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Let’s Learn A Styling Language : CSS
In first article we have discussed on HTML and in second article we have developed one small project. If you missed the first article the first article then click here. As committed by me today we will see the CSS. We will understand basics of css and I will also provide some valuable tips and links for further learning. So let’s have some look at CSS.
What is CSS?
The full form of CSS is Cascading Style Sheet. As the name suggests CSS is used for styling the element of HTML. Have you ever seen the stylish page of a professional website? If yes than all the styling is done in CSS.
As a web designer a person has to work a lot on CSS and somewhat less in HTML. In short CSS is how you present your webpage. We will learn the CSS by applying the styling to our first article’s html example. So let’s learn its basics.
First Copy and paste following code into your webpage:
Now open this file into any web browser. You will see the following output:
You will see lot of difference in output after adding the CSS in our HTML webpage now let’s understand it.
Let’s Understand The Example
CSS in always written between <head> tag with <style> tag. Whatever you write between <style> </style> becomes our CSS. You just have write the name of tag and then open a curly braces and start styling it and in last close the curly braces. Now let’s understand the styling of h1 tag.
Styling of h1 tag
Here we first have written h1 tag. This is called selector in term of CSS. When we write only h1 then it means all h1 tag will be covered. It means that you have selected particular tag and you want
to style that tag. CSS is working on property and value. You just have to set the values of particular property.
In this particular example we have set four particular values of CSS and now let’s understand them.
This is the property with which you can change the color of particular tag. Also note that here color means font color. After writing the color you have to write : and give it a value. We have given the value blue and therefore only our h1 tag’s font color is blue. Also note that the line made of property and value must end with ;. This is syntax of CSS. Also note that CSS is case-sensitive. Color is different than color.
As the name suggests it is a property to set the background color of a particular tag. Here we have set it red and therefore our h1 tag’s background is red.
Font-size property come with two flavor either you can set it in pixels of in percentages. Here we have used pixels and we will see percentages in this example only.
Float property says that in your container where you want you content to be rendered. Here left means on the right side other content will get a position. Although here the effect is void because we have used <br/> tag between h1 and p tag. If you are curious about the effect that remove the <br/> tag and see the effect.
Styling of P tag
You may have question in mind that if I have too h1 tag and I want to style them differently than how can I do that here is the answer. To whatever tag you want to style just write class=???whatever name you choose???. Then after in class tag write the same name preceding ‘.’. And start styling it. Here background – color and font-size properties are same. Let us see the border property.
This is the new way of giving one property to multiple value although in every property this is not possible. Here solid is of what type of border we want, pixels means the thickness of border and yellow is color.
This article was written with an aim to give you some insights in CSS. I recommend you to learn further and visit the w3schools.
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High school students in Kodiak are doing college-level science. Maybe even PhD-level science.
World Bridge is a NASA-sponsored group that assigns Alaskan students to scientific research projects. At a recent competition in Italy, the group showed that their earthquake research could have a global impact, but that’s only one project they’re working on. They’ve also entered the world of nano-agriculture.
High school junior Anna McDonald sprays an organic fertilizer over a sad-looking patch of dirt on a baseball field. The solution isn’t a chemical, just a combination of microorganisms, sea kelp, and mineral electrolytes. Anna says microbes do all the work.
“… like an earthworm, just eats the toxic soil and digests it and it comes out and it’s perfectly balanced, perfectly natural, just how the earth is made to function,” she said.
Anna and two other students look like exterminators – or Ghostbusters – carrying the fertilizer in plastic backpacks, which Anna says they bought off Amazon. The team has already treated eight other fields and, so far, Anna says the fertilizer seems to be working.
“There was area that was completely bare and we treated it with this enzyme and we came back in four weeks to measure our data and get our results and see what had happened, and it had grown back completely,” she said. “It was full and green, and it looked better than the surrounding area.”
Anna and a handful of other students partnered with the fertilizer’s company to spray a local golf course. Why this product? Well, Anna says, the company reached out to them.
But also, “We were very interested in what we could do with it and we wanted to see what it would do for ourselves instead of just reading about it in a paper,” Anna said.
Anna says she’s especially interested in chemistry and the way it can be applied in real-world situations, which is why she loves nano-agriculture.
While spraying the field, a young student recognizes her.
“Ron and I have gone to some middle school classes before to talk to kids about nano-ag and also about tsunami marine debris,” Anna said.
She means Ron Fortunato, the creator of World Bridge, an Alaska STEM program that develops partners in business and industry and then creates real-world projects in school districts.
Fortunato is based in New Jersey. But he worked on a project in Juneau’s school district and the positive experience, and interest in further collaborations from other people in the state, led him to Alaska once again for World Bridge.
Fortunato says officials with the Kodiak Island School District jumped at the chance to get involved in World Bridge.
And this summer, a group of Kodiak high schoolers travelled to Como, Italy to present earthquake data at the Europa Challenge. It’s a competition sponsored in part by NASA along with other international organizations and it usually only accepts university students or industry professionals. Fortunato says they made an exception for the group.
“The researchers that were there, the universities, all the professional who were there,” Fortunato said. “They didn’t talk to them like they were high school students. There was a full measure of respect and welcome into the community – of that geospatial community, which is a big international group there. And it wasn’t that they were looking at them as students. They were looking at their work.”
The Kodiak team won that competition.
With the help of NASA and other sponsors, World Bridge’s Kodiak students have a lot of resources at their fingertips.
I drop by their lab in the Alaska Department of Fish and Game building, and there’s a 3D printer set up on one table and a drone on another. In other words, it’s every science buff’s fantasy.
“And then this is the nano-ag bench,” Anne said, giving me a tour of the facility. “Since most of our work is done in the field, this is just kind of where we’re able to sit at our computers and write up reports or decipher all of our data. And it’s where we store our enzyme and our other supplies.”
And if you’re wondering where World Bridge is headed from here, well, it’s all ongoing. And as another student, senior Levi Purdy explains, they’re a team like any other research group.
“Both the professionals and the students and the teachers, we’re all learning above what we understand,” Purdy said. “We’re all experimenting and testing hypotheses, so there’s really no one of us can be on any level higher than the other, because we’re all collaborating and we’re trying to solve a problem.”
As the program proves, the line between high school and college, student and teacher, can blur. Check the sources the next time you read a study online or a news article. You may be surprised by who collected that data.
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Acculturation: The process of acquiring or adapting to a new culture, its traditions, customs, and patterns of daily living.
Mutual Constitution: The reciprocal way in which an individual is shaped by the surrounding culture and simultaneously shapes the culture with his or her behavior. The two modes of mutual constitution are independent (focus on the uniqueness of the individual, being unique) and interdependent (focus on group or community, sense of connection and responsibility to larger group).
Protestant Ethic: A phrase that describes and relates to early American culture, emphasizing individual achievement, personal responsibility, self-sufficiency, and control over the environment.
Trios: Psychologist James Jones's theory that the residual influences and harsh experiences of slavery surface in some African-Americans' conceptions of time, rhythm, improvisation, speech, and spirituality.
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Add and Checkout to Download this Report
In today’s world, due to various amounts of advancements happening and the sensitive data being generated, security has become a primary concern. To address this biometrics came into the scene, and now we see them being used on a personal level such as laptops, cell phones etc to major industries for authenticating employees, restricting access of data except for a select few etc.
The term “biometrics” is derived from the Greek words “bio” (life) and “metrics” (to measure). Many biometric systems have been developed for this purpose of which the palm vein technology is the latest in the field. Automated biometric systems have only become available over the last few decades, due to significant advances in the field of computer processing. Many of these new automated techniques however are based on ideas that were originally conceived hundreds, even thousands of years ago.
One of the oldest and most basic examples of characteristics that are used for recognition by humans is the face. Since the beginning of civilization, humans have used faces to identify known (familiar) and unknown (unfamiliar) individuals. The simple task became increasingly more challenge as populations increased and as more convenient methods of travel introduced many new individuals into once small communities. The concept of human- to- human recognition is also seen in behavioral- predominant biometrics such as speaker and gait recognition. Individuals use characteristics, somewhat unconsciously, to recognize known individuals on the day-to-day basis.
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1996 32¢ Florida Panther
Issue Date: October 2, 1996
City: San Diego, CA
Printed By: Ashton-Potter (USA) Ltd
Printing Method: Lithographed
The Florida panther is one of the most critically endangered animals. Historically found throughout the entire Western Hemisphere, the panther was once the most widely distributed animal in the Americas, rivaled only by the population of man. But since the early 1900s, their numbers have dwindled from 500 to a mere few dozen, and today they can only be found in two regions of southern Florida – the Big Cypress Swamp and Everglades National Park.
A darker, gray-brown coat, longer limbs, and smaller feet have always distinguished this species from other panthers. But additional differences, a cowlick along the ridge of its back and a right-angled kink at the end of its tail, have also emerged as a result of a limited gene pool. Through the captive-breeding program begun in 1991, scientists hope to diversify the pool. But despite these efforts, the fate of the wild Florida panther remains entwined with that of its fragile habitat.
As with any large predator, the panther sustains itself by hunting over wide expanses that range from 25 to 250 square miles. To support a healthy population requires enormous amounts of land, and as civilization infringes on Florida’s ever-shrinking wilderness, the survival of the Florida panther looks slim.
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| 0.931179 | 303 | 3.375 | 3 |
The Push-up might be the most famous upper body exercise in the world. It helps to develop strength and endurance, build upper body muscle, strengthen the joints and even help coordinate work between the muscles of the mid-section and the lower body muscles.
Anyone who thinks that Bench Press is the most productive upper body strength exercise is mistaken; it not only delivers artificial upper body loads, but also hurts your Rotator Cuff and elbow joints, even if performed for a short period of time. On the other hand, the classic Push-up protects your joints and develops practical and natural strength, applicable not only in the gym, but also in everyday life. This is why the Push-up is the number one exercise for building upper body muscle and strength, and is the most common exercise in military training camps and academies since time immemorial – there are records of ancient warriors doing Push-ups to prepare for battle.
Performed correctly, Push-ups have a strengthening, restorative and revitalizing effect on the joints and tendons. Muscles that run through your fingers, wrists, forearms and elbows are gradually becoming stronger and tougher, reducing the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome, elbow injuries and a number of other diseases. Push-ups increase blood flow, cleaning vessels and joints from decay and other accumulated debris. Anyone who includes Push-ups in their workout suffers less damage to joints than those who are solely using weights.
Different types of Push-ups are working different muscles, but absolutely all their modifications have an unrivaled advantage in real physical strength and muscle mass. Push-ups are dynamically working the upper body muscles, the large and small muscles of the chest and the deltoid muscle, and involve all three triceps muscles – the most important muscle of the upper arm. Furthermore, the latissimus dorsi, some deeper muscles in the chest, muscles of the spine, abdomen and waist, the hip muscles, glutes, quadriceps and the shin, even the feet and toes, are all getting a dose of isometric exercise!
Today we’ll present a Push-up variation with unique benefits to the core, the shoulder flexors and elbow extensors, the hamstring and frontal core and spinal coordination. Beginners start here, the rest continue reading.
Initial position: Stand with the spine bent forward and the palms on the mat or as close to the mat as your flexibility allows, as shown on the image. If you have trouble reaching the mat, you can start with the knees slightly bent. Then walk your palms forwards to Front Support position as shown above. Next:
- Inhale and bend your elbows and lower the chest towards the mat. See the main muscle illustration;
- Exhale, straighten the elbows and raise the trunk to Front Support. Do 2 more push-ups (Steps 2 and 3), and then walk the palms back as the hips flex to return to the initial position. Repeat the entire sequence 5 times.
Make Sure You:
- When in Mid Point position, swing one arm forward using the shoulder flexors, place it on the mat, and then shift the torso forward over the arm through use of the shoulder extensors. As the body weight shifts in front of this support hand, after the other arm swings forward, the shoulder flexors act to keep the chest lifted and the upper torso from lowering toward the mat;
- Keep the pelvis lifted to encourage use of your abs to prevent the lower back from arching, and use the hip flexors to prevent hip hyperextension as you walk your arms forward and the pelvis lowers;
- One common mistake to be avoided when you reach Front Support is leaving the buttocks lifted up. Use the hip extensors to bring the bottom of the pelvis down toward the mat as the abs lift so that the pelvis comes in line with the ankles and shoulders;
- In Step 2, keep the elbows close by the sides as eccentric contraction of the elbow extensors controls the bending of the elbows and eccentric contraction of the shoulder flexors controls the backward movement of the upper arms, lowering of the chest towards the mat;
- During Step 3, the elbow extensors straighten the elbows, and the shoulder flexors bring the upper arms forward to raise the chest back to Front Support;
In this Push-Up variation, by learning to maintain a neutral Front Support, you increase the skill of your abdominals and scapular abductors. It’s also a great way to strengthen the shoulder flexors and elbow extensors. The shoulder flexors are used to raise the arms to the front in everyday or sporting activities, while the elbow extensors are used in pushing and overhead lifting motions. Additionally, the dynamic movement in and out of Front Support provides further core challenges to achieve a coordinated transition from spinal flexion to extension and back to flexion. The initial position also provides potential dynamic flexibility benefits for the hamstring muscles.
If tightness in the hamstring prevents you from placing the palms on the mat at the beginning of the exercise, bend the knees sufficiently to allow your palms to support your body weight. As you reach Front Support, gradually straighten the knees. Perform the 2 push-ups in this position before returning to the initial position, again using bent knees when transitioning to the standing position.
If you are still having difficulty achieving the desired positioning in the exercise, concentrate on practicing walking out and back to Front Support without doing the push-ups.
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AMGO Project is a visual prevention project of Amblyopia coordinated at national level by the Institute of the blind “Francesco Cavazza ONLUS” based in Bologna and aimed at children in their earliest childhood. In 2013 it obtained the patronage of the Ministry of Health.
Amblyopia, also known as “lazy eye”, consists of a reduced development of visual function in one or both eyes due to a visual defect present in early childhood, during which time the development and maturation of the visual system takes place. If not treated promptly, this condition may result in a permanent defect.
The most common causes of amblyopia are strabismus and incorrect refractive defects (myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism). The risk of developing amblyopia due to untreated eye disease is present in the first 4-5 years of life, i.e. during and within the plastic period of development of the visual system. The diagnosis must therefore take place as early as possible, during the period in which the visual system is still susceptible to modifications and improvements if treated correctly.
In Italy, according to statistics on the statistics, amblyopia affects from 1.6% to 3.6% of the population. Since amblyopia can only be cured at an early age, early diagnosis and early treatment are the ideal objectives to be pursued.
To find out more informations, discover the article by Azzurra News here!
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Glass is notoriously breakable. Just ask any twelve-year-boy carrying a bat and searching for his baseball.
But scientists are keenly interested in making glass resilient because people really want windows that don't shatter and you can say same thing for screens on laptops and phones.
Top 10 Uses For The World's Strongest Material
A team from the University of Tokyo's Institute of Industrial Science are working toward that goal. They say they've created glass that's nearly as strong as steel.
Making the material seems surprisingly simple. They mixed alumina, an oxide of aluminum, with silicon dioxide.
Others have tried this before, but as soon as they added the alumina to the silicon dixoide inside a container, the mixture crystallized and glass didn't form.
So to get around that problem, the scientists eliminated the pesky container. Instead, they used gas to push the chemical components together. It worked!
Glass, Plastic Mix Mends Bones
The result was a transparent glass nearly as strong as steel and iron.
"We will establish a way to mass-produce the new material shortly," said Atsunobu Masuno in an interview. Masuno is an assistant professor at the Institute of Industrial Science. "We are looking to commercialize the technique within five years," he added.
Masuno and his colleagues reported their findings earlier this month in Scientific Reports by Nature.
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The Multiple Choice activity allows teachers to create simple automated assessment questions, including multiple choice and true/false questions.
These questions can be used for summative assessment with scores, or formative assessment with feedback.
Multiple Choice Activity Authoring
All properties sheets contain two tabs:
- The Basic tab controls the content of the activity.
- The Advanced tab controls how the activity behaves.
- An additional Conditions tab is visible where the activity allows Authors to customise the activity outputs for branching or grouping operations.
Basic tab for the Multiple Choice Activity
View of the Multiple Choice Activity Basic tab.
Creating a new MC Question.
There are two features on the basic tab common to all activities:
- Title: All Activities have a web page title which is presented at the top of the activity page when displayed in the Learning Environment. This is NOT the same title as the Title that can be set using the Properties Inspector.
- Instructions: All Activities have a text area that is presented beneath the title. This is where the main activity text to be displayed to learners is entered. The text can be formatted using the Rich-Text Editor. Image, Video, Audio and URL content can also be displayed in the Instructions area.
Specific Features for the Multiple Choice Activity
Multiple Choice Questions
- To create a new Question, click "+ Create Question" at the bottom of the page.
- Question text: This is the actual question to be answered, or the "Stem."
- Choices: The text of each individual answer should be entered in an answer box.
- To create a new answer option, click "Add blank answer".
- The correct answer is designated by selecting the "Correct" radio button that corresponds to the correct answer.
- To change the order in which answers are displayed, use the Green up and down arrows. (You can also shuffle the order in which answer appear on the Advanced tab.)
- To delete an answer, click the Red cross.
- Each question can then be allocated a numeric weighting, from 1 to 10.
- Question Feedback: This is optional text that will be shown alongside this question after the "Test" is completed by the Learner.
Advanced tab for the Multiple Choice Activity
View of the Multiple Choice Activity Advanced tab.
- Use leaders from Select Leader tool: This feature must be used only if there's a Leader activity before this activity.
- Add Notebook... : This option is available on all Activities. Enabling this option creates a Notebook as part of the Activity, which Learner's can use to reflect on the activity just completed. The reflections are personal (ie: not shared with other learners).
Note that the Multiple Choice Activity cannot be "Locked When Finished" as the learner must submit their scores when they have completed the activity.
Advanced Features Specific to the Multiple Choice Activity
- Prefix sequential letters for each answer: This feature displays the prefix of a), b), c) ... before answers*.*
- One Question per Page:
When enabled, this option means that the activity will display one MC question at a time, instead of a list of all the questions. This option is disabled by default.
- Show Group's top and average mark:
This feature displays statistics on the top mark and average mark to each individual learner.
The statistics are calculated when the Learner completes the Quiz by clicking Continue, but can be updated by clicking the Resume button on the Progress Bar.
The default setting is Off.
- *Present Answers in Randomised Order: *
This option, when enabled, simply shuffles the order of the responses to each question. This is useful if Learners will be taking the quiz in an environment where they can see other Learner's screens. The default setting is Off.
- *Display Answers after Last Question: *
As an extension of the previous option, sequence authors can choose to hide the correct responses to the Multiple Choice Quiz. This prevents one Learner from completing the Quiz and revealing the correct answers to the rest of the class. The default setting is On.
This option is enabled by default, but disabling this option adds a button to the Monitoring environment which "unlocks" the correct answers for Learners.
Monitors can choose to display the correct answers at any time during the running of sequence, or even choose to withhold the correct answers from Learners indefinitely.
- Allow Retries:
When enabled, learner's can re-take the quiz.
- Pass Mark:
This option sets the required number of correct responses for the learner to 'pass' the multiple choice quiz. Learner's re-take the quiz until they achieve the specified score.
Conditions Specific to the Multiple Choice Activity
The Multiple Choice activity has no conditions tab, but features two specific conditions that can be used by branching objects.
These are not configured on the Multiple Choice activity, but relate to each individual or branching activity.
- Are Learner's Answer's All Correct?
This is a true or false value that indicates whether a learner has answered all of the questions correctly, or not.
For branching, an author could set up conditions so that all users who get 100% go to one branch, whereas the other users go to another branch. The marks are checked when the user reaches the branching point.
Internationalisation key (for translators): output.desc.learner.all.correct
- Learner's Total Mark
This is a custom range value, that represents the total number of questions the learner answered correctly.
For branching, an author could set up conditions so that all users who have 0 to 3 marks on a quiz worth 10 go to one branch, whereas the users who have 4 to 10 marks go to another branch. The marks are checked when the user reaches the branching point.
Internationalisation key (for translators): output.desc.learner.mark
Monitoring Multiple Choice
The Multiple Choice Summary tab provides Monitors with the list of questions and answers in the activity, with the correct answer indicated.
It also displays the total marks for each learner who has attempted the activity. Monitor can save marks using the option: Download Marks.
In LAMS 2.1, the Summary tab also contains the command to make the correct answers visible to Learners. This can be applied to the activity as a whole, or based on individual groupings (if a grouping has been applied to the quiz.) See the Authoring section above for more details.
Monitor can also display what was entered by the Learners using a grey button View in the Notebook Entry tab.
In the Summary Tab is a possibility that the Monitor can check the Advanced settings and set Deadline.
Clicking the Edit Activity button opens a new screen identical to the _'Basic'_tab in the authoring environment. In the current version of LAMS (2.5), Editing can only be performed on activities that students have not yet reached.
Unlike Live Edit, this form of Editing can only modify the content of an activity, as opposed to the structure of a sequence.
The Multiple Choice Statistics tab presents a breakdown on the number of Learners who have attempted and finished the activity.
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The University of Michigan is joining the American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE) in a manufacturing institute dedicated to improving the efficiency of the chemical industry. The institute is charged with reducing the energy required and the waste generated in making chemical products – from fuels to paper to toothpaste.
“Consumers don’t often think about the importance of the chemical industry and its energy footprint,” said Levi Thompson, the Richard E. Balzhiser Collegiate Professor of Chemical Engineering, who leads the effort at U-M. “We use chemicals in most daily activities. Try washing your clothes, dishes or hair without chemicals.”
“The question then becomes how much is consumed in producing chemicals. And it’s 25 percent of all the energy used for manufacturing. We’re going to make it less expensive, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.”
The institute, called the Rapid Advancement in Process Intensification Deployment (RAPID) Manufacturing Institute, brings together 75 companies, 34 academic institutions, seven national laboratories, two other government laboratories and seven non-governmental organizations. The Department of Energy will provide $70 million over the next five years, with contributions from the partners bringing the total above $140 million. By the end of five years, the AIChE intends to make the institute self-sustaining.
We’re going to make it less expensive, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.Professor Levi Thompson
The goal of the manufacturing institute, one of ten Manufacturing USA institutes, is process intensification: combining steps in chemical processing so that a job requires less energy to run and costs less. For example, if two processes can run at close to the same temperature, they can be heated by a single device, saving energy.
“While it’s important to be the best in basic research, that’s not enough to compete and survive and thrive in the global economy. We need to leverage our own discoveries and turn them into products,” said Sridhar Kota, a former advisor to the Obama administration who first proposed the manufacturing innovation institutes, and the Herrick Professor of Engineering at U-M. “These institutes are designed to bridge the gap between basic research and manufacturing by maturing an emerging technology and its manufacturing-readiness.”
Funding for U-M projects could total nearly $13 million: $6.3 million from DoE with matching funds from the University. One of the projects aims to improve the production of hydrogen, an important element for refining oil and fertilizer production. Another will enhance the efficiency of cement manufacturing, which is a big source of carbon emissions.
The U-M team will also be involved in projects to more efficiently turn plants and carbon dioxide into useful chemicals or fuels. These and other initial projects will be reassessed as funding is distributed, and some will move to pilot and commercial applications.
Evolved Approaches to Global Needs
Other co-investigators from U-M include: Mark Barteau, Director of the Energy Institute, the DTE Energy Professor of Advanced Energy Research and a professor of chemical engineering; Erdogan Gulari, the Donald L. Katz Collegiate Professor of Chemical Engineering; Suljo Linic, professor of chemical engineering and Class of 1938 Faculty Scholar; Heather Mayes, who will begin at U-M as an assistant professor of chemical engineering in 2017; Ralph Yang, the Dwight F. Benton Professor of Chemical Engineering; and Robert Ziff, a professor of chemical engineering and macromolecular science and engineering.
U-M is also part of the Lightweight Innovations for Tomorrow (LIFT) manufacturing institute, which aims to develop lightweight metals for more efficient cars, airplanes and other vehicles.
Thompson is also a professor of mechanical engineering and has been a member of the AIChE board since 2014. Kota is also a professor of mechanical engineering.
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Pass Interference Explained
@ 49Football asks: at a recent game, the opposing team interfered with our receivers ability to catch the ball. The official called pass interference, but the team was not given a first down. Why?
There are many rule differences between high school (also called Federation Rules), College and the NFL. There have also been a number of rule changes over the years. Defensive pass interference is an example. National Federation Rules for defensive pass interference (DPI) are 15 yards from the previous spot and repeat the down (if not enough for a first down). As an example, if it was 3rd and 18 on the play where DPI was called and the penalty accepted, in high school the next down would be 3rd and 3 yards to go. DPI for the NFL and NCAA are both automatic first downs, although it is a spot foul in the NFL while a spot foul up to a maximum 15 yard gain in NCAA.
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-III- Humanism Revisited
Humanism" is considered a positive idea by the majority of people. It brings to mind notions such as love of humanity, peace and brotherhood. But, the philosophical meaning of humanism is much more significant: humanism is a way of thinking that posits the concept of humanity as its focus and only goal. In other words, it calls human beings to turn away from Allah our Creator, and concern themselves with their own existence and identity. A common dictionary defines humanism as: "a system of thought that is based on the values, characteristics, and behavior that are believed to be best in human beings, rather than on any supernatural authority."33
The clearest definition of humanism, however, has been put forward by those who espoused it. One of the most prominent modern spokesmen for humanism is Corliss Lamont. In his book The Philosophy of Humanism, the author writes:
Today, humanism has become another name for atheism. One example of this is the enthusiasm for Darwin typical in the American magazine, The Humanist.
[In sum] humanism believes that nature ... constitutes the sum total of reality, that matter-energy and not mind is the foundation stuff of the universe and that supernatural entities simply do not exist. This nonreality of the supernatural means, on the human level, that men do not possess supernatural and immortal souls; and, on the level of the universe as a whole, that our cosmos does not possess a supernatural and eternal God.34
As we can see, humanism is almost identical to atheism. These atheist claims consist of errors and deception contradicted by science too.
There were two important manifestos published by humanists in the last century. The first was published in 1933, and was signed by some important individuals of that time. Forty years later, in 1973, a second humanist manifesto was published which confirmed the first, but contained some additions relative to some developments that had occurred in the meantime. Many thinkers, scientists, writers and members of the media signed the second manifesto, which is supported by the American Humanist Association.
When we examine the manifestos, we find one basic foundation in each of them: the atheist dogma and erroneous ideas such as that the universe and human beings were not created but exist independently, that human beings are not responsible to any other authority besides themselves, and that belief in Allah has retarded the development of individuals and societies. For example, the first six articles of the first Humanist Manifesto are as follows:
In the above articles, we see the expression of a common false philosophy that manifests itself under such names as materialism, Darwinism, atheism and agnosticism. In the first article, the materialist dogma of the eternal existence of the universe is put forward. The second article states, as the theory of evolution does, that human beings were not created. The third article denies the existence of the human soul claiming that human beings are composed of matter. The fourth article proposes a "cultural evolution" and denies the existence of a Divinely ordained human nature (a special human nature given in creation). The fifth article rejects Allah's sovereignty over the universe and humanity, and the sixth states that it is time to reject "theism," that is belief in Allah.
It will be noticed that these claims are stereotypical deceptions, typical of those circles that are hostile to true religious morality. The reason for this is that humanism is the main foundation of anti-religious sentiment. This is because humanism is an expression of "man's reckoning that he will be left to go on unchecked," which has been one of the primary bases, throughout history, for the denial of Allah. In one verse of the Qur'an, Allah says:
Does man reckon he will be left to go on unchecked?
Was he not a drop of ejaculated sperm,
then a blood-clot which He created and shaped,
making from it both sexes, male and female?
Is He Who does this not able to bring the dead to life? (Surat al-Qiyama: 36-40)
Allah says that people are not to be "left to go on unchecked," and reminds them immediately afterwards that they are His creation. This is because, when a person realizes that he is a creation of Allah, he understands that he is not "unchecked" but responsible before Allah. For this reason, the mistaken idea that human beings are not created has become the basic doctrine of humanist philosophy. The first two articles of the first Humanist Manifesto give an expression to this doctrine. Moreover, humanists maintain that science supports these claims.
However, they are wrong. Since the first Humanist Manifesto was published, the two premises that humanists have presented as supposedly scientific have collapsed:
1.The erroneous idea that the universe is eternal was invalidated by a series of astronomical discoveries made when the first Humanist Manifesto was being written. Discoveries such as the fact that the universe is expanding, of cosmic background radiation and the calculation of the ratio of hydrogen to helium, have shown that the universe had a beginning, and that it came to be from nothing some 15-17 billion years ago in a giant explosion called the "Big Bang." Although those who espouse the humanist and materialist philosophy were unwilling to accept the Big Bang theory, they were eventually won over. As a result of the scientific evidence that has come to light, the scientific community has finally accepted the Big Bang theory, that is, that the universe had a beginning, and therefore humanists have no argument. Thus, in the words of the British philosopher Antony Flew:
… the Stratonician atheist has to be embarrassed by the contemporary cosmological consensus. For it seems that the cosmologists are providing a scientific proof of what St. Thomas contended could not be proved philosophically; namely, that the universe had a beginning…36
2. The theory of evolution, the so-called scientific justification behind the first Humanist Manifesto, started to lose ground in the decades after it was written. It is known today that the scenario proposed for the origin of life by atheist (and no doubt humanist) evolutionists, such as A. I. Oparin and J. B. S. Haldane in the 1930's, has no scientific validity; living things cannot be generated spontaneously from non-living matter as proposed by this scenario. The fossil record demonstrates that living things did not develop through a process of small cumulative changes, but appeared abruptly with their distinct characteristics, and this fact has been accepted by evolutionist paleontologists themselves since the 1970's. Modern biology has demonstrated that living things are not the result of chance and natural laws, but that there are in each organism complex systems that are evidence for Creation. (For details refer to Harun Yahya, Darwinism Refuted: How the Theory of Evolution Breaks Down in the Light of Modern Science)
Moreover, the erroneous claim that religious belief was the factor that prevented humanity from progressing and drew it into conflict has been disproved by historical experience. Humanists have claimed that the removal of religious belief would make people happy and at ease, however, the opposite has proved to be the case. Six years after the first Humanist Manifesto was published, the Second World War broke out, a record of the calamity brought upon the world by the secular fascist ideology. The humanist ideology of communism wreaked, first on the people of the Soviet Union, then on the citizens of China, Cambodia, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba and various African and Latin American countries, unparalleled savagery. A total of 120 million people were killed by communist regimes or organizations. It is also evident that the Western brand of humanism (capitalist systems) has not succeeded in bringing peace and happiness to their own societies or to other areas of the world.
The collapse of humanism's argument on religion has also been manifested in the field of psychology. The Freudian myth, a corner-stone of the atheist dogma since early twentieth century, has been invalidated by empirical data. Patrick Glynn, of the George Washington University, explains this fact in his book titled God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World :
The last quarter of the twentieth century has not been kind to the psychoanalytic vision. Most significant has been the exposure of Freud's views of religion (not to mention a host of other matters) as entirely fallacious. Ironically enough, scientific research in psychology over the past twenty-five years has demonstrated that, far from being a neurosis or source of neuroses as Freud and his disciples claimed, religious belief is one of the most consistent correlates of overall mental health and happiness. Study after study has shown a powerful relationship between religious belief and practice, on the one hand, and healthy behaviors with regard to such problems as suicide, alcohol and drug abuse, divorce, depression, even, perhaps surprisingly, levels of sexual satisfaction in marriage, on the other hand. 37
In short, the supposed scientific justification behind humanism has been proven invalid and its promises vain. Nevertheless, humanists have not abandoned their philosophy, but rather, in fact, have tried to spread it throughout the world through methods of mass propaganda. Especially in the post-war period there has been intense humanist propaganda in the fields of science, philosophy, music, literature, art and cinema. The attractive but hollow messages created by humanist ideologues have been insistently imposed upon the masses. The song "Imagine," by John Lennon, soloist of one of the most popular music group of all times, the Beatles, is an example of this (Surely Allah is beyond that):
John Lennon, by his lyrics, "Imagine [there is] is no religion," was one of the most prominent propagandists of humanist philosophy in the twentieth century.
This song is a good indication of the sentimentality with which humanism, lacking any scientific or rational foundation, is imposed on the masses. Humanism produces, and can produce, no rational objection to religion or the truths it teaches, but attempts to employ suggestive methods such as these, which it regards as efficacious.
When the promises of the 1933 I. Humanist Manifesto proved vain, forty years passed after which humanists presented a second draft. At the beginning of the text was an attempt to explain why the first promises had come to nothing. Despite the fact that this explanation was extremely weak, it demonstrated the enduring attachment of humanists to their atheist philosophy.
The most obvious characteristic of the manifesto was its preservation of the anti-religious line of the 1933 manifesto: (Surely Allah is beyond the expressions in the extract below.)
As in 1933, humanists still believe that traditional theism, especially faith in the prayer-hearing God, assumed to live and care for persons, to hear and understand their prayers, and to be able to do something about them, is an unproved and outmoded faith… We believe ...that traditional dogmatic or authoritarian religions that place revelation, God, ritual, or creed above human needs and experience do a disservice to the human species... As nontheists, we begin with humans not God, nature not deity.38
These statements consist of humanist nonsense and represent a very superficial explanation. In order to understand religion, one first needs the intelligence and understanding to be able to grasp profound ideas. The predisposition must be sincerity and the avoidance of prejudice. Instead, humanism is nothing more than the attempt of some individuals, who are passionately atheistic and antireligious from the outset, to portray this prejudice as being, in their own eyes, rational. And these endeavors are doomed never to bear fruit.
However, humanists' irrational and illogical claims regarding faith in Allah and monotheistic religions are nothing new; they are a restatement of a mistaken claim that has been made for thousands of years by those who reject Allah. In the Qur'an, Allah explains this age-old argument propounded by the unbelievers:
Your God is One God. As for those who do not believe in the hereafter, their hearts are in denial and they are puffed up with pride.
Contrary to the promises of humanist philosophy, atheism have brought only war, conflict, cruelty and suffering to the world.
As revealed in these verses, the real reason for the unbelievers' rejection of religion is the arrogance hidden in their hearts. The philosophy called humanism is merely the outward manner by which this age rejects Allah. In other words, humanism is not a new way of thinking, as those who espouse it claim; it is an age-old, antiquated world-view common to those who reject Allah out of arrogance.
When we look at the progress of humanism in European history, we will discover many solid proofs for this assertion.
The Roots of Humanis in the Kabbalah
We have seen that certain terms in the Kabbalah contain a false doctrine that dates back to Ancient Egypt, and that was later included into the true religion Allah revealed to the Israelites. We have also seen that its foundation rests upon a perverse way of understanding that regards human beings as uncreated though divine creatures that have existed for eternity.
Humanism entered Europe from this source. Christian belief was based on the existence of Allah, and the belief that human beings were His dependent servants created by Him. But, with the spread of the Templar tradition throughout Europe, the Kabbalah began to attract a number of philosophers. So, in the fifteenth century, a current of humanism began that left an indelible mark on the European world of ideas.
This connection between humanism and the Kabbalah has been emphasized in several sources. One of these sources is the book of the famous author Malachi Martin entitled The Keys of This Blood. Martin is professor of history at the Vatican's Pontifical Bible Institute. He says that the influence of the Kabbalah can be clearly observed among the humanists:
As Vatican University historian Malachi Martin has shown, there is a close relationship between the rise of humanism in Europe and the Kabbalah….
In this unaccustomed climate of uncertainty and challenge that came to mark early-Renaissance Italy, there arose a network of Humanist associations with aspirations to escape the overall control of that established order. Given aspirations like that, these associations had to exist in the protection of secrecy, at least at their beginnings. But aside from secrecy, these humanist groups were marked by two other main characteristics.
In short, the humanist societies formed in that period wanted to replace the Catholic culture of Europe with a new culture that had its roots in the Kabbalah. They aimed to create a sociopolitical change to bring this about. It is interesting that, besides the Kabbalah, at the source of this new culture were the doctrines of Ancient Egypt. Prof. Martin writes:
Initiates of those early humanist associations were devotees of the Great Force—the Great Architect of the Cosmos—which they represented under the form of the Sacred Tetragrammaton, YHWH ….[humanists] borrowed other symbols—the Pyramid and the All Seeing Eye—mainly from Egyptian sources.40
It is quite interesting that humanists make use of the concept of "the Great Architect of the Universe," a term still used by Masons today. This indicates that there must be a relationship between humanists and Masons. Prof. Martin writes:
In other northern climes, meanwhile, a far more important union took place, with the humanists. A union that no one could have expected.
In short, in Europe, in the fourteenth century, a humanist and Masonic organization was born that had its roots in the Kabbalah. And, this organization did not regard Allah as the Jews, Christians and Muslims did: the Creator and Ruler of the whole universe and the only Lord and God of humanity. Instead, they used a different concept, such as the "Great Architect of the Universe," which they perceived as being "part of the material universe."
In other words, this secret organization, that appeared in Europe in the fourteenth century, rejected Allah, but, under the concept of "the Great Architect of the Universe," accepted the material universe as a supposed divinity (Surely Allah is beyond that).
For a clearer definition of this corrupt belief, we can jump forward to the twentieth century and look at Masonic literature. For example, one of Turkey's most senior Masons, Selami Isindag, has a book entitled Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry). The purpose of this book is to train young Masons. Concerning the Masons' belief in the "Great Architect of the Universe," he has this to say:
Masonry is not godless. But the concept of God they have adopted is different from that of religion. The god of Masonry is an exalted principle. It is at the apex of the evolution. By criticizing our inner being, knowing ourselves and deliberately walking in the path of science, intelligence and virtue, we can lessen the angle between him and us. Then, this god does not possess the good and bad characteristics of human beings. It is not personified. It is not thought of as the guide of nature or humanity. It is the architect of the great working of the universe, of its unity and harmony. It is the totality of all the creatures in the universe, a total power encompassing everything, an energy. Despite all this, it cannot be accepted that it is a beginning… this is a great mystery.42
In the same book, it is clear that when Freemasons speak of the "Great Architect of the Universe," they mean nature, or, that they worship nature:
Apart from nature there can be no power responsible for our thought or our activities…The principles and doctrines of Masonry are scientific facts based on science and intelligence. God is the evolution. An element of it is the power of nature. So the absolute reality is the evolution itself and the energy that encompasses it.43
Some Masonic symbols.
The magazine Mimar Sinan, a publishing organization especially for Turkish Freemasons also gives expression to the same Masonic philosophy:
The Great Architect of the Universe is a leaning toward eternity. It is an entering into eternity. For us, it is an approach. It entails the on-going search for absolute perfection in eternity. It forms a distance between the current moment and the Thinking Freemason, or, consciousness.44
This is the belief the Masons mean when they say, "we believe in Allah, we absolutely do not accept atheists among us." According to Masonry's perverted beliefs, it is not Allah, but naturalist and humanist concepts such as nature, evolution and humanity regarded as supposedly divine.
When we look briefly at Masonic literature, we may begin to see that this organization is nothing more than organized humanism, as well as recognize that its aim is to create throughout the whole world a secular, humanist order. These ideas were born among the humanists of fourteenth century Europe; present-day Masons still propose and defend them.
Masonic Humanism: The Worship of Humanity
The internal publications of the Masons describe in detail the humanist philosophy of the organization and their hostility to monotheism. There are countless explanations, interpretations, quotations and allegories offered on this subject in Masonic publications.
As we said at the beginning, humanism has turned its face from the Creator of humanity and makes the mistake of regarding man as "the highest form of being in the universe." In fact, this implies the worship of humanity. This belief, that began with the Kabbalist humanists in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, continues so irrationally today in modern Masonry.
Pico della Mirandola, a Kabbalist humanist.
One of the fourteenth century's most famous humanists was Pico della Mirandola. His work entitled Conclusiones philosophicae, cabalisticae, et theologicae was condemned by Pope Innocent VIII in 1489 as containing heretical ideas. Mirandola wrote that there is nothing in the world higher than the glory of mankind. The Church saw this as a heretical idea that was nothing less than the worship of humanity. Indeed, this was a heretical idea because there is no other being to be glorified except Allah. Humanity is merely His creation.
Today, Masons proclaim Mirandola's heretical idea of the worship of humanity much more openly. For example, in a local Masonic booklet, it says:
Primitive societies were weak and, because of this weakness, they divinized the power and phenomena around them. But Masonry divinizes only humanity.45
In The Lost Keys of Freemasonry, Manly P. Hall explains that this Masonic humanist doctrine goes back to Ancient Egypt:
Man is a god in the making, and as in the mystic myths of Egypt, on the potter's wheel, he is being molded. When his light shines out to lift and preserve all things, he receives the triple crown of godhood, and joins that throng of Master Masons, who in their robe of Blue and Gold, are seeking to dispel the darkness of night with the triple light of the Masonic Lodge.46
According to the false belief of Masonry, human beings are gods, but only a grand master reaches the fullness of this divinity (Surely Allah is beyond that). The way to become a grand master is to fully reject the belief in Allah and the fact that human beings are His servants. Another writer, J.D. Buck, touches on this in his book Mystic Masonry:
The only personal God Freemasonry accepts is humanity in toto . . . Humanity therefore is the only personal god that there is.47
Evidently, Masonry is a kind of religion. But, it is not a monotheistic religion; it is a humanist religion and, therefore, a false religion. It is a perversion that enjoins the worship of humanity, not of Allah. Masonic writings insist on this point. In an article in the magazine Turk Mason (The Turkish Mason), it says, "We always acknowledge that the high ideal of Masonry lies in 'Humanism' doctrine."48
Another Turkish publication explains that humanism is a religion:
Far from dry sermons on religious dogmas, but a genuine religion. And our humanism in which the meaning of life takes root, will satisfy the longings that youth are not aware of.49
How do the Masons serve this false religion they believe in? To see this, we must look a little more closely at the messages that they disseminate to society.
Humanist Moral Theory
The Masonic theory of "humanist morality" is extremely deceptive. History shows that, in societies where religion has been destroyed, there is no morality and only strife and disorder. The picture on the left shows the savagery of the French Revolution and portrays the real results of humanism.
Today, Masons in many countries are engaged in an effort to introduce themselves to the rest of society. Using press conferences, Internet sites, newspaper advertisements and statements, they describe themselves as an organization solely dedicated to the good of society. In some countries there are even charitable organizations supported by Masons.
The same thing is said by the Rotary and Lion's Club organizations, which are "light" versions of Masonry. All of these organizations insist that they are working for the good of society.
Certainly, to work for the good of society is not an undertaking to be discouraged, and we have no objection to it. But, behind their claim there is a deceptive message. Masons claim that there can be morality without religion, and that a moral world can be established without religion. And, the intention behind all their charitable work is to spread this message in society.
We will see shortly why this claim is so deceitful. But, before that, it will be useful to consider the views of Masons on this subject. On the Masons' Internet site, the possibility of "morality without religion" is described in this way:
What is human? Where does he come from and where is he going?... How does a person live? How does he have to live? Religions try to answer these questions with the help of moral principles that they have set. However they relate their principles with metaphysical concepts like God, heaven, hell, worship. And people have to find their principles of life without being involved in metaphysical problems, which they need to believe in without comprehending. Freemasonry has been declaring these principles for centuries as freedom, equality, brotherhood, the love of working and peace, democracy, etc. These release a person totally from the religious creeds but still give a principle of life. They search their bases not in metaphysical concepts but inside a mature person living on this earth.50
Masons who think in this way are totally opposed to a person believing in Allah and performing acts of charity to gain His approval. For them, everything must be done only for the sake of humanity. We can clearly discern this way of thinking in a book published by the Turkish lodges:
Masonic morality is based on love for humanity. It totally rejects being good through hope for the future, a benefit, a reward, and paradise, out of fear of another person, a religious or political institution, unknown supernatural powers… It only espouses and exalts being good in relation to the love for family, country, human beings and humanity. This is one of the most significant aims of Freemasonic evolution. To love people and to be good without expecting something in return and to reach this level are the great evolution.51
The guillotine, the French Revolution's implement of brutality.
The claims in the above quotation are highly misleading. Without the moral discipline of religion there can be no sense of self-sacrifice for the rest of society. And, where this would appear to be accomplished, relationships are merely superficial. Those who have no sense of religious morality have no fear of Allah or respect for Him, and in those places where there is no fear of Allah, human beings are concerned only for their own gain. When people think that their personal interests are at stake, they cannot express true love, loyalty or affection. They show love and respect only to those who may be of benefit to them. This is because, according to this misconception of theirs, they are in this world only once and, therefore, will take as much from it as they can. Moreover, according to this false belief, there is no retribution for any dishonesty or evil they commit in the world.
Masonic literature is full of moral sermons which try to obfuscate this fact. But, actually, this morality without religion is nothing but sham rhetoric. History is full of examples to show that, without the self-discipline that religion confers upon the human spirit, and without Divine law, true morality cannot in any way be established.
A striking example of this was the great French Revolution of 1789. The Masons, who fomented the revolution, came forth with slogans shouting the moral ideals of "liberty, equality and fraternity." Yet, tens of thousands of innocent people were sent to the guillotine, and the country soaked in blood. Even the leaders of the revolution themselves could not escape this savagery, but were sent to the guillotine, one after the other.
In the nineteenth century, communism was born from the error of the possibility of morality without religion, and with even more disastrous results. Communism supposedly demanded a just, equal society in which there was no exploitation and, to this end, proposed the abolition of religion. However, in the twentieth century, in places such as the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc, China, Indo-China, several countries in Africa and Central America, it subjected people to dreadful misery. Communist regimes murdered an incredible number of people; the total number nears about 120 million.52 Moreover, contrary to what has been claimed, justice and equality have never been established in any communist regime; the communist leaders in charge of the state comprised a class of elites. (In his classic book entitled The New Class, the Yugoslavian thinker Milovan Djilas, explains that the communist leaders, known as "nomenklatura," formed a "privileged class" contrary to the claims of communism.)
Another violent scene of the French Revolution.
Also today, when we look within Masonry itself, which is constantly pronouncing its ideas of "service to society" and "sacrifice for humanity," we do not find a very clean record. In many countries, Masonry has been the focus of relationships for ill-gotten material gain. In the P2 Masonic Lodge scandal of Italy in the 1980's, it came to light that the Masons maintained a close relationship with the mafia, and that the directors of the lodge were engaged in activities such as arms-smuggling, the drug trade or money laundering. It was also revealed that they arranged assaults on their rivals and on those who had betrayed them. In the "Great Eastern Lodge Scandal" of France in 1992, and in the "Clean Hands" operation in England, reported in the English press in 1995, the activities of Masonic lodges in the interests of illegal profit became clear. The Masons' idea of "humanist morality" is only a sham.
That such a thing should happen is inevitable, because, as we said at the beginning, morality is only established in society by the moral discipline of religion. At the basis of morality lies the absence of arrogance and selfishness, and the only ones who can achieve this state are those who realize their responsibility to Allah. In the Qur'an, after Allah tells of believers' self-sacrifice, He commands "…It is the people who are safe-guarded from the avarice of their own selves who are successful." (Surat al-Hashr: 9). This is the true basis of morality.
In the Sura Furqan of the Qur'an, the nature of the morality of true believers is described in this way:
The servants of the All-Merciful are those who walk lightly on the earth and, who, when the ignorant speak to them, say, "Peace";those who pass the night prostrating and standing before their Lord...
That is, the basic duty of believers is to submit to Allah in humility, "not to turn their backs, as if they were deaf and blind when they are reminded of His signs." Because of this duty, a person is saved from the selfishness of the ego, worldly passions, ambitions, and the concern to make himself liked by others. The kind of morality mentioned in the verses above is attained by these means alone. For this reason, in a society lacking in love and fear of Allah and faith in Him, there is no morality. Since nothing can be determined absolutely, each determines what is right and wrong according to his own desires.
Actually, the primary aim of Masonry's secular-humanist moral philosophy is, not to establish a moral world, but to establish a secular world. In other words, Masons do not espouse the philosophy of humanism because they grant a high importance to morality, but only to transmit to society their notion that religion is not necessary.
The Masonic Goal: To Establish a Humanist World
As we have already seen, Masons are tied to humanist philosophy. That is why they reject faith in Allah, and the worship of human beings, or the veneration of "humanity" in His place (Surely Allah is beyond that). But, this raises an important question: do Masons reserve this belief for themselves only, or do they wish it to be adopted by others as well?
When we look at Masonic writings, we can clearly see the answer to this question: the goal of this organization is to spread the humanist philosophy throughout the world, and to eradicate the monotheistic religions (Islam, Christianity and Judaism).
For example, in an article published in the Masonic magazine Mimar Sinan, it says, "Masons do not search for the origin of the ideas of evil, justice and honesty beyond the physical world, they believe that these things arise from a person's social conditions, social relationships and what he strives for in his life." and adds, "Masonry is trying to spread this idea throughout the whole world."53
Selami Isindag, a senior Turkish Mason, writes:
According to Masonry, in order to rescue humanity from a morality of the supernatural based on religious sources, it is necessary to establish a morality that is based on love for humanity which is not relative. In its traditional moral principles, Masonry has taken into account the tendencies of the human organism, its needs and their satisfaction, the rules of social life and their organization, conscience, freedom of thought and speech and, finally, all the things that go into the formation of natural life. Because of this, its goal is to establish and foster human morality in all societies.54
What Master Mason Isindag means by "rescuing human beings from a morality based on religious sources" is the alienation of all people from religion. In the same book, Isindag explains this goal and its supposed "principles for the establishment of an advanced civilization":
Masonry's positive principles are necessary and sufficient for the establishment of an advanced civilization. They are:
-The acceptance that the impersonal God (the Great Architect of the Universe) is evolution itself.
-The rejection of the belief in revelation, mysticism and empty beliefs.
-The superiority of rational humanism and labor.
The first of the three articles above entails the rejection of the existence of Allah. (Masons do not believe in Allah, but in the Great Architect of the Universe, and the above quotation shows that with this term, they mean evolution.) The second article rejects revelation from Allah and religious knowledge based on it. (Isindag himself defines this as "empty beliefs.") And the third article ignorantly exalts humanism and the humanist concept of "labor" (as in Communism).
If we consider how entrenched these perverted ideas have become in the world today, we can appreciate the influence of Masonry in it.
There is another important thing to take note of here: how has Masonry put into motion its mission against religion? When we look at Masonic writings, we see that they imagine they can destroy religion, especially on the societal level, by means of mass "propaganda." Master Mason Selami Isindag throws a lot of light on this matter in this passage from his book:
…Even overly repressive regimes have not been successful in their attempts to destroy the institution of religion. Indeed, the harsh excesses of political methods, in their attempt to enlighten society by rescuing people from empty religious faith and dogmas produced an adverse reaction: the places of worship they wanted close are today fuller than ever, and the faith and dogmas that that they outlawed have even more adherents. In another lecture we pointed out that in such a matter that touches heart and emotion, prohibition and force have no effect. The only way to bring people from darkness to enlightenment is positive science and the principles of logic and wisdom. If people are educated according to this way, they will respect the humanist and positive sides of religion but save themselves from its vain beliefs and dogmas.55
In order to understand what is meant here, we have to analyze it carefully. Isindag says that repression of religion will make religious people more highly motivated and will strengthen religion. Therefore, in order to prevent religion from being strengthened, Isindag thinks Masons should destroy religion on the intellectual level. What he means by "positive science and principles of logic and wisdom" is not really science, logic or wisdom. What he means is merely a humanist, materialist philosophy that uses these catch-phrases as camouflage, as in the case of Darwinism. Isindag asserts that, when these ideas are disseminated in society, "only the humanist elements in religion will gain respect," that is, what will be left of religion will be only those elements approved by the humanist philosophy. In other words, they want to reject the basic truths that lie at the foundation of monotheistic religion (Isindag calls them vain beliefs and dogmas). These truths are the ultimate realities such as that man is created by Allah and is responsible to Him.
It is clear that Isindag and the Masons who share his ideas are in a state of serious error.
In short, Masons aim at destroying the elements of faith that constitute the essence of religion. They want to reduce the role of religion as merely a cultural element that in their view should express its ideas on a number of general moral questions. The way to accomplish this, according to the Masons, is to impose atheism on the society in the guise of supposed positive science and reason. Ultimately though, their goal is to remove religion from its position as even a cultural element, and establish a totally atheist world.
G. E. Lessing and E. Renan. The Masons wanted to realize the dream of these two atheist writers in eradicating religion from the face of the earth.
In an article by Isindag, in the magazine Mason, entitled "Positive Science–The Obstacles of Mind and Masonry," he says:
As a result of all this, I want to say that the most important humanistic and Masonic duty of us all is not to turn away from science and reason, to acknowledge that this is the best and only way according to evolution, to spread this faith of ours among people and to educate the people in positive science. The words of Ernest Renan are very important: "If the people are educated and enlightened by positive science and reason, the vain beliefs of religion will collapse by themselves." Lessing's words support this view: "If human beings are educated and enlightened by positive science and reason, one day there will be no need for religion."56
This is Masonry's ultimate goal. They want to destroy religion completely, and establish a humanist world based on the "sacredness" of humanity. That is, they want to establish a new order of ignorance, in which people reject Allah Who created them, and consider themselves Divine… This goal is the purpose for the existence of Masonry. In the Masonic magazine called Ayna (Mirror), this is called a "Temple of Ideas":
Modern Masons have changed the goal of the old Masons to build a physical temple into the idea of building a "Temple of Ideas." The construction of a Temple of Ideas will be possible when Masonic principles and virtues are established and such wise people increase on the earth.57
To further this goal, Masons work tirelessly in many countries of the world. The Masonic organization is influential in universities, other educational institutions, in the media, in the world of art and ideas. It never ceases in its efforts to disseminate its humanist philosophy in society and to discredit the truths of the faith that is the basis of religion. We will see later that the theory of evolution is one of Masons' principal means of propaganda. Moreover, they aim to build a society that does not mention even the name of Allah or religion, but caters only to human pleasure, desires and worldly ambition. This will be a society formed by people who have "made (Allah) into something to cast disdainfully behind their backs" (Surah Hud: 92), similar to the people of Madyan mentioned in the Qur'an. In this culture of ignorance there is no room for the fear or love of Allah, doing His will, performing acts of worship, nor is there any thought for the hereafter. In fact, these ideas are thought to be old-fashioned and characteristic of uneducated people. This deceptive message is being constantly used for indoctrination in films, comic strips and novels.
In this great enterprise of deception, the Masons continually play a leadership role. But, there are also many other groups and individuals engaged in the same work. Masons accept them as "honorary Masons," and count them as their allies because they are all one in their shared humanist philosophy. Selami Isindag writes:
Masonry also accepts this fact: In the outside world there are wise people who, although they are not Masons, espouse Masonic ideology. This is because this ideology is wholly an ideology of human beings and of humanity.58
This persistent battle against religion relies on two basic arguments or justifications: the materialist philosophy and Darwin's theory of evolution.
In the following chapters we will examine these two justifications, their origin and their relationship to Masonry. Then, we will be able to understand more clearly the behind-the-scenes of these lies that have influenced the world since the nineteenth century.
39 Malachi Martin, The Keys of This Blood: The Struggle for World Dominion Between Pope John Paul II, Mikhail Gorbachev, and the Capitalist West, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1990, pp. 519-520, (emphasis added)
48 "Masonluk Iddia Edildigi Gibi Gizli Bir Tesekkul mudur?" (Is Freemasonry a Secret Organization as It is Claimed to be?) (Mim Kemal Oke, Turk Mason Dergisi (The Turkish Mason Magazine), No. 15, July 1954, (emphasis added)
49 Franz Simecek, Turkiye Fikir ve Kultur Dernegi E. ve K. S. R. Sonuncu ve 33. Derecesi Turkiye Yuksek Surasi, 24. Konferans, (Turkish Society of Idea and Culture, 33rd degree, Turkey Supreme Meeting, 24th conference), Istanbul, 1973, p. 46, (emphasis added)
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Översättning 'revaluation reserve' – Ordbok svenska-Engelska
pdf for download - GustavHolmberg.com
DICTIONARY.COM Revanchism is the political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial losses incurred by a country, often following a war or social movement. As a term, revanchism originated in 1870s France in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War among nationalists who wanted to avenge the French defeat and reclaim the lost territories of Alsace-Lorraine. Revanchism draws its strength from patriotic and retributionist thought and is often motivated by economic or geopolitical factors the action taken and the policies followed by a government determined to recover a lost territory. — revanche, n. — revanchist, n., adj. noun A revanchist person; occasionally, anyone seeking vengeance. adjective Seeking revenge or otherwise advocating retaliation , especially against a nation which has previously defeated and humiliated the revanchist party in war.
7. and the Meaning of Modern Austin (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010). av S Franzén · 2012 — 3.3 Två gentrifieringsdiskurser: Revanchist City och Emancipatory City .. 36 1980s /…/ a far broader meaning of gentrification [was developed], linking. av A Svensson · 2016 — He means that the process can not be explained or understood on (Neil Smith, 1996, The new urban frontier: gentrification and the revanchist city, sid.33). This means that people outside an organisation can easily post threatening messages on Gentrification and the revanchist city . Hobo- ken: Taylor & Francis What we are getting in return is new revanchism and nationalism in my country and elsewhere.
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Arabic - English. No Results found, click here to ask or suggest us. Revanchist Meaning in English to Urdu is سیاسی طور پر مُنتقم, as written in Urdu and Siyasi Tor Par Muntaqim, as written in Roman Urdu. Accurate Revanchist Translation, Synonyms and Antonyms.
Innehåll Sidan 2 Kissinger i Kina Av Branislav Jakovljevic
desire or support for such a policy. "a German seeking to avenge Germany's defeat in World War I and recover lost territory," 1926 (on model of French revanchiste, used in reference to those seeking to reverse the results of the defeat of France by Prussia in 1871), from revanche "revenge, requital," especially in reference to a national policy seeking return of lost territory, from French revanche "revenge," from Middle French revenche, back-formation from revenchier (see revenge (v.)). noun A revanchist person; occasionally, anyone seeking vengeance. adjective Seeking revenge or otherwise advocating retaliation, especially against a nation which has previously defeated and humiliated the revanchist party in war.
More meanings of revanchist, it's definitions, example sentences, related words, idioms and quotations. The word "revanchist" has 2 different meanings.
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Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
This does not mean that the occult underground has changed Western MacLeod, Gordon (2002) “From Urban Entrepreneurialism to a “Revanchist City”? fairly general, without any specific meaning being ascribed to them. The cies to dissolution in Eastern Europe and German revanchism; the Soviet leaders. have disarmingly bobbed thirdly on the statically scarum revanchism.
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LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ▷ Svenska Översättning - Exempel
The digital revolution The Urban Zemiology of Carnival Row: Allegory, Racism and Revanchism as a thick narrative with four distinct levels of meaning, literal, symbolic, existential, Reveal, disclose, divulge share the meaning of making known something previously concealed or secret. To reveal is to uncover as if by drawing away a Revanchism draws strength from desires to regain national esteem, local geo- political dominance, or economic advantages by subduing a foe.
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Demokratisk: English translation, definition, meaning
revanchist synonyms, revanchist pronunciation, revanchist translation, English dictionary definition of revanchist. n. The act of retaliating, especially by a nation or group to regain lost territory or standing; revenge. re·vanch′ism n. re·vanch′ist adj. & n. noun.
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Weird things about the name Revanchist: The name spelled backwards is Tsihcnaver. A random rearrangement of the letters in the name (anagram) will give Vctnaisehr .
in a flow where meaning arises from the ostensibly unrelated, like echoes charged with the revanchist propaganda of the inter-war period. In brief, the first suggests that Russia is a 'revanchist power' that seeks to meaning that the Putin regime deliberately plays a spoiler role in international affairs av C AL · Citerat av 11 — Significance of Swedish Public Housing for Urban Housing. Inequality entrepreneurialism (Franzén et al., 2016; Thörn, 2011), revanchism (N. Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (London: Routledge, 1996). 7.
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Subtitled "The Simplest Seuss for Youngest Use," this book is perfect for teaching the rudiments of reading. Simple rhyming words, such as PUP and UP, are stacked one over the other in large capitals, so that readers see that "up" is contained in the word "pup." Sentences using these words are accompanied by humorous illustrations to complete the playful reading lesson.
About The Author
It s difficult to imagine the children s book landscape without Dr. Seuss, who is, almost half a century after The Cat in the Hat, the best-recognized children s book writer in the country. But until Dr. Seuss -- a.k.a. Theodor Seuss Geisel -- reinvented the genre with his colorful and exuberant Sneetches, Grinches, Zaxes, and Zooks, children s books were often little more than literal-minded lessons and cautionary tales intended to transform young readers into productive citizens.
Series: Beginner Books
For Ages: 6 - 7 years old
For Grades: 1 - 2
Number Of Pages: 64
Published: 12th February 1963
Publisher: Random House UK Ltd (a Division of Random House Group)
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 23.5 x 17.15 x 0.64
Weight (kg): 0.25
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No matter what the illness, before doctor, you always think of visiting a pharmacist. But a pharmacist’s job is more than just filling prescriptions. They help people live better and healthier lives.
Pharmacists, an accessible health professional
It is not always possible to be in touch with a doctor in our busy lives. Taking appointments, reaching the clinic for every health problem is not easy.
Pharmacists come into picture here as they make it convenient for us to maintain our health by offering basic testing and wellness services like blood pressure measurement, preventative vaccines, pregnancy kits, diabetes tests etc.
Most of the Canadians live within just two miles of a pharmacist. A pharmacist in a Canadian pharmacy is an easily and widely accessible health professional who has wide knowledge on health and medicines.
Pharmacists, an essential part of the Healthcare Team
A pharmacist serves as a medication expert and thus he is an integral part of health professionals like primary care practitioners and specialist doctors. Most of the pharmacists in Canada work in collaboration with other medical professionals to get hold of problems and provide the right course of action to help the patients.
Pharmacists, highly-educated and trained Health Professionals
The education of pharmacists is among the most rigorous educational courses in the entire healthcare field. They earn a Doctor of Pharmacy degree after 6 years of intense education that includes advanced science courses to communication skills training.
With their training, they help the patients get the best outcome from their treatments. They serve as medication experts who provide recommendations for medication to manage acute illnesses, chronic diseases, and quality of life care.
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EDUCATION IN CANADA
In Canada, the federal government oversees education, while provincial and territorial governments have the role of developing curriculum and determining major education policies and initiatives.
There are similarities between the education systems of different provinces and territories, but each province / territory has its own curriculum reflecting the culture and history of the region.
As English and French are official languages, in Canada there are schools with English and French language tuition.
Education in Canada is compulsory for children aged 5/6/7 to 16/18 y.o., depending on the province or territory, and is divided into primary and secondary levels.
The grading scale is from A to F, where A = Excellent (90 ÷ 100), B = Good (80 ÷ 89), C = Average (70 ÷ 79), D = Poor (60 ÷ 69) and F = Fail (<60).
In the Elementary School, from grades 1 to 6 or grades 1 to 8, children study the same general subjects.
The curriculum varies across Canada, but lessons include: English (French), Mathematics, History, Geography, Sciences, Health and Physical Education and Introductory Arts. Second Language is included in some jurisdictions.
Types of schools
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The Thérèse Bonney papers document her photojournalism during World War II and her contributions to war relief efforts in
Europe, her life as an art collector, writer, and publicist, and her lifelong interest in French culture and work promoting
Franco-American friendship. The collection is divided into seven series: Correspondence; Biographical Materials and Personalia;
Writings; World War II; Chain d’Amite and Franco-American Friendship; Art, Fashion, and Photography; and “Project Fromage.”
Mabel Thérèse Bonney was a pioneering photographer and war correspondent. She was born July 15, 1894 in Syracuse, New York
to Anthony Le Roy and Addie Bonnie. She moved to California with her mother when she was five. Bonney graduated from the University
of California in 1916, got an M.A. in Romance Languages from Radcliffe College, and received her Docteur des Lettres degree
from the Sorbonne in Paris in 1921. Bonney wrote a number of guides to Paris and French culture (some with her sister Louise)
in the late 1920s and early 1930s. She founded and directed the Bonney Service, the first American illustrated press service
in Europe, from 1923-1938, supplying text and photographs to magazines and newspapers in 33 countries. Exhibits of photographs
she collected garnered Bonney a reputation in the art world, and in 1935, she moved to New York to become director of the
new Maison Française, a gallery dedicated to fostering better cultural understanding between the United States and France.
Bonney took up photography herself in the late 1930s. She published a behind-the-scenes look at the Vatican for Life in 1938,
and traveled to Finland in 1939 to photograph preparations for the Olympic Games. She was the only photojournalist there when
Russia invaded, and gained wide acclaim for her coverage of the Russo-Finnish War. Bonney then returned to France, where she
documented the German invasion and, later, the liberation of France. In 1940, back in the States, Bonney exhibited her photos
showing how the war affected noncombatants at the Library of Congress and the Modern Museum of Art. The Carnegie Corporation
gave her a grant to return to Europe to further document the effects of the World War II on the civilian population. Her photographs
of the war’s effects on children were particularly moving, and a compilation became her best known project, “Europe’s Children.”
During the war, she was also involved in missions for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and worked with the French Red
Cross. Bonney’s war correspondence and photojournalism earned her The White Rose, Finland’s highest honor, and France’s Croix
de Guerre. Bonney founded a number of organizations dedicated to improving Franco-American relations. Chain d’Amite (Friendship
Chain) encouraged French families to open their homes to American G.I.s. It eventually spread to Belgium, the Netherlands,
and Denmark. Project Patriotism encouraged airmen and parachuters who were shot down in France to help the French people who
had rescued them. Late in life Bonney advocated for the rights of the elderly and lobbied to extend Medicare rights to American
citizens living in Paris. She died in Paris on January 23, 1978.
32.85 Linear Feet
(14 cartons, 1 cardfile box, 3 oversize boxes, 14 volumes, 2 oversize folders, 1 microfilm reel)
Some materials in these collections may be protected by the U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). In addition, the reproduction
of some materials may be restricted by terms of University of California gift or purchase agreements, donor restrictions,
privacy and publicity rights, licensing and trademarks. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright beyond
that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be
commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owner. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user.
All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the
Head of Public Services, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley 94720-6000. See: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/reference/permissions.html.
Collection is open for research.
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By: CHHS Extern Erika Steele
Image Source: Jovanmandic/iStockPhoto.com
The flu this year has shown a very rapid increase in the number of people hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed cases. More alarming, is the fact influenza activity has not peaked, and all states, except for Hawaii and Oregon continue to report widespread activity. Increased contagion is overwhelming hospitals, impacting schools, and workplaces, and it is having an effect on the nation’s economy. The CDC predicts that 18 million employed adults will miss four workdays due to the flu—an estimated economic cost of at least $15.4 billion in lost productivity due to the flu season.
Every year, influenza carries away perfectly healthy young adults and children, and tens of thousands of people over age 65. Our last severe flu season was in 2014-2015, 148 children died. The CDC does not report precise numbers for overall flu deaths, but estimates that from 2010 through 2016“influenza has resulted in between 9.2 million and 60.8 million illnesses, between 140,00 and 710,000 hospitalizations and between 12,000 and 56,0000 deaths annually since 2010. The overall hospitalization and rate of mortality during this season is higher than the overall rates reported in recent years. CDC reported 53 flu-related pediatric deaths for this season. In California, one of the hardest hit states, at least 97 people under age 65 have died as of early January.
It’s a Bad Season, But Not a Flu Pandemic
Despite the fact that the flu is widespread, across 49 US states, and reached epidemic levels, it is not a pandemic. What counts as an “epidemic” changes little from season to season; an epidemic occurs when a contagious disease spreads rapidly, often suddenly, and widely among the population in an area. Immunization and quarantine are the two methods used to control an epidemic. In contrast, a pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease. Flu “pandemic” occurs when a new influenza virus emerges around the world, and most people do not have immunity. Image Source: CDC FluView Interactive Map
Long before the 2009 swine flu pandemic (caused by a novel H1N1 influenza virus), there was the deadly 1918 Spanish flu, which spread around the world, infecting about one in five people and killing as many as 50 million.
What makes this flu season so unique is that it is hitting everyone at the same time, we often see a slower progression throughout different parts of the country, unlike this year, where the entire country has been experiencing lots of flu at the same time. But according Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infections Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota, “[t]his is what we should expect from seasonal flu.”
Immunologists say that there are three main reasons that increase the risk of death from the flu: co-infection with another germ, aggravating of existing conditions such as heart disease or asthma; and a so called cytokine storm, marked by an overwhelming immune system response to infection (overproduction of immune cells turns the body’s immune system against itself). The CDC and experts continue to recommend influenza vaccination for all persons 6 months of age and older, health-care providers and the public, particularly people who are at high risk of serious flu complications must receive prompt treatment with antiviral medications an the best means to protect oneself from this contagious respiratory illness.
A Vaccine is Our Most Promising Antidote—Our Social Contract Requires Affirmative Action
The flu is adaptable and unpredictable. It is impossible for healthcare providers to predict when a person infected with the flu will take a turn for the worse. There is a gap in their knowledge and an opportunity to use our best technology to find biomarkers in a patient’s blood to help researchers find some genetic or immune characteristics to aid in the discovery of new treatments to the flu.
Even when a vaccine is not completely effective, as the flu vaccine is this year, because the circulating virus strains includes both B strains (Yamagata and Victoria), H1N1 and H3N2, and the vaccine is not working well to combat the predominant flu strain, H3N2. Indeed, according to Researchers in Canada, the vaccine proved only 10% effective against the virus, though it provides protection against other circulating strains, thus, making this year challenging because H3N2 strains have been known to cause more complications, hospitalizations, and deaths.
Given that we are seeing so much flu activity across the nation, people who have not been vaccinated should still get the vaccine. It is not too late to get inoculated. Even if the current vaccine is not as effective against the H3N2 strain, it is effective at preventing other strains of the virus, particularly when it is not unusual to have a second flu wave come through. On a related note, dogs are not immune to the flu; while canine flu cannot spread to humans, it can leap from dog to dog easily. Some veterinarians recommend vaccinating dogs against the flu.
In addition to encouraging people to get the flu vaccine, persons engaged in customer-facing professions, working in the food industry, and all children in public schools should be required to be vaccinated against the flu. Undeniably, prescribed vaccination has always raised Constitutional challenges; as seen in Phillips v. City of New York, 775 F.3d 538 (2015) and during the early 1900’s in Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905), where the judiciary considered similar vaccination requirement questions. Whatever your individual stance on vaccination, the question becomes whether reasonable members of society should expect similarly situated citizens to inoculate themselves against preventable contagious diseases on the basis that our social contract demands that we not unreasonably expose others to preventable diseases.
Raise Your Voice: A Government Shutdown Could Impact DHHS’s Ability to Track the Flu
When the government shutdown in 2013, the CDC has to shut down its flu program, meaning it could no longer track where the disease was spreading, coordinate with local public health officials, test samples coming in, or monitor infections at airports around the world. With the impending government decision whether to fund or shutdown the government in the coming weeks, it is imperative that government officials take proactive steps to ensure that employees under the DHHS and FDA are not furloughed. Failure to ensure these employees are considered “essential” could slow down drugs approvals, affect food inspections, and preclude the tracking and study of new trials because patients hoping to enroll in clinical trials won’t be able to.
No matter what political affiliation, each citizen has a duty to become civically engaged in ensuring that those elected to public office are working to serve and protect the nation’s citizens. Thus, each of us should contact our elected representatives to ensure that in the event of a government shutdown, those tasked with keeping us protected from contagious diseases, including the flu, are classified as essential employees and not furloughed. Alternatively, I posit the radical idea that, akin to some states, our federal government should be constitutionally required to pass a budget each year. But, that may be wishful thinking on my part, or perhaps I have contracted the flu and suffering fever delusions.
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62000H- S Solar Array Simulation [VIDEO]
I’m going be covering something referred to as solar array simulation, and it’s used when testing PV inverters without having to use an actual solar panel or solar array as the input power. We do it by incorporating into a DC power supply, a method of simulating an actual solar array.
A typical or equivalent circuit is what you see in Figure 1. There are two devices: RS which is an “equivalent series resistance”, and RSH which is the “equivalent shunt resistor.” These two resistances are critical because as the current is developed, an output from the solar panel or the solar cell has a limited ability to produce maximum current limited by the series resistance. There’s also a limit to the maximum voltage which is determined by the shunt resistor. Another thing that determines how much power a solar cell or solar panel or solar array can output is the amount of radiation from the Sun, and that’s measured in watts per meter squared.
Also, there are different types of solar cells: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film. They have a fill factor, which is a ratio of absolute power versus real maximum power. So you can see the monocrystalline has a higher number of 0.8, which means it’s a more efficient and better solar cell that gives you more power output. The ambient temperature focused on solar cells has a big effect on how much power you can output. Solar cells prefer to be operated at cooler temperatures so as the ambient temperature increases, the power efficiency decreases. There are panel specifications and parameters that are specific for defining solar panels. There is a short circuit current and open-circuit voltage. There’s current at maximum power, a voltage at maximum power, and the maximum power output rating itself.
The red line shows what we refer to as the IV curve. It starts up at the maximum current which would be an absolute short-circuit of the output of the solar panels, and it’s referred to as short-circuit current. With no load applied to the solar panel and it produces an open circuit voltage. These two points create this curve based on an algorithm created by Sandia and by European Ian 50530 standards.
There’s also an equivalent PV curve and this uses the power versus voltage to determine the maximum power point. So, this is how we can operate the output of our power supply to simulate an actual solar panel or a solar array. Our 62000H family of power supplies can do this very nicely. There are 5, 10 and 15kW versions of this unit. They go all the way up to a thousand volts can be put in series up to 1,800 volts and they can be put in parallel to create up to 1.5MW of total power.
These units are used as the input power to an actual PV inverter to simulate the solar panel. So, when you look at the inverter or PV inverter specification, it has some definite definitions for maximum usable DC power. It also has a maximum power point operating voltage range and a maximum operating an input current. So, with this setup, I’m going to use 2000 watts as my maximum power. I’m going to use 300 volts as our voltage at maximum power, and I’m going to use 6.75 amps as the current at maximum power.
What we have here is the configuration or choice output mode. You can select “9” which is the output mode settings. There’s also a selection for solar array simulation. When you select solar array simulation mode, it’s going to give you the ability to input these different parameters for open-circuit voltage. We’ll set that to “350”. We’re going to set this short-circuit current to a maximum of 7A and 7.5A. Then we’re going to set the maximum voltage setting for maximum power to 300V and we’re going to set the maximum power current to 6.75A.
Once we’ve put these parameters in, the unit will create the data points that make that curve, and import that into our digital signal processor that controls the output of our power supply. Once we’ve done that we can connect the unit to the inverter input and press the “output” button. From there, you’ll see that when we run the output by hitting “execute”, it’ll give us the voltage and current at maximum power. It’ll also show the parameters that we use to set it. It’ll tell us the output is on and it’ll give us the equivalent power of 2025W, the equivalent voltage at maximum power, and equivalent current at maximum power as well. This is a way you can capture all the data to prove how well your inverter is working. It also determines how well the maximum power point tracking mechanism built into the actual PV inverters can determine the power available from the solar panel, or in this case our solar array simulator, and also to adjust its output accordingly so that it gets a continuous flow at maximum power for that unit.
There’s another way to do this instead of manually operating it. We offer software that can do even more advanced operations of the output. We can do the typical IV PV curve that we talked about. We can manually control that from the soft panel. We can change other features and parameters such as the radiation level to simulate the amount of solar radiation from the sun. We can change and simulate different ambient temperatures that would also affect a maximum output efficiency power from the solar panel that we’re simulating. We can do maximum power simulation and fulfill factor simulation as well. We can also do something that’s referred to as “shadow curves.” During the day, a solar panel may have anything from a shadow from a device or a tree.
So, we can create those variations, curves, and output power accordingly from our power supply to feed that to the input of the PV inverter. We can also do it as a moving cloud or shadow as the sun moves, the PV inverter over the solar panels would change as well. We can also do what’s called “maximum power point dynamic testing.” We can create multiple curves at different power levels and time those at different time intervals to input that. We can test the response time of the PV inverters maximum power point tracking. We can also use real data of solar radiation levels and temperatures that can be downloaded from different sites.
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Four teachers and a teacher educator move from guided notes to strings in a series of problems that support students in increased engagement, reasoning, sense making, and problem solving.
Rob Wieman, Lindsay Freedman, Paul Albright, Deb Nolen, and Jessica Onda
Lybrya Kebreab, Sarah B. Bush, and Christa Jackson
Mathematics education can be positioned as fertile ground for societal change. This article deconstructs the complex work of supporting students’ positive mathematical identities by introducing pedagogical fluency to embody equitable beliefs and practices.
Deanna Pecaski McLennan
Amanda K. Riske, Catherine E. Cullicott, Amanda Mohammad Mirzaei, Amanda Jansen, and James Middleton
We introduce the Into Math Graph tool, which students use to graph how “into" mathematics they are over time. Using this tool can help teachers foster conversations with students and design experiences that focus on engagement from the student’s perspective.
Ear to the Ground features voices from various corners of the mathematics education world.
Teachers can use the SCAMPER framework to help students understand and appreciate rich mathematical connections in topics such as functions. The framework facilitates critical and creative thinking by allowing students to explore concepts through open mathematics.
S. Megan Che, Juliana Utley,, and Stacy Reeder
This article illustrates ways to extend Two Ways into high school mathematics content and advantages of doing so.
Sean P. Yee, George J. Roy, and LuAnn Graul
As mathematical patterns become more complex, students' conditional reasoning skills need to be nurtured so that students continue to critique, construct, and persevere in making sense of these complexities. This article describes a mathematical task designed around the online version of the game Mastermind to safely foster conditional reasoning.
Matt Enlow and S. Asli Özgün-Koca
Equality is one of the main concepts in K–12 mathematics. Students should develop the understanding that equality is a relationship between two mathematical expressions. In this month's GPS, we share tasks asking students one main question: how do they know whether or not two mathematical expressions are equivalent?
Scott Corwin, Michelle Cascio, Katherine Emerson, Laura Henn, and Catherine Lewis
Our middle school mathematics department used lesson study to investigate how to introduce fractions division to our sixth-grade students. We highlight our learnings during the Study and Plan phases, describe our observations during the lesson, and provide tips for educators interested in using lesson study to study their own content.
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(Editor’s Note: This story was originally published April 14, 2010)
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have discovered a process that allows them to imitate photosynthesis—a potentially critical breakthrough in the search for clean, sustainable energy.
Photosynthesis is the ability of plants to harvest the power of sunlight. It is a natural process that converts carbon dioxide into oxygen, as well as other organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many species of bacteria. By replicating the process, solar energy proponents hope to make unlimited amounts of “green” energy from water and sunlight alone.
The breakthrough was announced by Angela Belcher, the Germeshausen Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and Biological Engineering at MIT.
Writing in the current issue of Nature Nantechnology, Belcher said, “Our results suggest that the biotemplated nanoscale assembly of functional components is a promising route to significantly improved photocatalytic water-splitting systems.”
In practical terms, the research could allow an inexpensive way to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen could then be used as a fuel source for vehicles or fuel cells. For dreamers, in means that you could store water in your car (or home, or wherever) and simply synthesize it into hydrogen and oxygen on the fly.
Belcher and her team took a harmless virus called M13. They engineered it so that one end carries a catalyst—iridium oxide. Bound at the other end are light-sensitive pigments, zinc porphyrins. The porphyrins capture light energy, and transmit it along the virus, acting as a wire, to the other end, activating the catalyst. That process splits water into oxygen and the constituents of hydrogen, a proton and electron.
“The role of the pigments is to act as an antenna to capture the light. and then transfer the energy down the length of the virus, like a wire,” Belcher said in her paper. “The virus is a very efficient harvester of light, with these porphyrins attached.”
For now, a prototype device that can carry out the splitting of water into oxygen and hydrogen should be able to be ready in two years, according to Belcher.
And there’s another problem. For now, the process extracts the oxygen just fine, but the hydrogen atoms get split into their component protons and electrons. In the second phase of the project, Belcher and her team will combine these hydrogen atom components back into proper atoms and molecules. They also need to find a cheaper catalyst.
According to Thomas Mallouk, the DuPont Professor of Materials Chemistry and Physics at Pennsylvania State University, for this process to actually be cost-competitive with other approaches to solar power, it has to be at least ten times more efficient than natural photosynthesis, be repeatable a billion times, and use less expensive materials.
But for now, the really hard part seems to be over.
VIDEO: Photosynthesis (Simple Science via Vimeo.com)
GM viruses offer hope of future where energy is unlimited
Breakthrough as US researchers replicate photosynthesis in laboratory
The Independent (London) April 13, 2010
Biologically templated photocatalytic nanostructures for sustained light-driven water oxidation
Nature Nanotechnology, April 11, 2010
Engineered Virus Harnesses Light To Split Water
Scientific American, April 14, 2010
Virus to help split water into hydrogen for fuel cells?
PaulTan.org, April 14, 2010
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This document was created and published by the US Army Corps of Engineers. It is a comprehensive design guide for the creation and installation of solar thermal hot water heating systems. The US Army Corps of Engineers produced this design guide with government installations in mind, but it is widely applicable across the field. It begins with a general introduction to how solar thermal works, before diving into the details. Such information as: how to choose between different types of collectors, how they work, what their benefits are, how different systems operate, technical definitions of system parts, and how they are controlled, are all included in the guide. After profiling successful US Department of Defense installations, the guide provides information on choosing and maintaining a system.
Author: US Army Corps of Engineers
Download document here
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Alcohol History to America
Cabinet des Médailles [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
As far as we know, beer was first made in 8000 BCE, wine in 6000 BCE, and spirits for consumption in 1192. However, they are believed to have been consumed many years before. Medicinal alcohol distillation was first discovered in 900 CE, and the first known word for a consumable distilled spirit was “aqua vitae” (AH-qua VEE-tee or sometimes pronounced VEE-ti), which translates from Latin to “water of life.” Arnaud de Ville-Neuve coined the word in 1310 after he distilled wine with an alembic still. The French translation is eau-de-vie (o-duh-VEE).
According to esteemed alcohol and cocktail historians Anistatia Miller and Jared Brown, thirty-three-year-old French explorer and missionary William de Rubruquis, aka William of Rubruck (1220–1293), was the first to mention a spirit called arrack (uh-RACK). In 1292, Marco Polo (1254-1324) commented about arrack in his travel memoir Il Millione, and it is recorded that Genoese merchants brought arrack to Russia a century before. Arrack is distilled from molasses and water using dried cakes of red rice and botanicals containing yeast and other fungi spores that trigger the fermentation process. It was produced on the island of Java, Batavia, and the technique can be traced back thousands of years to China—and even predates the birth of distillation. The island went through many name changes throughout history, but today is named Jakarta (or Djakarta) and is located in Indonesia. Slowly through the years the distilled spirits vodka, gin, whisk(e)y, rum, tequila, and liqueurs each made a commercial appearance.
The Top Things to Know about Alcohol
The first alcohol known to humankind is beer, then wine, and then spirits.
There are several types of alcohol, but ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is the only potable one.
Distilled spirits were first used as medicine. The first distilling efforts were for oils and perfumes.
Vodka, gin, and rum are allowed to be produced anywhere in the world. However, tequila must be produced in Mexico, Scotch whisky in Scotland, Irish whiskey in Ireland, Canadian whisky in Canada, Bourbon in America (and so on with the whiskeys), pisco in Peru and Chile, and cachaça in Brazil.
One twelve-ounce beer has as much alcohol as a five-ounce glass of wine and one-and-a-half ounces of a spirit.
Grain makes whisky and beer; fruit makes wine and brandy; grapes grown in the Cognac region of France makes Cognac; grapes grown in the Champagne region of France makes Champagne; honey makes mead; sugarcane makes rum; agave makes tequila; Brazilian sugarcane makes cachaça; the discarded leftovers from Chilean and Peruvian winemaking makes pisco; and anything can make vodka.
When you take a drink of alcohol, it passes through the walls of your stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream. Your blood then takes the alcohol to your brain, and then the liver filters out the alcohol from your blood.
The discovery of distillation provided convenience, portability, and preservation. No longer did one need to worry about spoilage (like with beer and wine), and traveling with a bottle of brandy—or port, sherry, and Madeira—was much easier than lugging a barrel of it.
Most spirits range around 80 proof (40 percent). The highest legal limit for spirit proof is 190 (95 percent), but who would want to drink that is up for debate.
The most popular alcoholic cocktails in the world today include Martini, Margarita, Mojito, Manhattan, Old-Fashioned, Daiquiri, Bloody Mary, Mint Julep, Piña Colada, Cosmopolitan, Whiskey Sour, Sazerac, Tom Collins, Caipirinha, and Negroni.
Public Domain painting of Marco Polo and his travels.[CC BY-SA 2.5 from Wikimedia Commons]
Ancient Beer Recipe tablet by BabelStone [CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikimedia Commons]
Ancient oil and perfume still. Public domain via Wikimedia Commons
Ancient Wine Making tablet By Editor at Large [CC BY-SA 2.5 from Wikimedia Commons]
Public Domain painting of Marco Polo and his travels.
Alcohol Timeline to America
At age thirty-nine, Persian alchemist and chemist Al Jabir (Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan) invents the al-ambiq still as part of his laboratory equipment.
Muslim Arab philosopher, physician, and polymath Al-Kindi (801–873) distills a digestible elixir from an alembic still.
Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician Al-Razi (854–925) discovers many compounds and chemicals in his medicinal experimentations—and one of them is alcohol.
The Moors (the name given to a large population of Arabs, Berber North Africans, and Muslim Europeans) introduce alembic distillation methods in France and Spain.
Englishman and Arabic translator Robert of Chester translates the written works of distillation from Al-Jabir, Al-Kindi, and Al-Razi from Arab to Latin.
Genoese merchants bring an India spirit called arrack to Russia.
German friar and Catholic bishop Albertus Magnus (also known as Saint Albert the Great) documents his experiments in making aqua vitae.
King Louis IX of France sends William de Rubruquis to convert the Tartars to Christianity. During his journey, he becomes the first European traveler to mention koumis (distilled female horse milk) and arrack.
German poet Jacob van Maerlant publishes twenty books in his lifetime and Der Naturen Bloeme mentions juniper-based tonics and medicines.
English philosopher and Franciscan friar Roger Bacon translates Al-Razi’s distillation process into Latin.
While traveling home from Beijing to Italy, Venetian merchant Marco Polo discovers a spirit indigenous to Samara in Indonesia called “arrack,” which is made with sugar palm juice. He records the spirit in the second volume of The Travels of Marco Polo (II Milione in Italian).
Philosopher and writer Ramon Llull explains the secrets of distillation to Britain’s King Edward II.
Physician Arnaud de Ville-Neuve distills wine with an alembic still and coins the term “aqua vitae.”
In 2008, The Red Book of Ossory (published in 1320) becomes the first book to be digitalized at the RCB Library in Dublin, Ireland—aqua vitae is documented in the book.
A grain-based aqua vitae that is produced throughout Poland is mentioned in Poland’s Sandomierz Court Registry.
Armagnac goes into full-scale production in France.
Armagnac is registered as a commercial product in Saint-Sever, France.
Geneose merchants pass through Russia and give Vasily Vasiliyevich, the Grand Prince of Moscow (known as Vasily II the Blind) a bottle of their arrack. It’s believed that within a few years, monasteries are ordered to produce a grain-based version called bread wine.
Austrian-born and Viennese-trained physician Michael Puff von Schrick writes A Very Useful Book on Distillations, which describes eighty-two herbal liquors. In 1466, it is printed and published. Even though Schrick dies in 1473, the book goes through thirty-eight editions from 1476–1601.
Arnaud de Ville-Neuve’s Liber de Vinis (“Book of Wines”) is translated into English, printed, and published. The book is filled with recipes on how to make therapeutic wine using herbs, spices, metal compounds, syrups, and flavored spirits.
A German physician in Nuremburg writes about kirshwasser, a cherry eau-de-vie made from Black Forest morello cherries: “In view of the fact that everyone at present has got into the habit of drinking aqua vitae it is necessary to remember the quantity that one can permit oneself to drink and learn to drink it according to one’s capacities, if one wishes to behave like a gentleman.”
The first recorded mention of Scotch whisky is from a June 1 entry in the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland (accounting records). The entry says, “To Friar John Cor, by order of the King James IV, to make aqua vitae VIII bolls of malt.” Four years later, the Lord High Treasurer’s account recorded payment: “To the barbour that brought aqua vitae to the King in Dundee.”
German surgeon and alchemist Hieronymous Brunschwig publishes Liber de arte distillandi: Das buch der rechten kunst zu distillieren (“The Book of the Art of Distillation”) in Strasbourg. It is a groundbreaking book that inspires numerous Holland distilling houses to begin producing brandewijn (burnt wine) from malted grain.
Others had tried, including Christopher Columbus, but Pedro de Atienza is the first to successfully import sugarcane seedlings to Hispaniola. He harvests his first crop four years later.
Scotland’s King James IV grants a monopoly to the Guild of Surgeons and Barbers to produce aqua vitae.
Bénédictine monk Dom Bernardo Vincelli creates a herbal eau-de-vie at the Abbey of Fecamp. DOM Bénédictine is still sold today and used in popular cocktails such as the Singapore Sling, Vieux Carré, and Bobby Burns.
One year before he dies, King Louis XII of France licenses vinegar producers to distill eau-de-vie.
In Santiago de Tequila, Mexico, Spanish settlers construct alquitaras (stills) and distill pulque—a local fermented beverage made from the agave plant. They call the result mexcalli (mezcal).
Martim Afonso de Sousa and four partners set up three confectioneries and they make a sugarcane wine into aguardiente de caña (sugarcane eau-de-vie)—which is later known as cachaça.
Fourteen-year-old Italian Caterina de’ Medici marries fourteen-year-old Henry, the second son of King Francis I of France. She brings bottles of Tuscany Liquore Mediceo, Fraticello, and Elixir Stomatico di Lunga Vita, which are made by monks in the mountains surrounding Florence.
Polish pharmacist Stefan Falimirz publishes the lavishly illustrated book of medical treatments O Ziolach / O Mocy Ich (“On Herbs and Their Potency”), which is one of the first to document the word “vodka” and details the preparation of over seventy vodka-based medicines.
King Francis I of France grants wholesale grocers a license to produce eau-de-vie.
Spanish settlers in Peru begin to harvest and export wine, and the non-suitable harvests are given away to farmers who make what we know of today as pisco.
In the book Constelijck Distilleer Boek, Philippus Hermanni refers to a juniper-infused eau-de-vie.
Lucas Bulsius moves to Amsterdam and sets up his own distillery. He changes his family name to Bols and begins making jenever. Twenty-five years later, Bols becomes a preferred supplier to the Seventeen Gentlemen, the inner circle of the powerful Dutch East India Company, which means he gets first rights on cargos of herbs and spices, giving him an advantage.
Spanish settlers begin distilling aguardiente de caña (rum) from molasses.
The Pilgrims bring brandy and gin with them to America on the Mayflower. In 1657, they begin to import molasses from the Caribbean to open the first American distillery in Boston. In addition, by 1664, they build a second rum distillery in New York City.
Fun Alcohol Facts
Slang terms for distilled alcohol include “aqua vitae,” “ardent spirits,” “belt,” “booze,” “firewater,” “giggle juice,” “grog,” “hard stuff,” “hooch” (refers to it being homemade), “John Barleycorn,” “liquid courage,” “moonshine” (made by the light of the moon), “nightcap,” “sauce,” “snort,” “swill,” “swish,” “tipple,” “toddy,” and tot.
In the United Kingdom, it is legal for children to drink at home with their parents from age six and up. They can be in a pub if accompanied by a parent and, at age sixteen, drink beer or wine in a pub with their parents.
Dr. David Kimball, the lead historian at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, found a 1787 farewell party bar tab at the City Tavern for George Washington in 1985. The bar tab showed that fifty-five attendees drank sixty bottles of claret, fifty-four bottles of Madeira, eight bottles of whiskey, twenty-two bottles of porter, eight bottles of hard cider, twelve bottles of beer, and seven bowls of alcoholic punch.
According to Wikipedia, the country that drinks the most alcohol in the world is the Republic of Belarus, which is bordered by Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, and Lithuania. The country who drinks the most spirits is Haiti.
The youngest drinking age in the world is sixteen and the oldest is twenty-five. There are twenty-three countries whose drinking age is sixteen years old (a couple include Cuba and Switzerland), and there are seven states in India where the drinking age is twenty-five. Alcohol is illegal in thirteen countries.
The alcohol drinking habits of vervet monkeys were studied on St. Kitts island (the monkeys stole drinks from sunbathing tourists). They learned that the monkeys’ drinking behaviors were similar to humans’: teetotaler, social drinker (the majority, who only drink with other monkeys), regular drinker, and binge drinkers that will drink themselves into a coma or death.
Whiteclay, Nebraska, has a population of fourteen. They also have four liquor stores and their yearly beer sales are $3 million (the county next to them is dry).
All Playboy bunnies working at Playboy Clubs were required to know 143 brands of liquor.
Make your own flexible ice packs in the freezer with your choice of plain vodka, gin, rum, tequila, or whiskey. Simply pour a cup of water and a cup of spirit into a freezer plastic bag, squeeze out the air, then seal. Seal that bag into another bag, then place in the freezer. Since the spirit will not freeze solid, it will create a flexible, slushy consistency.
Finding the proof of a spirit dates back to the 1500s. They discovered if you soak a pellet of gunpowder in the spirit and the gunpowder could still burn, the spirits were rated above proof. In the 1800s, the gunpowder test was replaced by a specific-gravity test.
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Five Challenges To Centering Race in Education
We envision a public education system that uplifts all students regardless of their zip code, income, or race. If we are to close the opportunity, learning, and achievement gaps of the present, we must be bold; we must have courageous conversations about race and it’s impact in our public education system so that all students are prepared for college and careers.
Here are five challenges to centering race in education explored in our recent web panel on the topic.
1) Stereotypes create distrust on both sides (students & school staff). Meaningful and positive connections matter. Not just with teachers, but among all school staff and students.
“Stereotypes are leading to distrust on both sides – teachers and students – that perpetuate racial bias.” — Dr. Jason Okonofua, Stanford University
“Literally everyday I have to distance myself from what is a “stereotypical black male student”…”I didn’t go after school to get help because I didn’t trust my teachers.” — Reginald Quartey, Californians for Justice Student Leader
2) Diversity in teaching continues to be an issue. Demographics are rapidly changing – the majority of the popuplation will soon be people of color.
“75% of students in California are students of color, while only 29% of teachers are of color” — Terry Keleher, Thought Leadership & Practice Specialist, Race Forward
3) Racial Discrimination continues to flourish.
“In just one school year (2009-10), well over 30,000 California students were referred to law enforcement, and at least 20,000 students were arrested or given a police ticket. Over 90% of the arrested and ticketed students were youth of color.” – Terry Keleher, Thought Leadership & Practice Specialist at Race Forward
“Stereotypes that we’re all exposed to can affect the way we view our students; unchecked, it can lead to unfair discipline.” – Dr. Jason Okonofua, Stanford University
“Students of color attend the most militarized schools – students walk through metal detectors, are surveilled by cameras and often have more police officers & security than support staff like counselors, tutors, and social workers.” – Terry Keleher, Thought Leadership & Practice Specialist, Race Forward
4) Many believe the myth that racism is a thing of the past.
“A majority of white Americans believe racism is an issue of the past. Something we ‘fixed’ during the civil rights movement.” – Meredith Fenton, Vice President, Fenton Communications
“More than half of Latina/os in the country believe that we talk about race too much. [There is work to be done, not just among white Americans but also in communities of color.]” – Meredith Fenton, Vice President, Fenton Communications
5) Facing race requires us to acknowledge that we are a part of the problem.
“If we talk about race rather than use “high need” or “free & reduced lunch”, we have to acknowledge the problem of race and then look for the cause. If we do that, people would see they’re part of the problem, intentionally or unitentionally, and that they’re perpetuating the system.” – Reginal Quartey, Californians for Justice Student Leader
So what do we do about it?
We can all be a part of the solution. Through education and action, we can address racial disparities in our public schools and create a system that prepares all students for college and careers. Stay tuned for more panels and webinars in the series, and for our next post: “Five Things You Can Do to Center Race in Education”
Californians for Justice, the ACLU of CA, and PolicyLink look forward to bringing you a series of conversations on this topic. Want to get involved? Contact Saa’un at [email protected]
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Submitted by Lindsay Jacques on September 4, 2006 - 04:10. Playlist
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On my dorm wall is my favorite poster of all time- The War’s End Kiss. It is a snapshot of VJ Day in 1945 when a sailor grabs a nurse in the street of New York City and kisses her in a passionate embrace that has captured people’s emotions and imaginations for the past sixty years. Here is my version of what truth I like to think is behind the photograph.
December 7, 1941- “A Day that will live in infamy” according to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and America entered World War II. When one young man heard this news, he decided that he needed to fulfill his duty and enter the navy to serve his country. A like-minded young woman became a nurse hoping to help in any way that she could.
The young nurse (we will call her Jane) witnessed many terrible sights while nursing. Many of her patients died and even though at times she felt alone, there were always other nurses to reach out to for help; they stuck together. The young sailor (we will call him Jack) lost his best friend in battle. He held that friend's head as he watched the light go out of his eyes. However, fellow sailors were around in this darkest hour to help him through his grief.
August 15, 1945- The Japanese surrendered and World War II was over. Jane was so releaved when she heard the news on a radio in the back of the hospital. She just couldn't wait to get home. Jack went to a bar in New York City to have a drink with his buddies.
Jane decided she needed to get on a train and go celebrate the good news in the streets of New York City. She was more excited than she could ever remember, because she was about to join the biggest widespread celebration of her life.
Rhonda Stisi's "Dancin' in the Street"
Then all of a sudden Jack saw this gorgeous young nurse in the street dancing away. And that nurse was Jane. He couldn't resist and he decided...
And then they kissed! Both of them couldn't believe what was happening but knew that it was amazing.
It was hard for Jane to believe that after all this time being alone she surprisingly found somebody to share such a special moment with. Jack didn't want to admit it but he was starting to feel like he might believe in "love at first sight" for the first time in his life. This nurse was more than he had ever hoped for.
And all of this would only take place in one of the greatest cities in America- New York. I had to close with this song from the 1940s performed not only by Tony Bennett but Frank Sinatra as well. It captures the spirit of New York as well as the personality of the time period.
I hope you enjoyed my version of the story behind my favorite poster- The War’s End Kiss: New York City 1945. It truly brings proof to the idiom that a picture is worth 1,000 words (if not more).
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Wastewater contains a mixture of particles with sizes ranging from 0.001 to more than 1000 microns, which include pathogens, organic and inorganic contaminants. Parasites eggs and cysts present among these particles are removed by sedimentation in Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP). However, their settling properties are influenced by other wastewater particles which may explain their presence in some effluents even after provision of recommended retention times. Therefore, understanding how wastewater particles behave inside a reactor will enable the understanding of how they influence sedimentation of parasite eggs and how to improve the process. This study assesses and models spatial and seasonal particle size distribution (PSD) dynamics inside a WSP (Buguruni, Tanzania). The 90 m X 183 m X 1.1 m pond was gridded in 30 X 30 m cells and water samples were collected at top and bottom of the cell nodes for dry and rainfall seasons, and the PSD obtained by Malvern mastersizer2000. Results indicate that particles coming into the pond are mainly supracolloidal and settleables with 52.9% and 45.6 % contribution respectively in dry season and 48.9 % and 49.9 % respectively in wet season. Inflow PSD is a unimodal distribution that separates into bimodal PSD of suspended particles and a unimodal PSD of settling particles inside the pond. Stokes equation gives poor estimation of average particle sizes at different locations but results improve when using the modified formula for flocs. Up to 61.5 % and 45.2 % of particles that falls within the size range of helminths eggs (20-80 microns) are found suspended in water during dry and wet seasons respectively, which may account for their presence in some municipal effluents. Studies in spatial characterization of both size and density of primary particles at different location will enable tracing of different pollutants based on their characteristics.
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Empirical characterization of particle settling spatial dynamics in waste stabilization ponds for detection of parasite cysts
Published: 16 November 2017 by MDPI in The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences session Pathogens in Water
Keywords: WSP, PSD, helminth, sedimentation
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TERRANOVA Green Child Vitamin D3 400iu formulation for children ages 4-12 has been enhanced with highly active, whole and unadulterated superfoods and botanicals.
Stabilised Rice Bran (SRB)
SRB has one of nature`s highest concentrations of the vitamin E-related compounds tocopherols and tocotrienols, as well as B-vitamins, fibre, essential fatty acids, minerals and more than 100 different compounds possessing antioxidant activity (such as alpha lipoic acid [which also recycles antioxidants such as vitamins C and E], coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), carotenoids and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase and catalase).
Spirulina plankton is one of nature`s richest sources of plant pigments (such as chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycocyanin) and highly digestible protein (typically more than 55%), as well as providing vitamins and minerals, fatty acids and other compounds vital to life (such as the powerful antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase [SOD]).
What Is MAGNIFOOD?
Each Terranova nutritional product is enhanced with its own synergistic complex of botanicals and phytonutrient-rich foods, called Magnifood. Magnifood ingredients are combined in a manner which enhances the body`s biochemical environment in order to maximise the potential benefits of the product`s vitamins, minerals and/or other nutrients. Many of the plants used in Magnifood are fresh freeze dried. Research shows that fresh freeze drying has the unique ability to retain a plant`s enzymes, and is shown to be superior to other drying methods in terms of activity, stability, solubility and preservation of a plant`s original fresh chemistry (as it was when the plant was harvested).
- Enhancing absorption, bioavailability, utilisation, activity, stability, function and effect of the product`s nutrients.
- Providing synergistic enzymes and co-factors crucial to the utilisation and functions of the product`s nutrients.
- Providing a vast array of phytonutrients that enhance the potential functions and/or applications of the product.
- Providing ingredients which enhance the overall content of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients in the product.
- Protecting ingredients from oxidative damage, helping to support the stability and activity of the product`s nutrients.
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Dementia is a collective term used to describe the problems that people with brain disorders or damage can have with their memory, language and thinking. Alzheimer's disease is the best known and most common disorder under the umbrella of dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. It is a slowly progressive brain disease that is thought to begin well before the first symptoms emerge.
Early symptoms include difficulty remembering conversations, names or events, as well as apathy and depression. Later symptoms include impaired communication, poor judgment, disorientation, confusion, behaviour changes and difficulty speaking, swallowing and walking.
The disease causes abnormalities in the brain, such as deposits of the protein fragment beta-amyloid (plaques) and twisted strands of the protein tau (tangles) as well as evidence of nerve cell damage and death in the brain.
Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, and treatments cannot stop the disease from progressing. They temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms, which in turn improves the quality of life for both those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.
Vascular dementia is also known as multi-infarct or post-stroke dementia. It is less common as a sole cause of dementia than Alzheimer’s, accounting for about 10 percent of dementia cases.
The initial symptoms are most likely to be impaired judgment or inability to make decisions, plan or organise, as opposed to the memory loss often associated with the initial symptoms of Alzheimer's.
Vascular dementia occurs due to blood vessel blockage, damage leading to infarcts (strokes) or bleeding in the brain. The location, number and size of the brain injury determines the extent of the impact on the patient's thinking and physical functioning afterwards
Often, brain imaging is used to detect the blood vessel problems that cause Vascular Dementia.
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)
Patients with DLB often have the memory loss and thinking problems that are common in Alzheimer's but are more likely than people with Alzheimer's to have initial or early symptoms such as sleep disturbances, well-formed visual hallucinations, slowness, gait imbalance or other Parkinsonian movement features.
“Lewy bodies” are abnormal clumps of alpha-synuclein, which is a protein, and dementia can result when Lewy Bodies develop in the cortex of the brain. Alpha-synuclein also clumps in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease, but the clusters appear in a pattern that is different from dementia with Lewy bodies.
The evidence for Vascular Dementia was previously used to exclude a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and vice versa, but new pathologic evidence shows that the brain changes of several types of dementia can be present simultaneously.
When abnormalities linked to different types of dementia are present in the brain at the same time, it is called Mixed Dementia. Recent studies show that mixed dementia is more common than previously thought.
The abnormalities linked to Alzheimer’s and Vascular dementia are the most common to present together in cases of mixed dementia, but others do also occur.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. It develops gradually, with initial symptoms starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremor is the most commonly identified symptom of Parkinson's disease, but the disorder also often causes stiffness or slow movement. Initially, this may present as having little to no facial expression, slurred speech or limited range of movement in the limbs. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become worse. There is currently no cure for Parkinson's Disease, but medication may improve the symptoms. In cases, neurologists may recommend surgery to regulate regions of the brain.
As Parkinson's disease progresses, it often results in progressive dementia similar to Dementia with Lewy bodies or Alzheimer's. Parkinson’s disease occurs when Alpha-synuclein clumps form deep in the brain, in an area called the substantia nigra. These clusters are thought to cause degeneration of the nerve cells that produce dopamine.
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) or Frontotemporal Degenerations refers to a group of disorders caused by progressive nerve cell loss in the brain's frontal or temporal lobes. These are the regions directly behind the forehead and earlobes.
Frontotemporal Dementia Includes dementias such as Behavioral Variant FTD (bvFTD), Primary Progressive Aphasia, Pick's Disease, Corticobasal Degeneration and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.
Typical symptoms include difficulty with language and changes in behaviour and personality. There are no common abnormalities in the brain to indicate Frontotemporal Dementia, but patients with FTD present with symptoms earlier in life, usually around the age of 60.
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Published on June 16, 2012 at 8:34 AM
"Preventable childhood deaths caused by illnesses such as pneumonia and diarrhea can be nearly eliminated in 10 years," researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the National Institutes of Health write in a new commentary featured in the June issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association," a Johns Hopkins press release reports. In the commentary, "researchers outline a strategy and benchmarks for curbing childhood preventable deaths and recommend a new common vision for a global commitment to end all preventable child deaths," the press release notes (6/14).
This article was reprinted from kaiserhealthnews.org with permission from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent news service, is a program of the Kaiser Family Foundation, a nonpartisan health care policy research organization unaffiliated with Kaiser Permanente.
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The web log is intended as a new way to help NIOSH fulfill its mission of translating research into practice for preventing work-related injuries, illnesses and deaths. It is designed to provide an expeditious system for partners and stakeholders to present ideas to NIOSH scientists and each other, while engaging in robust scientific discussion with the goal of protecting workers.
“It is increasingly clear that the ‘new media’ such as blogs are essential ways for expanding NIOSH’s communications to reach as broad an audience as possible,” said NIOSH Director John Howard, M.D. “We encourage our partners, colleagues, stakeholders and anyone else interested in occupational safety, health, and science to visit the new NIOSH Science Blog and contribute any questions and comments they may have.”
Each entry in the NIOSH Science Blog will highlight a specific NIOSH scientific publication, study or research area. The inaugural entry on Nov. 5 focused on the recent NIOSH Alert on preventing fire fighter fatalities from heart attacks and other cardiovascular events.
Readers may submit comments through the form provided at the end of each blog entry.
NIOSH Science Blog: www.cdc.gov/niosh/blog/
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WHO, UNICEF & Lancet report asks whether we’re developing a world fit for future children
This year, the global agenda on child health was reignited by an urgent report and call to action by WHO, UNICEF and The Lancet on the importance of keeping child health at the center of all development activities, in order to achieve sustainable progress towards the SDGs.
The report evaluated countries on a dual criteria of a child flourishing index, evaluating how countries offer children the opportunity to survive and thrive, and carbon emissions relative to 2030 targets, insofar as they threaten future children via climate change (see image below). Researchers reported that “No single country provides the conditions to both support children to live healthy lives today and provide an environment fit for their future.”
Other key takeaways from the report include:
- A rapidly changing climate, mass commercial marketing of harmful products like sugar, fast food, tobacco and alcohol, and growing inequities are some of the most pressing threats to the health and rights of all children and adolescents.
- Investing in a child’s health, development and environment bring benefits throughout life, and across generations; when we invest in children, we invest in the future.
- The report calls on governments, civil society, communities and young people around the world to join a global movement that puts child and adolescent health at the center of the SDGs.
- The only way to promote children’s health and development and protect their rights is by taking strong, unified action today – including stopping greenhouse gas emissions as quickly as possible.
- Children and youth must be invited into discussions, meaningfully engaged, and have their views respected as key stakeholders in decision making and policies that affect their health and their futures. A global movement for children cannot take place without them at its heart.
The full livestream of the high-level global launch event for the report, featuring experts from the WHO/UNICEF/Lancet team, can be found here.
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A Short History Of The Bear Market
The Daily Reckoning Presents: A Guest Essay in which Edward Chancellor, author of “Devil Take the Hindmost”, considers a recent proposal for legislation in the U.S. to temporarily ban short-selling.
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE BEAR
The professional life of the bear speculator is normally short and full of misery.
Powerful forces are aligned against the bear. They include, the bull speculators, whose capital outnumbers that of the bears by at least one hundred to one; the public, who perceive short-selling as an injurious activity; and politicians, who are always eager to blame the short-sellers for economic woes.
In addition, the bear pits himself against the forces of economic progress, which over the past two hundred years have been accompanied by the most tremendous gains in share prices, so that $100 invested in the U.S. market in 1802 would have been worth around $700m by the new millennium.
The earliest speculative markets witnessed the tussle of bulls and bears. In the second century before Christ, the playwright Plautus identified two groups in the Roman Forum engaged in trading shares. The first group he called “mere puffers” (the security analysts of the day), and the second group Plautus described as “impudent, talkative, malevolent fellows, who boldly, without reason, utter calumnies about one another.” In England, the origin of the term “bear” to describe speculating for a fall, deriving from a trader who sold the bear’s skin before he had caught the bear, first appeared in the early 18th century several years before the appearance of the corresponding “bull.”
Bears have always been unpopular. In 1609, Flemish-born merchant, Isaac Le Maire, organized a bear raid on the stock of the Dutch East India Company [even though a founding member of the company]. Although the Amsterdam bourse maintained that the decline in the East India stock was due to poor business conditions – not short- selling – in 1610 the government outlawed all short sales. As with most laws seeking to curtail the activities of bears – the market’s natural libertarians – this edict was a dead letter from the start. The Dutch banned short-selling again in 1621 but to no effect.
As the stock markets became established in Britain and France in the eighteenth century, further legislative traps were laid to catch the bears. Following the collapse of the Mississippi bubble in 1720, bears, who had profited from the decline in the Mississippi stock, were fined and a law was introduced outlawing short- sales.
At around the same time, the English had witnessed the startling rise and collapse of the South Sea Company, which had risen from around ?100 to nearly ?1000 in the first six months of 1720, only to fall back to where it started in the autumn of the same year. Some thirteen years later, a bill was brought before parliament by Sir John Barnard, M.P. Its aim was to “prevent…the wicked, pernicious, and destructive practice of stock-jobbing [speculation] whereby many of his Majesty’s good subjects have been directed from pursuing their lawful trades and vocations to the utter ruin of themselves and their families, to the great discouragement of industry and to the manifest detriment of trade and commerce.”
Sir John Barnard’s Act, as it was called, outlawed the use of futures, options, and short sales of stock (by an error of drafting, this was later understood by the courts to relate only to British government stocks).
It remained on the statute book until 1860. From its beginning, however, few paid attention to the letter of the law: brokers continued to engage in short sales which were enforced through a gentlemanly code of conduct – “my word is my bond” – rather than legal sanction.
These two early pieces of legislation against short- selling reveal a common theme in the history of the bears. Bubbles occur when speculators drive asset prices far above their intrinsic value. The collapse of a bubble is frequently accompanied by an economic crisis. Who gets the blame for this crisis? Not the bulls, who were responsible for the bubble and the various frauds and manipulations perpetrated to keep shares high, while cashing in their profits.
No, it is invariably the bears who are blamed for the post-bubble crises and are the main objects of anti- speculative legislation. Yet during the bubble periods it is the bears who are generally the lone voice of reason, warning people of the folly of investing in overpriced markets. In the aftermath of a bubble, they continue their forensic work of exposing unsound securities and bringing prices back in line with intrinsic values, a point which must be reached before the recovery can start.
Ever since the trauma induced by the collapse of the Mississippi Bubble, the French have retained a more pronounced aversion to financial speculation than the English. Napoleon disliked bears and believed that shorting was unpatriotic. In 1802, he signed an edict subjecting short-sellers to up to one year in jail. The French prejudice against so-called Anglo-Saxon capitalism continues to the present day: after George Soros and other speculators drove sterling from the Exchange Rate Mechanism in September 1992, the French finance minister, Michel Sapin, commented that “during the Revolution such people were known as agioteurs, and they were beheaded.”
Only the other day, following the fall of the markets after September 11, the Belgian finance minister said he had “strong suspicions” that the UK markets were used for speculative trading!
Bears have always operated more freely in the United States than in Europe. Despite a ban on short sales by the New York Legislature in 1812, the bear operator was a familiar figure in the nineteenth century. A few gained celebrity. Jacob Little, a saturnine figure, was a leading bear operator in the first half of the century. Known variously as the “Great Bear,” the “Old Bear,” and the “Napoleon of Wall Street”, Little also operated on the long side, and perfected the technique of catching shorts in corners, which became a characteristic feature of the U.S. market. Little was destroyed in the “Western Blizzard” crash of 1857.
His place was taken by Daniel Drew, also known as the “Great Bear”, “Ursa Major”, and the “Sphinx of Wall Street”. Drew was described by a contemporary as “shrewd, unscrupulous, and very illiterate – a strange combination of superstition and faithlessness, of daring and timidity – often good-natured and sometimes generous.” He was the great rival of Cornelius Vanderbilt and a sometime partner of Jay Gould.
Drew’s bear operations sometimes involved the Erie Railroad, of which he was a director. Drew would manipulate Erie’s stock upward, sell it short and then “water” the stock by issuing a vast number of unauthorized shares. Drew is famous for his ditty on the legal obligations of the bear:
“He who sells what isn’t his’n,
Must buy it back or go to pris’n.”
The roaring twenties, of course, belonged to the bulls. But as the market turned in September 1929, the bears regained control. The celebrated speculator Jesse Livermore, who as a teenager made his first fortune shorting the stock of the Union Pacific Railroad during the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, made another pile during the October crash.
[After the crash] stocks continued to fall, until by the summer of 1932, the Dow Jones reached a floor of 41.88, nearly 90% off its 1929 peak. By this date, the country’s national income had shrunk by 60% and one third of the non-agricultural workforce was unemployed. President Herbert Hoover, who came to office in early 1929 promising that “the end of poverty was in sight,” faced an uphill task in the forthcoming election. America needed a scapegoat.
Wild rumors spread of bear raids, of fabulous profits made by short-sellers, and of political conspiracies hatched by foreigners interested in bringing down the market, the dollar and the U.S. economy. In early 1932, the Philadelphia Public Ledger maintained that “European capitalists had supplied much of the cash needed to engineer the greatest bear raid in history. These proverbially open-handed and trusting gentleman had accepted the leadership of New York’s adroit Democratic financier, Bernard Baruch.” Baruch, the best known short-seller in the country, shrugged off the charge.
Hoover, on the other hand, apparently became convinced that bear raids on the stock market were intended to damage his presidency. In April 1932, a French stock market rag was raided by Paris police, its female editor accused of being in the pay of Russian and German interests who were trying to induce a panic on the New York market. In desperation, Hoover ordered the Senate to open an investigation into the affairs of Wall Street.
In fact, there is remarkably little evidence of organized bear raiding on the U.S. market following the October Crash. In order to dispel the myths, the economist of the New York Stock Exchange, Edward Meeker, published a book, entitled Short-Selling, in 1932. Meeker claimed that bears had not precipitated the crash. In November 1929, the NYSE found that around one hundredth of one percent of outstanding shares had been sold short. A later study in May 1931 found the short interest had risen to 3/5 of one percent of the total market value. More than ten times as many shares were held on margin. Nor could the stock exchange identify any bear raids in the subsequent market decline.
Meeker provided an eloquent defense of short sales. He argued that the bears stabilize prices by providing liquidity and creating demand – by covering their shorts – in a falling market. Shorting was not illegitimate, in his view. “A short sale,” wrote Meeker, “represents a debt contracted in goods rather than money.” In this it was similar to many other business contracts.
“Short-selling,” wrote Meeker, “is really an expression of opinion, subject to personal risk, as to the value of securities…Short selling has no effect upon the assets or earning power of operating companies, even in the case of banks. It cannot determine value, but only estimate what prospective values really are and will be.”
It is unlikely that many were swayed by Meeker’s argument. The politicians certainly were not. However, the Senate investigation into Wall Street, intended to uncover the nefarious activities of the shorts, found little to go on. A list of 350 leading bear speculators presented to the committee contained only one familiar name…Having no luck with the bears, the investigation turned its attention to the bulls of yesteryear. This was much more fertile ground.
The Pecora hearings, as they became known (after their lead counsel, Ferdinand Pecora), revealed the seamier side of Wall Street during the bull market: the involvement of leading firms and bankers in the manipulation of share prices, the dumping of unseasoned securities on an innocent public, the fleecing of the firms’ own clients, the preferential distribution of shares to favored friends, and so on.
In other words, rather similar behavior to what we have witnessed from the investment banks in recent years.These findings led to the New Deal legislation of 1933 and 1934, which involved among other things, thecreation of the Securities and Exchange Commission andthe separation of commercial and investment banking.
The bears of the early 1930s had a mixed fate. Joseph Kennedy, the father of JFK, was appointed the first chairman of the SEC shortly after participating in a bear pool in the stock of Libby Owens Ford. Roosevelt apparently decided he needed a fox to guard the hen coop. Jesse Livermore had a less happy time. He lost an estimated $32 million anticipating a bull market which never arrived. In 1934, Livermore was declared bankrupt. He blew his brains out in the washroom of the Sherry- Netherlands hotel in 1940. The note he left behind, repeated over and over again: “My life has been a failure. My life has been a failure…”
The pattern of boom and bust has continued in the post- war years. Inevitably the bears have been blamed during every major downturn…Japanese authorities complain[ed] that mysterious foreign interests were responsible for the decline in their stock market, following the great boom of the bubble economy. (In 1998, the Japanese imposed restrictions on short-selling in an attempt to shore up their market).
In every instance when bears are accused of bringing down a market, we find that it was the preceding bull market, with its accompanying misallocation of resources and unsustainable accumulation of debt, which was the root cause of the decline.
Today is no different. Earlier this year, as markets declined, there were isolated complaints of bear raids. After September 11 these complaints assumed a more hysterical tone. It was alleged that terrorists had arranged to short airline and insurance stocks prior to the attack on the United States. I do not know whether this is true.
However, I am doubtful. As we have seen in the past, foreigners have frequently been identified as leading a conspiracy of bear raiders. And besides, there were good fundamental reasons to short airlines and insurance companies even before their position deteriorated in September.
Nevertheless, last month lawmakers in the U.S. asked the SEC to consider a temporary ban on short trading. According to newspaper reports, UBS Warburg and Bear Stearns tried to limit short sales by their clients.
It has been said that “progress in finance is cyclical rather than linear.” Certainly attitudes towards short- selling seem to have progressed very little over the centuries.
The most eloquent justification for the bear is provided by the American financier Bernard Baruch, who was called to Washington in 1916 after a market panic to explain his short-sales of the stock of the Brooklyn Rapid Transport Company, a go-go stock of that era. At the time some members of Congress were calling for short- selling to be banned. Baruch stood his ground, politely explaining to the politicians that “bears can only make money if the bulls push up stocks to where they are overpriced and unsound.” He continued:
Bulls always have been more popular in this country because optimism is so strong a part of our heritage. Still, over-optimism is capable of doing more damage than pessimism since caution tends to be thrown aside.
To enjoy the advantages of a free market, one must have both buyers and sellers, both bulls and bears. A market without bears would be like a nation without a free press. There would be no one to criticize and restrain the false optimism that always leads to disaster.
November 2, 2001
for The Daily Reckoning
Edward Chancellor is the author of “Devil Take The Hindmost: A History Of Financial Speculation.” To order a copy of the book please click here:
A longer version of today’s guest essay by Mr. Chancellor is presented as a “guest analysis” on the Prudent Bear website
*** As if they were acting with “total clarity” in the first place, the anti-globalization movement has been “stunned” by the attacks on New York and Washington, reports the International Herald Tribune. What a pity… the Battle of Seattle was nothing if not entertaining. And the Daily Reckoning was agin’ to like dem folks.
*** Those pesky terrorists are spoiling everybody’s fun.
“Terrorism Cripples U.S. Economy,” says a headline in the IHT, overtly blaming the slowdown on the Sept. 11 attacks. “Consumer spending dropped 1.8% in September,” the article reports, “the largest drop since a similar fall in 1987. The last time spending fell by a greater amount was in May 1960, when consumers reduced purchases by 1.9%.”
*** A separate report released Thursday by the Commerce Department showed manufacturing activity dropping to its lowest level in 11 years.
*** The markets…presumably reacting to a calculated recall of the 30-year T-bill…leapt. The Dow gained 188 to close at 9263. The Nasdaq climbed 56 points to 1424. (By the way, the Daily Reckoning scorekeepers, Eric Fry and Bill Bonner, have both jetted off for Vegas where the Agora Wealth Symposium is in full swing. Here in Paris, we’re carrying on as usual, though our breaks down at Le Paradis seemed to have grown in length a bit…)
*** “Treasury officials said their decision to halt the issuance of the 30-year bonds was intended to save the government money,” writes Gretchen Mortgensen in the NY Times. “Traders scoffed at that explanation, viewing the move as an almost desperate attempt to push down long- term interest rates, and prod both corporate and individual borrowers to spend again.”
*** Prices of the long-term bonds soared on the announcement…yields plunged. “It was the biggest single-day move since investors fled to safety during the stock market crash of 1987…keeping consumers feeling flush has become a top priority.” Perhaps even a matter of national security.
*** “How much income is being lost by individuals and companies,” we wonder, as did Bill King this morning, “because the government is intervening on the side of the wanton at the expense of the savers and the prudent?”
*** Reviewing yet another of the government’s attempts to revive the economy, Christopher Byron writes (in MSNBC): “…the stimulus being proposed – roughly $100 billion at last tally – is utterly trivial when measured against the collapsed stock values in the tech sector. [It] doesn’t even offset the $450 billion in lost value in a single company – Cisco Systems, Inc.”
*** In fact, if you add the collapsed value of all the techs together – big and small alike – more than $4 trillion has been wiped out on the Nasdaq alone. “Which makes it pretty clear,” says Byron, “that a mere $100 billion of stimulus is not going to boost business spending by very much.”
*** Since the attacks, we at the Daily Reckoning – as stunned as the next group of conspirators – have been asking a question similar to one I’m sure has crossed your mind at least once: “Why?” The Sovereign Society’s John Pugsley offers one point of view: “It is not hatred for freedom or materialism that caused terrorists to sacrifice their lives.” Pugsley quotes Joseph Sobran: “You delude and flatter yourself if you think someone hates you for your virtues.”
*** “Their deep hatred is rooted in years of bullying by the U.S. government,” suggests Pugsley, “whose embargoes, bullets, bombs, and cruise missiles have been brought to bear on them whenever and wherever Americanpoliticians felt it in their own interests to do so.”
*** “As events in the Mideast and Afghanistan heat up and the economy melts down,” writes John Myers in the Resource Trader Alert, “flight-to-quality becomes more of a necessity than a choice. And if today’s paper flight-to-quality alternatives like the dollar and U.S. Treasuries lose their allure, investment demand for metals – like silver – could renew and pay off big for investors.”
*** “This past summer,” Myers offers by way of example, “we recommended purchasing December 2002 $4.50 Comex silver calls for 30 cents, or $1,500 each. We recommended selling them a week after the World Trade Center attack when they were going for 53.2 cents, or $2,660 each.” A tidy profit, indeed.
*** “October is typically a weak month for silver, and this October was no exception. The same calls we exited for over $2,000 are now going for roughly $1,000. With scary October now over, we believe the time hascome to venture back into silver.”
*** This morning the unemployment rate comes out…the expected rate is 5.2% – up .3% from September. You’ll find a guest essay by the author of “Devil Take The Hindmost” below…
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This list of verbs will help you understand verbs a little better.
For a more in-depth look at verbs, see the verb page.
These do just what their name implies. They help the main verb in the sentence by telling us more about its tense and the subtleties of its meaning. The main verb will be either an action verb or a linking verb. You'll find more on those verbs below.
The helping verb(s) and the main verb come together to form a verb phrase. Here is a list of 24 common helping verbs. Use the list of verbs and this lovely song to memorize them. (Listen to me sing the song in the video!)
Greta will love these sausages.
is a helping verb. It is helping the main verb (love
), which is an action verb. The verb phrase is will love
When you see how to diagram these
, it's easy to see that they help other verbs.
As their name implies, action verbs
show action. Keep in mind that action
doesn't always mean movement
Talia thought about bears.
In that example, the verb thought
doesn't show movement, but it is still an action verb. There are many, many action verbs. Here's a small list of verbs that show action.
If you've checked out this site much, you know that I think sentence diagramming rules when it comes to teaching and learning grammar. Sentence diagramming is a way to visually show how all of the words in the sentence are related to each other.
All verbs are diagrammed on a horizontal line after the subject. A vertical line separates the subject from the verb, and the rest of the sentence depends on the type of verb you are diagramming. Let's look at the different kinds of action verbs!
1. Transitive Active
Certain action verbs called transitive active verbs
transfer action to something called a direct object.
Joe kicked the ball. Jim ate the cake.
are transitive active verbs. Ball
are direct objects.
2. Transitive Passive
This type of action verb transfers its action to the subject. Isn't that crazy?
My car was stolen. The house was demolished.
3. Intransitive Complete
I screamed. The dog barked.
This type of action verb does not transfer action to anyone or anything. It is diagrammed in the same way that a transitive passive verb is diagrammed.
List of Verbs
You can call these either linking verbs
or intransitive linking verbs
They link the subject of a sentence with a noun or adjective.
If you count all of the forms of to be
as one word, there are 13 linking verbs
. Memorize these!
|Forms of be
|| be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being
|Other Linking Verbs
||appear, become, feel, grow, look, seem, remain, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
Lana became a famous equestrian.
is a linking verb. It is linking the subject Lana
with the noun equestrian
When you diagram intransitive linking verbs
, you can see that they link the subject of the sentence with a noun or an adjective.
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French literature has received a lot of attention lately from an unexpected source—economists.
From Thomas Piketty’s surprise 2013 bestseller, Capital in the Twenty-first Century, to Priceless Markets, a 2000 book by Philip Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, economists are turning to literary works for examples of historical income inequality and emerging financial markets.
Julia Douthwaite, a professor of French in Notre Dame’s Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, wants to evaluate their interpretations and delve deeper into literary representations of money.
Douthwaite has received a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities—her second—for her book project on the topic, tentatively titled Financiers We Have Known: A Capitalist History of Literature.
“Some humanists may be annoyed by the economists’ reduction of art to historical evidence, but I find it intriguing to see them reading around on our ‘turf,’” she said. “And I want to explore some of their findings with a literary eye.”
The origins of financial worries
Both Capital and Priceless Markets examine the 19th-century novels of Honoré de Balzac to identify the hopes of those aspiring to join the elite upper class and the fear of bankruptcy felt by the have-nots.
But Douthwaite argues that to truly understand those emotions connected to money, one must look at their origins in the 18th century and their successors in the 20th and 21st centuries.
“Before determining fiction’s ability to capture feelings,” she said, “we should inquire where economic worries came from, who generated them, and what forms they later took.”
Douthwaite will begin her research in the French Regency era—a pivotal moment in French capitalism. The reforms launched in 1719–20 by Scotsman John Law caused the first boom and bust in asset prices and cast a long shadow over the years ahead.
Using examples from French and American writers including Montesquieu, Balzac, Victor Hugo, Émile Zola, Horatio Alger, Theodore Dreiser, Ayn Rand, Anna Gavalda, and Dave Eggers, her book will trace the ways that novelists have helped readers understand the socio-political implications of capitalism.
Inspired by the work of Cambridge economist Ha-Joon Chang, she hopes to illustrate his point that “the history of capitalism has been a constant struggle over the boundaries of the market.” In her book-in-progress, she plans to explore how value is associated to certain products and social profiles (and not others), and how the marketing of elitism depends on socio-political factors to succeed.
“The comparisons are rooted in contradictions, between France—a ‘socialist’ country known for its luxury products—and the U.S.—a ‘free-market’ country known for its vast inequalities between rich and poor,” Douthwaite said. “Using literature as a prism will reveal how some of those odd connections are sustained over time.”
The impact of money
Julia Douthwaite talks with Marie Sanquer, MA ’10 in Hurley Hall.
Douthwaite first became interested in finance after reading Piketty’s work. Intrigued, she decided to further explore the link between the humanities and economics.
She has since presented her research at two conferences and taught a graduate seminar, Money Matters in Literature, in spring 2016.
“In the seminar, we talked about the role of money in Old Regime French literature, beginning with LaFontaine’s fables and fairy tales; we read Puss in Boots—which has interesting things to say about wealth and how to move up in the world through patronage,” she said. “It was wonderful to be able to work through these texts with such bright students and amazing what we discovered together.”
Her book will build on some insights from that class, to trace how the changing concept of a cultural aristocracy or elite—found in great novels from 1721 to 2013—has promoted different economic principles and thus elicited strikingly different reader reactions over time.
Douthwaite has incorporated her finance research into a series of writing workshops she leads for local school children and in an illustrated book of fables, titled Hey, LaFontaine! Are You Ready for South Bend? Classic French Fables Retold for Our Day.
She is also planning a lecture series and an interactive art exhibit on the way money impacts lives, following the successful model she created when bringing the DIGNITY project to campus in 2012. Presented at the Snite Museum of Art in early 2018, the exhibit will feature works of art focused on wealth and inequality, as well as a multimedia room with music, clips from TV shows, and a video game designed for the event.
“The whole point is to show people how arbitrary the relationship between money and value is,” Douthwaite said. “It’s fiction; it’s based on air and nothing more. We want people to consider capitalism—and why we all buy into our notion of value being tied to our net worth or our car or our ZIP code.”
“The whole point is to show people how arbitrary the relationship between money and value is. We want people to consider capitalism—and why we all buy into our notion of value being tied to our net worth or our car or our ZIP code.”
The spark of creativity
In addition to previous NEH funding, Douthwaite has received grants from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and the Lilly Foundation. She also received the Sheedy Excellence in Teaching Award, the highest teaching honor in the College of Arts and Letters, in 2013.
Douthwaite focuses her research on the French Enlightenment, the Revolution, and French-English relations in the 18th and 19th centuries, and she has written three previous books—most recently The Frankenstein of 1790 and Other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France (University of Chicago Press, 2012). She has also edited a book related to the DIGNITY Project, titled Rousseau and Dignity: Art Serving Humanity, which will be published in January 2017.
She is excited about the interdisciplinary and creative aspects of her current research, which allow her to connect with a much wider audience.
“As I become more experienced, my goal as a writer and a teacher is to become more bold and more brave,” she said. “I want to find creative ways to take these great works of the past and bring them into dialogue with our time.
“And money is a universal. It’s always of great importance, and it’s of interest to everybody.”
Originally published at al.nd.edu.
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The Level I Crochet Class (beginning) is designed for students who have never crocheted before. Students will learn how to pair yarn with the proper size hook, how to read a crochet pattern, four basic stitches, how to work in the round, and will make a loofah.
The Level III Crochet Class (intermediate) is for students who want to learn to make Amigurumi (crocheted stuffed animals). Students will learn how to work in the round, how to attach several crocheted pieces together, how to use fiber-fill, and will make an Amigurumi of their choice.
The Level IV Crochet Class (advanced) is for the crocheter that feels fairly confident in their skill, but wants to learn how to work without a pattern. Students will attempt to recreate crocheted items by looking at a completed project. This advanced class is more interactive than the first three and will definitely exercise your brain!
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Victoria Class (1890) BB
class which followed the Admiral
Class (1888), the two ships of the Victoria Class must be considered a
backward step. They had a limited main armament which could only fire
ahead of the beam. For protection aft they had only one unprotected 10in
Completion was delayed due to hold-up with production of their 16.25in main guns. Which were housed in turrets instead of the barbettes of the Admiral's.
Although three-cylinder compound engines had been to sea for some time, these were the first to have triple expansion steam engines fitted.
They were not considered a very successful design.
This page last edited -
08 March, 2013.
Copyright © Ian M King, except where otherwise indicated.
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The unique “Polyandria” of Paroikia, Paros, where 140 young dead warriors’ cremated remains had been buried 3000 years ago in two mass graves has been a spot for veneration 1000 years after their death. A veil of obscurity covered the glorified dead till 1982, when archaeologists under Fotini Zafeiropoulou uncovered their graves. Since 2003, when excavation work finished, little has been done to honor this place of ancient glory… Weather conditions and ground water threaten the site which is remains far from the public eye. Till now.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism has decided to commence restoration work on the site, which will soon be open to the public. Establishing a drainage system to prevent flooding will be the first priority in the restoration program, which will include enclosing the site, supplying it with information material (signs) and paving it in order to allow organized visits.
Sopurce: To Β?μα Online via Αρχαιολογ?α Online, 23/02/11
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Digital assets have become more popular and valuable as technological advancements become integrated into our personal and professional lives. Data, images, video, written content, and more have long been considered digital assets with ownership rights.
Most digital items, like a company’s brand, can be assigned a value, monetary or intangible. These assets can mean many things and might only be valuable to the creator or just a few people. For some, it can be a family picture taken at a gathering. For others, it could be valuable to a much wider audience.
In the past, digital assets such as data scanned documents or digital books were owned and used by organizations as they offered one value or the other. But now they have taken a whole new turn since the integration of Blockchain technology and cryptocurrency in 2009.
Anything in digital form became something you could use to create value via tokenization on a blockchain. Eventually, people found ways to use blockchain to secure ownership of digital items, which gave those assets value over time.
In this article, we will be looking at:
- What are digital assets?
- The Importance of Digital Assets and
- Five Ways to Manage Your Digital Assets
Let’s go, Digital!
What are Digital Assets: An Introduction
A digital asset is generally anything that is created and stored digitally, is identifiable and discoverable, and has or provides value.
Digital Assets for Blockchain revolves/centered around creating unique digital representations of assets created and stored in a digital format, enabling you to trade any asset with more liquidity and speed at a lower cost.
Now the term “digital assets” has been redefined since the inception of blockchain technology, and thousands of new assets have emerged, including cryptocurrency, NFTs, tethered currency, and the likes of them.
These assets can be highly volatile due to the market and might represent a risky investment, although they’re an accepted asset class among investors.
The Importance of Digital Assets
When you look at a list of the digital items that can be considered assets, it becomes clear that everything we do is more digitally-based than ever. For instance, when we’re looking to learn about something, we turn to digitally hosted information because it is quicker, and we get to do it in our comfort zones, which is easier than going to a library in the hopes they’ll have the resources we’re looking for.
Our photos, entertainment, and important documents are mostly in digital form. Businesses and governments keep and store data and information, all of which have different values depending on how you can use them.
When investors, governments, and the general public became aware of blockchain technology, digital assets took on an entirely new meaning. Blockchain technology has brought even more digital solutions since its inception because people placed a high value on them, whether they were intended to be used as assets or not.
Our everyday lives are filled with these assets. Here’s an example of a digital asset enhanced day: You wake up one morning and head out to see that your favorite footballer uploaded a video of him scoring a goal, so you purchase it and, in turn, now own part of that moment.
Five Ways to Manage Your Digital Assets
As blockchain becomes more and more prominent in the Digital Asset Management (DAM) space, here, we’ll be looking at five ways you can manage your digital assets using blockchain technology.
1. Smart contracts will significantly increase the value of blockchain for Digital Asset Management. Even though smart contracts are not required to use blockchain for transactions, eliminating the middleman to guarantee obligations are met is undoubtedly a compelling idea for those who produce, sell, and buy digital content. Thanks to the immutable record of all previous transactions and changes, greater confidence is made possible even without smart contracts.
2. Blockchain has significant potential for use in rights management. By allowing the distribution of digital assets but not their replication, blockchain adds a layer of security against the misuse or unauthorized use of assets or information.
3. Significant factor to consider while designing a blockchain for DAM or choosing DAM providers with blockchain capabilities is whether a blockchain is public or private. Since private blockchains are naturally not accessible to the general public, they are often more suitable for applications requiring higher levels of security. Or even public blockchains that prioritize security with the use of zkSNARKS.
4. According to General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) standards, you cannot keep personal data in an immutable form, but blockchain ledgers are by their very nature immutable. To comply with GDPR, be selective about the data you store on the blockchain, utilizing it only for information that needs to be transferred between systems or parties.
5. Keeping them in a cryptocurrency wallet.
Crypto wallets are among the most effective ways to store and manage your digital assets. This method gives you the right to transfer ownership of your assets through purchase, gifting, or other means of giving the rights to someone else, along with the value the item can bring.
For an asset to be considered digital, it must first have the potential to create value in that you can use it in a manner that generates value for you.
Hence, we live in a digital world, and these assets have become part of our everyday life, starting from the images you take, the digital books you read, the tokens you own, and this content right here.
The world is going Digital; trust me, you don’t want to be left out. 😉
Let’s go Digital together!!!
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Depending on which series the SMART board belongs to, 600 or 800, it functions through either resistive technology or through infrared optical imagery technology. Resistive touch technology responds to pressure placed on the board's surface. Infrared technology senses the touch through light interruption.Continue Reading
The 600 series SMART boards utilize the same resistive technology found in some smartphones, digital cameras and computers. Resistive technology screens have two surfaces that are coated with conductive material. The surfaces are separated by a pocket of air. When the screen is touched, pressure from the touch causes the two surfaces to meet and respond. The computer then responds to which area of the board's surface is touched.
The 800 series SMART boards utilize the more accurate optical imagery technology. Inside the SMART screen are infrared imaging sensors that also emit infrared signals. The surrounding surface is covered with retro-reflective tape. When the surface of the board is touched, it interrupts the light returning to the sensor from that angle. The computer senses the area that was touched through the precise angle.
Both the 600 series and 800 series SMART boards detect finger or pen point touches and utilize SMART notebook learning software. The 600 series is less reliable when dragging items across the screen because of its reliance on consistent pressure. The 800 series is capable of detecting multiple user inputs, and its technology is more reliable for controlling items on the screen.Learn more about Office Supplies
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UNIVERS ISRAÉLITE , French-language periodical which was published in Paris from 1844 to 1940. In its first issue it was described as a "monthly religious, moral, and literary journal," but from January 1846, it adopted as a subtitle "journal of the conservative interests of Judaism." Then a bimonthly publication, it proposed to consider all political or social events that might have some direct or indirect bearing on the Jewish community. From 1896 it appeared as a weekly until the fall of France in May–June 1940. For decades it had been the organ which published the principal statements of the chief rabbis of France. The chief editors were S. Bloch (1844–78), Lazare *Wogue (1879–93), Israel *Lévi (1894–95), Maurice *Liber (1919–34), and Raymond *Lambert (from September 1934).
G. Wormser, Journal de la communauté (1950).
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When I was in grade school (that’s 1st – 8th grade for those born after 1970) we celebrated Lincoln’s Birthday on February 12th, which oddly enough was the day Lincoln was born. We also celebrated Washington’s Birthday on February 22nd. As I recall, we were off school both days because of the significance of these two men to our nation.
George Washington fought as a Colonial British Subject in the French and Indian War, which trained him to lead the Continental Army in America’s Revolution. After the war, he appeared before the Continental Congress and returned his commissioning papers, publicly relinquishing his powers after he believed his work was done. King George III at first did not believe that anyone would willing give up such power; when convinced of it King George remarked something akin to “If he did that, he is the greatest man in the world.”
Washington was the only president elected unanimously by the Electoral College, served two terms and declined a third as well as the suggestion that he be elected for life.
Lincoln did not have Washington’s military genius; he served in the Illinois militia during the Black Hawk War. Legend has it that he mustered into the militia as a captain and out as a private. Nevertheless, he ably served as Commander-in-Chief during the Civil War, ultimately resulting in the abolition of slavery throughout the United States. His son, Robert Todd Lincoln convinced his father’s two clerks, who were privy to all his communications, to write the history to ensure that it be clear that the war was about slavery. He believed that an emerging alternative narrative–that the conflict was about state’s rights–be debunked.
Washington’s Birthday was a federal holiday; Lincoln’s Birthday was not, but some states (Kentucky. Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Missouri, and New York) celebrated it. In the 1980s–when it became the trend for everybody on the team to get a trophy–we began to hear the holiday referred to as “Presidents’ Day.”
According to the United States Office of Personnel Management, the third Monday in February is celebrated as Washington’s Birthday and is a federal holiday. There is no “Presidents’ Day.”
History is fascinating, if you’re willing to take time to learn it.
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Making Writing Visible
Writing Intensive Faculty Workshop
April 9, 2009
“Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain”
Some initial ideas and strategies for making the process of writing more visible in our teaching. I would be happy to follow up on any of these with course examples as well as organize future workshops around strategies of interest. These are (of course) culled: I do variations at different points in a semester, not all at once or all the time.
- Reflection on Assignment, before and after it is due.
- Discuss the rhetorical expectations of the assignment—that is, don’t treat the writing as a transparent medium for ideas from the course, but as the primary way those ideas get conveyed: audience, purpose, style; a particular stylistic issue (from your style manual) that each assignment will focus on; discussion of how the writing relates to and reflects issues in the field that you are studying.
- After an assignment, even before you have returned them: take 10-15 minutes and follow-up on the writing: students can write a self-assessment; you can pick an issue that you are seeing in student writing and spend more time with it.
- Freud on the couch: Discussion of the writing style and rhetorical effects of one or more of the course readings/authors you have assigned.
- Make the course readings models for writing as well as methods for thinking in the field. Workshop Freud (or Frederick Jackson Turner or Darwin): evaluate the thesis—as a thesis; read deliberately as a writer.
- Whenever possible, the genre of what students are writing needs to connect with the genre of what they are reading.
- Cramp their Style: Develop your own style manual/rhetorical handbook, with a manageable 5-15 characteristics of what makes for strong writing in your field and in this course, things they would be wise to consider (and from grade perspective, foolish to neglect).
- Present this in the course (post to web, include with syllabus or writing assignments); use it when reflecting on assignments; integrate the language of this manual in your evaluations; can even create an evaluation rubric from this.
- Style includes issues in mechanics and usage, but not limited to those.
- i. Might provide a separate list of 10-20 common usage errors.
- Teacher as Writer: Share reflections from your own writing in the field, writing experiences you have had, targeted to the kinds of writing you want them to do.
- Conversation: things you have experimented with or encountered in your own writing/research process—perhaps as part of a workshop or assignment discussion.
- Sharing: share an excerpt or draft of an essay that relates to an issue you want to highlight.
- Blog: one of the benefits I have found with my use of a blog—students get to see me thinking and writing.
- Strong writers are able to reflect on their writing and learn from those reflections; your own self-reflection thus offers a model for students.
- Conferencing: provide opportunities for students to articulate (and learn to articulate) issues they are encountering and for you to model how to approach those issues as a writer.
- Group conferencing (strategy for dealing with large classes): have a conference with a group of 3-5 writers at a time, for as brief as 10-15 minutes. Not to discuss grades, but issues they are encountering; prepared with questions or places in the writing you and they are targeting. I have one or more conferencing days in place of a class.
- Writing Center: can provide additional conferencing, best if you target it or connect with WC in advance.
- Workshop: make revision an expectation by making it part of the class.
- Drafts assigned for in-class revision
- Target the revision: present briefly an issue (from your style manual, from readings) you want to focus on for revision.
- Writing Center support: consultant visits/assists workshops in class
- Publication: make visible the production you want students to work towards and achieve.
- Writers publish their work in some form, make it visible and public. Provide a publication forum for the writers in your class
- Portfolio: Students turn in a selection of their writing from the course, reflect upon their progress. Possibilities for alternative assessment and ways to manage the paper load.
- Presentations to the class.
- Give students an opportunity to read/respond to the work of their peers.
- Colloquium: learn from the ideas and strategies of colleagues across campus, and present a strategy you are working on
- Plans for Re:Writing Colloquium beginning Fall 2009, informal presentations of writing ideas, assignments, strategies from faculty from across the program (first-year through senior capstone).
- The Crossing: Writing Pedagogy Blog—for links to resources and postings from faculty—another medium for sharing and collaborating.
(Demystifying Academic Writing)
Workshops with renowned authors/educators
Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein-Graff
September 4, 2009
The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing: Student Workshop and Discussion
10:30 – 11:30 A.M. Writing Center. Open to all students.
Sponsored by the Writing Center and the Dean of the College
Students are invited to drop by the Writing Center for a workshop and discussion of the rules and moves of the game of academic argumentation and to learn ways to play it more effectively in their writing in all disciplines.
They Say/I Say: Faculty Workshop
12 – 1:30 P.M. O’Neill Literary House. Lunch provided.
Open to all faculty. Feel free to leave early/come late as your schedule permits. Sponsored by the Dean of the College
A workshop that presents the Graffs’ approach to teaching academic writing and critical thinking, as described in their book They Say/I Say, by using templates for the rhetorical moves that (they argue) are basic to all academic writing. Feel free to leave early/come late as your schedule permits.
What We Say When We Don’t Talk about Creative Writing: Discussion with Faculty and Students
1:30 – 2:30 P.M. O’Neill Literary House. Sponsored by the Rose O’Neill Literary House and the Dean of the College.
Drop by the Lit House to discuss differences and convergences between critical and creative writing and continue the conversation with the Graffs about their approach to demystifying academic writing.
Demystifying the Academic Game
Lecture by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein-Graff.
3:30 – 4:30 P.M. Litrenta Lecture Hall. Open to the Public.
Sponsored by the Sophie Kerr Committee. Reception following the lecture sponsored by the Phi Beta Kappa Society
Gerald Graff, prominent literary historian and educator, author of Professing Literature and Beyond the Culture Wars, and the president of the Modern Language Association in 2008, focuses in his recent work (Clueless in Academe) on ways that “schooling obscures the life of the mind” and argues that schools can develop better writers and thinkers among all students, not just the high-achieving few, when teachers share the basic rules and moves of the game of academic argumentation that they use themselves. Graff co-wrote in 2006 with his wife, Cathy Birkenstein-Graff, a textbook for teaching writing, “They Say/I Say”: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. The book has become widely used in schools and colleges and continues Graff’s longstanding efforts to revitalize American education. The Graffs teach at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Re:Writing Faculty Colloquium | Spring 2010
Why and How to Use a Blog
To Teach Writing
Presenters: Sean Meehan, Kitty Maynard, Nick Smerker
Beck Computer Lab (lower level of the library)
February 2, 2010: 4-5 pm
Thinking about experimenting with something different in the ways you approach student writing in your courses? Interested in creating a blog or web site for one of your courses but don’t know where to start? Join us Groundhog Day for the initial Re:Writing faculty colloquium of 2010—informal discussion and presentation of ideas and practices in teaching writing from our own classrooms. We will fight off the shadows of winter and explore ways that a blog can make the teaching of writing more visible for students and more manageable for teachers.
In addition to looking at examples from the use of a blog in English 101, GRW, and writing intensive courses, all who are interested will be guided in setting up their own blog on the spot. We will begin at 4, though drop in and out as you are able.
Faculty Workshops on Teaching Writing
Monday, September 27, 2010
Workshops led by Dr. Mark Long, Chair of English at Keene State College (New Hampshire).
Thinking about Research
and Sustained Writing Projects
11:45 – 1:15 (includes lunch) Rose O’Neill Literary House
What is the relationship between our writing as scholars and the writing of students in our undergraduate classrooms? Dr. Long will lead a workshop on engaging students in meaningful undergraduate research through a sustained writing project. Workshop for current/future faculty in GRW. Please RSVP (for lunch count) to Michelle Volansky. Feel free to arrive late/leave early as your schedule permits. Anyone not in GRW is welcome to attend—please rsvp.
Thinking about the Values of Writing
4:15 – 5:30 p.m. Writing Center [105 Goldstein]
What do we value in effective writing? Dr. Long will lead a workshop for faculty interested in reflecting on the language of our writing assignments, and how our assignments might convey more clearly what we really want from our students. Faculty who teach a first-year seminar (English 101/ GRW) and/or writing intensive courses are encouraged to attend; all faculty are welcome.
To prepare for this second workshop, Dr. Long requests faculty come with a piece of their own writing and a brief description of: 1]how they came to write it; 2]the goal for the piece; 3]what this piece reflects about writing in their field; 4]what they value in writing.
For more information contact Sean Meehan, Director of Writing [smeehan2]
Passport for First-Year Writing: A Workshop for International Students in English 101 and GRW
When: Friday September 10, 2010; 3:30 pm in the Writing Center: 105 Goldstein
Focus: The workshop will introduce students to strategies and resources that will support their learning in the first-year writing program throughout the year.
During the workshop students will schedule sessions with the Writing Center for ongoing support with a writing tutor. We will also discuss strategies for the kinds of challenges students will experience in these courses while writing and reading in a second language. Students will leave with a passport of information, strategies, and a schedule for future workshops that will support the work they will be doing in first-year writing.
We strongly encourage attendance at this initial workshop to support a successful beginning of your first year. If you are not able to attend due to a conflict, please respond to Mr. Boyd, the Writing Center Director ([email protected]), so that you can schedule another time to meet in the Writing Center for an initial discussion.
English 101/GRW 101 Faculty Conversation
January 31, 2011: 4.30-6.00 pm; Brown Cottage
- 4.30 – 4.45: Introduction/context for the conversation: Andrew Oros, Sean Meehan
- 4.45 – 5.20: Discussion Groups (questions below)
- 5.20 – 6: Large Group Discussion
- Summary from discussion groups; further discussions and questions
Questions for Discussion
- What is your approach to your course? Briefly describe the course you are currently teaching or have taught in either English 101 or GRW 101: specific texts you use, a topic you focus on, perhaps a particular assignment/series of assignments that helps characterize the course.
- What does “academic” or “college-level” writing/reading mean in your course? Both English 101 and GRW 101 introduce first-year students to our ways of academic or college-level thinking, reading, and writing—the conventions and methods of how we do our work. What does that mean in your course? What are some characteristics of academic writing, reading, and thinking that you emphasize with your students? Are there specific assignments or strategies you use to do this?
- What do you expect from your students? Your current students took an English 101 or GRW 101 course in the fall. What do you expect students to bring with them from that first course? What do you want students to bring with them from that course?
Follow up for the large-group discussion to follow:
- Synthesize some of the essential definitions of academic writing/reading/thinking. What do we mean by “conventions”?
- What do we expect/want from the other course? What things should students be doing similarly in both courses, throughout the whole year? What things should students be doing differently (ie, differences between the courses)?
- Introduce the plan to have a student survey: share draft of the survey?
Moving Arguments: Beyond the Thesis Statement
August 23, 2011
10:30 – 11:30 AM/Goldstein 100
Sean Meehan, Director of Writing
Argument is crucial to our academic culture. It is a basis for the critical thinking and writing we expect students to develop in first-year writing and begin to master as they move through Writing Intensive courses and into their majors. Students, however, have limited, prior experience in secondary schools with what we think of as argument. There are two problems related to this limited experience with real argument (as opposed to ‘school writing’) that I will address in the workshop: Student writing will often lack a thesis, even though many students will be able to define a thesis as central to academic writing; If there is a thesis, it remains static, not dynamic in a way that we value in academic argument. The rhetorician Kenneth Burke connected this dynamic nature of argument to what he viewed as the underlying dramatic (or what he termed “dramatistic”) nature of all writing and thinking. “An essay,” he put it, “is an attenuated play.”
The workshop will offer a focused conversation around this problem of the absent thesis in thesis-governed writing. I will also propose an approach I have taken in my English 101 and Writing Intensive courses, an extended analogy for thesis-based writing that I have found effective in emphasizing for students the dynamic and dramatic nature of argument. Without giving too much of the plot away: I borrow from screenwriting the three-act structure of traditional film narrative as a model for what I call a moving argument. For this workshop I will emphasize two elements that students need to grasp and that they find difficult because they are—as they must be—counter-intuitive: An argument or thesis can’t be wholly original; A good argument in some form explores its own demise, that is, entertains a counter-argument.
I invite you to join me in this conversation.
English 101/GRW spring semester workshop
February 1, 2012
The Problem with Grammar
Overview: we know the issues with grammar in student writing—an important element of our goals and outcomes for First-Year Writing: grasp of the conventions of standard written English. Some complicating problems I want to suggest, and then frame a way into some targeted discussion of this problem
–Student problems with grammar: are better and worse than they think—depending on how they define “grammar” (note the first survey: half said needed more, or others did; half said it was fine)
–Research: students may be better with grammar than we think
- To focus our attention, and to give a good overview of the research as well as ideas for strategies and policies: John Bean, Engaging Ideas, chapter 5: “Dealing with Issues of Grammar and Correctness.” I value the approach he takes to integrating the focus on grammar within the overall vision of writing and critical thinking as problem-based, as the learner’s engagement with a problem.
- Summary of Bean’s perspective
- Research: conclusion of 1963 study (p. 68). The teaching of formal grammar (ie, traditional approach, apart from writing—think 8th grade) “has a negligible or, because it usually displaces some instruction and practice in composition, even a harmful effect on the improvement of writing.”
- Different definitions of grammar
- Key, difference between “knowing how” and “knowing about”
- Hartwell’s 5 types of grammar: internalized/innate; scientific/linguistic description of that internal grammar;grammar of linguistic etiquette; traditional school grammar; stylistic grammar (Strunk and White, etc)
- As such: we are really talking about usage (language conventions) and errors in usage—and I follow Bean in this middle ground: errors do matter, but not because they reflect ignorance or incompetence with language or writing, but because they are rhetorically ineffective, and can/should be edited
- Key principle: distinguish between revision and editing—and give more attention in your response to initial drafting to revision comments
- Bean’s review of recent studies of error (pages 73-79)
- Errors have always been an issue; students make fewer mistakes than teachers perceive; students have more linguistic competence than surface features of their prose indicates; errors increase with greater cognitive difficulty of assignment; errors disappear as students progress through multiple drafts; expect to see sentence-level errors in first drafts; traditional grading (marking errors) may exacerbate the problem
- Focus on the rhetorical ineffectiveness of un-edited errors
- Very serious vs. serious errors
- Give out a list of 20 most common errors
- Have students monitor their own errors to-do list
- Students Responsible for Finding and Fixing their own errors: the ‘minimal marking’ strategy.
- Corey Olsen does a version of this.
- Discussion? Related approaches?
- My own strategies
- I want to foreground errors as an important focal point for editing.
- Shift responsibility to students: emphasize the web resource
- I have specific class time in which I foreground editing for usage errors (but also then not overwhelming the primary focus on revision)
- Editing workshop on day writing is due
- Wednesdays: will target issues I find in student writing, following up my grading of an assignment
- Allows me to say: this is not a “grammar” class, but also, becoming a better editor of your own writing is important and something the class will help you to do
- I won’t edit student writing when I evaluate their writing
- I identify consistent issues that I see (for example, run-on sentences), factor that in to my assessment category that includes grammar/presentation/sentence-level effectiveness (limited to ¼ of overall grade)
- Direct students to add to their to-do list, follow up with me, Writing Center, Guide to Grammar and Writing
- Focus on the rhetorical ineffectiveness of un-edited errors
Faculty Workshop: Rewriting
August 23, 2012 | Washington College
Sean Meehan, Director of Writing
Andrew Oros, Director of GRW
8.45 – 9 am: Coffee, bagels [Goldstein 100]
9 – 10 am: Plenary Session: “Teaching the Moves of the Critical Essay,” Professor Joseph Harris, Duke University [Goldstein 100]
10 -10.15: coffee break
10.15 – 11: Break-out Session #1: Focus on Teaching Revision
- Group 1 (John Boyd and Moriah Purdy, facilitators): Writing Center
- Group 2 (Sean Meehan, facilitator): Goldstein 107
- Come with materials (syllabus, writing assignment, lesson) and/or ideas for teaching revision in one of your courses
11.15-12: Break-out Session #2: First-Year Writing
- English 101: Forwarding an Argument, discussion with Joseph Harris [Goldstein 107]
- GRW: program meeting with Andrew Oros [Writing Center]
12.30 – 2: Lunch [Hynson lounge, Hodson]
Topic for discussion over lunch: First-Year Writing Program assessment
3 – 4.30: First-Year Writing Program Assessment
Joseph Harris will meet with the FYW Assessment committee to discuss program development and assessment[Writing Center]
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Children's Internet Protection Act
The law requires schools receiving eRate discounts for their internet access or internal connections to adopt internet safety policies and block students' access to inappropriate materials online.
USD 506 currently meets CIPA requirements by having an Acceptable Use policy in place and by using the SonicWall Internet Filtering service.
The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) is a federal law enacted by Congress in December 2000 to address concerns about access to offensive content over the Internet on school and library computers. CIPA imposes certain types of requirements on any school or library that receives funding support for Internet access or internal connections from the “E-rate” program – a program that makes certain technology more affordable for eligible schools and libraries. In early 2001, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued rules implementing CIPA.
What CIPA Requires
Schools and libraries subject to CIPA may not receive the discounts offered by the E-Rate program unless they certify that they have an Internet safety policy and technology protection measures in place. An Internet safety policy must include technology protection measures to block or filter Internet access to pictures that: (a) are obscene, (b) are child pornography, or (c) are harmful to minors, for computers that are accessed by minors.
Schools subject to CIPA are required to adopt and enforce a policy to monitor online activities of minors; and Schools and libraries subject to CIPA are required to adopt and implement a policy addressing: (a) access by minors to inappropriate matter on the Internet; (b) the safety and security of minors when using electronic mail, chat rooms, and other forms of direct electronic communications; (c) unauthorized access, including so-called “hacking,” and other unlawful activities by minors online; (d) unauthorized disclosure, use, and dissemination of personal information regarding minors; and (e) restricting minors’ access to materials harmful to them.
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“It’s exciting to be invited to be part of this group, but what’s more exciting is that the rest of the researchers in this group are phenomenal,” Raman says. “I know some of them personally and they really cover the entire spectrum of research and represent the next big things in biochemistry. I’m happy to be a part of an amazing group of people that I respect.”
For the special issue, he wrote a perspective piece on understanding and designing allosteric proteins, a major part of his research lab. These proteins are mysterious in how they function but play major roles in cellular function, such as signaling, gene regulation, and transport.
The cover of Biochemistry's "Future of Biochemistry" special issue.
Taken from: http://pubs.acs.org/toc/bichaw/57/1
“The analogy for allosteric proteins is if you tapped your head and it caused your foot to move,” says Raman, who is also a part of the Department of Bacteriology as well as an affiliate of the Wisconsin Energy Institute and the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center it houses. “That’s how these proteins work naturally. There’s some stimulus they get at one end and it results in a function at the other end. It’s extremely common but the big question is how does it actually happen?”
Allostery is a difficult scientific problem, adds Raman, and those working in the field of protein science have been chipping away at these proteins for the last 50 years or so. New modern techniques give researchers new opportunities to really open the field of allostery, he says. While a small fraction of proteins meets the strict definition of allostery, researchers are finding more and more proteins function subtly in this way.
Although difficult to study, if researchers can solve the mysteries of allosteric proteins they can further use that information to design new proteins, making different parts of a protein “kick” and different activities happen on another part of the protein. These designed proteins could be useful in many different applications, such as medicine, environmental sensing, and bioenergy.
“After finding out more about them, the next piece is seeing how can we use this information to design allosteric proteins toward new functions,” Raman says. “It’s a fun and cool field to be in. It has many synthetic biology applications.”
Steve Mansoorabadi, who graduated with a Ph.D. from Biochemistry in 2006 and is now an assistant professor at Auburn University, was also on the list.
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When most people think about celiac disease, “diarrhea” is one of the first symptoms that comes to mind. Constipation rarely comes to mind. Even doctors frequently do celiac blood testing for patients whose primary symptom is diarrhea, yet anecdotally it seems that constipation rarely raises red flags for them.
However, research has shown that about 15% of celiac patients with gastrointestinal complaints experience constipation. A 2012 study suggests that any person experiencing constipation that doesn’t respond to laxatives should be tested for celiac disease.
Constipation is no mere inconvenience. It can reduce the body’s ability to eliminate toxins and can contribute to gastroesphageal reflux. It can cause symptoms such as pain, fatigue and anal fissures. It is important to address this symptom and to understand its potential connection to celiac disease and the gluten-free diet.
What Causes Constipation for Celiacs?
When a person has celiac disease, the intestinal villi (tiny fingerlike projections on the internal walls of the intestines that absorb nutrients) become damaged due to the celiac antibodies created by the ingestion of gluten by a person with the disease. This decreases absorption of nutrients from food as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract. The food is now travelling through the gut in a less thoroughly digested form. As it enters the lower end of the small intestine, the body cannot fully process this under-digested, unabsorbed food (now in stool form) and can often only absorb the moisture from the stool – sometimes more moisture than it should. The over-absorption of moisture from the stool by the small intestine causes hardened stools that can be difficult and painful to pass.
To make matters worse, gluten-free processed foods tend to be made with low-fiber starches and flours like white rice flour, potato starch and tapioca starch. The fiber that people on standard diets get through consuming whole wheat products is not available, and whole wheat bread or pasta is often replaced with gluten-free substitutes that contain little to no fiber. Many gluten-containing products these days are fiber-fortified, but few gluten-free products are. Even brown rice, a popular gluten-free whole grain, is not a very high fiber grain.
What Can Celiacs Do to Prevent Constipation?
To use food as a remedy for constipation, someone with celiac disease should choose high fiber grains like quinoa, millet and amaranth. They must increase their fluid intake significantly, especially if they are consuming fiber supplements such as psyllium husk or inulin (common ingredients in fiber powders, drinks or capsules). In fact, dramatically increasing your fiber intake without increasing your water intake can make the situation even worse. You must also increase your intake of high-fiber vegetables and fruits, including those with edible skins (such as bell peppers, corn, and apples). Dried fruit, such as prunes, are also highly recommended. Binding foods such as bananas and low-fiber breads and crackers should be minimized.
What If Fiber Isn’t Helping?
Functioning villi are not the only requirement for proper gastrointestinal health. The proper balance of flora in the gut is extremely important as well. Probiotic-containing foods or supplements can help restore the proper balance of intestinal flora which can lower inflammation, therefore lowering damage to the gut and improving absorption. Probiotics often help regulate bowel movements, reducing the incidence of both diarrhea and constipation symptoms.
By using a healthy, high-fiber, high-liquid gluten-free diet in conjunction with exercise and probiotic supplementation, many people can wave goodbye to constipation and learn to enjoy healthier and more regulated gastrointestinal health.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
FREDERICK JOHNSON HOOVEN 1905-1985 BY MYRON TRIBUS FREDERICK JOHNSON HOOVEN ctied suddenly on February 5, 1985. At the time of his death, he was professor of engineer- ing at Dartmouth College's Thayer School of Engineering. Fret] was born in Dayton, Ohio, on March 5, 1905, and grew up in Dayton near the home of the Wright Brothers, whom he came to know and admire. Nearly a half century later, he user! data they had obtained in their wind tunnel to design the paper airplane that won the "professional" clura- tion-aloft category (in a field of 10,000 entrants) in the Scien- tific American Great International Paper Airplane Contest. Fred Hooven lover! to invent things. He held thirty-eight U.S. patents and devised numerous other inventions he never bothered to patent. He invented the first radio com- pass (1936), which was the initial aircraft navigation system that permitter! distinction between forward and backward di- rect~on. Hooven was particularly unhappy that his new system was remover! at the last minute from the airplane of his friend Amelia Earhart and replacecl with the stan(lar(1 system of that time. Many people believe it was this less sophisticated navigation capability that caused her to overfly her destina- tion and become lost. Of his invention, Hooven said: "It was my own idea and it completely clominatecl the scene for that kind of crevice for a time roughly corresponding to the life 201
202 MEMORIAL TRIBUTES of the DC-3. It's made it routine to cross the ocean, where before it was an adventure." Other of his inventions inclucled a bombing intervalome- ter (19444; an automobile ignition system; the shoran bomb- ing computer (19481; the first heart-lung machine, which is still in use today in open-heart surgery (19521; the Harris intertype digital electronic phototypesetter (19551; and a front-end strive system for automobiles (19621. Fret! Hooven's engineering career started well before he graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1927: In 1925, at DayFan Radio, he clesigne(1 im- provec3 radio receivers. After his graduation from MIT, he joiner] the staff of General Motors (GM) and designed a brake shoe system that was installed on all GM vehicles for the next twenty-five years. After two years at GM, however, he left the company for a position at the Dayton Rubber Company, where from 1930 to 1931 he designed automobile suspension systems. He next worked in the fielc! of aircraft performance for the U.S. Army Air Corps. During 1931 and 1932, Hooven clesignecT a blind aircraft lancling system for the American Loth Comnanv. Also in 1932 he independently proclucect the first successful high- fi(lelity crystal phonograph pickup. Then, as vice-president and chief engineer for Bendix's Radio Products Division from 1935 to 1937, he developed the first automatic steering system for an unmannec! flight. From 1937 to 1957, Hooven was self-employed as an indepenclent inventor, consultant, and contractor for new product research and development. In 1957 Fred Hooven went to work for the Ford Motor Company. (A GM executive described him as a "Ford trade secret.") Yet, although he invented the front-end drive sys- tem used by GM on the Oldsmobile Toronado and Cadillac Elctoraclo, he could not persuade Ford to use this invention. Nevertheless, at Ford he supervised the design and develop- ment of the Falcon, Thun(lerbirct, FairIane, and Galaxie au- tomobiles. --I ----I -
FREDERIC K JOHNSON HOOVEN Recalling those years at Ford, Lee lacocca writes: 203 The thing I remember most about Fred is that he said future cars would not be built the way cars were built then. Front-wheel-drive was the way of the future and rear-wheel-drive was antiquated. He would say, "It's silly to design cars the way we do. Why not put a power pack up front just like a horse? A horse will pull anything. Behind it you could put a fire truck, a station wagon, two people, four people, six people limousines." And of course it turned out that way, the way Fred said it would. We do have front-wheel-drive minivans today that were a glint in his eye then because he said that is the way to do efficient packaging. Hooven left Ford in 1967 to once again become a consul- tant and also adjunct professor of engineering at the Thayer School of Engineering. He became a part-time professor in 1975 ant! remainec! in that capacity until his death. Fret] Hooven enjoyed engineering. In fact, he enjoyed everything he clid. Hooven was interested! in both mocle} rail- roads and photography. He rebuilt a lens for a 35mm camera to provide extreme field (lepth and used it to produce a pho- tograph of a mocle} locomotive in front of the train station at White River function that was so skillfully done that it looked like an actual locomotive. (The photograph was even used on the cover of Mocle! Railroading magazine.) Hooven had fun with engineering; he built paper and balsa wood airplanes for his children and for the chitcl he kept alive within himself. Some of these planes were pro- pellecl with carbon dioxide cartridges and were perhaps the first jet-propelled mocie! airplanes. He also built a binary counter as a toy to amuse his grandchildren. He likecl to study whatever was new. He conversed intelli- gently with others about special relativity and quantum me- chanics. While in his seventies, Fred Hooven continued his innovative work in the areas of prosthetic orthopedic bone replacements, music synthesizers, lightweight autos, and computerized medical diagnoses.
204 MEMORIAL TRIBUTES Fred was truly a classical engineer. He viewed the worId's problems in terms of their potential solutions. His impact on students and associates was extraordinary. Frect could stretch the reach of others: He could make them broaden their ho- rizons in terms of the problems they tackled and the ways in which they approaches] them. Fret! Hooven was truly an in- spiring teacher, colleague, and friencl. He gave of himself to others. A partial list of his public service activities includes the following: volunteer research associate in biochemistry and psychophysiology, FELS Insti- tute for the Stucly of Human Development; member, Board of Education, Oakwood, Ohio; trustee, Miami Valley Hospi- tal, Dayton, Ohio; trustee, Charles F. Kettering Foundation; founding member, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan; member, visiting committee, MIT; member, Commerce Technical Advisory Board, Pane! on Electric Automobile and Air Pollution; and reviewer for the UFO Sighting Commit- tee. Fred Hooven wrote numerous articles that were designee! to demonstrate the historic significance of various inven- tions. He reviewed in Petal! the data from the Wright Broth- ers' wind tunnel, proving by computer simulation that their original design was unstable. He commented: "A bicycle is also unstable. They were bicycle makers so they conic! fly it." Those of us who were fortunate enough to know him will remember him as a wise man one of those fully cleveloped human beings whom we are sometimes privileged to encoun- ter during a lifetime. Fret! Hooven was warm, sympathetic, and kindly. He would often take the other side of an argu- ment just to make someone think a little harcler. He would confront other people and their ideas in such a way as to make them go home and rethink their position yet never in such a way as to make them love him less. Fred Hooven was devoted to his wife Martha, with whom he had three sons and a daughter. ~ miss him deeply.
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A waist-to-hip is a useful method that is used for measuring the fat distribution of a person which can be assessed in determining the overall health condition of the person. It is said that the people who are having extra amount of weight then the recommended amount are in the highest risk of developing severe health condition down the road. There are some ways which are being used for calculating the waist to hip ration in a person. So, if you want to know more about the methods which are being used for calculating the waist-to-hip ration and how it affects your health, then keep on reading. Down below we have listed some of the most important things that you need to know about the waist-to-hip ratio.
How to calculate?
To get the perfect measurement, the circumference needs to be measured for both the hips as well as the waist. To measure precisely the circumference of the waist, the person needs to be standing straight and then breath out which is when the waist should be measured from above the belly button using a measuring tape. That is the area from where the shortest measurement of the waist can be achieved. While measuring the waist, you need to make sure that you are not pulling the tape more than necessary else you may end up with a measurement error. Also, you need to make sure that you measure the hips before moving down to the hips. Just like measuring the waist, the hips need to be measured only when the person is standing up straight. Unlike the waist, the hips need to be measured from the widest part. Measure it till the tape reaches the tip of the tape from where it started. Alike measuring the waist, while measuring the hip, make sure that you are not pulling the measuring tape too tight. Now when you are done with the measurement, it is time for you to calculate the waist to hip ratio. To do that, you need to divide the measurement of the waist with the measurement of the hips. Also, make sure that you have measured them both in the same unit such as cm or inches.
The perfect health ratio
As per the WHO (World Health Organization), a person who has a ratio of more than one +are in the higher chances of developing health issues which are related to overweight or obesity. The most common diseases which are related with being overweight are type 2 diabetes and heart diseases. A healthy waist-to-hip ratio is considered as 0.85 or less than that for women and 0.9 or less for men. Men having more than 1 and women more than 0.86 indicate over weighed.
Effect of higher waist-to-hip-ratio
The people who have a higher waist-to-hip-ratio carry more loads in their middle part. They have the body shape of an apple. And those who have a pear-shaped body which is wider hips and slimmer upper body are in the highest risk of suffering from obesity and developing other medical condition such as:
- Type II diabetes: In a recent study, it has been found that people who have wider Kamar (Kamar in English is called as waist) are at higher risk of developing Type II diabetes.
- Cardiovascular diseases:Research suggests that people with a wider abdominal region are prone to developing cancer and other cardiovascular diseases.
So, if you are looking forward to maintaining a healthy life, make sure that you are maintaining the perfect waist-to-hip ratio.
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Hyperparathyroidism is a treatable condition, but something as simple as diet can also help control symptoms and promote and maintain overall health. Eating varied and balanced meals can help offset some of the symptoms and complications of hyperparathyroidism, but should not be used in place of the treatments your doctor has prescribed. If you have this condition, consult your doctor about good nutrition and what you can do to stay healthy with hyperparathyroidism.
The body has four parathyroid glands, and when any of them are overactive, this can cause hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid hormone aids in maintaining calcium levels in the blood and tissues. Symptoms can include urinating more than usual, depression, memory problems, stomach pain, constipation, weak bones and kidney stones. This condition is usually diagnosed through blood tests that show elevated calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment may include surgery or medications; sometimes treatment is not necessary, just regular monitoring. Talk with your doctor about your condition and what the best treatment options are for you.
Healthy Foods to Eat
Beans, almonds and dark green, leafy vegetables are all good sources of calcium and help build strong bones. For overall health, eat lean meat like fish for protein, rather than red meat; tofu and beans are good non-meat sources of protein. Avoiding trans-fatty acids, which are typically found in processed foods like cookies and baked goods is also suggested. Choose whole grain breads and pastas instead of refined products like white bread; this will provide more fiber and help you avoid constipation. To ensure you get all the necessary nutrients, your doctor may also recommend you take a multivitamin that contains a wide range of vitamins and minerals.
Things to Avoid
Carbonated beverages containing phosphates cause your bones to lose calcium, which further increases your risk of developing osteoporosis, in addition to the hyperparathyroidism. Minimize or cut out your consumption of these drinks to promote bone health. Drink fortified soy milk for calcium if you are not allergic to soy. Drinking six to eight glasses of water can also reduce your risk of kidney stones. If you smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol, quitting will be beneficial to your health; talk with your doctor about ways to quit these habits and where to seek help to make quitting easier.
Diet alone will not treat hyperparathyroidism, but it may help promote overall wellness and reduce your risk of complications. Talk with your doctor about your diet and whether modifications may help control your condition. She may also recommend taking various diet supplements like additional vitamin D or calcium for your bones or omega-3 fatty acids for inflammation. Before you use any supplements, check to see if they are safe for you to consume.
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http://www.livestrong.com/article/518406-hyperparathyroidism-diet/
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| 0.938519 | 564 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Quick summary: Using the activity sheet with six clock faces set at different times, students are asked to think about what they can do to save water at different times of the day.
- Students associate times of the day with familiar events and actions.
- Students understand that they can avoid wasting water when they need to use it.
Australian Curriculum Mapping
Year 1 Mathematics
- Tell time to the half-hour (ACMMG020)
Year 1 Science
- People use science in their daily lives, including when caring for their environment and living things (ACSHE022)
Year 2 Mathematics
- Tell time to the quarter-hour, using the language of ‘past’ and ‘to’ (ACMMG039)
Year 2 Science
- People use science in their daily lives, including when caring for their environment and living things (ACSHE035)
General capabilities: Critical and creative thinking, Numeracy
Time required: 30 mins+
Level of teacher scaffolding: Assist students in telling time and offering suggestions for saving water (see the Cool Australia Water factsheet for ideas).
Resources required: Printed worksheet ‘Time to save water’ for each student.
Homework and extension opportunities: None.
Keywords: Water, save, time.
Cool Australia’s curriculum team continually reviews and refines our resources to be in line with changes to the Australian Curriculum.
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https://www.coolaustralia.org/activity/time-to-save-water/
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en
| 0.907453 | 301 | 3.640625 | 4 |
A teenage couple was arrested after their 15-day old baby was found with 100 rat bites. The baby suffered severe injuries including a wound on the head that exposed her skull.
Rats are so much more expressive than we give them credit for. Just look to the ears.
One recent interesting find by scientists and archaeologists is the possibility that ancient rats, or marsupials, have lived at the same time as dinosaurs. What makes it more interesting is that the rats, creatures significantly smaller than dinosaurs, may have eaten the said reptiles.
Just like humans, rats have been observed giggling when they are tickled.
Ever wondered why humans burts into an involuntary laugh when tickled? A new study reveals that the same effect happens on rats too, and it may be traced to brain activity.
This is not a hoax nor a false Halloween story to startle you. The mightiest spider you'll probably ever see can be found in Australia.
Six species of native Hawaiian honeycreepers could be extinct within the next 10 years due to climate change and rat infestation.
A video showing a rat chasing a cat goes viral on the Internet, but social media users are not impressed.
A pack of rats recently killed 14 orange-bellied parrots housed at a captive breeding facility in Tasmania. These birds are part of a national recovery program working to replenish the species' dwindling population.
New fossils representing a giant rat species ten times larger than those commonly seen today have been excavated from East Timor in Asia.
If you were to see someone floundering in the water, you'd likely dive in after them. That seems a very human behavior, where concern for your compatriots can often be put before all else. However, a new study has revealed that even rats can be selfless, sacrificing time and even food to save a neighbor.
New-age nerds may have become a bit disenchanted with the superhero known as Daredevil after his latest Hollywood flop, but diehard fans of the man in red still know that he has one of the coolest superpowers out there. Now researchers are showing that rodents can have this superpower too, as blind rats can still "see" where they are going in a maze with a little help from sensor tech.
In the first study of its kind in nearly a full century, researchers have found that rats in New York City are still hosting fleas that can carry dangerous plague pathogens. But don't panic just yet. The infamous Black Death, which still exists in the United States, was not found in these fleas, meaning that professionals simply need to be vigilant.
"What goes around comes around," may be a common adage used by people, but new research has revealed that it's not a belief exclusive to humans. Rats, or at least ones in Norway, it seems, believe in doing favors when they are due as well, returning kindness shown to them by other rats in the past.
During the 14th century, Europe was ravaged by what is commonly known as the Black death, or bubonic plague, and since then rats have largely been to blame. However, now new research finds that we have been pointing the finger at the wrong rodent.
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CC-MAIN-2018-05
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http://www.natureworldnews.com/tags/rats
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| 0.976917 | 658 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Blue Whale
A nonfiction picture book, The Blue Whale draws children into the life and world of this enormous animal by situating facts within a familiar context that is fun and engaging. Here, readers are given the actual size of an eye right on the page, and we are informed how understand this whale's body size in relation to trucks, cars, milk bottles, and hippos! With an accurate and engaging text, fully vetted by a blue whale expert, and lovely illustrations, The Blue Whale is a book that invites children in and holds their attention. Its tempo is like a pleasing melody, which means that the information never becomes too weighty or exhausting for a young reader.
Grade Level: 3
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<urn:uuid:772df73b-2096-44da-acd0-13e807ecb6c6>
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://www.nanaschildrenshop.com/products/the-blue-whale
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| 0.933173 | 146 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A relationship extraction task requires the detection and classification of semantic relationship mentions within a set of artifacts, typically from text or XML documents. The task is very similar to that of information extraction (IE), but IE additionally requires the removal of repeated relations (disambiguation) and generally refers to the extraction of many different relationships.
One approach to this problem involves the use of domain ontologies. Another approach involves visual detection of meaningful relationships in parametric values of objects listed on a data table that shift positions as the table is permuted automatically as controlled by the software user. The poor coverage, rarity and development cost related to structured resources such as semantic lexicons (e.g. WordNet, UMLS) and domain ontologies (e.g. the Gene Ontology) has given rise to new approaches based on broad, dynamic background knowledge on the Web. For instance, the ARCHILES technique uses only Wikipedia and search engine page count for acquiring coarse-grained relations to construct lightweight ontologies.
The relationships can be represented using a variety of formalisms/languages. One such representation language for data on the Web is RDF.
- Text analytics
- Semantic analytics
- Semantic role labeling
- Information extraction
- Business Intelligence 2.0
- Hong-Woo Chun, Yoshimasa Tsuruoka, Jin-Dong Kim, Rie Shiba, Naoki Nagata, Teruyoshi Hishiki, Jun-ichi Tsujii (2006). "Extraction of Gene-Disease Relations from Medline Using Domain Dictionaries and Machine Learning". Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing.
- Minlie Huang and Xiaoyan Zhu and Yu Hao and Donald G. Payan and Kunbin Qu and Ming Li (2004). "Discovering patterns to extract protein-protein interactions from full texts" 20 (18). pp. 3604–3612. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth451.
- T.C.Rindflesch and L.Tanabe and J.N.Weinstein and L.Hunter (2000). "EDGAR: Extraction of drugs, genes, and relations from the biomedical literature". Proc. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. pp. 514–525.
- C. Ramakrishnan and K. J. Kochut and A. P. Sheth (2006). "A Framework for Schema-Driven Relationship Discovery from Unstructured Text". Proc. International Semantic Web Conference. pp. 583–596.
- W. Wong and W. Liu and M. Bennamoun (2009). "Acquiring Semantic Relations using the Web for Constructing Lightweight Ontologies". Proc. 13th Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01307-2_26.
|This computer science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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CC-MAIN-2015-32
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_extraction
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| 0.800268 | 626 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Unequivocal: Bathroom Sign|
This sign is an example of what linguists call proto-writing; the sort of thing you see on road signs and the like. The idea is that the sign conveys a message which is clear even to people who cannot read, and is designed to be culture-independent. It contains a diagrammatic representation of two figures. One of the figures is a rudimentary outline of a human body, where the other has a triangular body to represent a dress or skirt.
Nowhere on this sign does it say "Men" or "Women". Genitalia are not depicted. Chromosomes are not discussed. The presence or absence of any characteristic is not questioned, other than some vague depiction of clothing.
It would seem quite reasonable, according to this sign, for people wearing skirts to turn right, while people wearing trousers should turn left. So why should anyone object if a man dressed in a skirt wanted to turn right? But how many women, wearing jeans, would turn left?
This sign isn't quite as cross-cultural as it purports to be. In some countries, robe-like garments are common for both men and women. On a trip to the Middle East once, I was amused to see a toilet sign which had identical images for male and female, wearing robes, except that the female one was pinched in around the middle to represent a waist, where the male one wasn't.
I didn't take a picture of the sign, but this one is reasonably similar. It is a reminder that our Western cultural norms are not shared worldwide; that some cultures would look at the figure on the right (above) and decide the skirt was indecently short.
Trans people can find themselves in a real pickle about bathrooms. For example, Victoria Askey says of her transwoman spouse Treva:
Victoria: I hate the fact that she has to go through... wondering which toilets she can use without causing problems. I mean, use the men's and get beaten up, use the women's and get some female complaining, use the disabled and get someone complaining, and this can all be in front of my children. Some people don't seem to think before reacting. I hate the fact we are stared at. What happens if we go some place and she needs to use the toilet but there is no option to her? Then we have to come home just so she can pee.Meanwhile, Rachel in Auckland reports this:
Rachel: After my drink, I need to visit the ladies room, weaving in and out amongst all the tables, a pretty blond woman stood (6ft 2 in heels to my 5ft 11) and motored her way to the ladies, just beating me. After she entered, she held the door open for me and smiled.And Megan, one of my correspondents, writes:
Megan: To my surprise, women are somewhat friendly and just assume you're gay and have no interest in them. One particular outing, a young lady about 22 or so noticed the stall door lock was broken and asked me to guard it while she was in there. Fox watching the hen house came to mind! As she left, she guarded it for me.Victoria is in the UK, Rachel in New Zealand, and Megan is in the US. So perhaps there is a cultural aspect to it. Perhaps some countries (or cities) are fine, where others are not. So hard to know for sure. Why do I have to rely on the word of my correspondents? Because I don't (yet) go out dressed, so I have never had to face up to this problem in a practical sense.
Nonetheless, some of them had a point to make, and I think it's worth bringing out that point here. How would a woman feel if she went into a public bathroom and found someone who was clearly a male-to-female transgender person?
Some women, such as the women that Rachel and Megan met, seem to be genuinely untroubled. It seems no big deal to them. But I am reasonably sure this isn't true of everyone. Some women might feel really uncomfortable. Some women might feel threatened, or in danger. How do those women react? Most likely they say nothing, avoid eye contact, hoping that this unwelcome interloper will quietly go away. That reaction may be misinterpreted as acceptance. In other words, just because the women in a public bathroom don't run screaming when a crossdresser walks in, doesn't mean they are all comfortable and accepting.
Random Radfem: It is also not the responsibility of any woman to object to your presence. Most woman are not going to confront a man- probably a much physically larger man- in an enclosed private room. No matter how uncomfortable they are made to feel, it is safer to get out than to risk the chance of being physically attacked if the man in question is mentally unhinged.
(I am reasonably certain that a crossdresser visiting the men's bathroom while dressed, would provoke anger, outrage and bewilderment. Mind you, this isn't a subject on which I have read much at all).
Why is it that bathrooms have become the battlefield upon which these bloody conflicts are played out? In this wonderful article from The Atlantic, journalist Julie Beck analyses our attitudes to public bathrooms.
Beck: The public collides uncomfortably with the private in the bathroom as it does nowhere else, and the unique behaviors we perform stem from a complex psychological stew of shame, self-awareness, design, and gender roles. This culturally agreed-upon separation creates unique single-sex spaces. There is perhaps no other arena that so stridently reinforces gender separation and difference.The public bathroom is therefore a focal point in the behaviour of men and women. Beck comments that men and women behave very differently in public bathrooms. Women are more relaxed, chatting, sharing makeup, where men avoid eye-contact, don't speak to each other, and don't even stand near one another if they can help it.
Biologically speaking, men and women don’t need separate bathrooms—they’re using them for the same reasons. While there are a few functional differences—many men prefer to pee standing, women need receptacles to throw away tampons and pads—it’s not hard to imagine a unisex bathroom that would, at least in theory, work for everyone.
|This cartoon came from a website for librarians.|
Overall, then, these are my thoughts about the whole bathroom thing. First, I think that men who wear women’s clothing in public are, in general, politely tolerated. While I completely welcome this, I think this tolerance is a privilege; I do not see it as a right. (And, as I have mentioned on this blog, there are some people who are not helping the cause here).
Next, I think that women should be entitled to safe, women-only spaces, for any reason they think fit, or even for no reason at all. For me, this means that they are entitled to object to the presence of a trans person in the women's public bathroom. If someone objected to my presence in any public space (e.g. a mall, an airport, a library) I would quietly leave without making a scene or causing a disturbance. If someone objected to my presence in a women-only bathroom, I would immediately leave without question. I do actually worry that it might offend someone or make them uncomfortable, and for me at least, this would not be OK.
I think that things are changing. I have noticed several restaurants in my town which just have a series of unisex cubicles. No problem. Beck's article says that gender-neutral public bathrooms are now mandated by law in any new or renovated building in Philadelphia. In addition, see here for the story of parents using the law to force a school to allow their transgender daughter to use the girls' bathrooms. Once again, the tip of the iceberg.
While transgender people are trying to get into the women's bathrooms, women themselves now have access to a range of devices which allow them to pee standing up. Nonetheless, I suspect it will be a while before women are elbowing men out of the way at the urinals!
My thanks to Tasi, for drawing my attention to Julie Beck's article and Lexie Cannes' article, and to Melissa Lyn for the Unshelved cartoon, which came from this webpage. See also here for my comments about the tampon advertisement featuring a meeting between a woman and a crossdresser in a public bathroom.
Addendum 27th April 2016
The bathroom debate continues to feature prominently in public media, with several US states enacting laws which restrict which bathroom trans people can and cannot use. Other states have had similar laws thrown out.
Meanwhile, the Huffington Post has produced this interesting article which summarises and synthesises the status quo. In addition, Lexie Cannes has written this eyebrow-raising article which contains reports of several women being thrown out of public bathrooms for being mistaken for transwomen. Ouch!
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| 0.973081 | 1,876 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A multidisciplinary approach is much important to treat and avert the vast majority of the dental issues in a patient. It might be identified with various branches of dentistry. Among them orthodontics and periodontics are interrelated in various ways. The fundamental reason for the periodontal therapy is to keep up and reestablish the support of the teeth. While orthodontic treatment depends on the rule, which expresses that if prolonged pressure is applied to a tooth, tooth gets displaced from its original position as the bone around the tooth redesigns. Since the bone reaction is intervened by the periodontal ligament, tooth movement is essentially a periodontal ligament phenomenon.Common periodontal conditions which require orthodontic therapy and awareness of the pathologic changes or other undesirable changes which can happen in the periodontium because of improper orthodontic systems would help in better treatment method for administration to the patients. Orthodontic patients are highly susceptible to increased accumulation of plaque which makes integration of a periodontist very essential.This review mainly focuses on the effect of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health.
|Number of pages||4|
|Journal||Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research|
|Publication status||Published - 01-05-2018|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Pharmaceutical Science
|
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| 0.8785 | 279 | 2.828125 | 3 |
TIPS FOR TEACHERS
Each normal child is born genius.
1- STORY TELLING: never order children directly to adopt good habits or refrain themselves from bad habits. Telling stories about good consequences of good deeds and bad consequences of bad deeds is advisable if you really want to help children. When children are on bed and sleepy or relaxing after a hard work story telling really work like wonders.
2- LAUGHTER EXERCISE: It is ideal to do laughter exercise few minutes before the off time for 1minute at least or whenever teacher observes children as dull. Teacher should laugh along with the children.
3- GOOD DEEDS CHART: Monthly chart should be made for each class where name of all the class students mentioned. Whenever any teacher observes any child performing any good action no matter as small as picking of papers from the floor she should put a star under his name on the chart. No negative marking for bad actions.
4- NO SCOLDING, NO INSULT: Never scold badly or insult children in front of others rather make the child feel from heart the bad consequences of bad actions and misbehaviors.
5- NUMERIOUS OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES: In order to create positive self image in children, opportunities given by teachers to children to perform anything of their interest and capabilities will really work like a magic. But here teacher must use her mind how to utilize each child’s energy so no one feel inferior.
6- DIG OUT THE HIDDEN QUALITIES OF CHILDREN: Find out in which field any particular child is excelling then give him such task according to his interest and age so that he has numerous successful memories which help him to develop positive self image about himself.
7- EXPRESS YOU’RE LOVE TO CHILDREN: Daily tells children verbally that you love them all without any condition. No matter good or bad students they are but they must be confident about your love for them.
8- WEEKLY 2 GOOD DEEDS: Make it a weekly routine to ask children for any 2 actions they performed last week without any thought of being rewarded or praised, just for being a good human being. It’s good if they maintain a deeds diary in which they write about every action they do for others.
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The mission of the new museum is to promote education about the Shoah, by initiatives such as teacher training programs, exhibitions, support for academic research, and school visits.
The new Holocaust Museum in Porto (Oporto), Portugal, the first on the Iberian peninsula, has opened.
The museum was inaugurated with a small ceremony attended by members of the local Jewish community, the Bishop of Porto and the President of the Muslim community, but its opening to visitors has been postponed indefinitely due to Covid-19 measures.
Created by the local Jewish community, some of whose members lost family in the Shoah, the Holocaust Museum of Porto depicts in detail the history, development, and aftermath of the Holocaust, including the story of the Jewish refugees who arrived in Porto between 1940 and 1941 hoping to flee to the Americas.
Portugal stayed neutral during WWII and gave refuge to thousands Jewish refugees fleeing from Nazi Germany and its allies or occupied territories.
One section features the reproduction of barracks at the Auschwitz death camp and a reproduction of part of the ‘Arbeit Macht Frei’ gate.
“Visitors will be able to walk through some areas designed to create a sensorial effect of real presence in the space,” museum curator Hugo Vaz explained.
Exhibits also include artifacts and documents left by Jews who sought refuge in Porto. Among them are two sifrei torah presented to the city’s synagogue by Jewish refugee families.
The museum also has a cinema, a study center, a conference hall, and a memorial hall with the names of thousands who perished during the Holocaust written on its walls.
The stated mission of the new Holocaust museum is to promote education about the Shoah, by initiatives such as teacher training programs, exhibitions, support for academic research, and school visits. Educational activities will be coordinated in collaboration with the state-led “Nunca Esquecer” (Never Forget) project, approved by the Portuguese Council of Ministers in July 2020, which aims to promote initiatives that foster knowledge about the Holocaust, its Portuguese victims, and also Portuguese citizens who helped those persecuted by the Nazi regime.
Among them, Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Portuguese consul in Bordeaux, who saved thousands of people fleeing from France after the Nazi invasion in 1940 and was recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations in 1966.
A virtual museum tells his story, and his home in Cabanas de Viriato, Portugal, is currently at the center of a renovation project that aims to open it as a memorial museum and cultural space.
Portugal’s Jewish community, with a cultural and religious legacy dating back to antiquity, numbers over 1,000, most of whom live in the capital, Lisbon. There are also smaller communities in Oporto, Belmonte and Algarve.
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Without faith in God, one cannot hope in God. As faith perfects the intellect, so hope perfects the will. The primary focus of hope for the believer is the movement toward eternal happiness and bliss. Faith assents to the truth (intellect) that the promises of God will come to pass. Hope puts faith into practice (will) as one lives in a way that those promises will indeed become a reality. One moves intentionally in hope, with the help of God, toward the future. Hope is not synonymous with optimism; for optimism puts too much trust in what can been seen and places too much emphasis on human ability to secure the future.
While the vision brought by hope looks to the future, the practical emphasis on hope is centered in the present. As Aquinas states, "The perfection of hope lies not in achieving what it hopes for but embracing its standard." To equate hope with a feeling or a wish is more indebted to modern understandings of sentimentality than to the profound understanding of virtue displayed by Thomas. Hope is based on faith which is the evidence of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen. Hope is more than wishful thinking; it has its roots in history as one learns and appropriates the story of God's people from the hope of Abraham traveling to a land unknown to the hope of Mary that her son would one day "bring down the mighty from their thrones."
"Christian hope unfolds from the beginning of Jesus' preaching in the proclamation of the beatitudes. The beatitudes raise our hope toward heaven as the new Promised Land; they trace the path that leads through the trials that await the disciples of Jesus. But through the merits of Jesus Christ and of his Passion, God keeps us in the 'hope that does not disappoint.' Hope is the 'sure and steadfast anchor of the soul . . . that enters . . . where Jesus has gone as a forerunner on our behalf.' Hope is also a weapon that protects us in the struggle of salvation: 'Let us . . . put on the breastplate of faith and charity, and for a helmet the hope of salvation.' It affords us joy even under trial: 'Rejoice in your hope, be patient in tribulation.' Hope is expressed and nourished in prayer, especially in the Our Father, the summary of everything that hope leads us to desire" (Catechism of the Catholic Church).
Aquinas suggests that once the state of eternal blessedness is achieved, then faith and hope will no longer be necessary, because we will finally know perfect happiness in all of its fullness; what we previously had only assented to in faith and longed for in hope. The third theological virtue of charity, however, will always be necessary.
A Weblog Dedicated to the Discussion of the Christian Faith and 21st Century Life
I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand. For this also I believe, –that unless I believed, I should not understand.-- St. Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)
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|From the Science newsroom|
|Posted 9 January 2002, 5 pm PST|
Exoplanet Snapshot Within Reach?
WASHINGTON, D.C.--To capture their first-ever image of an extrasolar planet, some astronomers think they won't need the expensive space-based observatories that are now on the drawing table. Two new observations suggest that existing ground-based telescopes may suffice, thanks to a revolutionary new technique called adaptive optics--in fact, some astronomers believe the first snapshot of an exoplanet may arrive within a year.
Astronomers have deduced the existence of extrasolar planets from the way they tug at their mother stars. Nobody has ever seen one, because they're much too faint compared to their stars. But young planets still glow with the heat of their formation, making them up to 10,000 times brighter than a giant planet like Jupiter would be, says astronomer Ray Jayawardhana of the University of California, Berkeley. That means they may be detected by 10-meter telescopes using adaptive optics, he says, in which a computer wiggles flexible mirrors to compensate for image distortions caused by turbulence in Earth's atmosphere. The technique gives ground-based telescopes the same acuity as the Hubble Space Telescope. And big instruments like the 10-meter Keck telescope and the 8.1-meter Gemini North telescope, both in Hawaii, collect much more light than Hubble's 2.4-meter mirror, making them more sensitive to faint companions.
Using adaptive optics, Jayawardhana, together with Kevin Luhman of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has detected a dust disk around one member of a newly born quadruple star system that's 900 light-years away. Meanwhile, Michael Liu of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy and his collaborators have found a faint brown dwarf--a "failed star"--orbiting close to a sunlike star called 15 Sge at a distance of 58 light-years. The findings, both presented here yesterday at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society, are evidence of the huge potential of adaptive optics, says Jayawardhana, adding that the race is now on for the first picture of a young planet. In fact, he says he has already detected "a few candidates" that just need a little more work.
"Both discoveries are marvelous, but these are really just tantalizing appetizers for things to come," agrees Alan Boss of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Washington, D.C. Boss expects the first image of a newly forming planet within a few years, maybe sooner. Although this planet won't be as small as Earth, it would be an important step toward showing that "our solar system is not the fluke in the universe," Boss says.
Related Pages on APNet
Related links from the article above:
© 2001 The American Association for
the Advancement of Science
Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
Concise Encyclopedia of the Ethics of New Technologies
Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices
Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Ten-Volume Set
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- any hymenopterous insect of the superfamily Apoidea, including social and solitary species of several families, as the bumblebees, honeybees, etc.
- the common honeybee, Apis mellifera.
- a community social gathering in order to perform some task, engage in a contest, etc.: a sewing bee; a spelling bee; a husking bee.
- have a bee in one's bonnet,
- to be obsessed with one idea.
- to have eccentric or fanciful ideas or schemes: Our aunt obviously has a bee in her bonnet, but we're very fond of her.
- put the bee on, Informal. to try to obtain money from, as for a loan or donation: My brother just put the bee on me for another $10.
- the bee's knees, Older Slang. (especially in the 1920s) a person or thing that is wonderful, great, or marvelous: Her new roadster is simply the bee's knees.
Origin of bee1
- any hymenopterous insect of the superfamily Apoidea, which includes social forms such as the honeybee and solitary forms such as the carpenter beeSee also bumblebee, mason bee Related adjective: apian
- busy bee a person who is industrious or has many things to do
- have a bee in one's bonnet to be preoccupied or obsessed with an idea
- a social gathering for a specific purpose, as to carry out a communal task or hold competitionsquilting bee
- See spelling bee
- nautical a small sheave with one cheek removed and the pulley and other cheek fastened flat to a boom or another spar, used for reeving outhauls or stays
- Black Economic Empowerment: a government policy aimed at encouraging and supporting shareholding by black people
Word Origin and History for have a bee in one's bonnet
stinging insect, Old English beo "bee," from Proto-Germanic *bion (cf. Old Norse by, Old High German bia, Middle Dutch bie), possibly from PIE root *bhi- "quiver." Used metaphorically for "busy worker" since 1530s.
Sense of "meeting of neighbors to unite their labor for the benefit of one of their number," 1769, American English, probably is from comparison to the social activity of the insect; this was extended to other senses (e.g. spelling bee, first attested 1809; Raising-bee (1814) for building construction; also hanging bee "a lynching"). To have a bee in (one's) bonnet (1825), said of one who is harebrained or has an intense new notion or fancy, is said in Jamieson to be Scottish, perhaps from earlier expressions such as head full of bees (1510s), denoting mad mental activity.
Idioms and Phrases with have a bee in one's bonnet
In addition to the idiom beginning with bee
- bee in one's bonnet
- been around
- been had
- been there, done that
- been to the wars
- birds and the bees
- busy as a beaver (bee)
- make a beeline for
- none of one's business (beeswax)
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Avocados have become the star of many dishes. They are no longer just considered the go-to ingredient for guacamole, but are found in everything from salads to wraps and even as the base in smoothies. And why not, when they are loaded with vitamins and minerals, low in sugar and also contain fiber? Even though they are high in fat, it is actually the good kind that supports heart health. This humble, yet super, fruit comes in many types, but most commonly we find Hass avocados in our produce section. In fact, Hass makes up 95 percent of all the avocados eaten in America. While avocados have many great things about them, being able to use it as an oil is definitely an added bonus. We get avocado oil from the fresh-pressed pulp of an avocado.
Health Benefits of Avocado Oil
Healthy Fats: Even though avocados are high in fat, it is actually the kind of fat that you want. Avocados contain monounsaturated fat, which helps to lower bad cholesterol and helps to develop and maintain your cells. Avocado oil consists of 71 percent monounsaturated fatty acids. Like olive oil, avocado oil fats support skin health and the absorption of vitamins and minerals that can aid in immune system health.
Supports Eye Health: Lutein is a carotenoid found in avocado oil. Lutein has been linked to a lowered risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss in people over 60. In addition to the phytochemical lutein, you can also reap the benefits of another phytochemical, zeaxanthin. Phytochemicals are compounds found in plants that have been linked to reductions in chronic diseases. Additionally, they help to minimize the damage caused by ultraviolet light to the eyes.
Weight Control: A recent study has found that avocado oil can improve glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and may lead to lower body weight. Though the study was performed on animals, the results provide some evidence that these benefits may transfer to humans.
Popular Uses of Avocado Oil
Skin Protection: The lubricating properties of avocado oil can contribute to helping your skin stay hydrated, smooth and elastic. It is less likely to contribute to clogged pores as can happen with creams and other oils. But these benefits won’t necessarily translate to those who have oily skin. Try it mixed with other nourishing oils like olive, shea and coconut for ultimate hydration.
Avocado oil has been found by Brazilian researchers to help wounds heal faster. In a study published in the journal, "Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine_,"_ it was noted that oleic acids and essential fatty acids contained in avocado oil can help to treat skin injuries and also that avocado oil may speed up wound healing.
Additionally, the antioxidants, such as beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin in avocado oil are associated with lowering UV-induced inflammation of the skin because of sun exposure and can also soothe sunburned skin. While protecting the skin against sun damage, avocado oil can also help to avoid the aging process that UV exposure leads to.
Hair Conditioner: Avocado oil can be the ultimate hair smoother and help to manage frizz. While its benefits as a hair product has not received a lot of research, there are those who swear by using it. Mixing avocado oil with coconut oil and a mashed banana can work well as a deep conditioner.
Cooking With Avocado Oil: Although avocado oil has a higher flash point than other oils, like canola, safflower and olive oil, it is still prone to breaking down, so it's best to keep it stored in a cool dry place away from direct heat and sunlight. The flashpoint, also known as the smoking point, is that temperature at which the oil starts to smoke or cause fumes. The flashpoint of avocado oil is 500 F, making it perfect for high-temperature cooking. Comparatively, olive oil has a flash point of under 400 F, while the flash points for canola and safflower are 400 F and 225 F, respectively. Use avocado oil for roasting, barbecuing, frying and sauteing. Plus, it has a neutral taste that makes it great for marinades, vinaigrettes, dips and sauces.
Understanding Virgin and Refined Oils
We often see on labels for specialty oils, like olive oil and avocado oil, the words virgin and r_efined_. In general, virgin oils tend to have the lowest smoke point and refined oil has higher smoke points. When a label reads virgin, it should mean that the oil had not been exposed to air, light or heat prior to use. So, only refined avocado oil can reach 500 F and virgin avocado oil ranges from 350 F to 375 F.
Ways to Add Avocado Oil to Your Diet Naturally
There are many ways to use avocado oil in place of the oils you usually use. These are just a few suggestions:
- Swap out canola oil when making homemade mayonnaise and use avocado oil instead.
- Spread it on bread instead of butter or margarine.
- Drizzle it on top of your caprese salad, guacamole or hummus before serving.
- In homemade salad dressings that call for olive oil, try using avocado oil instead.
How to Make Homemade Avocado Oil
- Wash and peel six avocados. Using a sharp knife cut them in half all the way around the pit. Discard the pit, and with a spoon scoop out the flesh of the fruit and deposit it into a blender or food processor.
- Cover the blender or food processor. Select the puree setting and puree the fruit until a smooth paste is achieved. You can also mash by hand or with a potato masher if you do not have a blender or food processor. Transfer the blended avocado to a medium size saucepan.
- Cook the pureed avocados over medium heat stirring every three to five minutes to ensure that it doesn't stick or burn. It will start to boil and rise. Keep cooking until the color changes from light green to a dark green or brown.
- When the water has evaporated, remove the pot from the stove. Transfer the avocado mixture to a large glass bowl. Cover the bowl with cheesecloth. Then use cotton cooking twine or a rubber band to secure the cloth in place. While holding either side of the bowl flip it over. Once upside down carefully remove the twine or rubber band and pull together the top of the cloth to form what looks like a sack.
- Squeeze the mixture over a medium size bowl to catch the strained oil. Keep straining until no more oil can be expressed.
- Pour oil into a flip-top bottle or airtight container and store for later use.
You can also prepare the avocado mash in the oven instead of on top of the stove.
- Follow the directions for stovetop prep, but instead of putting the blended avocado in a pot on the stove, spread the blended avocado evenly on a cookie sheet.
- Bake at 155 F until the avocado is brown and dehydrated, about four to five hours. Check on it frequently to ensure that it isn’t burning.
- Once it is done, wait until it is cool enough to work with, but not cold. Scrape the avocado layer from the baking sheet with a spatula.
- Place the avocado into a thin cotton cloth over a measuring cup or glass container. Squeeze until all of the oil has been expressed. Store oil in an airtight bottle.
- Avocados from Mexico: The History of Hass Avocados
- Medline Plus: Facts About Monounsaturated Fats
- Eat Right: Choose Healthy Fats
- US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health: Hass Avocado Composition and Potential Health Effects.
- Web MD: Age-Related Macular Degeneration Overview
- US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health: Effect ofAntioxidants on Knee Cartilage and Bone in Healthy, Middle-aged Subjects
- US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health:Avocado Oil Improves Mitochondrial Function and Decreases Oxidative Stress in Brain of Diabetic Rats
- US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health: Effect of Semisolid Formulation of Persea Americana Mill (Avocado) Oil on Wound Healing in Rats
- Healthline: What Are the Benefits of Using Avocado Oil on My Skin?
- Health line: Avocado Oil on Hair?
- Master Class: What Is Avocado Oil? A Guide to Cooking With Avocado Oil
- WikiHow: How to Make Avocado Oil
Cheryl S. Grant has reported & written for Crain’s, Glamour, Reader's Digest, Cosmo, Brides, Latina, Yoga Journal, MSN, USA Today, Family Circle, Taste of Home, Spa Weekly, You Beauty, Spice Island, and Health Daily. She investigates trends and targets profiles subjects using a combination of deep background research (database, periodicals, preliminary interviews, social media), write and edit compelling stories in a variety of beats including beauty, health, travel, nutrition, diet, law, medicine, advocacy, and entertainment.
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Kenya Briggs takes a look at conflict and opportunities for dialogue -- between the African American and lesbian/gay/bisexual communities.
There is common ground between the African American and the lesbian/gay/bisexual communities of this society. Both have been and continue to be disenfranchised by a largely monolithic power structure. Both suffer the burden of stereotypical labels which suggest that they are less than human and are not worthy of dignity. Both are compelled to demand equal rights based on the humiliating argument that they cannot help the ways in which they differ from straight, white males. Perhaps most importantly, both share a common population lesbians, gays and bisexuals of African descent.
However, today it seems that the differences between these two groups have become more apparent than their commonalties. To understand why, we must examine several factors: history, politics, the dynamics of racism in the lesbian/gay/bisexual community and homophobia in the African American community, and the impact of right-wing manipulation on two groups which right wingers have historically regarded as "the enemy."
While the issue of lesbian/gay/bisexual equal rights is, in fact, a civil rights issue (and not a moral issue, as leaders of the right-wing camp portend) the history of and the struggle for lesbian/gay/bisexual civil rights is different from that of the Black civil rights movement. There is nothing wrong or strange about this. To quote from esteemed African American academic Henry Louis Gates Jr., prejudices "...don't exist in the abstract; they all come with distinctive and distinguishing historical peculiarities." However, many leaders in the African American community perceive that lesbians, gays and bisexuals have been too quick to appropriate the language and tactics of the African American civil rights movement. They fear that posing the two movements as equivalent undermines the impact of the African American equality movement of the 1960s, and that community's continued struggle today.
However, there are leading African American voices (including that of former Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General Colin Powell) which are adamant that race and sexuality are completely separate issues especially when it comes the United States military. Lieutenant General Calvin Waller, the highest ranking African American officer in the Gulf War, went on record with this statement: "I had no choice regarding my race when I was delivered from my mother's womb...To compare my service in America's armed forces with the integration of avowed homosexuals is personally offensive to me." While General Waller's statement was probably prompted by a personal fear and hatred of lesbians, gays and bisexuals, it does point to a very real breach in communication and understanding between the two communities.
Part of the blame for this must rest on a lack of foresight and proactive coalition building with communities of color perpetuated by past and present leaders of the lesbian/gay/bisexual movement. It is obvious that these leaders now recognize the importance of an alliance with the African American community. They wish to utilize the vision and wisdom of the African American civil rights movement to obtain legally mandated equality for every lesbian, gay and bisexual American. (For example, hundreds of thousands of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender women and men participate in a huge march on the U.S. capital every several years. This is an emulation of the first March on Washington by African Americans some 30 years ago to demand their civil rights; a march conceived, ironically enough, by a gay man of African descent.)
But how often have leaders in the lesbian/gay/bisexual movement publicly decried the disproportionate percentage of African American males incarcerated each year in the American prison system? Or the staggering drop-out rate among African American high school students? How much of the lesbian/gay/bisexual movement's time, money and person power have been committed to combating drugs, or helping to fix roads and revitalize businesses in African American neighborhoods? How often do lesbian, gay and bisexual leaders attend African American community meetings and ask:
"What can we do to help?" Of course, the argument can be made that few African American leaders have done these kinds of things for the lesbian/gay/bisexual community. But, then again, the African American community is not looking to the gay community for direction and vision in its quest for civil rights.
The lesbian/gay/bisexual community has made a strategic error in assuming to call the African American community its ally without first laying the groundwork for proper coalition building. It has insulted many African American leaders by laying claim to a legacy that it (the lesbian/gay/bisexual movement in general) had very little to do with creating. While the African American community certainly hasn't cornered the market on civil rights and social justice, the fruits of its people's bravery and sacrifice, and the certainty of their allegiance, should not be taken for granted. The lesbian/gay/bisexual community can not be so quick to take without also giving.
The African American heterosexual community has similarly rendered invisible its lesbian, gay and bisexual population. While many African leaders maintain that homophobia is not a problem in their community, openly gay African Americans are rarely identified as community leaders. Furthermore, their issues are often marginalized with the implication that homosexual issues are basically "white" issues, and are therefore not important to the African American community as a whole. (This, of course, could not be farther from the truth. AIDS, for example, has long been categorized by many heterosexual leaders in the African American community as a gay, white, male disease. However, AIDS is now infecting heterosexual men, women and children in the African American community at an alarming rate.) The marginalization of African American lesbians, gays and bisexuals by both the Black and gay communities has resulted in the exclusion of the most essential voices from a necessary dialogue voices which can best articulate the issues of both communities in ways that non-African American gays, and heterosexual Blacks can understand.
Perhaps the biggest question facing African American leaders in this controversy is the following: Can African Americans successfully fight racial discrimination in this country without also supporting the fight for lesbian/gay/bisexual civil rights? Or, more specifically, can a society that is permitted to discriminate against any one of its members be trusted to ensure the liberty of any class, any race, any group of people who are not part of the social majority?
Right-wing homophobes are even circulating an anti-gay video among African American religious leaders. The video juxtaposes African American civil rights footage from the 1960s with images of contemporary gay civil rights marches. It features interviews with right-wing leaders who accuse lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgenders of demanding "special rights." (In much the same way, right-wingers accused Blacks of demanding special rights and attacked affirmative action programs during the Reagan-Bush era.) The video depicts lesbians, gays and bisexuals as child molesters and sexual perverts, and "reveals" that the lesbian/gay/bisexual agenda is not equal rights, but rather the domination and conversion of the entire world! Most African American leaders, Christian or otherwise, will see through this type of hate-filled and distorted propaganda. Nevertheless, the gay movement needs to be very concerned with the right wing's use of money and manipulative religious rhetoric to undermine the gay struggle for civil rights in African American communities. It is an unfortunate fact that there are some very vocal homophobes in the African American community. Ironically, their fear and hatred of lesbians, gays and bisexuals may guide them into the waiting arms of the original oppressor: a white, male, fundamentalist-led movement bent on making the world over in its own image.
Recently, the issues of religion and gay rights collided in San Francisco, in a controversy sparked by an insensitive, homophobic, statement made by a local African American minister. The Rev. Eugene Lumpkin, while serving as a commissioner on the San Francisco Human Rights Commission, told a local reporter that homosexuality is an "abomination" against God. Lumpkin also suggested that AIDS is a punishment for homosexual behavior. He was eventually dismissed from the Human Rights Commission for his anti-gay statements. The incident ignited tempers in both the lesbian/gay/bisexual and the African American communities. Gays accused Lumpkin and the African American ministry of homophobia and gay-bashing. African Americans accused the gay community of racism, elitism and religion-bashing. Even the Rev. Lou Sheldon, of the fundamentalist Traditional Values Coalition, got into the fray. His group intended to use the fighting as an opportunity to drive a wedge even further between the gay and African American communities.
But the instigative tactics of Sheldon and his crew were thwarted. Leaders from San Francisco's African American and lesbian/gay/bisexual communities have decided to use this incident as an opportunity to initiate dialogue. It isn't a perfect dialogue, but it is the beginning of communication, interaction and, hopefully, understanding between some of the leaders of these two communities. It is a dialogue that includes the voices of lesbians, gays and bisexuals of African descent. And it is the beginning of a process which has been slow in coming, and is long overdue.
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Posted by JJ on Wednesday, January 9, 2008 at 5:48pm.
a ladder, 12 feet long, is leaning against a wall. if the foot of the ladder slides away from the wall along level ground,what is the rate of change of the top of the ladder with respect to the distance of the foot of the ladder from the wall when the foot is 6 ft from the wall?
I don't understand what this question is asking for.
- Calculus - Damon, Wednesday, January 9, 2008 at 5:59pm
Draw the 12 foot ladder up against the wall with the foot at 6 feet from the foot of the wall. Then the top is sqrt (144 - 36) feet up on the wall.
Now it starts slipping out at rate dx/dt at the bottom of the wall.
The question is, what is dy/dt, the speed of the top of the ladder down the wall.
I drew the ladder foot to the right of the wall so that dx/dt is positive :)
Of course dy/dt will change as the ladder goes down the wall even if dx/dt is constant, but the problem only asks for the vertical speed at the moment that the ladder is sqrt (108) high on the wall.
- Calculus - drwls, Wednesday, January 9, 2008 at 6:20pm
The problem is poorly worded, and I can see why you are confused. I think they want the rate at which the elevation of the top of the ladder changes (dy/dt) in terms of how fast the bottom of the ladder slides away from the wall (dx/dt), when x = 6 ft. Let x be the distance of the bottom of the ladder from the wall, and y be the elevation of the top of the ladder above the floor.
x^2 + y^2 = 12^2 = 144
Both x and y are functions of t. Differentiate both sides of the abovew equation with respect to t.
2x dx/dt = -2y dy/dt
dy/dt = - (x/y) dx/dt
When x = 6, y = sqrt (144-36)= 10.39, so
dy/dt = -0.577 dx/dt
- Calculus - jimmy, Thursday, October 23, 2014 at 5:26am
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- Dr Robert Baxter (Senior Lecturer - University of Durham)
|Delivery Type||Delivery length / details|
|Lecture||10 x 3 Hour Lectures|
|Assessment Type||Assessment length / details||Proportion|
|Semester Exam||3 Hours Seen essay paper.||100%|
|Supplementary Exam||3 Hours Seen essay paper.||100%|
On successful completion of this module students should be able to:
1. Discuss the factors influencing human population growth and control and the implications for food production, agricultural systems, energy consumption and production,
2. Evaluate the global impact of human activity on ecosystems and on global biodiversity,
3. Assess the impact of human activity on major natural systems; on soils, fresh-water and marine systems, atmosphere and climate.
4. Discuss the nature of the interrelationships between the major environmental systems and the implications that this has for controlling the scale of human impacts upon them as population increases in size.
This module identifies and examines the major impacts of the human population on the environment. Emphasis will be placed on the impact that population growth has had, and in particular will potentially exert on, the biota, water, soils and atmosphere and the interrelationships between these systems. The development of our understanding of the complex nature of environmental systems is examined with appraisal of how our increasing knowledge may influence human attitudes to, and future use of, environmental resources.
Food supply: factors influencing and limiting global food production (agricultural and fisheries), predictions for future production.
Energy: supply and demand, environmental impacts of fossil fuel use, predictions for fossil fuel availability. Alternative energy sources and the environmental implications of their use.
Landforms and soils: quarrying, open cast mining, construction and their impact on landforms. Soil degradation, causes and implications.
Water supply: impacts on the freshwater resource of a growing human population.
Biodiversity: species loss, contributing factors, methods for assessment. Deforestation, impacts on wetlands. Impacts on marine systems.
Atmosphere: Local, regional and global impacts on the atmosphere. Local air pollution; acid deposition; ozone depletion; climate change, interrelationships with other environmental issues and predictions for the future scale of these impacts.
|Skills Type||Skills details|
|Application of Number|
|Communication||The opportunity to develop in-depth analyses of issues in extended essays of this type is unusual for students on these schemes.|
|Improving own Learning and Performance||Assimilation of material from a range of sources and development of mature argument will be required as part of the essay production.|
|Personal Development and Career planning|
|Research skills||Use of the ‘seen’ exam paper is intended to encourage students to read more widely and in greater depth than might otherwise be the case.|
|Subject Specific Skills|
This module is at CQFW Level 5
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Rosa Parks Born
Posted on Feb 4, 2023 in Civil Rights | 0 comments
1794 – The First African Methodist Episcopal Church is founded by Bishop Richard Allen of Philadelphia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The church is the oldest African Methodist Episcopal congregation in the nation and was created after African-American members of St. George’s Methodist Church walked out due to racial segregation in the worship services. The church is now known as the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.
1794 – Slavery was abolished in France.
1864 – The 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, abolishing the poll tax.
1913 – Rosa Parks (born Rosa Louise McCauley) was born on this day.
Rosa Parks was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, Parks boarded a bus driven by James Blake. When a white man entered the bus, Blake ordered the Blacks to move to the back of the bus. The other three Blacks complied with Blake’s order and got up and moved by Rosa simply moved laterally into the window sat.
Blake asked her if she was was going to stand up, and she said, “No, I’m not.” Blake told her “Well, if you don’t stand up, I’m going to have to call the police and have you arrested” to which she responded, “You may do that.” Blake called for the police and she was arrested and taken to the police station where she was booked, fingerprinted and incarcerated. Parks was charged with disorderly conduct based on violating Chapter 6, Section 11 of the Montgomery City Code, which provided for segregation. She was found guilty and fined but her action of defiance symbolized the beginning of the civil right movement that began to get national attention. The resulting Montgomery bus boycott crippled the bus industry in Montgomery and forced it to change its segregationist seating policies. For more information on Rosa Park, view her profile on greatblackheroes.com
1986 – A stamp of Sojourner Truth is issued
A stamp of Sojourner Truth is issued by the U.S. Postal Service.
2006 – Warren Moon is inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the first Black quarterback so honored.
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By Kenneth Williams
The Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail has genuinely inspired me over the time that I have been working there as an intern. The trials and struggles that African Americans endured offer life-giving water from rivers of Strength. Although having some knowledge of the Selma to Montgomery March, I have never connected with the story like today. The Lowndes Interpretive Center provides the opportunity for me to embrace the richness of this history, making it palpable to many areas of my life. I have always been sensitive to the struggles of the Right to Vote Movement of 1965; but now have developed empathy as I face my fears, rejections, and hurdles. The circumstances are very different, but the struggle is very much the same. The fight for what is right, what is just, and what is true is the same fight that is surmounted only by courage, diligence, and purpose. When facing challenges or obstacles, I reflect on this story using it as a positive response to the adversities I encounter. Having been encouraged to know and trust what is deserving of me, the walk of confidence in that nothing can deny me from obtaining my goal begins. While conditions remain idle and possibly become worse, patience through the process becomes the might in my struggle.
Freedom, justice, and equality were the ultimate goal for African Americans during the 1965 Civil Rights Movement. For many, however, the process of embracing their power and potential enabled them to take advantage of forthcoming opportunities that would have otherwise been missed. With Civil Rights leaders and volumes of purpose-driven African Americans, change was inevitable. Yet there were some African Americans, especially in rural areas, possessing a mentality that was indicative of their circumstance. Had they not made the adjustment, this paralyzing attitude of oppression may have very well been the stumbling block that denied the objective.
Freedom, justice, and equality all having been made available avails nothing without the capacity to function in them. This movement has allowed me to witness compelling transformations in response to renewed minds. Civil Rights leaders and a sea of African Americans, who know their identity outside of their circumstance, became committed to pressing the truth into the minds of those who believed otherwise. Day after day through education and witness, those individuals who were trapped complacently in the box of suppression, began to grow mentally far and beyond what they have ever experienced.
Although immediate change in their environment remained unseen, their newly developed mindset would not allow them to rest in the confinement of oppression. Those individuals proved to me that when the mind is in alignment with our innermost being, action has no choice but to follow. Despite resistance, hardships, and pain; nothing can prevent me from coming into the very best of who I am, but first, I must believe. For the 1965 movement, I want to think that I would have been right up there on the front lines fighting for the struggle of the movement. Thankfully, this story has unveiled a mindset in me that is counter to what I first believed. Subconsciously, I find myself allowing circumstances to determine who I am, although it should be the other way around, that is what dictates my actions. Focusing on the situation instead of who I am in spite of conditions produced fear and anxiety, limiting me from progressing in life. I now identify with how African Americans were successful in moving forward by truly believing they were free, equal, and on the side of right. This attitude produced the manifestations of likeness in their external lives.
Lastly, the unity that evolved between African Americans to later spill into the consciousness of the world was astounding. Mentalities and perspectives began to stretch far beyond the individual, as the concern for others became a priority. I often meditate on how those filled with compassion, sacrificed themselves for the betterment of the people as a whole. For instance, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. could have held position at the Nobel Peace Prize and historically became one of the most respected, notable African American leaders to this date. More significant however was the purpose over self, costing him his life to ensure that justice, freedom, and equality prevailed.
In retrospect, the 1965 movement revealed that I had been living a life concerned with myself. A prosperous life, respect, and the ability to live honorable and true are all desirable. However, I have come to realize that those things are not the peaks of life, but the foundation positioning me to ensure others receive it too. The perspective I have embodied while working for the Lowndes Interpretive Center has created in me a higher expectation: one that promotes purpose and responsibility not only to myself but also to those before me and that reminds that I maintain a position that gives way to coming generations. I am truly fortunate and grateful to have encountered this life-changing experience and encourage all who have not to do the same.
Kenneth Williams is a Greening Youth Foundation Intern at the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail.
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Sealants act as a protective barrier between your teeth and the environment in your mouth.
What are Dental Sealants?
Dental sealants are placed on the tops of teeth to protect them from decay. Patients with deep fissures and cusps at the crowns of their teeth may benefit from sealants as well as children who may not have the best oral hygiene habits. Sealants act as a protective barrier between your teeth and the environment in your mouth. If you’re prone to developing cavities, sealants can be an ideal way to protect your teeth and prevent the need for additional fillings. Sealants are most commonly placed on children’s teeth, but they can be just as beneficial for adults who are prone to cavities and fissure staining. Sealants are totally clear, so you won’t even be able to tell that they’re on your teeth. They can last for up to three years with proper care and depending on your oral hygiene habits.
Why are Dental Sealants needed?
Dental sealants may be recommended for kids who are prone to developing cavities. Sealants can typically only be applied to the tops of the teeth where the deep fissures and cusps provide a haven for bacteria to eat away at the sensitive enamel. Sealants will create a barrier between the bacterial environment of the mouth and the tooth, which can severely limit the likelihood of developing a cavity in these areas. As an adult, dental sealants can prevent the need for additional fillings. They protect the teeth fully and can help in putting a stop to decay which can cause the need for either a filling or complete root canal.
Who is a good candidate for Dental Sealants?
Dental sealants are ideal for most patients who want to protect their teeth from decay. They are especially advantageous to those who are prone to developing cavities or already have a lot of fillings in their mouth. Sealants can be applied to baby teeth to protect them from decay, prolonging the time that your child has their natural teeth in their mouth before they fall out on their own as the permanent teeth come in. Sealants can be applied to baby and adult teeth as they have many benefits that aren’t often found with other procedures. The procedure requires absolutely no anesthetic and is done in a short period of time in our office.
What can you expect when having Dental Sealants placed?
You or your child will come into the office and be seated. A clear liquid is brushed onto the tops of affected teeth. The sealant is then cured into place using the same light that we use to cure bonding and fillings. Once the sealant has been cured, you’ll benefit from one to three years of protection. During this time, it is still important that you or your child come into the office for regular bi-annual exams and cleanings. Because the sealant is only applied to the tops of the teeth, the rest of the tooth can still be susceptible to decay and proper oral hygiene has to be followed each day. We can provide you with tips on how to better care for your own teeth as well as your child’s so that decay is kept at bay. Sealants are clear and relatively inconspicuous. Only the dental staff will be able to tell that a sealant is on a tooth and we will monitor it to make sure that it is still in place at each of your appointments.
If you require dental sealants or want to know more about this option, call us today and we will be more than happy to help assist you.
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Saturday, November 28, 2009
Success for Large Hadron Collider as first atom smashed
John March-Russell, University of Oxford
'Quite part from the commonly touted LHC predictions, some possible discoveries might even revolutionize technology. For example, our quest for a source of almost unlimited climate-friendly energy might be answered by the creation of exotic unstable, but long-lived, charged particles. Rather like enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in the body, such exotic particles can efficiently catalyze nuclear fusion, obviating the need for the absurdly high temperatures necessary in conventional plasma fusion reactors and stars. It might also turn out that the number of space and time dimensions is ambiguous, rather as a conventional hologram is simultaneously both flat (two-dimensional) and three dimensional.'
GENEVA — Two circulating beams on Monday produced the first particle collisions in the world's biggest atom smasher, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), three days after its restart, scientists announced.
In a statement, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) said two beams circulating simultaneously led to collisions at all four detection points during the afternoon and evening.
"It?s a great achievement to have come this far in so short a time," said CERN director general Rolf Heuer. "But we need to keep a sense of perspective. There's still much to do before we can start the LHC physics programme."
CERN had declared earlier Monday the relaunch of the 3.9 billion euro (five billion dollar) collider "an enormous success," after it was out of action for 14 months due to a serious electrical fault.
Scientists are looking to the collider -- inside a 27-kilometre (16.8-mile) tunnel straddling the Franco-Swiss border -- to mimic the conditions that followed the Big Bang and help explain the origins of the universe.
"Today the LHC circulated two beams simultaneously for the first time, allowing the operators to test the synchronization of the beams and giving the experiments their first chance to look for proton-proton collisions," CERN said in its statement.
"With just one bunch of particles circulating in each direction, the beams can be made to cross in up to two places in the ring," it explained.
The first collision was picked up at 2:44 pm (1344 GMT) by the Atlas detector, beneath the Swiss town of Meyrin, one of several laid out along the route of the world's most powerful physics experiment.
Smash-ups then followed at the three other detectors, known as CMS, Alice and LHCb.
"It was standing-room-only in the Alice control room and cheers erupted with the first collisions," said Alice spokesperson Jurgen Schukraft. "This is simply tremendous."
"The tracks we're seeing are beautiful," added LHCb spokesperson Andrei Golutvin, quoted in the CERN statement. "We're all ready for serious data taking in a few days time."
Earlier in the day, scientists injected the first sub-atomic particles back into the collider, then got particle beams circulating within the accelerator.
The LHC has an operating life of up to 15 years, and the collisions that it produces should generate masses of data that could unlock mysteries about the creation of the universe and the fundamental nature of matter.
Scientists want to get the collider running at 1.2 teraelectronvolts or 1.2 trillion electronvolts by year's end -- with one teraelectronvolt equal to the energy of a flying mosquito, said a CERN spokeswoman.
That would match the maximum output of what now is the largest functioning collider in the world, at the Fermilab near Chicago in the United States.
By next year, however, the LHC should be ramped up to 3.5 teraelectronvolts, reaching "close to five" teraelectronvolts in the second half of next year. Maximum power is 7.0 teraelectronvolts.
"Already with 3.5 TeV, we can open new windows into physics. That can already happen next year," said Heuer earlier Monday, refraining however from predicting how soon fresh data could be generated.
The LHC took nearly 20 years to construct and aims to resolve physics enigmas such as an explanation for "dark matter" and "dark energy" that account for 96 percent of the cosmos and whether other dimensions exist parallel to our own.
The Holy Grail will be finding a theorised component called the Higgs Boson, which would explain how particles acquire mass. The frustratingly elusive Higgs has been dubbed the "God particle".
Note - ATLAS is a particle physics experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Starting in Spring 2009, the ATLAS detector will search for new discoveries in the head-on collisions of protons of extraordinarily high energy. ATLAS will learn about the basic forces that have shaped our Universe since the beginning of time and that will determine its fate. Among the possible unknowns are the origin of mass, extra dimensions of space, microscopic black holes, and evidence for dark matter candidates in the Universe.
Posted by Richard Wottrich at 7:22 PM
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Philosophy: God, Science, and Ultimate Questions
Where did the universe come from? Why is there evil in the world?
The first three weeks will complete the university course. We then move on to the main topic for Term 2.
If you are starting Philosophy in Term 2, you will gain useful knowledge during the tail end of the uni course, so you are most welcome to join.
Philosophy of Religion
Philosophy of Religion is a rich field of intellectual inquiry. Students will start by developing a definition of "God". Students will then examine key arguments for and against the existence of this thing we call "God". The course will culminate in students examining both religious and secular answers to two ultimate questions: 1. Why does the universe exist?; and 2. Why is there pain and suffering in the world? Students will need to commit to the entire term.
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Zika virus is a virus spread by mosquitoes of the Aedes species variety. This is the same breed responsible for transmitting other viral diseases such as chikungunya, yellow fever and dengue. In a few rare cases, sexual activity has also been termed responsible for Zika virus transmission. The virus’ presence is usually confirmed through a laboratory testing, wherein Zika virus RNA’s presence in the blood, urine or saliva is checked. If in the blood, the virus can transfer to a preying mosquito. And the infected mosquito ends up spreading the Zika virus to any individual it bites.
Though the virus caught global attention with its outbreaks in French Polynesia (2013) and Brazil (2015), the virus is as old as 1947. The first case was identified in 1947 in rhesus monkeys of Uganda during a yellow fever research. The monkey’s serum had a transmissible agent, which was initially referred to as Zika virus. Humans first tested positive for the virus in 1952, in Tanzania and Uganda. Subsequent outbreaks have been reported in Africa, Asia, Americas and the Pacific until 1981. However, these cases went unnoticed because they were sporadic and didn’t affect a much larger population at once.
Brazil on Alert
After the 2014 football world cup, Brazil was on high alert due to reports of a new virus’ introduction. The FIFA event was claimed responsible because it brought together people from different parts of the world. However, since no country from the Pacific Islands participated in the event, the connection was ruled out. The international canoe competition that took place in Rio de Janeiro in 2014 was also suspected to be the reason behind Zika virus spread in Brazil since the event had several competitors from different Pacific Islands.
Zika Virus Transmission
- Mosquitoes: When a non-infected female mosquito bites (male mosquitoes don’t bite) the infected, the virus moves into the mosquito’s gut via the circulatory system. It then heads to the mosquito’s salivary glands and gets passed onto the mosquito’s next human victim.
- Sexual Intercourse: Pregnant women having sexual contact with an infected individual’s semen may contract the virus. Infected men or those having recently returned from any regions with Zika transmission should put on condoms during sex. Though there are no clear timeline as to how long the condom should be worn, a minimum of a month is recommended.
Generally, the virus doesn’t stay in the body. Individuals who have been infected before and recovered turn immune to the virus.
Symptoms and Signs
The virus symptoms are similar to other similar viral infections (for instance, dengue and chikungunya). The following are the common symptoms that typically last a few days (2-7 days):
- Skin rashes
- Joint and muscle pain
The resulting fever or illness isn’t serious enough for hospitalized care. Also, the infected rarely succumb to the virus.
Pregnant women infected with the virus are likely to give birth to babies with a serious brain defect called microcephaly. It is a medical condition wherein the baby has a noticeably smaller head than average, in addition to a damaged brain. However, the link between microcephaly and Zika virus is not yet established. The sudden spike in microcephaly cases in Brazil during the Zika virus outbreak led to this speculation.
There aren’t specific medicines or drugs available for treating the infection. Prevention is the best cure. In other words, preventing mosquito bites when in infected areas is the best way to avoid the infection. If infected, the following resorts should help subside or completely cure the symptoms:
- Plenty of physical and mental rest.
- Fluid intake to prohibit dehydration.
- For relieving pain and fever, drugs such as acetaminophen can come handy.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines such as aspirin are not recommended. Also, if currently on medication for another condition, Zika virus medicines must be taken after doctor consultation.
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Vein disorders, or venous insufficiency, are medical conditions in which a person’s veins are unable to properly transport blood from the legs back to the heart. There are several diseases that fall under these types of disorders:
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Chronic Venous Disease (CVD)
Venous insufficiency is more common in women than in men. It’s also more likely to occur in adults over the age of 50.
There are other risk factors that include:
Varicose veins diminish your athletic performance.
Physical activities that require your legs to support heavier weight over prolonged periods of time such as weightlifting, skiing, backpacking and repetitive motion sports such as running, cycling and tennis put a lot of stress on your leg veins. These activities can damage the delicate valves of your vein circulation and aggravate your vein condition.
Consult with your doctor for more information.
Symptoms of Venous Insufficiency range from being cosmetic to the potentially life-threatening, so it’s important to have a vein screening completed to prevent issues in the future!
If yes, you may have Venous Insufficiency!
Without treatment, a minor problem with your veins can get much worse. So it’s important to see a doctor.
Schedule an appointment with our vein team to get an expert opinion.
We pride ourselves on offering state-of- the-art, comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services for patients.
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This post is also available in: Spanish
Children are among the groups most susceptible to the risks associated with development projects financed by the World Bank. The detrimental effects of poverty and deprivation are magnified in children because a lack of sufficient nutrition, health care, access to clean drinking water, and educational opportunities early in a child’s life have impacts that linger for years and prevent a child from reaching his or her full potential.
As the United Nations has previously noted “the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care.” It is thus crucial that the World Bank take steps to not only invest in development programs that benefit children but also to enact policies to ensure that World Bank funded projects do not have a detrimental impact on the rights and well-being of children.
You can find kid-friendly information on the World Bank and World Bank Safeguards at our BIC Kids Page.
Why is there a need for a child rights focus in World Bank Safeguards?
More than 30 percent of children under 18 in developing countries – about 600 million people – live in “extreme poverty”, defined as living on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Bank’s own figures, 8 million children under the age of 5 die each year from preventable causes.
As UNICEF noted in the aptly named report, Poverty Reduction Begins with Children, “Poverty causes lifelong damage to children’s minds and bodies, turning them into adults who perpetuate the cycle of poverty by transmitting it to their children. This is why poverty reduction must begin with the protection and realization of the human rights of children. Investments in children are the best guarantee for achieving equitable and sustainable human development.”
The World Bank has similarly recognized the importance of protecting and supporting children, stating that “Since capacities built during childhood and the youth period largely determine adult outcomes, effective investments in young people provide important returns not only to the individual and the community, but to society as a whole.”
However, this recognition has not translated into action to prevent World Bank projects from having a detrimental impact on children and their future prospects. Bank projects continue to have the potential to employ child labor, resettle children far from educational opportunities, damage parents’ ability to earn a living resulting in malnutrition and lack of access to health care for children, and result in the exploitation or trafficking of children.n and lack of access to health care for children, and result in the exploitation or trafficking of children.
What is currently in the Bank’s Safeguards regarding the rights of the child?
Current World Bank Safeguard policies on Involuntary Resettlement and Indigenous People recognize the heightened protection needs of children by listing them among “vulnerable groups” and those with “special needs” but stop short of mandating that programs and projects take any particular measures to prevent harm to children and protect their rights. Current safeguards also do not prohibit the use of child labor in Bank funded projects.
In contrast the International Finance Corporation, the arm of the World Bank that provides loans and investments to private companies doing business in developing countries, performance standards which “clients’ responsibilities for managing their environmental and social risks” are more explicit about the rights of the child. It includes the following provision:
“The client will not employ children in any manner that is economically exploitative, or is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development. The client will identify the presence of all persons under the age of 18. Where national laws have provisions for the employment of minors, the client will follow those laws applicable to the client. Children under the age of 18 will not be employed in hazardous work. All work of persons under the age of 18 will be subject to an appropriate risk assessment and regular monitoring of health, working conditions, and hours of work.”
What should a child rights focus in World Bank Safeguards look like?
The Bank should require that environmental and social impact assessments explicitly assess the project’s expected impacts, both direct and indirect, on children. In particular the potential that infrastructure and extractive projects may lead to an influx of workers into an area, putting children at risk of sexual violence, exploitation or trafficking. Where such a risk is found, steps to mitigate this risk, for example by partnering with local NGOs to conduct workshops on preventing violence against children, must be taken.
Safeguards should prohibit the use of child labour in Bank funded projects in line with International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 138 on the minimum age for admission to employment and work and ILO Convention 182 on the worst forms of child labour. These conventions prohibit the involvement of children younger than 18 in hazardous work and those children younger than 15, 14 in some developing countries, in all work.
Safeguards should also address the risks to children when projects result in involuntary resettlement. The policies must make sure that children who are displaced do not lose access to education services, including inclusive education for children with disabilities, and must also ensure that the displacement of families does not negatively impact parents’ abilities to earn a living that is sufficient to provide proper nutrition and healthcare for children.
For more information on how children think the safeguards should protect their rights, see BIC’s children’s consultation page.
What do children think about the way the World Bank Safeguards may impact their lives?
Between August 14 and October 5 2013 the Bank Information Center held a series of seven children’s consultations in six countries on the World Bank safeguards. The countries in which consultations have been carried out included: Peru, Yemen, India, Cambodia and Uganda. The World Bank reviewed its social and environmental policy standards, and engaged in a consultative process to seek input from multiple stakeholders on potential changes to the safeguard policies. However, it has made no effort to seek out the voices of children in this process. Thus, BIC, in cooperation with children’s rights organizations around the world, initiated a consultation process to solicit input from children on the World Bank safeguards. In each consultation the children shared concerns about issues facing their communities and made recommendations for ways the World Bank could prevent projects from negatively impacting children. These included:
- Conducting child impact assessments before beginning projects
- Consulting with children at all stages of the project process
- Requiring that projects respect human rights and children’s rights
- Ensuring that when families are displaced, relocation sites have sufficient access to schools and health centers
- Shifting from a reliance on nonrenewable energy to a focus on renewable energy
- Preventing deforestation
- Better monitoring a country’s implementation of a project to ensure that policies are complied with
For more information on each of these consultations and individual recommendations please see our consultation page.
What does the latest draft of the updated Safeguards say about children?
The draft mentions children specifically in a few key policies, including ESS1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts, ESS2 Labor and Working Conditions, and ESS10 Information Disclosure and Stakeholder Engagement. On the other hand, ESS4 Community Health and Safety and ESS5 Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement both contain references to the need to pay particular attention to “vulnerable” groups, but do not include specific references to children and do not define “vulnerable.”
Under ESS1, the borrower is required to look at particular impacts on vulnerable groups, including those vulnerable because of their age, as part of the social assessment. However, it is not clear whether unique impacts on children must be assessed separately from impacts on other “disadvantaged or vulnerable groups.” According to the policy, “disadvantaged or vulnerable” groups include children, persons with disabilities, and indigenous peoples, among others.
The labor policy, ESS2, is a new and welcome addition to the safeguards suite. This policy has a section on child labor and addresses hazardous labor and minimum age for work. However, the policy does not address the issue of child labor in supply chains. In addition, the section on minimum age for work sets the minimum age based upon national law. Thus, if national law is not consistent with ILO convention 138 then the Bank could theoretically allow young children to work on Bank projects.
ESS10, another new policy under the proposed Framework, includes several references to the need to engage all stakeholders, regardless of age, in the process. It also contains many references to the need to ensure that “vulnerable groups” (defined to include children) are included in the process. However, there is no guidance for borrowers on how to consult with children.
The World Bank has solicited feedback on its draft policies during the Phase 2 consultation period, which ended on March 1. See BIC’s full submission here to find out how we think the draft policies can be improved upon in order to better protect the rights of children.
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The Impact of the World Bank Funded Kamwenge-Kabarole Road Construction Project on Children The Bank Information Center, in partnership with Joy for Children in Uganda, prepared this case study on the impacts on children associated with the Kamwenge-Kabarole Road project. The study found that, while roads and other investments in infrastructure can create and expand economic opportunities for people in the area, they can also lead to severe negative impacts on children, particularly girls.
The CGPL Power Plant ‘Tata Mundra’, An Explorative Study of the Impact on Children The Bank Information Center, working with Indian researcher Prasad Chacko, prepared this case study on the negative impacts of the Tata Mundra power plant, funded in part by the International Finance Corporation, on children’s health, safety, and access to educational opportunities.
The Impact of Involuntary Resettlement on Children: A Case Study of the International Development Association Funded Bujagali Hydro-Power Dam: The Bank Information Center submitted a case study prepared by Phiona Nampungu to the World Bank’s Safeguards review team regarding the negative impact of resettlement resulting from the International Development Association funded Bujagali hydropower project on affected children.
The Need for Child Impact Assessments: A Case Study of the International Development Association Funded Uzbekistan Rural Enterprise Support Project-Phase II: The Bank Information Center, in partnership with Ezgulik, submitted a case study to the World Bank’s Safeguards review team regarding the need for safeguard policies to include a requirement that assessments specifically assess the unique risks of the project for children as well as a labor safeguard in line with core ILO standards. For more on this study, visit our project page on the subject.
Impacts of Urban Resettlement on Children: A Case Study on the Mumbai Urban Transport Project, funded in part by the International Development Association: The Bank Information Center, working with Indian researcher Simpreet Singh, prepared this case study on the negative impacts of resettlement resulting from the Mumbai Urban Transport Project on children’s health, safety, and access to educational opportunities.
Failing to Assess Risks to Children: A Case Study on the Second National Water Development Project in Malawi, funded in part by the International Development Association: The Bank Information Center, in partnership with Citizens for Justice, prepared this case study on the significant risks to children associated with a component of the SNWDP that involved the installation of prepaid water meters in Mzuzu, Malawi.
The World Bank does not currently have policies in place for consulting with children. Therefore these critical voices are almost always left out of discussions with the general public on projects and policies that affect the lives of children. BIC is seeking to change this, and is encouraging the Bank to adopt policies and develop guidance on consulting with children.
For more information on BIC’s efforts to ensure children’s voices are included in the World Bank’s safeguards review, visit BIC’s Children’s Consultation Page.
Kid-friendly information on the World Bank and World Bank Safeguards: BIC’s Kids Page
BIC DocumentsChild Rights and the Country Partnership Framework
Child Rights and World Bank Safeguards Also Available in Spanish/en Español
BIC’s Children’s Consultations on World Bank Safeguards
CSO Submissions to World Bank Safeguards ReviewBIC’s Second Round Submission to World Bank Safeguards Review
CSOs call on the World Bank to address the needs of children in safeguard policies
CSOs Comment on Provisions Related to Child Protection in Safeguard Draft
World Bank PagesWorld Bank’s Safeguards Page
World Bank Safeguards Consultation page
Integrating a Child Focus into Poverty and Social Impact Analysis, UNICEF and the World Bank, September 2011
World Bank Children and Youth Page
Relevant Human Rights TreatiesConvention on the Rights of the Child
Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography
ILO Conventions on Child Labor:
Child Rights Newsletter ArchiveChild Rights Newsletter April 2015
Child Rights Newsletter September 2014
Child Rights Newsletter February 2014
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Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg/KT) Mass Extinction:
The Chicxulub Impact Crater will be drilled. Some are saying for the first time, but I do believe the original oil workers who reported it back in the 80s (?) did so before.
There was a partial collapse of the marine carbon pump at the K-Pg boundary.marine
Permian Triassic Mass Extinction:
There is contrary evidence from conondont tooth oxygen isotopes suggesting a sharp temperature drop right at the PT Extinction. This is contrary to the global cooking scenario.
The Permian ocean bottom waters in China were not anoxic at the time of the PT Extinction.
In South China, the redox conditions were fluctuating at the PT Boundary.
The Kayitou Formation in China appears to have the terrestrial record of the PT Extinction.
There is also evidence of cyanobacteria blooms from China as well across the PT.
Devonian Mass Extinctions:
Here's evidence of what happened during the Famenian-Frasnian Event (aka mass extinction) in Devonian in China.
There was a disruption in the nitrogen cycle at the end Devonian Mass Extinction.
Here's some more interesting evidence of what was going on during the end Devonian Mass Extinction.
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Stanford University researchers produced a report on wind power in May 2005 mentioning the following:
- “Wind captured at specific locations, if even partially harnessed, can generate more than enough power to satisfy the world’s energy demands”
- “North America had the greatest wind-power potential, however, with the most consistent winds found in the Great Lakes region and from ocean breezes along coasts.”
- Locations with sustainable, appropriate wind speed, called Class 3 winds, could produce approximately 72 terawatts. 1 terawatt equals 1 trillion watts.
- 1 terawatt is more power than what is generated by 500 nuclear reactors, or thousands of coal-power plants.
- The entire world’s electricity usage in 2000 was 1.6 – 1.8 terawatts.
- The study was supported by NASA and Stanford’s Global Climate and Energy Project.
To read the entire article, click on New global wind map may lead to cheaper power supply.
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This is an excerpt from EERE Network News, a weekly electronic newsletter.
Wood-Burning Power Plants Planned for Four States
Projects are now planned or underway for wood-burning power plants in California, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and New York. In California, San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E) has signed a contract to buy 20 megawatts of power from Bull Moose Energy LLC starting in 2008. Bull Moose Energy plans to build a facility in southern San Diego County that will gasify tree trimmings and other biomass waste and convert it into electricity.
In Minnesota, the public utilities of two small cities—Virginia and Hibbing—are working together to add wood-fired boilers to each of their power facilities, which also provide district heating to their cities. Under the name of the Laurentian Energy Authority, the two utilities hold a contract to sell 35 megawatts of biomass power to Xcel Energy. Construction is underway, and the boilers should start providing steam to the cities' power plants by the end of the year. The utilities plan to start by using wood waste, but are developing tree farms that will provide a dedicated energy crop for the power plants. See the SDG&E press release and the Web sites for the Hibbing and Virginia Public Utility Commissions.
In New York, Laidlaw Energy Group, Inc. has completed the financing for a 7-megawatt wood-fired power plant that will also supply heat to a lumber drying business. The project involves the conversion of an existing power plant that is currently fueled with natural gas. Meanwhile, the Public Service Company of New Hampshire (PSNH) has nearly completed its Northern Wood Power Project in Portsmouth. The project involves the replacement of a coal-fired, 50-megawatt boiler with a wood-fired boiler. See the Laidlaw Energy Group press release (PDF 80 KB) and PSNH's Northern Wood Power Project Web site. Download Adobe Reader.
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SA-CME credit available at appliedradiology.org/SAM2
More than one-half of patients over age 50 have at least one renal mass. Up to 70% of these renal masses are discovered incidentally while undergoing an imaging examination for another indication. Most renal masses are benign simple cysts that can be classified using cross-sectional imaging alone. Conversely, most solid, contrast-enhanced renal masses, excluding inflammatory masses, vascular abnormalities, and pseudotumors, are regarded as malignant.1 However, there are a large variety of complicated cystic lesions, ranging from clearly benign to clearly malignant. These lesions are classified using the Bosniak system, which comprises four main categories: Bosniak 1, 2, 3, and 4.2,3
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can be used to characterize simple and complicated cystic lesions and can provide information on kidney vascularity and perfusion. Kidney perfusion can be determined by using a microbubble contrast agent and contrast-specific imaging software. Microbubble contrast agents consist of encapsulated microscopic bubbles of gas, which oscillate when exposed to low-intensity ultrasound. They have a non-linear response to low MI (MI<0.4) ultrasound, which allows for a contrast-only image with excellent background tissue subtraction. When exposed to high-intensity ultrasound, these bubbles burst, giving a large acoustical signal that allows for exceptional representation of the vascularity and perfusion of the kidney lesion.
CEUS has several advantages over other modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The diameter of the microbubble is between 3 and 5 micrometers, which is much larger than contrast agents used for MRI and CT. The increased size of the contrast agent prevents it from escaping through the endothelium, keeping it inside the blood vessels. In addition, microbubble contrast agents do not cause nephrotoxicity, and they have a half-life of approximately 5-10 minutes, allowing for multiple injections in a single session.2 Lastly, CEUS does not require ionizing radiation. Because of these advantages, CEUS is becoming increasingly popular clinically.
The Bosniak classification for CT and MRI has been recently revised.3 A Bosniak classification for CEUS has not been developed.4 The Bosniak system is intended for cystic renal masses after infectious, inflammatory, and vascular etiologies, as well as necrotic solid masses, are excluded. The classification of cystic renal masses using the Bosniak classification should not be made on a noncontrast study. Therefore, in patients with contraindications for CT or MRI contrast, CEUS may be the examination of choice for renal mass classification.
This review will cover the different types of renal masses, including simple and complicated cystic lesions, and provide a description and image examples of each.
Pseudotumors (Hampton hump, fusion abnormalities) have equal enhancement in all phases of enhancement to normal renal cortex and have the presence of a medullary pyramid which has less enhancement than normal renal cortex. Pseudotumors are typically diagnosed on renal ultrasound, however further imaging may be performed in order to ensure that no concerning pathology is present. CT and MRI are both useful for ensuring the mass is benign; however, CEUS may represent a cheaper and safer alternative in confirming the diagnosis (Figure 1).
Complications of pyelonephritis may include acute papillary necrosis, impaired renal function, renal abscess, sepsis, and premature labor in pregnant women.5 Urinalysis, as well as CT, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging can be used to help diagnose pyelonephritis.5 Imaging is usually not required for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. CEUS has a role to play as part of the initial US assessment, in patients with renal obstruction or impairment in whom CT and MRI contrast agents could have potential deleterious effects on renal function. Focal pyelonephritis may appear as a focal hypoechoic or echogenic area and may produce a mass-like lesion mimicking a tumor. The area may be hypovascular on CEUS compared to adjacent normal kidney. CEUS shows an abscess as a central defect with rim enhancement (Figure 2).
Angiomyolipoma (AML) appears as a uniformly echogenic mass on B-mode ultrasound. AMLs display less enhancement than the typical renal cortex; usually in a more peripheral distribution.2 Echogenic renal cell carcinomas tend to have marked enhancement more than renal cortex in the arterial phase. In one study all AMLs had peripheral mild enhancement.2 Obtaining an unenhanced CT or MRI to confirm macroscopic fat is recommended to confirm the diagnosis of AML. There are limited reports on fat-poor AMLs which may have more overlap with echogenic renal cell carcinomas (Figure 3).
A Bosniak 1 lesion, a simple renal cyst (SRC), is characterized by a thin or imperceptible wall containing attenuated fluid.6 These cysts are typically asymptomatic, and no follow up is necessary in patients with normal renal function.6 SRCs are known to be non-enhancing when observed using CT imaging. By contrast, CEUS can be used to determine vascularity as well as to show nodular protuberances.6 These features can be used to better differentiate between benign and malignant renal cysts (Figure 4).
Lesions classified as Bosniak 2 are characterized by either thin, calcified walls, or by single thin septations (<1-mm).2 Only in rare cases are Bosniak 2 lesions found to be potentially malignant.2 As such, these lesions can typically be considered benign. In the case of Bosniak 2F renal lesions, a subset of Bosniak 2 lesions characterized by thick calcification of the walls or by thickened or enhanced septa, an increased malignancy rate of approximately 5% necessitates additional follow-up after imaging.2 Bosniak category 3 lesions are characterized by multiple thick septations as well as by mural modules. Bosniak 3 lesions can be hyperdense when imaged using computed tomography (CT).2 Approximately half of all observed Bosniak 3 lesions in a series were found to be benign, and half were found to be malignant.7,8 In benign Bosniak 2 or 3 lesions there is no enhancement within the cyst or the cyst wall. In a large study the lack of enhancement of the septations or solid components in a cyst had an NPV of 100% (Figure 5).2
In malignant Bosniak 2 and 3 lesions, the septations or internal components show enhancement with CEUS (This finding has a PPV of 95%.2]). Diagnosis of Bosniak category 3 lesions as malignant or benign may require surgical resection or percutaneous biopsy on CT or MRI characterization.2 In the case of surgical resection, calculated malignancy rates have ranged between 31% and 100%.1,2 With the high NPV of CEUS biopsy or surgery are probably not required. Further studies are needed to determine if a CEUS non-enhancing indeterminate renal mass will not require additional follow-up. Some infected cysts demonstrate enhancement of a thickened cyst wall and will be a false positive on CEUS (Figure 6).
Some complicated cystic masses may appear solid. If these are benign, they can easily be diagnosed with CEUS as there is no enhancement of the mass. Solid masses with enhancement have a very high probability of being malignant. Oncocytomas, which are benign, will demonstrate enhancement on CEUS and therefore be false positive cases. These are often surgically removed as some pathologists will not classify them as benign unless they examine the entire specimen.
Approximately 3% of all adult malignancies and more than 90% of all renal neoplasms are a result of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).9 Over 12,000 deaths in the United States resulted from RCC in 2005.9 Despite its prevalence, most diagnoses remain incidental, discovered during imaging for other complications. CEUS has been used to diagnose RCC when neither MRI nor CT have indicated the presence of a renal mass.9 CEUS and CEUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can be used to diagnose and treat, respectively, patients with reduced renal function as well as those whose circumstances require minimally invasive operation.9
Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) cases comprise between 75% and 80% of all RCCs.10 It is believed to develop from the proximal tubule, presenting as a highly vascularized tumor several centimeters in size.10,11
Papillary RCC may be missed on CT and MRI, owing to mild enhancement using these modalities. However, it can be identified using CEUS enhancement in the arterial phase.
Echogenic RCC usually demonstrates marked rapid enhancement more than the renal cortex in the arterial phase. They can be distinguished from AML as AML tend not to have marked enhancement and usually patchy enhancement as the areas of fat do not enhance significantly.
All renal cell carcinomas demonstrate enhancement on CEUS. Papillary RCCs tend to have milder enhancement and washout and often appear as complicated cysts on enhanced CT and MRI due to contrast timing issues. As a real-time imaging technique, CEUS will reveal enhancement in the arterial phase, confirming the lesion is not a benign lesion. Clear cell RCCs and echogenic RCCs tend to have marked arterial enhancement and may have washout. Necrotic areas within the RCC will not demonstrate enhancement (Figure 7).
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) is most commonly found in the bladder, though in rare cases TCC can be found in the renal pelvis or ureter.12 TCC accounts for approximately 95% of all malignant tumors in the epithelial lining of the urinary tract.13 TCC is known for its high rate of recurrence, as well as its multifocality.13 For these reasons, it is important to closely monitor the urinary system following detection of TCC.
Renal lymphoma typically occurs as part of multisystemic lymphoma or as a result of tumor recurrence.14 Consequently, imaging often reveals multiple hypodense masses.14 Almost half of all cases of renal lymphoma are discovered during autopsy, while approximately 5% are detected using CT imaging.14
CEUS can be used to monitor interventional procedures such as radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation.15 CEUS has a short enhancement life-time of about 5 minutes and multiple injections can be used during the procedure. CEUS monitoring of radiofrequency and cryoablations can be performed during the procedure to access if adequate ablation (no enhancement of the tumor) has occurred (Figure 8). It can also be used to guide biopsies and avoid areas of necrosis.
CEUS is a very sensitive and specific method for characterizing renal masses. In one series of over 1000 renal masses CEUS had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 96.6%, PPV of 91.5%, and NPV of 100%. It has improved visualization of some features compared with CECT and contrast enhanced MRI due to its thin slice thickness (no volume averaging), real-time assessment of vascularity (can identify areas of enhancement that may be missed due to timing on CT and MRI) and superb background tissue suppression (allowing visualization of amounts of contrast enhancement). The lack of ionizing radiation, ability to use in renally impaired patients, and patients with renal obstruction are also advantages. The ability to use multiple injections is also helpful in performing biopsies and ablation procedures. The addition of CEUS to an imaging department is another tool in the toolbox to improve patient care.
Bennett J, Peterson C, Barr RG. Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound of Renal Masses. Appl Radiol. 2020;49(6):10-16.
Affiliations: Miami University (Mr Bennett), Kent State University-Salem Campus (Ms Peterson), Northeastern Ohio Medical College, Rootstown, OH, and Radiology Consultants Inc., Youngstown, OH (Dr Barr). Disclosures: Mr. Bennett: None. Ms Petersen: Bracco Diagnostics Speakers’ Bureau. Dr Barr: Equipment grants from Philips Ultrasound, Siemens Ultrasound, SuperSonic Imagine, Mindray, GE, and Canon. Lecture fees from Philips Ultrasound, Mindray and Siemens Ultrasound. Advisory panel for Philips Ultrasound, Siemens Ultrasound, Bracco Diagnostics, and Lantheus Medical
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Huge amounts of money and time are being spent researching robotics for myriad of potential uses in the future. Robots promise the ability to be able to work in environments that are too hazardous for humans. A robot must have the strength and dexterity to handle difficult situations that would confront human beings. A lot of research is being put into creating robotic components that mimic the human body in functionality if not design.
This is because tools, switches, valves, and environments where robots of the future are likely to work were created with humans in mind. DARPA and iRobot are currently working on one of the most important components of any humanoid robot, the hand. DARPA and iRobot have unveiled a robotic hand that has both strength and dexterity, something that is a requirement for any functional robot.
According to DARPA, the three-fingered robot hand is strong enough to lift a 50-pound weight, yet has the dexterity to utilize a small set of keys or even a set of tweezers. The robotic hand is also very strong and can survive being bashed by a baseball bat. DARPA stayed away from a five-finger human-style hand because the three-fingered hand features a usable palm making it easier to achieve fluid motion.
The hand created by DARPA and iRobot is known as the ARM-H and is constructed using 3-D printing, custom molded plastic and rubber, and plastic machining techniques. DARPA thinks that the hand will also be surprisingly affordable when produced in batches of 1000. DARPA predicts that in batches of thousand each robotic hand would cost about $3000. Current robotic hands can cost as much as $50,000 each.
[via CBS News]
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What it is: Apple Silicon represents the next platform shift in the computing world.
Back int he early days of computers, the first popular operating system was CP/M-80, running on Z80 processors made by a company called Zilog. For several years, the business computing world settled on CP/M-80 running on Z80 processors using software like WordStar and VisiCalc.
Z80 processors were technically known as 8-bit processors, which were just fine until Intel came along with the 8088 processor, which was a 16-bit processor that offered more power.
IBM adopted the 8088 processor for their IBM PC and paired it with two operating systems: CP/M-86 and PC-DOS. The expectation was that CP/M-86 would naturally be the successor to CP/M-80, but the cost of CP/M-86 was higher than PC-DOS, so PC-DOS became the new standard operating system for personal computing.
PC-DOS was actually designed as a CP/M-80 clone that Microsoft bought from an individual for $50,000. Then they turned this CP/M-80 clone into PC-DOS for IBM.
Intel eventually shifted to 32-bit processors with the 80386 processor. This provided more power that allowed PC-DOS to become MS-DOS, which eventually became Windows.
Originally, Windows needed MS-DOS to run but eventually Windows became its own operating system. Windows and Intel processors dominated the personal computing market for decades that everyone referred to this synergy as Wintel (Windows and Intel).
However, just as the world shifted from Z80 processors to Intel processors, so is the world now shifting from Intel processors to ARM-based processors. The basic idea behind ARM processors is that they far less power than Intel processors. However for the longest time, ARM processors could not compete in power with Intel processors. That’s why ARM processors were mostly used in mobile computers like smartphones and tablets that needed long battery life but didn’t need massive processing power.
That’s changing with Apple Silicon. Apple licenses ARM processors to create their own processors and Apple Silicon not only uses less energy than Intel processors, but also offers more power as well. With this combination of more power and less energy consumption, ARM processors are poised to take over the next wave of computing.
Apple is shifting the Macintosh to Apple Silicon, which will reportedly allow laptops to offer 15-20 hours of battery life compared to 10-12 hours of battery life for Intel processors. Given the choice between less power and less battery life (Intel) or more power and more battery life (ARM), it’s easy to see where the future is heading.
When the world shifted from Z80 processors to 8088 Intel processors, it also shifted operating systems. Now as the world shifts from Intel processors to ARM processors, it’s going to shift once more to a new operating system.
That new operating system may be macOS, iOS, or Android, but it won’t be Windows. Windows is still tied to Intel processors although Microsoft does offer a version fo Windows that runs on ARM processors. However, this version of Windows on ARM processors has not attracted third-party support and lacks compatibility with current Windows applications.
Apple can move away from Intel easily, but Microsoft cannot. That means each passing year will see Apple Silicon far surpassing Intel processors while macOS and iOS far surpass Windows in ease of use.
The future is mobile and wearable computing and the future is ARM. If you want a bright future, just follow the trends and the money.
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Personality development means a long lasting pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another. It means polishing and grooming one’s outer and inner self to bring about a positive change to your life. An individual is always judged by his behavior, appearance, attitude, education, ethics and values.
- Developing personality helps in boosting one’s confidence, improving communication and language speaking abilities.
- It helps you realize your capabilities and your strengths making you a stronger and a happier person.
- It enables people to create a good impression about themselves on others.
- It helps people to build and develop good relationships in social and professional life
- It helps to bring positive changes in your career growth.
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Coalition Governments in States
The term coalition is derived from the Latin word ‘coalition’ meaning to go or grow together. Thus it means an act of coalescing or uniting into one body or alliance. It indicates the combination of a number of bodies or parts into one body or whole. In the political sense it is used to indicate an alliance or temporary union between various political groups for the exercise or control of political power. Thus, it can be said that result of the exigencies of competitive multi-party system in a parliamentary democracy is coalition. It is a phenomenon where more than two political parties come together to form a government , sinking their basic ideological differences in the event of the inability of any single party to command a workable majority in the lower House of the legislature.
In India, the formation of coalition governments at the centre started with Morarji Desai’s regime, though at the state level, these had started functioning from 1967. At the centre, coalition ministries have been formed seven times between 1977 and April 1999.
Kerala was the first among Indianprovinces to have witnessed acoalition government in post independence era. First general election for legislative assembly was held in 1952. The Congress formed acoalition government in the statealong with Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress in March 1952.
The states of India with coalition Government are Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Nagaland, Maharashtra, and Puducherry. In 2015, alliance of two main parties BJP and PDP formed a coalition government in J&K. The coalition govt could not hold the command on the state for long and hence BJP pulled out their alliance on 20 June, 2018.
In 2018 general elections, a coalition government of Congress and JD(S) came into power in Karnataka.
In 2016, the alliance of INC and DMK formed the coalition government in Puducherry. On 31 October 2014, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Shiv Sena (SS) coalition formed the Government under the leadership of Devendra Fadnavis in Maharashtra. In 2014, an alliance of BJP and JD(U) formed the government under the leadership of Mr. Nitish Kumar in Bihar. Democratic Alliance of Nagaland headed the Nagaland government with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Janata Dal (United) (JDU). It is formed in 2003 after Nagaland Legislative Assembly election with Naga People’s Front (NPF) and BJP. The alliance is in power in Nagaland since 2003.
Generally coalitions are said to be formed on account of one of the following reasons:
- No single political party is able to secure a working majority in the popular house on account of the presence of multi-party system. Under these circumstances a number like-minded political parties form the coalition to provide a workable majority and run the government.
- In a Bi-party system a deadlock may be created due of even balance between two parties allying itself with a minor group such as neutral or defectors till the majority in its favour.
- A coalition may be necessitated by a national crisis when the various political groups may suspend their political strife and collaborate in the general cause of protecting and promoting their national interest.
Today, personal power and personal ambition have become the keywords in political vocabulary of the politicians. The public and the national interests have been replaced by personal and sectarian interests. This has disastrous consequences for the actual conduct of the polity.
The parties function not on the basis of ideological basis and programmatic commitments but on regional, communal and caste basis. In recent times, many leaders have left behind their ideological baggage in favour of what they describe as political pragmatism, but in reality these people are political opportunists in pursuit of power. The political maneuverers of some political parties which have made opportunism a virtue are glaring examples of politics without any commitment to idealism or ideology.
The opportunism motivated by personal ambition for power, has made political ideology a matter of convenience rather than of conviction. It reflects a serious pathology of our political life and total lack of idealism, which adversely affects the functioning of coalition governments.
Besides, frequent elections retard economic growth, increase fiscal deficit, adversely affect business confidence, plummet stocks, and raise the prices of commodities used by the common people. Political uncertainty hampers development and affects foreign relations. Experiments in the last three years in our country have also proved wrong the assumption that coalition ministries are more logical for federal polity. The spectre is of governmental instability, fragmented national politics, and policies on vital issue suffering from interruptions.
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A minor who is "emancipated" assumes most adult responsibilities before reaching the age of majority (usually 18). Emancipated minors are no longer considered to be under the care and control of parents -- instead, they take responsibility for their own care. Read on to learn about how young people can be emancipated and the kinds of responsibilities and liabilities that come with emancipation.
Usually, parents or legal guardians are responsible for children who haven't reached the age of majority. This age varies from state to state, but it's usually 18 or 19 (it's 21 in Puerto Rico). Until a child has reached the age of majority, parents are expected to provide them with shelter, food, and clothing. Parents can also decide where their children will live and go to school and can choose what medical care their children will receive.
If a young person under the age of majority is emancipated, the parent or guardian no longer has any say over the minor's life. An emancipated minor can keep earnings from a job, decide where to live, make his or her own medical decisions, and more.
Essentially, an emancipated minor functions as an adult in society. Although specific rights vary somewhat from state to state, usually an emancipated minor can:
Most states place some limits on what an emancipated minor can do. For example, many states don't allow emancipated minors to:
Eligibility can vary depending on state laws, but usually minors can obtain emancipation from parents or legal guardians by:
A few states and territories (like Louisiana and Puerto Rico) allow a fourth form of limited emancipation that requires only parental consent, not the court's permission.
Emancipation by marriage. In most states, minors automatically achieve emancipation once they get married. But in order to get married, minors must comply with state marriage requirements. States set a minimum age for marriage and often require minors to get parental consent or court approval before getting married. For example, in order to get married in California, a minor must 1) be at least 14 years old, 2) be accompanied by a parent or legal guardian, and 3) appear before the court.
Emancipation by military enlistment. Minors can become emancipated by enlisting in the United States Armed Forces. But since military policies currently require enlistees to have a high school diploma or GED, most young people are at least 17 or 18 before they become emancipated through enlistment.
Emancipation by court permission. Some (not all) states allow a minor to be emancipated by court order. Usually, the minor must be at least 16 years old to do this -- although, in California, minors as young as 14 may petition the court for emancipation. The court will grant emancipation if it believes that doing so will serve the young person's best interest -- a determination that is typically based on factors such as:
Minors who are seeking emancipation through a court order must follow the petitioning procedures that are set out by their state's law. Though the process varies from state to state, here's what the court procedure for filing an emancipation petition typically looks like.
Petition. The emancipation petition must be filed by the minor (or by an attorney on the minor's behalf). Usually, the petition includes an explanation of why the minor is seeking emancipation, information about the minor's current living situation, and evidence that the minor is (or soon will be) financially self-sufficient.
Notification of parents. In most states, minors must notify their parents or legal guardians that a petition for emancipation has been filed -- or explain to the court why they do not want to do so.
Hearing. In most cases, the court schedules a hearing where the judge asks questions and hears evidence to decide whether emancipation is in the minor's best interest.
Declaration of emancipation. If the court decides that emancipation should be ordered, it will issue a Declaration of Emancipation. The newly emancipated minor should keep copies of the declaration and give them to schools, doctors, landlords, and anyone else that would normally require parental consent before dealing with a minor.
There are many reasons why a young person might seek emancipation. Sometimes a minor is very wealthy (a child actor, for example) and seeks emancipation for financial and tax reasons. Some young people are physically or emotionally abused and want to get away from a bad home environment. Other minors feel that they just cannot get along with their parents or guardians. Emancipation is just one option in these situations. Other avenues to explore include:
Emancipation comes with most of the responsibilities and liabilities of being an adult. If you are emancipated -- or are considering emancipation -- get educated about the law and how it will affect your daily life.
For more information, Nolo's Encyclopedia of Everyday Law (by Shae Irving, J.D. and the editors of Nolo) includes answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about the law.
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Longman's Beaked Whale
Longman's Beaked Whales are the least well known of all cetaceans. Until recently, this species was known from only two specimens, including a skull and lower jaw found at Mackay in northern Queensland in 1822.
The original skull was donated to the Queensland Museum where the curator, Heber Longman, wrote in 1926 that the skull represented a new species of whale. He named it Mesoplodon pacificus, the Pacific Beaked Whale. After the skull from Mackay was described, there were no further reports of this whale for many years and doubts arose regarding its identity and status as a valid species. A comprehensive paper, published by Joseph Moore in 1968, comparing all then-known beaked whales resolved this question. Moore not only showed that Longman's Beaked Whale was a valid species, but suggested that it was sufficiently distinct to warrant its placement in a new genus, Indopacetus. In the same year, Azzaroli described a second Longman's Beaked Whale skull and lower jaw that were discovered in 1955 in a fertiliser factory in Somalia.
Recently, Dr Merel Dalebout was able to obtain DNA from the holotype (first named specimen) of Indopacetus pacificus: the original beachwashed skull from Mackay, Queensland. This was a great achievement considering both the age of the specimen (over 120 years since its discovery) and the fact that it was much weathered by the sun and sea. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from this specimen were added to the beaked whale database that she and her colleagues had compiled. Subsequent comparisons using this database revealed that two beaked whales from South Africa were also Longman's Beaked Whales. These two whales had previously been incorrectly identified as Southern Bottlenose Whales. With this discovery, we now know for the first time what this species looks like because photographs of the South African animals (both juvenile males) were taken at the time of stranding. Now that its appearance is known, comparisons to large, previously unidentified beaked whales observed at sea in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans (often referred to as 'Tropical Bottlenose Whales') have confirmed that these animals are also Longman's Beaked Whales. Their similarity in external appearance to the better-known Southern Bottlenose Whale suggests that other Longman's whales may have been similarly misidentified.
The colour pattern of the Adult Longman's Beaked Whales is variable, but dominated by tan to greyish brown tones. The melon is well formed in both sexes and may be whitish in colour. The beak is moderately long. The dorsal fin is long and hooked and set far back on the body. Juveniles are dark grey dorsally, with white sides and a white melon. Behind the blowhole, the head is dark grey-black and features a white 'ear' patch. A band of dark pigment runs down towards the pectoral fin. This species has only one pair of teeth, set at the tip of the lower jaw. If similar to most other beaked whale species, then these teeth only erupt in adult males. However, until adult Longman's Beaked Whales of both sexes are examined, this is yet to be confirmed. The teeth are forwardly inclined at the tip of the jaw, like those of Cuvier's Beaked Whale and the Southern Bottlenose Whale, but the teeth are more oval than round in cross section. The beak has an unusual lateral swelling about halfway along its length.
Longman's Beaked Whales have been seen at sea in tight groups of 5-20 animals, and sometimes up to 100 animals; pods appear to be close-knit and cohesive. The beak and melon are sometimes exposed when they are traveling fast. The blow is low and bushy. Dives are reported to last 18-25 minutes. They are sometimes seen with Short-finned Pilot Whales and Bottlenose Dolphins.
Accurate species identification is difficult for this and most other species of beaked whale, even for stranded animals. Identification of females and juveniles can be particularly problematic. While cranial anatomy and tooth morphology are useful, the distinguishing features may apply only to adults. Recently, molecular genetic techniques have been applied to the identification of beaked whales. A database of mitochondrial DNA sequences has been compiled for all known species, making it possible to reliably assign individual animals to a particular species.
Longman's Beaked Whale is restricted to offshore waters of the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. There have been no confirmed sightings of this species in the Atlantic Ocean.
Feeding and diet
Nothing is known about the diet of Longman's Beaked Whales, although, based on the examination of the stomach contents of other species, they probably feed on deep-sea fish, squid and possibly crustaceans and echinoderms (sea urchins and starfish) found on the sea floor. Because they lack functional teeth, they presumably capture most of their prey by suction.
Life history cycle
Nothing is known about breeding in this species. Sightings are rare due to their deep-ocean distribution, elusive behaviour and possible low numbers.
- Baker, A. N. 1999. Whales and Dolphins of Australia and New Zealand: an identification guide. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards.
- Bryden, M., Marsh, H. & Shaughnessy, P. 1998. Dugongs, Whales, Dolphins and Seals. A guide to the sea mammals of Australasia. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards.
- Carwardine, M. 2000. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. Dorling Kindersley, London.
- Dalebout, M. 2002. Bare bones and beaked whales. Nature Australia Spring 2002 27(6): 65-71.
- Mead, J. G. 1989. Chapter 14. Beaked whales of the genus Mesoplodon. In Handbook of Marine Mammals. Pp. 349-430. (Eds S. H. Ridgeway and S. R. Harrison.) Academic Press, London.
- Menkhorst, P. 2001. A Field Guide to Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
- Pitman, R. L., Palacios, D. M., Brennan, P. L., Balcomb, K. C. I. and Miyashita, T. 1999. Sightings and possible identity of a bottlenose whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific: Indopacetus pacificus? Marine Mammal Science 15: 531-549.
- Reeves, R. R., Stewart, B. S., Clapham, P. J. and Powell, J. A. 2002. Longman's Beaked Whale. In National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Pp. 266-267. Chanticleer Press, Inc., New York.
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What is toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii or T. gondii. This parasite can affect humans, most mammals and even some species of birds. It as been isolated everywhere in the world, except for the Antarctica.
T. gondii affects a great portion of the world’s population but it rarely causes any health issues. This means that for most people who have T. gondii in their body, toxoplasmosis never develops. However, in some people, who are for certain reasons at higher risk of toxoplasmosis, it can cause severe health problems.
Toxoplasmosis is dangerous if it affects fetuses, newborns, elderly and people whose immune system is seriously compromised, especially if the defect is related to T-cells, like patients who suffer from AIDS and hematologic malignancies or who have had organ or bone marrow transplants.
T. gondii can be contracted by eating contaminated and undercooked meat, especially pork, venison and lamb. It can also be contracted through contact with surfaces of utensils used for preparing contaminated meat.
Another way of transmission is through contaminated cat feces, for example when cleaning a cat’s litter box.
Acute toxoplasmosis is characterized by the onset of flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue, headache, muscle ache, weakness and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms last at least one month. Eye damage is rarely seen in patients with normal immune system function. In children, elderly and people who have problems with their immune system, toxoplasmosis may cause serious problems, such as encephalitis or eye problems like necrotizing retinochoroiditis.
As for the swelling of the lymph nodes, it can affect one or more groups of nodes, in the neck, armpit or groin. This disease can also affect the liver, heart and inner ear.
Treatment for acute toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is treated with medications that aim to destroy the parasite. Various drugs can be used, depending on the patient, his or her medical history, severity of the infection and of the symptoms. Any underlying condition that might be present should be taken into consideration when choosing the best treatment plan for toxoplasmosis.
An antimalaria medication called pyrimethamine is often administered to patients who suffer from toxoplasmosis. It is usually used in combination with an antibiotic called sulfadiazine. Since this combination therapy carries a certain risk of trombocitopenia, folinic acid is usually given along with it.
Clindamycin is the antibiotic usually given to AIDS patients with toxoplasmosis, while spiramycin is given to pregnant women to protect the unborn baby.
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I saw this orangutan and several others when I took a recent boat journey past Kaja Island in the Rungan River of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
The 40-plus orangutans on the island are ‘rehabs’ — creatures that have been confiscated from poachers, found orphaned or rescued from homes where as pets they were subjected to a diet of noodles instead of fruits and tree bark.
Many were rescued from palm oil plantations where they were captured as pests after arriving hungry to feed on the palms.
Their species is in trouble — there are only around 50,000 left. The Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) Foundation’s Nyaru Menteng rehabilitation centre now houses over 600 rescued orangutans, with another 230 at a centre in East Kalimantan.
An orangutan that has been traumatised or has spent too much time around living like a human cannot simply be released into a forest — it must be rehabilitated first. Michelle Desilets of the Orangutan Land Trust explained to me the process, which can take 8-10 years.
“They start out in forest schools. The littles ones at nursery school play all day in a small forest with small trees under the watchful eyes of their babysitters. The babysitters sleep with them at night in the nursery house, with the babies in laundry baskets with blankets and leaves.”
“When they are older they go to Forest School One, a larger forest with larger trees, still mostly with babysitters. They sleep in group cages or baskets at night, also with 24-hour care. They can stay out at night if they want to, but once they start doing this regularly, and staying in their nests through the night, then they move to Forest School Two.”
“This is an even bigger forest with bigger trees, and now looked after by teknisi (local men who care for them). There is also a group cage for them if they want it for sleeping, but most stay out in the forest.”
“Finally after a few years here, they graduate to orangutan university, one of the five river islands like Kaja, where they show they can essentially master the skills they need to make it on their own, but they do have food provided twice daily if they want it.”
The idea is that after at least two years on an island the orangutans will be ready to return to the wild, though as yet none from Kaja Island has. What’s missing is somewhere for them to go to.
Between 1992 and 2002 the BOS Foundation released 450 rescued orangutans in East Kalimantan, but since then it has been unable to been unable to free any more as there is so little suitable habitat.
Most of Indonesia’s orangutans live outside of protected areas and the forests they depend on are being turned into plantations of oil palm or have been logged for timber and pulp.
Former orangutan biologist June Rubis taught me a new word to describe these apes that are surrounded by oil palm and village farms and people: “eco-stranded.” As they run out of places to live their wild lives, they increasingly meet people and if the apes raid oil palm plantations or villagers’ crops this spells conflict.
In research published in November 2011, Erik Meijaard and colleagues estimated that people killed between 750 and 1790 orang-utans in Kalimantan in 2010 alone (full paper online here). Some managers of oil palm plantations have even offered their workers a cash bounty for every ‘pest’ orangutan they kill.
Back in August 2010, the Indonesian government gave the BOS Foundation a permit to manage 86,540 hectares of logged land in East Kalimantan as an orangutan reintroduction site.
Under the deal, the foundation would pay a US$1.4 million license fee for access to the land over the next 60 years. But even after this agreement nothing happened, as the foundation still had no permission to release any apes.
Finally, on 18 January 2012, they got some good news. As Fidelis Satriastanti reported in the Jakarta Globe the government gave the green light for hundreds of orangutans to be released there over the coming years.
Here’s a closer look at that ape I saw just three days before this news was announced. It seemed curious about the boat that carried me past the island. It looked like an ape that was ready to go home.
[I visited Indonesia to attend a meeting at CIFOR that explored whether it was possible to conserve apes and reduce local poverty at the same time. It was organised as part of IIED‘s Poverty and Conservation Learning Group initiative with support from the Arcus Foundation, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Great Ape Survival Partnership]
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Court-appointed special advocate (CASA) volunteers speak for children who have been victims of abuse and neglect.
Understand that CASA stands for court-appointed special advocate. CASA volunteers give generously of their time to help children who are the victims of neglect or abuse.
Know that judges appoint CASA volunteers to represent children who are the subject of an abuse or neglect proceeding. The volunteer gets to know the child, the parents, the foster parents and other important parties and then makes recommendations to the court as to the child's best interests.
Realize that being a CASA volunteer is a long-term commitment. Volunteers are assigned to a case for a full year and are often the only stable person in the child's life, as the child may be transferred among caseworkers, foster homes and lawyers.
Go to the CASA Web site (nationalcasa.org) and obtain information about how to contact your state's CASA organization. Tell them you would like to volunteer your time to help children who have been abused.
Understand that to become a volunteer you will have to undergo training to learn about foster care, abuse and neglect, your state's laws, HIV, education and poverty.
Expect to meet area CASA volunteers and coordinators, judges, caseworkers and attorneys during your training.
To be successful as a CASA volunteer, you need to be able to communicate orally and in writing and you need to be able to establish a rapport with children.
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28 October 2015 by Diane
The correct answer is D.
The verb LOOK can be followed by many different prepositions, each with a different meaning.
look after - to take care of someone or something
For example: My grandmother is very old and needs someone to look after her.
look ahead - to think about and plan for the future
For example: She is very spontaneous and doesn’t like to look ahead.
look around - explore with your eyes
For example: Sometimes you should stop what you are doing, look around and enjoy the moment.
look away - to turn your eyes away from someone or something that you were looking at
For example: Don’t look away! You’re going to miss the eclipse!
look down on - to think someone or something is inferior
For example: He looks down on people who don’t follow the rules.
look for - to search
For example: I still haven’t found what I’m looking for...
look into - to investigate or examine
For example: Is that true? I need to look into it.
look forward to - to anticipate with excitement
For example: I am looking forward to seeing you next weekend.
look out - be careful to avoid immediate danger
For example: Look out! There’s a tree falling!
look over - to review
For example: Do you have some time to look over my thesis paper? I need a pair of fresh eyes.
look through - to browse or examine something (usually quickly)
For example: He looked through the brochure and found the home he wanted.
look up - to search for information
For example: When I’m reading, I often stop to look up a word in the dictionary.
look up to - to admire
For example: Katie really looks up to her mother.
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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http://www.teacherdiane.com/blog/verb-look
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| 0.956283 | 398 | 3.125 | 3 |
By Cameron Chai
Scientists at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador and the Brookhaven National Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy have discovered that nanoclusters form in some oxide materials at certain temperatures as well as increase the electrical current flow in the materials.
Lead author Jing Tao (right) with Group Leader Yimei Zhu show their findings in front of the transmission electron microscope used to identify nanoclusters forming at particular temperatures in a magnetic field that are essential to the emergence of colossal magnetoresistance.
These findings are helpful in developing several industrial applications such as spintronics wherein magnetic and electrical properties are utilized for solid-state electronics. Certain oxide materials demonstrate colossal magnetoresistance, a phenomenon that describes the change in electric current flow in materials in the presence of a magnetic field.
The researchers used the oxides having atoms arranged in a unique pattern. During the study, the researchers have discovered that nanoclusters having a 10-atom size have formed in the oxides when a magnetic field is applied at specific temperatures. These nanoclusters have demonstrated different electronics properties when compared to that of the oxides and are critical for demonstrating colossal magnetoresistance phenomenon. According to the research findings, the magnetic properties of the nanoclusters vary with temperature. The nanoclusters turn into ferromagnetic and conductive at a specific temperature under a magnetic field, thus enabling the occurrence of the colossal magnetoresistance phenomenon.
For the study, the researchers at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador developed manganite crystals. Manganite is a manganese oxide material doped with different amounts of lanthanum, a rare-earth metal, and calcium. The Brookhaven National Laboratory utilized its transmission electron microscope to analyze the properties of the crystal by bombarding negatively charged, high-powered electron beams. The lab studied the energy levels and paths of the electrons during their passage through the manganite crystals in order to identify properties such as magnetism and structure, as well as the role of nanoclusters in the appearance of colossal magnetoresistance.
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www.azonano.com/news.aspx?newsID=23959
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en
| 0.89453 | 425 | 2.96875 | 3 |
|Highest governing body||Professional Disc Golf Association|
|Registered players||84492, 25127 current|
|Team members||Single competitors, doubles|
|Mixed gender||Yes, but usually in separate leagues/divisions|
Disc golf (also called frisbee golf) is a flying disc sport in which players throw a disc at a target, and is played using rules similar to golf. It is often played on a course of 9 or 18 holes, but other formats are common. Players complete a hole by throwing a disc from a tee area toward a target, throwing again from the landing position of the disc until the target is reached. Players seek to complete a course in the lowest number of total throws.
Disc golf was first invented in the early 1900s. The first game was held in Bladworth, Saskatchewan, Canada in 1926. Ronald Gibson and a group of his Bladworth Elementary School buddies played a game of throwing tin lids into 4 foot wide circles drawn into sandy patches on their school grounds. They called the game Tin Lid Golf and played on a fairly regular basis. However, after they grew older and went their separate ways, the game came to an end. It was not until the 1970s that disc golf would be reintroduced to Canadians at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships in Toronto.
Modern disc golf started in the early 1960s, but there is debate over who came up with the idea first. The consensus is that multiple groups of people played independently throughout the 1960s. Students at Rice University in Houston, Texas, for example, held tournaments with trees as targets as early as 1964, and in the early 1960s, players in Pendleton King Park in Augusta, Georgia would toss Frisbees into 50-gallon barrel trash cans designated as targets. In 1968 Frisbee Golf was also played in Alameda Park in Santa Barbara, Ca. by teenagers in the Anacapa and Sola street areas. Gazebos, water fountains, lamp posts, and trees were all part of the course. This took place for several years and an Alameda Park collectors edition disc still exists, though rare, as few were made. Clifford Towne from this group went on to hold a National Time Aloft record.
Two early coordinators of the sport are George Sappenfield and Kevin Donnelly, who, through similar backgrounds and the help of Wham-O, were able to individually spread the sport in their California cities. Donnelly began playing a form of Frisbee golf in 1959 called Street Frisbee Golf. In 1961, while a recreation leader and then recreation supervisor for the City of Newport Beach, California, he formulated and then began organizing Frisbee golf tournaments at nine of the city's playgrounds he supervised. This culminated in 1965 with a fully documented, Wham-O sponsored, citywide Frisbee golf tournament. This highly publicized tournament included hula hoops as holes, with published rules, hole lengths, pars, and prizes; an event in which Walter Frederick Morrison, the Frisbee inventor, was in attendance. In 1965, Sappenfield was a recreation counselor during a summer break from college during which, he set up an object course for his children to play on. When he finished college in 1968, Sappenfield became the Parks and Recreation supervisor for Conejo Recreation and Park District in Thousand Oaks, California. Sappenfield planned a disc golf tournament as part of a recreation project and contacted Wham-O Manufacturing to ask them for help with the event. Wham-O supplied Frisbees for throwing, and hula hoops for use as targets. However, it would not be until the early 1970s that courses began to crop up in various places in the Midwest and the East Coast.
"Steady Ed" Headrick and Dave Dunipace are two inventors and players who greatly impacted how disc golf is played. Headrick introduced the first formal disc golf target with chains and a basket, and Dave Dunipace invented the modern golf disc in 1983, with the revolutionary change of adding a beveled rim, giving the disc a greater distance and accuracy. Dave was one of the founders of Innova, a well-known disc manufacturer. In 1976, Headrick formed the DGA, then later the PDGA and the RDGA. Ted Smethers took over the PDGA in 1982 to be run independently and to officiate the standard rules of play for the sport.
"Steady Ed" Headrick began thinking about the sport during his time at Wham-O Toys where he designed and patented the modern day Frisbee. Headrick designed and installed the first standardized target course in what was then known as Oak Grove Park in La Cañada Flintridge, California. (Today the park is known as Hahamongna Watershed Park). Ed worked for the San Gabriel, California-based Wham-O Corporation and is credited for pioneering the modern era of disc sports. Ed Founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Flying Disc Freestyle, and Guts.
Headrick coined and trademarked the term "Disc Golf" when formalizing the sport and patented the Disc Pole Hole, the first disc golf target to incorporate chains and a basket on a pole. He started designing the target because he was tired of arguing over what counted as a scoring disc with his friends. He founded the Professional Disc Golf Association (PDGA) and Recreational Disc Golf Association (RDGA) for competitive and family-oriented play, respectively, and worked on standardizing the rules and the equipment for the growing sport. Headrick abandoned his trademark on the term "Disc Golf," and turned over control and administration of the PDGA to the growing body of disc golf players in order to focus on his passion for building and inventing equipment for the sport.
Disc golf courses usually have nine or 18 holes, and exceptions most often have holes in multiples of three. Holes are designed to require a range of different throws to challenge players with different strengths or particular skills. According to the DGA, an average course hole should range around 200-240 feet (61-73 m) per hole. Course designers use trees, bushes, elevation changes, water hazards, and distance variation, along with out-of-bounds zones and mandatory flight paths, to make each hole challenging and unique. Many courses include multiple tee positions or multiple target positions to cater to players of different ability levels.
Disc golf courses are usually built in more natural and less manicured environments than golf and require much less maintenance. Professional course designers consider safety a critical factor in course design, and are careful to minimize the danger of being hit by a flying disc. Many courses are central organizing points for local disc golf clubs, and some include shops selling disc golf equipment. More than 80% of the courses listed on dgcoursereview.com are listed as public and free to play.
A disc golf tee position is usually a pad of concrete, asphalt, rubber, gravel, or artificial turf. The PDGA recommends that they be no smaller than 1.2 meters wide by 3 meters long. Many courses have only the front of the tee position marked with a board of timber in the ground. Some courses have no tees at all.
Established courses have tee signs near each tee position, showing a simple map of the hole, distance to the hole, par, out-of-bounds areas, mandatory paths, and a unique name for the hole. They are often supplemented with a larger sign near the course entrance which has a course map and other information.
Although early courses were played using trees, fence posts, or park equipment as the target, modern courses typically use tone targets or standard disc golf baskets. Tone targets are designed to make a distinctive sound when hit with a disc. Baskets are now much more common, which are constructed with a central pole holding a basket under an assembly of hanging chains. A disc which hits the chains is often, but not always, deflected into the basket. Discs must land inside the basket or on the chains to count the hole as completed. There are many different styles of baskets. Discatcher, DGA Mach 2, Mach 5, Dynamic discs mini recruit basket.
The sport of disc golf is set up similar to a game of golf. A "round" is played on a disc golf course consisting of a number of "holes", usually 9 or 18. Each hole includes a tee position for starting play and a disc golf target some distance away, often with obstacles such as trees, hills or bodies of water in between. Players begin by throwing a disc from the tee, and navigate the hole by picking up the disc where it lands and throwing again until they reach the target. The object of the game is to get through the course with the lowest number of total throws. Play is usually in groups of five or fewer, with each player taking turn at the tee box, then progressing with the player furthest from the hole throwing first, while the other players stand aside.
Each course is unique, so each course requires a different combination of throws to complete, with the best players aiming to shape the flight of the disc to account for distance, terrain, obstacles and weather. In order to facilitate making different shots, players carry a variety of discs with different flight characteristics, choosing an appropriate disc for each throw. Some players also carry a mini marker disc, used to accurately mark the throwing position before each throw. Use of mini marker discs is particularly prevalent in formal competitive play.
Many courses include out-of-bounds areas, commonly called "OB zones" or just "OB". If the disc lands in these areas, the player is usually required to add a penalty throw onto his or her score and continue play from near where the disc entered the out-of-bounds zone. Some courses include out-of-bounds areas with special rules requiring the player the resume play from a specified area called a drop zone, or requiring the player to restart the hole from the tee. Some courses also include Mandatories (also called "Mandos") which require the path of the disc to be above, below or to one side of a specific line indicated by a sign.
By tradition, players throw from the tee box in the order of their score on the previous hole, with the lowest scorer throwing first. Most players also follow a loose code of courtesy while playing, which includes norms such as standing out of the sight line of the throwing player and avoiding making distracting noises. Because a thrown disc could injure someone, the Professional Disc Golf Association recommends that players "Never throw into a blind area or when spectators, pedestrians or facility users are within range."
The golf discs used today are much smaller and heavier than traditional flying discs, typically 8-9 inches (20-23 cm) in diameter and weighing between 120 and 180 grams. The PDGA prohibits discs heavier than 200 grams. Discs used for disc golf are designed and shaped for control, speed, and accuracy, while general-purpose flying discs, such as those used for playing guts or ultimate, have a more traditional shape, similar to a catch disc. There is a wide variety of discs used in disc golf and they are generally divided into three categories: putters, all-purpose mid-range discs, and drivers.
Putters are similar to the discs used in simple games of catch, such as the Wham-o brand Frisbee. They are designed to fly straight, predictably, and very slowly compared to mid-range discs and drivers. They are typically used for tight, controlled shots that are close to the basket, although some players use them for short drives where trees or other obstacles come into play. Usually a pro carries 1-7 putters depending on their flight characteristics.
Mid-range discs have slightly sharper edges that enable them to cut through the air better. These discs are usually faster, more stable, and have a longer range than a putter. Some players will use mid-ranges as drivers, and there are tournaments that require players to use only mid-range discs. They are good all-around discs and are suitable for a first time player.
Drivers are usually recognized by their sharp, beveled edge and have most of their mass concentrated on the outer rim of the disc rather than distributed equally throughout. They are designed to travel farther distances at greater speeds and are mostly used for tee-off and other long distance throws. Drivers are often divided into different categories. For example, Innova Discs divides their discs into Distance Drivers and Fairway Drivers, with a fairway driver being somewhere between a distance driver and a mid-range disc. Discraft divides their drivers into 3 categories: Long Drivers, Extra Long Drivers, and Maximum Distance Drivers. Because the physics of a disc require "snap" or "flick", which means putting spin on the disc, new players generally find that throwing a distance driver accurately can be somewhat difficult and will require experience with golf disc response. This is why it is better for players to begin with fairway drivers, long drivers, or even mid-ranges, and incorporate maximum distance drivers as their strength and disc control increases. Most players that are starting off will be most likely throwing lighter discs. Another type of driver, used less frequently, is a roller. As the name indicates, it has an edge designed to roll rather than fly.
Stability is the measurement of a disc's tendency to bank laterally during its flight. A disc that is over-stable will tend to track left (for a right handed, backhand throw), whereas a disc that is under-stable will tend to track right (also for a right handed, backhand throw). The stability rating of the discs differs depending on the manufacturer of the disc. Innova Discs rate stability as "turn" and "fade". "Turn" references how the disc will fly at high speed during the beginning and middle of its flight, and is rated on a scale of +1 to -5, where +1 is the most overstable and -5 is the most understable. "Fade" references how the disc will fly at lower speeds towards the end of its flight, and is rated on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0 has the least fade, and 5 has the most fade. For example, a disc with a turn of -5 and fade of +1 will fly to the right for (right handed, backhand throw) the majority of its flight then curl back minimally left at the end. A disc with a turn of -1 and a fade of +3 will turn slightly right during the middle of its flight and turn hard left as it slows down. These ratings can be found on the discs themselves or from the manufacturer's web site. Discraft prints the stability rating on all discs and also provides this information on their web site. The stability ranges from 3 to -2 for Discraft discs; however Discraft's ratings are more of a combination of turn and fade with the predominance being fade.
Spin (rotation) has little influence on lift and drag forces but impacts a disc's stability during flight. Imagine a spinning top. A gentle nudge will knock it off its axis of rotation for a second, but it will not topple over because spin adds gyroscopic stability. In the same way, a flying disc resists rolling (flipping over) because spin adds gyroscopic stability. A flying disc will maintain its spin rate even as it loses velocity. Toward the end of a disc's flight, when the spin and velocity lines cross, a flying disc will predictably begin to fade. The degree to which a disc will fade depends on its pitch angle and design.
There are a variety of different discs, each with a specific plastic made with them. Plastics such as DX, J-Pro, Pro-D, X-Line and R-Pro from Innova discs and Discraft are some of the less durable plastics, but good for beginners due to their lower prices, compared to the higher end plastics. Plastics such as Champion, Titanium, FLX, GStar, and Star plastics, which are the best offered from the same companies, offering the best quality, durability and flight compared to the other types available.
While there are many different grips and styles to throwing the disc, there are two basic throwing techniques: backhand and forehand (or sidearm). These techniques vary in effectiveness under different circumstances. Their understanding and mastery can greatly improve a player's game, and offer diverse options in maneuvering the disc to the basket with greater efficacy. Many players use what is referred to as a run-up during their drive. This is practiced to build more forward disc momentum and distance. Throwing styles vary from player to player, and there is no standard throwing style.
All discs when thrown will naturally fall to a certain direction, this direction is termed Hyzer, the natural fall of the disc, or Anhyzer, making the disc fall against its natural flight pattern. For a right-handed backhand throw (RHBH), the disc will naturally fall to the left. For a right-handed forehand throw (RHFH), the disc will naturally fall to the right. For a left-handed, backhand throw (LHBH), the disc will naturally fall to the right. For a left-handed, forehand throw (LHFH), the disc will naturally fall to the left.
To perform this throw, the disc is rapidly drawn from across the front of the body, and released towards a forward aimpoint. Due to the potential snap available with this technique, one can expect greater distance and accuracy than with a forehand throw. It is important to initiate momentum from the feet and allow it to travel up the body, hips and shoulders, culminating in the transfer of energy to the disc.
The forehand (sidearm) throw is performed by drawing the disc from behind and partially across the front of the body: similar to a sidearm throw in baseball. The term sidearm actually predates the term forehand, which is seemingly in use today as a simpler means to communicate the technique, equating to a tennis forehand.
The following examples of throws may be used to better deliver a disc where the former common two throws would be impeded by obstacles such as bushes, trees, boulders, or artificial structures.
Common alternative styles
Other alternative styles
Stroke Play is the most common scoring method used in the sport but there are many other forms. These include match play, skins, speed golf and captain's choice, which in disc golf is referred to as "doubles" (not to be confused with partner or team play).
Regardless of which form of play the participants choose, the main objectives of disc golf are conceptually the same as traditional golf in the sense that players follow the same scorekeeping technique.
Doubles play is a unique style of play that many local courses offer on a weekly basis. In this format, teams of two golfers are determined. Sometimes this is done by random draw, and other times it is a pro-am format. On the course, it is a "best-disc" scramble, meaning both players throw their tee shot; and then decide which lie they would like to play. Both players then play from the same lie, again choosing which lie is preferable. The World Amateur Doubles Format includes best shot, alternate shot, best score (players play singles and take the best result from the hole) and worst shot (both players must sink the putt).
Tournaments are held nationwide and year long in the United States. Sanctioned Tournament play is communicated through the Professional Disc Golf Association Membership. The PDGA provides international, professional, and amateur disc golf tournaments as well as communicates event results, opinions and other information beneficial to the sport via electronic and printed media. In 1982 the PDGA hosted the first World Championship Tournament. Since then the World Championships have been held in 17 different American states, as well as Toronto, ON
To prove the year-round sustainability of the sport, annual winter tournaments known as Ice Bowls are held at courses around the world. Using the motto "No Wimps, No Whiners", Ice Bowls collectively are designed to create sport awareness, and are considered charity events that typically benefit a food bank local to a given tournament location. The official Web site reports that the 2010 Ice Bowls raised over $250,000 and donated over 67,000 pounds of food in the 222 tournaments for the year.
Disc golf is a rapidly growing sport worldwide, and is the 4th fastest growing sport in United States, behind MMA, Roller Derby, and Parkour. DGCourseReview.com, which tracks courses worldwide along with opening dates, shows a rapid increase in installed permanent courses with an average of more than 400 new courses added each year between 2007 and 2017. The site lists 6800 courses worldwide (in May 2017).
Although most players play on a casual, amateur level, the professional disc golf scene is also growing rapidly, with the top professionals playing full-time and earning their livings through tournament winnings and sponsorship from equipment manufacturers. Online viewership of major tournaments and events has increased rapidly, with coverage of several tournaments in 2016 achieving more than 75,000 views on YouTube. and a clip focused on a single throw by professional Philo Braithwaite achieving more than 1.1 million views.
While there are more male than female players, the Women's Disc Golf Association exists to encourage female players and arrange women's tournaments. A PDGA survey states that out of its 35,662 active members in 2016, 7.6% are female, or about 2,728. In PDGA competition, women have the option to play in some but not all divisions.
Several companies have started programs and websites to help attract women to the sport. The PDGA Women's Committee is "Dedicated to Attract, Encourage, and Retain Female Participation in Organized Disc Golf Events". The PDGA Women's Committee set historical records on 12 May 2012 by running the Inaugural Women's Global Event that attracted 636 female players in 24 states and 4 countries. The Women's Global Event was expected to take place every two years from 2014, with hopes of increasing the number of participants.
There are also Disc golf companies such as Disc-Diva, that have started up with a primary, though not exclusive, focus on women in the sport, promoting accessories geared towards women and using catch phrases like "you wish you threw like a girl". Sassy Pants is another group that focuses on getting more involvement from women in the sport, advocating for sponsorship of women to enter tournaments.
Women's disc golf teams are involved in the National Collegiate Disc Golf Championship, and the Mississippi State Women's Team were the inaugural champions.
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http://www.like2do.com/learn?s=Disc_golf
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| 0.962582 | 4,719 | 2.734375 | 3 |
New! This app is a photorealistic simulation of the "Schulrechner SR1", a pocket calculator made in GDR (German Democratic Republic / East Germany).
Compared to the original calculator only the frames around the entire device and around the display were reduced for reasons of space.
The app comprises numerous of frequently used functionalities and obeys the "order of operations".
The keys give optical (key color), acoustic (key sounds) and haptic (vibration of the device) feedback.
Furthermore, the back and an interior view of the original calculator can be displayed (completely without function 😀).
The "Schulrechner SR1" was a pocket calculator with a liquid crystal display (LCD), which was manufactured by VEB Mikroelektronik "Wilhelm Pieck" Mühlhausen (Publicly Owned Operation Microelectronics "Wilhelm Pieck" in Mühlhausen / Thuringia).
The SR1 was subsidized for students and identically distributed on trade as "MR 609".
It was produced from the early 1980s and used in schools since the school year 1984/85.
The books for teaching mathematics in the GDR referred to this calculator.
• Basic arithmetic operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and the calculation of powers (the order of operations is observed!)
• Root, square, percent and reciprocal functions
• Trigonometric functions: sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan), as well as the corresponding inverse functions arcsine (arcsin), arccosine (arccos) and arctangent (arctan); angles can be entered in degrees (DEG), radians (RAD) or gradian (gon) (GRD)
• Logarithmic functions: Natural logarithm (ln) and commomn logarithm (lg), as well as their inverse functions (i.e. power to base e and 10, respectively)
• π (Pi)
• Memory functions
• Exponential representation
• By tapping the display, the displayed value is copied to the clipboard (and is available for further use in other apps).
• Swiping from the left edge to the inside, the menu is displayed: Here you can find among other information the settings for the sounds played by the app and the vibration.
Use the Calculator SR1 as your daily tool for all your calculations!
We are very happy about positive ratings, comments and recommendations and - of course - the purchase of "Calculator SR1 pro
The "Calculator SR1" is part of a series of historical pocket calculators: The two others are Calculator MR 610
and Bolek Calculator
Languages of this app:
English, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, German
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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| 0.910808 | 595 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Marriage is a principle and guiding theme throughout the Holy Scriptures. It is the symbol and sign of God’s sacred covenant with His people. The Creation and institution of marriage appears woven throughout the Bible, first at the beginning of Genesis and last in the book of Revelation 19:9, where it says “blessed are those who are invited to the marriage supper of the Lamb.” Christ is the bridegroom and Holy Mother Church is the bride. Christ elevated marriage to a sacrament by the Gospel message and all are invited to the wedding feast of the Lamb if they come appropriately attired. Proceeding from these truths is the fact that we must abide in and bind ourselves to the conditions and guiding principles concerning the nature of marriage revealed to us by God and confirmed by natural reason.
Marriage is so deeply significant that for His first public miracle Christ condescended to come to the Wedding at Cana and turn water into wine. With this miracle, our Lord gave an outward sign of the cherished union that exists between Him and Holy Mother Church represented by the marital bond. Christ, born from the virgin womb into the Holy Family attended a public marriage for his entrance into public life just as he had come into the world for a marriage between Himself and Holy Mother Church. Christ’s affirmation at the Wedding at Cana demonstrates the sacred union between a husband and a wife. By divine explanation of the concept, origin and sacramental nature of Holy Matrimony, we can ground questions about who can and cannot marry in their proper context of its nature as we extract them from the false grounds of desire.
THE CONCEPT OF MARRIAGE
Matrimony is a divine institution and a sacrament. The various names we use for marriage as listed in the Catechism of Trent are informative. The word “matrimony” illustrates that the woman should be disposed to become a mother “from the fact that to a mother it belongs to conceive, bring forth and train her offspring.” The word “wedlock (conjugium) points to the union of two qualified people, “because a lawful wife is united to her husband, as it were, by a common yoke.” And then there is “nuptials” as St. Ambrose witnesses “the bride veiled her face through modesty a custom which would also seem to imply that she was to be subject and obedient to her husband.” And this complemented by a husband’s duty to love, serve and protect his wife unto death.
A marriage is “the conjugal union of man and woman, contracted between two qualified persons, which obliges them to live together throughout life.” It is by design that only one man and one woman are qualified to marry. They are eligible by the appropriateness of their relationship to one another and by virtue of their complementarity endowed by the Creator. By mutual consent they agree to be joined as one flesh, faithful and monogamous, for richer or for poorer, in sickness and in health, for better for worse, until death do they part. These reflect the solemn promises concomitant with the sacred vows of the divinely instituted matrimony.
It is asserted in the Catechism of Trent that “it should be taught that matrimony is to be considered from two points of view, either as a natural union, since it was not invented by man but instituted by nature; or as a Sacrament, the efficacy of which transcends the order of nature.” It is known that by sacramental grace the two joined in marriage, if they cooperate with that grace, will not only secure their path on the narrow road to heaven, but lead an entire family to their rightful divine ends.
THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE
Marriage is a creature, created by God and therefore an entity of nature with a divine origin. In the Book of Genesis 2:18 God said “It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a suitable partner for him.” With divine purpose and intention God made Eve of Adam’s rib and Adam said: “This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called woman, because she was taken out of man.” It is further written of marriage: “That is why a man leaves his father and mother and clings to his wife, and the two of them become one body. The word of the Lord.” “Male and female He created them” and he instilled in them the desire to reproduce. God commanded us to “be fruitful and multiply.” Man and woman from the beginning were intended by our Creator to be joined in Holy Matrimony for life, monogamous and faithful and to procreate and educate their children.
Jesus Christ reiterates what we learn in Genesis about matrimony as he is explaining the nature of marriage to the Pharisees. We read in Mathew 19-4:6: that Christ answers them: “Have you not read that he who made them from the beginning made them male and female, and said, `For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh’? So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let not man put asunder.” This not only demonstrates further the divine origins of marriage, but confirms in unequivocal terms that marriage is perpetual and indissoluble. To summarize from paragraph 1603 of the Catechism, “the intimate community of life and love which constitutes the married state has been established by the Creator and endowed by him with its own proper laws. God himself is the author of marriage. The vocation to marriage is written in the very nature of man and woman as they came from the hand of the Creator.”
THE SACRAMENTAL NATURE OF MARRIAGE
As the Catechism explains, marriage’s “indissolubility arises principally from its nature as a Sacrament, as it is the sacramental character that, in all its natural relations, elevates marriage to the highest perfection.” Christ returned the divinely instituted ideal of Marriage to what it was intended from the beginning and He elevated it to a sacrament. The sacramental nature of marriage is well conveyed by paragraph 1645 of the Catechism where we learn that, “the love of the spouses requires, of its very nature, the unity and indissolubility of the spouses’ community of persons, which embraces their entire life: so they are no longer two, but one flesh. They are called to grow continually in their communion through day-to-day fidelity to their marriage promise of total mutual self-giving. This human communion is confirmed, purified, and completed by communion in Jesus Christ, given through the sacrament of Matrimony. It is deepened by lives of the common faith and by the Eucharist received together.”
There are three blessings that come with marriage demonstrating the fruits of its sacramental nature: children, fidelity, and sacrament. Marriage by its nature is ordered to the procreation and education of children. Children are an unmitigated blessing. They are the incarnation of the love between spouses and embody the fruitfulness of our Creator and His willingness to include us in the bounty by participation in the divine act of creation. By its nature, married love demands the sacrosanct fidelity of husband and wife. The self-donation required by the nature of marriage necessitates an unbreakable union between spouses, and this is only possible between two complementary people cooperating with grace. Fidelity amongst spouses is in imitation of God’s fidelity to His covenant. And finally, the sacramental nature of marriage demonstrates the indissolubility of the marital bond. As St. Paul said, “the Lord commanded that the wife depart not from the husband, and if she depart that she remain unmarried or be reconciled to’ her husband; and let not the husband put away his wife.” As a sacrament, the nature of marriage represents the union of Christ with His Church, perpetual and faithful.
MARRIAGE AND THE MARITAL ACT
Coming into a possession of the knowledge of the concept, origins and nature of marriage has the potential to clarify the misunderstandings surrounding marriage. By the right use of reason to accurately define our terms, we can then to proceed from those terms to develop rightly ordered premises to form proper conclusions. The questions that get answered by a consideration of the right premises revolve around “what is marriage? And “what is the marital act?” The conclusions that follow from valid premises on the nature of marriage answer the questions “who can get married? And “for whom is the marital act appropriate?”
It follows from the nature of marriage that the marital act is a means to fulfill the primary ends of marriage, the procreation and education of children. It is in the nature of the marital act that we discover its natural end in reproduction. The primary purpose of the marital act is to transmit human life by the begetting and education of children. Pope Pius XI in his encyclical Casti Cannubii paragraph 59, describes the secondary purpose of the marital act: “For in matrimony as well as in the use of the matrimonial rights there are also secondary ends, such as mutual aid, the cultivating of mutual love, and the quieting of concupiscence which husband and wife are not forbidden to consider so long as they are subordinated to the primary end and so long as the intrinsic nature of the act is preserved.” To know the nature of the marital act is to recognize its primary and secondary ends. These two ends absolutely require the faithful, monogamous and indissoluble bond of sacramental marriage in order to be fulfilled properly.
It is the right order of things both intellectually and morally to understand that action follows being. A proper response to a thing depends upon the nature of the thing. In the case of marriage, once all the aspects of its nature are clearly understood, it becomes obvious who can and cannot get married. We often hear that love, happiness or personal contentment constitute the means of a good marriage and reasons to redefine marriage, but these things are the fruits of marriage, not the nature of marriage. The good and faithful marriage can lead to love, happiness and contentment, but they can never be the means which lead lead to the good marriage.
A wise Redemptorist Priest once explained that “much of the self-pity that underlies unhappiness in marriage is due to one of two things, the victim of self-pity did not enter into marriage under God’s terms, or he did not understand what God’s terms of the marriage contract are- the most important fact to know is that the terms of marriage are not laid down by the free will of human beings, but by the authority command of God.” We are not at liberty to define marriage for ourselves. Our only choice is about whether or now we will act in accord with its nature.
Just as many have misunderstood and misused the fruits of a good marriage as the means of marriage, we can discover a similar set of circumstances surrounding the marital act. The primary and secondary purposes of the marital act are impossible outside the marital bond. The primary end of children may necessarily occur, but to the detriment of all parties from a family broken before it began. The marital act outside of marriage violates the secondary purpose because it is no help, but exacerbates every condition of the second ends. Reasons for committing to the marital act outside of the bonds of marriage are pleasure, companionship and a unity. All three are out of order and do grave harm to the souls involved.
MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY
What is crucially necessary in this disordered age is a recovery of the recognition that the well-ordered family is the building block of civilization and sacramental marriage is the provenance of the well-ordered family. The Redemptorist priest also explained that “marriage has a necessary purpose to fulfill in society under the plan of God that cannot be fulfilled except by certain unchangeable terms and rules. God established the purpose once and for all. God has determined the rules by which the purpose is to be attained. No human being is at liberty to change either the purpose or the essential rules.” Sacramental marriage and the families that emanate from it build up society, any other alternatives do not. Properly understood, the marital act, by its nature, is primarily intended to be a participation in the divine act of creation. The natural end of the act is procreation, and the proper response to this miraculous gift is the duty to raise and educate those children within the family as a matter of justice to the Creator and to our fellow man.
Pope St. John Paul II explained that “the future of humanity passes by way of the family, indeed marriage and the family are institutions that must be promoted and defended from every possible misrepresentation of their true nature since whatever is injurious to them is injurious to society itself.” Modern society is suffering grave injury today. The strenuous and at times victorious attempts to redefine marriage speed the decay of our civilization. Broken families are the heartbreak of our age. The present crisis is about the denial of the nature of the human person, of marriage and of the marital act. Lost souls rage in vain attempts to make reality conform to them while the heavens cry out for all of us to conform to reality. Let us recover the truth about the nature of marriage and the marital act and most of the problems in our society will resolve themselves as we get on about the business of colonizing heaven.
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Memory loss or impairment does not have to be something that you have to accept. There are steps you can take to fight it. Many easy techniques are available for increasing your ability to recall information. The tips in this article should give you some good ideas.
Brain teasers and puzzles are entertaining and effective tools for sharpening your memory and challenging your brain. It is actually not much different than the exercises you use to keep your body in tip-top shape. Your memory will increase and your brain will be stronger with regular exercise. Crossword puzzles, brain teasers, and word searches are all great memory-boosting games.
Simply paying better attention to the information you wish to remember may help keep it in your memory. If your mind is prone to wandering, you will miss crucial details of conversation. Do your best to clear your mind and focus on what is being said and shown. Actively think about what you are learning to form connections in your brain.
Memory games can help hone your memory. Some memory games are fun and are effective in helping you recall things better. In addition to improving memory, these fun games can improve your attention and concentration as well. You can play these for free online.
Attempt to improve the amount of “good” sleep that you receive. As you might have guessed, getting enough sleep can really help both short-term and long-term memory. When brain cells are weary, they will not help you with memory retention. Try to get plenty of rest to help you retain memory.
You should try ginseng to increase your memory power. The ingredients are thought to improve brain functioning, and that includes the ability to retain memories. It also benefits your general health. Green tea can also improve memory function.
Try to exercise regularly to help your memory. Exercising each day can help you out immensely with your efforts.
Imparting memories to other people can actually help you to remember them yourself. For instance, if you are having trouble recalling a particular anecdote, try to relate it to a wider circle of individuals. This will help to commit the details to your mind, making it harder to forget.
Don’t cram information. If you have to commit something to memory, break the information into short, manageable sections, and schedule brief study periods for yourself each day. Avoid attempting to absorb a great deal of information in one session. When you do this, you overwhelm your brain, and don’t recall all that you studied. Create regular study sessions to get your brain into the habit of remembering.
Banish self-doubt when it comes to your memory. The notion that your memory always fails in old age is very common. This does not have to always be true. If you set the expectation that your memory is going to fail, it’s guaranteed to make your wish come true. If people around you are questioning the state of your memory, you’ll begin to doubt yourself. Simply believing that you have a good memory can help it stay that way.
Organize your life with memory aids, such as calendars, schedules and to-do lists. Buy a planner and write everything down. Maintain a schedule, and check it frequently. Having these things written, and referring to them, will help your brain. You don’t always have to depend on your memory for everything and your planner will reduce the stress about important dates and times.
An excellent method of improving the memory function and elasticity of your brain, relieving your stress, and improving overall health is through meditation. Meditating is as simple as getting comfortable and then focusing all of your energy and attention on controlling your breathing pattern. Try to do this 30 minutes every day to keep your brain active.
Feed your brain with the food it needs to stay focused so that you see improvements in your memory. Healthy fats are important for brain health. These good fats are found in things like fish, certain nuts, as well as olive oil and flax seed oil.
You are much more likely to forget things you should remember when you are under a lot of stress. If you are looking for something, do not get stressed out about it. A relaxed mind remembers things better. Stay relaxed and don’t get too angry with yourself. A relaxed mind is better able to recall things.
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It is best to study more, rather than studying just enough. If you know more than just the basics, you will remember information better about a subject. Suppose you are looking up a word that you do not understand. Do not just stop after you have read the definition; take a few minutes to look for examples of the word as it is used in a sentence.
Losing your memory does not need to be a forgone conclusion. Utilize the tips in this article to improve your memory. Following this advice will hopefully assist you in achieving the results you seek.
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Dexter Whatley, left, and Keith Tate, right, believe in obedience training a coon dog first. This makes the dog easier to handle in the field.
A Walker coon dog (left) and a Plot hound. The author asked one of his young coon-hunting friends, a wildlife biologist, why he took the girls he dated coon hunting, and he explained, “If a girl doesn’t like to coon hunt, she’s not going to like me.”
Seeing a dog with its paws on the tree, looking at the coon and barking as hard as it can and as loudly as possible is the answer to a coon hunter’s prayers.
Coon dogs were essential for frontiersmen, as important to their lives as the horses they rode and the mules that pulled their plows. Corn was a primary staple, providing a cash crop and essential food for livestock. The pioneers quickly learned that one of the problems with raising corn was that raccoons loved it and would come from great distances to feed on it. Left unchecked, coons could wipe out a farmer’s corn field by climbing up the stalks and/or bending over the stalks of corn and then eating that corn. Because of this, most frontiersmen had at least one coon dog.
Pioneers also learned that coons, when prepared properly, provided tasty meat for dinner. The farmer could make the coon pelts into hats and sell the coon hides to fur buyers to make extra money. Another more important money-making ingredient in having and raising coon dogs was that the pups and the grown, trained dogs had great value. In a fledgling, developing society, coon dogs were bought, sold and traded just like other commodities.
A wide variety of coon-dog breeds, then and today, included the English Fox Hound, the Bluetick Hound, the Redbone Hound, the Walker Hound and later additions of the Plott Hound from Germany, the Cur (a mixed breed of dogs) and the American Leopard Hound or Catahoula Cur. Many coon hounds had as their ancestors dangerous game hounds used to trail and bay Russian boar, bears and mountain lions in Europe. Mixed-breed dogs had good noses, could follow a coon trail and were tough enough to fight and kill a coon that jumped out of the tree to attack.
Coon hounds were often multi-purpose dogs used to find, bay and catch free-roaming cattle and hogs, and hunt other game like squirrels, rabbits, deer, mountain lions and bears. Generally, some straight coon hounds (dogs that only would trail, chase and tree coons) were kept around the homestead, too.
RELATED: Survival Dogs
As better methods of predator control and removal evolved, our country became more civilized, the family farm faded from existence and farmers had little need for coon dogs, squirrel dogs and other dogs that could follow tracks and bay wild animals. But today this country has a hardcore group of coon hunters who love the sport of finding and taking coons with dogs, selling pelts, eating coon meat and raising, training, swapping and selling coon dogs. As a result, the prices of quality coon dogs have continued to rise.
During the still nights, high on the tops of hills all year, men will sit and listen to that pure, sweet country music made by hounds with bawl and chop mouths. These tough hunters cross creeks, swim rivers and crawl through briars in pursuit of their prize. Often, modern-day coon hunters, like Dexter Whatley of Bivins, Texas, hunt, raise, train and sell coon dogs for a part-time income. In many states, you can run coons with dogs all year long but you only can harvest coons during coon season. Whatley has been raising, training, showing, buying and selling coon dogs for more than 50 years.
Choosing A Winner
“I guess I got my love for coon hunting from my Grandpa Maxie and my Uncle Bernice Echols,” Whatley explained. “Grandpa Maxie coon hunted, and Uncle Bernice hunted coons and hogs. In my primary job, I’m an industrial mechanic for International Paper, and also I’m a licensed professional auctioneer.”
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Coon hunters want dogs they can turn loose at night to chase and tree coons without running deer or “off game.” As Whatley said, “You can buy a pup from $100 to $250 with a daddy and a mama that are good coon dogs. Now, the pups from a female Grand Nite Champion and a no-title male will be worth $300 to $500 or more. A pup from a Grand Nite Champion male and a Grand Nite Champion female can sell for $1,000 a piece up to $2,500 each. If one of those pups eventually becomes a really great coon-hunting dog and a Grand Nite Champion or a Dual Grand Nite Champion, then that dog can sell for $20,000 or $30,000.” Having quality coon dogs is the best of all in the outdoors—when you can convert your pleasure in hunting and your love of dogs into cash.
Competitive coon hunters believe winners produce winners. The best pups from award-winning coon dogs with a long lineage of Grand Nite Champions are so expensive that most people only can afford to buy part interests in those dogs, much like horse breeders buy a quarter, a third or a half of a race horse.
“I knew of one pup that had triple Grand Nite Champions in its bloodline that sold for $6,000 cash to two brothers, and their bet paid off. The dog, House’s Lipper from Marshall, Texas, won many events and was in the Treeing Walker Hall of Fame. His stud fee of $1,000 was considered astronomical. However, the pups of House’s Lipper sold for $1,000 a piece at birth, regardless of the female bred to him. Personally, I’d rather own part of a really, really great coon dog than all of a mediocre coon dog,” said Whatley.
Whatley reminds us that a coon hunter can enjoy going out at night and hunting coons with his buddies with that great dog, go to competition hunts and watch his dog win. He also will receive fees from the dog at stud, and for selling the pups sired by this dog. A really great coon dog can produce thousands of dollars for his owner, prestige in coon-hunting circles as well as a multitude of great nights of coon hunting for the owner and his friends.
“Today, I own part interest in about 12 coon dogs,” Whatley explained. “I started off with what most people would call country coon dogs and was primarily a pleasure hunter, turning the dogs out and letting them hunt. But a good coon dog always has been a smart investment for a farmer.
“Later, I bought a dog named Hammer Five out of a sire that had a reputation of being a good coon hound, bred his pup Curly to some other really good coon hounds, and started raising, training and selling pups to farmers and coon hunters who just wanted to know, ‘Will that dog tree a coon?’ to solve their problems.”
RELATED STORY: 7 Ways To Protect Yourself When A Dog Attacks
At that time, a good pup sold for $25 to $30, which was big money for Whatley. The people buying his pups used them to keep coons out of their agriculture and to harvest coons to sell their hides, which in turn were worth $20 to $30 each.
A coon hunter who bought one of Whatley’s pups could start taking that coon dog hunting within a year and take 100 coons in a season—making $2,500 in the process and keeping the coons out of his agriculture. He consistently could make that $2,500 per year for the next five to eight years, the lifespan of that dog, producing $15,000 for the hunter and saving the hunter an equal amount of produce that would have been destroyed by the coons. However, since the average coon hide only sells for $10 today, not very many coon hunters hunt coons for their hides.
But Whatley mentioned, “One young man, who helps me train dogs, earns $3,500 to $4,000 yearly from the coons he harvests that are treed by his coon dog, and another $10,000 to $12,000 from the fur he traps. For the most part, most of the coon hunters I know now prefer to competition hunt, pleasure hunt, breed dogs and raise pups.”
This article was originally published in the AMERICAN FRONTIERSMAN ™ issue #174. Subscription is available in print and digital editions here.
Here's a few ways to defend yourself if a dog decides to attack you.
by Real World Survivor Editor / Jun 26, 2015
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“The main part of the Nagara-gawa bridge [following the 1891 earthquake consisted] of nine independent thrust girders of wide span. The piers at the two ends of one of these girders are completely wrecked and the girders have fallen bodily into the bed of the river. The piers on either side of the two mentioned are partly wrecked and the girders between them and the first mentioned girders rest each with one end in the river bed the other on the top of the partly destroyed pier.
“The remaining girders are in their original positions or nearly so. It will again be observed that the portion of the bridge which has fallen relative to the part which remains standing has been thrown some distance out of a straight line. Examination has shown that this displacement is not simply a displacement of the upper work of the bridge but the ground with the screw pile foundations has been shifted a distance of several feet up the stream.
“The embanked approach to the Nagara-gawa bridge has been thrown into a regular series of undulations of such extent that looking along the line eastward from the eastern abutment the appearance is almost that of looking along a switchback railway.”
– The Journal of Geology, Volume 16, edited by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, 1908
“Earth fissures are seen everywhere, some of them as much as six feet wide and twenty or more feet deep. The effects produced on engineering structures are in many cases extraordinary. One brick railway arch between Nagoya and Gifu collapsed in consequence of its abutments, 14 ft. high and 5 ft. thick, having been thrown apart in opposite directions. The roadway beneath has a transverse crack four inches wide.
“Three great railway bridges within a radius of six miles from Gifu, crossing the rivers Kisogawa, Nagaragawa, and Ibigavva have suffered badly, the massive piers of brickwork or iron having been broken across – though the iron girders of English make withstood their terrible treatment wonderfully. All of these bridges were thoroughly good strong structures and have been in use for five years without suffering in any degree from such potent destructive agencies as the fierce typhoons and river floods of Japan.”
– Letters from the Land of the Rising Sun: With 76 Illustrations, by Henry Spencer Palmer, 1894
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End a Civil Action without a Trial
Settlement of a Civil Action
Most cases end in a "settlement" rather than going to trial. A settlement is an agreement between the parties to end the lawsuit. It is common for parties to talk about settling almost from the start of the lawsuit. A case can settle at any time, including before filing the pleadings with the Court.
Parties may be asked several times at different stages of the case to try to settle your dispute. The judge may require both parties to meet or attend mediation to try to reach a settlement. The judge may also schedule a "Pre-Trial Conference" to talk with the parties about the trial issues and evidence and take steps to speed up the actual trial. You should go to the Pre-Trial Conference prepared to offer a solution to settle the case, and be ready to consider settlement offers from the other side. Each time you go to court, including the final trial, you can expect the judge to ask you and the other party what you have done to try to settle the case.
A settlement allows the parties to find creative solutions that fit their needs, and also allows the parties to have a "known" result in their case. Going to trial and letting the Judge or jury decide is always a gamble. If you and the other party reach an agreement before the trial day, contact the judicial officer's clerk right away.
Motions in Civil Actions
Pre-trial motions can resolve many important questions about your lawsuit. A motion is a written request served on the other party and filed with the court asking the judge to make a decision on a particular issue (e.g., what evidence can be admitted or excluded, who can testify as a witness, etc.). NOTE: The courts do NOT publish sample forms and instructions for pre-trial motions. You should talk with a lawyer, or you may be able to find sample forms at a law library.
Dispositive motions can end a case before trial if the judge decides in favor of the party who filed the motion. The following motions are dispositive:
Motion to Dismiss
A Defendant can serve and file a Motion to Dismiss the case when she believes that the Plaintiff's complaint is legally faulty in some way.
Motion for Summary Judgment
The purpose of a trial is to have the judge or jury decide what the facts are in a case; if the key facts are not in dispute, there is no need for a trial.
A party can serve and file a Motion for Summary Judgment if she believes that there are no important facts in dispute and that the agreed-upon facts support a judgment in her favor.
The Motion for Summary Judgment asks the judge to look at the undisputed facts and apply the law to those facts, and argues that the law requires a judgment in favor of the party who filed the Motion for Summary Judgment.
The party opposing a Motion for Summary Judgment has to show the judge that there are key facts in dispute and that a trial is necessary. Or, the party opposing the motion can agree that the facts are not disputed, but argue that the law requires a judgment in his favor.
Motion for Default Judgment
If the Defendant fails to respond to the Plaintiff's Complaint within the time limit stated in the Summons, the Defendant is in "default." See MN Rules of Civ. Pro. 55.
The Plaintiff can request a "default judgment" against the Defendant. Depending on the type of relief requested in the Complaint and other circumstances, the Defendant may or may not be notified before the default judgment is granted. See MN Rules of Civ. Pro. 55.
IMPORTANT: If you are served with Motion papers, you should get legal advice right away.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) processes are other ways people can resolve legal problems without going to trial. Parties are generally required to try ADR in civil cases before the case can go to trial. ADR involves an independent third person, called a "neutral," who tries to help resolve or narrow the areas of conflict. "Mediation" is one type of ADR. The parties may agree to use ADR, or the judge may require it.
For more information, see the ADR section of this website and MN Gen. Rule of Prac. 114.
« Back to Basics on Civil Actions
« Back to SHC Home
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.mncourts.gov/district/50/?page=3445
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| 0.949828 | 937 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Encode-then-encipher encryption: How to exploit nonces or redundacy in plaintexts for efficient cryptography
We investigate the following approach to symmetric encryption: first encode the message in some trivial way (eg., prepend a counter and append a checksum), and then encipher the encoded message. Here "encipher" means to apply a cipher (i.e.~pseudorandom permutation) $F_\key$, where~$\key$ is the shared key. We show that if the encoding step incorporates a nonce (counter or randomness), in any way at all, then the resulting encryption scheme will be semantically secure. And we show that if the encoding step incorporates redundancy, in any form at all, then, as long as the receiver verifies the presence of this redundancy in the deciphered string, the resulting encryption scheme achieves message authenticity. The second result helps explain and justify the prevalent misunderstanding that encrypting messages which have redundancy is enough to guarantee message authenticity: the statement is actually true if "encrypting" is understood as "enciphering." Encode-then-encipher encryption can be used to robustly and efficiently exploit structured message spaces. If one is presented with messages known a~priori to contain something that behaves as a nonce, then privacy can be obtained with no increase in message length, and no knowledge of the structure of the message, simply by enciphering the message. Similarly, if one is presented with messages known a~priori to contain adequate redundancy, then message authenticity can be obtained with no increase in message length, and no knowledge of the structure of the message, simply by enciphering the message.
Pre-2018 CSE ID: CS2000-0646
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CC-MAIN-2024-10
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https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80n3m1fj
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en
| 0.858205 | 361 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In the drama, “Death of a Salesman” written by Arthur Miller who quickly placed the reader into the household of the Loman family. The Family contains the father Willy, his wife Linda, and their two boys Biff and Happy as they are trying to get by on minimal income in an increasingly growing city. Miller also introduces the what the streets of brooklyn looked and felt like during the 1950’s. Focusing closer on the neighbourhood surrounding the Loman family we learned that their small house is surrounded by high rise buildings and industrialized civilization. The streets were busy with men heading into work and women preparing the house for when their beloved husbands would be back home. Brooklyn was constantly filled with noise as the transport trucks run through the day and the bars and pubs run through the night. The rising population began to fill all of the new jobs available in the factories making a competitive job market. Throughout the play the reader can begin to learn more and more about the day and night life of Brooklyn, New York in the 50’s.
The visuals created for this activity were created by Danielle, Tina, and Winter from Mr. Ford’s ICT 11 and 12 classes.
1) “We are aware of the towering angular shapes behind it, surrounding it in all sides” (Miller 11).
2) “As more light appears, we see a solid vault of apartment houses around the wall, fragile-seeming home” (Miller 11).
3) “A window opens onto the apartment house at the side” (Miller 11).
4) “The roof-line of the house is one dimensional; under and over it we see the apartment buildings” (Miller 12).
5) “This time of the year it was lilac and wisteria. And the peonies would come out and the daffodils” (Miller 17).
6) “Before the house lies an apron, curving beyond the forestage into the orchestra
7) “But it’s so beautiful up there, Linda, the trees are so thick and the sun is warm” (Miller 14).
8) “The street is lined with cars. There’s not a breath of fresh air in the neighbourhood” (Miller 17)
9) “The grass don’t grow anymore, you can’t raise a carrot in the backyard. They should’ve had a law against apartment houses” (Miller 17)
10) “There’s more people! That’s what’s ruining this country! Population is getting out of control” (Miller 17).
1) Many concrete and glass buildings filling the streets and the skies (high rises).
2) There is a big population increase because of the increase in jobs due to the new factories arising.
3)Holds it’s industrial culture within the city .
4)Many transport trucks filtered in and out because of the many productions in the factories.
5)Brooklyn is one of the 5 boroughs in New York City and it bigger than Manhattan.
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<urn:uuid:26e76189-8c48-4a37-9344-48c497e10848>
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CC-MAIN-2021-17
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http://myriverside.sd43.bc.ca/janem2016/2019/04/09/death-of-a-salesman-setting/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039503725.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421004512-20210421034512-00114.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935438 | 656 | 3.015625 | 3 |
|Probable Case of H1N1 Flu Identified in Knox County
May 4, 2009 -
Sunday, a probable case of H1N1 influenza A, also known as swine flu, has been identified in Knox County. The laboratory sample has been sent to national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Knox County Health Department is awaiting final confirmation.
The CDC has determined that the virus H1N1 is contagious and is spreading from human to human. Symptoms of flu include a fever of more than 100°F, coughing, joint aches, severe headache and, in some cases, vomiting and diarrhea.
"Now that swine flu is likely in Knox County, we expect to see more infections, but it's too early to say how severe the illnesses will be. We are working to provide needed information and assistance to these people and their families. We are also working with health care providers and community partners to prepare in the event that the situation becomes more serious," said Dr. Martha Buchanan, Public Health Officer for Knox County.
"We’ve prepared for this day, and now we must all do our part to reduce its spread," said Knox County Mayor Mike Ragsdale. "We encourage everyone to take steps to protect yourself, your family and the community by staying home when you are sick, washing your hands often and covering your coughs and sneezes.”
"Over the last few years, Knox County has prepared for pandemic flu. We have activated our Resource Operations Center at the first level so our emergency operations personnel can coordinate procedures and communications," said Mark Jones, Knox County Health Department director.
As of today, May 3, there is a probable case of H1N1 flu in Knox County, involving a child first reported ill on April 28, who was not hospitalized and has now recovered. The patient is a student at West Valley Middle School. In coordination with Knox County School Superintendent Dr. Jim McIntyre and following national Centers for Disease Control recommendations, West Valley will be closed for five school days – through Friday, May 8 -- or seven calendar days. The situation will be reassessed on Friday, May 8 to determine if further action is needed to slow the spread of the virus in the community.
Tennessee has one confirmed case of H1N1 influenza in Williamson County. Four probable cases have been identified in Davidson (2), Knox and Shelby counties. Human cases of swine influenza virus infection have been identified nationally and internationally.
When should you seek medical care?
Use the same judgment you would use during a typical flu season. Do not seek medical care if you are not ill or have mild symptoms for which you would not ordinarily seek medical care. If you have more severe symptoms of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches or are feeling more seriously ill, call your health care provider to discuss your symptoms and whether you need to be evaluated.
Public Health will continue to work with health care providers to test flu patients who develop severe illness or are associated with clusters, but does not currently recommend testing for all flu patients.
If you have flu-like symptoms that are mild, medical attention is not typically required. Mild symptoms include runny nose or nasal stuffiness; low-grade fever for less than three days; mild headache; body aches and mild stomach upset.
What can I do now to get prepared?
This is an excellent time to get prepared at home and work for a possible influenza pandemic. See http://knoxcounty.org/health/emer_prepare/pandemic_flu.php
Everyday behaviors to stay healthy
If you are sick, stay home from work or school.
Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. If you don't have access to soap and water, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
To further prevent the spread of germs, avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
Avoid close contact with sick people
What is swine flu?
"Swine flu" is an influenza A (H1N1) virus normally found in pigs. There are many such viruses and they rarely infect humans. The virus currently causing human illness is a new type of swine flu that has developed the ability to infect people and be transmitted from person to person.
Although this new virus is called "swine flu," it is not transmitted from pigs to humans, or from eating pork products. Like other respiratory diseases, it is spread from person to person through coughs and sneezes. When people cough or sneeze, they spread germs through the air or onto surfaces that other people may touch.
For more information and frequent updates: www.knoxcounty.org/health
Knox County Public Health Hotline: 865-215-5555. Phone lines will be open until 9 p.m. to answer questions from the public.
PRESS RELEASE INDEX
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CC-MAIN-2014-52
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http://www.cityofknoxville.org/Press_Releases/Content/2009/0504.asp
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| 0.95779 | 1,050 | 2.5625 | 3 |
One of the best Songkran Parades in Thailand is held in Phra Pradaeng District in Samut Prakan Province. It is traditional for the Mon people in this region to release birds and fish during Songkran in order to make merit for themselves. Many of the townspeople dress up in their best clothes and then parade through the town to Wat Proteket Chettharam.
Many people in the parade either carry bowls of fish or bird cages. They take them to the temple where they then release them back into the wild. In this picture you can see the Samut Prakan Governor together with other government officials and the winners of the Miss Songkran Beauty Contest.
These days people don’t just release wild animals during Songkran. They will often do it when they go to visit a temple or on their birthday. They believe that by releasing the birds and fish that they are saving a life. However, what they often forget is that these creatures were captured just for them to make merit. So, this sin cancels out any merit they try to make!
Abbots of some temples have started to ban people from selling birds and fish for this purpose. However, the tradition for this dates back to the days of the Buddha. There was once a novice monk, who on hearing from his abbot that he was going to die within seven days, decided to travel back to his home to say goodbye to his parents. Along the way he saw some fish which had been stranded in a puddle. So, using his robe he carefully carried them to a nearby river and set them free.
Next he came across some birds that were caught in a trap. As it would have been a sin to “steal” these birds he decided to sit and pray for their welfare. Shortly later a gust of wind dislodged the trap and set them free. He then continued on his way to his parents. Several weeks passed and he did not die. So, he went back to his abbot and asked him why. They decided that he was saved by his meritorious acts of freeing the birds and fish.
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| 0.991429 | 442 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Miscarriage refers to the premature end of a pregnancy before the developing baby is able to survive outside the uterus. Miscarriage can occur during the first or second trimester, before 20 weeks. Most occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. They often are unexpected and isolated events. About 15%-20% of recognized pregnancies end this way.
|Fetus in First Trimester|
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.|
Miscarriages often occur for the following reasons:
- Chromosomal abnormalities (common cause)
- Abnormalities in the uterine tract, such as fibroids
- Hormonal problems, such as not having enough hormone (progesterone) needed to support pregnancy
- Factors related to the immune system, such as blood-clotting problems or rejection of the fetus
In some cases, the cause of miscarriage is unknown.
Miscarriages are more common in women 35 years and older. Other factors that may increase your chance of having a miscarriage include:
- Smoking , drinking alcohol , or using drugs during pregnancy
- Certain medications
- Exposure to certain environmental toxins
- Autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus
- High-dose radiation therapy on the ovaries, uterus, or the pituitary gland during treatment of childhood cancers
Miscarriage may cause:
- Vaginal bleeding
- Pink or brown discharge
- Passing the fetus, placenta, and surrounding membranes through the vagina
While miscarriage usually is a one-time occurrence, up to 1 in 20 couples experience 2 miscarriages in a row, and 1 in 100 have 3 or more. In some cases, these couples have an underlying problem. Couples who have experienced 2 or more miscarriages should have a complete medical evaluation to learn the cause and how they can prevent another one from occurring.
Cause of repeat miscarriages may include:
- Chromosome problem in one member of the couple
- Uterine abnormalities
- Hormone problems
- Immune system problems
- Unknown causes
You will be asked about your symptoms, the length of your pregnancy, and when you first noticed a change in your condition. Physical and pelvic exams.
Prior to miscarriage, tests may include:
- Ultrasound —to assess the health of the fetus
- Blood tests—to check the exact amount of the hormone (called human chorionic gonadotropin or hCG) important to sustain an early pregnancy
After miscarriage, tests may include:
- Examination of the tissue that has passed through the vagina
- Blood tests—to check for a chromosomal error in the man or the woman or to check hormone and antibody levels
Imaging tests may be used to evaluate the uterus and surrounding structures. These may include:
- Hysteroscopy —to examine the inside of the uterus
Immediate care usually involves observation only, especially in early or first trimester miscarriages. Medication may be indicated in the event of heavy bleeding or cramping.
A dilation and evacuation (D&E) may be needed if uterine contents are not spontaneously passed through the vagina. During a D&E, the doctor dilates the cervix, inserts a tool into the uterus, and suctions out remaining material.
A counselor or support group may be needed to help deal with the emotions surrounding a miscarriage.
Before you start to plan your next pregnancy consider the following regarding your health:
- Is your diet ready to support another pregnancy?
- Are there habits you should change prior to another pregnancy?
- What medications are you taking and will they affect a pregnancy?
- How is your health?
- Are there issues you should resolve before trying another pregnancy?
If a specific cause of the miscarriage was found, certain treatments may help prevent future miscarriages. Treatments may include:
Medications such as:
- Antibiotics to treat related infections
- Hormone (progesterone) supplements
- Aspirin and other medications to treat blood-clotting problems
Surgery for uterine problems such as:
- Uterine fibroids
- Septate uterus (tissue in the center of the uterus)
- Incompetent (weakened) cervix
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
Edits to original content made by Denver Health.
Copyright © EBSCO Information Services
All rights reserved.
a (Spontaneous Abortion)
The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.acog.org
March of Dimes http://www.marchofdimes.org
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada https://sogc.org
Women's Health Matters http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca
First trimester pregnancy loss. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T113658/First-trimester-pregnancy-loss . Updated March 17, 2017. Accessed September 8, 2017.
Miscarriage. American Pregnancy Association website. Available at: http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/miscarriage. Updated MAy 2, 2017. Accessed September 8, 2017.
Miscarriage. March of Dimes website. Available at: http://www.marchofdimes.com/loss/miscarriage.aspx. Updated July 2012. Accessed September 8, 2017.
Second trimester pregnancy loss. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T904101/Second-trimester-pregnancy-loss . Updated May 10, 2017. Accessed September 8, 2017.
Recurrent pregnancy loss. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T116364/Recurrent-pregnancy-loss . Updated March 17, 2017. Accessed September 8, 2017.
12/2/2008 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T904411/Risk-factors-for-first-and-second-trimester-pregnancy-loss : Winther JF, Boice JD Jr, Svendsen AL, Frederiksen K, Stovall M, Olsen JH. Spontaneous abortion in a Danish population-based cohort of childhood cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4340-4346.
4/16/2009 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T113658/First-trimester-pregnancy-loss : Bhattacharya S, Townend J, Shetty A, Campbell D, Bhattacharya S. Does miscarriage in an initial pregnancy lead to adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes in the next continuing pregnancy? BJOG. 2008;115:1623-1629.
6/25/2010 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T904411/Risk-factors-for-first-and-second-trimester-pregnancy-loss : Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Bérard A. Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ. 2010;182(10):1031-1037
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<urn:uuid:61e857c0-c7a6-4753-a33b-72f2420eaf4c>
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CC-MAIN-2018-22
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https://www.denverhealth.org/conditions/m/miscarriage
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en
| 0.871021 | 1,668 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Plated finishes are necessary additions to printed-circuit boards (PCBs). Not only do PCB finishes provide smooth, solderable surfaces for attaching components, they also provide protection for a PCB’s copper conductors. Without such protection, a PCB’s conductive copper would quickly oxidize and deteriorate when exposed to the environment, resulting in degraded circuit performance. The added protection provided by a PCB’s plated finish means added loss, however. The choice of plated finish can make a real difference in a PCB’s conductive loss, especially for broadband, high-frequency circuits. To better understand the loss performance of different plated finishes, various transmission lines were fabricated on different circuit laminates and different plated finishes applied.
PCBs, with or without a plated finish, suffer losses that typically increase with increasing frequency. The losses that circuit designers measure on a microwave transmission line, such as microstrip, stripline, or grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW), stem from a combination of signal losses from the PCB, including conductor loss, dielectric loss, radiation loss, and leakage loss adding up to form insertion loss. Circuit design also contributes to the loss performance: Achieving good impedance matching along transmission lines, at circuit junctions, and at component mounting points helps to minimize signal reflections and losses from those reflections, often measured in a circuit’s transmission lines as return loss.
Copper is an excellent conductor, with low insertion loss for transmission lines and cables formed from copper. But the copper on the dielectric materials of PCBs does not always offer the smoothest, most level surface for mounting miniature circuit components, such as those in
ball-grid-array (BGA) housings or tiny surface-mount-technology (SMT) packages. A plated finish can provide that smooth mounting surface for miniature components, and it can deliver long-term protection against copper deterioration. Some finishes also protect the plated through holes (PTHs) that serve as the electrical connections between different circuit layers in multilayer PCBs. Unfortunately, most PCB finishes come with a price, since most increase insertion loss to some degree, depending upon frequency and other factors, including the thickness of the substrate, the choice of transmission-line technology, and the layout of the circuit and how it is affected by the finish.
Most plated PCB finishes are less conductive than the copper conductors formed on the PCB’s dielectric material, and will suffer more loss than copper, especially at higher frequencies. The exception is silver, an excellent conductor, which is also expensive and usually applied in a very thin layer as a finish. PCB conductor losses are frequency dependent mostly due to the manner in which RF current uses a conductor. At lower frequencies, the RF current will use more of the conductor. At higher frequencies, the RF current tends to flow along the surface of the conductor, using only the outside skin of the conductor. Conductor loss rises as the RF current uses less of the conductor, and because of these skin effects at higher frequencies, plated finishes can have greater impact on PCB insertion loss at higher frequencies.
The impact of a plated finish on PCB insertion loss can also depend on the transmission-line technology. For example, for microstrip, with high current density along the edges of the conductor, the plated finish can have significant impact on conductor loss. For GCPW with current density distributed along the four edges of the ground-signal-ground conductor, the plated finish will have more impact on conductor loss.
Finding a Finish
A number of different plated finishes are available for high-frequency circuit boards, including electroless-nickel-immersion-gold (ENIG) finish, organic surface protectant (OSP), electroless nickel, electroless palladium, immersion gold (ENIPIG) finish, and soldermask finish. For example, for an ENIG finish, nickel is plated onto a PCB’s conductive copper, serving as a barrier between the copper and a thin layer of gold that is applied thereafter. The thin layer of gold, an excellent conductor, typically disappears and is absorbed into soldered connections as components are soldered onto the PCB’s transmission lines and conductive traces. As might be apparent from the materials used in this finish, it is expensive, but it is RoHS compliant and provides excellent protection for PTHs in multilayer circuit assemblies.
PCB finishes using OSP are popular as environmentally sound, “green” PCB treatments that are lead free and provide extremely flat mounting surfaces for components. This low-cost finish is applied by means of a chemical bath process and it is a very low-cost finish, but it is not well suited for PTH protection and there is no way to measure the thickness of the finish when trying to evaluate the reliability of the finishing process. Additionally, OSP is typically considered a temporary finish and not a permanent, final finish, although in an optimum environment it may have extended life. Soldermask is a polymer material that provides a protective coating for copper traces and prevents solder from making unwanted connections and short circuits.
How do the different plated finishes compare in terms of PCB conductor loss and insertion loss? By fabricating some circuits with different types of transmission lines on some standard PCB laminates and using different plated finishes, it was possible to compare the impacts of different finishes on insertion loss by means of measurements and computer simulations. For example, with microstrip and GCPW transmission lines on RO4003C™laminates from Rogers Corp. (www.rogerscorp.com), measurements revealed significantly less loss for microstrip with bare copper than for microstrip with an ENIG finish. However, measurements also revealed that more difference in loss existed for GCPW with bare copper than for GCPW with an ENIG finish.
When circuits were fabricated on different thicknesses (6.6, 10.0, and 30.0 mil thick) of RO4350B™laminates from Rogers Corp., the total insertion loss tended to be less for the thicker materials. Thinner circuits are dominated more by conductor losses than other losses and, for each plated finish evaluated, it added to the PCB’s conductor losses.
For yet another circuit material evaluated during these plated finish tests and simulations, 5-mil-thick RT/duroid®6002 circuit laminates using rolled copper from Rogers Corp., significantly higher conductor losses were found for microstrip circuits with ENIG plated copper conductors than for microstrip circuits with bare copper conductors, when tested at frequencies through 40 GHz. However, when the copper conductors for the same material were plated with immersion silver, little difference in conductor loss was found between microstrip circuits with bare copper and those with immersion silver plating, even for frequencies through 100 GHz (using a differential measurement method). For the same circuit material, little difference was found for microstrip circuits with bare copper conductors and with OSP copper conductors, even through 100 GHz. When soldermask was evaluated for this circuit material, microstrip circuits with bare copper conductors exhibited considerably less loss than copper conductors with soldermask.
In short, the lowest conductor losses, with microstrip and GCPW, are achieved using bare copper conductors. But it is not realistic to fabricate reliable PCBs with bare copper conductors, and plated PCB finishes provide much-needed long-term protection. As was discovered from measurements and simulations, all PCB plated finishes are not the same, with some suffering less loss than others. For measurements on high-frequency PCB materials through 110 GHz, circuits with bare copper conductors have the least conductor loss, followed by circuits with immersion tin, ENIPIG finish, and then ENIG finish.
Author’s Note: This ROG blog is based on a presentation at PCB West 2015 Conference & Exhibition (www.pcbwest.com), “Wideband Insertion Loss Testing of Multiple PCB Final Plated Finishes.” In that presentation, considerable broadband, high-frequency test data and computer simulations were compared for different finishes on several commercial circuit laminates from Rogers Corp.
Do you have a design or fabrication question? Rogers Corporation’s experts are available to help. Log in to the Rogers Technology Support Hub and “Ask an Engineer” today.
|
<urn:uuid:882cbb4c-707b-4b19-84cf-5a88ea4c60a2>
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
http://www.microwavejournal.com/blogs/1-rog-blog/post/25177-finish-makes-a-difference-in-broadband-pcb-loss
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en
| 0.944649 | 1,736 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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