutic Class: Alpha-Adrenergic Agonist/Thiazide Combination
Pharmacologic Class: Clonidine
Chemical Class: Thiazide Related
Uses For clonidine and chlorthalidone
Clonidine and chlorthalidone combinations are used in the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension).
High blood pressure adds to the work load of the heart and arteries. If it continues for a long time, the heart and arteries may not function properly. This can damage the blood vessels of the brain, heart, and kidneys resulting in a stroke, heart failure, or kidney failure. Hypertension may also increase the risk of heart attacks. These problems may be less likely to occur if blood pressure is controlled.
Clonidine works by controlling nerve impulses along certain body nerve pathways. As a result, it relaxes blood vessels so that blood passes through them more easily. The chlorthalidone in this combination is a diuretic (water pill) that helps reduce the amount of water in the body by increasing the flow of urine.
Clonidine and chlorthalidone combination is available only with your doctor's prescription.
Before Using clonidine and chlorthalidone
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For clonidine and chlorthalidone, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to clonidine and chlorthalidone or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Studies on clonidine and chlorthalidone have been done only in adult patients, and there is no specific information comparing use of clonidine and chlorthalidone combination in children with use in other age groups. However, children may be more sensitive than adults to clonidine. Clonidine overdose has been reported when children accidentally took clonidine and chlorthalidone.
Dizziness or lightheadedness and signs of too much potassium loss may be more likely to occur in the elderly, who are more sensitive to the effects of clonidine and chlorthalidone.
|All Trimesters||C||Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.|
There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.
Interactions with Medicines
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking clonidine and chlorthalidone, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using clonidine and chlorthalidone with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Amtolmetin Guacil
- Arsenic Trioxide
- Choline Salicylate
- Flufenamic Acid
- Mefenamic Acid
- Niflumic Acid
- Nimesulide Beta Cyclodextrin
- Salicylic Acid
- Sodium Salicylate
- Tiaprofenic Acid
- Tolfenamic Acid
Using clonidine and chlorthalidone with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Aminolevulinic Acid
Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.
Other Medical Problems
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of clonidine and chlorthalidone. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus—Clonidine and chlorthalidone may change the amount of diabetes medicine needed
- Gout—Clonidine and chlorthalidone may increase the amount of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to gout
- Heart or blood vessel disease or
- Lupus erythematosus (history of) or
- Mental depression (history of) or
- Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) or
- Raynaud's syndrome—Clonidine and chlorthalidone may make these conditions worse
- Kidney disease—Effects of clonidine and chlorthalidone may be increased because of slower removal from the body. If kidney disease is severe, the chlorthalidone portion of clonidine and chlorthalidone may not work
- Liver disease—If clonidine and chlorthalidone causes loss of too much water from the body, liver disease can become much worse
Proper Use of clonidine and chlorthalidone
Clonidine and chlorthalidone may cause you to have an unusual feeling of tiredness when you begin to take it. You may also notice an increase in the amount of urine or in your frequency of urination. After taking the medicine for a while, these effects should lessen. It is best to plan your doses according to a schedule that will least affect your personal activities and sleep. Ask your health care professional to help you plan the best time to take clonidine and chlorthalidone.
In addition to the use of the medicine your doctor has prescribed, appropriate treatment for your high blood pressure may include weight control and care in the types of foods you eat, especially foods high in sodium. Your doctor will tell you which factors are most important for you. You should check with your doctor before changing your diet.
Many patients who have high blood pressure will not notice any signs of the problem. In fact, many may feel normal. It is very important that you take your medicine exactly as directed and that you keep your appointments with your doctor even if you feel well.
Remember that clonidine and chlorthalidone will not cure your high blood pressure but it does help control it. Therefore, you must continue to take it as directed if you expect to lower your blood pressure and keep it down. You may have to take high blood pressure medicine for the rest of your life . If high blood pressure is not treated, it can cause serious problems such as heart failure, blood vessel disease, stroke, or kidney disease.
To help you remember to take your medicine, try to get into the habit of taking it at the same time each day.
The dose of clonidine and chlorthalidone will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of clonidine and chlorthalidone. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
- For oral dosage form (tablets):
- For high blood pressure:
- Adults—1 tablet one or two times a day.
- Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
- For high blood pressure:
If you miss a dose of clonidine and chlorthalidone, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
If you miss two or more doses in a row, check with your doctor right away. If your body goes without clonidine and chlorthalidone for too long, your blood pressure may go up to a dangerously high level and some unpleasant effects may occur.
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Precautions While Using clonidine and chlorthalidone
It is important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits to make sure that clonidine and chlorthalidone is working properly.
Check with your doctor before you stop taking clonidine and chlorthalidone. Your doctor may want you to reduce gradually the amount you are taking before stopping the medicine completely.
Make sure that you have enough medicine on hand to last through weekends, holidays, or vacations. You should not miss taking any doses. You may want to ask your doctor for another written prescription to carry in your wallet or purse. You can then have it filled if you run out of medicine when you are away from home.
Before having any kind of surgery (including dental surgery) or emergency treatment, make sure the medical doctor or dentist in charge knows that you are taking clonidine and chlorthalidone.
Do not take other medicines unless they have been discussed with your doctor. This especially includes over-the-counter (nonprescription) medicines for appetite control, asthma, colds, cough, hay fever, or sinus problems, since they may tend to increase your blood pressure.
Clonidine and chlorthalidone will add to the effects of alcohol and other central nervous system (CNS) depressants (medicines that slow down the nervous system, possibly causing drowsiness). Some examples of CNS depressants are antihistamines or medicine for hay fever, other allergies, or colds; sedatives, tranquilizers, or sleeping medicine; prescription pain medicine or narcotics; barbiturates; medicine for seizures; muscle relaxants; or anesthetics, including some dental anesthetics. Check with your doctor before taking any of the above while you are using clonidine and chlorthalidone.
Clonidine and chlorthalidone may cause some people to become drowsy or less alert than they are normally. This is more likely to happen when you begin to take it or when you increase the amount of medicine you are taking. Make sure you know how you react to clonidine and chlorthalidone before you drive, use machines, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are not alert.
Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting may occur, especially when you get up from a lying or sitting position. Getting up slowly may help, but if the problem continues or gets worse, check with your doctor.
The dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting is also more likely to occur if you drink alcohol, stand for long periods of time, exercise, or if the weather is hot. Drinking alcoholic beverages may also make the drowsiness worse. While you are taking clonidine and chlorthalidone, be careful to limit the amount of alcohol you drink. Also, use extra care during exercise or hot weather or if you must stand for long periods of time.
Clonidine and chlorthalidone may cause a loss of potassium from your body.
- To help prevent this, your doctor may want you to:
- eat or drink foods that have a high potassium content (for example, orange or other citrus fruit juices), or
- take a potassium supplement, or
- take another medicine to help prevent the loss of the potassium in the first place.
- It is very important to follow these directions. Also, it is important not to change your diet on your own. This is more important if you are already on a special diet (as for diabetes), or if you are taking a potassium supplement or a medicine to reduce potassium loss. Extra potassium may not be necessary and, in some cases, too much potassium could be harmful.
Check with your doctor if you become sick and have severe or continuing vomiting or diarrhea. These problems may cause you to lose additional water and potassium.
For patients with diabetes:
- The chlorthalidone contained in clonidine and chlorthalidone may raise blood sugar levels. While you are using clonidine and chlorthalidone, be sure to test your blood sugar (glucose) level, or test for sugar in your urine.
Clonidine and chlorthalidone may cause your skin to be more sensitive to sunlight than it is normally. Exposure to sunlight, even for brief periods of time, may cause a skin rash, itching, redness or other discoloration of the skin, or a severe sunburn. When you begin taking clonidine and chlorthalidone:
- Stay out of direct sunlight, especially between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m., if possible.
- Wear protective clothing, including a hat. Also, wear sunglasses.
- Apply a sun block product that has a skin protection factor (SPF) of at least 15. Some patients may require a product with a higher SPF number, especially if they have a fair complexion. If you have any questions about this, check with your health care professional.
- Apply a sun block for lips that has an SPF of at least 15 to protect your lips.
- Do not use a sunlamp or tanning bed or booth.
If you have a severe reaction from the sun, check with your doctor.
Clonidine and chlorthalidone may cause dryness of the mouth. For temporary relief, use sugarless candy or gum, melt bits of ice in your mouth, or use a saliva substitute. However, if your mouth continues to feel dry for more than 2 weeks, check with your medical doctor or dentist. Continuing dryness of the mouth may increase the chance of dental disease, including tooth decay, gum disease, and fungus infections.
Clonidine and chlorthalidone Side Effects
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Signs and symptoms of overdose
- Difficulty in breathing
- dizziness (extreme) or faintness
- feeling cold
- pinpoint pupils of eyes
- slow heartbeat
- unusual tiredness or weakness (extreme)
Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur:
Signs and symptoms of too much potassium loss
- Dryness of mouth
- increased thirst
- irregular heartbeat
- mood or mental changes
- muscle cramps or pain
- nausea or vomiting
- weak pulse
Signs and symptoms of too much sodium loss
- convulsions (seizures)
- decreased mental activity
- muscle cramps
- unusual tiredness or weakness
- Mental depression
- swelling of feet and lower legs
- Black, tarry stools
- blood in urine or stools
- cough or hoarseness
- fever or chills
- joint pain
- lower back or side pain
- paleness or cold feeling in fingertips and toes
- pinpoint red spots on skin
- skin rash or hives
- stomach pain (severe) with nausea and vomiting
- unusual bleeding or bruising
- vivid dreams or nightmares
- yellow eyes or skin
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
- dryness of mouth
- unusual tiredness or weakness
- Decreased sexual ability
- dizziness or lightheadedness when getting up from a lying or sitting position
- dry, itching, or burning eyes
- increased sensitivity of skin to sunlight
- loss of appetite
- nausea or vomiting
- upset stomach
After you stop using clonidine and chlorthalidone, it may still produce some side effects that need attention. During this period of time, check with your doctor immediately if you notice the following side effects:
- Anxiety or tenseness
- chest pain
- fast or pounding heartbeat
- increased salivation
- shaking or trembling of hands and fingers
- stomach cramps
- trouble in sleeping
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Copyright 2018 Truven Health Analytics, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
More about chlorthalidone/clonidine
- Chlorthalidone/clonidine Side Effects
- During Pregnancy
- Dosage Information
- Drug Images
- Drug Interactions
- Drug class: antiadrenergic agents (central) with thiazides
Other brands: Clorpres
|
<urn:uuid:1a8ba903-f6e3-4687-899b-e1564cef5a19>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://www.drugs.com/cons/clonidine-and-chlorthalidone.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512434.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019191802-20181019213302-00131.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.890665 | 3,900 | 2.734375 | 3 |
By Jeff Szymanski, PhD
“You are so OCD!” is a fairly common phrase these days. When I hear someone use it — though I cringe a little inside — I rarely have the feeling that this is a deliberate attempt to make light of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Quite the opposite: I typically get the impression that someone is trying to relate to someone struggling with OCD.
I think some of the confusion has to do with the terms themselves. Obsessive refers to a personality trait describing someone who thinks and worries a lot. Compulsive is also a personality trait, indicating someone who is hyper-organized, detail-oriented, and a perfectionist. In other words, what I think people really intend to say is, “You are being obsessive” or “You are being compulsive.”
Why be so picky about the “D”? When we add “D” — or disorder — to the end of a personality trait or mood state (e.g., depression) it is meant to indicate something very important: intensity. Let’s consider another commonly used phrase: “I’m so depressed.” When people say this, what they mean is that they are feeling a little down, sad, without energy to do anything, etc.
Have you ever met someone with Major Depressive Disorder? It is of an entirely different magnitude. Individuals with a “disorder” are, by definition, in enormous psychological and emotional pain; their day-to-day responsibilities are drastically affected (for example, they may be unable to care for a child or get to work); and the unwanted thoughts and feelings they experience are present for most of their waking day. Additionally, those with disorders experience this over a significant amount of time.
What is your advice to a friend who is feeling down? “Go for a walk.” “Look on the bright side.” “Tomorrow is another day.” “Snap out of it!” “Don’t be so hard on yourself.” Does this advice sound familiar? If you are truly just having a bad day — or bad couple of days — whether you take this advice or not, your mood improves. We all have ups and downs. In this case you are sad, but you don’t have Major Depressive Disorder.
Let’s return to OCD. I have a neat office. I would describe myself — and others would agree — that I am somewhat compulsive. If someone moves something on my nicely arranged desk, I move it back. This is a personality trait. I prefer it that way. I like my things nicely arranged and organized. While I might be annoyed with the person who moved my things around, I am not suddenly experiencing acute and intense anxiety.
When I park my car in the morning and walk away, sometimes the thought occurs to me, “Did I lock the doors?” Though I might feel a little anxious and I might even go back and check the car, I am not suddenly overcome by fears, doubts and catastrophic images. This, however, is the experience of someone with OCD. My doubts and anxiety were minimal to begin with. The thoughts and worries about my car actually go away without me doing anything. Talk with someone who has a diagnosis of OCD. No matter what they do, they are plagued for hours every day, day after day, with unrelenting, crushing anxiety.
I’m not a fan of monitoring and correcting people’s language. As I said at the outset, I don’t think that saying someone is “being OCD” about something is inherently or intentionally mean, inconsiderate or disrespectful. However, stop for a moment and think about what the implications are of mixing a personality trait with a disorder — anxiety and sadness come and go. No big deal. Just get over it. This is your experience of these emotions, so why wouldn’t that be the case for someone else? When you label someone’s experience as disordered, when you really mean the personality trait, what you are ultimately telling people with OCD to do is just get over it.
Dr. Jeff Szymanski received his PhD in Clinical Psychology from Northern Illinois University in 1997, and has a long track record of teaching and training. He is the author of the upcoming book “The Perfectionist’s Handbook,” and is the Executive Director of the International OCD Foundation.
|
<urn:uuid:c7639fb4-2542-4b23-882f-1650f114de54>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
|
https://blogs.webmd.com/mental-health/2011/04/you-are-so-ocd.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00364.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964834 | 938 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Macroglossia is a disorder in which the tongue is larger than normal.
Macroglossia is usually caused by an increase in the amount of tissue on the tongue, rather than by a growth, such as a tumor.
This condition can be seen in certain inherited or congenital (existing at birth) disorders, including:
Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.
|
<urn:uuid:f5cfbeb4-3feb-4321-a66c-346c879f0710>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://westernbaptist.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=002250
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317541.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00070-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926099 | 142 | 3.21875 | 3 |
If a fire starts in your home, you have no time to waste reading directions. Learn how to use a fire extinguisher
now, so you’re ready in case of an emergency. The acronym PASS
is an easy way to remember how to use a fire extinguisher. Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep.
Pull the pin from the handle.
Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire, not the top of the flames.
Squeeze the handle.
Sweep the stream from side to side, while still squeezing the handle, until the fire is out.
Helpful Safety Tips
- If the fire is spreading, get out immediately. Only a trained firefighter can handle a spreading fire.
- Keep your escape route open. Don’t stand with the fire between you and the exit.
- Even if the fire seems extinguished, never turn your back on it. It could flare up again.
- Keep at least one fire extinguisher in the garage, kitchen and on every floor of the house, near exits.
- Check the expiration dial on your fire extinguisher and replace them regularly.
- When your fire extinguisher is near expiring, let each member of the household practice using one outside in a large empty garbage bag.
|
<urn:uuid:54ea7d4f-78b7-4082-b2cf-e3a66dfef052>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://tips.acehardware.com/stepbystep/how-to-use-a-fire-extinguisher/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00695.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900554 | 264 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The excretory system is one of the most important topics of Biology for General Awareness Section of Railways & SSC Exams. Every year 1-2 questions are expected from this section. Thus, this post is very helpful for the upcoming SSC CHSL, NTPC, Group D & other government Exams.
Excretion system: an excretory system is a process by which an organism gets rid of waste products of its metabolism. The three terms excretion, secretion, and egestion all describe the passing out of substances from organisms or cells. Removal of nitrogenous substances like urea, ammonia, uric acid, etc. formed during metabolism from the body of the human is called excretion.
Various animals and their excretory organs
Direct by cells
The main excretory organs of human are as follows –
(i) Kidneys: kidneys are the most vital and prominent organ in the excretory system. The excretory process is mostly done by kidneys.
- In the human being, there exists a pair of the kidney which is dark-red, bean-shaped.
- Its weight is 140 grams.
- There are two parts to it. The outer part is called cortex and the inner part is called medulla.
- A kidney has about ten lakh structural and functional units, called nephrons.
- Bowman's capsule is a cup-like structure in every nephron called.
- Glomerulus of thin blood vessels is found in the Bowman's capsule which is made up of two types of arterioles.
(a) Afferent arteriole: An afferent arteriole connects the renal artery to the glomerular capillary network in kidney's nephron, Which carries the blood to the glomerulus, starting the filtering process.
(b) Efferent arteriole: it has less diameter than afferent arteriole and takes blood out of the glomerulus.
Functions of the kidney:
- It maintains the PH of blood.
- Ultra filtration – it is the process of filtration of liquids into the cavity of Bowman's capsule.
- It maintains salt contents of the body.
- It eliminates toxic substances of the body.
- Homeostasis – kidney removes various unwanted materials from the blood, it helps in keeping the internal environment of the body constant.
- Kidney secrets an enzyme Renin which change the plasma protein, the angiotensinogen.
(ii) Skin: Oil gland and sweat glands secrete sebum and sweat respectively. Along with sebum and sweat some other excretory substance to enhance the excretory process.
(iii) Liver: the cells of the liver transform the excessive amino acids and ammonia of the blood into urea which is the main excretory substance. And spleen split the damaged blood cells and separate them from the blood flow.
(iv) Lungs: in general Lungs are associated with the respiratory system but it also plays an important role in the excretory system. Lungs do the excretion of the gaseous substance. CO2 and water vapours and some substances like garlic, onion, and some species are also excreted by lungs.
Different excretory Products
List of various excretory products are as follow-
- Nitrogenous waste material
- Mineral Salts
- Creatine and creatinine
- Vitamins and Hormones
Gradeup Presents Green Card to your dream job. Get Unlimited Access to all Mock Tests on a single card. Hurry up!! Get your Green card now.
Attempt subject wise questions in our new practice section' Click here
Download Gradeup, the best government exam app for Preparation
Gradeup today to score better
|
<urn:uuid:42657e76-a1d4-4c07-b0db-44b721f002f7>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://gradeup.co/biology-notes-on-human-excretory-system-for-ssc-exam-i-5497945a-5004-11e6-b524-cf0bf2a864d3
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155529.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805095314-20210805125314-00271.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.893278 | 784 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Relationship is defined as a connection between two people. As social beings, such a connection remains one of our primary requirements. We want to be close to someone with whom it’s easy to share our thoughts and feelings without being judged. Meaningful relationships can be found between siblings, colleagues, friends, teacher and student or boyfriend and girlfriend. Every relationship should be tied together through two main elements called respect and mutual understanding. When these two elements are present, a relationship is healthy and long-lasting, making an individual feel secure and content.
There are some relationships that do exist, but without the two key elements. Such relationships lead to feelings of insecurity and a lack of happiness. Imagine being in a friendship where your friend is disrespectful towards you. How does the friendship look? How does it feel to be in such a relationship? Uncomfortable? Is this a long-term friendship? Not only does this apply to friendship, any relationship that is void of the two key elements will be anxiety provoking that will impact an individual in two ways: 1) an individual’s sense of self, 2) their willingness to stay in the relationship.
Sense of self is defined as an individual’s idea about themselves; it is the question that answers ‘Am I worthy?’ In an insecure relationship self worth is often questioned. Similarly, an insecure relationship also challenges the need to maintain the connection with the other person. It is important to realize how unhealthy relationship impact us psychologically and how beneficial even a single healthy and secure relationship is for one’s mental health.
Marriage is an important relationship as it determines how other relationships are built. For instance, if a couple has a healthy, secure, respectful relationship, the mental health of their children is likely to indicate towards well-being. These individuals will be capable of approaching life and other relationships in a positive manner. However, if these individuals learned aggression, criticism and violence from their parents, they would have a diminished ability to build healthier relationships in the future that make them feel secure. The early learning of how to build a relationship and connect with another person comes from parents or caregivers and hence it is important to discuss marriage.
In his book, “The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work”, John Gottman lays out a detailed plan, a list of principles, for strengthening marital relationships. The principles he follows include:
It is essential for us to understand the various factors that make or break intimate relationships. The first step is to develop an understanding of the term ‘intimacy’ itself. Intimacy is a multidimensional phenomenon that refers to the “depth and duration of connection with others; desire and capacity for closeness and mutuality of regard, reflected in interpersonal behavior”.
A healthy relationship results in positive consequences. A 75 years long study by Robert Waldinger and his colleagues at Harvard University revealed the importance of maintaining healthy relationships in an individual’s life and, explained how it contributes to their happiness. The study aims to track the lives of 724 men for 75 years and is still in progress. In a TEDx Talk, Waldinger explains that there are presently three vivid outcomes of the study. Firstly, people who are more socially connected to their spouses, family and friends, are happier, healthier and live longer. On the other hand, loneliness leads to disturbances in life. Loneliness here does not parallel to the idea of being alone, rather it is the feeling of being alone in a relationship that is not fulfilling. Secondly, warm intimate relationships help an individual’s overall functioning. Those who have a greater marital conflict are more likely to experience bad health, loneliness and depression. Thirdly, warm marital relationships prevent early aging while maintaining one’s health. Even in the presence of physical pain, individuals in healthy relationships were likely to feel less distress. So, let us now discuss what a healthy relationship is.
A healthy relationship is based on 3 Cs: Communication, Commitment and Compromise. Communication entails the creation of trust between two individuals, which helps them to empathize with each other such that they can understand the other person’s perspective. In addition, this assertion helps minimize misunderstandings and misinterpretations of actions. Commitment is an essential part of this journey, which involves staying together through thick and thin. Lastly, compromising, on both ends, is a significant part that helps progress the relationship. The 3 Cs, if adopted and practiced by both ends, can create a healthy relationship.
Ward, M. (2016). 75-year Harvard study reveals the key to success in 2017 and beyond. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/15/75-year-harvard-study-reveals-the-key-to-success-in-2017-and-beyond.html
Learn about the nature of conflicts in a marriage
|
<urn:uuid:96c526b1-2b88-434d-827a-b4384b72cf8b>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
https://www.roohbaru.com/index.php/en/about-rela
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540501887.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207183439-20191207211439-00174.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953174 | 1,004 | 3.25 | 3 |
On December 14, 2007, a curious event took place in the climate space. Some folks at the US National Center for Atmospheric Research Christmas party wrote a song in adoration of themselves, Our First Nobel. The last line was a question: “Can an Oscar be far away?” After another decade of high-wire acts they deserve one, especially for the latest attempt to keep a dodgy global scare alive.
The song did not enter the public domain until November 2009. It was found in a large cache of emails (item 0462.txt) hacked from the UK University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit. There were accusations of data manipulation to make global warming appear more threatening. Several enquiries found no evidence of crimes or even misdemeanours, yet a bad smell still lingers around the Climategate saga.
But to begin at the beginning. Two months earlier, on 12 October, 2007, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced the joint winners of its annual Peace Prize: the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. It was awarded “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change”.
Convinced that Gaia’s elusive thermostat could be manipulated by somehow turning down the atmospheric carbon dioxide knob, the Committee wanted
to contribute to a sharper focus on the processes and decisions that appear to be necessary to protect the world’s future climate, and thereby to reduce the threat to the security of mankind. Action is necessary now, before climate change moves beyond man’s control.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish chemist, the inventor of dynamite and an armaments manufacturer, would have reached for the nitroglycerin; surprised as others were – and still are – by the choice. For there is no link between “climate change” and his three qualifying criteria.
Had Al Gore done anything to reduce the US military’s—or his personal carbon (dioxide)—footprint, in or out of office? Has the IPCC encouraged fraternity between nations, or the spread of peace—not climate change—congresses? Would UN insistence on “climate reparations” from the developed world—and less coal-fired power for the developing world—contribute to international harmony? And what is “peace”? How did Nobel’s conception of it become mixed up with environmental evangelism?
Our First Nobel was written to be sung to the tune of The First Noel. On 14 December, 2007, Kevin Trenberth, a distinguished senior scientist in the NCAR Climate Analysis Section and lead author of the 1995, 2001 and 2007 Scientific Assessment of Climate Change reports, emailed it to his colleagues.
“Season’s greetings to all my fellow Nobel Laureates,” he wrote. “Even if we did not get to go to Oslo. I just want to wish you and your families all the best for the holiday season, and Merry Christmas to those of you who celebrate that festival.
As part of the IPCC we have achieved something to be proud of. Thank you for being a part of it with me. At NCAR at the Christmas party a group made up a song that mentions by name all the NCAR LAs [Lead Authors] in AR4. The song is below. You may appreciate it (or not). All the best for 2008.”
Our First Nobel
Our First Nobel for the IPCC
Goes to Beth, Bette, Bill, Jerry, Kathy and Guy.
Kevin, Linda, Paty, Re-to and so many more,
And we’re sharing the honor with Mister Al Gore.
Nobel, Nobel, a story to tell,
We hope our co-workers’ egos don’t swell.
The First Working Group said to sound the alarm,
Rising CO2 levels are causing great harm.
Temperatures and greenhouse gases are racing up neck and neck,
Soon the whole Earth will be hotter than heck.
Nobel, Nobel, the planet’s unwell,
This is the future the models foretell.
The Second Working Group said that change is assured,
From the melting of glaciers to migration of birds.
From loss of land and crops to habitats,
How can they make it much clearer than that?
Nobel, Nobel, the oceans swell,
Polar bears search for new places to dwell.
We must work to mitigate, tells us Working Group Three,
Change from fossil consumption to clean energy.
If we all do our share in reversing the trend,
Our children might have a clean Earth in the end.
Nobel, Nobel, sound the warning bell,
Let’s make a future where all can live well.
Nobel, Nobel, we are stars for a day,
Can an Oscar be far away?
Spot the word peace anywhere? The NCAR folk were celebrating as if they had just a won a Nobel Prize for science. To have mentioned it in this context would have spoiled the party.
For sceptics, it was no surprise. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change had put the ideological cart before the scientific horse from the beginning. Its collective mind was made up two and a half decades ago, when “dangerous” climate change, “climate debt” and “precautionary” action were codified at the 1992 Rio Summit. And the rest is history.
How many scientists, with or without Oscars, does it take to change a planet’s climate? Judging from a paper published online on June 19 this year – “Causes of differences in model and satellite tropospheric warming rates” – by Benjamin Santer, Matthew England, Michael Mann and others – at least sixteen, being the number of authors; not counting the 25,000+ delegates who attended UNFCCC’s twenty-third annual Conference of the Parties. And party they did. The climate circus held last month in Bonn cost over $120 million.
The Santer et al. paper is revealing, both in content and timing. It tries to explain (in six pages) the divergence between actual global temperatures and those projected by climate models during the past two decades. A stunning admission, one confirming what sceptics had been suggesting for years: the models were not infallible.
The divergence arose, the paper concluded, because one could not predict correctly the magnitude of certain so-called natural forcings, including solar intensity, volcanic activity and internal variability. As for model “sensitivity” to atmospheric carbon dioxide, it apparently was correct.
“We conclude that model overestimation of tropospheric warming in the early twenty-first century is partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.”
It was a cheeky, fallacious argument. For if model projections (aka “predictions”) could be explained away on this occasion by evoking “systematic deficiencies”, nebulous phenomena such as “internal variability”, or the poor quality of real-world data, presumably they could be explained away in future by the gatekeepers of climate-truth and their masters. In other words, the hypotheses hard-wired into the models were unfalsifiable. Heads we win, tails you lose.
“What started as simply a relationship between carbon dioxide levels in our atmosphere and the temperature of our planet has morphed into pseudoscience, primarily because it is no longer falsifiable.” (M Bharadwaj 12 October 2017) Reference
To anyone still in doubt, the Santer et al. paper showed yet again the tenacity with which disciples of dangerous climate change will go – like bees protecting the queen of a hive – to put a cordon sanitaire around the orthodoxy’s most cherished belief, namely global warming and its alleged primary cause, anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. However compromised climate models might be in other ways, this relationship was and had to remain sacrosanct. For without it there was no warming ideology, no rationale to persuade the developed world to “decarbonise” economies, and certainly no rush for them to deposit billions of dollars of “climate reparations” in the UN’s Green Climate Fund.
To reassure alarmists the “carbon” scare was still alive and well, the paper declared:
“None of our findings call into question the reality of long-term warming of Earth’s troposphere and surface, or cast doubt on prevailing estimates of the amount of warming we can expect from future increases in (greenhouse gas) concentrations.”
It was a surprising conclusion, especially given the uncertainties mentioned in the paper’s supplementary information here. For example:
The credibility of these overall significance estimates rests on another key assumption – that the model control runs analysed here provide reliable estimates of the true (but uncertain) statistical properties of “real world” natural internal variability on 30- to 40-year timescales. (page 6)
Observed temperature records are simultaneously influenced by both internal variability (operating on a wide range of different space and timescales) and multiple external forcings. Unambiguous partitioning of observational temperature records into internally generated and externally forced components is an aspirational goal, but not attainable in practice. All model-versus-observed internal variability comparisons are affected by the large inherent uncertainty in isolating multi-decadal internal variability from observational climate records. (page 6)
So how did the authors conjure up the following paragraph, given the shadow cast by “large inherent uncertainty” over the whole ugly business? Surely not by a show of hands or “seat-of-the-pants statistics over a good beer”?
“The probability that multi-decadal internal variability fully explains the asymmetry between the late twentieth and early twenty-first century results is low (between zero and about 9%). It is also unlikely that this asymmetry is due to the combined effects of internal variability and a model error in climate sensitivity.”
As for the practice of running climate models with and without greenhouse gases, that too was a furphy. It tells us nothing about what is happening in the real world.
“It’s a completely specious argument unless it can be proven that climate models are one hundred per cent accurate when it comes to including algorithmically every climate forcing, which of course they are not. The comparison study in fact shows nothing more than the sensitivity of the models to the inclusion of greenhouse gases.” McLean, 2017
Nevertheless, the Santer Clause brought great relief to many, presumably including cognitive psychologist Professor Stephan Lewandowsky. He was lead author of this paper quoted in Santer et al.: “The “Pause” in Global Warming: Turning a Routine Fluctuation into a Problem for Science”.
Co-authored with Naomi Oreskes and James Risbey, a CSIRO scientist, it concluded: “…scientists have long recognized that the climate fluctuates, that linear increases in CO2 do not produce linear trends in global warming, and that 15-yr (or shorter) periods are not diagnostic of long-term trends.” How convenient.
But maybe not. For Lewandowsky et al. the “pause” is a mischievous “contrarian meme” created by sceptics to mess with the minds of climate scientists; a “linguistic frame” introduced solely to “keep the [global warming] controversy alive”, and help “maintain the fiction that the science is still too uncertain to form a reliable basis for public policy.”
Unless something was done, there was a risk of contagious confirmation bias. Imagine how devastating that would be for the alarmist orthodoxy.
Simply by being exposed to the pause meme for over a decade, and by explaining short-term fluctuations from a longer-term trend in the terms posed to them, scientists have accepted a contrarian frame, and this acceptance may in turn have subtly changed scientists’ way of thinking (Lewandowsky et al. 2015).
Climate scientists allegedly had fallen for a Machiavellian semantic ruse. For “by accepting the framing of a recent fluctuation as a pause or hiatus, research has, ironically and unwittingly, entrenched the notion of a pause (with all the connotations of that term) in the literature as well as in the public’s mind.”
And what are we to make of Lewandowsky’s other claim that the “pause” controversy “ultimately reaffirmed the overall reliability of climate models for projecting temperature trends”? Ironically, even the Santer et al. paper discussed above admits there was an “asymmetry”, a “model overestimation in the early twenty-first century”.
Meanwhile, University of Alabama-Huntsville climate scientists, John Christy and Richard McNider, have found the satellite temperature record since the early 1990s show virtually no change in the warming rate. Unlike Santer et al., however, their recent paper suggests the atmosphere’s sensitivity to carbon dioxide assumed in climate models was much too high.
“They need to be retooled to better reflect conditions in the actual climate; while policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered.”
We live in strange times. How fortunate we are to have Lew’s Law – “the future is certainly uncertain” – to guide us through the mess. But, dear reader, do not jump to conclusions. Remarkably, greater uncertainty about climate change apparently does not support “arguments that mitigation is unnecessary or too costly.” That would be heresy of the worst kind.
“Such arguments are flawed because, if anything, greater uncertainty about the future evolution of the climate should compel us to act with even greater urgency than if there were no (or less) uncertainty” (8 May, 2017).
How would we choose sensibly between alternative courses of action in such a world? The guiding principle, presumably, would not be truth or knowledge, but that the squeakiest wheel must get the oil; and they sure know how to squeak – and shriek – about “climate change”.
Christmas is coming. So The First Noel has the last word on this multi-billion dollar boondoggle. If you see three camel-riding persons bearing gifts of gold (or bitcoin), frank nonsense and mire, shield your eyes. Gaze instead upon the star beyond them far, the one giving great light day and night free of charge; shining on all, regardless of age, gender, race, religion, class, colour or orientation; be they harassed or haughty, nice or naughty, mad or melancholic, young and foolish, clever and clueless, fruitless or fulsome. We should be singing praises to Old Sol, not kowtowing before the haruspices of a new religion, climate-craft.
Hallelujah. Joy to the world, be it hot, cold or lukewarm.
|
<urn:uuid:d373c1f6-176a-4e2b-8940-6e94e7a6d8de>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://quadrant.org.au/opinion/doomed-planet/2017/12/climate-elfs-cheer-santer-pause/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00729.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936225 | 3,204 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Solar street lights are becoming increasingly popular due to their sustainability, cost effectiveness and technological advances. However, it is important to note that there are still several misconceptions about the internet. The following are some of the most common misconceptions about solar street lights.
Myth 1: “Solar street lights don’t work in cold or cloudy weather”
While solar street lights do rely on sunlight to recharge, they can still work in cold or cloudy weather. Solar panels can still generate electricity even when the sun is not shining directly on them, and most solar street lights are equipped with batteries designed to store energy for many days so that they can continue to operate even without direct sunlight.
Myth 2: “Solar streetlights are too expensive”
While there may be some upfront costs associated with the installation of new equipment and associated infrastructure for projects that require large-scale deployment of solar streetlight installations, over time the energy cost savings make up for the initial investment during operation – resulting in a long-term cost-effective comparison with traditional grid-powered lighting solutions efficiency advantages. Solar lighting is a cost-effective alternative to traditional solutions, and many governments and organizations offer grants or subsidies for the installation of solar streetlights, making them more affordable for communities that may not have the budget to pay for them directly.
Myth 3: “Solar streetlights aren’t bright enough”
Some people believe that solar streetlights are not bright enough to provide adequate lighting for roads and other public spaces. However, modern solar lighting technology has changed radically in recent years, with brighter lights than ever before allowing for better lighting performance. In fact, many solar lights now provide comparable or even brighter levels of illumination than conventional grid-powered systems.
Myth 4: “Solar street lights require a lot of maintenance”
Solar street lights are designed to be low-maintenance, with durable components that can withstand harsh weather conditions and require little or no maintenance. They require no electricity, so there are no wires or cables to maintain, and many come with automatic controls that turn them on and off as needed, further reducing the need for manual maintenance.
Myth 5: “Solar streetlights are not as reliable as traditional streetlights”
Solar street lights are just as reliable as traditional street lights, and in some cases they may even be more reliable, as they are not subject to power outages or other electrical problems. In addition, solar street lights can be equipped with features such as motion sensors and remote monitoring systems, which help to detect any problems and resolve them quickly.
Top LED Street Light Manufacturer in China – SRESKY
As one of the best solar street light manufacturers in China, SRESKY produces a variety of uniquely designed solar street lights, solar garden lights, solar smart lights and more.
SRESKY strives to be the top solution provider in the field of solar lighting and to provide excellent solar products for mankind.
Table of Contents
|
<urn:uuid:e445017b-333a-4782-938c-c2066b4d0bc9>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.sresky.com/what-are-some-of-the-most-common-myths-about-solar-street-lights/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00007.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948075 | 601 | 3.40625 | 3 |
A pretty clear scientific consensus holds that the so-called “Mediterranean” diet helps protect heart health.
For an overview, see “Mediterranean Myths: Region's Actual Diets Differ from Ideal,” which links to related reports.
And research showing potential brain health benefits from Mediterranean-style diets keeps growing as well.
This isn’t surprising, since cardiovascular disease and dementia share degenerative pathways and appear influenced by similar dietary factors.
We covered some of the relevant research in three articles:
And in 2005, researchers at Chicago’s Rush University Medical Center found that participants in the Chicago Healthy Aging Project who ate fish twice a week slowed their age-associated loss of mental function by 13 percent per year.
As the authors put it, “The rate reduction is the equivalent of being 3 to 4 years younger in age.” For the full story, see “New Findings Boost Brain-Protecting Power of Fish.”
Now a Rush Center team reports on their analysis of six years’ worth of diet and health data collected from 3,759 people in the same Chicago Healthy Aging Project, all aged over 65.
Chicago study associates Mediterranean diet with slower brain decline
Every three years, the volunteers filled out a diet survey, and took tests of their memory and basic thinking skills.
After six years, the researchers analyzed how closely each of the participants adhered to an idealized Mediterranean diet … one defined as favoring vegetables, beans, fish, fruit, nuts, whole grains, olive oil (especially extra virgin), and moderate wine drinking.
Out of a maximum score of 55, meaning closest adherence to the defined Mediterranean diet, the average study participant scored 28.
The highest-scoring people were also those whose cognitive tests showed a slower rate of mental decline… after accounting for protective factors such as levels of activity, education, and mental exercise.
The researchers also analyzed how closely study participants adhered to the recommendations from the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
In contrast, closest adherence to the 2005 U.S. diet guidelines—which gave less weight to fish, beans, and moderate drinking—did not correspond with differences in rates of cognitive decline.
Christy Tangney, Ph.D., who led the study, said that the results support other studies showing that eating close to the ideal Mediterranean diet pattern reduces the risk of heart disease, certain cancers, and diabetes.
“The more we can incorporate vegetables, olive oil, and fish into our diets and moderate wine consumption, the better for our aging brains and bodies,” Tangney said.
The study was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging.
Rush University Medical Center (RUMC). Mediterranean Diet Associated With Slower Rate of Cognitive Decline. January 03, 2011. Accessed at http://www.rush.edu/webapps/MEDREL/servlet/NewsRelease?ID=1455
Tangney CC, Kwasny MJ, Li H, Wilson RS, Evans DA, Morris MC. Adherence to a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern and cognitive decline in a community population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
|
<urn:uuid:b6a47ce6-03e7-4018-8982-549dc2732aa4>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.vitalchoice.com/shop/pc/articlesView.asp?id=1231
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065934/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00082-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917901 | 659 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Above, examples from Las Vegas illustrate the issue, but aren’t part of the original paper. Source: NWS WSFO, Las Vegas. NV.
HUNTSVILLE, Ala. (April 29, 2016) — Scientists using long-term surface temperature data to track climate change caused by greenhouse gases would be best served using only daily high temperature readings without the nighttime lows, according to new research at The University of Alabama in Huntsville.
Using temperature data from Alabama going back to 1883, scientists in UAH’s Earth System Science Center developed and tested various methods for creating stable, reliable long-term climate datasets for three portions of inland Alabama.
In addition to creating some arcane mathematical tools useful for creating climate datasets, the team also found daytime high temperature data is less likely to be contaminated by surface issues — such as deforestation, construction, paving and irrigation — than nighttime low temperatures.
“If you change the surface, say if you add buildings or warmer asphalt, you can enhance night time mixing of the lower atmosphere,” said John Christy, the ESSC director and a distinguished professor of atmospheric science at UAH. “That creates a warming caused by vertical mixing rather than changes in greenhouse gases.”
Summer high temperatures are particularly useful in this regard, because summer temperatures tend to be more stable, while cold season temperatures are subject to larger swings due to natural variability. These often wild swings in temperature introduce “noise” into the data, which can mask long-term trends and their causes.
Results of this research were published recently in the American Meteorological Society’s “Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.”
Basically, under pristine natural conditions, in most places a cool layer of air forms close to the ground after the sun sets. This layer of denser, cooler air creates a boundary layer that keeps out warmer air in the deep layer of the atmosphere above it.
Then people move in. People tend to do all sorts of things that mess with the local climate. Breezes blowing around buildings can cause nighttime turbulence, breaking apart the cool boundary layer. Streets, parking lots and rooftops absorb heat during the day and release it into the atmosphere at night, also causing turbulence. Irrigation increases dry soil’s ability to hold heat and releases a powerful greenhouse gas (water vapor) into the lowest levels of the atmosphere over dry and desert areas.
That’s the short list.
When the cool layer of air near the surface is disturbed, warmer air aloft is drawn down to the surface. All of those cause real changes in the local climate, raising local surface temperatures, especially at night, by amounts large enough to be noticed both by weather station thermometers and by people living in some of those areas.
But none of those changes has anything to do with widespread climate change in the deep atmosphere over large areas of the globe, such as might be seen if caused by increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
“Over time this might look like warming or an accumulation of heat in the temperature record, but this temperature change is only caused by the redistribution of warmer air that has always been there, just not at the surface,” said Richard McNider, a distinguished professor of science at UAH.
So how can climatologists use existing long-term surface temperature records to accurately track the potential effects of enhanced CO2? Take the nighttime boundary layer (and all of the things we do to interfere with it) out of play, say Christy and McNider.
“We prefer to take temperature measurements in the deep layer of the atmosphere, which is why we use instruments on satellites,” Christy said. “But the satellite data only goes back to the last few days of 1978. We use the surface record because it is longer, and we really want to look at data that goes back much further than 1978. “Because of the natural mixing of the atmosphere caused by daytime heating, daily maximum temperatures are the best surface data to use to look at temperatures in the deep atmosphere. At the surface, the daytime maximum temperature just represents more air than the nighttime low.”
The new temperature datasets extend the existing climatology for three regions of interior Alabama (around Montgomery, Birmingham and Huntsville) by a dozen summers, all the way back to 1883. Summers in Alabama have been cooling, especially since 1954. Interior Alabama’s ten coolest summers were after 1960, with most of those after 1990. As might be expected given that cooling, climate models individually and in groups do a poor job of modeling the state’s long-term temperature and rainfall changes since 1883.
The researchers conclude the models — the same models widely used to forecast climate change — show “no skill” in explaining long-term changes since 1883.
Time Series Construction of Summer Surface Temperatures for Alabama, 1883–2014, and Comparisons with Tropospheric Temperature and Climate Model Simulations
Alabama Office of the State Climatologist, and Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama
Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama
Three time series of average summer [June–August (JJA)] daily maximum temperature (TMax) are developed for three interior regions of Alabama from stations with varying periods of record and unknown inhomogeneities. The time frame is 1883–2014. Inhomogeneities for each station’s time series are determined from pairwise comparisons with no use of station metadata other than location. The time series for the three adjoining regions are constructed separately and are then combined as a whole assuming trends over 132 yr will have little spatial variation either intraregionally or interregionally for these spatial scales. Varying the parameters of the construction methodology creates 333 time series with a central trend value based on the largest group of stations of −0.07°C decade−1with a best-guess estimate of measurement uncertainty from −0.12° to −0.02°C decade−1. This best-guess result is insignificantly different (0.01°C decade−1) from a similar regional calculation using NOAA’s divisional dataset based on daily data from the Global Historical Climatology Network (nClimDiv) beginning in 1895. Summer TMax is a better proxy, when compared with daily minimum temperature and thus daily average temperature, for the deeper tropospheric temperature (where the enhanced greenhouse signal is maximized) as a result of afternoon convective mixing. Thus, TMax more closely represents a critical climate parameter: atmospheric heat content. Comparison between JJA TMax and deep tropospheric temperature anomalies indicates modest agreement (r2 = 0.51) for interior Alabama while agreement for the conterminous United States as given by TMax from the nClimDiv dataset is much better (r2 = 0.86). Seventy-seven CMIP5 climate model runs are examined for Alabama and indicate no skill at replicating long-term temperature and precipitation changes since 1895.
Full text (open source) here: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0287.1
|
<urn:uuid:2a1a2ff8-595d-459a-adff-1971b6627143>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2016/04/29/tracking-climate-change-use-the-daily-highs/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039375537.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420025739-20210420055739-00225.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908951 | 1,507 | 3.65625 | 4 |
SpaceX is having a moment this fall. After launching its 100th mission in late October and completing the historic full-crew NASA flight to the International Space Station this week, the private rocket company will launch a special satellite this weekend that may reveal previously unknown secrets of climate change.
On Saturday, a Falcon 9 rocket will launch an ocean-monitoring satellite, called the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich satellite, for NASA and European Space Agency. Named after NASA’s former director of the Earth Science Division, Michael Freilich, the spacecraft has been referred to as the “golden house” satellite due to its odd shape that resembles, well, a golden house.
Liftoff is set for 12:17 p.m. EST from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, an unusual launch site for SpaceX. A statement released by Vandenberg warned that nearby residents may hear multiple sonic booms when the Falcon 9 booster returns to Earth after first-stage separation.
Once reaching Earth’s orbit, the “golden house” will begin a five-year journey to collect the most accurate data to date about sea level changes, which will help us understand the impact of climate change. The Sentinel-6 satellite can measure 90 percent of Earth’s oceans within the margin of error of just a few centimeters. The spacecraft will also collect data on atmospheric temperature and humidity that will help improve weather forecasts and climate models, according to NASA.
At the end of Sentinel-6’s five-year journey, a twin satellite named Sentinel-6B will be launched in 2025 to continue the project.
“What we tend to forget is that nearly 80 percent of the world’s population lives near oceans and 90 percent of all commerce internationally comes from the seas. So the oceans are part of every one of our lives and this focus on them is very appropriate. It’s the last great frontier,” Thomas Zurbuchan, an administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, said at a press conference ahead of the launch.
The “golden house” mission was originally scheduled for November 10 but was postponed after a rocket gas generator issue was found in the same Falcon 9 rocket that forced SpaceX to abort a GPS satellite mission for the U.S. Air Force last month.
Later Saturday, SpaceX will launch its latest batch of 60 Starlink satellites from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
|
<urn:uuid:7cfa237e-d14c-48ca-898b-84f3ab3b82e6>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-21
|
https://observer.com/2020/11/spacex-launch-ocean-monitoring-sentinel-satellite-nasa-esa/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991537.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513045934-20210513075934-00466.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921833 | 507 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Most relational database management systems provide support for triggers. IBM added trigger support to DB2 for OS/390 in Version 6.
A trigger is a piece of code that is executed in response to a data modification statement; that is, an insert, update, or delete. To be a bit more precise: triggers are event-driven specialized procedures that are stored in, and managed by the RDBMS. Each trigger is attached to a single, specified table. Triggers can be thought of as an advanced form of "rule" or "constraint" written using an extended form of SQL. A trigger can not be directly called or executed; it is automatically executed (or "fired") by the RDBMS as the result of an action - a data modification to the associated table.
Once a trigger is created it is always executed when its "firing" event occurs (update, insert, or delete). Therefore triggers are automatic, implicit, and non-bypassable.
Triggers Versus Stored Procedures
Triggers are also similar to stored procedures. Both consist of procedural logic that is stored at the database level. However, stored procedures are not event-driven and are not attached to a specific table. A stored procedure is explicitly executed by invoking a CALL to the procedure (instead of implicitly being executed like triggers). Additionally, a stored procedure can access many tables without being specifically associated to any of them.
DB2 has supported stored procedures since Version 4.
Triggers are useful for implementing code that must be executed on a regular basis due to a pre-defined event. By utilizing triggers, scheduling and data integrity problems can be eliminated because the trigger will be fired whenever the triggering event occurs. You need not remember to schedule or code an activity to perform the logic in the trigger. It happens automatically by virtue of it being in the trigger. This is true of both static and dynamic SQL; ad hoc and planned SQL.
Triggers can be implemented for many practical uses. Quite often it is impossible to code business rules into the database using only DDL. For example, DB2 does not support complex constraints (only value-based CHECK constraints) or various types of referential constraints (such as pendant DELETE processing or ON UPDATE CASCADE). Using triggers, a very flexible environment is established for implementing business rules and constraints in the DBMS. This is important because having the business rules in the database ensures that everyone uses the same logic to accomplish the same process.
Triggers can be coded to access and/or modify other tables, print informational messages, and specify complex restrictions. For example, consider the standard suppliers and parts application used in most introductory database texts. A part can be supplied by many suppliers and a supplier can supply many parts. Triggers can be used to support the following scenarios:
w What if a business rule exists specifying that no more than three suppliers are permitted to supply any single part? A trigger can be coded to check that rows can not be inserted if the data violates this requirement.
w A trigger can be created to allow only orders for parts that are already in stock. Or, maybe for parts that are already in stock or are on order and planned for availability within the next week.
w Triggers can be used to perform calculations such as ensuring that the order amount for the parts is calculated appropriately given the suppliers chosen to provide the parts. This is especially useful if the order purchase amount is stored in the database as redundant data.
w To curb costs, a business decision may be made that the low cost supplier will always be used. A trigger can be implemented to disallow any order that is not the current "low cost" order.
The number of business rules that can be implemented using triggers is truly limited only by your imagination (or, more appropriately, your business needs).
Additionally, triggers can access non-DB2 resources. This can be accomplished by invoking a stored procedure or a user-defined function that takes advantage of the OS/390 resource recovery services (RRS). Data stored in the non-DB2 resource can be accessed or modified in the stored procedure or user-defined function that is called.
A Sample Trigger
The sample trigger below is an update trigger, coded on the EMP table. This trigger implements a simple check to ensure that raises are less than 50%. When the new salary exceeds 50% of the prior salary, an error is raised.
CREATE TRIGGER SALARY_UPDATE
BEFORE UPDATE OF SALARY
FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL
WHEN (NEW.SALARY > (OLD.SALARY * 1.5))
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '75001' ('Raise exceeds 50%');
The trigger executes once for each row. So if multiple rows are modified by a single update, the trigger will run multiple times, once for each row modified. Also, the trigger will be run BEFORE the actual modification occurs. Finally, take special notice how NEW and OLD are used to check values before and after the update.
Two options exists for when a trigger can fire: before the firing activity occurs or after the firing activity occurs. DB2 supports both "before" and "after" triggers. A "before" trigger executes before the firing activity occurs; an "after" trigger executes after the firing activity occurs. In DB2 V6, "before" triggers are restricted because they cannot perform updates.
Knowing how the triggers in your database function is imperative. Without this knowledge properly functioning triggers can not be coded, supported, or maintained effectively.
Consider, for example, if the firing activity occurs before the trigger is fired. In other words, the update, insert, or delete occurs first-as a result of this action, the trigger logic is executed. If necessary, the trigger code can "roll back" the data modification. What if the trigger is fired before the actual firing event occurs? In this situation a roll back would not be required for the firing event code because it did not yet occur. However, a roll back may be required for any data modifications that occurred prior to this firing event within the same transaction.
Another interesting feature of DB2 V6 triggers is the order in which they are fired. If multiple triggers are coded on the same table, which trigger is fired first? It can make a difference as to how the triggers should be coded, tested, and maintained. The rule for order of execution is basically simple to understand, but can be difficult to maintain. For triggers of the same type, they are executed in the order in which they were created. For example, if two "delete" triggers are coded on the same table, the one that was physically created first, is executed first. Keep this in mind as you make changes to your database. If you need to drop the table and re-create it to implement a schema change, make sure you create the triggers in the desired (same) order to keep the functionality the same.
As can readily be seen, determining the procedural activity that is required when triggers are present can be a complicated task. It is of paramount importance that all developers are schooled in the firing methods utilized for triggers in DB2 V6.
Triggers Can Fire Other Triggers
As we've already learned, a trigger is fired by an insert, update, or delete. However, a trigger can also contain insert, update, and delete logic within itself. Therefore, a trigger is fired by a data modification, but can also cause another data modification, thereby firing yet another trigger. When a trigger contains insert, update, and/or delete logic, the trigger is said to be a nested trigger.
Most DBMSes, however, place a limit on the number of nested triggers that can be executed within a single firing event. If this were not done, it could be quite possible to having triggers firing triggers ad infinitum until all of the data was removed from an entire database!
If referential integrity is combined with triggers, additional cascading updates and/or deletes can occur. If a delete or update results in a series of additional updates or deletes that need to be propagated to other tables then the update or delete triggers for the second table also will be activated.
This combination of multiple triggers and referential integrity constraints are capable of setting a cascading effect into motion, which can result in multiple data changes. DB2 V6 limits this cascading effect to 16 levels in order to prevent endless looping. If more than 16 levels of nesting occur, the transaction is aborted.
The ability to nest triggers provides an efficient method for implementing automatic data integrity. Because triggers generally can not be by-passed, they provide an elegant solution to the enforced application of business rules. Use caution, however, to ensure that the maximum trigger nesting level is not reached. Failure to heed this advice can cause an environment where certain types of updates can not occur!
When a trigger is executed, DB2 creates a trigger package for the statements in the triggered action. The trigger package is recorded in SYSIBM.SYSPACKAGE and has the same name as the trigger. The trigger package is always accessible and can be executed only when a trigger is activated by a triggering operation.
To delete the trigger package, you must use the DROP TRIGGER statement.
There are limits on what triggers can accomplish. As of DB2 V6, you cannot define triggers on:
w a system catalog table
w Any table with a three-part name.
Using Triggers to Implement Referential Integrity
One of the primary uses for triggers is to support referential integrity (RI). Although DB2 supports a very robust form of declarative RI, no current DBMS fully supports all possible referential constraints. This is true of DB2, as well. Refer to Table 1 below for a listing of these possibilities.
Triggers can be coded, in lieu of declarative RI, to support all of the RI rules in Table 1. Of course, when you use triggers, it necessitates writing procedural code for each rule for each constraint, whereas declarative RI constraints are coded in the DDL that is used to create relational tables.
Referential Integrity Rules
DELETE RESTRICT If any rows exist in the dependent table, the primary key row in the parent table can not be deleted.
DELETE CASCADE If any rows exist in the dependent table, the primary key row in the parent table is deleted, and all dependent rows are also deleted.
DELETE NEUTRALIZE If any rows exist in the dependent table the primary key row in the parent table is deleted, and the foreign key column(s) for all dependent rows are set to NULL as well.
UPDATE RESTRICT If any rows exist in the dependent table, the primary key column(s) in the parent table can not be updated.
UPDATE CASCADE If any rows exist in the dependent table, the primary key column(s) in the parent table are updated, and all foreign key values in the dependent rows are updated to the same value.
UPDATE NEUTRALIZE If any rows exist in the dependent table, the primary key row in the parent table is deleted, and all foreign key values in the dependent rows are updated to NULL as well.
INSERT RESTRICT A foreign key value can not be inserted into the dependent table unless a primary key value already exists in the parent table.
FK UPDATE RESTRICTION A foreign key can not be updated to a value that does not already exist as a primary key value in the parent table.
PENDANT DELETE When the last foreign key value in the dependent table is deleted the primary key row in the parent table is also deleted.
In order to use triggers to support RI rules, it is sometimes necessary to know the values impacted by the action that fired the trigger. For example, consider the case where a trigger is fired because a row was deleted. The row, and all of its values, has already been deleted because the trigger is executed after its firing action occurs. Two specialized aliases available only inside of triggers (NEW and OLD) allow the user to ascertain if referentially connected rows exist with those values.
Each trigger can have one NEW view of the table and one OLD view of the table available. Once again, these "views" are accessible only from triggers. They provide access to the modified data by viewing information in the transaction log. The transaction log is a record of all data modification activity, automatically maintained by the DBMS.
When an INSERT occurs, the NEW table contains the rows that were just inserted into the table to which the trigger is attached. When a DELETE occurs, the OLD table contains the rows that were just deleted from the table to which the trigger is attached. An UPDATE statement logically functions as a DELETE followed by an INSERT. Therefore, after an UPDATE, the NEW table contains the new values for the rows that were just updated in the table to which the trigger is attached; the OLD table contains the old values for the updated rows.
Therefore, the trigger can use these specialized NEW and OLD table views to query the affected data. Remember, too, that SQL data modification can occur a set-at-a-time. One DELETE or UPDATE statement can impact multiple rows. This must be taken into account when coding the actual trigger logic.
Additionally, the alias names, OLD and NEW, can be changed if so desired (for example, to INSERTED and DELETED, the names used by SQL Server).
Because SQL is a set-level language, any single SQL statement can impact multiple rows of data. For example, one DELETE statement can actually cause zero, one, or many rows to be removed. Triggers need to take this into account.
Therefore, there are two levels of granularity that a trigger can have: statement level or row level. A statement level trigger is executed once upon firing, regardless of the actual number of rows inserted, deleted, or updated. A row level trigger, once fired, is executed once for each and every row that is inserted, deleted, or updated.
Different business requirements will drive what type of trigger granularity should be chosen.
|
<urn:uuid:6e82a26a-e0b3-4eab-a394-cf3640c4bd2b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://mullinsconsulting.com/triggers.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426169.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726142211-20170726162211-00111.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911738 | 2,961 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Coral ecosystems are valuable resources. They provide food, medicines, recreation, marine habitat, coastal protection and cultural value. They sustain livelihoods and economic development. The health of coral ecosystems is at serious risk due to a variety of human activities both local and global.
NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) was established in 2000 to help fulfill NOAA’s responsibilities under the Coral Reef Conservation Act (CRCA) and Presidential Executive Order 13089 on Coral Reef Protection. The mission of the CRCP is to protect, conserve, and restore coral reef resources by maintaining healthy ecosystem function. The primary objective of the CRCP is to address strategic coral reef management needs in a targeted, cost-effective and efficient manner. To make the most of limited resources and to have the largest impact to reverse general declines in coral reef health, the CRCP narrowed the focus of its U.S. domestic program in 2010 and shifted allocation of CRCP resources to taking on-the-ground and in-the-water action. The CRCP is also expanding its international presence by becoming more actively involved in coral conservation efforts in the Pacific, the Coral Triangle region, and the Caribbean. To narrow its range of activities, the CRCP now emphasizes efforts to understand and address the top three recognized global threats to coral reef ecosystems: climate change impacts, fishing impacts, and impacts from land-based sources of pollution. Warmer and more acidic oceans—a result of elevated greenhouse gases—cause mass bleaching in corals and slow the growth of coral skeletons. Bottom trawl nets, blast fishing, cyanide fishing, and overexploitation of species essential for ecosystem balance are severely damaging coral reefs. In addition, coral reefs suffer major impairments from sediment runoff and from surges in algal cover caused by nutrient pollution.
The comprehensive collection of the Program’s goals and objectives can be found in the following two documents: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program Goals & Objectives 2010-2015 and NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program International Strategy 2010-2015. To learn more about these documents and the process by which the CRCP reprioritized its efforts, click here.
Click here for additional information regarding the CRCP.
|
<urn:uuid:490eb203-4998-4f46-9bad-c76f6adf63b1>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-48
|
http://www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445219.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00033-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913562 | 450 | 3.65625 | 4 |
3.3. Interstellar Depletions
"Where have all these atoms gone?"
-- J. Mayo Greenberg
Derivations of the relative abundances of the elements in our Galaxy are one of the principal needs for understanding the chemical evolution in interstellar space - and ultimately its memory in comets. A major factor in developing consistent dust models was the observation of the "depletion" in low density clouds (atoms locked up in grains are "depleted" from the gas phase) using the UV absorption line spectroscopy as a probe of the gas-phase abundances and assuming a reference abundance (abundances of atoms both in gas and in dust).
The deduced possible dust composition was initially only constrained to the extent that silicates alone could not be responsible for the interstellar extinction (Greenberg 1974). But in recent years, the problem of grain modelling has been exacerbated by the apparent decrease of the available condensible atoms (O, C, N, Si, Mg, Fe) by about 30% (Snow & Witt 1996) since the solar system was born. (25) This implies that the heavy elements are being consumed more than they are being created. However, if one goes back far enough in time, there were no condensible atoms because their initial production must follow the birth of stars. This brings us to the cosmological question of what do high-z galaxies look like and when and how was dust first found in them?
25 But see also Sofia & Meyer (2001), who argue that interstellar abundances are approximately solar. It is also possible that the solar system formed out of material with a higher metallicity than the average ISM at that time (there is evidence that stars with planets have higher metallicities than equal age stars without planets). So the metallicity of the ISM may not have declined since the solar system was formed (Draine, private communication). Back.
|
<urn:uuid:a8fa9b87-6894-4148-b49a-ffff6eff9cfb>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-18
|
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March02/Li/Li3_3.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246652296.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045732-00049-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953083 | 393 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Description: Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication was written to squarely emphasize media technology. Jack believes that an introduction to mass communication text should be a compelling, historical narrative sketching the ongoing evolution of media technology and how that technology shapes and is shaped by culture — and that is what he set out to deliver with his new textbook.
Resource Note: Mass communication textbook
Subject / Curriculum Note: Seems like an appropriate introductory text to contextualize mass communication in the social world. Not sure how it aligns with current CCOM curricula, worth investigating.
|
<urn:uuid:1941a6ba-3109-4209-85d6-cf6f8283e1b7>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
http://oer.butlerlibraryservices.org/?portfolio=understanding-media-and-culture-an-introduction-to-mass-communication
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315551.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820154633-20190820180633-00108.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91366 | 116 | 2.75 | 3 |
Post by Elizabeth on Sept 10, 2019 14:48:40 GMT
Saint Nicholas of Tolentino
This Patron of the Universal Church was born in 1245, in answer to the prayer of a holy mother, and was vowed before his birth to the service of God. His parents had made a pilgrimage across Italy to visit the shrine of Saint Nicholas of Myre and ask his intercession to obtain a child; the infant granted them was given the same name in his honor.
Saint Nicholas of Tolentino never lost his baptismal innocence. His austerities as a very young religious were conspicuous even in the austere Order to which he belonged, the Hermits of Saint Augustine. To the remonstrances of his superiors he only replied, How can I be said to fast, while every morning at the altar I receive my God? The demons undertook a war against his spirit of prayer, going so far as to beat him and leave him inert on the floor, but they could not separate his soul from his Lord. He did, however, remain lame for life. He conceived an ardent charity for the holy souls of purgatory, so near and yet so far from their Saviour. Often, after his Mass, it was revealed to him that the souls for whom he had offered the Holy Sacrifice had been admitted to the presence of God.
Saint Nicholas frequently went out of his monastery to beg for aid to the poor. He visited prisoners and the dying to administer the Last Sacraments. And this great Saint resurrected over one hundred children, on one occasion bringing back to life several who had been under water for several days.
During an illness, he was ordered to eat meat by a physician, which he had made a vow never to do. A plate containing well-prepared fowl was brought to him. In the presence of several witnesses, he made the sign of the cross over it, and the bird flew away out the window.
During the year preceding his death, a star always appeared over the altar where he said his Mass; afterwards it would conduct him to his cell, or lead him back again, later, to the altar. Amid his loving labors for God and man, he was haunted by thoughts of his own unworthiness. The heavens, said he, are not pure in the sight of Him whom I serve; how then shall I, a sinful man, stand before Him? One day, as he pondered on the greatness of God and his own nothingness, Mary, Queen of all Saints, appeared before him. Fear not, Nicholas, She said, all is well with you: My Son bears you in His Heart, and I am your protection. Then his soul was at rest.
At the hour of his death, which occurred on September 10, 1310, he heard, it is said, the songs which the Angels sing in the presence of their Lord. He died and was buried in the chapel where he was accustomed to offer Holy Mass and say his prayers. He was canonized in 1446 by Pope Eugene IV. Three hundred and one miracles were recognized during the process. His tomb has become renowned by many more, despite the fact that his relics have been lost, save for two arms from which blood still exudes when the Church is menaced by a great danger. This occurred, for example, when the island of Cyprus was taken over by infidels in 1570. The religious of Saint Augustine continue to maintain the service of the large basilica of Saint Nicholas in Tolentino. Saint Nicholas of Tolentino, like Saint Joseph, virginal father of Jesus, has been declared a Patron of the Universal Church.
|
<urn:uuid:a085e950-70e8-451c-bcda-10e80eb7cf1d>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://thecatacombs.freeforums.net/thread/2849/september-10th-st-nicholas-tolentino
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056900.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919190128-20210919220128-00137.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.992155 | 751 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What are risk-weighted assets?
Risk-weighted assets are a way of measuring a bank’s assets according to their different levels of risk. Safe mortgages, speculative loans and holdings in complex derivatives will all carry a different risk weighting. Every holding in the bank’s portfolio is measured, and the resulting blended figure is its risk-weighted assets.
Where have you heard about risk-weighted assets?
The use of risk-weighted assets as a measure of a bank’s overall capital at risk has grown significantly since the financial crisis of 2008. Under the Basel III capital accord regulations, banks must have top quality capital equivalent to at least 7 per cent of their risk-weighted assets.
What you need to know about risk-weighted assets.
The risk-weighted assets metric replaced more simple measures of assets to equity. Before, two banks could have held the same dollar number of assets and therefore had the same capital requirements, but one bank could have held a far riskier portfolio than the other. After 2008, regulators realised this was a serious issue and introduced the varying risk of assets in a portfolio into the capital requirement calculations. If you’re invested in banking stocks, you should be aware of exactly what assets they hold and how risky they are. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) regularly publishes that information.
|
<urn:uuid:7ce865d5-f7ba-48d7-be35-c1f3b27301ac>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
https://capital.com/risk-weighted-asset-definition
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651481.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325005509-20180325025509-00236.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951718 | 284 | 2.953125 | 3 |
East Christchurch, especially the low-lying areas close to the lower reaches of the Avon River, was the part of suburban Christchurch most severely affected by the earthquake of 22 February 2011. There was considerable liquefaction and damage to the foundations of buildings, and much land on both sides of the river was declared a red zone unsuitable for construction. Residences in this zone were removed or demolished.
Suburb near the lower reaches of the Avon River. Burwood was the site of a plague hospital built at Bottle Lake in 1902. Now Burwood Hospital, it specialises in treating burns and spinal injuries. In the north-east of the suburb was Queen Elizabeth II Park, a 25,000-seat stadium built for the 1974 Commonwealth Games. It was so badly affected by the earthquake that use of the park was abandoned.
Suburb between central Christchurch and Shirley. Known originally as Bingsland, it had working-class houses, small shops and artisans’ workshops. Liquefaction and land movement were extensive in the eastern part of Richmond in the Canterbury earthquakes. Land along the river was red-zoned, and considerable depopulation followed. Some older gentrified houses were lost.
Suburb north and east of Richmond. Shirley developed somewhat later, gaining large tracts of inter-war bungalows. A major shopping centre, The Palms, is at the intersection of Shirley, New Brighton and Marshland roads. It was damaged in the earthquakes and closed for six months. North of Shirley, the Marshland district has been a major source of vegetables and fruit for Christchurch, but subdivisions are encroaching on market gardens.
Working-class suburb north of the Estuary, originally a small village around tram lines running to New Brighton. Many state houses were built there after the Second World War. Bexley, on the north side of Aranui, was the suburb most affected by the earthquakes, with most of the land red-zoned, requiring the removal or demolition of extensive recently built housing.
Suburb south-west of Aranui. Between 1958 and 1962, sewage treatment works were built where a sewage farm had been established in 1882–83. There are oxidation ponds and the Te Huingi Manu wildlife refuge. There is also a crematorium and four cemeteries – Bromley, Ruru Lawn Cemetery, Memorial Park and Linwood. It is the site of engineering works and a number of housing estates.
Seaside suburb on the sandy beach of Pegasus Bay. In 1894 New Brighton gained a pier, like Brighton in England. This was demolished in 1965, but there is a concrete replacement (opened in 1997). From 1887, trams brought city folk to the beach. New Brighton and the area was governed by its own borough council from 1896 until 1941.
For a time from 1946 New Brighton was the only place in New Zealand where shops were allowed to open on Saturdays (they were closed on Mondays). People flocked to the coastal suburb on their day off, but once Saturday trading began nationwide in the 1980s, business dropped off markedly.
From the 1950s houses spread south down the Brighton Spit. North of New Brighton, North Beach had its own tram and trolley bus lines into the city. The suburb of Parklands has grown as land has been subdivided. The Canterbury earthquakes took a toll on New Brighton's commercial centre, with the loss of eight buildings, mostly south of the mall, and a decline in population in neighbouring red-zoned suburbs.
Large working-class and lower middle-class eastern suburb. Linwood was one of the independent boroughs that in 1903 became part of Christchurch City. Linwood Avenue was the line of a planned canal between the estuary and the Avon River, but this was never built. The large Eastgate shopping mall at the intersection of Linwood Avenue and Buckleys Road was damaged in the February 2011 earthquake and substantially closed until September 2011. Linwood also lost two Victorian buildings: Holy Trinity Church and Linwood House. Falling rolls and damage led to the merging of two pairs of primary schools and the closing of the intermediate school. Houses were damaged, but few were demolished.
North of Linwood in Avonside all the housing along the river was red-zoned, while to the south in Phillipstown Jade Stadium was condemned and is being demolished.
Tidal body of water, separated from Pegasus Bay by the South New Brighton sand spit. The waters of the Avon and Heathcote rivers mingle in the Estuary to flow out to sea past Shag Rock. Until the Lyttelton rail tunnel was opened in 1867, small ships passed through to wharves on the Heathcote and Avon, bringing heavy goods from Lyttelton. A sewage treatment works (with large oxidation ponds that form an important wildlife refuge) replaced the old sewage farm on the north side in 1962.
|
<urn:uuid:96cb464f-6e86-4007-b466-dcae55a9a7bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://admin.teara.govt.nz/en/canterbury-places/page-9
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057018.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920040604-20210920070604-00137.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.98041 | 1,011 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Cities are becoming increasingly more urbanized as land is being developed, repurposed, and rising in density. Large concentrations of jobs and economic prosperity is leading to high growth in many cities around the world, however, this growth is putting a strain on transportation systems. Roads are becoming increasingly more congested and transit systems are under strain with aging infrastructure. The transportation sector is struggling to meet the growing demand, while simultaneously reducing congestion and improving safety. The way people travel in cities is going to change and it’s largely being driven by advancements in technology. One of which includes new advances in aircraft technology and electric propulsion systems, which are leading to the development of flying vehicles capable of operating in urban air space.
Air travel is poised to revolutionize our transportation system in what’s being called “advanced aerial mobility” of which urban air mobility (UAM) is a subset. Advanced aerial mobility refers to the broader range of opportunities in passenger transport, cargo logistics, and deliveries in both urban and rural contexts. The term UAM is used to describe vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles that will transport people and cargo in a safe and efficient method in a new dimension of the urban transportation network. VTOL and eVTOLs are small aircraft, similar to helicopters, in their vertical take-off and landing. They are currently designed to carry a small number of passengers, between 2 and 5, while other hybrid designs estimate 10 to 15 passengers. While in its infancy today, it’s estimated by 2030, as many as 500 million flights a year for package delivery, and 750 million flights per year for metro service. (Source: NASA)
The integration of UAM into our transportation system will involve communication and collaboration with the public and private industries. The main factors for UAM success are the vehicle technology, the infrastructure to support the landing and take-off of the aircraft, and the business model for operations and passenger demand. Among these factors are several considerations that will need to be addressed. These include, the appropriate number of passengers, optimal range of the vehicles, the market, the aircraft type and design, as well as flight operations.
The technology accelerating the advancement of eVTOL and VTOL is the electric propulsion system. As opposed to helicopters combustion engines, which have multiple parts and a fuel system, an electric system means one moving part, the bearing. The distributed electric propulsion (DEP) system turns smaller rotors for either a tiltwing thrust, lift and cruise, or multirotor operation. Having multiple engines means they can operate at different speeds allowing for better performance and maximum control in varied weather conditions. The DEP system allows flexibility in different vehicle design, thus allowing for an aerodynamically optimized design, and compared to a helicopter, an eVTOL produces a lower noise level and is more reliable. As with Lilium, a manufacturer of eVTOL in Germany, the duct design captures and dissipates noise before it leaves the engine. Noise levels are an important consideration in the operation of eVTOL air taxis in urban air space.
In addition to advancements in electric propulsion, technology advancements in batteries are enabling the lightweight and efficient design of the vehicles. The batteries allow an efficient discharge rate which allow the eVTOL to travel distances of up to 300 miles. The production of these vehicles is relatively lower in cost compared to the automotive industry because of the advancements in batteries, the propulsion system, and material used in the design of the vehicles. As battery technology improves, eVTOL vehicles will be able to fly further and operate longer in the air. Despite the technological progress in the manufacturing of the vehicles, more advanced technology is needed in the avoid and detect capabilities, as well as in autonomous navigation. The regulation aspect to bring this technology to market will need to be rigorous. Allocation of airspace with increasing number of vehicles will be an immediate challenge to address.
The success of urban air taxis will largely depend on the safety of the vehicles and people’s acceptance of these vehicles in urban air space. All vehicles will undergo a rigorous aircraft approval certification process to operate in urban air space, but in addition to certification, manufacturers are incorporating testing, such as, Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) as an analytical method for testing the safety of the vehicles. This test is a step-by step approach for testing products manufacturing to identify design or manufacturing flaws and to carry out the corrective measures to reduce critical failures. EVTOL and VTOL are new vehicle concepts without proven in-flight experience, therefore rigorous testing to acquire data and research concepts that improve propulsion reliability are needed. The first flight operations will likely exist outside of urban areas because of regulations, and for safety reasons.
Heliports, vertiports, and other ground infrastructure will be needed for the loading and unloading of passengers and the charging or fueling of the vehicles. The vertiports will most likely exist in areas convenient to other modes of travel, but all in new places that haven’t existed before. This new infrastructure will be costly and complex involving many entities for the planning and coordination of the facilities to ensure passenger safety, as well as the general public’s safety. The landing sites will need to exist in areas to attract the most passengers to the sites, while at the same time, located in air corridors supportive of urban air taxis. Contributing to the planning of the UAM network will require an understanding of the urban context and include socioeconomic considerations in route citing, eye pollution, and air traffic operating in dense urban areas. Most of the current vertiports in operation today can accommodate 2 to 4 helicopters, but the need for a greater amount of air taxis landing and taking off from a vertiport will exist. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is currently soliciting industry to create standards for vertiport design. Existing vertiports are the likely infrastructure to transition to pads for urban air taxis and many cities around the world have high numbers of vertiports for helicopter landing.
Efficient planning of a UAM network will involve the consideration of a seamless transition between air taxis and other modes of transportation in operation within a city. There are many start-ups as well as vehicle manufactures building air taxis. How a city develops the network with one or more operators within a city will be crucial to the success of the UAM system. The planning for the take-off and landing vertiports will need to consider the major origins and destinations that will attract passengers that consider UAM convenient to their travel. In addition, vertiports to other origin and destinations for purposes such as medical and cargo transport. Therefore, having a command-and-control center specifically for UAM will be significant in helping prevent accidents and manage air taxis congestion at ports, as well as integrate various functions of the city.
Impact on Cities
The impact of UAM on cities will vary with the adoption of the technology, as well as, the policy and regulations for the service to operate safely. To date, aviation has been constrained to airports, with the exception of helicopters operating as medical transport, and the few heliports for private operations. With UAM, vehicles will operate beyond airports and in cities with more obstacles and elements to navigate. Vertiports located in urban areas will likely encounter NIMBY (Not in my backyard) occurrences which could possibly limit preferred routes. While urban air mobility might be an efficient way of travel, it will be unlikely to reduce a significant number of trips from the transportation system. In fact, it may be that trips will increase because of the convenience of trip making modes and apps. Whereas before a person might conduct trip chaining, that may very well change, this of course will largely be dependent on costs. There are a number of roadblocks that will need to be addressed as this technology develops. The challenge for cities and communities will be in evaluating how this technology appropriately fits within their community.
|
<urn:uuid:6a0645fb-c6fd-47d9-bae9-528fbce244e1>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://transformtransport.org/research/innovative-technologies/urban-air-mobility/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662604495.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526065603-20220526095603-00657.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949854 | 1,649 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Sensitive and painful scalp can be caused by a number of factors, ranging from easy-to-treat dandruff to infection or infestation. Keep reading to read more about the potential causes and what you can do to treat them.
What are in the article?
Understanding Sensitive and Painful Scalp
Many individuals relate scalp tenderness with an enhanced level of sensitivity to head pain, however this isn’t always the case. Scalp tenderness can show itself in various forms. Although prickling, burning, or tingling sensations on any part of the scalp prevail symptoms, inflammation also covers symptoms such as flaky, itchy skin.
What Causes Sensitive and Painful Scalp?
The causes of skin sensitivity can vary.
Common Skin Disorders
Dermatitis prevails and includes general inflammation of the skin. The symptoms can include an itchy rash and swollen or reddened skin with blisters, crusts, or flakes. The symptoms can be caused by contact with numerous typical things, such as:
- certain metals
- particular soaps
- poison ivy
- specific cosmetics
- specific laundry detergents
- certain hair products
Folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbunculosis are all infections of the hair follicles that can cause scalp sensitivity. These infections can be painful, sore, or warm to the touch. They often impact the back of the neck, back of the scalp, or under the armpit. Often, pus can be squeezed out from these skin lesions. They’re often treated with warm compresses and oral antibiotics.
Fungal infections of the scalp, such as tinea capitis, are most common in children and can cause loss of hair. Treatment for this type of infection is typically topical. Tinea versicolor, a yeast infection of the skin, may be treated with a special shampoo that’s applied to influenced areas for a few days initially and after that regular monthly.
What might appear like flakes of dandruff might be lice. If you’re experiencing any itching or have red bumps that might crust or slime, you should look for instant medical attention. Lice is highly contagious and can measure up to 1 Month on your scalp or body. Lice eggs can live even longer. Creams and shampoos prevail choices for treatment.
A tension headache can likewise cause a delicate scalp, but it’s not a common cause of it. Stress, depression, or anxiety can cause or get worse the symptoms, making muscles tense. Rubbing the scalp may help alleviate some of the symptoms. Non-prescription (OTC) medications such as ibuprofen or aspirin might likewise supply relief.
Temporal arteritis is condition where the temporal artery, a blood vessel that works on the side of your head in front of your ear, ends up being inflamed and extremely tender to touch. The symptoms related to this condition include jaw pain, headaches, and visual disturbances. Temporal arteritis most often impacts the senior. This is specifically true of those with a condition called polymyalgia rheumatica. Temporal arteritis is typically treated with corticosteroids. If temporal arteritis is left neglected, it may lead to loss of sight.
Skin sensitivity can be caused by:
- ultraviolet radiation
Scalp inflammation can likewise be aggravated or set off by loss of hair. For women, hormones can likewise play a part depending on the menstruation.
Risk Factors to Consider
Those with naturally oily or dry scalp are more susceptible to scalp sensitivity and may even experience sensitive skin in other areas. Those who are stressed out, anxious, or depressed might likewise be most likely to experience symptoms. This is also true for those residing in areas with varying environments or cold temperature levels. Individuals with allergies or asthma might also be more likely to experience dermatitis.
How Is Sensitive and Painful Scalp Treated?
Depending upon the cause or symptom, treatments may vary. Special hair shampoos like Selsun Blue, which includes selenium sulfide, or Head & Shoulders, which consists of zinc pyrithione, can help ease irritation or dry, flaky scalp. Ibuprofen or comparable OTC medication might help alleviate inflammation or headaches that cause sensitivity.
Particular necessary oils like lavender or rosemary can help heal sores that may be causing scalp pain. Be careful though. Applying too much oil to your scalp may make your symptoms even worse. To apply oil, take a glass of warm water and add a 1/2 teaspoon of the oil you want to try. Mix it well and carefully massage the mixture into your hair and scalp. Leave it in for 15 to 20 minutes, and then wash it out.
Depending upon your symptoms, you may have to seek medical attention. If first-line treatments aren’t relieving your irritation, they might recommend stronger medication or special hair shampoo. If unique care is required, you doctor may refer you to a dermatologist.
Although some individuals naturally have a tender scalp, an underlying medical condition might also be causing your symptoms. If symptoms are severe and continue to continue, you should arrange an appointment with your doctor. Whether this can clear up in a few days or a few weeks depends upon your symptoms.
|
<urn:uuid:5d12423c-3096-4f15-bc52-575581bb5c28>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://iytmed.com/causes-sensitive-painful-scalp/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423486.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720201925-20170720221925-00166.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91936 | 1,097 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Homework week 6 term 3
1. I know that the Olympic games were first held as a cultural festival that honours the king of the Greek gods, Zeus. The one winner was awarded sacred olive branches. The olive leaves were taken from the sacred temple of Zeus. The person who wins would also be known as a hero in their area where they live. They will also get statues built in their honour.
First, the athletes would have to make an oath on the river styx, which is a sacred place to both humans and gods. As soon as the athletes swore that oath, their mythical gods called the fates would pay very close attention to see if they break it. If they do, there will be serious consequences if anybody found out. They swore that they would take part with honour to others and follow the rules of the special event.
At first there was only one event in the Olympics, and that was the 200m sprint. After a while, new events were added to the Olympics and so the Olympics kept evolving to become what it is today.
2. The first Olympic games were held more than three thousand years ago in ancient Greece. As part of a religion that honours the king of the gods Zeus.
3. The Olympics were first dedicated to god Zeus from Greek mythology. Zeus is known to be the king of the Olympians, which are the other gods.
4. The only people that could take part in the ancient Olympics were men that had Greek origin. Women could not compete for a long time in the Olympics.
5. One of the events that were added to the Olympics was the pentathlon. Pentathlon contains five events. These events are: fencing, 200 meters if freestyle swimming, show jumping and a joined together event of pistol shooting and a 3200 meter cross country.
6. It is true that there was only one winner in the ancient Olympics.
7. The winner would receive branches of an olive tree from the sanctuary of Zeus. The winner would also get statues built in his honour as well as poems and being known as a hero in his hometown.
8. The first modern Olympics were held in 1896. A man named Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee. The IOC then organised the new modern Olympic games.
9. There are many similarities between the modern Olympics and the ancient Olympics. Some examples are the Olympic torch, being held every four years, pentathlon and running races.
10. The three things I learnt when I watched the BTN were:
Athletes competed naked in the ancient Olympics
The winner had statues built in his honour
There was boxing in the ancient Olympics
|
<urn:uuid:25a0f115-c9b9-499c-a29b-36d140fa54fa>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
http://andrewyapollo.global2.vic.edu.au/homework/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670635.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120213017-20191121001017-00013.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.992198 | 545 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Designers, engineers, students and professors, architects, and social entrepreneurs from all over the globe are devising cost-effective ways to increase access to food and water, energy, education, healthcare, revenue-generating activities, and affordable transportation for those who most need them. And an increasing number of initiatives are providing solutions for underserved populations in developed countries such as the United States.
Encompassing a broad set of modern social and economic concerns, these design innovations often support responsible, sustainable economic policy. They help, rather than exploit, poorer economies; minimize environmental impact; increase social inclusion; improve healthcare at all levels; and advance the quality and accessibility of education. These designers’ voices are passionate, and their points of view range widely on how best to address these important issues. Each object on display tells a story, and provides a window through which we can observe this expanding field. Design for the Other 90% demonstrates how design can be a dynamic force in saving and transforming lives, at home and around the world.
On view at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum through September 23, 2007.
|
<urn:uuid:d47c2ad0-ba27-4110-8dbe-efe9a5574b16>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
http://www.cooperhewitt.org/2011/04/22/cooper-hewitt-design-for-the-other-90/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00304-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931396 | 227 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Deerslayer, first of the "Leatherstocking Tales" chronologically but last in the order of publication, is succinctly analyzed by one critic, James Grossman, as "the simplest in plot and most equivocal in meaning." In The Deerslayer, Cooper showed himself at the height of his creative powers during this period of 1840-1841 when he could continue to combine a moving story and an impressive character with a deepened social and moral awareness after a prolonged European sojourn.
The structural unity in The Deerslayer, already mentioned briefly in the critical introduction, gives to the romance the verisimilitude that is sometimes lacking in works of his earlier period. It is easy to accept the premise that these few adventurous days on the lake could have happened. The characters are few and resemble possible frontier types. The problem of a small group being surrounded by hostile Indians was a common occurrence at this time; the various episodes are reflections of other events occurring throughout the territories, such as scalping, ambushes, pursuit, escape, capture, and trial at the stake; and the descriptions of the natural surroundings refer so specifically to the one locale of Otsego Lake that the other traits of the romance are rendered even more credible.
The plot is of course compounded of thrilling and narrow brushes with death because The Deerslayer is a romance, a tale of high adventure and excitement. Cooper, in the "Preface" to The Deerslayer, admits readily that imagination and invention characterize the plot but that the descriptions of scenery are accurate. His intention, as he finally concludes, is "to secure the semblance of reality." Cooper, writing intimately of Otsego Lake about which he knew all the details from early childhood, refers early and often to Glimmerglass in The Deerslayer. There are no more beautiful, impressive passages about the lake than Natty Bumppo's thoughts in the early Chapters. But the close relationship between Cooper's hero and the lake is a constant factor of enjoyment, thought, and verisimilitude in the romance. Cooper, in short, has not only immortalized Glimmerglass but he has likewise given the air of truthful association to his aim of creating an authentic American folk hero. Indeed, the union of plot and setting, for the purpose of artistic strength, came closest to perfection in this last of the "Leatherstocking Tales."
|
<urn:uuid:d318f871-2f34-4902-bc47-780988112846>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/d/the-deerslayer/critical-essays/plot-and-setting
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164848402/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134728-00061-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957296 | 490 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A major component of health reform involves a more active role for primary care physicians in diagnosing and caring for individuals with depression.
As such, primary care clinicians know teen depression is common, but they’ve lacked a reliable screening test for it.
Now researchers at the University of Washington (UW), Seattle Children’s, and Group Health report that the old standard Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 item version (PHQ-9) is also a good screening test for major depression in adolescents.
Led by Laura P. Richardson, MD, MPH, the team tested the PHQ-9 as a screening tool for depression in 442 teenage patients, ages 13-17, at Group Health.
The test is brief, available free of charge, easy to score and understand, and proven to find major depression (meeting DSM-IV criteria) in adults.
This study, the first to assess it in teens, is in the November 2010 journal of Pediatrics.
“This is important not only because depression is relatively common among adolescents, but also because we have effective treatment for them,” said Dr. Richardson.
“Primary care clinicians are advised to screen teens for depression,” she said, “and they need a convenient tool like this.”
The team compared the PHQ-9 to the more labor-intensive gold standard, an independent structured mental health interview (the Child Diagnostic Interview Schedule, DISC-IV)—and to published data on use of the screening test in adults.
They found the best cut point for maximizing the PHQ-9 screening test’s sensitivity without losing specificity is higher among teens than in adults. But its sensitivity (89.5 percent) and specificity (77.5 percent) in teens are similar to those in adults.
So the team concluded that the PHQ-9 is an excellent choice for providers and researchers who want to screen for depression in teens in primary care.
Source: Group Health Research Institute
|
<urn:uuid:86292781-f430-43aa-979a-f9c0f9fd6047>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-52
|
http://psychcentral.com/news/2010/11/02/phq-9-test-screens-for-teen-depression/20445.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770399.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00128-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921498 | 413 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The EarthBall Global Handbook
The creation of the EarthBall
What season is it?
Care and feeding
Life on a small planet
Games to play
Can the world work for everyone
Vital statistics of Earth
Where to go from here
Welcome to the Global Handbook! This operating manual is an informational companion to the EarthBall. It contains ideas and uses for the ball at home and at school. Among these are educational applications derived from actual classroom experiences, games to play, and vital statistics about our planet Earth. Suggestions incorporate both the natural and social sciences, with examples appropriate for children of all ages.
Because this is a unique globe, many people will first respond with “what is it?” Even for those who recognize our home planet, the absence of place names, national boundaries, and other conventional globe and map information have many folks wondering just how it can be a very practical tool. This handbook is designed to assist you in discovering some of the many applications and uses for your EarthBall. It can be a wonderful complementary globe to the one you may already have in your classroom or at home. It’s unique properties are an invitation for you to explore the whole Earth as if you were just discovering it, perhaps approaching from deep space and gazing at this wondrous blue planet for the very first time.
THE CREATION OF THE EARTH BALL
The first maps and globes were hand drawn individually. It took many centuries until these original designs could be reproduced via printing press technology. More recently, with the advent of high altitude aerial, space and satellite photography, we have developed the tools to create maps and world globes with remarkable accuracy. Only in the last several years, has it finally become possible to assemble this wealth of photographic information into authentic “reality” maps and globes.
Inspired by the photographs of the whole Earth taken by the Apollo astronauts on their voyages to and from the moon, EarthBalls were created for the billions of humans who are unable to travel into deep space and observe our beautiful home planet as it truly appears. Earthballs are the first world replicas to display global weather imagery. Featuring the latest generation of NASA satellite data, these photorealstic world globes are the most visually authentic models of our planet Earth available in the known universe.
The illustration that you see on the EarthBall was created by NASA, using a collection of satellite-based images of the land surface, oceans, sea ice, and clouds. NASA integrated thousands of these flat images into a cohesive world map. Orbis World Globes then transformed this flat map into the EarthBall -the world’s first photorealistic three-dimensional model of our planet.
WHAT SEASON IS IT?
At any given time, our planet is covered by clouds over approximately 50% of its surface. With the EarthBall, every effort has been made to replicate the Earth as it actually looks from space. However, the cloud cover has been slightly modified so that the continental shapes are easily recognizable. The weather patterns are intended to be meteorologically accurate. The season represented is Autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and Spring in the Southern Hemisphere.
CARE AND FEEDING
- Make sure that the EarthBall is fully inflated. It wants to be wrinkle free, completely spherical, and even expanded somewhat so that it is firm to the touch and will bounce on a hard surface. If you have trouble with the valve staying in, simply let it dry out a bit.
- Your EarthBall likes to be thrown around and is designed for active play. However, sharp pointed objects will damage it. The enclosed adhesive patch can generally repair a puncture leak. For small holes around the seams, use a tube of vinyl repair glue or clear fingernail polish.
- The EarthBall does not like extremes in temperature. A hot stove or very, very cold weather can be harmful. For optimum operating temperature try to maintain an average distance of 92 million miles to the sun.
- Toxic chemicals can also damage your EarthBall and pollute valuable groundwater supplies, lakes, streams, and oceans. Avoid exposure to these. An abundance of fresh, clean water is very beneficial.
- Excess radiation is extremely hazardous. Do not expose your EarthBall to unnecessary nuclear warfare or nuclear power plant accidents.
- Too much ultraviolet radiation can also be harmful. Avoid excessive sunlight and ozone depleting substances.
- Take good care of this precious world and you will be able to enjoy it for a long time to come.
LIFE ON A SMALL PLANET
Our Earth is unique in our solar system. Of the nine planets orbiting our Sun, it is the only one known to support life. In fact, our planet teems with life – there are over 5 billion humans, 4.4 billion domestic animals, 1,667,000 billion wild animals, 580,000 billion water creatures, and many more billions of insects, land and water plants, and bacteria! There are very few places on Earth where life does not exist.
All life on our planet lives within a thin layer called the biosphere. This layer, which envelopes the Earth, contains all the oceans, mountains, and the atmosphere. It is so thin that at the scale of the EarthBall all life would lie within a film less than half the thickness of this page. There are between 7 and 30 million species of animals, fish, birds, insects, trees and other plants. We are learning that the biosphere is a very complex and fragile web of interdependent life which all species must share to survive and be healthy.
One of the unique aspects of the EarthBall is that it illustrates cloud forms. Notice the directions in which the big storms rotate in different areas of the planet. Can you see how they spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere? This is due to the global air current created by the Earth’s rotation. Can you show which way the Earth rotates? Think about where you see the sun rise and set. Can you identify other cloud patterns?
DAY AND NIGHT
Here is an easy experiment that will help you to understand the relationship of our planet to the sun. Place your EarthBall on a table in sunlight so that your present location on it faces up and its North Pole points towards true north. Now the real sunlight is falling on the globe just as it is on the real Earth. Notice where it is day, and where it is night. Where on Earth is the day just beginning right now? Where is it ending right now? Try this experiment at different times of the day and at different seasons when the sun shines at a higher or lower angle.
THE EARTH’S MOON
Our moon is approximately 279,000 miles from Earth and is about 1/4 its size – 2160 miles in diameter. A 4″ diameter object such as a grapefruit can be used to model this relationship with your EarthBall. How far away from the globe would you hold the fruit to show the distance between the real Earth and moon? 10 feet away? 20 feet? You may have to step outside. The correct distance is 38 feet apart! Isn’t it amazing that the moon from such a distance can create the ocean’s tides twice a day around the world? Imagine the vast distance that the Apollo astronauts traveled to the moon and back.
DRAWING ON THE EARTHBALL
You can use your EarthBall to map out routes of exploration, trade, animal migration, travel, etc. Use a water soluble felt tip pen to draw on the ball. Be sure to test a small area to be sure that it will erase. Try using different colors to symbolize various animals, historical periods or whatever you are mapping. You can create a three dimensional visual aid for your next history or science report.
KEY TO PLACES ON THE EARTH
Do you wish that your EarthBall had names on it so that you could find where places are? Try placing adhesive dots on the places you want to identify. They can be numbered to correspond with a printed key of the place names. A conventional globe or world map will help to locate them. Colored dots can be used to key different types of places such as cities, mountains, deserts and oceans.
CREATE YOUR OWN WILDLIFE GLOBE
Wildlife such as dinosaurs, mammals, birds, and whales can all be shown in their respective habitats on the EarthBall. As in the Key to Places above, you can use adhesive dots to represent them. Or use printed stickers of the kinds of wildlife you are studying. You may also draw your own on blank stickers and place them on the globe.
Here is a fun activity that will help you orient yourself to other places on the planet. From where you stand, can you point directly towards Europe or Australia? Use the EarthBall to help find them. Hold the ball so that your present location on it faces up and it is aligned with true north. Then, locate Australia on the ball and notice where it is in relation to yourself. From North America you will see that it is almost directly below your feet! Europe would be east and down about 45 degrees below the horizon. You will discover that the straight line to any distant location around the globe from yourself is down, through the Earth. With a little practice, can you point directly to each of the continents? Your friends will be amazed to learn where they really are.
GREAT CIRCLE ROUTES
If you were to fly from New York to Hong Kong what route would you take? Surprisingly, the shortest route between these two cities takes you almost directly over the North Pole. The Earthball and a piece of string will help you find the shortest distances between any two points. You can mark distances and/or flying times on the string. These direct paths are called great circle routes. The Equator is also a great circle route.
MILES AND KILOMETERS SCALE AND FLYING TIME
The scales printed on the inside front and back cover of this booklet will enable you to measure miles and kilometers between locations on the EarthBall. You can make another scale yourself that shows how far one can travel by jetliner in a given amount of time. A jetliner flies about 550 miles or 885 kilometers per hour. How far from the South Pole are you and how long would it take to fly there? How many hours would it take to fly around the world at the Equator if you didn’t have to stop to refuel?
WHAT TIME IS IT?
The six seams around your EarthBall represent six major lines of longitude on the Earth: 30, 90, and 150 degrees East, and 30, 90, and 150 degrees West. To identify these, first locate the seam that runs through the Atlantic Ocean. This is the 30 degree West longitude line. The seam through Africa is the 30 degree East line. Midway between these two seams runs the 0 degree line, which is also known as the Prime Meridian. Halfway around the world from the Prime Meridian, midway between the 150 degree West and 150 degree East seams, runs the 180 degree longitude line, also known as the International Date Line. Can you find it?
The EarthBall will also function as a time clock to indicate what time it is anywhere. As you know, it takes 24 hours for our planet to complete one revolution. Since the seams divide the ball into six equal panels, the east-west distance across each panel represents four hours. To determine the present time at any location around the world, simply add four hours to your local time for each panel you cross heading east, and subtract four hours for each panel you cross heading west. To calculate smaller distances, divide each panel into four one-hour segments. Did you notice that the further you are from the Equator the less east-west distance it takes to traverse time zones?
GAMES TO PLAY
The EarthBall is ideal for younger children to learn to play volleyball with. Since it is larger and lighter than a regular volleyball, it is safer and easier for them to use. Several varieties of the game can be played, including Rotation Volley, in which each of the players rotate between sides, thereby encouraging the concept that everyone is playing together on the same team. Infinity volley has the goal of keeping the ball aloft as long as possible and can be played with or without a net, perhaps in a circle. In this game, everyone always wins!
Earthtoss is a game of developing global knowledge. The players gather into a circle and pass the ball among themselves. Upon catching the globe, that player identifies the land area (continent, country) that is facing them, and other facts about that area such as language, climate or historic information. They then pass it on and the game continues. A variation of this game has the passer posing a question which the catcher tries to answer. Use your imagination to create variations on these and other games. Have Fun!
In addition to the above games and activities there are many other uses for your EarthBall. Following are a few examples that others have discovered. Experiment to see what new applications you can find!
- Hang it up as a mobile. It will provide great decoration for parties and special events, and will enhance the decor of your classroom or home.
- Give the world to someone you care about! Children of all ages love playing with the balls. Babies seem to be especially attracted to them.
- Many balls have been taken on citizen diplomacy trips to the Soviet Union and other countries as a universal symbol of our global interdependence. EarthBalls have been taken on peace walks, to environmental fairs, musical benefits, etc.
CAN THE WORLD WORK FOR EVERYONE?
What would success for all of humankind on planet Earth look like? Presently, we produce twice the amount of food necessary to feed everyone on Earth, yet 13 to 18 million people die of starvation each year. There are over 800 million people living in abject poverty, illiterate, and without access to medicine. The nations of Earth are spending 900 billion dollars a year on weaponry, almost two and one-half billion dollars a day! We are causing the extinction of 10,000 species of flora and fauna a year. The world’s deserts grow 80,000 square miles each year. We are polluting our land, air, and oceans. What’s wrong with this picture?
Can we somehow transcend our fear and mistrust of one another? Can we redirect our immense collective energies towards creating a world in balance, where all of humanity shares the same essential opportunities; to be healthy, nourished, and educated? Especially, can we create a world where children are secured the opportunity to simply grow up and inherit a planet that is a beautiful and harmonious place to live?
The image of the Earth as a tiny and precious oasis floating in black space has had a profound effect on how humankind views itself. The notion that all nations and cultures must co-exist on this finite sphere is increasingly becoming the context within which millions of people think and act. This global context is exemplified by a new awareness; one that senses the interconnectedness of all life, and acts to protect and preserve the Earth as the sustainer of this life. Indigenous native cultures everywhere have long held this concept at the center of their understanding.
Creating a healthy and sustainable world has become both a matter of survival and a feasible option. For example:
- Many third world nations, previously hungry and dependent on outside assistance, have achieved levels of self-sustainability in food production in recent years.
- The cost for global restoration of the environment has been estimated by the Worldwatch Institute to be only 15% of current world military spending.
- The United States could save enough energy and money using current proven energy-efficient technologies to pay off its entire national debt by the year 2000.
- Recycling is being instituted in communities across the U.S. as an viable solution for solid waste disposal at only one half the cost of its environmentally hazardous competitor, mass incineration.
- The superpowers have recognized the futility of nuclear warfare and are taking the first small, yet significant steps towards defusing the stalemate. The level of cultural, economic, and scientific exchange between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. has never been greater. As with China, the United States seems destined to transform an adversarial relationship into a productive and friendly one.
One of the keys to our success on planet Earth lies in the realm of responsibility and opportunity. As stewards of this world, we have inherited a very special responsibility to ourselves and our descendants. We have been empowered with the opportunity to transform the world into one that reflects our grandest dreams. Can we make this happen?
VITAL STATISTICS OF EARTH
from Vital Statistics of Spaceship Earth by World Game Institute
- Circumference at Equator: 24,875
- Diameter through N-S Poles: 7899 miles
- Diameter at Equator: 7,926 miles (bulging is due to the centrifugal force created by Earth’s rotation)
- Surface area: 196,879,339 square miles
- Volume: 259,924 million cubic miles
- Mass of Earth: 6.575 x 10 to the 21st power
- Highest recorded temperature: 136 degrees F at El Azizia, Libya
- Lowest temperature: -127 degrees F at Vostok, Antarctica
- Average temperatures: night = 32 degrees F; day = 72 degrees F
- Mean rotational velocity at Equator: 1,040 mph
- Mean orbital velocity: 66,597 mph
- Distance from Earth to Moon: 238,866 miles
- Distance from Earth to Sun: 91,400,000 – 94,500,000 miles (variation due to Earth’s elliptical orbit around the Sun)
- Oldest living species on Earth: Bristlecone Pines -up to 5000 yrs
- Number of known / catalogued species: 1.7 million
- Number of unknown species: 5 to 30 million
- Ocean volume: 317,000,000 cubic miles
- Total world water supply: 326,071,300 cubic miles (cubic mile water = 1,101,117,143,000 gallons)
- Deepest part of ocean: Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean: 35,810 ft
- Ice caps and glaciers: 7,000,000 cubic miles of water (90% is located on Antarctica)
- Mean depth of ocean: 4,000 meters
- Greatest rainfall over 12 mo. period: 1,042 ” – Cherrapunji, India
- Greatest snowfall in a season: 93 feet; Mt. Rainier, WA U.S.A.
- Proportion of surface water in the Northern Hemisphere: 50% Southern Hemisphere: 90%
- Mean annual rainfall over Earth’s land surface: 74.6 cm
- At any given moment 2,200 thunderstorms occur on the Earth’s surface: audible at an 18 mile range
- Atmosphere height from sea level: 18,000 miles, 99% is in the lowest 50 miles; weather limited to first 5 to 10 miles
- Total languages and dialects in the World: 5,800
|
<urn:uuid:d4f3b104-f061-40fb-b799-87b213c7c72f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
https://www.earthball.com/global-handbook/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880014.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022170349-20201022200349-00311.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932356 | 3,997 | 3.359375 | 3 |
BPA exposure can shorten reproductive life, chromosomal changes and cause birth defects, says a new study.
In research carried out on rhesus monkeys with human-like reproductive system, researchers at the Washington State University and University of California, Davis, found that BPA exposure led to many changes in the reproductive life of the mammal.
Bisphenol A or BPA is a chemical used in plastics and epoxy resins. The chemical has many applications and is found in water bottles, cups, impact resistant materials and compact discs. Epoxy resin is used to coat metal products such as food cans, bottles and cups.
"The concern is exposure to this chemical that we're all exposed to could increase the risk of miscarriages and the risk of babies born with birth defects like Down Syndrome," said Patricia Hunt, one of the study authors.
In the research, female monkeys at different stages of gestation were exposed to BPA. The researchers found that at the early stages, the egg failed to develop. They found that such an exposure to BPA can lead to miscarriages or severe birth defects in the offspring.
"The really stunning thing about the effect is we're dosing grandma, it's crossing the placenta and hitting her developing fetus, and if that fetus is a female, it's changing the likelihood that that female is going to ovulate normal eggs. It's a three-for-one hit," said Hunt.
The researchers also found that pregnant monkeys that were exposed to BPA during the third trimester didn't have adequate follicle covering around the egg. Without adequate structural support, the eggs fail to grow and develop.
"That's not good because it looks to us like you're just throwing away a huge number of the eggs that a female would have. It raises concerns about whether or not she's going to have a really short reproductive lifespan," said Hunt.
According to estimates, about 93 percent Americans have detectable levels of BPA in their body. BPA has some effects on children's behavior, brain and changes in prostate glands of infants. There is also some evidence regarding BPA exposure and altered time of puberty in girls, says the Food and Drug Administration.
The study was been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
|
<urn:uuid:31964b2f-ea32-4ef6-b876-0204d19e55d1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
http://www.medicaldaily.com/bpa-exposure-damages-chromosomes-leads-birth-defects-and-shorter-reproductive-life-242714
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00191-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971264 | 465 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Scientists fear wide-spread die-offs of the world’s coral reefs is an early indicator of the effects of Global Warming on the planet. The extreme heat is causing the reefs to go into a severe state of stress which causes them to shed their color, or bleach. This is the alarm bell that causes scientists to worry. Die-offs pose a real threat to the ocean’s delicate ecosystem and could threaten the fisheries that feed millions of people. This is only the second time in history scientists have seen coral reefs around the world shed their color. The first time was in 1998, the hottest year on record, when a record 16 percent of coral reefs around the world died. So how scared should we be and what does this mean for the world’s oceans?
Clive Wilkinson, director of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, an organization in Australia that is tracking the phenomenon
|
<urn:uuid:2562690d-e483-42a0-a0aa-d07e80ce9521>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-40
|
http://www.scpr.org/programs/patt-morrison/2010/09/28/16226/is-global-warming-threatening-our-seas/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660181.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00033-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944153 | 182 | 3.5 | 4 |
DeflateGate January 2015
Unless you have been out of the country for the past few weeks, you certainly know that a major controversy has arisen concerning the purported under-inflation of footballs used in the January 18, 2015 American Football Conference championship game between the New England Patriots and the Indianapolis Colts. Near the end of the first half, the game’s officials suspected that the Patriots’ footballs were under-inflated (that is, the football’s air pressure was less than the 12.5 pounds per square inch (psi) specified by the National Football League’s rules. See the Appendix of this document for the full set of Ball Rules.). Pressure measurements of those footballs at half time confirmed that 11 of the 12 footballs provided by the Patriots were “significantly underinflated,” with various news reports claiming that the pressure was 1.4 to 2 psi under the minimum pressure.
Although the details of the situation remain unclear, the question naturally arises: Could the “under-inflation” have been due to simply a temperature difference between when the balls were inflated by the Patriots and verified by the officials before the game and when the pressure measurements were made at half time? The alternative is, of course, that the Patriots deflated the balls, presumably to enhance handling, in the time between the officials’ verification and the beginning of the game even though the balls are supposedly under the officials’ control in the time between verification and the kickoff.
A Challenge for Physics Teachers and Physics Students
Many physics teachers and physics professors have provided online analyses of the Deflate-Gate situation using reasoning based on the ideal gas law. In the following section, I give a simple summary of that argument. But the main purpose of this note is to suggest “crowd sourcing” what has been largely missing from the online debate: some measurements to see what happens with real footballs. This situation provides students with an opportunity to provide scientific data and analysis to help resolve an interesting sports controversy and, along the way, to re-enforce their understanding of the behavior of gases. I encourage physics teachers and physics professors to have their students decide on what kinds of measurements are needed to settle the temperature issue. I suggest working with athletic departments to set up and carry out the measurements. I encourage teachers to send a two-page description of the results to me at [email protected] with the subject line Deflate-Gate Data. I will summarize and then publicize the results.
Ideal Gas Law Analysis
In this section, I summarize a simple analysis that suggests that the under-inflation might be largely explained by the temperature difference between when the balls’ pressure was first verified by the Referee and when the balls were re-measured at half time. I assume that the air inside the football is reasonably described by the ideal gas law under the conditions used for the football preparation and during the game. Let me denote the initial pressure and temperature at which the footballs were prepared as Pi and Ti, respectively. Similarly, I denote the “final” pressure and temperature (during the game) as Pf and Tf. As almost every chemistry and physics student knows, the ideal gas law tells us that
Pf = Pi (Tf / Ti), (1)under the assumption that the volume of the football and the number of molecules inside the football bladder remain the same, conditions which are at least approximately correct for the game situation. Knowing the initial pressure, the initial temperature, and the final temperature, it is easy to calculate the final pressure. I note that if the final temperature (at half time) is lower than the initial temperature (when the balls’ pressure was first verified), the final pressure will be lower than the initial pressure. At the lower temperature, the air molecules are moving less rapidly (on average) and hence exert a lower pressure on the football bladder in which the air is trapped.
Before using numbers in Eq. (1), I need to point out two crucial issues. First, the pressure used in Eq. (1) is the total air pressure inside the football. Most pressure gauges measure the pressure relative to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. This relative pressure is often called the “gauge pressure.” To get the total pressure from the gauge pressure, I need to add the surrounding atmospheric pressure to the gauge pressure. The atmospheric pressure is typically about 14.7 psi. Details can be found in the local weather records. A common mistake, even among scientists, is to use gauge pressure rather than total pressure in Eq. (1).
The second important point is that the temperatures in Eq. (1) must be absolute temperature values (the so-called Kelvin scale). Fortunately, there are many web sites that make it easy to convert temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (which is what is available from local weather reports) to Kelvin scale temperatures. Any units of pressure may be used as long as they are consistent from one side of the equation to the other.
Now let me use some numbers to see if temperature changes are sufficient to explain the reported under-inflation. Let’s suppose that the Patriots initially inflated the footballs to a gauge pressure of 12.5 psi, the minimum allowed by the NFL rules (the maximum is 13.5 psi) and that pressure was verified by the Referee (as specified in the NFL Rules: See http://www.nfl.com/rulebook or the Appendix in this document). I assume those measurements were made in the officials’ locker room whose temperature was probably about 70 oF. (When the NFL issues its official report on the incident, we may have a clearer idea of what that temperature was.) The weather report for Foxboro, MA, where the Patriots’ stadium is located, and the game-day commentary indicated that the air temperature on the field at game time was about 50 oF, rather warm for a January day in New England. Those numbers give us 27.2 psi for Pi, 294 K for Ti, and 283 K for Tf resulting in Pf = 26.2 psi for the total pressure and a corresponding gauge pressure of 11.5 psi, about 1 psi below the NFL lower limit.
Water Vapor Effects
Another possible contribution to the lower pressure inside the football when the temperature is reduced comes from the change in water vapor pressure with temperature. January 18 was a very rainy day in Massachusetts so the air had high humidity. Presumably the footballs were inflated with that humid air. (In motor racing sports, tires are often inflated with “dry” nitrogen, or argon, to reduce the effects due to changes of water vapor pressure with temperature.) Data tables of water vapor pressure as a function of temperature indicate that water vapor changes its pressure by about 0.2 psi as the temperature drops from 70 oF to 50 oF. Combining the air temperature change effect with that of water vapor gives us a total of 1.2 psi, not too far from the figure of 1.4 psi given in one of the early NFL statements.
A conservative conclusion is that temperature changes alone can account for much of the under-inflation, but until more accurate information is available about the preparation of and measurement of the footballs’ air pressure, we should not assert that conclusion with a great deal of certainty. Note that the NFL rules do not specify the temperature at which the footballs are prepared and verified prior to the game. The ideal gas law analysis shows that even modest temperature changes can cause the football pressure to fall outside the rules limits even if the balls were prepared according to specifications before the game.
It is also important to know more about the devices the NFL officials use to measure the football air pressure. The Ball Rules state that the home team is to supply a pump (presumably with some sort of pressure gauge), but we should be skeptical; we have all experienced the different automobile tire air pressure readings you get depending on the device used: from simple pop-up pressure gauges to fancy digital devices. How accurate (and precise) are the devices used by the NFL?
Another issue that can be easily addressed by some measurements: Does the volume of the football change significantly when the gauge pressure changes by 1-2 psi?
A final research question: How long does it take a football to come to equilibrium if it finds itself in an environment with a different temperature? For example, how long does it take a room temperature football to come to equilibrium if it is placed in a refrigerator whose internal temperature is, say, 40 oF? This issue is important in estimating the temperature of the footballs when the half time measurements were made.
From the NFL Rule Book available at http://www.nfl.com/rulebook
Rule 2 The Ball
The Ball must be a “Wilson,” hand selected, bearing the signature of the Commissioner of the League, Roger Goodell. The ball shall be made up of an inflated (12 1/2 to 13 1/2 pounds [sic]) urethane bladder enclosed in a pebble grained, leather case (natural tan color) without corrugations of any kind. It shall have the form of a prolate spheroid and the size and weight shall be: long axis, 11 to 11 1/4 inches; long circumference, 28 to 28 1/2 inches; short circumference, 21 to 21 1/4 inches; weight, 14 to 15 ounces.
The Referee shall be the sole judge as to whether all balls offered for play comply with these specifications. A pump is to be furnished by the home club, and the balls shall remain under the supervision of the Referee until they are delivered to the ball attendant just prior to the start of the game.
Each team will make 12 primary balls available for testing by the Referee two hours and 15 minutes prior to the starting time of the game to meet League requirements. The home team will also make 12 backup balls available for testing in all stadiums. In addition, the visitors, at their discretion, may bring 12 backup balls to be tested by the Referee for games held in outdoor stadiums. For all games, eight new footballs, sealed in a special box and shipped by the manufacturer to the Referee, will be opened in the officials’ locker room two hours and 15 minutes prior to the starting time of the game. These balls are to be specially marked by the Referee and used exclusively for the kicking game.
In the event a home team ball does not conform to specifications, or its supply is exhausted, the Referee shall secure a proper ball from the visitors and, failing that, use the best available ball. Any such circumstances must be reported to the Commissioner.
In case of rain or a wet, muddy, or slippery field, a playable ball shall be used at the request of the offensive team’s center. The Game Clock shall not stop for such action (unless undue delay occurs).
Note: It is the responsibility of the home team to furnish playable balls at all times by attendants from either side of the playing field.
|
<urn:uuid:e03fdd11-7a3f-4544-949e-ec9ad930751c>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
http://www.aapt.org/Resources/deflategate.cfm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156613.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920195131-20180920215531-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951122 | 2,284 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Dental treatments is but one element that is certainly typically overlooked by individuals. Wellness is extremely important because it impacts the wellbeing of any human being. Tooth is really important foras well as small children, the ageing, and perhaps people with no dentistry or oral difficulties. In addition, it helps prevent chronic disease, although wellness will not only help reduce indications like foul breath, oral cavaties, periodontal disease, mouth pain, head aches and tooth ache. The prevention of dental care conditions might be superior with regular tooth sessions and cleanings. It assists to take care of tooth expenditures.
Here’s more info about dental loupes review our web page.
Oral hygiene is the act of preserving yourteeth and the teeth, and gum line without any an infection and other conditions by combing and in depth cleaning up on the tooth. It is also essential that dental treatments is performed frequently to allow protection against dental cairies and mouth health conditions. Discovering two times a day and using dental floss are quick and easy tips on how to stop the teeth decompose and back plate build up. Other sorts of ailments can be eliminated with regime dental care which include gum disease and periodontal disorder.
There are three primary tooth methods which might be suggested for every individual. The very first is cleaning. This should be done at least 2 times every single day the first thing each morning and last thing at nighttime. It’s always very best to talk to your dental professional if you have doubts with all your cleaning method. Additional circumstances which affect dental health really are a xerostomia, gums and teeth, and a to fall out gum line.
Regular dental care allows you prevent teeth cavities and dental issues such as gingivitis. The bacterias that induce teethcorrosion and back plate, and coronary disease don’t make it through lengthy within an surroundings devoid of air is actually no brushing. Cleaning eliminates all foods allergens and cavity enducing plaque within the teeth and surface area collections. Flossing is yet another important part of tooth to get rid of waste from between pearly white’s.
Some prophylactic dental treatments providers are essential prior to dentistry can take place. A kid dental office can carefully consider oral cavaties and proper them prior to they turn out to be also visible. Glowing look at and take care of oral cavaties that have presently formed. An orthodontist has specialized in emotional dental care for youngsters. Some orthodontists give you a huge selection of services for the children such as devices and tooth braces, and sedation or sleep dentistry products and services.
Teeth’s health is as vital that you the complete wellness of the person for the reason that visual appearance is. Individuals with very good wellness tend to have balanced teeth and gums. Good dental health will combat oral cavaties and teeth disease. Very good gumline can even avoid hemorrhage and infections within the jaws. If you need veneers to interchange missing out on tooth it is best to visit a cosmetic dentistry, the uniformity and power of the the teeth teeth enamel may also be signs of over-all wellness.
. They’re able to accomplish cosmetic dental work processes such as oral veneers, dental implants and binding and teeth whitening with no waiting around interval for significant dentistry do the job. Oftentimes, you can find your giggle back inside of weeks with these methods.
If you’re like most individuals right now, dental insurance plan would not deal with anything resembling aside from the dental practitioner visits. With no dental insurance plan, you may want to come to a decision involving important dental services or hanging around to possess important dental perform performed. Big dental services for example underlying rivers and artificial teethhelps, veneers and connects and augmentations cost a lot and require having to wait for procedure. Without the need of waiting time period for key services, those that have dental insurance plans end up for a disadvantage regarding obtaining their pearly whites serviced.
For folks with dental insurance plan, it’s vital to choose a dental practitioner you believe in which enable it to depend on. To find an excellent dental practice, find someone who is licensed through the Aetna dental care plank. It’s also wise to be able to get a affiliate from a normal dental professional. If you find a problem afterwards, because your normal dentist can assist you to some practitioner.
Dentistry doesn’t conclude with cleansing teeth and preserving them healthy, this will make it less difficult. Other components of oral cleanliness are crucial, as well. Your mouth and gum line can offer challenges after eating foodstuff that are tricky or soft, and having sugary sodas and drinks, which all encourage tartar and germs accumulate in the mouth. You should call at your dentist frequently for washing and fluoride therapies.
In combination with possessing very good tooth, additionally you have to have to manage the mouth in other ways. Combing your teeth at least a time, flossing and taking advantage of toilet tissue are techniques to enhance each side the teeth and maintain your mouth free and clean of ailment-creating bacterias. Call at your dental practice normally for professional cleaning and checkups, and learn about other talk about oral health effort software programs. You may get a set of a nearby dental offices and their contact details within the Us Tooth Association’s website. You can also find additional information on other talk about oral health campaigns at Dental Hygiene Betterment.
If you adored this post and you would such as to get additional information relating to click over here kindly go to our site.
More strategies from suggested publishers:
|
<urn:uuid:f215015d-3812-43b4-bf08-142df52e4ade>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://ghostredship.com/point-out-wellness-step/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305006.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126222652-20220127012652-00085.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948423 | 1,184 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Hearing Loss Prevalence
Hearing loss is a significant health issue that affects individuals of all ages. 1 in 10 Canadians are living with some degree of hearing loss and between 20 and 40% of adults over the age of 65 reporting a significant hearing loss. In Canada, hearing loss is the 3rd most common chronic condition behind arthritis and high blood pressure (Statistics Canada, 2002).
Worldwide data show that hearing loss prevalence increases dramatically with age, affecting between 25% and 40% of adults over 65, 40% to 66% of adults over 75, and 80% of adults over 85 years (Pascolini and Smith, 2008). However, hearing loss does not just affect older people; in the United States, 65% of people with a hearing loss are younger than 65 (Kochkin, 2005).
Book Your Appointment
Whether you need a consultation or you already know what you're looking for. It all starts with an appointment. Book yours today to get things started.
|
<urn:uuid:57fd8343-17f9-4dc9-bbb8-d403d549d43f>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
https://fchearing.ca/hearing-loss-prevalence/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00607.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942184 | 205 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Build knowledge leadership in children’s nutrition through a deep understanding of their dietary intakes and lifestyle habits
NESTLÉ CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT UNIT: In 2013 the NCDU was running 129 clinical trials
By 2016 – Launch large-scale research projects in at least 10 countries across the globe, including the USA, Mexico, China and France.
The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS), for example, has been conducted twice in the USA and implemented in five other countries. FITS examines the specific intakes and eating patterns of children aged 0–4 in relation to recommendations from the authorities. The studies identified nutritional gaps and poor dietary patterns, including inadequate intake of key nutrients such as iron and vegetables.
We wish to build upon our experience with FITS and expand our research to include children up to the age of 12. These years are critical to forming dietary and activity habits that define health throughout the life course. We will use this knowledge to inform our own product and service development, but acknowledge this will require long-term efforts and investments. Working with external scientific experts and authorities, we aim to build a meaningful body of knowledge and leverage the findings in the best way for the nutrition, health and wellness of children around the world.
Find out more in our Creating Shared Value full report
|
<urn:uuid:c1fa41f5-4454-4bc4-9eac-273e643b30c3>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-49
|
http://www.nestle.com/csv/nutrition/children-nutrition-knowledge-leadership
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379466.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00064-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925271 | 269 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The flu vaccine is more effective for African-American lupus patients than for European-American patients, according to new research from OMRF.
Findings from this study may help physicians treating lupus patients to better understand who may benefit the most from influenza vaccination and who might need other avenues of protection, said OMRF’s Judith James, M.D., Ph.D., lead author of the study.
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system confuses healthy cells with foreign substances, like viruses and bacteria, attacking the body’s tissues and organs.
“Infections are a leading cause of death for lupus patients,” said James, chair of OMRF’s Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program. “They are more susceptible because of a combination of their dysfunctional immune systems and the use of lupus treatments, which dulls the immune system to prevent it from attacking itself. Consequently, patients with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to infections that most people could fight off.”
Infectious diseases are responsible for 23 percent of hospitalizations and up to 50 percent of deaths in lupus patients. To reduce the risk of infection, doctors advise vaccination for common diseases, including influenza.
The study by James and OMRF scientists Linda Thompson, Ph.D., Joan Merrill, M.D., and Joel Guthridge, Ph.D., appears in the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism. The researchers tested samples from 72 lupus patients before vaccination and at 2, 6 and 12 weeks after receiving the flu vaccine. They tested for antibody concentration and categorized the patients as high or low responders.
African-American patients were three times more likely to be high responders to the flu vaccine than European-American patients.
“We don’t know why these two patient populations reacted differently to the same vaccine,” said James, who holds the Lou C. Kerr Chair in Biomedical Research at OMRF. “It could be that African-Americans make more antibodies or have more immune cells, but this is a subject we’ll explore in future studies.”
James emphasized that this study should not deter anyone from receiving a flu shot. “Vaccines are still our first line of defense against influenza,” she said. “But we do need to make sure that all of our lupus patients know the signs and symptoms of infection and when to contact their health care providers for treatment.”
The next step in the research is to find ways to improve vaccine effectiveness in lupus patients while minimizing flares of the underlying disease. “In the future, we think this information could help doctors understand better ways to administer vaccines for the best potential protective responses after vaccination,” James said.
Funding for the research was provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the National Center for Research Resources.
|
<urn:uuid:fc6d5c9b-ede4-4935-916e-3f4d9da70d18>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://omrf.org/2011/05/24/flu-vaccines-effective-africanamerican-lupus-patients/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945279.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324082226-20230324112226-00614.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94321 | 633 | 3.125 | 3 |
Specialty alloys range from common Stainless Steels to Super Duplex Stainless Steels.
Alloy 316/316L Stainless Steel
Though there are a variety of grades of stainless steel, such as 301, 302, 303, 304, 309, 316/316L and 321. We will focus on alloy 316/316L because of its wide use in specialty applications. Alloy 316/316L stainless steel is an austenitic molybdenum-bearing stainless steel containing nickel. Higher molybdenum and nickel content gives better corrosion resistance than for instance 304 stainless, especially with regard to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride and salt environments. It also provides increased strength at elevated temperatures.
The austenitic structure of 316/316L SS gives excellent toughness to the material, even at cryogenic temperatures, and its resistance to corrosion provides excellent performance in a wide range of atmospheric and corrosive environments and other media. However, when it is subjected to crevice corrosion and/or pitting in warm chloride conditions and stress corrosion cracking 316/316L stainless steel can breakdown and experience premature failure. This material was initially developed for use in paper mills, yet is frequently used in:
- Brewery equipment
- Chemical and petrochemical equipment
- Chemical transportation containers
- Food processing equipment
- Heat exchangers
- Laboratory equipment
- Medical implants
- Nuts and bolts
- Process Equipment
- Ship & Boat fittings
Duplex Stainless Steels
Duplex stainless steels have a two-phase (“duplex”) microstructure which consists of austenitic stainless steel and ferritic grains which makes them nearly twice as strong as regular stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels have a microstructure of approximately 50% austenite and 50% ferrite. This provides corrosion resistance greater than other common grades of stainless steels, such as 304 and 316. And because duplex stainless steels are magnetic they can be easily differentiated from common grades of stainless when there is any potential confusion.
Duplex Stainless Steel were developed around the end of World War II for the pulp and paper industry in Sweden to help resist corrosion problems from chloride-bearing cooling waters and other aggressive process fluids. They were eventually found to be very useful in applications such as:
- Cargo tanks and pipe systems in chemical tankers
- Components for structural design
- Flue-gas cleaning
- Heat exchangers
- Storage tanks
- Water heaters
- And much more
Because of their high content of chromium, molyum and nitrogen, duplex steels offer very good localized and uniform corrosion resistance. Their unique microstructure allows for excellent abrasion, erosion and fatigue resistance and mechanical strengths that are higher than standard 304 and 316 stainless steels, plus they provide for very good weldability.
Super Duplex Stainless Steels
Super Duplex 2507 stainless steel (UNS S32750) contains 25% chromium, 4% molybdenum and 7% nickel. This alloy was first used in the 1980s when it was uniquely designed for extreme and demanding applications which necessitate extraordinary corrosion and strength resistance, such as in chemical processing, petrochemical and seawater equipment applications.
As Super Duplex SS is an austenitic-ferritic, iron chromium – nickel alloy with the addition of molybdenum, it provides very good resistance to pitting and has a higher than normal tensile strength than most other materials. When compared to conventional austenitic stainless steels Super Duplex SS provides a superior resistance to stress corrosion cracking when at moderate temperatures.
Because of its high content of chromium the alloy has excellent resistance to acids, acid chlorides, caustic solutions and other harsh environments. Common applications of super duplex stainless steels are:
- Components for the pulp and paper industry
- Desalination plants
- Downhole drilling, exploration, logging or other deep hole O&G applications
- Heat exchangers
- Pollution control components
- Tube & Pipe systems for petrochemical refineries
This blog post is an excerpt from our whitepaper, "Specialty Alloys: Composition & Applications". If you'd like to learn more about specialty alloy applications & specs, click here or below to download the whitepaper!
|
<urn:uuid:54f5029a-7682-4cd8-9b5d-5915e86de69e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-13
|
https://blog.brennaninc.com/specialty-alloys-stainleses-super-duplex-stainless-steel
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912206677.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326220507-20190327002507-00313.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912783 | 893 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The coronavirus pandemic has recently hit its 21 million marks. This ongoing pandemic has taken around seven hundred thousand lives. Search to find the vaccine to fight this pandemic has been ongoing since the day WHO declared it to the Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Among all this, various companies were able to develop various candidates to combat this pandemic. One such company is Inovio Pharmaceutics. Inovio Pharmaceuticals, a biotechnological company, is in the process of developing a vaccine INO-4800 against COVID-19. INO-4800 is a DNA based vaccine having the plasmid pGX9501, encoding for the entire length of the spike glycoprotein of COVID-19. It has demonstrated long term protection in non-human subjects challenged with the COVID-19 virus 13 weeks after immunization. Its response was mediated by the memory T and B cells. According to the Inovio pharmaceuticals, INO-4800 is the only one among nucleic acid-based vaccines that are stable at room temperature and does not require freezing for transportation or storage, which is a crucial feature for mass immunizations.
Inovio Coronavirus vaccine(INO-4800) Phase Results
INO-4800 was designed within three hours on January 10th, 2020, by Inovio, using its unique DNA medicines platform technology to match the virus’s DNA sequence after the release of the genetic sequence of the COVID-19 by Researchers in China. Pre-clinical testing and clinical trial designing were started between January 10th to 23th,2020 and its data is available in the journal Nature Communications. The pre-clinical testing was done on mice and guinea pigs. Mice and Guinea pigs were given 2.5-µg and 10-µg. The antigen mediated and T-cell immune responses were measured during the preclinical studies. The vaccine showed not only the virus-neutralizing activity but it also produced antibodies in the animals The pre-clinical testing showed promising results that lead to further studies. INO-4800 was also studied in larger animal rhesus macaques. Macaques were given two doses of 1-mg INO-4800 with a 4-week gap.
The animals were challenged with the live COVID-19 virus for more than 3 months after the immunization with INO-4800. The INO-4800 was able to provide long-lasting protection for up to four months. The INO-4800 was able to reduce the viral replication in the lungs and nasal pathways thereby decreasing the severity of the disease. The result of the study is published in the peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed journal. The preliminary study results make INO-4800 a potential candidate for the COVID-19. This is the first vaccine that has provided protection through the memory immune response in non-human subjects. INO-4800 has become the participant of the non-human primate study conducted by the US Operation Warp speed due to its encouraging interim study results. The Chief Executive Officier and President of Inovio, Joseph Kim, had said,
“All other previously reported NHP vaccine protection studies actually challenged the animals at the peak of their immune response. Our study demonstrates that INO-4800 could provide protection in a more real-world setting, where vaccine-generated memory immune responses protected NHPs for more than 3 months (13 weeks) from the last vaccination. Given the importance of protective antibody and T cell responses, this study gives us more confidence as we continue to advance INO-4800 in the clinic. We believe INO-4800 holds significant potential to help address this global public health crisis.”
Phase I & II clinical trial
In April 2020, the Inovio started its Phase-I of the human clinical trials. The trial was open-labeled and carried out at the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, and Center of Pharmaceutical Research in Kansas City,Missouri. The first phase clinical trial involves 40 participants between the age of 18-50 years, each of which are given two doses of INO-4800 with a four-week gap. The doses of 1 mg and 2 mg INO-4800 were given with the help of CELLECTRA®. The first phase involved the assessment of the safety and immunogenicity profile of INO-4800 in humans. Three volunteers were excluded during the study entry as they tested positive due to prior infection before the study enrollment and one volunteer left the study due to unknown non-clinical reasons. Both the humoral and cellular immunes responses were studied through immunological assays.
At week 6, overall immunity was found in 94% of the volunteers. The ten adverse effects reported were of grade 1 severity, with redness at the injections site being the most common. There were no serious adverse effects found till week 8 and it was found to be safe and well-tolerated in humans. The first phase trial now has been expanded to the older population over the age of 65 years. The Inovio is aiming to publish the study results in a peer-reviewed journal. In June 2020, Inovio initiated its Human clinical trials in South Korea.
The main purpose of this trial is to determine the safety and immunological profile of INO-4800 by the use of CELLECTRA® 2000 for electroporation and administration of INO-4800 intradermally. The trial will include healthy individuals between the age of 19 to 50 years, later the trial will include an additional 120 individuals between the age of 19 to 64 years. On July 15th, 2020, the Seoul National University has administrated the first dose of INO-4800 to a 40-year-old patient. The 2/3 efficacy phase is expected to be initiated after the approval from the regulatory authority in the summer because of the positive results from the first phase. The Vice President of R&D, Kate Broderick, had said,
“As we eagerly anticipate initiating a Phase 2/3 efficacy trials this summer, an animal challenge is currently the closest thing we have to testing a vaccine’s efficacy when confronting a live virus. We are very encouraged with the duration of protection that INO-4800 demonstrated in this NHP study and look forward to reassessing its impact on durability of response at 12 months out from our other ongoing non-human primate and animal challenge studies.In addition to safety and efficacy, it is essential that any vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 generates a relevant durability of response.A vaccine that only provides protection for a very short period of time is not going to realistically solve the problem of this pandemic.”
Inovio Coronavirus vaccine(INO-4800) Mechanism
Inovio DNA vaccines can produce balance antibodies and T-cell responses. Inovio is using its DNA medicine platform for the optimized delivery of the plasmid directly into the cells. It is brought by the use of a small handheld device called “CELLECTRA®” which is patented to the Inovio. This device uses an electrical pulse to open a small pore in the cell for the entry of plasmid. Inside the cell, the plasmid starts replicating. The plasmid assists the cell to produce the targeted antigen to strengthen the immune system. This antigen then initiates the desired T-cell and antibody-mediated immune response. The INO-4800 targets the major spike surface proteins of the COVID-19 virus which results in the production of B-cells and T-cells. The antibodies that recognize the virus are produced by B-cells while the virally infected cells are killed by T-cells which also supports B-cells.
Studies have demonstrated that INO-4800 can provide long term protection due to its vaccine generated memory immune response which has protected non-human subjects since their last vaccination for 13 weeks. The T-cells produced after immunization can control the severity of the disease. After the initial dose, the antibodies and the T-cells lasted for more than 4 months in the non-human subject’s blood. The antibodies level and T-cell responses were found to be significantly greater than the recovered and recuperating COVID-19 patients. The study data support the INO-4800 ability to reduce viral replication and viral shedding in the nasal cavity. It not only produces responses against the early virus but also against the G614 mutant variant which is now dominant.
Inovio Coronavirus vaccine(INO-4800) Availability
In March 2020, Inovio prepared 3000 INO-4800 doses for clinical trials on humans in the US, South Korea, and China and had started to prepare its plan for mass manufacturing. Inovio has been receiving generous funding from various resources after its successful and positive study results. The US’s Department of Defence has funded 71 million dollars to Inovio for the mass manufacturing of its trademark smart device CELLECTRA® 3PSP and purchasing of CELLECTRA® 2000 devices, which are used for the delivery of INO-4800 intradermally into the body cells.
The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation also has given an extensive amount of funding to Inovio. INO-4800 has also been selected for the US’s Operation Warp Speed program whose aim is to provide a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine by January 2021. Furthermore, Inovio is planning to provide one million doses by the end of the year with the use of its current capacity and resources. German Manufacturing partner, Richter-Helm has provided additional capacity which will be helpful in mass manufacturing of the vaccine. Inovio is still looking for additional resources and funds to expand its capacity.
Inovio Coronavirus vaccine(INO-4800) Cost
The Inovio has not released any information regarding the cost of the vaccine. Since the vaccine is still in clinical trials, it is too early to make any comment on the cost of the vaccine.
|
<urn:uuid:7aa63d6f-0f78-4808-8f99-353019e689fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://healthncare.info/inovio-coronavirus-vaccine-ino-4800-phases-availability-cost/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585424.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021133500-20211021163500-00232.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957487 | 2,110 | 2.59375 | 3 |
An international team of scientists who are engaged in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence known as SETI are targeting their instruments on a star approximately 95 light years from Earth after a very strong signal was detected by a Russian telescope.
The signal spikes are emitting near the 6.3-billion-year-old star in the constellation Hercules. It was originally detected on May 15, 2015 by the Russian Academy of Science’s RATAN-600 radio telescope in Zelenchukskaya, Russia, but was kept secret from the international community until recently.
SETI is now examining the unusual signal and its star, HD164595, which was described by an Italian astronomer Claudio Maccone as a “strong candidate for SETI” in the hopes of determining its origin.
Maccone also claimed that “permanent monitoring of this target is needed” when he was trying to lure SETI into the case.
The mysterious star is considered to be sun-like in nature with a nearly identical metallic composition to our own star. So far, a single warmer Neptune-like planet has been discovered in its orbit.
Astronomer Douglas Vakoch, the president of METI international, which searches for life beyond Earth as well, said:
“The signal from HD 164595 is intriguing, because it comes from the vicinity of a sun-like star, and if it’s artificial, its strength is great enough that it was clearly made by a civilization with capabilities beyond those of humankind.”
Maccone added to Vakoch’s assessment when he said, “whenever a strong signal is detected, it’s a good possibility for some nearby civilization to be detected.”
However, there are other scientists who say it is highly unlikely to be a message from alien beings.
On the understandable skepticism, Vakoch commented that,
“Without corroboration from an independent observatory, a putative signal from extraterrestrials doesn’t have a lot of credibility.”
Could this signal be from an advanced civilization?
If this signal was beamed out into the galaxy without aim or direction then that would require an enormous amount of power to actually be detected.
But scientists wonder if the signal was beamed specifically at our solar system?
Scientists say that would require less energy and could indicate the presence of a Type I civilization — meaning they could be a highly technological, contemporary society that harnesses the solar energy emitted by its local star, much like our planet does with solar panels but much more complex and advanced.
In short, this civilization’s social structure would be theorized as completely globalized and interconnected.
At present, our own species is somewhere near Type I on the scale, whereby a civilization is able to harness all the energy available to it on its own planet, including solar, wind, earthquakes, and other fuels.
Scientists believe superstructures are probably our best chance of detecting alien life unless they are actively trying to communicate with us.
Alan Boyle, an author known for The Case for Pluto says:
“The signal conceivably fits the profile for an intentional transmission from an extraterrestrial source. In any case, the blip is interesting enough to merit discussion by those who specialize in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.”
So what do you think? Is it possible that we just intercepted alien contact?
|
<urn:uuid:e933d4a7-b63c-472d-af8f-00f6932be256>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
http://conservativerevival.com/latest-news/we-may-have-just-intercepted-alien-signal/?mode=grid
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481111.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216190407-20190216212407-00296.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961562 | 706 | 3.25 | 3 |
Safety and Health for Immigrant WorkersPosted on by
The United States workforce, like the population in general, is becoming more ethnically diverse. “We are and always will be a nation of immigrants,” President Obama stated recently in announcing his initiative on immigration reform. The Pew Research Center’s Hispanic Trends Project estimates that immigrants will make up roughly 23% of adults of working age in 2050, up from 15% in 2005 (Passel & Cohn, 2008). It is also predicted that immigrants and their children will make up 83% of the growth in the working age population of the U.S. during this same time period (Congressional Budget Office, 2005). Immigration from Latin America to the U.S. has grown dramatically over the past 2 decades and will figure prominently in these numbers. Currently, about 18 million Latino immigrants live in the U.S. (Batalova & Terrazas, 2010).
Latino workers suffer significantly higher rates of workplace fatalities (5.0 per 100,000 workers) than all workers combined (4.0), non-Latino white workers (4.0) or non-Latino black workers (3.7) (Cierpich, Styles, Harrison, et al., 2008). Considered alone, Latino immigrants to the U.S. have a workplace fatality rate of 5.9 per 100,000 which is almost 50% higher than the rate for all workers (4.0). In 2013, two-thirds of work-related deaths among Latinos were among foreign-born individuals, up from slightly more than half in 1992. These data suggest that fatalities among immigrant workers may be the driving force behind the elevated rates of workplace injuries and illnesses among Latinos in the U.S.
According to the BLS 2013 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Hispanic or Latino workers were the only racial/ethnic group with an increase in workplace fatalities in 2013. The 797 Hispanic or Latino worker deaths constituted the highest total since 2008 and a 7 percent increase over 2012.
What can we do to improve safety and health among immigrant populations? To remain safe, effective, and competitive, companies must understand the diversity that currently exists in the workforce and how workers of different backgrounds approach on-the-job safety.
We have summarized key factors for improving safety and health of immigrant workers below. More details can be found in the article “Safety & the Diverse Workforce Lessons from NIOSH’s Work with Latino Immigrants” published earlier in the year in Professional Safety.
Knowledge as a Barrier to Safety
Many immigrants take jobs in industries unfamiliar to them when they come to the US. As such workplace safety training is critical. However, immigrant workers frequently report not receiving any safety training on the job and the training that they do receive can be of poor quality.
Therefore, determining effective ways to provide safety training to immigrant workers is an essential step in reducing occupational health disparities (O’Connor, Flynn, Weinstock, et al., 2011). Such efforts must go beyond simple translations of existing English-language materials; the format, content and messages should be customized for the target audience (Brunette, 2005).
Language as a Barrier to Safety
Language differences between immigrant workers and their supervisors and coworkers are one of the most frequently cited challenges companies face in promoting safety among immigrant workers (Gany, et al., 2011). This is particularly common in areas of the U.S. that have little to no bilingual infrastructure (Gouveia & Saenz, 2000; Pew Hispanic Center, 2005). Developing a bilingual capacity within an organization, either through training or hiring, will become increasingly important in economic sectors with high immigrant participation such as the construction and service sectors.
Cultural Differences as Barriers to Safety
Cultural factors that may affect safety at work include: how immigrants understand work and their relationship to their coworkers and employers; how these understandings compare to their native-country experiences; how they perceive the dangers at work relative to other risks they face each day (for example unemployment or deportation); how they adapt to workplace dangers; and how these understandings are similar and different from other groups of workers. For example, a study of Latino immigrant workers in Chicago, IL showed that workers’ behaviors reflected a culture that placed a high value on hard work and being perceived as such by their employer (Gomberg-Munoz, 2010). These workers were observed making overt demonstrations of their productivity to curry favor with employers and cultivate a reputation as better employees, which led to a competitive edge in the labor market relative to U.S.-born workers. While this strategy may prove effective in securing employment, it can lead to an increased risk of injury over time. Employers seeking to create a safe work environment must recognize these evolving value systems and adaptations so they can be addressed during training or in one-on-one interactions.
Another common mistake is for managers and institutions to focus on the immigrant’s culture without examining or accounting for the culture of the organization or that of workers from the dominant cultural group. It is important for organizations to develop an understanding of their own internal culture and the degree to which relying on “the way we do things here” may inadvertently exclude workers from different backgrounds. Understanding and overcoming cultural barriers to safety requires sensitivity to the different cultural backgrounds of the employees in any given company, knowledge of the organizational culture, and an appreciation of where these may hinder or facilitate a common understanding and practice.
Social Structures as a Barrier to Safety
Effective communication and training and improved cultural understanding are not the only factors involved in improving safety for a diverse workforce. Structural realities contribute to occupational health inequities for immigrant workers as well. Structural realities are shaped by laws, policies and practices, such as large macroeconomic trends like globalization (Siqueira, Gaydos, Monforton, et al., 2013); systemic discrimination such as racism (Okechukwu, Souza, Davis, de Castro, 2014; Krieger, 2010; Krieger, Waterman, Hartman, et al., 2006); and industry practices, such as a growing reliance on temporary workers (Landsbergis, Grzywacz & LaMontagne, 2014). Eliminating structural barriers often requires changes in policies and practices at levels beyond that of the individual worker or organization (e.g., industry, federal government, international regulatory body). While individual workers or organizations can advocate over time for structural change to eliminate barriers to safety, they often can take short-term actions to mitigate the effects of structural barriers on safety.
One example is the structural barrier to obtaining proper-fitting safety equipment for diverse workers. Many PPE specifications in the U.S. are based on measurements taken from military male recruits in the U.S. during the 1950s to 1970s (Spahr, Kau, Hsiao, et al., 2003). These data do not account for the range of body shapes and sizes of the modern civilian workforce and, consequently, structurally exclude women, nonwhites and individuals with unique body sizes or shapes (Hsiao, Friess, Bradtmiller, et al., 2009). Current initiatives are focused on developing better methods to collect anthropometric data and ensure that datasets used to design PPE are more inclusive (see http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/headforms/).
Formative research by NIOSH suggests that alternative-sized PPE (PPE designed for women and unisex PPE) may be more widely available than previously thought; Poor advertising and restrictive (e.g. bulk) purchasing policies within organizations, however, often prevent the alternative-sized PPE from reaching workers who might benefit from it (DeLaney, 2012). Updating the anthropometric databases and creating better fitting PPE will take time. In the short-term individual companies can take action to investigate what alternative-sized PPE is currently available and how they can adapt their purchasing procedures to make it more accessible to their workforce.
To remain effective, competitive and safe organizations must ensure that they have the internal capacity to successfully manage employees from an increasingly diverse workforce. Safety professionals are called on to develop and implement safety programs that account for this diversity. To keep all its workers safe and healthy, a company must understand the diversity that currently exists in the workforce, how workers approach on-the-job safety, and develop a plan to overcome barriers that exist. Efforts to create institutional capacity to effectively work with a diverse workforce require both short and long term planning in key areas such as personnel, program, and partnerships. Some key questions to ask as you evaluate your company’s institutional capacity include:
- How has your company evaluated its capacity to respond to the demographic changes in the workforce and how can it systematically fill the gaps it identifies (e.g. bilingual infrastructure, PPE fit)?
- Are the current practices and policies at the company inclusive of the current workforce? What can be done to ensure that the policies can adapt to the changing workforce?
- How does your organization identify possible barriers to safety that workers from different backgrounds face at work? What internal and external resources or organizations exist to help your organization address these barriers?
Share with us what has worked in your company.
Michael Flynn, MA
Social Scientist, Training Research and Evaluation Branch
Assistant Coordinator, Priority Populations and Health Disparities Program
For more information
AJIM Special Issue: Achieving Health Equity in the Workplace (May 2014 vol 57(5) AJIM)
New Solutions– New Solut. 2014;24(1):83-106. Occupational safety and health education and training for underserved populations. O’Connor T, Flynn M, Weinstock D, Zanoni J.
Batalova, J. & Terrazas, A. (2010). Frequently requested statistics on immigrants and immigration in the U.S. Migration Information Source. Retrieved from www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=818#2
Brunette, M. (2005). Development of educational and training materials on safety and health: Targeting Hispanic workers in the construction industry. Family & Community Health, 28(3), 253-266.
Cierpich, H., Styles, L., Harrison, R., et al. (2008). Work-related injury deaths among Hispanics-United States, 1992-2006. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(21), 2479-2480.
Congretional Budget Office. (2005). The role of immigrants in the U.S. labor market. Washington, DC: Author.
DeLaney, S. (2012, March). Web-based marketing of alternative-sized PPE for a diverse workforce. Poster presented at the NIOSH-PPT program stakeholder meeting. Pittsburgh, PA.
Flynn, M. “Safety & the Diverse Workforce: Lessons From NIOSH’s Work With Latino Immigrants” Professional Safety, June 2014.
Gany, F., Dobslaw, R., Ramirez, J., et al. (2011). Mexican urban occupational health in the U.S.: A population at risk. Journal of Community Health, 36(2), 175-179. doi:10.1007/s10900-010-9295-9
Gomberg-Muñoz, R. (2010). Willing to work: Agency and vulnerability in an undocumented immigrant network. American Anthropologist, 112(2), 295-307. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2010.01227.x
Gouveia, L. & Saenz, R. (2000). Global forces and Latino population growth in the Midwest: A regional and subregional analysis. Great Plains Research, 10, 305-328.
Krieger, N., Waterman, P.D., Hartman, C., et al. (2006). Social hazards on the job: Workplace abuse, sexual harassment, and racial discrimination—A study of black, Latino and white low-income women and men workers in the U.S. International Journal of Health Services, 36(1), 51-85.
Landsbergis, P.A., Grzywacz, J.G. & LaMontagne, A.D. (2014). Work organization, job insecurity and occupational health disparities. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(5), 495-515.
O’Connor, T., Flynn, M.A., Weinstock, D., et al. (2011). Education and training for underserved populations. Paper presented at the Eliminating Health and Safety Disparities at Work Conference, Chicago, IL.
Passel, J.S. & Cohn, D.V. (2008). U.S. population projections: 2005-2050. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
Pew Research Center.(2005). The new Latino south: The context and consequences of rapid population growth (pp.1-45). Washington, DC: Author, Hispanic Center.
Siqueira, C.E., Gaydos, M., Monforton, C., et al. (2014). Effects of social, economic and labor policies on occupational health disparities. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(5), 557-572.
Spahr, J., Kau, T., Hsiao, H., et al. (2003, Oct.). Anthropometric differences among Hispanic occupational groups. Paper presented at the National Occupational Injury Research Symposium. Pittsburgh, PA.
|
<urn:uuid:60850151-1362-4b01-a682-0af991e18183>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2014/12/04/immigrant-osh/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153739.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728154442-20210728184442-00641.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917022 | 2,822 | 2.75 | 3 |
Modern Slavery & Trafficking
Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised.
Victims of modern slavery may be;
- forced to work – through coercion, or mental or physical threat;
- owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;
- dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as ‘property’;
- physically constrained or have restrictions placed on their freedom of movement
Although many people think of modern slavery and human trafficking as only affecting adults, it affects children as well. Both adults and children can be recruited, moved or transported and then exploited, forced to work or sold. Victims are often subject to multiple forms of exploitation. The Modern Slavery Act 2015 provides legal protection and support to victims and covers two offences – i) human trafficking and ii) forced labour and servitude.
Children do not have to prove that they have been coerced or persuaded in order to be a victim of modern slavery, i.e. a child’s consent to being trafficked is irrelevant and it is not necessary to prove coercion or any other inducement for there to be an offence. This includes their engagement in criminal activity.
It is also not just about trafficking adults and children across national borders, human trafficking can take place anywhere. The Government estimates that there are tens of thousands people in modern slavery in the UK.
Children are trafficked for;
- child sexual exploitation
- benefit fraud
- forced marriage
- domestic servitude such as cleaning, childcare, cooking
- forced labour in factories or agriculture
- criminal activity such as pickpocketing, begging, transporting drugs, working on cannabis farms, selling pirated DVDs and bag theft
Many children are trafficked into the UK from abroad, but children can also be trafficked from one part of the UK to another.
Public authorities have a duty under the Act to notify the Home Office when they come across potential victims of modern slavery and people trafficking.
- Modern Slavery Act 2015
- Home Office: A Typology of Modern Slavery Offences in the UK – Oct 2017
- Local Safeguarding Children Boards Modern Slavery Resources – August 2018
Useful links and publications
- Home Office: Modern Slavery Awareness and Victim Identification Guide
- Gov.UK – Collections/Modern Slavery
- Unseen UK
- NSPCC Child Trafficking Advice Centre
- The Salvation Army
- Migrant Help
Modern Slavery Awareness Booklet
The Home Office has published a guidance on modern slavery to help public sector workers who may not routinely come across modern slavery to recognise the signs and respond appropriately. The guide includes information on: legislation; the types of modern slavery; victims; and signs to look out for. Modern Slavery Guidance
|
<urn:uuid:a3eddb10-f32d-42e2-9c3a-80421f21b022>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://www.oscb.org.uk/safeguarding-themes/child-exploitation-modern-slavery/modern-slavery-trafficking/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104669950.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706090857-20220706120857-00638.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927612 | 602 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The sense of place both as an inner sensation and as a memory or actual place is originally derived from childhood experiences of places and events. For some, the sensations and sense of place that make a place home is the similarity to whatever home looked, smelled, and felt like when one was a very young child. For others the sense of place, though also derived from those childhood experiences, the sense of place is purely spiritual or emotional. For everyone a sense of place is necessary to their sense of well-being. With a sense of place comes a feeling of familiarity, of belonging, that brings comfort and the ability to rest and fortify oneself for the challenges found outside that place. For others it is a mental state based on how a place resonates within one’s head. Most importantly, having a sense of places means having a place inside or outside one’s head that is completely known and where one can always return. With this sensation as a base people can operate more confidently in their lives and meet life’s challenges more effectively. Such a place is needed to retreat to or to move forward from with confidence. One’s sense of place can be equated to one’s sense of self and where one belongs, or wants to belong, in one’s own world. Attacks on the sense of place through denigration of, jibing at, or encouraging you to change that place can have very negative effects. It is not that one’s sense of place can’t be altered by oneself, it’s that it should bot be altered by an outside influence, directly or indirectly, or one could become lost and feel dislocated without knowing why. The sense of place is a very personal thing and should be studied, not just noticed every once in a while; and should only be changed as a person changes with the tides of life. Would you want to continue to associate with a person wanting to change your sense of place?
|
<urn:uuid:4a24c8a0-299c-4e8f-b293-2850b984a314>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
https://ellenpardee.wordpress.com/2012/12/29/sense-of-place/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645613.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318110736-20180318130736-00613.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96811 | 403 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In spring 2008, the world woke to banner headlines describing a global rice shortage. The news was grim for that half of the world that relies on the grain as its primary food staple.
When price increases exceeded 50 percent in just two weeks, people in poor nations like Haiti rioted over the higher food costs that threatened their very lives.
The political and economic repercussions were just as dramatic. Rice-producing nations like India banned exports. The world’s poorest populations, increasingly dependent on the crop as other grains have become too costly, scrambled for international financial help.
Countries like South Korea that emphasize industrialization over agriculture saw a measureable shift in their balance of trade.
The shortage was caused by two global trends coming together—rapidly growing urban populations and an annual 3.5 percent decline in world rice production.
In an unexpected place, the Bootheel of Missouri, a research program that could increase rice production began just as the world was reading the shortage news. Using a system of watering familiar to Midwestern farmers, center-pivot irrigation, the study is looking to grow rice on land where it cannot now be planted. If successful, the project could significantly increase rice production.
Gene Stevens, an extension associate professor in the Division of Plant Sciences at the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, is directing the project in Portageville, Mo. Stevens is a member of the Commercial Agriculture Crops Team at the College’s Delta Research Center. He is looking at what irrigation, fuel and fertilizer methods are needed to grow rice with center-pivot sprinkler irrigation as compared to traditional flooded field “rice paddy” methods.
One of the main functions of growing rice in standing water is weed control. In the United States, rice fields are usually flooded with two to four inches of water one month after planting. While this ancient practice has been successful, it limits rice growth to areas adjacent to rivers and streams. This fixed acreage is being reduced globally due to urbanization pressures.
Also, water is becoming scarcer in most rice producing regions. Problems like drought in Australia are adding to the woes, too, causing farmers there to shift to less water-intensive crops.
In an effort to conserve water and allow rice plantings on fields where production is currently not possible, Stevens and his colleagues are determining the best mix of fertilizer, planting options and water application. The team is also looking at the best ways to minimize the need for fuel to power irrigation pumps and farm machines, another significant challenge in making the new method economically viable.
A new use for an American innovation
Center-pivot irrigation, also called sprinkler irrigation, was invented about 100 years ago to water the semi-arid American Great Plains. It employs a long sprinkler arm that rotates around a pivot.
Viewed from an airliner, the device creates distinctive circular crop patterns. It is extensively used in states such as Nebraska to irrigate corn.
Center-pivots can range in length from 500 yards (circle radius) to the more common quarter-mile. The sprinkler arm is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the circle. An outside set of wheels sets the master pace for the rotation, typically once every three days.
The Missouri effort expands on a decade-long Brazilian experiment raising rice under center-pivot irrigation. So far in that country, water usage has been halved and the harvest is 20 percent bigger.
But the reason for the flooding in the first place, weed control, has not been easily fixed there. Heavy amounts of herbicides and nitrogen fertilizer are needed in place of the flooding. In developed countries, that adds up to significant production costs. In developing nations where money for such chemicals is hard to come by, citizens are stuck using ancient techniques on whatever fields can be flooded.
“We had a meeting with the two farmers from Brazil who have been leaders in developing pivot irrigation in South America,” Stevens said. “They gave us some good advice on solving weed control problems that we encountered early in our study. Hopefully, our research will help them with issues such as nitrogen fertilization.”
Even with the problems, center-pivot irrigation is too water-efficient not to pursue. Soil moisture levels can be monitored and water applied only when needed. Where traditional flooding-irrigation saturates the ground throughout the growing season, center-pivot irrigation can be curtailed during rainy periods in the growing season.
Center-pivot irrigation also reduces labor which boosts the farmer’s bottom line. Many hours of work are required to construct levees and install flood gates for flooding rice fields each year.
Center-pivot irrigation also helps the farmer practice minimum tillage. This could lead to reduced runoff and greater soil productivity. Crop rotation and minimum tillage bring organic material back into the soil and reduce the high levels of compaction coming from years of growing nothing but rice.
For a hungry world where more rice is an imperative, center-pivot irrigation can even help increase the amount of land currently in production. Because channels and berms associated with flood irrigation aren’t needed, existing fields can be enlarged within their current dimensions.
Taking on the information challenges
Unfortunately, the hardware being studied in Missouri can’t just be exported to rice-growing nations alone.
Knowledge of the best use of planting techniques, herbicides and fertilizer use must also be part of the deal. This is what the scientists in southeastern Missouri are looking to quantify and publish.
“Pivot irrigation will require a higher level of management skills by farmers,” Stevens said. “Farmers will also have to increase their knowledge of weeds and pests. As with most new technologies, to be successful, there is a steep learning curve to be overcome.”
For example, Stevens and his team found that one species of pigweeds, Amaranthus palmeri, became resistant to a family of herbicides in the Delta Center test fields. “This was a setback for us at first until we identified the problem and switched to other another type of control practice which has been effective,” Stevens commented.
Another challenge to center-pivot irrigated rice is nitrogen management, Stevens said. As the Brazilian experience shows, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer needed to maintain production yields can go up as water irrigation is reduced. One objective of the Missouri research is to determine the optimum balance between water and nitrogen based on soil type and climate.
The Missouri experiment is being conducted using a linear-moving center-pivot sprinkler irrigation system located on a Tiptonville silt loam soil field. A control farm using conventional flood irrigation is located at Delta Research Center’s Lee Farm. Rice in both locations was planted in early May 2008.
To determine the optimum blend of water and fertilizer, different plots of rice receive a similar amount of water but varying amounts of fertilizer—ranging from zero to 225 pounds of total nitrogen per acre. Stevens is also studying using fertigation, liquid fertilizer applied in the irrigation water, to spoon-feed the rice. The control farm uses standard flood irrigation and with the same nitrogen treatments.
To provide objective data to gauge the success of nitrogen and irrigation applications, overhead digital images of the rice plots are recorded and processed with a unique software program to determine the percent of green pixels—the healthy, growing plants. Yardsticks were placed between drill rows and visible numbers are counted to estimate canopy development and nitrogen demand.
The plots will mechanically harvested with total yield measured as well as the percentage of complete and broken grains.
There are other research aspects, too. “We are working with the irrigation manufacturer to evaluate wheel configurations on the pivot systems to be sure the tires do not get stuck in wet soils,” Stevens said. “This could be especially important in countries with high seasonal rainfalls such as Southeast Asia.”
Benefitting Missouri as well as the world
While these techniques promise to increase rice production globally, they may also boost Missouri’s agricultural economy by planting more acres of an ever-increasingly important export crop.
In the U.S., more than 100 varieties of rice are commercially produced. Missouri is one of six states along the Mississippi River that can produce the product. In the 2006 crop year, domestic rice production was valued at $1.88 billion, approximately half of which was exported. The U.S. provides about 12 percent of rice that moves in world trade.
The majority of domestic utilization of U.S. rice is direct food use (58 percent), while 16 percent is used in processed foods and beer. The remaining 10 percent goes into pet foods. The Anheuser-Busch Brewery in St. Louis is the largest consumer of rice grown in Missouri.
“Rice is already an important crop in Southeast Missouri, but information developed from this research could result in more rice acres being planted in other locations of the state,” said Stevens. “The economic impact would go beyond farmers, creating jobs in rice processing endeavors such as the Riceland mill at New Madrid, Mo.”
So, will center-pivot system catch on? “We do not know, yet,” said Stevens. “Keep watching the national news.”
|
<urn:uuid:c8094bb9-903d-440b-a7de-635716f7f87a>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
https://cafnr.missouri.edu/2008/07/growing-rice-where-it-has-never-been-grown-before/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741151.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20181112215517-20181113001517-00370.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951887 | 1,922 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The Africana Studies Program at Rutgers Camden invited the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N’COBRA) to speak students Thursday night. Professor Mahdi Ibn-Ziyad introduced the topic of reparations being passed due toward African Americans. The class was split up into five groups and each had a student leader. Each group was assigned a topic to discuss, and one of the feature topics was “Reparations to African Americans have already been paid.”
The group shared that reparations have not been paid. “Welfare was not created based on race, so it is not a reparation” one of the members said. “There are more white people on welfare than there are black. We still haven’t gotten our 40 acres and a mule.” Resources are being held in banks, insurance companies and corporate businesses. Many businesses today were built from the money of the slave trade. Many African Americans are victims of consumer fraud from major banks, especially college students. Student loans are taken out from banks that thrived from the slave trade. A power point lecture was presented on the history of African American slaves.
A report was shown that the reparations has been given back to other people except blacks. In 1830, General William T. Sherman created an order that land grants that would be given to newly freed slaves. It promised 40 acres and a mule, but that order never passed the House of Representatives. “Blacks who are eligible, should be granted checks from the money gained from the slave trade,” another member said. “Blacks have the right to know which banks were created from the slave trade so that they are aware when choosing banks.”
Money is not the only form of reparation that was discussed. Education and media play a role as well. Student leader, Dashell Shaw, believes that people need to be more educated about African American history.
“Textbooks need to be changed because schools have either been altering history or not going in depth about the truth,” Shaw said. The media continues to control the image of African Americans.
African Americans are seen in a negative light and not always acknowledged for their work. The hashtag #oscarsowhite is a term that is trending, not only because of the unbalanced representation but lack of recognition for African American work. The rights African Americans have gained today was fought for. In order for something to be a reparation, it has to be given in benevolence from whites.
The head of the Africana Department, Dr. Kevin Green believes that whites owe reparations on a macro level. “We are not looking for reparations from any individual. It needs to come from American businesses and corporations,” Dr. Green said. African Americans who are entitled to reparations has to be descendants of slaves. Another student leader, Nairobi Colon believes that there should be a distinction between which African American gets reparations.
“There should be a system created to make sure the right people are getting back what was taken from them. It has to be fair,” Colon said. Dr. Green says that entitlement should be a global process. Each country should have its own system of handling reparations. “Black people, anywhere are entitled to reparations if their ancestors suffered slavery. It shouldn’t only be limited to Americans, because slaves were scattered all around the world. Those who never got it are entitled to it.”
|
<urn:uuid:68ee2ff8-e4b2-4d5d-be3b-76e77c65cc0c>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
https://ruvoicemagazine.com/2016/03/04/rutgers-camden-speaks-out-about-reparations/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890928.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121234728-20180122014728-00510.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978398 | 721 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Find content from Thinkfinity Partners using a visual bookmarking and sharing tool.
Home › Results from ReadWriteThink
1-10 of 18 Results from ReadWriteThink
page | 1 2
- Classroom Resources | Grades 7 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 19
Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863.
Students practice the Pre-AP strategy called SOAPSTone, identifying important parts of the Gettysburg Address and comparing it with John F. Kennedy's inaugural speech.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 5 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 27
America celebrates Thanksgiving Day today.
After reading the book Thank You, Sarah: The Woman Who Saved Thanksgiving, students read the letter Hale sent to Lincoln and brainstorm a list of ways to make their community better.
- Classroom Resources | Grades K – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 1
Celebrate National Family Literacy Day!
Parents, grandparents, and other family members are invited to the classroom for a family-school reading day.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 5 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 8
In 1847, Bram Stoker, the author of Dracula was born.
Students brainstorm the superstitions they know and small groups research one of the superstitions to determine its origin and meaning or purpose. Students can write about the superstition using the Mystery Cube interactive.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 5 – 8 | Calendar Activity | November 6
James Naismith, inventor of the game of basketball, was born in 1861.
Students look at Naismith's original 13 rules for basketball and write about the rules and how they have changed in small groups.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 9 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 30
Jonathan Swift was born on this day in 1667.
Students explore satire and parody in television and film, advertising, and journalism and create a display that highlights their findings.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 9 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 9
Kristallnacht occurred in 1938.
To help understand the thinking of German leaders during the Holocaust, students write about a time when they failed to come to the assistance of someone who needed help.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 7 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 29
Louisa May Alcott was born in 1832.
Students brainstorm important events and people that might serve as the beginning of an interesting piece of writing. They then use the Bio-Cube to plan their writing and write an essay about a memorable person.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 3 – 8 | Calendar Activity | November 18
Mickey Mouse appeared in his first animated feature.
Students create a short, humorous story with at least one action character, and then use online tools to make a flipbook.
- Classroom Resources | Grades 3 – 12 | Calendar Activity | November 1
November is National American Indian Heritage Month.
Students explore Native American heritage through the study of pourquoi tales, write their own original pourquoi tales, and use the ReadWriteThink Printing Press to publish them.
page | 1 2
|
<urn:uuid:225331f3-67fb-4796-ba68-717d2c47adc7>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-49
|
http://www.readwritethink.org/search/?resource_type=20&calendar-month=11
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380627.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00170-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.902964 | 657 | 3.5 | 4 |
Heat waves create a mirage above the horizon in Afghanistan’s aptly named Desert of Death in 1968.
Photograph by Thomas J. Abercrombie, National Geographic
An adventurous geologist ventures close to a volcano raining molten rock in Mauna Ulu, Hawaii.
Photograph by Robert Madden, National Geographic
A desert water hole provides an oasis for thirsty cattle in Arizona, 1922.
Photograph by C. Wharton James, National Geographic
Colorful fabric protects a man from the Egyptian heat.
Photograph by B. Anthony Stewart, National Geographic
Wind-whipped flames engulf hundred-foot trees in Willamette National Forest, Oregon, in 1968.
Photograph by Bates Littlehales, National Geographic
A hunter rests on parched earth in Tsumkwe, Namibia, in 2008.
Photograph by Chris Johns, National Geographic
Furnaces heat fine crystal at the Eisch Glass Works factory in Germany, 1974.
George F. Mobley, National Geographic
Sand and rain batter a lone automobile in Kuwait City, Kuwait, 1969.
Photograph by David Cupp, National Geographic
A cactus soaks up the desert heat near Phoenix, Arizona, in 1910.
National Geographic Stock
Steam rises from a sulphuric boulder in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii, in 1959.
Photograph by Paul Zahl, National Geographic
Scalding lava oozes from the Earth in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.
Photograph by Frans Lanting, National Geographic
|
<urn:uuid:773c7f93-762d-44d2-8785-112dde8d1604>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/nationalgeographic.com/125/photos/explore-heat/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272256.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00362-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.781166 | 324 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Allocate at least 4 hours in the field to complete this field experience.
Part 1: Mini-Lesson Plan
Use the data received from the “Clinical Field Experience B” pre-assessment to complete the “ELA Mini-Lesson Plan” template. Be sure to incorporate the chosen book identified with your mentor teacher to create ELA activities in your mini-lesson plan. This mini-lesson plan will be administered to the selected group of students to support instruction to meet the selected standards.
Your mini-lesson should include.
- Grade level, ELA standards, learning objectives, description of the unit the field experience class is currently learning
- Book that can be used to create ELA activities appropriate for the identified students.
- Instructional strategies that encourage students to apply listening, speaking, and writing skills OR apply personal opinions toward the interpretation of texts.
- A 100-150 word description of the ELA learning activity that is directly related to the data received from the pre-assessment
- Formative Assessment (to be created and administered in Clinical Field Experience D)
Part 2: Mini-Lesson Plan Implementation
After completing the “ELA Mini-Lesson Plan,” share it with your mentor teacher for feedback. Provided permission, teach the mini-lesson plan to the small group of selected students. During your lesson, ensure you are answering questions from your students, asking questions that support critical thinking and problem solving, and observing the understanding from each student. (This might require formative assessments before, during, and after the lesson to determine understanding.)
If you are not able to implement the lesson, speak with your instructor for an alternate assignment.
Speak with your mentor teacher and, provided permission, use any remaining time to seek out opportunities to observe and/or assist your mentor teacher or another teacher and work with a small group of students on instruction in the classroom. Your mentor teacher must approve any hours spent observing another classroom environment.
Part 3: Reflection
In 250-500 words, summarize and reflect upon mentor teacher feedback related to your lesson plan, as well as lesson delivery. Identify successes of your lesson plan delivery as well as areas of potential growth.
*What accommodations, if any would you implement during testing to meet the needs of diverse students?
*Be sure to explain how you will use your findings in your future professional practice.
Submit the “ELA Mini-Lesson Plan” and reflection as one deliverable.
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a rubric. Review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
|
<urn:uuid:ca6897c5-bd89-4509-af19-086f253d591f>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://myperfectpapers.com/clinical-field-experience-c-literacy-pre-assessment-and-lesson-plan/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301264.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119064554-20220119094554-00482.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918189 | 562 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Science of Breathing
Updated: Nov 18, 2020
Who would have thought that we need to consider breathing, it is something that takes care of itself. When we need oxygen we breath in and out, as we exercise we breath quicker, thereby getting more oxygen in to our bodies allowing us to continue to exercise. What if this was wrong? What if we turn the sentence around and consider that it is not the consumption of oxygen rather the removal of used air.
First consider the mechanics of breathing. Breathing is so natural that we don’t even really think about it, but it is amazing, all a result of air pressure and the difference between our internal pressure and the external pressure. Generally, this takes care of itself.
To breath in, our diaphragm is pulled down and contracts, our external intercostal muscles contract and pull our rib cage up and out. Simultaneously, our internal intercostal muscles relax and allow our ribcage to move up and out. This action increases the size of our thoracic cavity, decreasing the pressure within the lungs. This allows air to move into our lungs, pulled in by the difference in air pressure between the air around us and the internal pressure. As we want to breath deeper, the diaphragm is pulled down further, our intercostal muscles contact further increasing the difference in air pressure.
Breathing out happens in reverse, causing an increase in the air pressure within the thoriac cavity which is higher than the air around us, causing air to leave our lungs.
With me so far? Nothing said will change your understanding of breathing, yet.
Now what causes fatigue?
A number of things, well four to be slightly more precise, cause fatigue;
1. A build up of lactic acid.
2. An increase in muscle carbon dioxide (CO2).
3. Lack of energy sources to resynthesise ATP (Anodose Tri Phosphate).
Breathing helps with the first three;
1. Lactic acid is broken down with oxygen and when enough oxygen is present lactic acid is not produced (aerobic glycolis). And if we exercise below our lactate threshold, lactic acid is not an issue.
2. Oxygen can replace the CO2 within the muscles, provided we have sufficient oxygen available to replenish the muscles store of oxygen.
3. Our aerobic system can provide an almost unlimited supply of oxygen and the ability to resynthesise ATP. Provided we work within our aerobic threshold and have enough of a food supply to support this, we can continue to exercise for a very long period of time.
Now consider numbers two and three. If we can speed up the removal of carbon dioxide we can exercise at a higher intensity for longer.
Does that change how you think about your breathing?
Let’s just change the focus of breathing when we exercise, rather than breathing in and taking in more oxygen, we focus on breathing out. Getting rid of the carbon dioxide to allow our muscles to better absorb the oxygen.
In practice, rather than focusing on the breathing in, remember above, that takes care of itself, focus on forcefully breathing out, breathing out the carbon dioxide that is causing the fatigue within our muscles. There is loads of oxygen in the air (about 21%) and the air we breath out is still (about 17%) oxygen rich.
Now do we think about our breathing differently? Focus on breathing out.
|
<urn:uuid:6baac3e3-504e-47dd-84de-a822c41c943e>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-21
|
https://www.maximumtraining.co.uk/post/the-science-of-breathing
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991641.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511025739-20210511055739-00302.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938315 | 717 | 3.25 | 3 |
The postwoman Eva Kluge slowly climbs the steps of 55 Jablonski Strasse.
–Hans Fallada - Alone in Berlin - c.1947, 2009
translated by Michael Hofman
Given all the tragedy, destruction, and horrors of World War II I don’t often stop to consider what life was like for “normal people” under the Nazis. But of course Hitler was a dictator and a tyrant, the Nazis were made up of people who supported him and his rise to power. So of course Nazi Germany was a place full of distrust and horror and all the injustices, small and large, that keep fear burning and so monsters in charge.
And thinking about it now, if you were an ordinary person in Berlin in the 1930s how could you have resisted? Knowing the support the Nazis had and knowing that any revenge would be dealt not only to you but also to your family, friends, and possibly anyone you had contact with. How could you resist when you couldn’t trust anyone else to help you? What would you do?
Alone in Berlin was written in 1947, and tells a fictionalised version of a true story. Otto and Elise Hampel started writing a series of postcards decrying what was going on. Urging people to resist. They wrote over 200 postcards.
In this book Fallada takes their story and uses it to tell the story of Berlin under the Nazis. Not to excuse the German people, this book certainly points out that the majority went along with the Nazis without resisting, but to show the fear and terror that gripped the people of Berlin. How fear can enable people to switch off their moral code and turn a blind eye to horrific injustices and to betray their own family and friends.
It is a fascinating book, but also a bleak one. From the outset you worry about Otto and Anna Quangel1 and you get the impression that things will not end well for them. But all around them are people struggling to survive. Struggling to understand, in Eva Kluge’s case, how a beloved son, a “good boy” could turn out to be a Nazi soldier capable of committing atrocities. But also there are those who see the war and the fear as an opportunity. Spy on your neighbour, denounce them and maybe you’ll get a reward, or get to steal from them.
Many many characters do not portray humanity in a positive way. And even the “heroes” are only moved to act because of personal grief, up until then they were content to support the system even while not agreeing with it all.
But although it is a depressing subject, I don’t think that the book is without hope. After all, in the end the Nazis were defeated, small comfort to the millions they murdered I know. And people did stand up to them, maybe in small ways, maybe they could have been more effective, but as Otto says
the main thing was, you fought back
Fallada’s fictional couple based on the Hampels ↩
|
<urn:uuid:2adb1b89-6ba9-4dae-920c-fab3f39c7bed>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
http://www.susanhatedliterature.net/2018/03/alone-in-berlin/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198868.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920223634-20200921013634-00676.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979852 | 634 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Foreclosure is the process by which the lender takes control of the property and sells it to raise money to pay the debt. The process varies depending on if your state is a judicial or nonjudicial state.
This post is designed to guide homeowners in Judicial foreclosure States as to how foreclosure process works.
1. The Foreclosure Process
Foreclosure is the process by which the lender takes control of the property which was pledged as collateral for the mortgage debt and sells the property to raise money to pay on the debt created by the Note. The sale extinguishes the borrower’s interest in the property although some states have redemption period after the sale. Other interests are also extinguished if the foreclosure is done properly, including the rights of other owners, spouses, junior mortgages, lienholders, and some taxes. The foreclosure process is very different depending on whether it is judicial or non-judicial. In the US, approximately half of the states permit non-judicial foreclosure. The rest of the states require judicial foreclosure. A few states allow both. However, the process is different in each state; accordingly the material here is intended as a general guide. It is for educational purposes only, and is not legal advice.
2. Interested Parties
In order for the interests of all parties who may have a claim to the property be extinguished, the foreclosure must be done properly, and all interested parties must be given proper notice as detailed by state law. The typical interested parties are other owners of the property, spouses, junior mortgages, lienholders, and some taxes. If the borrower is deceased, his or her heirs and estate are interested parties.
3. Judicial Foreclosure
Judicial foreclosure is a lawsuit, similar to other kinds of lawsuits. It is formal and much more complex, and generally takes longer than non-judicial foreclosure, although this varies by jurisdiction. The point of a judicial foreclosure is for the lender to obtain from the court a judgment in foreclosure, and the right to hold a sale of the mortgaged property. The court is involved in the foreclosure process all the way through. So, if a borrower feels there is something wrong or improper occurring, he or she can raise those issues within the judicial foreclosure proceeding.
4. Notice of Default and Acceleration
Most mortgage and most states’ laws require the lender to give a borrower advance notice that a foreclosure is about to start, and an opportunity to cure the default. The cure period is typically between 20 and 60 days, depending on the mortgage document and state law.
5. Service of Process
Lawsuits are begun by service of process. All states have laws that govern exactly how this has to work to be valid. In most states, it means that the Summons and Complaint (see below) must be handed directly to you or to an adult member of your household. However, all states have laws to cover situations where you avoid service of process or cannot be served personally. Service of process must be done properly in accordance with the law of the state in question to be valid. These days we see many examples of improper service of process. If process is not served properly, this issue MUST be raised before any other defensive pleadings or it is waived.
6. Summons and Complaint
This is usually the first evidence that a borrower in a judicial state sees that his or her property is being subjected to foreclosure. A Complaint is filed by the lender or its agent, the loan servicer, with the Clerk of the court having jurisdiction over foreclosures in that county. The Clerk issues a Summons, and that, with the Complaint, is then delivered personally to the borrower and any other interested parties (other property owners, spouses, junior mortgages and liens, condominium and homeowners’ associations). Service of the Summons and Complaint starts the clock ticking for the party served to defend if he, she or it is going to do so. The party suing is the Plaintiff, the parties being sued are Defendants. The Complaint asks that the court accelerate the obligation to pay the entire mortgage debt in full, with all accrued costs, fees, advances and expenses.
If a borrower or other interested party has any reason to contest a foreclosure, he she or it needs to file a Response to the Complaint unless there is a defective process service issue (see above). There are many different kinds of responses, and it is critical that the right one be utilized at the right time. Motions and other objections normally deal with preliminary matters of some kind, including technical defects in the Complaint, technical defects in service of process, etc. There are various kinds of preliminary motions. Most applicable usually to foreclosure, depending on the facts, are Motions to Quash Service, Motions to Dismiss, Motions to Strike, and often there are others, depending on the specific law and procedure of the state in question.
8. Response – Answer
Answers fully address the allegations of the Complaint. In most cases, if issues exist which can be raised by Motion or Objection, this is waived if an Answer is filed first. Answers raise legal issues which are defenses to foreclosure (See Guide – Defenses to Foreclosure). The amount of time allowed for a Response is governed by state law, usually 20 or 30 days. Many people try to file their own “Answer”. This is normally a very dangerous move. The filing of an Answer generally extinguishes the right to file preliminary motions, which can be critical to the correct handling of a defense case. The only things which should be contained in an Answer are legal defenses to foreclosure. These are rarely what you would expect. Typically, the sorts of things people file talk about their financial difficulties, about the fact that they are trying to get the mortgage company to work with them, or trying to get a better job, and that they need more time.
If a Defendant does not file a response within the time allowed by law, the Plaintiff can cause default to be entered against that Defendant, which precludes his or her being able to raise defenses. In some states, it also allows the foreclosure to proceed without any further notice to defaulting defendants.
If a borrower has been wronged by the mortgage lender or servicer, he or she may file a counterclaim. A counterclaim is just that – a suit within a suit, where the Borrower is suing the Lender or Servicer.
Interrogatories, Requests for Production, Requests for Admission, Depositions – These are tools which can be used by any party to a lawsuit to obtain more information to prove or disprove his, her or its case. Interrogatories are written questions which one party serves on the other, demanding information. Requests for Production are requests for tangible things, such as documents, files, objects, etc. Requests for Admissions are used by attorneys to attempt to compel the other side to admit or deny issues. Depositions are in-person testimony, under oath, all of which is taken down by a court reporter. Cases may involve all or any combination of these, however each jurisdiction has specific rules as to when discovery can be propounded, how long the other side has to respond, and how to handle a failure to respond or to respond properly. Properly done discovery is usually the key to a successful outcome in a lawsuit.
12. Burden of Proof
Normally, whichever party raises an issue has the burden of proving it. This means that if I say you owe me money, I have to be able to prove it. If I say I own the mortgage on your home, I have to be able to prove it. As mentioned above, well-done discovery will allow your attorney to find out whether I can prove it or not. As an example, if you claim that the mortgage company did not apply payments correctly, you have to be able to prove it. You may be able to do this with your records, but it would also be of tremendous use to get the mortgage company’s records of what payments they applied to see if their records are right. So, in a Judicial Foreclosure, the Plaintiff has the burden of proving its right to foreclose, the amount of the debt and the existence and details of default. The defendant has the burden of proving any affirmative defenses he she or it raises.
13. Summary Judgment
Either party has the right to ask the court to grant summary judgment in its favor. Normally, the Motion for Summary Judgment is supported by affidavits from potential witnesses supporting their claims. If granted, that ends the case – it means the moving party wins. Summary judgment is the goal of foreclosure plaintiffs. Technically, it means that the court is convinced that there is no reason for a trial, that the pleadings and issues raised in the case by the parties demonstrate that the party requesting summary judgment does not have to do any more to prove its case. If a defendant does not raise issues which constitute defenses to foreclosure, and does not establish that there are issues that need to be sorted out at trial, the court is likely to grant summary judgment, since that removes one more case from the court’s swollen caseload.
14. Summary Judgement (Cont.)
If a defendant has been defaulted, the way to summary judgment for the Plaintiff is wide open. If a defendant has filed a homemade “answer” telling the court that he, she or it can’t pay right now, is trying to get a modification, is trying to get a better job, needs more time, likewise the way to summary judgment for the Plaintiff is wide open. If the defendant has properly raised legitimate issues, there is a chance of surviving summary judgment and if a summary judgment is improperly granted anyway, that may be a basis for appeal. The Order granting Summary Judgment normally itemizes the entire amount claimed to be due at that point – the entire mortgage debt in full, with all accrued costs, fees, advances and expenses. Once Summary Judgment is granted, the next step normally is the scheduling of a foreclosure sale.
If neither party is able to obtain Summary Judgment, and unless the dispute is settled by agreement, the next step is trial. Trial is a full scale proceeding. Some states allow for trial by jury, others do not, but most mortgage documents contain a jury trial waiver which the borrower consented to at closing. At trial a judge with or without a jury hears and rules on all the evidence presented, hears the arguments of counsel and makes a decision. If a Counterclaim has been filed and has not been disposed of via Summary Judgment, the counterclaim may allow for trial by jury. At the conclusion of the trial, if the Plaintiff wins, then it proceeds to set a sale (see below). If it loses, it will be unable to proceed any further with the foreclosure process. If it did lose, depending on the reason why, it may be possible for another Plaintiff to bring an action for foreclosure.
16. Foreclosure Sale
In order for a foreclosure sale to be held in a judicial foreclosure, the actual lawsuit must be over, either through Summary Judgment or after trial, and all that remains are the final details of getting the property sold. Again the process and details vary by state, but all entail setting a date for sale. Notice of the date is given to all interested parties and in many states also provided publicly in the newspaper and often now by posting on the web sites of Courts, Clerks of Court or other similar locations. The foreclosure sale is handled by a judicial officer – in some states it is the Sheriff, in some states it is the Clerk of Courts, in some states a referral is made to a court-appointed master. The date is set, notice is given, and then the actual sale occurs. It is generally in the form of an auction.
17. Foreclosure Sale (cont.)
The foreclosing lender sends a representative to bid. Its bid is usually the total amount due it, although sometimes if the property is underwater, the lender will reduce its bid in the hope that it will be outbid by a third party. If a junior lienholder or third party is the high bidder, it is the successful purchaser. However, in many places now, when the mortgage debt equals or exceeds the current value of the property, there are no other bidders, and so the mortgage company wind up as the high bidder. Normally the entire bid amount must be paid right away in full. There is some time period after the sale before the sale is confirmed. This varies by state. Once the sale is confirmed, a document is issued to the buyer conveying title. Depending on the state, it might be a Sheriff’s Deed, a Certificate of Title or some other instrument, but the practical effect is to convey title. Once the new buyer owns the property, they can do what they want, subject to right of redemption.
18. Deficiency Judgments
Many states provide a mechanism for a foreclosing Plaintiff to recover a deficiency judgment, usually consisting of the shortfall between the total owed by the borrower and the value of the property it recovers if it buys it at the foreclosure sale. In those states that permit this, a borrower is not done with the obligation simply because he she or it allows a foreclosure to be completed. It is very important to understand whether or not you may be exposed for a deficiency judgment before you decide whether to oppose foreclosure or to consider bankruptcy. For details of how deficiency judgments work in Florida, check my Legal Guide on deficiency judgments. While the guide is geared to Florida, the concept is similar in other states that permit it, although the details and time-frames vary. Some states do not allow deficiency judgments under some circumstances.
For Your Complete Judicial Foreclosure Kit With Well Structured Pleadings and Step by Step Guide For Your Wrongful Foreclosure Defense Visit:http://www.fightforeclosure.net
|
<urn:uuid:f53c4ec0-93b0-44fb-a02e-eae0661bf1f3>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
https://fightforeclosure.net/2013/08/13/what-homeowners-needs-to-know-about-judicial-foreclosure-process/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541318556.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216065654-20191216093654-00097.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956257 | 2,850 | 2.96875 | 3 |
One of the most enduring motifs of Egyptian anti-Semitism is that of a dark and
unrelenting Jewish-Zionist conspiracy to infiltrate and destroy its neighbors in the
region and take over the world. (cartoon example) Here, Jews are seen as the origin of evil and corruption,
spreading AIDS, prostitution and the insidious destruction of Egyptian society. One theory
growing in popularity is that of Holocaust denial, accusing Jews and Israel of using the
myth of the Holocaust to garner international sympathy and support.
Among the most malicious of these conspiracy canards are accusations against Zionists
and Jews of spreading poisons and deadly disease among Arabs. In January 1995, Al-Ahram
accused Israel of spreading the AIDS virus among 305 Palestinian youths in Gaza and
the West Bank, citing (falsely) the Israeli newspaper Yediot Ahronot as the source.
When the Israeli daily denied publishing such a story, Al-Ahram published a rare
AI-Shaab, an opposition newspaper, has long been preoccupied with nefarious
Judaic-Israeli conspiracies. It has accused Israel of spreading AIDS and other diseases
and Jews of distributing illicit drugs and narcotics and luring Egyptian youth into a
Several Egyptian newspapers published articles in 1993 claiming Israel was flooding
their country with fruits and vegetables laced with poisons. In 1996, rumors surfaced in
the press that Israeli-made chewing gum, exported to Egypt, was intended to make Arab
Another recurring motif is that of Judaism as an evil and immoral religion which aims
to corrupt Islam and invoke blood rituals that call for the murder of gentile children. In
June 1995, Al-Ahram termed Judaism "inherently aggressive." Al-Wafd recently
published an article stating that Jews sacrifice Christian and Moslem children in order to
use their blood for various ceremonies. The writer also emphasized that, "Jews have
gained great skill in kidnapping children."
Throughout 1995 the pro-government religious weekly, Aqidati, published numerous
articles citing the Talmud and other sources to document Israeli "take-over
schemes." In June 1995, one writer claimed the Jews established the Rotary clubs
"to humiliate Christian and Islamic nations."
In a March 1995 article in Al-Ahram, Mustafa Mahmud claimed "an
international conspiracy is being conducted against Islam and is being carried out by
industrial countries steered by Jewish money." The following November, Mahmud
described Jews as "abnormal." He wrote, "They are like monkeys and other
jungle dwellers." Massacre, murder and genocide, Mahmud claimed, are central tenets
of the Jewish religion.
Shimon Peress concept of a "new Middle East," one based upon regional
cooperation and common markets, unleashed a storm of accusations by the Egyptian press
declaring his idea proof of Israels intent for regional economic domination. (cartoon example) The
foreword to the Egyptian edition of Peress book, The New Middle East, published
by AI-Ahram press, carried the following: "When the Protocols of the Elders
of Zion were discovered about 200 years ago by a French woman and disseminated in
mans languages, including Arabic, the international Zionist establishment tried its
best to deny the plot. They even claimed that it was fabricated and sought to acquire all
the copies on the market in order to prevent them from being read. And now, it is
precisely Shimon Peres who brings the cutting proof of their validity. His book confirms
in so clear a way that it cannot be denied that the Protocols were true indeed.
Peress book is yet another step in the execution of these dangerous plots."
In February 1997, after the Anti-Defamation League complained to the government-owned
English-language Egyptian Gazette of an article promoting a "scientific"
studs with blatant anti-Semitic motivations, the Gazette published a response
claiming it was "not against the Jews or Judaism," but that at the same time, "The
Zionist Wisemen of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, described by the ADL fax as
age-old anti-Semitic writing, is a book acknowledged by many world institutions to be
telling the secret motivations of the Zionists intentions and plots."
The theme of Judeo-Zionist plots also extended to manufacturing the myth of the
Holocaust. In a ten-part series from December 1995 through February 1996, Salah Muntasir
published his impressions of a visit to Israel. He concluded that Jews perpetuated myths
and stories. The most important myths of the 20th century were those of the Nazi
crematoria and the Arab threat. The myth of the crematoria was used to gain the
worlds sympathy as a people. while the myth of the Arab threat gained them the
worlds support as a nation and a state. Roger Garaudy, the French Holocaust denier
who argued that Israel uses "the myth of the six million to build its state and
justify attacks on Palestinians," visited Egypt in November 1996, where he was hailed
by the Egyptian press and intellectuals as "a great man.
Next: The Media As Political Instrument
|
<urn:uuid:af159ca7-2d81-4951-aea1-b334838399d1>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://archive.adl.org/egyptian_media/old_egyptian_conspiracy.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00298-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945696 | 1,090 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How to Avoid Noise from Digital Zoom
For many photographers, understanding how to avoid noise from digital zoom can be quite a challenge. Digital zoom is a feature of many digital cameras which kicks in when the optical zoom has been fully extended. In contrast to optical zoom, which uses a physical lens to decrease apparent distance between photographer and subject, the digital zoom feature affects only the software side of digital photography. It enhances a portion of the image by blowing it up and adding pixels based on the digital zoom program's approximation of what should be in the photo. Due to the crudeness of this process, photographs taken with high digital zoom can have a grainy look caused by image noise.
Here are a few suggestion which should help you avoid this problem.
Method 1 - Shoot at a Low ISO
The ISO setting on your camera controls how sensitive it is to light. At a higher ISO, it will be easier to shoot in well-lit or outdoor environments. This also causes a camera at a high ISO to pick up more light than necessary. Avoid this by using your camera's intelligent ISO mode, (often denoted by an icon of a lower-case "i" within a rectangle) which selects the lowest reasonable ISO.
Method 2 - Quicker Shutter Speed
The longer your shutter is open, the more light will enter. If you digital camera has advanced settings, increase your shutter speed (that is, select a higher number, to effect a lower interval) to eliminate excess noise.
Method 3 - Shoot Well-Lit Photos
Noise will first appear in the darker areas of your image. If you must use digital zoom, use it only when there is an appropriate amount of light. Any more light than is necessary will cause noise, which can be partially negated by the first two methods, but any less light than is necessary will serve only to create a dark image. Often, using a photo editor to increase the lighting levels of a dark photograph taken with digital zoom will only cause more image noise.
Method 4 - Shoot with the Best Possible Camera
The quality of a camera's sensor chip, as well as that of its image compression algorithms, will affect noise levels.
Consider two hypothetical cameras. The first is shooting at 10 megapixels with 3x digital zoom, an outdated sensor, and JPG compression. The second has the same stated megapixelage and digital zoom levels, but uses a higher-quality sensor and outputs images in the uncompressed RAW format. The second camera will produce images with much less unwanted texture. On whatever camera you have, be sure to shoot at the highest quality setting.
Method 5 - A Final Recommendation
It is best to avoid using digital zoom when and where possible. Digital zoom is no excuse to not approach a subject and try to achieve a comparable image using only optics. Provided you have access to software that can blow up photos with pixel interpolation, in-camera digital zoom has no advantage over processing your image on your computer.Popular Cameras for High Quality Photos:
|
<urn:uuid:370cc631-9a08-4225-9fe9-df2c08ee413d>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.steves-digicams.com/knowledge-center/how-tos/digital-camera-operation/how-to-avoid-noise-from-digital-zoom.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010956215/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091556-00002-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923368 | 618 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Kinetic Chain: What is it?
No surprise, our bodies are complex systems. What we sometimes forget, though, is that everything is interconnected. So when one part is not working optimally, it throws off ten others. Remember singing this as a kid?
The head bone’s connected to the neck bone.
The neck bone’s connected to the shoulder bone.
The shoulder bone’s connected to the back bone…
Well, the adult version can go on for days. Muscles, connective tissues, joints, bones, nerves, and gravity, all work together to create a delicate system that, ideally, works effectively and efficiently. This system, a series of moving parts, is referred to as the kinetic chain. The nervous system controls the muscles, which are influenced by gravity, that move our bones and enable joint motion. From there, every motion activates neighboring nerves that control neighboring muscles, which are influenced by gravity, that move neighboring bones and enable neighboring joint motion. In short, every action within our body creates a ripple effect across the whole kinetic chain.
Biomechanics: What does it mean?
Poor biomechanics cause the body to overcompensate for failing links, resulting in increased energy expenditure, muscle fatigue, and pain.
Biomechanics is a term to describe how the kinetic chain is functioning. Healthy biomechanics enable us to move efficiently by properly supporting all the elements of the kinetic chain. Poor biomechanics cause the body to overcompensate for failing links, resulting in increased energy expenditure, muscle fatigue, and pain. What’s worse, any even temporally failing link can influence and alter the brains record on how to move optimally. This is what leads to poor habit formation, and the continuation of poor biomechanics.
Why do we care?
Put simply, pain. When our bodies are consistently functioning with poor biomechanics, elements within the kinetic chain accumulate stress and damage. Over time, this accumulation leads to injury, fatigue, and pain.
If we fail to treat the source of dysfunction within the kinetic chain, our symptoms will likely reoccur.
Understanding of the kinetic chain can enable us to effectively treat our pain. If we just treat the location of the symptoms, or use a singular correction approach, we fail to treat the source of dysfunction within the kinetic chain and the symptoms will likely reoccur.
This is the premise of our posture training shirt. It teaches proper form and develops healthy biomechanical habits for long-lasting relief from pain.
|
<urn:uuid:164d5627-951c-438d-905e-a17b69977e4f>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://activaided.com/blog/the-kinetic-chain/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375096.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306131539-20210306161539-00059.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918757 | 528 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A controversial scientific revolution that could give packaged foods a dramatically longer shelf life and boost crop growth has "real potential" to help feed a fast-growing world, according to environment secretary Hilary Benn.
New developments in nanotechnology, engineering carried out at a microscopic level, could lead to plastic packaging designed to stop food and drink spoiling by killing bacteria or preventing oxygen getting through the container.
The technology could also be used to enrich food with supplements and preserve vitamins that would otherwise be destroyed as food aged. Farmers could also use it to ensure the slow release of fertilisers at the right time for crops, and to detect threats from pests or pollutants. The technology is, however, highly controversial, with green campaigners arguing that its effects on human health are unknown.
Benn is spearheading a government project on how to cope with an estimated doubling in demand for food production worldwide by 2050, driven by a growing population and changing dietary habits in emerging nations.
"Nanotechnology has clear potential," he told the Observer. "As with all of these technologies, the government's job is to make sure we fully understand the consequences of using it, but clearly it has got real potential. We ought to be looking at all the means at our disposal."
Nanotechnology is increasingly being seen as a successor to genetically modified (GM) techniques in food production, with GM trials meeting consumer resistance and sabotage by activists.
The science is still in its infancy, but materials currently in development include fizzy-drink bottles made with nanoparticles embedded in the lining to stop carbon dioxide leaking out of the bottle, and storage bins with microscopic particles of silver, which has antibacterial properties, designed to kill any bacteria growing in the contents. Other potential applications include nanoparticles designed to absorb the vitamins in produce such as orange juice, where the vitamin C levels deteriorate quickly after the fruit has been juiced, and release them only when the liquid is drunk.
In the US, trials have also looked at the feasibility of developing "nanosensors" to be embedded in farm animals, which might be able to detect disease before it infected the whole herd.
Benn said a royal commission on environmental pollution recently had concluded there was "no evidence" of harm to health from nanotechnology, although the government was continuing to fund research to answer questions about its environmental or health impact. "Subject to people being assured of those things, then they will weigh up the benefits of the technology and take their decisions about whether to use it." Campaigners say the potential impacts of nanotechnology on both human health and the environment are unproven. Nanotechnology foods would require licensing in the UK, but Benn said the government was pushing for a wider regulatory regime to be established across the EU.
The changing economic climate has led to a renewed interest among governments in GM. Benn pointed to the use of GM soya, which is cheaper than conventional soya, in animal feed, adding: "Individuals will make their own choices, and I understand completely why people would be looking very hard at trying to stretch their pounds."
He said that the UK would await the outcome of scientific trials before any GM product could be approved for commercial growing, adding that producers would have to demonstrate that GM crops lived up to the claims made for them before they could contribute to any strategy to boost food production.
"If GM crops could help deliver better nutrition by enriching vitamins, and if GM was able to develop more drought-resistant or pest-resistant crops, then we have got a basis on which to have a discussion," he added.
Nano science: A backgrounder
Scientists have greeted the plans to give nanotechnology a greater role in food production with guarded optimism. Yes, the move was encouraging but it was also long overdue, they said.
Nanotechnology is engineering carried out at a microscopic level. Typical nanoparticles are around 30 nanometres, or 30 billionths of a metre, in diameter - roughly a 100,000th of the width of a human hair - and can be engineered to carry specks of chemicals or coat a surface or release signals. The potential of these materials is immense, as both the Royal Society and the Royal Society of Engineering pointed out in 2003. Since then several UK universities have developed world-ranking status as nanotechnology centres, including Imperial College London and Oxford. However, support from the government has been weak and only now have there been signs of interest.
"There are many ways in which nanoparticles could be used to boost food production," said Professor Terry Wilkins, of Leeds University's Nanomanufacturing Institute. "They could be used to encapsulate flavouring into foods; create packages that will change colour if their food contents go off or be used as coatings that will be bacteria-proof. However, we cannot expect the public to accept this technology without evidence that it has been rigorously tested to show it is completely safe. That must be the first task of any initiative in this field."
|
<urn:uuid:ffde3001-e929-4f91-a098-daf87fec4021>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/feb/08/nanotechnology-food-shelf-life?view=mobile
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121893.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00409-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971212 | 1,017 | 3.28125 | 3 |
GREENSBORO, N.C. -- We all need water to cook, to clean and most definitely to drink - but what's the safest way to drink it?
2 Wants To Know is taking a look at tap, filtered and bottled water, after the city of Greensboro found traces of a new chemical in its water supply.
The city says new testing has found higher than normal levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate, known as PFOS or PFOA. Officials say it's a man-made chemical, similar to Gen X, that could cause cancer or problems with pregnancy.
"It's such a small trace amount that we have in our system," says Michael Borchers, the Assistant Director of Water Resources for the city of Greensboro.
The chemical is new and the EPA does not have any regulation guidelines, other than having municipalities monitoring their supplies. The city is working to find out the source of the contaminant, but Borchers says the level in our supply isn't anywhere close to the EPA's 70-part per trillion Health Advisory.
"One part per trillion is basically one drop of water within 20 Olympic-size swimming pools."
He says the contaminant can be a risk if consumed at higher levels over a lifetime, but Greensboro's water has even less than that one part per trillion. Borchers adds he has no reservation drinking it. But there are ways to reduce it down even more.
Jason Barnes has worked in water filtration for nearly two decades with Dr. Johns H2O.
He says reverse osmosis, a special type of water filter is the best way to reduce any contaminant in your water, but cost to install could get pricy, starting at around $600.
But cheaper filters, like Brita pitchers, filter out less.
"They can only remove contaminants roughly to 1/16 the size of a human hair," Barnes explains. "But that doesn't include what's dissolved into your water."
But if you do choose to spend on a reverse osmosis filter, the price costs way less than bottled water.
"Pennies per gallon is what we pay for ours, versus dollars per gallon," explains Barnes, who has one in his home.
Not to mention bottled water isn't regulated, so there's no way to verify exactly where it's coming from or what happens during transit.
So, the bottom line is that the tap is safe.
"But there's always things you can do to have better water," Barnes tells.
If you want to learn more about Dr. Johns H2O filters, you can contact Jason Barnes at 336-382-2557 or visit the Facebook Page for more information.
You can also learn more about PFOS and PFOA through the EPA.
© 2017 WFMY-TV
|
<urn:uuid:13b3143d-ae56-4c97-8e41-3ccbb64a847c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.wfmynews2.com/news/local/whats-in-the-water-taking-a-look-at-greensboros-water-supply-and-ways-to-filter/461482901
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689975.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924100541-20170924120541-00338.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964133 | 585 | 2.625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.