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Additional materials: a 5th grade resource for teachers using eureka math and engageny. grades 4 5 cmt resource 5th grade math task cards rounding atlas shrugged essay decimals ccss nbt a go math fifth chapter 11 packet includes all the extra resources you expressions student do my assignment online activity book etextbook epub 1 year 2 now common core volume answer key mla standards for essays …. this is a math homework for 5th grade list of example of a satire essay mathematics homework assignments labeled by date. she. the following topics are covered math homework for 5th grade among others: homework. complete teach creative writing addition and subtraction sentences. each of these printable medea essay topics and free common-core management assignment worksheets are meticulously designed for 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th graders. grade 5 module 1.
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A-level (as and a2) business studies revision section covering business objectives, mission statement, corporate aims & objectives, smart, short term versus long term objectives, profit. Mason c m, carter s and tagg s invisible businesses: the characteristics of home-based businesses in the united kingdom, regional studies home-based businesses comprise a significant. Business studies māori business characteristics operating to a quadruple bottom line, a business is joint activities and initiatives with local or. Top 10 important nature/characteristics of business the following are the ten important characteristics of a business: 1 impact of the local economy on. Us census bureau, center for economic studies, longitudinal business database, research data centers, restricted-use microdata. Gcse business studies is designed for students finishing secondary school to learn skills for running a business, such as managing money, advertising and employing staff. Considerations business owners may need to develop business-level strategies with characteristics specific to their local business environment. This lesson provides a definition of a business and reviews the key characteristics needed to have a business the conclusion of this lesson.
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Discover 7 simple things that all successful entrepreneurs do in the new age of digital and social media the rules for business have also radically changed. Most business studies textbooks can't resist business location (introduction a site may need to have some particular characteristics to maximise. Business study notes is all about business education and business studies online business study notes is all about business education and characteristics of. What are some of the characteristics of a local business environment what are some characteristics of business environments. Technology is the essence of change in business and society in this lesson, you'll learn about technology, its characteristics, its historical. Subscribe to respectful business enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email we will never share your details with any third party.
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History of programming
The earliest programmable machine (that is a machine whose behavior can be controlled by changes to a "program") was Al-Jazari's programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was originally a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bump into little levers that operate the percussion. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.
The Jacquard Loom, developed in 1801, is often quoted as a source of prior art. The machine used a series of pasteboard cards with holes punched in them. The hole pattern represented the pattern that the loom had to follow in weaving cloth. The loom could produce entirely different weaves using different sets of cards. The use of punched cards was also adopted by Charles Babbage around 1830, to control his Analytical Engine.
This innovation was later refined by Herman Hollerith who, in 1896 founded the Tabulating Machine Company (which became IBM). He invented the Hollerith punched card, the card reader, and the key punch machine. These inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. The addition of a plug-board to his 1906 Type I Tabulator allowed it to do different jobs without having to be rebuilt (the first step toward programming). By the late 1940s there were a variety of plug-board programmable machines, called unit record equipment, to perform data processing tasks (card reading). The early computers were also programmed using plug-boards.
The invention of the Von Neumann architecture allowed programs to be stored in computer memory. Early programs had to be painstakingly crafted using the instructions of the particular machine, often in binary notation. Every model of computer would be likely to need different instructions to do the same task. Later assembly languages were developed that let the programmer specify each instruction in a text format, entering abbreviations for each operation code instead of a number and specifying addresses in symbolic form (e.g. ADD X, TOTAL). In 1954 Fortran, the first higher level programming language, was invented. This allowed programmers to specify calculations by entering a formula directly (e.g. Y = X*2 + 5*X + 9). The program text, or source, was converted into machine instructions using a special program called a compiler. Many other languages were developed, including ones for commercial programming, such as COBOL. Programs were mostly still entered using punch cards or paper tape. (See computer programming in the punch card era). By the late-60s, data storage devices and computer terminals became inexpensive enough so programs could be created by typing directly into the computers. Text editors were developed that allowed changes and corrections to be made much more easily than with punch cards.
As time has progressed computers have made giant leaps in the area of processing power. This has brought about newer programming languages that are more abstracted from the underlying hardware. Although these more abstracted languages require additional overhead, in most cases the huge increase in speed of modern computers has brought about little performance decrease compared to earlier counterparts. The benefits of these more abstracted languages is that they allow both an easier learning curve for people less familiar with the older lower-level programming languages, and they also allow a more experienced programmer to develop simple applications quickly. Despite these benefits, large complicated programs, and programs that are more dependent on speed still require the faster and relatively lower-level languages with todays hardware. (The same concerns were raised about the original Fortran language.)
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, programming was an attractive career in most developed countries. Some forms of programming have been increasingly subject to offshore outsourcing (importing software and services from other countries, usually at a lower wage), making programming career decisions in developed countries more complicated, while increasing economic opportunities in less developed areas. It is unclear how far this trend will continue and how deeply it will impact programmer wages and opportunities. Despite the "outsourcing trend" it can be argued that some of the richest persons on the globe are programmers by profession. Examples: Bill Gates (Microsoft), Larry Ellison (Oracle), Larry Page (Google), Hasso Plattner (SAP) and so on. Programming is clearly a leading-edge craftsmanship that continues to reward its practitioners both in countries such as India and developed countries like the USA or Germany.
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Underwater Observatory Hydrophones
In the waters just outside the Underwater Observatory an underwater microphone called a hydrophone is located to capture the sounds of the ocean.
The hydrophone was donated to the Busselton Jetty by the Submarine Sensor Sciences Group at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation. The captured sound is directed both into the Underwater Observatory and also onto the website where users can listen to live sound using their internet connection. A loud popping and crackling is the most obvious sound captured. This sound is made by a tiny shrimp called a Snapping Shrimp. The species under the jetty is less than 3cm long, but has a claw which can be half the size of the shrimp’s body – and it is this claw that, as it closes, projects a jet of water which forms a high pressure bubble that upon imploding creates a loud snapping sound. And if you’ve ever snorkelled beneath the jetty you would already be familiar with this sound. Gurgles of wave action against the piles and small boats around the jetty at some distance away can also be heard over the hydrophones.
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LITERACY EVENTS OCTOBER 2022
National Newspaper Week Every year, during the first full week of October, newspapers across North America celebrate National Newspaper Week to recognize the people who work tirelessly to bring the news to their communities. Newspaper journalism – both local and national – is critically important, especially in the reality in which we live. Now, more than ever, newspapers matter.
Media Literacy Week is an annual event promoting digital media literacy across Canada, taking place each October. Schools, libraries, museums and community groups organize events and activities throughout the week.
October 3-November 14
The premise is simple; we pick a book to read aloud to our students during a set 6-week period and during that time we try to make as many global connections as possible. Each teacher decides how much time they would like to dedicate and how involved they would like to be.
OCTOBER 26 – 7:30-8:30 PM ADT
Kelly Fritsch & Anne McGuire authors of We Move Together. We Move Together follows a mixed-ability group of kids as they creatively negotiate everyday barriers and find joy and connection in disability culture and community. A kinship text for families, schools, and libraries to facilitate conversations about disability, accessibility, social justice, and community building. This event is free to the public. Register for tickets
For more events, please check out our Literacy Events Calendar.
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5th Chancellor of Germany
May 16, 1974 – October 1, 1982
|Preceded by||Willy Brandt|
|Succeeded by||Helmut Kohl|
|Born||December 23, 1918
|Political party||Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)|
|Spouse||Hannelore "Loki" Glaser|
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (born December 23, 1918) is a German Social Democratic politician who served as Bundeskanzler (Chancellor) of West Germany from 1974 to 1982. Previous to becoming chancellor, he had served in the Hamburg Senate (1961-1965), as Minister of Defense (1969-72), Minister of Finance (1972-1974), and briefly as Minister of Economics and Technology (July to December 1972). He was a member of the European Parliament from 1958 to 1961. On 1 October, 1982, parliament approved a Vote of No-Confidence and elected the CDU chairman Helmut Kohl as the new Chancellor. This was the first time in the history of the Federal Republic that a Chancellor was ousted from office in this way. He has co-published the German weekly, Die Zeit, since leaving office. He is co-founder of the Inter Action Council of former heads of state and government as well as of the G8. A father of the "Euro" (single European Union currency), he was a committed supporter of European unity throughout his career. He advocates that in an increasingly inter-dependent world, strategies based on national units are anachronistic. Greater unity between nations, with common fiscal and social policies, in this view, lays a solid foundation on which peace can be built.
Through such international bodies as the Inter Action Council, he has pursued an agenda designed to create the conditions for peaceful resolution of conflict, and to end war. Speaking before the United Nations General Assembly on May 26, 1978 he said that his own nation was "doing everything in [its] power to make it come true that the nations of the world will find their way to lasting peace." Schmidt experienced the horror of war as a young man, and set himself the personal and political task of working for peace. In 1983, though, he did support the deployment of missiles in Germany in response to the Soviet Union's missile superiority. However, he pursued - and convinced NATO into pursuing - a "two-track policy" which used détente first, then the threat of deployment. Schmidt, who has spoken openly about his personal faith, has been a strong voice for tolerance and dialogue between people of different religions. He also supports universal acceptance of a Global Ethic, and of basic human principles. Schmidt has helped to shape the European space as a community in which social justice, peace and prosperity is achieved for all, and sees this as a model for others to emulate. He has said that peace is a real possibility. However, it demands compromise in given conflicts and must always be recreated.
Helmut Schmidt was born in Hamburg, son of two teachers, Gustav Schmidt and Ludovika Koch. He was educated at Hamburg Lichtwark school, graduating in 1937. He was conscripted into military service and began World War II serving with an anti-aircraft battery at Vegesack near Bremen. After brief service on the Eastern front he returned to Germany in 1942 to work as a trainer and adviser at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium. Also in 1942, on June 27, he married his childhood sweetheart Hannelore "Loki" Glaser, with whom he fathered two children: Helmut Walter (June 26, 1944–February 1945, died of meningitis), and Susanne (b. 1947), who works in London for Bloomberg Television. Toward the end of the war, from December 1944 onwards, he served as Oberleutnant in the artillery on the Western front taking part in the siege of Leningrad. He was a member of the Hitler Youth but was never a Nazi sympathizer. He joined because of social pressure to conform. He was captured by the British in April 1945 on Lüneburg Heath and was a prisoner of war until August. He developed a hatred of war as a result of his war-time experience. He later said that he never looked on the British and Americans as enemies:
Not even as a soldier, despite the fact that I am a native of Hamburg, where in 1943 some 30,000 to 40,000 people were killed by the British in a single week. But the people of Hamburg have been Anglophiles since the Napoleonic Wars and they held it less against the British then against Hermann Göring, who had failed to protect them.
Schmidt's father was the illegitimate son of a Jewish businessman, although this was kept secret in the family. This was confirmed publicly by Helmut Schmidt in 1984, after Valéry Giscard d'Estaing had, apparently with Schmidt's assent, revealed the fact to journalists. Schmidt himself is a non-practicing Lutheran although he regards himself as a Christian.
Schmidt completed his education in Hamburg, studying economics and political science. He graduated in 1949.
Schmidt had joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1946, and from 1947 to 1948 was leader of the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund, the then-student organization of the SPD. In a 2008 interview, he said that he had never heard the "word democracy" until after the World War.
Upon leaving the university, he worked for the government of the city-state of Hamburg, working in the department of economic policy. Beginning in 1952, under Karl Schiller, he was a senior figure in the Behörde für Wirtschaft und Verkehr (the Hamburg State Ministry for Economy and Transport).
He was elected to the Bundestag in 1953, and in 1957 he became member of the SPD parliamentary party executive. A vocal critic of conservative government policy, his outspoken rhetoric in parliament earned him the nick-name "Schmidt-Schnauze". In 1958, he joined the national board of the SPD (Bundesvorstand) and campaigned against nuclear weapons and the equipping of the Bundeswehr (German military) with such devices. In 1958, he gave up his seat in parliament to concentrate on his tasks in Hamburg.
From February 27, 1958, to 29 November, 1961, he was a Member of the European Parliament, which was not directly elected at the time.
The government of the city-state of Hamburg is known as the Senate, and from 1961 Schmidt was the Innensenator, that is Minister of the Interior. He gained the reputation as a Macher (doer) – someone who gets things done regardless of obstacles – by his effective management during the emergency caused by the 1962 North Sea flood. Schmidt used all means at his disposal to alleviate the situation, even when that meant overstepping his legal authority, including federal police and army units (ignoring the German constitution's prohibition on using the army for "internal affairs"; a clause excluding disasters was not added until 1968). Describing his actions, Schmidt said, "I have not been put in charge of these units; I have taken charge of them!"
This characteristic was coupled with a pragmatic attitude and opposition to political idealism, including those of student protests, best symbolized by his well known remark that "People who have a vision should go see a doctor."
Return to Federal politics
In 1965, he was re-elected to the Bundestag. In 1967, after the formation of the Grand Coalition between SPD and CDU, he became chairman of the Social Democrat parliamentary party, a post he held until the elections of 1969.
In 1967, he was elected deputy party chairman.
In October 1969, he entered the government of Willy Brandt as defense minister. In July 1972, he succeeded Karl Schiller as Minister for Economics and Finances, but in November 1972, he relinquished the Economics department, which was again made a separate ministry. Schmidt remained Minister of Finances until May 1974.
He became Chancellor of West Germany on 16 May 1974, after Brandt's resignation in the wake of an espionage scandal. The worldwide economic recession was the main concern of his administration, and Schmidt took a tough and disciplined line. During his term, West Germany had to cope with the 1973 oil crisis; according to some judgments, West Germany managed better than most of industrial states. Schmidt was also active in improving relations with France. Together with the French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, he was one of the fathers of the world economic summits, the first of which assembled in 1975. Between 1975 and 1982, he was the only "statesman who attended all eight summits."D'Estaing paid the first ever visit to West Germany by a French President in October, 1979.
In 1975, he was a signatory of the Helsinki Final Act to create the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the precursor of today's OSCE.
He remained chancellor after the 1976 elections in coalition with the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP).
Regarding the terrorist Red Army Faction, he held to a tough, no compromise line. Specifically, he authorized the GSG 9 anti-terrorist unit to end the hijacking of the Lufthansa aircraft Landshut by force in the Autumn of 1977.
During his tenure as chancellor Schmidt drew criticism from Israel for commenting that Palestine should receive an apology because the Holocaust of European Jewry seemingly prompted the establishment of the State of Israel.
He was the first Chancellor to visit Auschwitz in November, 1977. However, his long feud with Menachem Begin made a state visit to Israel impossible during his Chancellorship, and obscured his "diplomacy concerning the legacy of the Holocaust." Yitzhak Rabin however visited Schmidt in July 1975. Then, West Germany had made reparation "In compensation for the horrors of the Holocaust … of more than $20 billion, including $800 million to Israel itself." On November 9, 1978 he called for "Honesty and Toleration" in a speech at the Cologne Synagogue. The feud with Begin began when Schmidt proposed selling German Leopold tanks to Saudi Arabia and Begin rebuked him with reference to the guilt he shared for the Holocaust. The sales deal, in the end, did not proceed.
Concerned about the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the Soviet superiority regarding missiles in Central Europe, Schmidt issued proposals resulting in the NATO Double-Track Decision concerning the deployment of United States medium-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe should the Soviets not disarm. This used détente with the threat of deployment in reserve. Critics saw this as warmongering, and which led to division within his own party and to anti-missile demonstrations. Schmidt maintained that a show of strength was necessary as a deterrent. He was re-elected as chancellor in November 1980. The missiles were deployed in 1983. Schmidt believed "in creating a strategic equilibrium because" in his view "a balance of power reduces the likelihood that someone will press the wrong button". War between the two Germany's was thought by many to be a real possibility. However, speaking in the Spiegel interview of Leonid Brezhnev, Schmidt said that "Probably nothing would have happened under Brezhnev … he was actually afraid of war."
At the beginning of his period as Bundeskanzler, Schmidt was a proponent of Keynesian economics; by the end of his term, however, he had turned away from deficit spending. Large sections of the SPD increasingly opposed his security policy while most of the FDP politicians strongly supported that policy. While representatives of the left wing of the social democratic party opposed reduction of the state expenditures, the FDP began proposing a monetarist economic policy. In February 1982, Schmidt won a Motion of Confidence, on September 17, 1982, the coalition broke apart, with the four FDP ministers leaving his cabinet. Schmidt continued to head a minority government composed only of SPD members, while the FDP negotiated a coalition with the CDU/CSU. During this time Schmidt also headed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On October 1, 1982, parliament approved of a Vote of No-Confidence and elected the CDU chairman Helmut Kohl as the new Chancellor. This was the first (and hitherto only) time in the history of the Federal Republic that a Chancellor was ousted from office in this way.
In 1982, along with his friend U.S. President Gerald Ford, he co-founded the annual AEI World Forum.
In 1983, he joined the nationwide weekly Die Zeit newspaper as co-publisher. In 1985, he became Managing Director. With Takeo Fukuda he founded the Inter Action Council of former heads of state and government in 1983. He retired from the Bundestag in 1986. In December 1986, he was one of the founders of the committee supporting the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (a single currency) and the creation of the European Central Bank.
Contrary to the actual line of his party, Helmut Schmidt is a determined opponent of Turkey's entry into the EU. He also opposes phasing out nuclear energy, something that the Red-Green coalition of Gerhard Schröder supported.
In recent years, Schmidt has been afflicted with increasing deafness. He wrote Außer Dienst (Off Duty) in 2008, in which he discusses his life, mistakes and also his faith.
On Religious faith
On May 8, 2007 he presented the 7th Global Ethics Lecture for the Global Ethic Foundation, in which he referred to "common law" found in all the world's religions. His friend, Anwar Sadat had been murdered because he had "obeyed the law of peace." During World War II, he had been disappointed by the failure of the churches in Germany to take a moral stance against Hitler; his own church "was still struggling over Paul's Epistle to the Romans: 'Be subject unto the higher powers.'" While he remained unhappy with the more exclusive aspects of Christianity, he considered himself to be a Christian but thought that "missionary motives are mixed with excessive motives of power." Convinced that "anyone who wants peace among the religions should preach religious tolerance and respect, he continued, "Respect towards others requires a minimum amount of knowledge about them" and he had I "long been convinced that – in addition to the three Abrahamic religions – Hinduism, Buddhism and Shintoism rightly demand equal respect and equal tolerance." He had welcomed the 1993 Chicago Parliament of the World's Religions "Declaration Towards a Global Ethic" as "not only desirable," but "urgently necessary." "It has long been clear to me that our different religions and ideologies must not be allowed to stop us from working for the good of all," he stated, "after all, our moral values actually resemble one another closely." "It is possible for there to be peace among us," he affirmed, "but we always need to recreate this peace and “establish” it, as Kant said.
Universal Declaration of Human Responsibility: Chair of High-Level Meeting
As Chair of the Inter Action Council, Schmidt sent the Secretary-General of the United Nations a draft "Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities" in 1997. This text had been written with help from followers of all the great religions and set out what he calls the fundamental principles of humanity. Hans Küng, one of the founders of the Global Ethics Forum, had been involved in drafting the declaration.
Schmidt had also chaired the High-level Expert Group Meeting, Vienna, Austria (20-22 April 1997) that had drafted the Declaration, marking the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Sponsors included Jimmy Carter and Mikhail Gorbachev.
2007 Criticism of the United States
In November 2007, Schmidt said during an interview with his own German weekly Die Zeit that the United States was a greater threat to world peace than Russia. He argued that Russia had not invaded its neighbors since the conclusion of the Cold War and that he was surprised that Russia allowed Ukraine and other former components of the Soviet Union to secede peacefully. He noted that the United States' invasion of Iraq under George W. Bush was a war of choice, not of necessity. However, Schmidt has been a strong supporter of the cross-Atlantic alliance, writing in 1981 that, "The most important factor contributing to stability is and remains the partnership between Europeans and Americans."
- In October 1981, he was fitted with a cardiac pacemaker.
- He is a great admirer of the philosopher Karl Popper, and contributed a Foreword to the 1982 Festschrift in Popper's honor.
- The University of Germany's Federal Armed Forces in Hamburg was renamed Helmut Schmidt University - University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg in 2003 in honor of the politician who as minister of defense had introduced obligatory academic education for German career officers.
- Schmidt is also a talented pianist, and has recorded piano concertos of both Mozart and Bach with the well-known German pianist and conductor, Christoph Eschenbach.
- Schmidt and his wife are both smokers. He is well known for lighting up cigarettes on TV interviews or talk shows. In January 2008, German police launched an inquiry after Schmidt was reported by an anti-smoking initiative for defying the recently introduced smoking ban. The initiative claimed that Helmut Schmidt had been flagrantly ignoring laws "for decades." Despite pictures in the press, the case was subsequently dropped after the public prosecution service decided that Schmidt's actions had not been a threat to public health.
He has received honorary doctorates from several institutions, including the University of Oxford, Harvard University, Leuven University, University of Cambridge, Johns Hopkins University, the Sorbonne, Keio, Hamburg and Potsdam.
Other honors include the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award (1988) for commitment to the principles essential to democracy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear.
Having served in the European Parliament early in his career, Schmidt was a strong supporter of European unity, of monetary convergence between members of the European Union and an early supporter of the single European currency. In lectures given at Yale University in 1985, he spoke of the anachronism of national strategies in an interdependent world. After Germany's defeat in World War I, the Allied powers placed punitive reparations on Germany and took other measures intended to prevent a massive rearming of Germany's military. As a result, Germany under Adolf Hitler reneged on reparations, re-armed and set out on a world-conquering campaign. Post World War II, a different strategy was pursued, one in which Germany has been able to prosper. Germany continues to be one of the leading economic powers. Schmidt was a co-founder of the G-8. Yet, as an economically powerful nation, Germany has remained committed to the peace and security of Europe and has continued to develop bonds of friendship with former foes. Schmidt enjoyed a positive relationship throughout his Chancellorship with France, which, before the founding of the European Union, was Germany's historical rival.
The German night… remains a cause of bitterness and shame. In those places where the houses of God stood in flames, where a signal from those in power set off a train of destruction and robbery, of humiliation, abduction and incarceration—there was an end to peace, to justice, to humanity. The night of 9 November 1938 marked one of the stages along the path leading down to hell…
Schmidt has spoken openly about his belief in a higher moral conscience and in a higher power, and of peace as a "desirable political ideal," replacing war which for too long "was almost taken for granted as an element of politics." Peace is possible, he has said, "but we always need to recreate this peace" and it can rarely be achieved without compromise. His German biographer, Schwelien subtitled his book, ein Leben für den Frieden ("A Life for Peace"} which he saw as a fitting description of Schmidt's career.
|Senator of the Interior of Hamburg
|Chairman - Social Democratic Party of Germany
|Minister of Defence
|Minister of Finance
|Minister of Economics
7 July–15 December 1972
|Chancellor of Germany
|Foreign Minister of Germany
17 September–1 October 1982
|Chair of the G8
- ↑ Helmut Schmidt and Wolfram F. Hanrieder. 1982. Helmut Schmidt, perspectives on politics. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), 51.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schmidt, 2008.
- ↑ The German word Schnauze designates the mouth and nose area of an animal like a dog or a wolf; so the epithet indicates a ready wit and a sharp tongue, suitable for (metaphorically) tearing his opponents' arguments to pieces.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Helmut Schmidt. German-British Forum. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ↑ Zalman Shoval, "Opinion" June 1, 2008. Don't count on Europe: Israel must continue to rely on America, realize Europe cannot replace it. Ynet News. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ↑ Alan E. Steinweis, and Daniel E. Rogers. 2003. The impact of Nazism: new perspectives on the Third Reich and its legacy. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803242999), 239.
- ↑ Heir to the Holocaust. TIME. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ↑ Schmidt. 1982. "A Plea for Honesty and Tolerance: Speech at the Cologne Synagogue November 9, 1978." 195-204 in Schmidt and Hanrieder. 1982.
- ↑ David S. Wyman, and Charles H. Rosenzveig. 1996. The world reacts to the Holocaust. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801849695), 432.
- ↑ Cold War Interview With Ex-Chancellor Schmidt.June 26,, 2008, Spiegel International online. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Helmut Schmidt, 2007. On a Politician's Ethics. Global Ethics Forum. May 08. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
- ↑ Universal Declaration of Human Responsibility. Proposed by the InterAction Council, Tokyo, September 1, 1997. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ↑ Gabor Steingart, Nov. 20, 2007. How Dangerous is America? Der Spiegel. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ↑ Helmut Schmidt, 1981. A Policy of Reliable Partnership. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ↑ Helmut Schmidt, 1982. "The Way of Freedom," in Paul Levinson, (ed.) 1982. In Pursuit of Truth: Essays on the Philosophy of Karl Popper, On the Occasion of his 80th Birthday. (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. ISBN 9780710804242), xi-xii.
- ↑ Altkanzler Schmidt raucht trotz Verbots - Staatsanwalt ermittelt. Der Spiegel online. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ↑ Schmidt and Habrieder, 1982, 195.
- Carr, Jonathan. 1985. Helmut Schmidt: helmsman of Germany. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312367442.
- Dönhoff, Marion. 1982. Foe into friend: the makers of the new Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312296926.
- Levinson, Paul, ed. 1982. In Pursuit of Truth: Essays on the Philosophy of Karl Popper, On the Occasion of his 80th Birthday. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. ISBN 9780710804242.
- Schmidt, Helmut. 1985. A grand strategy for the West: the anachronism of national strategies in an interdependent world. Henry L. Stimson lectures, Yale University. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035353.
- Schmidt, Helmut. 1989. Men and powers: a political retrospective. New York, NY: Random House. ISBN 9780394569949. (Introduction by Henry Kissinger.)
- Schmidt, Helmut. 2008. Off Duty. New York, NY: Random House. ISBN 9783886808632.
- Schmidt, Helmut, and Wolfram F. Hanrieder. 1982. Helmut Schmidt, perspectives on politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 9780865312050.
- Schwelien, Michael. 2006. Helmut Schmidt ein Leben für den Frieden. München, DE: Heyne. ISBN 9783453640177.
- Steinweis Alan E., and Daniel E. Rogers. 2003. The impact of Nazism: new perspectives on the Third Reich and its legacy. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803242999.
- Wyman, David S., and Charles H. Rosenzveig. 1996. The world reacts to the Holocaust. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801849695.
- Biography at the German Historic Museum (German). Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- Chancellor Site (German). Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- Helmut Schmidt University (English). Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- Kröten und Paragrafenwahn (German, 2006). Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- Schmidt's talk on the occasion of China's Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visiting Hamburg (English, 2006). Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- Interview on nuclear strategy in Europe for the WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- C-SPAN Booknotes interview in 1990 about his book, Men and Powers: A Political Retrospective. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
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As more studies continue to link your health to the food you eat, nutrition has become a vital issue for every person. While it may be confusing at first with all the different experts telling what to eat and what not to eat, nutrition does not have to be as complicated as you think. Follow the tips and advice in this article and you will be on your way to a healthier lifestyle.
To keep your diet healthy, you should try to consume many fruits and vegetables each day. The USDA recommended daily allowance of fruits and veggies combined is 9-13 servings a day. That sounds like a lot, but it's really not difficult to fit them in. Have a glass of real orange juice with your breakfast or put tomato pasta sauce on your spaghetti.
Eat meat if you're trying to grow muscle. A study has shown that eating 4 to 8 ounces of meat a day can contribute more muscle mass to weightlifters, and while another group got stronger, the meat eating group had more muscle to show for it. So enjoy all types of meat and be stronger.
Try new ways to eat foods you eat on a regular basis. Instead of just eating plain yogurt, pour a bit of honey in and experience a new taste sensation. Instead of always steaming broccoli, trying frying it up with a few other vegetables. You'll be more likely to eat healthily if you have fun with it.
When considering a diet that provides an adequate nutrition level, be sure to include low fat milk. Milk provides many nutrients - including calcium and protein - that the body needs. Studies have shown that drinking milk does benefit both muscle growth, and also the body's ability to maintain a healthy body fat content.
One great way to live healthier is to eat nuts. Nuts have been proven to be very good for the heart. Nuts have monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats that are great for the heart. Nuts also have other nutrients such as fiber and vitamin E that can lower your risk of heart disease.
Don't eat too many salty foods such as preserved meats, BBQ sauce, crisps, dips and processed cheese. Salt is popular with food manufacturers because it can enhance flavors and preserve food, however, diets high in salt can cause high blood pressure, dehydration and bloating. Remember, the RDI for sodium is 2300mg, about 6 teaspoons of salt.
Moderate your alcohol intake. Sugary calories, which are abundant in alcoholic drinks, are easily converted to fat stored in your body. Also, when there is alcohol in your body, it causes your liver to work overtime to process it and burn fat. Excess alcohol intake can cause many threatening health conditions.
To be sure your body is getting proper nutrition, you should eat a balanced diet that includes a combination of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. Avoid low fat or low carbohydrate diets as these can result in nutritional gaps. Instead, focus on eating lean protein such as chicken or fish, complex carbohydrates including vegetables and whole grains, and healthy fats such as olive oil or coconut oil.
If you are looking for a tasty addition to your meal that will provide filling, choose beans. Beans are essential to help the flow of foods through your body, and have a lot of nutrients that are vital. Also, beans contain protein, which help to convert fat to muscle, reducing your weight.
Although it seems counter-intuitive, not all fats are bad. "Friendly fats", or unsaturated fats, are essential in the body. These fats, which include omega-3 fatty acids, perform an important service in the human body. Unsaturated fats, which are found in most fish, olives, cashews, avocados, and peanuts, are essential as part of a healthy cardiovascular system. Like all fats, however, they should be consumed in moderation.
In order to ensure your child's nutritional needs are met, respect the appetite they have or don't have. If your child isn't hungry, forcing food on them will only teach them to ignore their natural hunger signals. Serve them small portions of good foods, and they will most likely eat enough on their own to meet their needs.
A great nutrition tip if you have diabetes is to consult your doctor before you start including any type of herbs in your diet. A lot of herbs claim to have healing effects but they aren't regulated by the FDA, which means there's no evidence to back their claims.
Nutrition is not just a set of rules, it is a change in your attitude towards food. Nutrition is understanding the link between your health and the things you decide to put in your body. By applying the simple tips and advice from this article to your every day life, you will begin the reap the benefits of a nutritious diet and a healthier lifestyle.
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It can be scary when your pet has ingested a potentially toxic substance, especially when you didn’t see what he licked or swallowed. To help raise awareness of the issue and prevent illness or fatality in pets, the American Veterinary Medical Association named the third week in March Pet Poison Prevention Week. Below are some hazards you should be especially aware of this time of year.
Consider all the joy and love your dog brings into your life. Now, imagine if you could take measures to help your dog live longer with a better quality of life. Wouldn’t you want to return the happiness your dog provides you for years to come?
Fortunately, with proper care over your dog’s lifetime, she can live happier, healthier, and statistically longer.
The hustle and bustle of Thanksgiving is a part of the tradition for many families. But in the commotion, it's important to keep safety in mind for our four-legged family members. Our DeVun Veterinary Medical Hospital veterinary staff offers these Thanksgiving safety tips to help you all have a safe and special holiday!
Do you have plans for trick-or-treating this month? Parties? Visiting kiddos in creative costumes? As Halloween activities can often stretch through much of October, our DeVun Vet Medical Hospital veterinary staff provides these tips to help keep this fun and spooky holiday safe for furry family members, too! You can help your pet enjoy the season by being mindful of “F.E.A.R.: food, environment, attire and recovery”
The American Veterinary Medical Association declared February as National Pet Dental Health Month several years ago to underscore the importance of oral healthcare. Did you know that up to 80 percent of dogs and 70 percent of cats develop periodontal disease by the time they are three years old? This is alarming because untreated periodontal disease can cause infection by spreading to other areas of the body. It can also cause your pet to lose teeth, making it more difficult for him to chew food and get the nutrition he needs to remain healthy.
Now that the calendar has flipped to 2017, we at DeVun Veterinary Medical Hospital encourage you to commit to your pet’s wellness this year. Like many pet owners, you might assume your pet is fine if you don’t see any signs of illness. However, true animal wellness is more than the absence of pain or disease. To ensure your pet’s health, happiness, and longevity, commit to the following:
Cancer is the leading cause of death in dogs and cats, particularly when the animal is over age 10. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, 50 percent of senior dogs and 33 percent of senior cats die of some type of cancer. No matter what the age of the pet, a cancer diagnosis often comes as a complete shock to his owner. That is because dogs and cats are good at hiding their symptoms and don't have the ability to verbalize that something is wrong.
As a concerned pet owner, it's up to you to know the signs of cancer so you can seek immediate treatment if your pet displays any of them. While having some of these symptoms doesn't necessarily mean your pet has a tumor, it's always best to have them checked out at DeVun Veterinary Medical Hospital.
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|About Us | What's New | Search | Site Map | Contact Us|
This week's theme: words formed by contraction.
blimey (BLY-mee) interjection
An expression of surprise, dismay, etc.
[Contraction of "blind me" or "blame me", from "God blind/blame me"; sometimes heard in the form gorblimey or corblimey.]
-Anu Garg (words at wordsmith.org)
Other examples of similar euphemistic contractions, mostly out of use,
"And blimey, if Rupert Grint doesn't storm the barricades of boyishness
to find something emergent, touching and vital in Ron Weasley."
War is delightful to those who have had no experience of it. -Desiderius Erasmus, humanist and theologian (1466-1536)
Contribute | Advertise
© 2013 Wordsmith
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Finger Injuries (cont.)
Finger Injuries Follow-Up
- Follow the doctor's instructions for bandage changes.
- The doctor may want the patient to clean and dress the wound daily or may tell the patient to leave the bandages in place until they are rechecked in the office.
- Do not remove a splint unless instructed by the doctor.
- Certain injuries must be immobilized in a specific position in order to heal properly.
- Some splints are damaged by water and should not get wet. Ask the doctor whether water will damage the splint.
- If the patient is prescribed antibiotics, take the full course of medication even if there is no sign of infection.
- Follow-up is critical to monitor the progress of the patient's recovery.
- Keep follow-up appointments as directed, even if the patient feels fine.
- The doctor will tell the patient about when to rest the injured area, and when and what activity to start to prevent or reduce stiffness.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 3/3/2015
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Mallet finger is an injury to the outermost joint of a finger. Causes of mallet finger include tendon damage, small, or large fractures. Symptoms of mallet fing...learn more >>
Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Finger Injuries:
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Pond fashioned for endangered fish
The plight of an endangered fish has been taken up by groups in the South East.
A pond at the Valley Lakes Conservation Park in Mount Gambier is being refurbished and revegetated so it can house the Yarra Pygmy Perch.
The project is funded by the City of Mount Gambier and Natural Resources South East.
Environmental education officer, Natasha Dawson, says schools in Millicent and Kingston already have a successful captive breeding program.
"Now what we'd like to do is reintroduce these fish, not only back into the wild from where they've come from but also back into areas like the pond here and the Valley Lakes Wildlife Park to raise awareness of the plight of these small critters that we hardly ever see but are really important part of our ecology."
Project officer, Orazio Cultreri says the fish won't be introduced for a while.
"The next stage which is the critical stage is the aquatic vegetation. Also it's very zonal so you have deep, mid and then the outer, so that means we have to have sufficient plant for the fish to actually hide and feed and also breed."
In other ABC News
Endangered lizard appears
Meanwhile, researchers from the South Australian Museum are investigating why an endangered lizard has appeared near Millicent in the State's south-east.
The legless eared worm lizard is normally found in an isolated pocket of north-western Victoria.
Senior herpetology researcher at the museum, Doctor Mark Hutchinson, says there are many questions about the discovery, particularly as the climate is more temperate in Millicent.
"We've just started to do a little bit of work to try and find out how extensive their populations are and how easy it might be to find individuals so that we can start to study some of the other stuff like; what is it about the bits of habitat that they're in that they like, why is it their near relative that live through the south-east not present where they are and what's stopping the two from living together."
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United States Patent is primarily a “grant of rights” for a restricted time period. In layman’s terms, it is a contract in which the United States government expressly permits an personal or organization to monopolize a certain idea for a limited time.
Typically, our government frowns upon any variety of monopolization in commerce, due to the belief that monopolization hinders free trade and competitors, degrading our economic system. A very good instance is the forced break-up of Bell Phone some years in the past into the many regional phone companies. The government, in certain the Justice Department (the governmental agency which prosecutes monopoly or “antitrust” violations), believed that Bell Phone was an unfair monopoly and forced it to relinquish its monopoly powers over the phone sector.
Why, then, would the government allow a monopoly in the form of a patent? The government helps make an exception to motivate inventors to come forward with their creations. In carrying out so, the government in fact promotes developments in science and technology.
First of all, it need to be clear to you just how a patent acts as a “monopoly. “A patent permits the owner of the patent to prevent any individual else from creating the item or using the approach covered by the patent.
idea patent Feel of Thomas Edison and his most popular patented invention, the light bulb. With his patent for the light bulb, Thomas Edison could avoid any other man or woman or company from creating, utilizing or marketing light bulbs without having his permission. Essentially, no one could compete with him in the light bulb company, and consequently he possessed a monopoly.
However, in buy to acquire his monopoly, Thomas Edison had to give one thing in return. He necessary to completely “disclose” his invention to the public.
To receive a United States Patent, an inventor should totally disclose what the invention is, how it operates, and the greatest way known by the inventor to make it. It is this disclosure to the public which entitles the inventor to a monopoly. The logic for carrying out this is that by promising inventors a monopoly in return for their disclosures to the public, inventors will continually strive to build new technologies and disclose them to the public. Delivering them with the monopoly allows them to revenue financially from the invention. Without having this “tradeoff,” there would be number of incentives to develop new technologies, because without a patent monopoly an inventor’s tough work would deliver him no economic reward. Fearing that their invention would be stolen when they try to commercialize it, the inventor may possibly by no means inform a soul about their invention, and the public would by no means advantage.
The grant of rights underneath a patent lasts for a constrained period. Utility patents expire twenty many years following they are filed. If this was not the case, and patent monopolies lasted indefinitely, there would be serious consequences. For illustration, if Thomas Edison nevertheless held an in-force patent for the light bulb, we would almost certainly require to spend about $300 to purchase a light bulb these days. Without competition, there would be minor incentive for Edison to enhance upon his light bulb. Alternatively, once the Edison light bulb patent expired, everyone was totally free to manufacture light bulbs, and numerous firms did. The vigorous competition to do just
how to patent a product that after expiration of the Edison patent resulted in much better good quality, decrease costing light bulbs.
Types of patents
There are primarily three varieties of patents which you need to be mindful of — utility patents, layout patents, and provisional patent applications.
A utility patent applies to inventions which have a “functional” aspect (in other phrases, the invention accomplishes a utilitarian end result — it actually “does” some thing).In other phrases, the thing which is various or “special” about the invention need to be for a functional function. To be eligible for utility patent protection, an invention have to also fall inside of at least 1 of the following “statutory categories” as essential beneath 35 USC 101. Maintain in thoughts that just about any physical, practical invention will fall into at least one of these categories, so you need not be concerned with which class very best describes your
patent your idea invention.
A) Machine: feel of a “machine” as some thing which accomplishes a task due to the interaction of its bodily elements, this kind of as a can opener, an automobile engine, a fax machine, and so forth. It is the combination and interconnection of these physical components with which we are concerned and which are protected by the patent.
B) Article of manufacture: “articles of manufacture” must be believed of as factors which attain a process just like a machine, but without having the interaction of a variety of physical parts. Even though content articles of manufacture and machines might seem to be related in numerous instances, you can distinguish the two by thinking of content articles of manufacture as a lot more simplistic things which normally have no moving elements. A paper clip, for illustration is an report of manufacture. It accomplishes a task (holding papers collectively), but is clearly not a “machine” because it is a simple device which does not rely on the interaction of a variety of elements.
C) Approach: a way of performing one thing through a single or more measures, each and every phase interacting in some way with a bodily component, is known as a “process.” A method can be a new technique of manufacturing a acknowledged solution or can even be a new use for a known solution. Board video games are typically protected as a method.
D) Composition of matter: generally chemical compositions this kind of as pharmaceuticals, mixtures, or compounds this kind of as soap, concrete, paint, plastic, and the like can be patented as “compositions of matter.” Food products and recipes are usually protected in this manner.
A layout patent protects the “ornamental appearance” of an object, rather than its “utility” or function, which is protected by a utility patent. In other words, if the invention is a valuable object that has a novel form or general look, a layout patent might give the appropriate safety. To stay away from infringement, a copier would have to produce a model that does not look “substantially related to the ordinary observer.” They can’t copy the form and all round visual appeal without having infringing the style patent.
A provisional patent application is a phase toward getting a utility patent, the place the invention may not nevertheless be ready to obtain a utility patent. In other words, if it appears as however the invention can not yet acquire a utility patent, the provisional application might be filed in the Patent Office to create the inventor’s priority to the invention. As the inventor continues to produce the invention and make more developments which enable a utility patent to be obtained, then the inventor can “convert” the provisional application to a complete utility application. This later on application is “given credit” for the date when the provisional application was first filed.
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Distinctions that Matter: Popular Literature and Material Culture
Essays are invited for a special issue of Belphégor that seeks to explore the relationship between distinctions of taste and textual production by examining how the materiality of literary texts influences and perhaps even determines their cultural status. In the nineteenth century, for example, printing and binding became cheaper, faster, and more easily accessible than ever before, which resulted in an explosion of print material. As printing costs decreased and print runs increased, the price of books became cheaper and publishers were able to attract more readers, which led to a greater demand for new content. The cultural impact of this shift was twofold. On the one hand, this decrease in printing costs lowered the cultural entrance level, which resulted in the expansion of popular or trivial literature as well as a wide range of new popular formats, such as dime novels, pulp magazines, comic books, and paperbacks. On the other hand, publishers also attempted to mimic the conventions of exclusiveness through printing and binding techniques in order to preserve the highbrow status of literature as a marker of class distinctions. This led to the rise of competing formats that attempted to challenge the perceived lowbrow status of popular literature, such as deluxe editions and graphic novels. As the divide between highbrow and lowbrow taste widened, the materiality of the text became the primary site where the cultural status of popular literature was both constructed and contested. The same issues also inform cultural debates concerning digital media, as cultural distinctions are now being reconfigured through new forms of electronic display in the post-print era.
Contributions are invited on any of the following topics:
-The impact of printing technologies on the production and distribution of literary texts.
-The relationship between the material properties of literary texts and their cultural status.
-The production and reception of popular literary formats, such as dime novels, pulp magazines, comic books, paperbacks, etc.
-The relationship between forms of electronic display and the cultural status of digital texts, such as blogs, e-books, e-readers, and cell phone novels.
Please submit abstracts of no more than 1,000 words by March 1, 2012. If an abstract is accepted, a full draft of no more than 10,000 words should be submitted by July 1, 2012. Papers may be submitted in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, or Portuguese. For more information, or to submit an abstract, please contact our guest editors:
Dr. Anthony Enns, Dalhousie University: [email protected]
Dr. Bernhard Metz, Freie Universität Berlin: [email protected]
Belphégor is an international refereed scholarly journal dedicated to the study of popular literature and media culture. The journal welcomes all types of theoretical analysis and encourages interdisciplinarity and comparative studies. Our goal is to stimulate discussion, research, and exchange between researchers of all stripes in the Anglo-Saxon, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and Portuguese-speaking worlds. For more information, please visit etc.dal.ca/belphegor.
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Dorothy West was propelled into the world of literature as a schoolgirl in 1926 when her story “The Typewriter” took second prize in theOpportunity magazine competition and subsequently was published in the July 1926 edition. This story, along with sixteen others, was re-printed in West's collection The Richer, the Poorer, published in 1995 during the revival of interest in the literary career of the only remaining writer of the New Negro/Harlem Renaissance era of the 1920s.
Dorothy West's characteristic irony is evident in her first important story: in “The Typewriter” a janitor helps his daughter practice her typing by dictating fictional letters. The janitor feels important and successful during these c…
Jimoh, A Yemisi. "The Richer, the Poorer: Stories, Sketches, and Reminiscences". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 08 January 2001
[http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=7586, accessed 26 July 2017.]
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Puberty: read about the stages for boys and girls, Puberty is the period during which growing boys or girls undergo the process of sexual maturation. puberty involves a series of physical stages or steps that lead to. Puberty starting sooner in u.s. boys - abc news, American boys appear to be maturing sexually at a younger age, a new study found. compared with studies going as far back as the 1930s, boys evaluated at. Puberty symptoms, causes, treatment - medicinenet, The changes that happen during the process of puberty have a typical pattern in both boys and girls, with a generally predictable sequence of events..
Puberty and growing into a teenage boy - family education, Read tips on what to expect from a male going through puberty.. Puberty and sexual organs | avert, Sex organs, sexual feelings, wet dreams, breasts, periods, sexual intercourse and pregnancy: the male and female sexual organs, sex and how people get pregnant.. Vote: what's the worst part of puberty (for girls, Ah, the precious time when a girl blossoms into a pained, awkward, confused almost-woman. the official voting period has ended. see the results below..
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Quality improvement plays a key role in raising the standards of patient care. Therefore, it is imperative to teach the basic QI concepts to our doctors-in-training. The goals of the Children’s National Health System (CNHS) pediatric resident QI curriculum are as follows:
- To increase understanding of the basic steps of QI for analyzing clinical practice
- To inculcate the practice of self-assessment with the intention of continuously improving patient care
- To improve communication and coordination among the various disciplines providing patient care
- To demonstrate leadership that enhances teamwork, raises situational awareness, and promotes patient safety
Every CNHS pediatric resident completes a quality improvement project during residency. And within CNHS, multiple QI opportunities are available to the residents:
- Joining a hospital system-wide committee & further investigating one of the committee’s QI initiative
- Under faculty mentorship, participating in a national clinical QI collaborative
- Leading and facilitating monthly Resident Morbidity & Mortality conferences
- Conducting an independent quality improvement project which focuses on a clinical setting at CNHS – such as a subspecialty clinic or a medical unit
- Designing and conducting longitudinal QI research through REACH
The resources available to the residents are numerous – from highly experienced faculty who can serve as QI mentors to a very active Performance Improvement department that is involved in multiple QI initiatives at both hospital and national levels.
For additional information on the pediatric resident QI curriculum at CNHS, contact Amina Khan.
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Grundrisse: Notebook I / II – The Chapter on Money
It is in the nature of circulation that every point appears simultaneously as a starting-point and as a conclusion, and, more precisely, that it appears to be the one in so far as it appears to be the other. The specific form M–C–C–M therefore just as correct as the other, which appears the more original, C–M–M–C. The difficulty is that the other commodity is qualitatively different; not so the other money. It can differ only quantitatively. – Regarded as measure the material substance of money is essential, although its availability and even more its quantity, the amount of the portion of gold or silver which serves as unit, are entirely irrelevant for it in this quality, and it is employed in general only as an imaginary, non-existent unit. In this quality it is needed as a unit and not as an amount. If I say a pound of cotton is worth 8d., then I am saying that 1 pound of cotton = 1/116 oz. of gold (the ounce at £3 17s. 7d.) (931d.). This expresses at the same time its particularity as exchange value as against all other commodities, as equivalent of all other commodities, which contain the ounce of gold this or that many times, since they are all in the same way compared to the ounce of gold. This original relation of the pound of cotton with gold, by means of which the quantity of gold contained in an ounce of cotton is determined, is fixed by the quantity of labour time realized in one and the other, the real common substance of exchange values. This is to be presupposed from the chapter dealing with exchange value as such. The difficulty of finding this equation is not as great as it may appear. For example, labour which directly produces gold directly reveals a certain quantity of gold to be the product of, say, one working day. Competition equates the other working days with that one, modificandis modificatis. Directly or indirectly. In a word, in the direct production of gold, a definite quantity of gold directly appears as product and hence as the value, the equivalent, of a definite amount of labour time. One has therefore only to determine the amount of labour time realized in the various commodities, and to equate them to the labour time which directly produces gold, in order to state how much gold is contained in a given commodity. The determination of all commodities as prices – as measured exchange values – is a process which takes place only gradually, which presupposes frequent exchange and hence frequent comparison of commodities as exchange values; but as soon as the existence of commodities as prices has become a precondition – a precondition which is itself a product of the social process, a result of the process of social production – then the determination of new prices appears simple, since the elements of production cost are themselves already present in the form of prices, and are hence simply to be added. (Frequent alienation, sale, frequent sale, Steuart. Rather, all this must have continuity so that prices achieve a certain regularity.) However, the point we wanted to get at here is this: in so far as gold is to be established as the unit of measurement, the relation of gold to commodities is determined by barter, direct, unmediated exchange; like the relation of all other commodities to one another. With barter, however, the product is exchange value only in itself; it is its first phenomenal form; but the product is not yet posited as exchange value. Firstly, this character does not yet dominate production as a whole, but concerns only its superfluity and is hence itself more or less superfluous (like exchange itself); an accidental enlargement of the sphere of satisfactions, enjoyments (relations to new objects). It therefore takes place at only a few points (originally at the borders of the natural communities, in their contact with strangers), is restricted to a narrow sphere, and forms something which passes production by, is auxiliary to it; dies out just as much by chance as it arises. The form of barter in which the overflow of one’s own production is exchanged by chance for that of others’ is only the first occurrence of the product as exchange value in general, and is determined by accidental needs, whims, etc. But if it should happen to continue, to become a continuing act which contains within itself the means of its renewal, then little by little, from the outside and likewise by chance, regulation of reciprocal exchange arises by means of regulation of reciprocal production, and the costs of production, which ultimately resolve into labour time, would thus become the measure of exchange. This shows how exchange comes about, and the exchange value of the commodity. But the circumstances under which a relation occurs for the first time by no means show us that relation either in its purity or in its totality. A product posited as exchange value is in its essence no longer a simple thing; it is posited in a quality differing from its natural quality; it is posited as a relation, more precisely as a relation in general, not to one commodity but to every commodity, to every possible product. It expresses, therefore, a general relation; the product which relates to itself as the realization of a specific quantity of labour in general, of social labour time, and is therefore the equivalent of every other product in the proportion expressed in its exchange value. Exchange value presupposes social labour as the substance of all products, quite apart from their natural make-up. Nothing can express a relation without relating to one particular thing, and there can be no general relation unless it relates to a general thing. Since labour is motion, time is its natural measure. Barter in its crudest form presupposes labour as substance and labour time as measure of commodities; this then emerges as soon as it becomes regularized, continuous, as soon as it contains within itself the reciprocal requirements for its renewal. – A commodity is exchange value only if it is expressed in another, i.e. as a relation. A bushel of wheat is worth so many bushels of rye; in this case wheat is exchange value in as much as it is expressed in rye, and rye is exchange value in as much as it is expressed in wheat. If each of the two is related only to itself, it is not exchange value. Now, in the relation in which money appears as measure, it itself is not expressed as a relation, not as exchange value, but as a natural quantity of a certain material, a natural weight- fraction of gold or silver. In general, the commodity in which the exchange value of another is expressed, is never expressed as exchange value, never as relation, but rather as a definite quantity of its natural make-up. If 1 bushel of wheat is worth 3 bushels of rye, then only the bushel of wheat is expressed as a value, not the bushel of rye. Of course, the other is also posited in itself; the 1 bushel of rye is then = 1/3 bushel of wheat; but this is not posited, but merely a second relation, which is admittedly directly present in the first. If one commodity is expressed in another, then it is posited as a relation, and the other as simple quantity of a certain material. 3 bushels of rye are in themselves no value; rather, rye filling up a certain volume, measured by a standard of volume. The same is true of money as measure, as the unit in which the exchange values of other commodities are measured. It is a specific weight of the natural substance by which it is represented, gold, silver, etc. If 1 bushel of wheat has the price of 77s. 7d., then it is expressed as something else, to which it is equal, as 1 ounce of gold; as relation, as exchange value. But 1 ounce of gold is in itself no exchange value; it is not expressed as exchange value; but as a specific quantity of itself, of its natural substance, gold. If 1 bushel of wheat has the price of 77s. 7d. or of 1 ounce of gold, then this can be a greater or lesser value, since 1 ounce of gold will rise or fall in relation to the quantity of labour required for its production. But for the determination of its price as such, this is irrelevant; for its price of 77s. 7d. exactly expresses the relation in which it is equivalent to all other commodities, in which it can buy them. The specificity of price determination, whether the bushel is 77 or 1,780s., is a different matter altogether from the determination of price as such, i.e. the positing of wheat as price. It has a price, regardless of whether it costs 100 or 1s. The price expresses its exchange value only in a unit common to all commodities; presupposes therefore that this exchange value is already regulated by other relations. To be sure, the fact that 1 bushel of wheat has the price of 1 ounce of gold – since gold and wheat as natural objects have no relation with one another, are as such not a measure for one another, are irrelevant to one another – this fact is found out by bringing the ounce of gold itself into relation with the amount of labour time necessary for its production, and thus bringing both wheat and gold in relation to a third entity, labour, and equating them through this relation; by comparing them both, therefore, as exchange values. But this shows us only how the price of wheat is found, the quantity of gold to which it is equal. In this relation itself, where gold appears as the price of wheat, it is itself not in turn posited as a relation, as exchange value, but as a certain quantity of a natural material. In exchange value, commodities (products) are posited as relations to their social substance, to labour; but as prices, they are expressed as quantities of other products of various natural make-ups. Now, it can admittedly be said that the price of money is also posited as 1 bushel of wheat, 3 bushels of rye and all the other quantities of different commodities, whose price is 1 ounce of gold. But then, in order to express the price of money, the whole sphere of commodities would have to be listed, each in the quantity which equals 1 ounce of gold. Money would then have as many prices as there are commodities whose price it itself expresses. The chief quality of price, unity, would disappear. No commodity expresses the price of money, because none expresses its relation to all other commodities, its general exchange value. But it is the specific characteristic of price that exchange value must be expressed in its generality and at the same time in a specific commodity. But even this is irrelevant. In so far as money appears as a material in which the price of all commodities is expressed and measured, to that extent is money itself posited as a particular amount of gold, silver, etc., in short, of its natural matter; a simple amount of a certain material, not itself as exchange value, as relation. In the same way, every commodity which expresses the price of another is itself not posited as exchange value, but as a simple amount of itself. In its quality as unit of exchange value, as their measure, their common point of comparison, money is essentially a natural material, gold, silver; since, as the price of the commodity, it is not an exchange value, not a relation, but a certain weight of gold, silver; e.g. a pound with its subdivisions, and thus money appears originally as pound, aes grave. This is precisely what distinguishes price from exchange value, and we have seen that exchange value necessarily drives towards price formation. Hence the nonsensicality of those who want to make labour time as such into money, i.e. who want to posit and then not posit the distinction between price and exchange value. Money as measure, as element of price determination, as measuring unit of exchange values thus presents the following phenomena: (1) it is required only as an imagined unit once the exchange value of an ounce of gold compared to any one commodity has been determined; its actual presence is superfluous, along with, even more so, its available quantity: as an indicator (an indicator of value) the amount in which it exists in a country is irrelevant; required only as accounting unit; (2) while it thus only needs to be posited ideally, and, indeed, in the form of the price of a commodity is only ideally posited in it; at the same time, as a simple amount of the natural substance in which it is represented, as a given weight of gold, silver, etc. which is accepted as unit, it also yields the point of comparison, the unit, the measure. Exchange values (commodities) are transformed by the mind into certain weights of gold or silver, and are ideally posited as being = to this imagined quantity of gold etc.; as expressing it.
But when we now go over to the second quality of money, money as medium of exchange and realizer of prices, then we have found that in this case it must be present in a certain quantity; that the given weight of gold and silver which has been posited as a unit is required in a given quantity in order to be adequate to this function. If the sum of prices to be realized, which depends on the price of a particular commodity multiplied by its quantity, is given on one side, and the velocity of monetary circulation on the other, then a certain quantity of the circulating medium is required. When we now examine the original form more closely, the direct form in which circulation presents itself, C–M–M–C, then we see that money appears here as a pure medium of exchange. The commodity is exchanged for a commodity, and money appears merely as the medium of this exchange. The price of the first commodity is realized with money, in order to realize the price of the second commodity with the money, and thus to obtain it in exchange for the first. After the price of the first commodity is realized, the aim of the person who now has its price in money is not to obtain the price of the second commodity, but rather to pay its price in order to obtain the commodity. At bottom, therefore, money served him to exchange the first commodity for the second. As mere medium of exchange, money has no other purpose. The man who has sold his commodity and got money wants to buy another commodity, and the man from whom he buys it needs the money in order to buy another commodity etc. Now, in this function, as pure medium of circulation, the specific role of money consists only of this circulation, which it brings about owing to the fact that its quantity, its amount, was fixed beforehand. The number of times in which it is itself contained in the commodities as a unit is determined beforehand by their prices, and as medium of circulation it appears merely as a multiple of this predetermined unit. In so far as it realizes the price of commodities, the commodity is exchanged for its real equivalent in gold and silver; its exchange value is really exchanged for another commodity, money; but in so far as this process takes place only in order to transform this money back into a commodity, i.e. in order to exchange the first commodity for the second, then money appears only fleetingly, or, its substance consists only in this constant appearance as disappearance, as this vehicle of mediation. Money as medium of circulation is only medium of circulation. The only attribute which is essential to it in order to serve in this capacity is the attribute of quantity, of amount, in which it circulates. (Since the amount is co-determined by the velocity, the latter does not require special mention here.) In so far as it realizes the price, its material existence as gold and silver is essential; but in so far as this realization is only fleeting and destined to suspend itself, this is irrelevant. It is only a semblance, as if the point were to exchange the commodity for gold or silver as particular commodities: a semblance which disappears as soon as the process is ended, as soon as gold and silver have again been exchanged for a commodity, and the commodity, hence, exchanged for another. The character of gold and silver as mere media of circulation, or the character of the medium of circulation as gold and silver is therefore irrelevant to their make-up as particular natural commodities. Suppose the total price of circulating commodities = 1,200 thalers. Their measure is then 1 thaler = x weight of silver. Now let 100 thalers be necessary to circulate these commodities in 6 hours; i.e. every thaler pays the price of 100 thalers in 6 hours. Now, what is essential is that 100 thalers be present, the amount of 100 of the metallic unit which measures the sum total of commodity prices; 100 of these units. That these units consist of silver is irrelevant to the process itself. This is already visible in the fact that a single thaler represents in the cycle of circulation a mass of silver 100 times greater than is contained in it in reality, even though in each particular transaction it only represents the silver weight of 1 thaler. In circulation as a whole, the 1 thaler thus represents 100 thalers, a weight of silver a hundred times greater than it really contains. It is in truth only a symbol for the weight of silver contained in 100 thalers. It realizes a price which is 100 times greater than it realizes in reality as a quantity of silver. Let the pound sterling be = 1/3 ounce of gold (it is not as much as that). In so far as the price of a commodity at £1 is paid, i.e. its price of £1 is realized, it is exchanged for £1, to that extent it is of decisive importance that the £1 really contain 1/3 ounce of gold. If it were a counterfeit £, alloyed with non-precious metals, a £ only in appearance, then indeed the price of the commodity would not be realized; in order to realize it, it would have to be paid for in as great a quantity of the non-precious metal as equals 1/3 of an ounce of gold. Looking at this moment of circulation in isolation, it is thus essential that the unit of money should really represent a given quantity of gold or silver. But when we take circulation as a totality, as a self-enclosed process, C–M–M–C, then the matter stands differently. In the first case the realization of price would be only apparent: in reality only a part of its price would be realized. The price posited in it ideally would not be posited in reality. The commodity which is ideally equated to a given weight of gold would in actual exchange not bring in as much gold as that. But if a fake £ were to circulate in the place of a real one, it would render absolutely the same service in circulation as a whole as if it were genuine. If a commodity, A, with the price of £1, is exchanged for 1 fake £, and if this fake pound is again exchanged for commodity B, price £1, then the fake pound has done absolutely the same service as if it had been genuine. The genuine pound is, therefore, in this process, nothing more than a symbol, in so far as the moment in which it realizes prices is left out, and we look only at the totality of the process, in which it serves only as medium of exchange and in which the realization of prices is only a semblance, a fleeting mediation. Here the gold pound serves only to allow commodity A to be exchanged for commodity B, both having the same price. The real realization of the price of commodity A is, here, the commodity B, and the real realization of the price of B is the commodity A or C or D, which amounts to the same as far as the form of the relation is concerned, for which the particular content of the commodity is entirely irrelevant. Commodities with identical prices are exchanged. Instead of exchanging commodity A directly for commodity B, the price of commodity A is exchanged for the price of commodity B and the price of commodity B for commodity A. Money thus represents to the commodity only the latter’s price. Commodities are exchanged for one another at their prices. The price of the commodity expresses about it, ideally, that it is an amount of a certain natural unit (weight units) of gold or silver, of the material in which money is embodied. In the form of money, or its realized price, the commodity now confronts a real amount of this unit. But in so far as the realization of the price is not the final act, and the point is not to possess the price of commodities as price, but as the price of another commodity, to that extent the material of money is irrelevant, e.g. gold and silver. Money becomes a subject as instrument of circulation, as medium of exchange, and the natural material in which it presents itself appears as an accident whose significance disappears in the act of exchange itself; because it is not in this material that the commodity exchanged for money is supposed to be realized, but rather in the material of another commodity. For now, apart from the moments that, in circulation, (1) money realizes prices, (2) money circulates titles of ownership; we have (3), additionally, that by means of it something takes place which could not happen otherwise, namely that the exchange value of the commodity is expressed in every other commodity. If 1 yard of linen costs 2s. and 1 lb. of sugar 1s., then the yard of linen is realized, by means of the 2s., in 2 lb. of sugar, while the sugar is converted into the material of its exchange value, into the material in which its exchange value is realized. As a mere medium of circulation, in its role in the constant flow of the circulatory process, money is neither the measure of prices, because it is already posited as such in the prices themselves; nor is it the means for the realization of prices, for it exists as such in one single moment of circulation, but disappears as such in the totality of its moments; but is, rather, the mere representative of the price in relation to all other commodities, and serves only as a means to the end that all commodities are to be exchanged at equivalent prices. It is exchanged for one commodity because it is the general representative of its exchange value; and, as such, as the representative of every other commodity of equal exchange value, it is the general representative; and that is, as such, what it is in circulation itself. It represents the price of the one commodity as against all other commodities, or the price of all commodities as against the one commodity. In this relation it is not only the representative of commodity prices, but the symbol of itself; i.e. in the act of circulation itself, its material, gold and silver, is irrelevant. It is the price; it is a given quantity of gold or silver; but in so far as this reality of the price is here only fleeting, a reality destined constantly to disappear, to be suspended, not to count as a definitive realization, but always only as an intermediate, mediating realization; in so far as the point here is not the realization of the price at all, but rather the realization of the exchange value of one particular commodity in the material of another commodity, to that extent its own material is irrelevant; it is ephemeral as a realization of the price, since this itself disappears; it exists, therefore, in so far as it remains in this constant movement, only as a representative of exchange value, which becomes real only if the real exchange value constantly steps into the place of its representative, constantly changes places with it, constantly exchanges itself for it. Hence, in this process, its reality is not that it is the price, but that it represents it, is its representative – the materially present representative of the price, thus of itself, and, as such, of the exchange value of commodities. As medium of exchange, it realizes the prices of commodities only in order to posit the exchange value of the one commodity in the other, as its unit; i.e. in order to realize its exchange value in the other commodity; i.e. to posit the other commodity as the material of its exchange value.
Only within circulation, then, is it such a material symbol; taken out of circulation, it again becomes a realized price; but within the process, as we have seen, the quantity, the amount of these material symbols of the monetary unit is the essential attribute. Hence, while the material substance of money, its material substratum of a given quantity of gold or silver, is irrelevant within circulation, where money appears as something existing in opposition to commodities, and where, by contrast, its amount is the essential aspect, since it is there only a symbol for a given amount of this unit; in its role as measure, however, where it was introduced only ideally, its material substratum was essential, but its quantity and even its existence as such were irrelevant. From this it follows that money as gold and silver, in so far as only its role as means of exchange and circulation is concerned, can be replaced by any other symbol which expresses a given quantity of its unit, and that in this way symbolic money can replace the real, because material money as mere medium of exchange is itself symbolic.
It is these contradictory functions of money, as measure, as realization of prices and as mere medium of exchange, which explain the otherwise inexplicable phenomenon that the debasement of metallic money, of gold, silver, through admixture of inferior metals, causes a depreciation of money and a rise in prices; because in this case the measure of prices [is] no longer the cost of production of the ounce of gold, say, but rather of an ounce consisting of 2/3 copper etc. (The debasement of the coinage, in so far as it consists merely of falsifying or changing the names of the fractional weight units of the precious metal, e.g. if the eighth part of an ounce were to be called a sovereign, makes absolutely no difference in the measure and changes only its name. If, earlier, 1/4 of the ounce was called 1 sovereign, and now it is 1/8, then the price of 1 sovereign now expresses merely 1/8 of an ounce of gold; thus (about) 2 sovereigns are necessary to express the same price which was earlier expressed by 1 sovereign); or in the case of a mere falsification of the name of the fractional parts of the precious metal, the measure remains the same, but the fractional part [is] expressed in twice as many francs etc. as before; on the other hand, if the substratum of money, gold, silver, is entirely suspended and replaced by paper bearing the symbol of given quantities of real money, in the quantity required by circulation, then the paper circulates at the full gold and silver value. In the first case, because the medium of circulation is at the same time the material of money as measure, and the material in which prices are definitively realized; in the second case, because money only in its role as medium of circulation.
Example of the clumsy confusion between the contradictory functions of money: ‘Price is exactly determined by the quantity of money there is to buy it with. All the commodities in the world can fetch no more than all the money in the world.’ First, the determination of prices has nothing to do with actual sale; money, in sale, serves only as measure. Secondly, all commodities (in circulation) can fetch a thousand times more money as is in the world, if every piece of money were to circulate a thousand times. (The passage is quoted from the London Weekly Dispatch, 8 November 1857.)
Since the total sum of prices to be realized in circulation changes with the prices of the commodities and with the quantity of them thrown into circulation; and since, on the other side, the velocity of the medium of circulation is determined by circumstances independent of itself, it follows from this that the quantity of media of circulation must be capable of changing, or expanding and contracting – contraction and expansion of circulation.
In its role as mere medium of circulation, it can be said about money that it ceases to be a commodity (particular commodity), when its material is irrelevant and it meets only the needs of circulation itself, and no other direct need: gold and silver cease to be commodities as soon as they circulate as money. It can be said about it, on the other hand, that it is now merely a commodity (general commodity), the commodity in its pure form, indifferent to its natural particularity and hence indifferent to all direct needs, without natural relation to a particular need as such. The followers of the Monetary System, even partly of the protectionist system (see e.g. Ferrier, p. 2), have clung only to the first aspect, while the modern economists cling to the second; e.g. Say, who says that money should be treated like a ‘particular’ commodity, a commodity like any other. As medium of exchange, money appears in the role of necessary mediator between production and consumption. In the developed money system, one produces only in order to exchange, or, one produces only by exchanging. Strike out money, and one would thereby either be thrown back to a lower stage of production (corresponding to that of auxiliary barter), or one would proceed to a higher stage, in which exchange value would no longer be the principal aspect of the commodity, because social labour, whose representative it is, would no longer appear merely as socially mediated private labour.
The question whether money as medium of exchange is productive or not productive is solved just as easily. According to Adam Smith, money not productive. Of course, Ferrier says e.g.: ‘It creates values, because they would not exist without it.’ One has to look not only at ‘its value as metal, but equally its property as money’. A. Smith is correct, in so far as it is not the instrument of any particular branch of production; Ferrier is right too because it is an essential aspect of the mode of production resting on exchange value that product and agency of production should be posited in the character of money, and because this characteristic presupposes a money distinct from products; and because the money relation is itself a relation of production if production is looked at in its totality.
When C–M–M–C is dissected into its two moments, although the prices of the commodities are presupposed (and this makes the major difference), circulation splits into two acts of direct barter.
C–M: the exchange value of the commodity is expressed in another particular commodity, in the material of money, like that of money in the commodity; similarly with M–C. To this extent, A. Smith is right when he says that money as medium of exchange is only a more complicated kind of barter. But when we look at the whole of the process, and not at both as equivalent acts, realization of the commodity in money and of money in the commodity, then A. Smith’s opponents are correct when they say that he misunderstood the nature of money and that monetary circulation suppresses barter; that money serves only to balance the accounts of the ‘arithmetical division’ arising from the division of labour. These ‘arithmetical figures’ no more need to be of gold and silver than do the measures of length. (See Solly, p. 20.)
Commodities change from being marchandises to being denrées, they enter consumption; money as medium of circulation does not; at no point does it cease to be commodity, as long as it remains within the role of medium of circulation.
We now pass on to the third function of money; which initially results from the second form of circulation:
M–C–C–M; in which money appears not only as medium, nor as measure, but as end-in-itself, and hence steps outside circulation just like a particular commodity which ceases to circulate for the time being and changes from marchandise to denrée.
But first it must be noted that, once the quality of money as an intrinsic relation of production generally founded on exchange value is presupposed, it is possible to demonstrate that in some particular cases it does service as an instrument of production. ‘The utility of gold and silver rests on this, that they replace labour.’ (Lauderdale, p. 11.) Without money, a mass of swaps would be necessary before one obtained the desired article in exchange. Furthermore, in each particular exchange one would have to undertake an investigation into the relative value of commodities. Money spares us the first task in its role as instrument of exchange (instrument of commerce); the second task, as measure of value and representative of all commodities (idem, loc. cit.). The opposite assertion, that money is not productive, amounts only to saying that, apart from the functions in which it is productive, as measure, instrument of circulation and representative of value, it is unproductive; that its quantity is productive only in so far as it is necessary to fulfil these preconditions. That it becomes not only unproductive, but faux frais de production, the moment when more of it is employed than necessary for its productive aspect – this is a truth which holds for every other instrument of production or exchange; for the machine as well as the means of transportation. But if by this it is meant that money exchanges only real wealth which already exists, then this is false, since labour, as well, is exchanged for it and bought with it, i.e. productive activity itself, potential wealth.
The third attribute of money, in its complete development, presupposes the first two and constitutes their unity. Money, then, has an independent existence outside circulation; it has stepped outside it. As a particular commodity it can be transformed out of its form of money into that of luxury articles, gold and silver jewellery (as long as craftsmanship is still very simple, as e.g. in the old English period, a constant transformation of silver money into plate and vice versa. See Taylor) ; or, as money, it can be accumulated to form a treasure. When money in its independent existence is derived from circulation, it appears in itself as a result of circulation; by way of circulation, it closes the circle with itself. This aspect already latently contains its quality as capital. It is negated only as medium of exchange. Still, since it can be historically posited as measure before it appears as medium of exchange, and can appear as medium of exchange before it is posited as measure – in the latter case it would exist merely as preferred commodity – it can therefore also appear historically in the third function before it is posited in the two prior ones. But gold and silver can be accumulated as money only if they are already present in one of the other two roles, and it can appear in a developed form of the third role only if the two earlier ones are already developed. Otherwise, accumulating it is nothing more than the accumulation of gold and silver, not of money.
(As an especially interesting example, go into the accumulation of copper money in the earlier periods of the Roman republic.)
Since money as universal material representative of wealth emerges from circulation, and is as such itself a product of circulation, both of exchange at a higher potentiality, and a particular form of exchange, it stands therefore in the third function, as well, in connection with circulation; it stands independent of circulation, but this independence is only its own process. It derives from it just as it returns to it again. Cut off from all relation to it, it would not be money, but merely a simple natural object, gold or silver. In this character it is just as much its precondition as its result. Its independence is not the end of all relatedness to circulation, but rather a negative relation to it. This comes from its independence as a result of M–C–C–M. In the case of money as capital, money itself is posited (1) as precondition of circulation as well as its result; (2) as having independence only in the form of a negative relation, but always a relation to circulation; (3) as itself an instrument of production, since circulation no longer appears in its primitive simplicity, as quantitative exchange, but as a process of production, as a real metabolism. And thus money is itself stamped as a particular moment of this process of production. Production is not only concerned with simple determination of prices, i.e. with translation of the exchange values of commodities into a common unit, but with the creation of exchange values, hence also with the creation of the particularity of prices. Not merely with positing the form, but also the content. Therefore, while in simple circulation, money appears generally as productive, since circulation in general is itself a moment of the system of production, nevertheless this quality still only exists for us, and is not yet posited in money. (4) As capital, money thus also appears posited as a relation to itself mediated by circulation – in the relation of interest and capital. But here we are not as yet concerned with these aspects; rather, we have to look simply at money in the third role, in the form in which it emerged as something independent from circulation, more properly, from both its earlier aspects.
(‘An increase of money only an increase in the means of counting.’ Sismondi. This correct only in so far as defined as mere medium of exchange. In the other property it is also an increase in the means of paying.)
‘Commerce separated the shadow from the body, and introduced the possibility of owning them separately.’ (Sismondi.) Thus, money is now exchange value become independent (it never puts in more than a fleeting appearance as such, as medium of exchange) in its general form. It possesses, it is true, a particular body or substance, gold and silver, and precisely this gives it its independence; for what only exists as an aspect or relation of something else is not independent. On the other side, with this bodily independence, as gold and silver, it represents not only the exchange value of one commodity as against another, but rather exchange value as against all commodities; and although it possesses a substance of its own, it appears at the same time, in its particular existence as gold and silver, as the general exchange value of all commodities. On one side, it is possessed as their exchange value; they stand on the other side as only so many particular substances of exchange value, so that it can either transform itself into every one of these substances through exchange, or it can remain indifferent to them, aloof from their particularity and peculiarity. They are therefore merely accidental existences. It is the ‘précis de toutes les choses’, in which their particular character is erased; it is general wealth in the form of a concise compendium, as opposed to its diffusion and fragmentation in the world of commodities. While wealth in the form of the particular commodity appears as one of the moments of the same, or the commodity as one of the moments of wealth; in the form of gold and silver general wealth itself appears as concentrated in a particular substance. Every particular commodity, in so far as it is exchange value, has a price, expresses a certain quantity of money in a merely imperfect form, since it has to be thrown into circulation in order to be realized, and since it remains a matter of chance, due to its particularity, whether or not it is realized. However, in so far as it is realized not as price, but in its natural property, it is a moment of wealth by way of its relation to a particular need which it satisfies; and, in this relation, [it] expresses (1) only the wealth of uses [Gebrauchsreichtum], (2) only a quite particular facet of this wealth. Money, by contrast, apart from its particular usefulness as a valuable commodity, is (1) the realized price; (2) satisfies every need, in so far as it can be exchanged for the desired object of every need, regardless of any particularity. The commodity possesses this property only through the mediation of money. Money possesses it directly in relation to all commodities, hence in relation to the whole world of wealth, to wealth as such. With money, general wealth is not only a form, but at the same time the content itself. The concept of wealth, so to speak, is realized, individualized in a particular object.
In the particular commodity, in so far as it is a price, wealth is posited only as an ideal form, not yet realized; and in so far as it has a particular use value, it represents merely a quite singular facet of wealth. In money, by contrast, the price is realized; and its substance is wealth itself considered in its totality in abstraction from its particular modes of existence. Exchange value forms the substance of money, and exchange value is wealth. Money is therefore, on another side, also the embodied form of wealth, in contrast to all the substances of which wealth consists. Thus, while on one side the form and the content of wealth are identical in money, considered for itself, on the other side, in contrast to all the other commodities, money is the general form of wealth, while the totality of these particularities form its substance. Thus, in the first role, money is wealth itself; in the other, it is the general material representative of wealth. This totality exists in money itself as the comprehensive representation of commodities. Thus, wealth (exchange value as totality as well as abstraction) exists, individualized as such, to the exclusion of all other commodities, as a singular, tangible object, in gold and silver. Money is therefore the god among commodities.
Since it is an individuated, tangible object, money may be randomly searched for, found, stolen, discovered; and thus general wealth may be tangibly brought into the possession of a particular individual. From its servile role, in which it appears as mere medium of circulation it suddenly changes into the lord and god of the world of commodities. It represents the divine existence of commodities, while they represent its earthly form. Before it is replaced by exchange value, every form of natural wealth presupposes an essential relation between the individual and the objects, in which the individual in one of his aspects objectifies [vergegenständlicht] himself in the thing, so that his possession of the thing appears at the same time as a certain development of his individuality: wealth in sheep, the development of the individual as shepherd, wealth in grain his development as agriculturist, etc. Money, however, as the individual of general wealth, as something emerging from circulation and representing a general quality, as a merely social result, does not at all presuppose an individual relation to its owner; possession of it is not the development of any particular essential aspect of his individuality; but rather possession of what lacks individuality, since this social [relation] exists at the same time as a sensuous, external object which can be mechanically seized, and lost in the same manner. Its relation to the individual thus appears as a purely accidental one; while this relation to a thing having no connection with his individuality gives him, at the same time, by virtue of the thing’s character, a general power over society, over the whole world of gratifications, labours, etc. It is exactly as if, for example, the chance discovery of a stone gave me mastery over all the sciences, regardless of my individuality. The possession of money places me in exactly the same relationship towards wealth (social) as the philosophers’ stone would towards the sciences.
Money is therefore not only an object, but is the object of greed [Bereicherungssucht]. It is essentially auri sacra fames. Greed as such, as a particular form of the drive, i.e. as distinct from the craving for a particular kind of wealth, e.g. for clothes, weapons, jewels, women, wine etc., is possible only when general wealth, wealth as such, has become individualized in a particular thing, i.e. as soon as money is posited in its third quality. Money is therefore not only the object but also the fountainhead of greed. The mania for possessions is possible without money; but greed itself is the product of a definite social development, not natural, as opposed to historical. Hence the wailing of the ancients about money as the source of all evil. Hedonism [Genusssucht] in its general form and miserliness [Geiz] are the two particular forms of monetary greed. Hedonism in the abstract presupposes an object which possesses all pleasures in potentiality. Abstract hedonism realizes that function of money in which it is the material representative of wealth; miserliness, in so far as it is only the general form of wealth as against its particular substances, the commodities. In order to maintain it as such, it must sacrifice all relationship to the objects of particular needs, must abstain, in order to satisfy the need of greed for money as such. Monetary greed, or mania for wealth, necessarily brings with it the decline and fall of the ancient communities [Gemeinwesen]. Hence it is the antithesis to them. It is itself the community [Gemeinwesen], and can tolerate none other standing above it. But this presupposes the full development of exchange values, hence a corresponding organization of society. In antiquity, exchange value was not the nexus rerum; it appears as such only among the mercantile peoples, who had, however, no more than a carrying trade and did not, themselves, produce. At least this was the case with the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, etc. But this is a peripheral matter. They could live just as well in the interstices of the ancient world, as the Jews in Poland or in the Middle Ages. Rather, this world itself was the precondition for such trading peoples. That is why they fall apart every time they come into serious conflict with the ancient communities. Only with the Romans, Greeks etc. does money appear unhampered in both of its first two functions, as measure and as medium of circulation, and not very far developed in either. But as soon as either their trade etc. develops, or, as in the case of the Romans, conquest brings them money in vast quantities – in short, suddenly, and at a certain stage of their economic development, money necessarily appears in its third role, and the further it develops in that role, the more the decay of their community advances. In order to function productively, money in its third role, as we have seen, must be not only the precondition but equally the result of circulation, and, as its precondition, also a moment of it, something posited by it. Among the Romans, who amassed money by stealing it from the whole world, this was not the case. It is inherent in the simple character of money itself that it can exist as a developed moment of production only where and when wage labour exists; that in this case, far from subverting the social formation, it is rather a condition for its development and a driving-wheel for the development of all forces of production, material and mental. A particular individual may even today come into money by chance, and the possession of this money can undermine him just as it undermined the communities of antiquity. But the dissolution of this individual within modern society is in itself only the enrichment of the productive section of society. The owner of money, in the ancient sense, is dissolved by the industrial process, which he serves whether he wants and knows it or not. It is a dissolution which affects only his person. As material representative of general wealth, as individualized exchange value, money must be the direct object, aim and product of general labour, the labour of all individuals. Labour must directly produce exchange value, i.e. money. It must therefore be wage labour. Greed, as the urge of all, in so far as everyone wants to make money, is only created by general wealth. Only in this way can the general mania for money become the wellspring of general, self-reproducing wealth. When labour is wage labour, and its direct aim is money, then general wealth is posited as its aim and object. (In this regard, talk about the context of the military system of antiquity when it became a mercenary system.) Money as aim here becomes the means of general industriousness. General wealth is produced in order to seize hold of its representative. In this way the real sources of wealth are opened up. When the aim of labour is not a particular product standing in a particular relation to the particular needs of the individual, but money, wealth in its general form, then, firstly the individual’s industriousness knows no bounds; it is indifferent to its particularity, and takes on every form which serves the purpose; it is ingenious in the creation of new objects for a social need, etc. It is clear, therefore, that when wage labour is the foundation, money does not have a dissolving effect, but acts productively; whereas the ancient community as such is already in contradiction with wage labour as the general foundation. General industriousness is possible only where every act of labour produces general wealth, not a particular form of it; where therefore the individual’s reward, too, is money. Otherwise, only particular forms of industry are possible. Exchange value as direct product of labour is money as direct product of labour. Direct labour which produces exchange value as such is therefore wage labour. Where money is not itself the community [Gemeinwesen], it must dissolve the community. In antiquity, one could buy labour, a slave, directly; but the slave could not buy money with his labour. The increase of money could make slaves more expensive, but could not make their labour more productive. Negro slavery – a purely industrial slavery – which is, besides, incompatible with the development of bourgeois society and disappears with it, presupposes wage labour, and if other, free states with wage labour did not exist alongside it, if, instead, the Negro states were isolated, then all social conditions there would immediately turn into pre-civilized forms.
Money as individualized exchange value and hence as wealth incarnate was what the alchemists sought; it figures in this role within the Monetary (Mercantilist) System. The period which precedes the development of modern industrial society opens with general greed for money on the part of individuals as well as of states. The real development of the sources of wealth takes place as it were behind their backs, as a means of gaining possession of the representatives of wealth. Wherever it does not arise out of circulation – as in Spain – but has to be discovered physically, the nation is impoverished, whereas the nations which have to work in order to get it from the Spaniards develop the sources of wealth and really become rich. This is why the search for and discovery of gold in new continents, countries, plays so great a role in the history of revaluation, because by its means colonization is improvised and made to flourish as if in a hothouse. The hunt for gold in all countries leads to its discovery; to the formation of new states; initially to the spread of commodities, which produce new needs, and draw distant continents into the metabolism of circulation, i.e. exchange. Thus, in this respect, as the general representative of wealth and as individualized exchange value, it was doubly a means for expanding the universality of wealth, and for drawing the dimensions of exchange over the whole world; for creating the true generality [Allgemeinheit] of exchange value in substance and in extension. But it is inherent in the attribute in which it here becomes developed that the illusion about its nature, i.e. the fixed insistence on one of its aspects, in the abstract, and the blindness towards the contradictions contained within it, gives it a really magical significance behind the backs of individuals. In fact, it is because of this self-contradictory and hence illusory aspect, because of this abstraction, that it becomes such an enormous instrument in the real development of the forces of social production.
It is the elementary precondition of bourgeois society that labour should directly produce exchange value, i.e. money; and, similarly, that money should directly purchase labour, and therefore the labourer, but only in so far as he alienates [veräussert] his activity in the exchange. Wage labour on one side, capital on the other, are therefore only other forms of developed exchange value and of money (as the incarnation of exchange value). Money thereby directly and simultaneously becomes the real community [Gemeinwesen], since it is the general substance of survival for all, and at the same time the social product of all. But as we have seen, in money the community [Gemeinwesen] is at the same time a mere abstraction, a mere external, accidental thing for the individual, and at the same time merely a means for his satisfaction as an isolated individual. The community of antiquity presupposes a quite different relation to, and on the part of, the individual. The development of money in its third role therefore smashes this community. All production is an objectification [Vergegenständlichung] of the individual. In money (exchange value), however, the individual is not objectified in his natural quality, but in a social quality (relation) which is, at the same time, external to him.
Money posited in the form of the medium of circulation is coin [Münze]. As coin, it has lost its use value as such; its use value is identical with its quality as medium of circulation. For example, it has to be melted down before it can serve as money as such. It has to be demonetized. That is why the coin is also only a symbol whose material is irrelevant. But, as coin, it also loses its universal character, and adopts a national, local one. It decomposes into coin of different kinds, according to the material of which it consists, gold, copper, silver, etc. It acquires a political title, and talks, as it were, a different language in different countries. Finally, within a single country it acquires different denominations, etc. Money in its third quality, as something which autonomously arises out of and stands against circulation, therefore still negates its character as coin. It reappears as gold and silver, whether it is melted down or whether it is valued only according to its gold and silver weight-content. It also loses its national character again, and serves as medium of exchange between the nations, as universal medium of exchange, no longer as a symbol, but rather as a definite amount of gold and silver. In the most developed international system of exchange, therefore, gold and silver reappear in exactly the same form in which they already played a role in primitive barter. Gold and silver, like exchange itself originally, appear, as already noted, not within the sphere of a social community, but where it ends, on its boundary; on the few points of its contact with alien communities. Gold (or silver) now appears posited as the commodity as such, the universal commodity, which obtains its character as commodity in all places. Only in this way is it the material representative of general wealth. In the Mercantilist System, therefore, gold and silver count as the measure of the power of the different communities. ‘As soon as the precious metals become objects of commerce, an universal equivalent for everything, they also become the measure of power between nations. Hence the Mercantilist System.’ (Steuart.) No matter how much the modern economists imagine themselves beyond Mercantilism, in periods of general crisis gold and silver still appear in precisely this role, in 1857 as much as in 1600. In this character, gold and silver play an important role in the creation of the world market. Thus the circulation of American silver from the West to the East; the metallic band between America and Europe on one side, with Asia on the other side, since the beginning of the modern epoch. With the original communities this trade in gold and silver was only a peripheral concern, connected with excess production, like exchange as a whole. But in developed trade it is posited as a moment essentially interconnected with production etc. as a whole. It no longer appears for the purpose of exchanging the excess production but to balance it out as part of the total process of international commodity exchange. It is coin, now, only as world coin. But, as such, its formal character as medium of circulation is essentially irrelevant, while its material is everything. As a form, in this function, gold and silver remain the universally acceptable commodity, the commodity as such.
(In this first section, where exchange values, money, prices are looked at, commodities always appear as already present. The determination of forms is simple. We know that they express aspects of social production, but the latter itself is the precondition. However, they are not posited in this character [of being aspects of social production]. And thus, in fact, the first exchange appears as exchange of the superfluous only, and it does not seize hold of and determine the whole of production. It is the available overflow of an overall production which lies outside the world of exchange values. This still presents itself even on the surface of developed society as the directly available world of commodities. But by itself, it points beyond itself towards the economic relations which are posited as relations of production. The internal structure of production therefore forms the second section; the concentration of the whole in the state the third; the international relation the fourth; the world market the conclusion, in which production is posited as a totality together with all its moments, but within which, at the same time, all contradictions come into play. The world market then, again, forms the presupposition of the whole as well as its substratum. Crises are then the general intimation which points beyond the presupposition, and the urge which drives towards the adoption of a new historic form.) ‘The quantity of goods and the quantity of money may remain the same, and price may rise or fall notwithstanding’ (namely through greater expenditure, e.g. by the moneyed capitalists, landowners, state officials etc. Malthus, X, 43).
Money, as we have seen, in the form in which it independently steps outside of and against circulation, is the negation (negative unity) of its character as medium of circulation and measure. * We have developed, so far:
* In so far as money is a medium of circulation, ‘the quantity of it which circulates can never be employed individually; it must always circulate’. (Storch.) The individual can employ money only by divesting himself of it, by positing it as being for others, in its social function. This, as Storch correctly remarks, is a reason why the material of money ‘should not be indispensable to human existence’, in the manner of such things as hides, salt, etc., which serve for money among some peoples. For the quantity that is in circulation is lost to consumption. Hence, firstly, metals [enjoy] preference over other commodities as money, and secondly, the precious metals preference over those which useful as instruments of production. It is characteristic of the economists that Storch expresses this thusly: the material of money should should ‘have direct value but on the basis of an artificial need‘. Artificial need is what the economist calls, firstly, the needs which arise out of the social existence of the individual; secondly, those which do not flow from its naked existence as a natural object. This shows the inner, desperate poverty which forms the basis of bourgeois wealth and of its science.
Firstly. Money is the negation of the medium of circulation as such, of the coin. But it also contains the latter at the same time as an aspect, negatively, since it can always be transformed into coin; positively, as world coin, but, as such, its formal character is irrelevant, and it is essentially a commodity as such, the omnipresent commodity, not determined by location. This indifference is expressed in a double way: Firstly because it is now money only as gold and as silver, not as symbol, not in the form of the coin. For that reason the face which the state impresses on money as coin has no value; only its metal content has value. Even in domestic commerce it has a merely temporary, local value, ‘because it is no more useful to him who owns it than to him who owns the commodity to be bought’. The more domestic commerce is conditioned on all sides by foreign commerce, the more, therefore, does the value of this face vanish: it does not exist in private exchange, but appears only as tax. Then: in their capacity as general commodity, as world coin, the return of gold and silver to their point of departure, and, more generally, circulation as such, are not necessary. Example: Asia and Europe. Hence the wailings of the upholders of the Monetary System, that money disappears among the heathen without flowing back again. (See Misselden about 1600.) The more external circulation is conditioned and enveloped by internal, the more does the world coin as such come into circulation (rotation). This higher stage is yet no concern of ours and is not contained in the simple relation which we are considering here.
Secondly: Money is the negation of itself as mere realization of the prices of commodities, where the particular commodity always remains what is essential. It becomes, rather, the price realized in itself and, as such, the material representative of wealth as well as the general form of wealth in relation to all commodities, as merely particular substances of it; but
Thirdly: Money is also negated in the aspect in which it is merely the measure of exchange values. As the general form of wealth and as its material representative, it is no longer the ideal measure of other things, of exchange values. For it is itself the adequate [adäquat] reality of exchange value, and this it is in its metallic being. Here the character of measure has to be posited in it. It is its own unit; and the measure of its value, the measure of itself as wealth, as exchange value, is the quantity of itself which it represents. The multiple of an amount of itself which serves as unit. As measure, its amount was irrelevant; as medium of circulation, its materiality, the matter of the unit, was irrelevant: as money in this third role, the amount of itself as of a definite quantity of material is essential. If its quality as general wealth is given, then there is no difference within it, other than the quantitative. It represents a greater or lesser amount of general wealth according to whether its given unit is possessed in a greater or lesser quantity. If it is general wealth, then one is the richer the more of it one possesses, and the only important process, for the individual as well as the nation, is to pile it up [Anhäufen]. In keeping with this role, it was seen as that which steps outside circulation. Now this withdrawing of money from circulation, and storing it up, appears as the essential object [Gegenstand] of the drive to wealth and as the essential process of becoming wealthy. In gold and silver, I possess general wealth in its tangible form, and the more of it I pile up, the more general wealth do I appropriate. If gold and silver represent general wealth, then, as specific quantities, they represent it only to a degree which is definite, but which is capable of indefinite expansion. This accumulation of gold and silver, which presents itself as their repeated withdrawal from circulation, is at the same time the act of bringing general wealth into safety and away from circulation, in which it is constantly lost in exchange for some particular wealth which ultimately disappears in consumption.
Among all the peoples of antiquity, the piling-up of gold and silver appears at first as a priestly and royal privilege, since the god and king of commodities pertains only to gods and kings. Only they deserve to possess wealth as such. This accumulation, then, occurs on one side merely to display overabundance, i.e. wealth as an extraordinary thing, for use on Sundays only; to provide gifts for temples and their gods; to finance public works of art; finally as security in case of extreme necessity, to buy arms etc. Later in antiquity, this accumulation becomes political. The state treasury, as reserve fund, and the temple are the original banks in which this holy of holies is preserved. Heaping-up and accumulating attain their ultimate development in the modern banks, but here with a further-developed character. On the other side, among private individuals, accumulation takes place for the purpose of bringing wealth into safety from the caprices of the external world in a tangible form in which it can be buried etc., in short, in which it enters into a wholly secret relation to the individual. This, still on a large historical scale, in Asia. Repeats itself in every panic, war etc. in bourgeois society, which then falls back into barbaric conditions. Like the accumulation of gold etc. as ornament and ostentation among semi-barbarians. But a very large and constantly growing part of it withdrawn from circulation as an object of luxury in the most developed bourgeois society. (See Jacob etc.) As representative of general wealth, it is precisely its retention without abandoning it to circulation and employing it for particular needs, which is proof of the wealth of individuals; and to the degree that money develops in its various roles, i.e. that wealth as such becomes the general measure of the worth of individuals, [there develops] the drive to display it, hence the display of gold and silver as representatives of wealth; in the same way, Herr v. Rothschild displays as his proper emblem, I think, two banknotes of £100,000 each, mounted in a frame. The barbarian display of gold etc. is only a more naïve form of this modern one, since it takes place with less regard to gold as money. Here still the simple glitter. There a premeditated point. The point being that it is not used as money; here the form antithetical to circulation is what is important.
The accumulation of all other commodities is less ancient than that of gold and silver: (1) because of their perishability. Metals as such represent the enduring, relative to the other commodities; they are also accumulated by preference because of their greater rarity and their exceptional character as the instruments of production par excellence. The precious metals, because not oxidized by the air, are again more durable than the other metals. What other commodities lose is their form; but this form is what gives them their exchange value, while their use value consists in overcoming this form, in consuming it. With money, on the other hand, its substance, its materiality, is itself its form, in which it represents wealth. If money appears as the general commodity in all places, so also does it in all times. It maintains itself as wealth at all times. Its specific durability. It is the treasure which neither rust nor moths eat up. All commodities are only transitory money; money is the permanent commodity. Money is the omnipresent commodity; the commodity is only local money. But accumulation is essentially a process which takes place in time. In this connection, Petty says:
‘The great and ultimate effect of trade is not wealth as such, but preferably an overabundance of silver, gold and jewels, which are not perishable, nor as fickle as other commodities, but are wealth in all times and all places. A superfluity of wine, grain, poultry, meat etc. is wealth, but hic et nunc … Therefore the production of those commodities and the effects of that trade which endow a land with gold and silver are advantageous above others.’ (p. 3.) ‘If taxes take money from one who eats or drinks it up, and give it to one who employs it in improving the land, in fisheries, in the working of mines, in manufactures or even in clothing, then for the community there is always an advantage; for even clothes are not as perishable as meals; if in the furnishing of houses, even more; in the building of houses yet more; in the improvement of land, working of mines, fisheries, more again; the most of all, when employed so as to bring gold and silver into the country, for these things alone do not pass away, but are prized at all times and in all places as wealth.’ (p. 5.) Thus a writer of the seventeenth century. One sees how the piling-up of gold and silver gained its true stimulus with the conception of it as the material representative and general form of wealth. The cult of money has its asceticism, its self-denial, its self-sacrifice – economy and frugality, contempt for mundane, temporal and fleeting pleasures; the chase after the eternal treasure. Hence the connection between English Puritanism, or also Dutch Protestantism, and money-making. A writer of the beginning of the seventeenth century (Misselden) expresses the matter quite unselfconsciously as follows:
‘The natural material of commerce is the commodity, the artificial is money. Although money by nature and in time comes after the commodity, it has become, in present custom, the most important thing.’ He compares this to the two sons of old Jacob: Jacob placed his right hand on the younger and his left on the older son. (p. 24.) ‘We consume among us too great an excess of wines from Spain, France, the Rhine, the Levant, the Islands: raisins from Spain, currants from the Levant, cambrics from Hainault and the Netherlands, the silkenware of Italy, the sugar and tobacco of the West Indies, the spices of East India; all this is not necessary for us, but is paid for in hard money … If less of the foreign and more of the domestic product were sold, then the difference would have to come to us in the form of gold and silver, as treasure.’ (loc. cit.) The modern economists naturally make merry at the expense of this sort of notion in the general section of books on economics. But when one considers the anxiety involved in the doctrine of money in particular, and the feverish fear with which, in practice, the inflow and outflow of gold and silver are watched in times of crisis, then it is evident that the aspect of money which the followers of the Monetary and Mercantilist System conceived in an artless one-sidedness is still to be taken seriously, not only in the mind, but as a real economic category.
The antithesis between the real needs of production and this supremacy of money is presented most forcibly in Boisguillebert. (See the striking passages in my Notebook.)
(2) The accumulation of other commodities, their perishability apart, essentially different in two ways from the accumulation of gold and silver, which are here identical with money. First, the accumulation of other commodities does not have the character of accumulating wealth in general, but of accumulating particular wealth, and it is therefore itself a particular act of production; here simple accumulation will not do. To accumulate grain requires special stores etc. Accumulating sheep does not make one into a shepherd; to accumulate slaves or land requires relations of domination and subordination etc. All this, then, requires acts and relations distinct from simple accumulation, from increase of wealth as such. On the other hand, in order then to realize the accumulated commodity in the form of general wealth, to appropriate wealth in all its particular forms, I have to engage in trade with the particular commodity I have accumulated, I have to be a grain merchant, cattle merchant, etc. Money as the general representative of wealth absolves me of this.
The accumulation of gold and silver, of money, is the first historic appearance of the gathering-together of capital and the first great means thereto; but, as such, it is not yet accumulation of capital. For that, the re-entry of what has been accumulated into circulation would itself have to be posited as the moment and the means of accumulation.
Money in its final, completed character now appears in all directions as a contradiction, a contradiction which dissolves itself, drives towards its own dissolution. As the general form of wealth, the whole world of real riches stands opposite it. It is their pure abstraction – hence, fixated as such, a mere conceit. Where wealth as such seems to appear in an entirely material, tangible form, its existence is only in my head, it is a pure fantasy. Midas. On the other side, as material representative of general wealth, it is realized only by being thrown back into circulation, to disappear in exchange for the singular, particular modes of wealth. It remains in circulation, as medium of circulation; but for the accumulating individual, it is lost, and this disappearance is the only possible way to secure it as wealth. To dissolve the things accumulated in individual gratifications is to realize them. The money may then be again stored up by other individuals, but then the same process begins anew. I can really posit its being for myself only by giving it up as mere being for others. If I want to cling to it, it evaporates in my hand to become a mere phantom of real wealth. Further: [the notion that] to accumulate it is to increase it, [since] its own quantity is the measure of its value, turns out again to be false. If the other riches do not [also] accumulate, then it loses its value in the measure in which it is accumulated. What appears as its increase is in fact its decrease. Its independence is a mere semblance; its independence of circulation exists only in view of circulation, exists as dependence on it. It pretends to be the general commodity, but because of its natural particularity it is again a particular commodity, whose value depends both on demand and supply, and on variations in its specific costs of production. And since it is incarnated in gold and silver, it becomes one-sided in every real form; so that when the one appears as money, the other appears as particular commodity, and vice versa, and in this way each appears in both aspects. As absolutely secure wealth, entirely independent of my individuality, it is at the same time, because it is something completely external to me, the absolutely insecure, which can be separated from me by any accident. Similarly, it has entirely contradictory qualities as measure, as medium of circulation, and as money as such. Finally, in the last-mentioned character, it also contradicts itself because it must represent value as such; but represents in fact only a constant amount of fluctuating value. It therefore suspends itself as completed exchange value.
As mere measure it already contains its own negation as medium of circulation; as medium of circulation and measure, as money. To negate it in the last quality is therefore at the same time to negate it in the two earlier ones. If negated as the mere general form of wealth, it must then realize itself in the particular substances of real wealth; but in the process of proving itself really to be the material representative of the totality of wealth, it must at the same time preserve itself as the general form. Its very entry into circulation must be a moment of its staying at home [Beisichbleiben], and its staying at home must be an entry into circulation. That is to say that as realized exchange value it must be simultaneously posited as the process in which exchange value is realized. This is at the same time the negation of itself as a purely objective form, as a form of wealth external and accidental to individuals. It must appear, rather, as the production of wealth; and wealth must appear as the result of the mutual relations among individuals in production. Exchange value is now characterized, therefore, no longer simply as a thing for which circulation is only an external movement, or which appears individually in a particular material: [but rather] as relation to itself through the process of circulation. On the other side, circulation itself is no longer [qualified] merely as the simple process of exchanging commodities for money and money for commodities, merely as the mediating movement by which the prices of the various commodities are realized, are equated as exchange values, with both [commodities and money] appearing as external to circulation: the presupposed exchange value, the ultimate withdrawal of the commodity into consumption, hence the destruction of exchange value, on one side, and the withdrawal of the money, its achievement of independence vis-à-vis its substance, which is again another form of its destruction [on the other]. [Rather,] exchange value itself, and now no longer exchange value in general, but measured exchange value, has to appear as a presupposition posited by circulation itself, and, as posited by it, its presupposition. The process of circulation must also and equally appear as the process of the production of exchange values. It is thus, on one side, the regression of exchange value into labour, on the other side, that of money into exchange value, which is now posited, however, in a more profound character. With circulation, the determined price is presupposed, and circulation as money posits it only formally. The determinateness of exchange value itself, or the measure of price, must now itself appear as an act of circulation. Posited in this way, exchange value is capital, and circulation is posited at the same time as an act of production.
To be brought forward: In circulation, as it appears as money circulation, the simultaneity of both poles of exchange is always presupposed. But a difference of time may appear between the existence of the commodities to be exchanged. It may lie in the nature of reciprocal services that a service is performed today, but the service required in return can be performed only after a year etc. ‘In the majority of contracts,’ says Senior, ‘only one of the contracting parties has the thing available and lends it; and if exchange is to take place, one party has to cede it immediately on the condition of receiving the equivalent only in a later period. Since, however, the value of all things changes in a given space of time, the means of payment employed is that thing whose value varies least, and which maintains a given average capacity to buy things for the longest time. Thus money becomes the expression or the representative of value.’ According to this there would be no connection at all between the latter quality of money and the former. But this is wrong. Only when money is posited as the autonomous representative of value do contracts cease to be valued e.g. in quantities of grain or in services to be performed. (The latter was current e.g. in feudalism.) It is merely a notion held by Mr Senior that money has a ‘longer average capacity’ to maintain its value. The fact is that it is employed as the general material of contracts (general commodity of contracts, says Bailey) because it is the general commodity, the representative of general wealth (says Storch), because it is exchange value become independent. Money has to be already very developed in its two earlier functions before it can appear generally in this role. Now it turns out in fact that, although the quantity of money remains uniformly the same, its value changes: that, in general, as a specific amount, it is subject to the mutability of all values. Here its nature as a particular commodity comes to the fore against its general character. To money as measure, this change is irrelevant, for ‘in a changing medium, two different relations to the same thing can always be expressed, just as well as in a constant medium’. As medium of circulation it is also irrelevant, since its quantity as such is set by the measure. But as money in the form in which it appears in contracts, this is essential, just as, in general, its contradictions come to the fore in this role.
In separate sections, to be brought forward:
(1) Money as coin. This very summarily about coinage. (2) Historically the sources of gold and silver. Discoveries etc. The history of their production. (3) Causes of the variations in the value of the precious metals and hence of metallic money; effects of this variation on industry and the different classes. (4) Above all: quantity of circulation in relation to rise and fall of prices. (Sixteenth century. Nineteenth century.) Along the way, to be seen also how it is affected as measure by rising quantity etc. (5) About circulation: velocity, necessary amount, effect of circulation; more, less developed etc. (6) Solvent effect of money.
(This to be brought forward.) (Herein the specific economic investigations.)
(The specific gravity of gold and silver, to contain much weight in a relatively small volume, as compared with other metals, repeats itself in the world of values so that it contains much value (labour time) in relatively small volume. The labour time, exchange value realized in it, is the specific weight of the commodity. This makes the precious metals particularly suited for service in circulation (since one can carry a significant amount of value in the pocket) and for accumulation, since one can secure and stockpile a great amount of value in a small space. Gold does not turn into something else in the process, like iron, lead etc. Remains what it is.)
‘If Spain had never owned the mines of Mexico and Peru, it would never have had need of the grain of Poland.’ (Ravenstone.)
‘Illi unum consilium habent et virtutem et potestatem suam bestiae tradent … Et ne quis posset emere aut vendere, nisi qui habet characterem aut nomen bestiae, aut numerum nominis ejus.’ (Apocalypse. Vulgate.) ‘The correlative quantities of commodities which are given for one another, constitute the price of the commodity.’ (Storch.) ‘Price is the degree of exchangeable value.’ (loc cit.)
As we have seen, in simple circulation as such (exchange value in its movement), the action of the individuals on one another is, in its content, only a reciprocal, self-interested satisfaction of their needs; in its form, [it is] exchange among equals (equivalents). Property, too, is still posited here only as the appropriation of the product of labour by labour, and of the product of alien labour by one’s own labour, in so far as the product of one’s own labour is bought by alien labour. Property in alien labour is mediated by the equivalent of one’s own labour. This form of property – quite like freedom and equality – is posited in this simple relation. In the further development of exchange value this will be transformed, and it will ultimately be shown that private property in the product of one’s own labour is identical with the separation of labour and property, so that labour will create alien property and property will command alien labour.
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On Sept. 17, 1862, Gen. George B. McClellan stopped Gen. Robert E. Lee’s first Confederate invasion of the North at the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest day of warfare in American history. This narrow victory changed the course of the war.
Yet history has not been kind to McClellan. Politicians from the 1860s onward and countless historians have claimed he could have easily destroyed Lee’s army during the campaign and ended the war in 1862, sparing the country another two and a half years of bloody conflict.
Their criticism stems from the belief that McClellan moved too slowly and cautiously to attack Lee. They assert that when a copy of Lee’s plans fell into McClellan’s hands, the Union general wasted precious hours before advancing. They declare that McClellan’s forces outnumbered his foe’s by more than two to one and by that metric alone, he should have decimated Lee’s army. They are wrong.
Contrary to what most of the literature will tell you, McClellan was not a hesitant fool. He did his best under challenging conditions.
Scarcely two weeks before the Battle of Antietam, he was a general without a command. He had once held sway over all the Federal armies, but during the previous six months every unit under his control had been transferred to other generals.
Most had been sent to reinforce Gen. John Pope as he fought Lee on the plains of Manassas. Pope, however, was thoroughly defeated, and his demoralized troops streamed back to the capital with the Confederates close behind.
In a moment of desperation, Lincoln returned the shattered remnants of Pope’s army to McClellan, hoping its former commander could reinstill the high morale the troops had possessed a year earlier.
When McClellan took charge of the Union forces on Sept. 1, he inherited four separate armies, thousands of untrained recruits and numerous other small commands that needed to be made ready in a hurry. To further complicate matters, three of his senior commanders had been ordered relieved of duty, charged with insubordination against Pope.
Unbeknownst to the Federals, Lee had struck north into Maryland. The cavalry was the arm of the service most likely to discover Lee’s change of direction, but when McClellan took over, there was virtually none available to him.
On paper, McClellan commanded some 28 cavalry regiments. But the disastrous Manassas campaign had worn out the horses of almost half the Union regiments, while most of the remainder were stranded at Hampton Roads by gale-force winds. For the first week of the campaign, McClellan could only count on perhaps 1,500 cavalry from two regiments and a few scattered squadrons from his old army to challenge some 5,000 Confederate cavalry soldiers screening Lee’s army.
Despite these handicaps, in the week it took for Lee’s army to march to Frederick, McClellan’s army traveled an equal distance to redeploy on the north side of Washington. This was accomplished as he reshuffled commands, had his officers under charges reinstated and prepared to fill out his army with untrained recruits.
These new men, organized into 1,000-man regiments, would account for about a fifth of McClellan’s force at Antietam. Northern recruiting booths had only reopened in July, and the first of these regiments were not assembled in their home states until mid-August. Before officers learned how to issue orders or their men learned to follow them, they were sent by train to Washington and immediately marched to the front. They would learn how to fire a musket as they marched to battle.
In the second week of the campaign, Lee’s army suddenly left Frederick and marched west.
As McClellan’s army advanced on Sept. 13, Union soldiers stumbled upon a four-day-old copy of Lee’s orders in an abandoned rebel camp. Known as Special Order No. 191, this paper revealed that Lee had dangerously split his army into five parts. Three columns had converged on Harpers Ferry to capture the Federal garrison there, a fourth column was in Hagerstown, and a fifth column was acting as a rear guard near Boonesboro, Md. Historians have debated fiercely over when the Lost Order was delivered to McClellan.
In his landmark 1983 book, “Landscape Turned Red,” Stephen Sears asserts that McClellan verified before noon that the papers were legitimate, then exhibited his usual excessive caution and failed to move his army for 18 hours. To back up this theory, Sears cites a telegram that McClellan sent to Abraham Lincoln at “12 M” — which Sears says stands for meridian or noon — in which McClellan confidently informs the president that he has the plans of the enemy and that “no time shall be lost” in attacking Lee.
After the book’s publication, though, the original telegram receipt was discovered by researcher Maurice D’Aoust in the Lincoln papers at the Library of Congress. It shows that the telegram was sent at midnight (the word was written out) — a full 12 hours later than Sears thought. D’Aoust points this out in the October 2012 issue of Civil War Times in an article entitled “ ‘Little Mac’ Did Not Dawdle.”
The sequence of events most likely went like this: The Lost Orders were found “about noon,” as confirmed by the unit commander, and reached McClellan shortly before 3 p.m., which is when he ordered his cavalry chief to verify that the paper was legitimate, and not some ruse planted by the rebels. Even before the orders could be verified, McClellan had the vanguard of the army, Burnside’s 9th Corps, on the move at 3:30 p.m. These men filled the road west to Lee’s rear guard at South Mountain well into the night. Near sundown, at 6:20 p.m., he began to issue orders for the rest of his army to move, with most units instructed to be marching at sunrise. (They were roused from sleep at 3 a.m.) In the midst of this activity, at midnight, the general telegraphed the president to tell him what was going on.
No dilly-dallying there.
By 9 a.m. on Sept. 14, the first troops had climbed South Mountain and met the Confederate rear-guard in battle. By nightfall, McClellan’s army carried the heights and forced a defeated Lee to find a new defensive position along Antietam Creek. McClellan pursued the next morning and within 48 hours initiated the Battle of Antietam, which forced Lee back across the Potomac River.
In his after-action report, McClellan claimed that his men buried 2,700 Confederates on the Antietam battlefield and captured 6,000 more. He could only guess at the number of wounded, but he estimated it was 18,742 men, using the ratio of killed to wounded for his own troops.
This stands in stark contrast to Confederate reports, which claimed losses of 1,674 dead, 2,292 missing and 9,451 wounded — a total of 13,417. Even discounting the wounded, the discrepancy between the two reports is almost 5,000 casualties.
Which is right? The burial grounds would indicate that McClellan’s number is closer to the truth. More than 3,300 dead rebels specifically associated with the Antietam campaign can be found buried in the Confederate cemeteries in Hagerstown, Frederick, Shepherdstown and Winchester. This number is larger than McClellan’s because it includes bodies buried by the Confederates themselves as well as those who died shortly after the battle.
As for the captured Confederates, McClellan’s medical director, Jonathan Letterman, reported 2,500 wounded under his care following the fight. At least another 2,500 unwounded prisoners of war were transferred from the battlefield to Forts Delaware and McHenry, bringing the number of captured rebels to more than 5,000 — much closer to McClellan’s figure than Lee’s. This would make what is already America’s bloodiest day even more horrific than previously thought, and it would mean McClellan did more damage than he is credited with.
Perhaps the most important misconception is the number of troops Lee brought with him during his invasion. Most historians cite McClellan as having had 87,000 men and Lee around 40,000. These numbers are often used for the entire three-week campaign, with the Confederates sometimes credited with as many as 55,000 men, 15,000 of whom straggled off before the battle. But there are no complete returns for Lee’s army until Oct. 10, 1862. Every historian’s count is merely a best-guess estimate.
Lee filed his first return five days after the battle, noting the count is “very imperfect” and does not include cavalry or artillery. It states that on Sept. 22, he had at least 36,418 infantry. Adding a conservative number of 5,000 for the missing cavalry and artillery units would bring his total to about 41,000 troops at the end of the campaign.
Eighteen days later, on Oct. 10, Lee filed his first complete report, which showed 64,273 present for duty. This number is significant because Lee had not received a single new regiment to replace his losses; nor did he receive many, if any, recruits because the February draft law had already pulled every eligible man into the army by early summer.
If we add Lee’s reported campaign losses of 13,417 (which, as already noted, are too low), it would show that Lee started the campaign with at least 75,000 men.
Most historians will explain this away by citing the Confederate claim that almost half of Lee’s army — 30,000 soldiers — straggled behind. Where is the corroborating evidence? The Official Records show that some 5,000 rebels moved to Winchester at the start of the campaign, then on to Lee’s army after Antietam, but what about the rest? How could any rebel straggle in Maryland — as many Confederates claimed — and not be captured by the Union army, which immediately occupied every post the retreating Confederates vacated? If the straggling took place in Virginia at the start of the campaign, who fed these 25,000-plus soldiers? Who led them? How did they all get back into Lee’s army so quickly through countryside most had never been in?
The simple answer is that that Confederates had suffered a major loss and needed some way to explain it. While straggling undoubtedly occurred in the last few days before Antietam, 30,000 men were not missing for most of the campaign.
Plenty of eyewitness accounts support the 75,000 figure for Lee’s army. Perhaps the most detailed comes from Dr. Lewis Steiner of the Sanitary Commission, who happened to be in Frederick on Sept. 10-11 as most of the Confederate army marched out of town. Steiner tried to count every rebel that passed him and concluded by the end of the two days that he had seen some 69,000 Confederates. However, he did not witness any cavalry or a division south of town that was also part of Lee’s army. When the most conservative estimates for these troops are added to Steiner’s numbers, they bring the total to well over 75,000.
So much for McClellan’s outsized numerical advantage. The army he drove back was not much smaller than his own. He did it without proper cavalry support, with his superiors hoping to oust him and with a significant portion of his army untrained. And as it turns out, he inflicted more damage on Lee’s army than anyone suspected.
Related article, In defense of McClellan: A contrarian view - the Peninsula campaign
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Myanmar’s neighbours were watching closely the Pope’s visit, worried that the shocking treatment of the Rohingya Muslims could inflame inter-religious conflicts throughout the region. Francis has intervened personally to promote deeper mutual understanding among the major religions, urging them to draw from their traditions to protect those in distress and promote social inclusion and universal human values.
Some western groups, including Amnesty International, have criticised Pope Francis for not speaking strongly against the persecution of Muslims in Rakhine state and their expulsion into Bangladesh. His advisors, and especially the Myanmar Cardinal Bo, advised the Pope not even to mention the word ‘Rohingya’ lest it be seen as provocative in the agitated political climate, resulting in further conflict, including against Christians.
Pope Francis has protested about the plight of the Rohingya in Rome on several occasions, so his views are well known. He would have been foolish to ignore the advice of the local church in Myanmar, which asked him to avoid the possibly inflammatory word but speak to the issues nonetheless.
Few listening to the Pope in Myanmar during 27-30 November were in any doubt about the meaning of his talks, which were scrutinised very carefully. Moreover, the Pope’s visit is being closely watched by neighbouring countries that are also trying to deal with conflict between religious groups and need the support of religious traditions to develop social inclusion and a culture of religious dialogue and harmony.
Francis is alert to Asian culture and sensitivities. Attacking military people publicly could have caused them to ‘lose face’ and be seen as very offensive coming from a guest in their country. Instead he emphasised that Myanmar could take another path away from fanning a Buddhist-style populism, especially by drawing from traditional universal values in Buddhism.
Myanmar is a deeply religious country, with 47 million Theravada Buddhists comprising 89 percent of the population of 53 million, with 500,000 Buddhist monks and some 75,000 nuns. Catholics number 659,000, only 1.3 per cent of the population, and with other Christians number 6 per cent, many of whom belong to the 130 minority groups, as in Kachin and Shan states, which have also been subject to abusive treatment by the military in conflicts stretching back over 60 years. The Burmese are the largest ethnic group, comprising a third of the population.
Inter-religious collaboration for human wellbeing?
Rather than sharpen painful points of conflict, Francis adopted a different strategy, appealing to the common values in all the religious traditions about harmony, peace-making, social development and human rights. Critical to his efforts to advance inter-religious dialogue and collaboration was his meeting with leading Buddhist monks, affirming these values together in a shared responsibility.
Francis is well aware of how some extremist Buddhist monks, possibly instigated by factions in the military, have alarmed the country about supposed threats of a Muslim and Islamist take-over. By whipping up fear and agitation against the Muslim minority in Rakhine, which had grown to about a third of its 3.1 million people, the military tries to justify repression against them and other minority groups.
In a breach of protocol, the army head General Min Aung Hlaing with other military leaders paid a ‘courtesy visit’ to the Pope for 15 minutes in Yangon on 27 November after his 10-hour flight from Rome. Hlaing was in charge of the military intervention in northern Rakhine state, resulting in the expulsion of 620,000 Muslims. He told the Pope ‘there’s no religious discrimination in Myanmar and there’s freedom of religion.’ He added that ‘every soldier’s goal is to build a stable and peaceful country.’
Francis and Aung San Suu Kyi
The 80-year-old Pope had previously met Aung San Suu Kyi twice in Rome, and they talked privately for twenty minutes before Francis gave his address on 28 November at the Convention Centre in the new capital of Naypyidaw. Aung San Suu Kyi cannot become president because the 2008 Constitution bars her since her children are British citizens. Instead she has the honorary title of State Counsellor. She is a close ally of the president, Htin Kyaw.
Before meeting Suu Kyi, Francis met for 40 minutes with some twenty representatives of Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, Anglican and Baptist communities.
Aung San Suu Kyi formally welcomed the Pope, saying that he brought them hope in their longing ‘for peace, national reconciliation and social harmony’, and encouragement to build the nation ‘by protecting rights, fostering tolerance, ensuring security for all’, while ending ‘all the conflicts’. She made the only explicit reference during the Pope’s visit to events in Rakhine state.
She referred to the Beatitudes as a challenge for all political and religious leaders to be peace-makers. ‘It is to show mercy by refusing to discard people, harm the environment, or seek to win at any cost.’
In his address Pope Francis strongly supported the reconciliation process in Myanmar, with ‘respect for each ethnic group and its identity’, and for ‘the rule of law and a democratic order that enables each individual and every group – none excluded – to offer its legitimate contribution to the common good’.
He said the people continued to suffer greatly ‘from civil conflict and hostilities that have lasted all too long and created deep divisions’. He endorsed the government’s efforts, including through the Panglong Peace Conference, ‘to attempt to end violence, to build trust and to ensure respect for the rights of all who call this land their home’ – which also implied the Muslims from Rakhine state. He spoke of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in promoting justice, peace and development throughout the world, and its impetus to resolve conflicts through dialogue, not force.
Strong applause greeted Francis when he stressed that religions ‘need not be a source of division and mistrust, but rather a force for unity, forgiveness, tolerance and wise nation-building’, helping to repair wounds. He urged all religious traditions to educate people in ‘authentic religious and human values’; ‘to uproot the causes of conflict, build bridges of dialogue, seek justice and be a prophetic voice for all who suffer.’
Peace-making and the Buddhist Supreme ‘Sangha’ Council
On Wednesday 29 November, Francis took his shoes off to meet with the Supreme ‘Sangha’ Council of 47 high-ranking Buddhist monks appointed by the government. He said a common voice was needed to affirm ‘the timeless values of justice, peace and the fundamental dignity of each human person’, bringing hope to people, especially where ‘the wounds of conflict, poverty and oppression persist, and create new divisions.’
The president of the Buddhist Council, Bhaddanta Kumarabhivamsa, replied that in the different religious traditions ‘everybody walks the same path that leads to the well-being of humanity’, and all can contribute to peace and prosperity. He found it ‘unacceptable’ that ‘terrorism and extremism’ are put forth by bad interpretations of religious beliefs. ‘We must denounce any form of expression that incites hate, false propaganda, conflict and war… and we condemn with firmness those that support such activities.’
Francis added that ‘If we are to be united, as is our purpose, we need to surmount all forms of misunderstanding, intolerance, prejudices and hatred.’ How can we do this, he asked. He quoted a saying attributed to the Buddha: ‘Overcome the angry by non-anger; overcome the wicked by goodness; overcome the miser by generosity; overcome the liar by truth’.
The Pope noted how close this was to the peace prayer of St Francis. He finally urged the monks to continue meeting with the local Catholic bishops and other religious groups to deepen mutual understanding to guarantee authentic justice and peace for everyone.
Priorities for Myanmar Catholics
In his meeting on 29 November with the 20 Catholic bishops, Francis focused on
- promoting healing across ethnic, regional and political conflicts
- deepening ecumenical and inter-faith ties so all can ‘reject every act of violence and hatred perpetrated in the name of religion’
- inculcating the Gospel message in the life and traditions of local communities, and
- championing human rights and democracy, especially for ‘the poorest and most vulnerable’.
The Pope’s public Mass later that day attracted some 150,000 people in Yangon, including from neighbouring countries, and he again called for peace and reconciliation, knowing that thousands of Catholics and other Christians had also suffered in ethnic violence. ‘I know that many in Myanmar bear the wounds of violence’ and he warned against any temptation to seek vengeance. ‘We think that healing can come from anger and revenge… Yet the way of revenge is not the way of Jesus.’
Will the Pope’s visit make a difference?
Pope Francis left Myanmar on 30 November for the next stage of his journey to Bangladesh where he was expected to speak directly with Rohingya refugees.
Like Aung San Suu Kei, Francis knows that the military still retains substantial control of Myanmar, with 25 per cent of the seats in parliament and holding the ministries of defence, home affairs and border control. He strongly supported democracy and human rights for all, and most importantly promoted a dialogue of reconciliation and harmony with Buddhist religious leaders, who are best placed to help shape public opinion and encourage moves towards fully civilian government.
Fr Bruce Duncan is a Redemptorist priest who teaches history and social ethics at Yarra Theological Union, a college of Melbourne’s University of Divinity.
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Definition of uninterrupted in English:
1Without a break in continuity: an uninterrupted flow of traffic
More example sentences
- It was possible and I didn't think twice about it, continuing on in an uninterrupted flow.
- People want convenience in a bag and the industry wants the flow of billions to continue uninterrupted.
- Every third move or so, a move is called in which the girl spins out of her partner's arms, into the arms of the next guy in the circle, and the dance continues uninterrupted.
1.1(Of a view) unobstructed.
- They are all major buildings in Bradford's cityscape and I think we should enjoy uninterrupted views of them all.
- Like his neighbours, Bennett loves his uninterrupted views across the dunes which stretch from Balmedie to the south to Foveran links to the north.
- As well as the septic tank issue in the case there was also the factor that the house was being planned along a road where there was an uninterrupted view.
- Example sentences
- They have continued to be received uninterruptedly for the space of 150 years; and men, Sir, who have sat in the direction themselves, have at several times received presents.
- The regime persists uninterruptedly not because of the citizens' conviction of its fairness neither by its moral qualities nor by the practicality of its procedures.
- This stream continued almost uninterruptedly, although police control of the borders was permanently reinforced under the growing pressure of anti-immigrant organizations.
Words that rhyme with uninterrupteduncorrupted
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Posted on by Dr. Francis Collins
What might appear in this picture to be an exotic, green glow worm served up on a collard leaf actually comes from something we all know well: an egg. It’s a 3-day-old chicken embryo that’s been carefully removed from its shell, placed in a special nutrient-rich bath to keep it alive, and then photographed through a customized stereo microscope. In the middle of the image, just above the blood vessels branching upward, you can see the outline of a transparent, developing eye. Directly to the left is the embryonic heart, which at this early stage is just a looped tube not yet with valves or pumping chambers.
Developing chicks are one of the most user-friendly models for studying normal and abnormal heart development. Human and chick hearts have a lot in common structurally, with four chambers and four valves pumping two circulations of blood in parallel. Unlike mammalian embryos tucked away in the womb, researchers have free range to study the chick heart in or out of the egg as it develops from a simple looped tube to a four-chambered organ.
Jonathan Butcher and his NIH-supported research group at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, snapped this photo, a winner in the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology’s 2015 BioArt competition, to monitor differences in blood flow through the developing chick heart. You can get a sense of these differences by the varying intensities of green fluorescence in the blood vessels. The Butcher lab is interested in understanding how the force of the blood flow triggers the switching on and off of genes responsible for making functional heart valves. Although the four valves aren’t yet visible in this image, they will soon elongate into flap-like structures that open and close to begin regulating the normal flow of blood through the heart.
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Demographic Consequences of Early Development and Extreme Climate Events for Alcids on Trangle Island BC
Kyle Morrison – 2009 – Simon Fraser University Master of Science Thesis
In long-lived species like seabirds, population growth rate is most sensitive to changes in adult survival, although juvenile survival and recruitment can also be important. The reproductive success of seabirds often varies greatly depending on climate-driven food availability, but less is known about juvenile and adult survival of seabirds. I found that females of the small-bodied, zooplanktivorous Cassin’s Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) had high mortality in extreme climate years. In contrast, adult survival of two larger-bodied, more piscivorous species, Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) and Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) showed no response to extreme climate years. In addition, I demonstrate that even in two of the most successful years on record for Tufted Puffin reproduction, the juvenile survival of each cohort can differ greatly. Early development, reflected in fledging wing length and mass, impacted juvenile survival and the age at which individuals returned to their natal colony.
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The Age of the One Moon
The moon blew up without warning and for no apparent reason. It was waxing, only one day short of full. The time was 05:03:12 UTC. Later it would be designated A+0.0.0, or simply Zero.
An amateur astronomer in Utah was the first person on Earth to realize that something unusual was happening. Moments earlier, he had noticed a blur flourishing in the vicinity of the Reiner Gamma formation, near the moon’s equator. He assumed it was a dust cloud thrown up by a meteor strike. He pulled out his phone and blogged the event, moving his stiff thumbs (for he was high on a mountain and the air was as cold as it was clear) as fast as he could to secure the claim to himself. Other astronomers would soon be pointing their telescopes at the same dust cloud—might be doing it already! But—supposing he could move his thumbs fast enough—he would be the first to point it out. The fame would be his; if the meteorite left behind a visible crater, perhaps it would even bear his name.
His name was forgotten. By the time he had gotten his phone out of his pocket, his crater no longer existed. Nor did the moon.
When he pocketed his phone and put his eye back to the eyepiece of his telescope, he let out a curse, since all he saw was a tawny blur. He must have knocked the telescope out of focus. He began to twiddle the focus knob. This didn’t help.
Finally he pulled back from the telescope and looked with his naked eyes at the place where the moon was supposed to be. In that moment he ceased to be a scientist, with privileged information, and became no different from millions of other people around the Americas, gaping in awe and astonishment at the most extraordinary thing that humans had ever seen in the sky.
In movies, when a planet blows up, it turns into a fireball and ceases to exist. This is not what happened to the moon. The Agent (as people came to call the mysterious force that did it) released a very large amount of energy, to be sure, but not nearly enough to turn all the moon’s substance into fire.
The most generally accepted theory was that the puff of dust observed by the Utah astronomer was caused by an impact. That the Agent, in other words, came from outside the moon, pierced its surface, burrowed deep into its center, and then released its energy. Or that it simply kept on going out the other side, depositing enough energy en route to break up the moon. Another hypothesis stated that the Agent was a device buried in the moon by aliens during primordial times, set to detonate when certain conditions were met.
In any case, the result was that, first, the moon was fractured into seven large pieces, as well as innumerable smaller ones. And second, those pieces spread apart, enough to become observable as separate objects—huge rough boulders—but not enough to continue flying apart from one another. The moon’s pieces remained gravitationally bound, a cluster of giant rocks orbiting chaotically about their common center of gravity.
That point—formerly the center of the moon, but now an abstraction in space—continued to revolve around the Earth just as it had done for billions of years. So now, when the people of Earth looked up into the night sky at the place where they ought to have seen the moon, they saw instead this slowly tumbling constellation of white boulders.
Or at least that is what they saw when the dust cleared. For the first few hours, what had been the moon was just a somewhat-greater- than- moon- sized cloud, which reddened before the dawn and set in the west as the Utah astronomer looked on dumbfounded. Asia looked up all night at a moon-colored blur. Within, bright spots began to stand out as dust particles fell into the nearest heavy pieces. Europe and then America were treated to a clear view of the new state of affairs: seven giant rocks where the moon ought to have been.
Before the leaders of the scientific, military, and political worlds began using the word “Agent” to denote whatever had blown up the moon, that word’s most common interpretation, at least in the minds of the general public, had been in the pulp-fiction, B-movie sense of a secret agent or an FBI agent. Persons of a more technical mind-set might have used it to mean some sort of chemical, such as a cleaning agent. The closest match for how the word would be used forever after was the sense in which it was used by fencers and martial artists. In a sword-fighting drill, where one participant is going to mount an attack and the other is to respond in some way, the attacker is known as the agent and the respondent is known as the patient. The agent acts. The patient is passive. In this case an unknown Agent acted upon the moon. The moon, along with all the humans living in the sublunary realm, was the passive recipient of that action. Much later, humans might rouse themselves to take action and be agents once again. But now and for long into the future they would be nothing more than patients.
The Seven Sisters
Rufus MacQuarie saw it all happen above the black ridgeline of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska. Rufus operated a mine there. On clear nights he would drive his pickup truck to the top of a mountain that he and his men had spent the day hollowing out. He would take his telescope, a twelve-inch Cassegrain, out of the back of the truck and set it up on the summit and look at the stars. When he got ridiculously cold, he would retreat into the cab of his truck (he kept the engine running) and hold his hands over the heater vents until his fingers regained feeling. Then, as the rest of him warmed up, he would put those fingers to work communicating with friends, family, and strangers all over the world.
And off it.
After the moon blew up, and he convinced himself that what he was seeing was real, he fired up an app that showed the positions of various natural and man-made celestial bodies. He checked the position of the International Space Station. It happened to be swinging across the sky 260 miles above and 2,000 miles south of him.
He pulled a contraption onto his knee. He had made it in his little machine shop. It consisted of a telegraph key that looked to be about 150 years old, mounted on a contoured plastic block that strapped to his knee with hook-and- loop. He began to rattle off dots and dashes. A whip antenna was mounted to the bumper of his pickup truck, reaching for the stars.
Two hundred sixty miles above and two thousand miles south of him, the dots and dashes came out of a pair of cheap speakers zip-tied to a conduit in a crowded, can-shaped module that made up part of the International Space Station.
Bolted to one end of the ISS was the yam-shaped asteroid called Amalthea. In the unlikely event that it could have been brought gently to Earth and laid to rest on a soccer field, it would have stretched from one penalty box to the other and completely covered the center circle. It had floated around the sun for four and a half billion years, invisible to the naked eye and to astronomers’ telescopes even though its orbit had been similar to that of the Earth. In the classification system used by astronomers, this meant that it was called an Arjuna asteroid. Because of their near-Earth orbits, Arjunas had a high probability of entering the Earth’s atmosphere and slamming into inhabited places. But, by the same token, they were also relatively easy to reach and latch on to. For both those reasons, bad and good, they drew the attention of astronomers.
Amalthea had been noticed five years earlier by a swarm of telescope-wielding satellites sent out by Arjuna Expeditions, a Seattle-based company funded by tech billionaires for the express purpose of asteroid mining. It had been identified as dangerous, with a 0.01 percent probability of striking the Earth within the next hundred years, and so another swarm of satellites had been sent up to drop a bag over it and drag it into a geocentric (Earth-rather than sun-centered) orbit, which had then been gradually matched with that of the ISS.
In the meantime, the planned expansion of the ISS had plodded onward. New modules—inflatables and air-filled tin cans sent up on rockets—had been added to the space station at both ends. At the forward end—the space station’s nose, if you thought of it as a vaguely bird-shaped object flying around the world—a home was prepared for Amalthea and for the asteroid mining research project that was planned to grow up around it. Meanwhile, at the aft end, a torus—a donut-shaped habitat about forty meters in diameter—was constructed and made to spin like a merry-go-round, creating a small amount of simulated gravity.
At some point during these improvements, people had stopped calling it the International Space Station, or ISS, and begun referring to the old girl as Izzy. Coincidentally or not, this moniker had become popular around the time that each of the station’s two ends had come under the management of a woman. Dinah MacQuarie, the fifth child and only daughter of Rufus, was responsible for much of what went on in Izzy’s forward end. Ivy Xiao had overall command of ISS and tended to operate out of the torus at its “stern.”
During most of Dinah’s waking hours, she was at the forward end of Izzy, in a small workspace (“my shop”) where she could look out a small quartz window at Amalthea (“my girlfriend”). Amalthea was nickel and iron: heavy elements that had probably sunk to the hot center of an ancient planet long since blown apart by some primordial catastrophe. Other asteroids were made of lighter materials. In the same way that Amalthea’s Earth-like orbit had made her both a dire threat and a promising candidate for exploitation, her dense metallic constitution had made her a bitch to move around the solar system, but a rewarding object of study. Some asteroids were made largely of water, which could be hoarded for consumption by humans or split into hydrogen and oxygen to fuel rockets. Others were rich in precious metals that could be returned to Earth and sold.
A lump of nickel and iron like Amalthea could be smelted into structural materials for the construction of orbiting space habitats. Doing so on anything more than a small pilot scale would require the development of new technology. Using human miners was out of the question, since sending them up to orbit and keeping them alive was expensive. Robots were the obvious solution. Dinah had been sent up to Izzy to lay groundwork for a robot laboratory that would eventually host a staff of six. The budget wars in Washington had reduced that number to one.
Which was how she actually liked it. She had grown up in remote places, following her father, Rufus; her mother, Catherine; and her four brothers to a series of hard rock mines in places like the Brooks Range of Alaska, the Karoo Desert of South Africa, and the Pilbara of western Australia. Her accent betrayed traces of all those places. She’d been home-schooled by her parents and a series of tutors they’d flown in, none of whom had lasted more than a year. Catherine had taught her the finer points of piano playing and napkin folding, and Rufus had taught her mathematics, military history, Morse code, bush piloting, and how to blow things up, all by the age of twelve, when, by family voice vote over dinner, she had been deemed too smart and too much of a handful for life at the minehead. She had been sent off to boarding school on the East Coast of the United States. For her family—though she’d never had an inkling of it until then—was well off.
At school she had developed into a gifted soccer player and parlayed this talent into an athletic scholarship to Penn. During her sophomore year she had blown out her right ACL, terminating her serious athletic career, and turned her attention in a more serious way to the study of geology. That, plus a three-year relationship with a boy who liked to build robots, combined with her background in the mining industry, had made her into a perfect candidate for the job she had now. Working hand in glove with robot geeks on terra firma—a mixture of university researchers, freelance members of the hacker/maker community, and paid Arjuna Expeditions staff—she programmed, tested, and evaluated a menagerie of robots, ranging in size from cockroach to cocker spaniel, all adapted for the task of crawling around on the surface of Amalthea, analyzing its mineral composition, cutting bits off, and taking them to a smelter that, like everything else up here, was specially adapted to work in the environment of space. The ingots of steel that emerged from this device were barely large enough to serve as paperweights, but they were the first such things made off-world, and right now they were weighing down important papers on billionaires’ desks all over Silicon Valley, worth far more as conversation pieces and status symbols than as commodities.
Rufus, a die-hard ham radio enthusiast who still communicated in Morse code with a dwindling circle of old friends all over the world, had pointed out that radio transmission between the ground and Izzy was actually rather easy, given that it was line-of- sight (at least when Izzy happened to be passing overhead) and that the distance was nothing by ham radio standards. Since Dinah lived and worked in a robot workshop, surrounded by soldering gear and electronics workbenches, it had been a simple matter for her to assemble a small transceiver following specifications provided by her dad. Zip-tied to a bulkhead, it dangled above her workstation, making a dim static hiss that was easily drowned out by the normal background roar of the space station’s ventilation systems. Sometimes it would beep.
A spacewalker gazing at Dinah’s end of Izzy, a few minutes after the Agent had fractured the moon, would have seen, first of all, Amalthea: a huge, gnarled twist of metal, still dusty in some places with space debris that had fallen into its evanescent gravitational field over the aeons, gleaming in others where it had been rubbed clean. Scurrying over its surface was a score of different robots, belonging to four distinct “species”: one that looked like a snake, one that picked its way along like a crab, one that looked like a sort of rolling geodesic dome, and another that looked like a swarm of insects. These provided sporadic illumination from the blue and white LEDs that Dinah used to track them, from the lasers with which they scanned Amalthea’s surface, and from the blinding arcs of purplish light with which they would sometimes slice into it. Izzy was then in Earth’s shadow, on the night side of the planet, and so all was dark otherwise, except for white light spilling out from the little quartz window beside Dinah’s workstation. This was barely large enough to frame her head. She had straw-colored hair cut short. She had never been especially appearance conscious; back at the minehead her brothers had mocked her to shame whenever she had experimented with clothes or cosmetics. When she’d been described as a tomboy in a school yearbook she had interpreted it as a sort of warning shot and had gone into a somewhat more girly phase that had run its course during her late teens and early twenties and ended when she had started to worry about being taken seriously in engineering meetings. Being on Izzy meant being on the Internet, doing everything from painstakingly scripted NASA PR interviews to candid Facebook shots posted by fellow astronauts. She had grown tired of the pouffy floating hair of zero gravity and, after a few weeks of clamping it down with baseball caps, had figured out how to make this shorter cut work for her. The haircut had spawned terabytes of Internet commentary from men, and a few women, who apparently had nothing else to do with their time.
As usual, she was focused on the screen of her computer, which was covered with lines of code governing the behavior of her robots. Most software developers had to write code, compile it into a program, and then run the program to see whether it was working as intended. Dinah wrote code, beamed it into the robots scurrying around on Amalthea’s surface a few meters away, and stared out the window to see whether it was working. The ones closest to the window tended to get most of her attention, and so there was a kind of natural selection at work, in that the robots that huddled closest to their mother’s cool blue-eyed gaze acquired the most intelligence, while the ones wandering around loose on the dark side never got any smarter.
At any rate her focus was either on the screen or on the robots, and so it had been for many hours. Until a string of beeps came out of the hissing speaker zip-tied to the bulkhead, and her eyes went momentarily out of focus as her brain decoded the dots and dashes into a string of letters and numbers: her father’s call sign. “Not now, Pa,” she muttered, with a guilty daughter’s glance at the brass-and- oak telegraph key he had given her—a Victorian relic purchased at great price on eBay, during a bidding war that had placed Rufus into pitched battle against a host of science museums and interior decorators.
LOOK AT THE MOON
“Not now, Pa, I know the moon’s pretty, I’m right in the middle of debugging this method . . .”
OR WHAT USED TO BE IT
And then she brought her face close to the window and twisted her neck to find the moon. She saw what used to be it. And the universe changed.
His name was Dubois Jerome Xavier Harris, Ph.D. The French first name came from his Louisiana ancestors on his mother’s side. The Harrises were Canadian blacks whose ancestors had come up to Toronto during slavery. Jerome and Xavier were the names of saints—two of them, just to be on the safe side. The family straddled the border in the Detroit-W indsor area. Inevitably, he had been dubbed Doob by his friends at school when they had still been too young to understand that “doobie” was slang for a marijuana cigarette. The overwhelming majority of people called him Doc Dubois now, because he was on TV a lot, and that was how the talk show hosts and the network anchormen introduced him. His job on TV was to explain science to the general public and, as such, to act as a lightning rod for people who could not accept all the things that science implied about their worldview and their way of life, and who showed a kind of harebrained ingenuity in finding ways to refute it.
In academic settings, such as when he was keynoting astronomical meetings and writing papers, he was, of course, Dr. Harris.
The moon blew up while he was attending a fund-raising reception in the courtyard of the Caltech Athenaeum. At the beginning of the evening it was a fiercely cold bluish-white disk rising above the Chino Hills. Lay observers would fancy it a good night for moon watching, at least by Southern California standards, but Dr. Harris’s professional eye saw a thin border of fuzz around its rim and knew that aiming a telescope at it would be pointless. At least if the objective were to do science. Public relations was another matter; operating more in his Doc Dubois persona, he occasionally organized star parties where amateur astronomers would set their telescopes up in Eaton Canyon Park and aim them at crowd-pleasing targets such as the moon, the rings of Saturn, and the moons of Jupiter. Tonight would be a fine night for that.
But that wasn’t what he was doing. He was drinking good red wine with rich persons, mostly from the tech industry, and being Doc Dubois, the affable science popularizer of television and of four million Twitter followers. Doc Dubois knew how to size up his audience. He knew that self-made tech zillionaires liked to argue, that Pasadena aristocracy didn’t, and that society wives liked to be lectured to, as long as the lectures were brief and funny. And he knew that his job was to charm these people, nothing more, so that they could later be handed off to professional fund-raisers.
He was going back to the bar for another glass of the pinot noir, fully in the Doc Dubois persona, slapping shoulders and bumping fists and exchanging grins, when a man gasped. Everyone looked at him. Doob was afraid that the poor guy had been struck by a stray bullet or something. He was frozen, poised on one leg, gazing up. A woman followed his gaze and screamed.
And Doob became one of perhaps a few million people around the dark half of the planet all looking up into the sky, in a state of shock so profound as to shut off the parts of the brain responsible for higher functions like talking. His first thought, given that they were in Greater Los Angeles, was that they were looking at a black projection screen that had been stealthily hoisted into the air above the neighboring property, and were seeing a Hollywood special effect thrown onto it by a concealed projector. No one had informed him that any such stunt was under way, but perhaps it was some incredibly bizarre fund-raising gambit, or part of a movie production.
When he came to his senses, he was aware that a large number of telephones were singing their little electronic songs. Including his. The birth cry of a new age.
Ivy Xiao was in overall command of Izzy and spent almost all of her time in the torus, partly because her office was there and partly because she was more susceptible to space sickness than she liked to admit. That physical separation—Ivy back in the torus, Dinah up in the forward end, close to Amalthea—was symbolic, in many people’s minds, of a difference between them that didn’t really exist. Other contrasts were obvious enough, beginning with the physical: Ivy was four inches taller, with long black hair that she kept under control usually by braiding it and trapping the braid under the collar of her jumpsuit. She had the build of a volleyball player. Raised in Los Angeles, the only child of high-strung parents, Ivy had SATed, science faired, and spiked her way to Annapolis, then followed that up with a Ph.D. in applied physics from Princeton. Only then had the navy demanded the years of service that she owed it in return for her tuition. After learning how to pilot helicopters, she had spent most of that time in the astronaut program, in whose ranks she had risen quickly. Unlike most astronauts, who were mission specialists—scientists or engineers carrying out specific tasks after the launch vehicle had reached orbit—Ivy, with her training as a pilot, was a flight specialist as well, meaning that she knew how to fly rockets. The days of the Space Shuttle were long over, so there was no need to joystick a winged vehicle back to a runway. But docking and maneuvering spacecraft in orbit was a good clean match for someone with the motor control of a chopper pilot and the mathematical mind of a physicist.
The pedigree was intimidating, even off-putting to people who were impressed by such things. Dinah, who wasn’t, cared little one way or the other. Her informal behavior toward Ivy was interpreted by some observers as disrespectful. Two very different women in conflict with each other made for a more dramatic story than what was actually true. They were continually bemused by the efforts made by Izzy personnel, and their handlers on the ground, to heal the nonexistent rift between them. Or, what was a lot less funny, to exploit it in the pursuit of byzantine political schemes.
Four hours after the moon blew up, Dinah and Ivy and the other ten crew members of the International Space Station had a meeting in the Banana, which was what they called the longest uninterrupted section in the spinning torus. Most of the torus was chopped up into segments short enough that the brain could talk the eye into believing that the floor was flat and that gravity always pointed in the same direction. But the Banana was long enough to make it obvious that the floor was in fact curved through about fifty degrees of arc from one end to the other. “Gravity” at one end of it was aimed in a different direction from that at the other end. Accordingly, the long conference table that ran down its length was curved too. People entering into one end looked “uphill” to the opposite end, but experienced no sensation of climbing as they moved toward it. New arrivals tended to expect that anything placed elsewhere on the table would roll and slide down toward them.
The walls were pale yellow. The usual collection of malfunctioning audiovisual equipment purported to show live video streams of people on the ground, in theory enabling them to teleconference with colleagues in Houston, Baikonur, or Washington.
When the meeting began at A+0.0.4 (zero years, zero days, and four hours since the Agent had acted upon the moon), nothing was working, and so the occupants of Izzy had a few minutes to talk among themselves while Frank Casper and Jibran Haroun wiggled connectors, typed commands into computers, and rebooted everything. Relatively new arrivals to Izzy, Frank and Jibran had made the mistake of letting on that they were good at that sort of thing, so they always got saddled with it. Both of them were more comfortable with it anyway than with making chitchat.
“Primordial singularity” were the first words Dinah heard upon gliding into the room. Gravity here was only one-tenth of that on Earth, and “walking” wasn’t the right word for how people moved around—it was halfway between that and flying, a sort of long, bounding gait.
The words had been spoken by Konrad Barth, a German astronomer. It was clear from how the others reacted that Ivy, who was sitting directly across the table from him, was the only other person in the Banana who had the faintest idea what he was talking about.
“And that is?” Dinah asked, since that sort of thing had become her role. Others tended to be so worshipful of Ivy, or so reluctant to show ignorance, that they wouldn’t ask.
“A small black hole.”
“Most black holes are formed when stars collapse,” Ivy said. “But there’s a theory that some of them were created shortly after the Big Bang. The universe was lumpy. Some of the lumps might have been dense enough to undergo gravitational collapse. They could form black holes that instead of weighing what a star weighs could be a lot smaller.”
“I don’t think there’s a lower limit. But the point is that one of them could zip through space invisibly and punch all the way through a planet and out the other side. There used to be a theory that the Tunguska event was caused by one, but it’s been disproved.”
Dinah knew about that, because her dad liked to talk about it: a huge explosion in Siberia, a hundred years ago, that had knocked down millions of trees out in the middle of nowhere.
“That was a big deal,” Dinah said, “but not enough to blow up the moon.”
“To blow up the moon would take a bigger one, going faster,” Ivy said. “Look, it’s just a hypothesis.”
“But it’s gone now?”
“It would be long gone now. Like a bullet through an apple.”
It struck Dinah as odd that they were talking about such an event so matter-of- factly. But there was no other way to address it. Emotions were not large enough to encompass such a thing. Besides, it was just a visual effect so far, like something seen in a movie with the sound turned off.
“Is it going to affect the tides?” asked Lina Ferreira. As a marine biologist, Lina would naturally be somewhat concerned about the tides. “Since those are caused by the moon’s gravity?”
“And by the sun’s,” Ivy added with a nod and a little smile. Which was why she was in charge of Izzy and Dinah wasn’t. She was willing to correct a Ph.D. marine biologist in front of a roomful of people, but she could carry it off in a way that didn’t sting. “But the answer is, probably surprisingly little. The moon’s mass is still all there, close to where it was before. It’s just spread out a little. But the pieces still have the same collective center of gravity, still in the same orbit as the moon had before. Your tide tables will still pretty much work.”
Dinah’s facial expression was blank, but she was enjoying Ivy’s ability to talk about science with a kind of little-nerd- girl sense of wonder even in spite of the disturbing subject matter. This was why Ivy always got the media interviews, while Dinah had to be dragged out of her den of robots and told, over and over again, to smile. The tone of voice was the giveaway; when Ivy was giving orders or reading PowerPoint slides, she went clipped and military, but when she talked about science her face opened up and her voice went into a vaguely Mandarin singsongy lilt.
“Where are you getting all this?” Dinah asked, drawing startled or disapproving glances from a few who worried that she was being too brusque with the boss. “It’s only been, what, four hours?”
“There’s a lot of noisy comment thread traffic, as you’d expect, and a few ad hoc email lists sort of congealing out of that,” Ivy explained.
A blue screen appeared on the lightweight monitor stretched above one end of the long table, and was replaced by a NASA logo. “Okay, got it,” muttered Jibran, who made a sideways bound toward a chair.
Then they were looking at the familiar environs of the ISS Flight Control Room, which was at Johnson Space Center in Houston. The director of mission operations was sitting in front of the camera stroking his iPad. He didn’t seem to be aware that the camera was on. A few moments later they heard a door open off camera. The DMO, who was ex-military, stood up out of habit. He reached out and shook hands with a woman who entered from stage right: NASA’s deputy administrator, the number two person in the whole org chart and a rare sight at such meetings. She was a retired astronaut named Aurelia Mackey, dressed for business in the environment of D.C., where she spent most of her time.
“Are we on?” she asked someone off camera.
“Yes,” said several people in the Banana.
Aurelia looked a little startled by that. Both she and the DMO were looking a little stunned to begin with, of course.
“How are you all today?” Aurelia said, in an absolutely rote, businesslike voice, as if nothing had happened. Running on autopilot while her brain caught up with events.
“Fine,” said some people in the Banana, mixed in with a few nervous chuckles.
“I’m sure you are all aware of the event.”
“We have a good view of it,” Dinah said. Ivy shot her a warning look.
“Of course you do,” Aurelia admitted. “I would love to have an extended conversation with you all about what you have seen and what you are experiencing. But this is going to have to be brief. Robert?”
The DMO peeled his eyes off the iPad and sat forward in his chair. “We’re expecting an increase in the number of rocks floating around up there.” He meant loose chunks of the moon. “Not huge because most will be gravitationally bound. But some may have escaped. So other missions are suspended while you batten down the hatches. Make preparations for impacts.”
Everyone in the Banana listened silently, thinking about what that would mean for them. They would tighten precautions, dividing Izzy up into separate compartments so that damage to one wouldn’t suck the air from all. They would review procedures. Lina’s biology experiments might take a hit. Dinah’s robots would enjoy a holiday.
Aurelia spoke into the camera. “All spaceflight operations are suspended until further notice. No one is coming up and no one is going down.”
Everyone in the Banana looked at Ivy.
As soon as they got into Ivy’s tiny office, where she felt it was okay to let tears come into her eyes, they slipped into their Q code.
Q codes were ham radio slang. Dinah had learned them from Rufus. They were three-letter combinations, beginning with Q. To save time in Morse code transmissions, they were substituted for frequently used phrases such as “Would you like me to change to a different frequency?”
Dinah and Ivy’s Q codes didn’t actually begin with Q. But some of them were three-letter combinations.
Uppity Little Shitkicker was a name that had been hung on Dinah when she had first arrived at private school and, during a soccer scrimmage, intercepted a pass meant for a girl from New York.
Straight Arrow Bitch had been bestowed on Ivy at Annapolis when she had declined to take part in a drinking game during a tailgate party.
The ULS/SAB dynamic was a thing that Dinah and Ivy exploited in meetings, even having meetings-before- meetings to plan how to use it.
Good Looks Wasted had found its way to Dinah in the aftermath of her new haircut, as the result of an improbable chain of “Reply to All” mishaps. She had brought it to Ivy, breathless with excitement, and they had enshrined “GLW” in their private codebook.
“I forgot,” when spoken in a breathy, little-girl voice, was a shorthand way of saying “I forgot to put on my makeup,” quoted verbatim from a NASA PR flack.
SAR was from a tart exchange between Ivy and a NASA administrator who, upon reading one of her reports, had criticized her for having an “almost pathological predilection for unnecessary abbreviations.” This had struck Ivy as a bit odd, given that every other word in NASA prose was an acronym. When Ivy had asked for clarification, she had been told that her abbreviations were “schoolgirlish and recondite.”
Space Camp (which both Ivy and Dinah had attended as teens, though at different times) was what they called not just Izzy, but the whole subculture of NASA manned spaceflight.
“What are you going to say to the Maternal Organism?” Dinah asked, as Ivy rummaged in the back of a storage bin for her bottle of tequila.
Ivy stiffened for a moment, then pulled out the bottle and swung it toward Dinah’s head like a club. Dinah didn’t flinch, just watched it glide to a halt above her head. “What?”
“I can’t believe that the Morg has so taken over my wedding that the first thing that comes into your mind is how she’s going to react.”
Dinah looked mildly sick.
“Don’t worry about it,” Ivy said, “you forgot.” To put on your makeup.
“Sorry, baby. I was just thinking . . . you and Cal are still going to get married, and have a great life, no matter what.”
“But the Morg is going to take the hit,” Ivy said, nodding, as she poured tequila into a pair of small plastic cups. “Having to reschedule everything.”
“Sounds like she’s kind of in her element doing that, though,” Dinah said. “Not to minimize it or anything.”
“To the Morg.”
“The Morg.” Dinah and Ivy tapped their plastic cups together and sipped at the tequila. One of the fringe benefits that came of being in the torus was that you could drink normally instead of sucking everything through tubes. The lower gravity took some getting used to, but they were old hands at it by now.
“What’s up with your family? Did you hear from Rufus?” Ivy asked.
“My father desires raw data files from Konrad’s Wide-Field Infrared Observation Platform, which he has read about on the Internet, so that he can satisfy his personal curiosity about the thing that hit the moon.”
“You going to Morse code those down to him?”
“His Internet is working. He has already created an empty Dropbox folder. As soon as I provide him with the files, he’ll go back to his usual grousing about how his taxes are too high and the federal government needs to be scaled back to a size where he can personally stomp it to death with steel-toed boots.”
. . .
What astronomers didn’t know out weighed, by an almost infinite ratio, what they did. And for persons used to a more orderly system of knowledge, with everything on Wikipedia, this created a certain perception of incompetence, or at least failure to perform, on the part of the astronomical profession whenever weird things happened in the sky.
Which was every day, actually. But most of them could be seen only by astronomers and so they were able to keep them a sort of trade secret. Blatantly obvious events such as meteorite strikes caused Doc Dubois’s phone to sing. The singing usually portended a series of appearances on talk shows where, among other things, he would be asked to explain why astronomers hadn’t predicted this. Why hadn’t they seen the meteor coming? Wasn’t it just the case that they were a bunch of good-for- nothing propellerheads?
A little bit of humility seemed to go a long way, and if the pundits didn’t cut him off too soon he was frequently able to work in a plea for more government support of science. For members of the general public might not care about Wolf-R ayet stars in the Quintuplet Cluster, but they definitely saw why having hot rocks fall on one’s head was a good thing to avoid.
He always called it the breakup of the moon. Not the explosion. The term began to gain traction on Twitter, with hashtag #BUM. Whatever you called it, it was an infinitely bigger deal than a single meteor strike. So it seemed to demand more explanation. But there was no way to explain it, yet. Meteors were easy: space was full of rocks too small and dark to be seen through telescopes, and some of them snagged on the atmosphere and fell to ground. But the breakup of the moon could not have been caused by any normal astronomical phenomenon. So Doc Dubois—who spent most of the next week on camera—got out in front of that issue at every chance, always leading with a frank statement that neither he nor any other astronomer knew the cause. That was the pitch, straight down the middle. Then he added the spin: This is absolutely fascinating. It is, as a matter of fact, the most fascinating scientific event in human history. It looks scary and upsetting, but the fact is that no one has been killed by it, save for a few drivers who swerved off roads, or rear-ended stopped traffic, while rubbernecking.
At A+0.4.16 (four days and sixteen hours after the breakup of the moon), he had to amend “no one has been killed” when a meteorite, almost certainly a chunk of moon rock, entered the atmosphere over Peru, shattered windows along a twenty-mile track, and smashed into a farmstead, obliterating a small family.
But the message remained the same: let’s look at this as a scientific phenomenon and start with what we know. His friend was a video streaming site called astronomicalbodiesformerlyknownasthemoon .com, which kept a high-resolution feed of the rubble cloud running around the clock. As soon as possible in the interview, Doc Dubois would get that up on the screen and then begin making observations about the cloud. Because making observations calmed people down. The moon had broken up into seven large pieces, which inevitably became known as the Seven Sisters, and an uncountable number of smaller ones. Gradually the big ones acquired names. Doc Dubois was responsible for many of these. He gave them descriptive names that wouldn’t scare people. It wouldn’t do to call them Nemesis or Thor or Grond. So instead it was Potatohead, Mr. Spinny, Acorn, Peach Pit, Scoop, Big Boy, and Kidney Bean. Doc Dubois would point those out and then draw attention to the way they moved. This was governed entirely by Newtonian mechanics. Each piece of the moon attracted every other piece more or less strongly depending on its mass and its distance. It could be simulated on a computer quite easily. The whole rubble cloud was gravitationally bound. Any shrapnel fast enough to escape had done so already. The rest was drifting around in a loose huddle of rocks. Sometimes they banged into one another. Eventually they would stick together and the moon would begin to re-form.
Or at least that was the theory until the star party that they threw in the middle of the Caltech campus at A+0.7.0, exactly one week after the event.
Normally they held the star parties up in the hills, where the seeing was better, but seeing giant rocks close to the Earth was so easy that there was no need to go to the trouble of driving up into the mountains. It would have undercut the purpose of the event, which was to get as many members of the general public as possible out in a parklike atmosphere to peer through telescopes and make observations. The Beckman Mall was lined with yellow school buses, interspersed here and there with vans from local and network television, their masts deployed so that they could relay live video downtown. Their reporters stood in pools of light, using as backdrop an open green strewn with telescopes of various types and sizes. Little seven-card decks were handed out, each card depicting a different fragment of the moon from various angles and identifying it by its name. Kids were given the assignment to identify each of the rocks through the eyepiece of a telescope, check it off on a homework sheet, and write down an observation about it. Most of the scopes, obviously, were pointed at the Seven Sisters, but one contingent was looking at a darker part of the sky with binoculars or just their naked eyes, expecting to see meteorites. By Day 7, several hundred of these had entered the atmosphere. Or at least, several hundred large enough to be noticed. Most had burned up before hitting the ground. There had been about a score of incidents in which they drew arc-light trails across the sky, illuminating the ground below with freaky bluish radiance and producing huge sonic booms. Half a dozen had struck the ground, doing greater or lesser amounts of damage. The death toll, though, was still far beneath the statistical ground clutter of shark attacks and lightning strikes.
The evening went fine. Doob, who had raised three children to adulthood, had figured out a long time ago that any event largely organized by elementary school teachers was likely to come off extremely well from a logistical and crowd-control standpoint. So he was able to relax and be Doc, autographing Seven Sisters cards for kids and occasionally slipping into Dr. Harris mode for a discussion with a fellow astronomer.
As he wandered about the place, he had three different chance encounters with the same elementary school teacher, one Ms. Hinojosa, and fell in love with her. This was unusual. He had not been in love with anyone in twelve years. He had been divorced for nine. He found it nearly as shocking in its own way as the breakup of the moon. He tried to deal with it in the same way: by making scientific observations of the phenomenon. His working hypothesis was that the breakup of the moon had made Doob young again, exfoliating layers of emotional callus from his soul and leaving a pink shiny impressionable heart just waiting to be colonized by the first appealing woman who came along.
He was talking to Amelia—for that, as it turned out, was her first name—when a buzz moved slowly over the quad, like a gentle breeze, and caused everyone to look up.
Two of the larger pieces—Scoop and Kidney Bean—were headed right for each other. It would not be the first such collision. They happened all the time. But seeing two big chunks heading right for each other with high closing velocity was unusual, and promised a good show. Doob tried to quiet an unsettled feeling in his chest, which might have been caused by what was happening with Amelia, or by the natural trepidation that any sane person would feel upon seeing two enormous pieces of rock getting ready to smash into each other directly overhead. The good news was that people were beginning to treat the evolution of the swarm as a kind of spectator sport, to see it as fascinating and fun, not terrifying.
Scoop’s sharper edge slammed into the divot that gave Kidney Bean its name and split it in half. It all happened, of course, in quiet super-slow motion.
“And then there were eight!” Amelia said. Instinctively she had turned away from Doob and toward her brood of twenty-two students. “What just happened to Kidney Bean?” she was asking, in that teacherly way, scanning for upraised hands, looking for a kid to call on. “Can anyone tell me?”
The kids were silent and vaguely sick looking.
Amelia held up her Kidney Bean card and tore it in half.
Dr. Harris was walking toward his car. His phone rang, so startling him that he almost swerved into a school bus. What was wrong with him? His scalp was tingling, and he realized it was his hairs trying to stand up on his head. He checked the screen of the phone and saw that the call was from a colleague in Manchester. He declined to answer it and found himself looking at a new contact that he had been creating for Amelia: a snapshot of her face, just a silhouette in profile against a bank of TV lights, and her phone number. He tapped the Done button.
He had felt that tingling in the scalp once before, on a safari in Tanzania, and had turned around to see that he was being watched, interestedly, by a group of hyenas. The thing that had scared him hadn’t been the hyenas themselves. Those, and even more dangerous animals, were all over the place. Rather, it was the sudden awareness that he had let his guard down, that he had been focusing his attention on the wrong thing while the real danger had been circling around behind him.
He had wasted a week on the fascinating scientific puzzle of “What blew up the moon?”
That had been a mistake.
Posted on Apr 13, 2015 by Neal
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Chloride Sweat Testing for Cystic Fibrosis
Chloride sweat testing is used to help diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF), an inherited disorder that disrupts the normal function of epithelial cells found in the sweat glands and lining of passageways in the lungs, liver, pancreas, and digestive and reproductive systems. According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, the sweat test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing cystic fibrosis. Sweat testing should be done at a CF Foundation-accredited care center.
People who have cystic fibrosis have increased amounts of chloride in their sweat. The sweat test measures the amount of chloride in the sweat, and can be done at any age. However, some infants may not make enough sweat to do the test. The test should be repeated in this case. During sweat testing, the skin is stimulated to produce enough sweat to be absorbed into a special collector. The sweat is then analyzed.
CLSI’s new document C34—Sweat Testing: Specimen Collection and Quantitative Chloride Analysis, 4th Edition describes methods for all aspects of sweat testing.
Vicky A. LeGrys, DrA, MT(ASCP), chairholder of C34 noted, “The primary audience for C34 includes laboratory and clinical personnel responsible for collecting, analyzing, reporting, and evaluating sweat test results. Sweat stimulation, collection, and the quantitative measurement of sweat chloride are described along with quality assurance and method validation.
Updates to the content include an expanded discussion of sweat testing infants following a positive newborn screening test; revised reference intervals for sweat chloride; and a greater emphasis on currently available collection devices and coulometric titration chloridometers.”
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Trusts are private documents that assign property for the benefit of another. The major benefit of creating a trust is that, unlike a will, it avoids publication through probate court processes, keeping the details of property distribution private. Trusts also can avoid tax consequences, such as estate taxes. Living trusts are created prior to the death of the person creating the trust, the settlor. The living trust may be revocable or irrevocable during the life of the settlor. Reading a trust document is not difficult. However, certain information within the trust is significant, and readers should keep those points of information in mind as they analyze a trust document.
Identify the people involved with the trust arrangement. The various players have specific titles. The first is the trust settlor or the person assigning his property to the benefit of another. Trustees are the individuals assigned to manage the property for the benefit of a third person, and beneficiaries are those for whom the trust was created. Identifying these individuals should go beyond merely noting names and contact information. Relationships between the individuals also can be important. For example, if someone challenges the trust's validity, relationships of the individuals may bring to light conflicts of interest or inappropriate assignment of a trustee, such as a convicted felon.
Note the property placed into trust. The property that is subject to a trust document is sometimes called the "res." A settlor only may put into trust property for which he currently has a vested interest. Coupling the property noted in the trust document with other documents pertaining to the property, such as deeds and titles, will help determine if the settlor has the authority to place the property in a trust.
Determine the intent of the trust. Trusts are set up for various reasons, many of which may not be obvious. However, when disputes arise, lawyers and courts try to construe the documents in a way that meets the original intent of the settlor. Intentions of a settlor may not always be obvious. It is this piece of the analysis that allows the most flexibility and interpretation. When a trust fails or is challenged, courts will always try to continue the trust in a way that honors the intent of the settlor, including reassigning the beneficiary of a trust. For example, if a living trust created a benefit to a non-profit organization that later folds and the settlor has since died, the court may assign a similar non-profit organizations as the beneficiary.
Readers of living trust documents also should pay attention to whether the trust is revocable, meaning it can be canceled during the life of the settlor, or irrevocable. Some states require that a living trust indicate whether the trust arrangement is revocable or irrevocable. The status of revocability is important because it gives the reader a sense of whether the trust can be expected to last indefinitely.
Consult an attorney. Estate planning is a complicated area of law. Anyone seeking guidance interpreting and analyzing a trust document should consult an attorney licensed in his jurisdiction.
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Does Tinnitus Get Worse
Want to know more about “does tinnitus get worse”?
In this article, we’ll be going over exactly that topic.
What Is Tinnitus?
Tinnitus is the mindful recognition of a sound in your ears or head, not triggered by outside sound.
Tinnitus is not a condition, it is a symptom of an hidden problem, such as a nervous system condition, hearing loss, or an ear injury.
Too often related to hearing loss, the fact is greater than 50 percent of individuals coping with tinnitus do not have quantifiable hearing loss. Since there are lots of causes, tinnitus can be related to a selection of health problems.
The American Tinnitus Organization approximates the following:
-50 million Americans experience tinnitus to some degree.
-16 million have signs severe enough to need therapy.
-2 million are so seriously disabled, they can’t function on a everyday basis.
This problem can happen in one or both ears, array in pitch from a low roar to a high screech, and may be constant or erratic.
Tinnitus is a sign associated with several types of hearing loss and can additionally be a symptom of various other health problems.
What Causes Tinnitus? Does Tinnitus Get Worse
Tinnitus can be set off by a range of different causes, and also it varies considerably from one person to another.
Several of the causes result in permanent tinnitus that may need treatment, while others lead to short-lived tinnitus that disappears by itself.
Common root causes of tinnitus include:
* Obstructed ear channel with earwax. Earwax secures ear channel by capturing dust as well as slowing the growth of bacteria.
As soon as excessive earwax accumulates, it ends up being also difficult to remove naturally, causing hearing loss or inflammation of the tympanum, that may lead to tinnitus
* Ear infection.
* Hearing loss related to aging. For lots of individuals, hearing worsens with age, typically beginning past age of sixty. It is listening to loss that triggers tinnitus.
* Exposure to loud noise. Loud noises, such as those from hefty equipment or lengthy exposure to portable music players such as MP3 players or iPods might also begin tinnitus.
* Ear bone changes or otosclerosis. Stiffening of the bones within your middle ear might influence hearing as well as bring tinnitus.
This problem is attributable to malfunctioning expansion of the bone and also in lots of situations is inherited.
* Medications that causes tinnitus.
In all instances, tinnitus involves the mind‘s auditory cortex, which is accountable for hearing. Specific nerve cells and also neural circuits are “tuned“ to a specific pitch, like keys on a piano.
When we experience listening to modifications, our brains try to make up, establishing the cycle of tinnitus into movement.
What are some of the Tinnitus treatments?
Does Tinnitus Get Worse: Sonus Complete
Sonus Complete is a health and wellness supplement by Gregory Peters that is specifically made to supply relief to people that suffer from constant humming in the ears.
All components added in this supplement are 100% all-natural that makes it safe to eat without fear of side effects.
The formula is based upon three significant courses of elements which include berries, vitamins, and also oils.
Vitamins consist of a significant element of this dietary supplement. It consists of Vitamin C, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B6, as well as Vitamin 12.
• Vitamin B3 aids in boosting the circulation of blood to the internal ear which is discovered faulty in tinnitus. The raised blood flow decreases the swelling and pain and additionally relives the tension in muscle mass around the ear.
• Vitamin B6 and B12 job to improve the top quality of hearing when they are present in a enough quantity in the body.
• Vitamin C magnifies bone wellness. It helps in iron absorption and increases erythrocytes in the blood.
The berries included the formula to develop Sonus Total have an intense valuable effect on the human body. These berries are recognized to be utilized for years by Chinese in traditional solutions.
• Hawthorn as well as Hibiscus Berries are combined. This mix targets the stress and anxiety and stress degrees and relieves the brain while setting off a quick recovery from the constant humming.
• Bearberries also called Uva Ursi, ease swelling, as well as increase resistance. They collaborate with juniper berry, vitamin C, as well as eco-friendly tea to stop memory loss.
• Juniper berry functions as a driver with bearberries to improve the health and wellness of the mind.
• The antioxidant effects of olive oil play a key function in relaxing the signs of tinnitus. It assists protect against loss of memory and decreases the buzzing heard to a terrific extent.
Various other ingredients
These ingredients used in this supplement likewise aid in the betterment of tinnitus
• Garlic essence aids cause a calm rest because many people going through this misery suffer not being able to rest correctly as a result of the consistent buzzing.
It also helps to control the lightheadedness which typically occurs with a tinnitus strike.
• Eco-friendly tea extract possesses antioxidant buildings that aid in strengthening the neural connections of the nerve system and also helps relieve brain fog triggered by tinnitus.
That would be all regarding does tinnitus get worse, hopefully that was able to help you out.
If you need more information on does tinnitus get worse, make sure to check out Sonus Complete, on the link below.
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Weather statistics for Øvre Øyna, Lyngdal (Vest-Agder)
Lindesnes lighthouse observation station
The station is located in Lindesnes municipality, 16 m.a.s.l. It is the closest official weather station, 4.9 km away from Øvre Øyna. The station was established in January 1863. The station measures precipitation, temperature, snow depths and wind. There may be missing data.
Last 30 days: Average temperature was 14.9 °C, 1.1 °C above the normal. Highest temperature was 19.6 °C (10 September), and the lowest was 10.7 °C (23 August). The total precipitation was 160.7 mm. Highest daily precipitation was 43.0 mm (7 September), measured at 7am (8am daylight savings) for the past 24 hours. Highest wind speed was 18.8 m/s (19 August).
Last 12 full months: Highest temperature was 27.0 °C (26. Jul. 2014) and the lowest -4.2 °C (13. Jan. 2014). Highest daily precipitation was 43.0 mm (7. Sep. 2014). Maximum snow depth was 45 cm (31. Jan. 2014).
The black line shows mean value (both precipitation and temperature). Some stations does not have mean values, and hence no black line.
The red/blue line shows average temperature during the day (24h) (equalized for 30 days). The line is red by pluss degrees, and blue by minus degrees.
The red/blue areas shows the temperature variations throughout the day (24h) with max- and min. temperature as endpoints. The area is red by pluss degrees, and blue by minus degrees.
The lightblue bars shows total precipitation this month. The black lines crossing is the normal (mean) value for precipitation.
The dark grey bars behind the precipitation bars shows snowdepth measured day by day.
Some stations only measures precipitation, while others only measures temperature. If an area or bar is missing the station does not measure this data.
NB! Precipitation is measured at 07 hours Norwegian time. The value (in mm) shows last 24 hours until 07 hours (08 hours summertime). Download other weather statistics from eklima.met.no.
|Aug 2014||16.0°C||14.8°C||22.0°C Aug 2||10.7°C Aug 23||210.0 mm||102.0 mm||35.2 mm Aug 19||7.7 m/s||26.5 m/s Aug 9|
|Jul 2014||18.9°C||14.2°C||27.0°C Jul 26||11.5°C Jul 1||61.1 mm||78.0 mm||11.7 mm Jul 28||6.1 m/s||18.4 m/s Jul 3|
|Jun 2014||14.4°C||12.5°C||19.6°C Jun 11||8.5°C Jun 22||8.4 mm||65.0 mm||5.3 mm Jun 6||6.7 m/s||16.8 m/s Jun 19|
|May 2014||10.5°C||9.0°C||16.4°C May 22||4.0°C May 2||62.4 mm||71.0 mm||11.2 mm May 22||6.3 m/s||16.4 m/s May 28|
|Apr 2014||8.8°C||4.7°C||16.2°C Apr 22||1.5°C Apr 1||90.3 mm||60.0 mm||31.6 mm Apr 8||7.4 m/s||19.4 m/s Apr 13|
|Mar 2014||5.5°C||2.0°C||10.0°C Mar 29||-1.8°C Mar 25||76.1 mm||83.0 mm||13.6 mm Mar 15||8.5 m/s||24.2 m/s Mar 15|
|Feb 2014||3.7°C||0.5°C||8.3°C Feb 13||-2.6°C Feb 15||167.5 mm||72.0 mm||22.2 mm Feb 8||9.4 m/s||20.6 m/s Feb 1|
|Jan 2014||2.1°C||1.1°C||8.2°C Jan 7||-4.2°C Jan 13||210.2 mm||109.0 mm||21.9 mm Jan 6||13.7 m/s||23.3 m/s Jan 19|
|Dec 2013||6.7°C||2.9°C||9.6°C Dec 1||-2.7°C Dec 7||181.8 mm||105.0 mm||23.5 mm Dec 9||10.9 m/s||28.4 m/s Dec 5|
|Nov 2013||7.0°C||5.6°C||11.5°C Nov 1||-0.7°C Nov 21||117.0 mm||146.0 mm||22.2 mm Nov 10||8.1 m/s||21.8 m/s Nov 28|
|Oct 2013||10.4°C||9.6°C||14.9°C Oct 7||4.0°C Oct 18||118.9 mm||143.0 mm||40.6 mm Oct 5||8.8 m/s||19.7 m/s Oct 24|
|Sep 2013||13.5°C||12.4°C||19.4°C Sep 6||5.7°C Sep 28||133.0 mm||125.0 mm||20.0 mm Sep 15||6.7 m/s||19.4 m/s Sep 2|
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Immunising against tetanus - a continuing problem.
The conquest of infectious diseases demands either a means of effective prevention or total eradication of the causative agent. In tetanus only the first proposition can be entertained.
Despite two decades of intensive studies on tetanus in India and the availability of a highly effective toxoid, immunization against tetanus remains a challenge to physicians and public health authorities alike. There is very little concerted effort for massive immunization notwithstanding the fact that nearly 90% of the Indian population at large is inadequately protected against tetanus as a result of either ignorance or prejudice. "Epidemics" of tetanus leading to closure of hospital wards and operation theatres continue to occur.
This article investigates the present immunization problem and discusses new data which may lead to a simplified immunization schedule.
Production of tetanus antibody
Tetanus toxin is a protein with a molecular weight of 148,000 Daltons. The molecule possesses at least three active sites of which one is related to antibody binding. The site for toxic action has been investigated by altering amino acid sequences in the toxin molecule. This has indicated tyrosyl residues to be of critical importance to toxicity. When toxin is toxoided with formaldehyde, methylene bridges are created between tyrosyl and lysyl residues, thus detoxifying the molecule whilst preserving its immunogenic activity.
Tetanus toxoid is a potent antigen which is effective even if administered together with antitetanus serum. The addition of aluminum salts as adjuvant enhances antigenic potency, probably by delaying the release of antigen and causing an inflammatory reaction at the site of injection. Antibodies that form in response to toxoid are derived from immunoglobulins secreted by B lymphocytes. The mediation of T helper lymphocytes is necessary for antibody production.
The size of the antibody response to immunization is limited in two ways. As antibody accumulates in the circulation it covers antigenic sites on toxoid molecules and thus exerts negative feedback control. In addition, it is now recognized that a subset of T lymphocytes known as T suppressor cells limit antibody responses, although as yet there is no direct evidence for their participation in the response to tetanus toxoid.
In any population immunized with tetanus toxoid a small number of individuals will prove to be "poor responders". Here the mechanism is different from that just mentioned and recent evidence shows a relationship to the HL-A typing of the individual and to the specific immune response (IR) genes that he possesses.
The basis for three injections for immunity
A first dose of toxoid elicits a response mainly of IgM antibody. IgG antibody appears much later in this primary response and assumes low levels. However, following a second injection of toxoid after four to six weeks the IgG fraction boosts considerably with a ten fold or even a hundred fold rise in titre. A third and fourth injection given after minimal intervals of four to six months further increases the antibody titre, following which the fall off of titre with time is extremely slow. A titre of 0.01 IU/ml affords protection against tetanus.
Immunization studies to demonstrate effectiveness of tetanus toxoid
Active immunization with tetanus toxoid when correctly carried out is almost 100 per cent effective and ensures protection against tetanus for a number of years. It can be best carried out by three intramuscular injections of absorbed tetanus toxoid (5 to 10 Lf units per dose). For maximum effect, the second dose should be given after an interval of four to six weeks and the third dose after an interval of six to twelve months. A booster dose every five to ten years or after an injury reinforces the immunity immediately.
In a study by `Peebles et al in the United States initial immunization in infancy and reinforcing boosters at 16 to 18 months and at about five years were routinely carried out with 0.5 ml of D.T.P. Vaccine, aluminum phosphate precipitated. Tetanus Toxoid content of D.T.P. was about 4 Lf units per 0.5 ml. Titrations were carried out by the standard toxin neutralization test in mice. Data showed that the fourth injection induced roughly an eight fold rise to about 1.32 IU/ ml. Titre after the basic course (three doses) was 0.16 IU/ml. A fifth and sixth injection induced a further two fold rise to about 2.64 N/ml. However, additional injections showed no further increase. Full protection was maintained for about 12 years after four injections or more. Three injections also gave a substantial amount of immunity but were inadequate to 'maintain as much as four or more injections.
In India, Gaitonde et al have found that after a three dose -schedule of adsorbed tetanus-toxoid (5 Lf per dose) in pregnant women, spaced at monthly intervals, only 90% achieved protective titres. Varma et al investigated the effect of booster dose (5 Lf) in 705 army personnel who had received primary immunization /boosters and showed that all subjects had titres only between 0.1 to 2.1 IU/ml even when blood samples were taken within one year of the last booster.
Of great interest is a recent study by the Haffkine Institute, Bombay in a rural unimmunized Adivasi community where it was found that approximately one third of individuals demonstrated a protective antitoxin titre whilst a similar number excreted Clostridium tetani in their stools. The majority of these organisms, however, were non-toxigenic. Following culture they were subjected to sonication when it was found that the cytoplasmic fraction on injection into laboratory animals, conferred immunity against toxin challenge, whilst, extracts of the cell debris failed to protect (S. Mukerji-Personal communication). These data if confirmed, suggest the mode of production of naturally acquired antitoxin to be through the gastrointestinal tract and also suggest that the latter exists in a sizable section of the population. A high potency one dose vaccine could thus prove sufficient to boost antitoxin titres to immune levels and to offer a practical means by which to reduce tetanus in this country.
Studies with single dose tetanus immunization
Our own experience with a single tetanus booster injection has shown a four fold increase in titre with 5 Lf, a ten fold increase with 100 Lf and a twenty fold increase with 250 Lf, irrespective of the value of the individual's basal titre. These results are noteworthy for the limited rise in titre even when using highly potent vaccines.
Figure 1 shows the response of 90 patients with a basal titre of < 0.005 IU/ ml to a single dose of 100 Lf adsorbed tetanus toxoid. Protective titres developed in all 72 patients who were followed up at one month. The titres remained unaltered in the 17 patients who returned for follow up at one year and in the 28 patients who were seen after two years. Our study with a 250 Lf dose is still in progress. It is notable that no side effects have been observed. It is not possible to state how long protection will be provided by a single dose of this vaccine but one could expect a more durable immunity than a 100 Lf dose. All titres in these studies originally estimated by the passive hemagglutination method were later confirmed by the mouse neutralization test.
Why does Indian experience not parallel that of Western Countries?
I. The middle and upper social classes in India today are conscious of the need for tetanus immunization . This is almost invariably given as triple vaccine (DPT) from the third to the sixth month of life. The same consciousness for the need of booster doses is not present in our population. Thus only 15 per cent of a batch of newly admitted medical students were found to have a protective titre (0.01 IU/ ml), although the majority gave a history of receiving triple vaccine in childhood. Insufficient exposure to tetanus toxoid may thus account for a rapid fall off of protective titres.
II. Host Factors
(a) Tetanus in India is concentrated amongst the lower socio-economic classes. When the immune responses of 30 tetanus patients together with their relatives were examined, nearly 50 per cent showed impairment of the inflammatory response and cell mediated immunity. In some of them, there was evidence of malnourishment and iron deficiency anemia which are known to impair immune responses. However, when the same population was immunized with tetanus toxoid protective titres were achieved although the levels were inferior to those developed by healthy medical students.
(b) The poor response of healthy subjects to tetanus immunization may be linked with the individual's histocompatibility antigens (HL-A). These are known to be situated on chromosome No. 6 in close proximity to genes controlling immune responses. HL-A typing of the individual may therefore indicate his ability to respond to various antigens. Typing, of a hundred Indian patients with tetanus has so far, not revealed any distinctive HL-A pattern in them to suggest an increased susceptibility to the disease.
III. Persistent Antigen Stimulation
No Indian is found to possess a normal histological pattern of the jejunum according to Western criteria. That this is not genetically determined has been shown by the demonstration of identical changes in American Peace Corps Workers living in India for a period exceeding three months.
A body of evidence has now accumulated to attribute the abnormalities to regular bacterial contamination of the small bowel. It has been shown that clostridia' organisms can excite B and T cell responses in Peyer's patches and that such sensitized cells induce systemic immunity following their transport to the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes., If Clostridium tetani chronically contaminate the small bowel, then this could be a means of inducing continuous low grade antitoxin production by the patient. Such individuals when given the conventional course of toxoid immunization would be unable to develop a high degree of antibody response as they are partially desensitized. This could explain the low titres seen in Indians in response to conventional tetanus immunization and to subsequent booster doses.
A simplified schedule of tetanus immunisation
At present our data on high potency single dose tetanus vaccines (100 Lf and 250 Lf) suggests that irrespective of basal titres, long lasting protective immunity is maintained for at least two years even in unimmunized persons who have not had contact with tetanus vaccine before. Armed with this data, public health authorities in India can evolve a simplified scheme of tetanus immunization with a single dose for select groups like pregnant women and school entering children, and for mass immunization campaigns where it may not be possible to give the ideal three dose schedule. The impact of such a scheme should not be underestimated as the majority of tetanus cases and tetanus deaths occur in the young. Thus a need expressed by many doctors working in developing countries for a tetanus toxoid that can be given confidently in one dose to provide effective protection against tetanus will be met.
We are thankful to Glaxo Laboratories (India) Limited for their gift of special tetanus toxoid.
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One of the most frequently asked questions of those who need to control their blood pressure arteries home is: what is the difference between a wrist and arm blood pressure monitor?
The answer of the experts is all in all very simple: the difference lies mainly in the reliability of the measurement results.
However, it is important to know exactly what are the main characteristics that distinguish the two types of devices, as well as of course what are the advantages and disadvantages of each.
What is the difference between a wrist and arm blood pressure monitor?
People with hypertension do not always know that they have hypertension because a state of high blood pressure may be accompanied by an absence of symptoms.
However, over time, even serious cardiovascular diseases can occur, such as heart attack and stroke.
Without forgetting that also low blood pressure this can create uncomfortable conditions, such as sudden fainting.
This is why, once the threshold of sixty years has been crossed, it is good to check the state of health, and to carry out the measure the pressure arterial twice a year.
And if you already know you have this condition, a periodic home survey using the counter will allow you to provide your doctor with all the data to follow the evolution, and you will be able to follow the most suitable treatment (in addition of course to avoiding sedentary lifestyle habits).
Below we present to you what is the difference between a wrist and arm blood pressure monitor:
Are home blood pressure monitors reliable?
the pressure measuring device that are on the market are of two types: wrist and arm. Some models are so compact that they can fit in Palm of the hand!
Both devices can offer very accurate detection.
However, the measurement made with a sphygmomanometer arm is often more reliable.
It does not depend on the device itself, but on how the blood pressure is detected.
Why is a wrist blood pressure monitor more accurate?
In either case, you must hold the equipment at heart level, as pressure is closely related to heartbeat.
The meter of arm pressure it is already positioned at heart level, so you don’t have to do anything to get to the right place.
In the case of a wrist meterinstead, you should raise your arm until your wrist is at heart level.
And since these devices are very sensitive to movement, the measurement of the diastolic pressure at the arm, the matching is usually more accurate.
In fact, after a few seconds, many people tend to drop their wrists and even with minimal lag, the assessment done with this one wrist blood pressure monitor it is immediately less precise.
This is why the question “I Wrist blood pressure monitors are reliable?” can only be answered with a “nor”.
We can say the same answer for the smart watches that measure blood pressure and for watches measure pressure. The precision of the wrist blood pressure monitorbut the way the investigation is conducted.
When to measure blood pressure at home?
There are many situations in which it is important to take a blood pressure measurement diastolic at home.
It may happen that yours arterial pressure is sometimes higher and other times lower.
You can then agree with your doctor on measure your blood pressure blood at home for a few days. In some people, the blood pressure at home is much lower than in the office, because they are more relaxed at home, even if they don’t notice it.
With measurements taken at home, your GP can better estimate your average blood pressure.
You have the high pressure and you are taking medication to reduce it. During the first few weeks, visit your general practitioner regularly for check-ups.
It is then possible to compare the blood pressure measured at home with the blood pressure measured by the professional.
Bring your blood pressure monitor to the office appointment. So you can show how you measure your blood pressure at home. If your blood pressure is in the right range, you will only need a few checks once in a while.
How is blood pressure measured?
You will practice first. We measure blood pressure at home twice a day: in the morning and in the evening.
How to aim pressure at home
Here’s how to measure when you’re at home, to get the most accurate readings possible.
The preparatory phase begins about half an hour before the survey (because you certainly cannot think of lower blood pressure in 5 minutes). In this period of time…
- relax and do no exertion (such as physical activity or housework)
- avoid taking cold showers
- NO SMOKING
- do not drink coffee or tea
After this time, you can proceed to the detection of the optimal pressure.
- Pressure measurement
Are you ready? Here’s what to do:
- sit on a straight chair with your legs together
- wear the device
- remain silent for at least 5 minutes
- measures your blood pressure
- The next step is extremely important and should be done with utmost care.
- Data recording
Once you have finished measuring, follow these steps:
- write down what you measured: the minimum and the maximum (remember that the ideal blood pressure it is about 80 mmHg for the minimum and 120 mmHg for the Maximum pressurewhile as far as I’m concerned heartbeat we are talking about 60 – 100 bpm)
- measure your blood pressure again after two minutes and write down the values you have taken
- do this for 5 days, every morning and every evening
- always records the day, time, minimum and maximum in a paper or digital “blood pressure diary”
Taking your blood pressure at home is important, and not just if you’ve already been diagnosed with high blood pressure. Sometimes this pathology does not give symptoms and it can be reached without knowing it, with potential risks for the cardiovascular system.
You can use a wrist or arm device to track your values. In this article, you can find out which of these devices is the most accurate.
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The Historic Schwerin Palace in Germany
There are many things a tourist can do in Germany, and one of them is visiting wonderful castles that date back many centuries. One example is the superb Schwerin Palace, built on its very own island in the city of Schwerin, Germany. Aerial views of the palace on Lake Schweriner See are breathtaking, but even when viewed from ground level, the Middle Age royal home and its gardens are strikingly beautiful.
Currently the seat of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state parliament, the palace used to be the lavish home of dukes. After many episodes of destruction and reconstruction, it became one of Europe’s most significant works of Romantic Historicism, which is part of the reason why it is pegged to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Its recorded history goes back to 973 AD, when the island held a tribe fort. The 12th century brought the Germanic noblemen to the island, who first turned the fort to rubble and then decided the location was too good not to use it for a significant construction. Thus a new fort was built, which marked the beginning of a series of structural modifications of the fort which eventually became a royal residence.
During the 16th century, the fortress shed most of its defensive capabilities in order to make room for comfort and architectural embellishments. The next century brought a few Dutch Renaissance elements in a renovation process that was abruptly stopped by the Thirty Years War. Then the 19th century came with Georg Adolph Demmler’s vision of a French Renaissance-inspired palace.
December 1913 was a terrible month for the historic palace, as approximately one third of the building was wrecked by a huge fire. Years later the fully restored castle became a museum, after the abdication of the Grand Duke in 1918. Towards the end of the 20th century, the Schwerin Palace became a seat of government, and the renovation and restoration processes almost became a tradition.
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Home| Latíné | Deutsch | Español | Français | Italiano | Magyar | Português | Română | Русский | English
·Roma Antiqua ·
Nómina Rómána - Praenomen - Nomen - Cognomen - Agnomen
Choosing a Roman name - Using Roman names
These are the standard praenomina,
from most common to least common.
A praenomen is a personal name which distinguishes an individual from other members of the same family. The praenomen is not normally used on its own: normally only close relatives or very close friends call each other by their praenomen.
Note that each of the common praenomina, and some of the rare ones, has a standard abbreviation. Each abbreviation is unique to that praenomen: a praenomen cannot be abbreviated simply by using its first letter. For example, T. always means Titus, never Tiberius; Ti. always means Tiberius, never Titus.
Most of the time praenomina are abbreviated rather than written out in full, so M. Tullius Cicero is normally seen rather than Marcus Tullius Cicero.
Many gentes and families used only a handful of praenomina. The first child of a marriage was almost always given the same praenomen as the father; the second child was given a different praenomen, perhaps the same one as an uncle or grandfather, for example.
Thus the elder son of P. Cornelius Scipio was named P. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus); his younger son was named L. Cornelius Scipio (Asiagenus) after his grandfather.
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Nanoparticles Amplify Tumor Signals, Making Them Much Easier to Detect in the Urine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Study
12/18/2012 8:02:27 AM
Finding ways to diagnose cancer earlier could greatly improve the chances of survival for many patients. One way to do this is to look for specific proteins secreted by cancer cells, which circulate in the bloodstream. However, the quantity of these biomarkers is so low that detecting them has proven difficult.
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Mar 8, 2020
The floppy disk is one of the most iconic pieces of technology. While not in use in the modern day there was a period of 40 years where the floppy disk was synonymous with data storage. Today we pick up where we finished in the last episode, with the rise and fall of the 5 1/4 inch disk. We will be looking at the creation and spread of the 3 1/2 inch floppy disk. How did Sony, a non-player in the computer market, create this run away success? And how did Apple contribute to it's rise?
Like the show? Then why not head over and support me on Patreon. Perks include early access to future episodes, and stickers: https://www.patreon.com/adventofcomputing
Important dates in this episode:
1980: Sony Invents Microfloppy Disk
1983: Apple Builds Prototype MAC with 3 1/2 Inch Floppy
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The best way to make financial estimation is knowing most information about the task. Let's say you want to start a new enterprise for example.
You need a data like this:
1. Click under total (1), and type =B5*C5, then press enter.
2. Double click on the small square.
3. Click on the last cell, and type =SUM(D5:D15), then press enter. Note: Now click CTRL + B (Bold).
In conclusion, we have estimated the price of starting a new business. Estimation is about assessing how much you think it will cost to do the things. It can be price of materials and equipment or other things. Whatever it is, just replace the components in column A with those things relevant that thing.
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Our story starts back in the early 1990s, when 12 areas of England were chosen to be the focus of long-term tree planting programmes to improve the local environment for the benefit of people, wildlife and the economy. The largest of these designated Community Forest areas covers more than 500 square miles of Merseyside and North Cheshire (see map) and was named The Mersey Forest.
Since then, through community and partnership working The Mersey Forest Partnership has planted more than 9 million trees – equivalent to five new trees for every person living within the Forest area. Praised as a "visionary concept", our 'more from trees' approach brings a whole host of environmental, health and economic benefits.
Watch our 30-second tour to find out where the Forest is, what makes it different,
and how much we've achieved.
Prefer good old text? Read the transcript.
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Please learn how to identify your home's water pipe material and take the Water Service Line Material Survey.
Based upon existing data, more than 90% of Skokie drinking water lines connecting properties to water mains are made from lead. However, it is likely that many lead water service lines have been replaced with copper since the drinking water system was built in the 1920s. Skokie's drinking water is treated with orthophosphate to coat the inside of the lines and reduce the possible leaching of lead into the water.
In January 2017, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency mandated that community drinking water systems post an inventory map showing the locations of lead service lines, and update annually as lead pipes are removed from the system and replaced with copper. View a copy of the Skokie Water Service Line Map.
For more information, please contact the Water and Sewer Division at (847) 933-8427.
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Bioengineering Team’s ‘Circuit’ Work May Benefit Gene Therapy
From left: Dr. Leonidas Bleris, associate professor of bioengineering, and Tyler Quarton, bioengineering graduate student, said they hope their work has a big impact on synthetic biology and gene therapy.
Researchers at The University of Texas at Dallas have designed genetic “circuits” out of living cellular material in order to gain a better understanding of how proteins function, with the goal of making improvements.
Tyler Quarton, a bioengineering graduate student, and Dr. Leonidas Bleris, associate professor of bioengineering in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, said they hope their work, published in Systems Biology and Applications, has a big impact on synthetic biology and gene therapy.
The Genetic Symphony
Every living cell contains a compilation of genes, which serves as the blueprint for all the biological activity within a cell. Bleris explains this system by comparing genes to musicians. Their collective expression creates a genetic symphony that can invoke a multitude of cellular emotions, calming or exciting the cell when appropriate. Stretching this analogy, the conductor of this symphony, equipped with a waving baton, can quiet an individual or whole section if they begin to play too loudly.
In the genetic context, consider this hushing gesture as the expression of small non-coding RNA molecules called microRNA. They are responsible for the fine-tuning of gene expression — which results in an output such as a protein — through repression. MicroRNA are integral components of a cell’s development and homeostasis. MicroRNA that misfire can contribute to progression of various diseases, including cancer.
Quarton and Bleris engineered a custom microRNA-based system by stitching together pieces of genetic material taken from a variety of living organisms, including humans, viruses and jellyfish. Their plan was to place this system inside human cells and use its output to analyze the nuanced behavior of microRNA.
“We built genetic circuits that operate in individual cells that are able to detail how microRNA repression changes in different biological contexts,” Quarton said.
Quarton said he hopes their research influences future designs of genetic circuits that will be used in personalized medicine and gene therapy. Gene therapy involves transplanting normally functioning genes into cells to replace missing or damaged material in order to correct genetic disorders.
“Synthetic biology is important for gene therapy applications, and our methodology may assist in building more robust and reliable therapeutics in the future.”
Quarton’s background is in physics. He used mathematics and statistics to create simple models that other scientists could use as they develop their own systems.
“These models can help other researchers trying to understand or use microRNAs,” he said. “By using principles of math and physics in synthetic biology, we uncovered specific properties of microRNA that can be used in future applications for targeted and smart therapeutics.”
He also said that this research could shed light on natural genetic redundancies and other diseases where microRNA are not at physiological levels.
“Synthetic biology is important for gene therapy applications, and our methodology may assist in building more robust and reliable therapeutics in the future,” Bleris said.
The study was funded by the National Science Foundation.
Other UT Dallas researchers involved in the work were Kristina Ehrhardt, bioengineering PhD student; James Lee, biotechnology graduate student; Srijaa Kannan, neuroscience senior; Dr. Yi Li, research faculty in bioengineering; and Dr. Lan Ma, assistant professor in bioengineering.
Media Contact: The Office of Media Relations, UT Dallas, (972) 883-2155, [email protected].
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GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NORTH CAROLINA
SESSION LAW 2005-205
HOUSE BILL 1032
AN ACT to clarify the permissible use of seclusion and restraint in public schools and to provide for training in management of student behavior.
The General Assembly of North Carolina enacts:
SECTION 1. This act shall be known as the "Deborah Greenblatt Act".
SECTION 2. Chapter 115C of the General Statutes is amended by adding a new section to read:
"§ 115C-391.1. Permissible use of seclusion and restraint.
(a) It is the policy of the State of North Carolina to:
(1) Promote safety and prevent harm to all students, staff, and visitors in the public schools.
(2) Treat all public school students with dignity and respect in the delivery of discipline, use of physical restraints or seclusion, and use of reasonable force as permitted by law.
(3) Provide school staff with clear guidelines about what constitutes use of reasonable force permissible in North Carolina public schools.
(4) Improve student achievement, attendance, promotion, and graduation rates by employing positive behavioral interventions to address student behavior in a positive and safe manner.
(5) Promote retention of valuable teachers and other school personnel by providing appropriate training in prescribed procedures, which address student behavior in a positive and safe manner.
(b) The following definitions apply in this section:
(1) "Assistive technology device" means any item, piece of equipment, or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capacities of a child with a disability.
(2) "Aversive procedure" means a systematic physical or sensory intervention program for modifying the behavior of a student with a disability which causes or reasonably may be expected to cause one or more of the following:
a. Significant physical harm, such as tissue damage, physical illness, or death.
b. Serious, foreseeable long-term psychological impairment.
c. Obvious repulsion on the part of observers who cannot reconcile extreme procedures with acceptable, standard practice, for example: electric shock applied to the body; extremely loud auditory stimuli; forcible introduction of foul substances to the mouth, eyes, ears, nose, or skin; placement in a tub of cold water or shower; slapping, pinching, hitting, or pulling hair; blindfolding or other forms of visual blocking; unreasonable withholding of meals; eating one's own vomit; or denial of reasonable access to toileting facilities.
(3) "Behavioral intervention" means the implementation of strategies to address behavior that is dangerous, disruptive, or otherwise impedes the learning of a student or others.
(4) "IEP" means a student's Individualized Education Plan.
(5) "Isolation" means a behavior management technique in which a student is placed alone in an enclosed space from which the student is not prevented from leaving.
(6) "Law enforcement officer" means a sworn law enforcement officer with the power to arrest.
(7) "Mechanical restraint" means the use of any device or material attached or adjacent to a student's body that restricts freedom of movement or normal access to any portion of the student's body and that the student cannot easily remove.
(8) "Physical restraint" means the use of physical force to restrict the free movement of all or a portion of a student's body.(9) "School personnel" means:
a. Employees of a local board of education.
b. Any person working on school grounds or at a school function under a contract or written agreement with the public school system to provide educational or related services to students.
c. Any person working on school grounds or at a school function for another agency providing educational or related services to students.
(10) "Seclusion" means the confinement of a student alone in an enclosed space from which the student is:
a. Physically prevented from leaving by locking hardware or other means.
b. Not capable of leaving due to physical or intellectual incapacity.
(11) "Time-out" means a behavior management technique in which a student is separated from other students for a limited period of time in a monitored setting.
(c) Physical Restraint:
(1) Physical restraint of students by school personnel shall be considered a reasonable use of force when used in the following circumstances:
a. As reasonably needed to obtain possession of a weapon or other dangerous objects on a person or within the control of a person.
b. As reasonably needed to maintain order or prevent or break up a fight.
c. As reasonably needed for self-defense.
d. As reasonably needed to ensure the safety of any student, school employee, volunteer, or other person present, to teach a skill, to calm or comfort a student, or to prevent self-injurious behavior.
e. As reasonably needed to escort a student safely from one area to another.
f. If used as provided for in a student's IEP or Section 504 plan or behavior intervention plan.
g. As reasonably needed to prevent imminent destruction to school or another person's property.
(2) Except as set forth in subdivision (1) of this subsection, physical restraint of students shall not be considered a reasonable use of force, and its use is prohibited.
(3) Physical restraint shall not be considered a reasonable use of force when used solely as a disciplinary consequence.
(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prevent the use of force by law enforcement officers in the lawful exercise of their law enforcement duties.
(d) Mechanical Restraint:
(1) Mechanical restraint of students by school personnel is permissible only in the following circumstances:
a. When properly used as an assistive technology device included in the student's IEP or Section 504 plan or behavior intervention plan or as otherwise prescribed for the student by a medical or related service provider.
b. When using seat belts or other safety restraints to secure students during transportation.
c. As reasonably needed to obtain possession of a weapon or other dangerous objects on a person or within the control of a person.
d. As reasonably needed for self-defense.
e. As reasonably needed to ensure the safety of any student, school employee, volunteer, or other person present.
(2) Except as set forth in subdivision (1) of this subsection, mechanical restraint, including the tying, taping, or strapping down of a student, shall not be considered a reasonable use of force, and its use is prohibited.
(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prevent the use of mechanical restraint devices, such as handcuffs by law enforcement officers in the lawful exercise of their law enforcement duties.
(1) Seclusion of students by school personnel may be used in the following circumstances:
a. As reasonably needed to respond to a person in control of a weapon or other dangerous object.
b. As reasonably needed to maintain order or prevent or break up a fight.
c. As reasonably needed for self-defense.
d. As reasonably needed when a student's behavior poses a threat of imminent physical harm to self or others or imminent substantial destruction of school or another person's property.
e. When used as specified in the student's IEP, Section 504 plan, or behavior intervention plan; and
1. The student is monitored while in seclusion by an adult in close proximity who is able to see and hear the student at all times.
2. The student is released from seclusion upon cessation of the behaviors that led to the seclusion or as otherwise specified in the student's IEP or Section 504 plan.
3. The space in which the student is confined has been approved for such use by the local education agency.
4. The space is appropriately lighted.
5. The space is appropriately ventilated and heated or cooled.
6. The space is free of objects that unreasonably expose the student or others to harm.
(2) Except as set forth in subdivision (1) of this subsection, the use of seclusion is not considered reasonable force, and its use is not permitted.
(3) Seclusion shall not be considered a reasonable use of force when used solely as a disciplinary consequence.
(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prevent the use of seclusion by law enforcement officers in the lawful exercise of their law enforcement duties.
(f) Isolation. - Isolation is permitted as a behavior management technique provided that:
(1) The space used for isolation is appropriately lighted, ventilated, and heated or cooled.
(2) The duration of the isolation is reasonable in light of the purpose of the isolation.
(3) The student is reasonably monitored while in isolation.
(4) The isolation space is free of objects that unreasonably expose the student or others to harm.
(g) Time-Out. - Nothing in this section is intended to prohibit or regulate the use of time-out as defined in this section.
(h) Aversive Procedures. - The use of aversive procedures as defined in this section is prohibited in public schools.
(i) Nothing in this section modifies the rights of school personnel to use reasonable force as permitted under G.S. 115C-390 or modifies the rules and procedures governing discipline under G.S. 115C-391(a).
(j) Notice, Reporting, and Documentation.
(1) Notice of procedures. - Each local board of education shall provide copies of this section and all local board policies developed to implement this section to school personnel and parents or guardians at the beginning of each school year.
(2) Notice of specified incidents:
a. School personnel shall promptly notify the principal or principal's designee of:
1. Any use of aversive procedures.
2. Any prohibited use of mechanical restraint.
3. Any use of physical restraint resulting in observable physical injury to a student.
4. Any prohibited use of seclusion or seclusion that exceeds 10 minutes or the amount of time specified on a student's behavior intervention plan.
b. When a principal or principal's designee has personal knowledge or actual notice of any of the events described in this subdivision, the principal or principal's designee shall promptly notify the student's parent or guardian and will provide the name of a school employee the parent or guardian can contact regarding the incident.
(3) As used in subdivision (2) of this subsection, "promptly notify" means by the end of the workday during which the incident occurred when reasonably possible, but in no event later than the end of following workday.
(4) The parent or guardian of the student shall be provided with a written incident report for any incident reported under this section within a reasonable period of time, but in no event later than 30 days after the incident. The written incident report shall include:
a. The date, time of day, location, duration, and description of the incident and interventions.
b. The events or events that led up to the incident.
c. The nature and extent of any injury to the student.
d. The name of a school employee the parent or guardian can contact regarding the incident.
(5) No local board of education or employee of a local board of education shall discharge, threaten, or otherwise retaliate against another employee of the board regarding that employee's compensation, terms, conditions, location, or privileges of employment because the employee makes a report alleging a prohibited use of physical restraint, mechanical restraint, aversive procedure, or seclusion, unless the employee knew or should have known that the report was false.
(k) Nothing in this section shall be construed to create a private cause of action against any local board of education, its agents or employees, or any institutions of teacher education or their agents or employees or to create a criminal offense."
SECTION 3. G.S. 115C-296 reads as rewritten:
"§ 115C-296. Board sets certification requirements.
(b) It is the policy of the State of North Carolina to maintain the highest quality teacher education programs and school administrator programs in order to enhance the competence of professional personnel certified in North Carolina. To the end that teacher preparation programs are upgraded to reflect a more rigorous course of study, the State Board of Education, as lead agency in coordination and cooperation with the University Board of Governors, the Board of Community Colleges and such other public and private agencies as are necessary, shall continue to refine the several certification requirements, standards for approval of institutions of teacher education, standards for institution-based innovative and experimental programs, standards for implementing consortium-based teacher education, and standards for improved efficiencies in the administration of the approved programs. The certification program shall provide for initial certification after completion of preservice training, continuing certification after three years of teaching experience, and certificate renewal every five years thereafter, until the retirement of the teacher. The last certificate renewal received prior to retirement shall remain in effect for five years after retirement.
The State Board of Education, as lead agency in coordination with the Board of Governors of The University of North Carolina and any other public and private agencies as necessary, shall continue to raise standards for entry into teacher education programs.
The State Board of Education, in consultation with the Board of Governors of The University of North Carolina, shall evaluate and develop enhanced requirements for continuing certification. The new requirements shall reflect more rigorous standards for continuing certification and to the extent possible shall be aligned with quality professional development programs that reflect State priorities for improving student achievement.
The State Board of Education, in consultation with local boards of education and the Board of Governors of The University of North Carolina, shall reevaluate and enhance the requirements for renewal of teacher certificates. The State Board shall consider modifications in the certificate renewal achievement and to make it a mechanism for teachers to renew continually their knowledge and professional skills. The State Board shall adopt new standards for the renewal of teacher certificates by May 15, 1998.
The standards for approval of institutions of teacher
education shall require that teacher education programs for all students
who do not major in special education include demonstrated competencies
in (i) the identification and education of children with learning disabilities.disabilities
and (ii) positive management of student behavior and effective communication
techniques for defusing and deescalating disruptive or dangerous behavior.
The State Board of Education shall incorporate the criteria developed in
accordance with G.S. 116-74.21 for assessing proposals under the School
Administrator Training Program into its school administrator program approval
All North Carolina institutions of higher education that offer teacher education programs, masters degree programs in education, or masters degree programs in school administration shall provide performance reports to the State Board of Education. The performance reports shall follow a common format, shall be submitted according to a plan developed by the State Board, and shall include the information required under the plan developed by the State Board.
(c) It is the policy of the State of North Carolina to encourage lateral entry into the profession of teaching by skilled individuals from the private sector. To this end, before the 1985-86 school year begins, the State Board of Education shall develop criteria and procedures to accomplish the employment of such individuals as classroom teachers. Beginning with the 2006-2007 school year, the criteria and procedures shall include preservice training in (i) the identification and education of children with disabilities and (ii) positive management of student behavior, effective communication for defusing and deescalating disruptive or dangerous behavior, and safe and appropriate use of seclusion and restraint. Regardless of credentials or competence, no one shall begin teaching above the middle level of differentiation. Skilled individuals who choose to enter the profession of teaching laterally may be granted a provisional teaching certificate for no more than five years and shall be required to obtain certification before contracting for a sixth year of service with any local administrative unit in this State.
It is further the policy of the State of North Carolina to ensure that local boards of education can provide the strongest possible leadership for schools based upon the identified and changing needs of individual schools. To this end, before the 1994-95 school year begins, the State Board of Education shall carefully consider a lateral entry program for school administrators to ensure that local boards of education will have sufficient flexibility to attract able candidates.
SECTION 4. G.S. 115C-105.47(b)(9) reads as rewritten:
"(b) Each plan shall include each of the following components:
(9) Professional development clearly matched to the goals and objectives of the plan. This professional development shall include a component to train appropriate school personnel in the management of disruptive or dangerous student behavior. Appropriate school personnel may include, but is not limited to, teachers, teacher assistants, school administrators, bus drivers, school resource officers, school psychologists, and school counselors. The training shall include instruction in positive management of student behavior, effective communication for defusing and deescalating disruptive or dangerous behavior, and safe and appropriate use of seclusion and restraint. The appropriate personnel with priority for the training shall include those staff members who are most likely to be called upon to prevent or address disruptive or dangerous student behavior. Each local board of education shall include in this component of its safe school plan procedures to evaluate the effectiveness of this training in preventing or addressing disruptive or dangerous student behavior. Local boards of education are encouraged to use available sources of discretionary revenue to implement the plan to train personnel in the management of disruptive or dangerous student behavior. Local boards may only be required to implement the behavior management training component of the plan to the extent that funds have been appropriated for this purpose by the General Assembly or by local units of government. By January 1, 2006, local boards of education shall amend their safe school plans to include this training component."
SECTION 5. G.S. 115C-47 is amended by adding a new subdivision to read:
"§ 115C-47. Powers and duties generally.
In addition to the powers and duties designated in G.S. 115C-36, local boards of education shall have the power or duty:
(45) To Report Certain Incidents of Seclusion and Restraint. - Local boards of education shall maintain a record of incidents reported under G.S. 115C-391.1(j)(4) and shall provide this information annually to the State Board of Education."
SECTION 6. G.S. 143-138(b) reads as rewritten:
"(b) Contents of the Code. - The North Carolina State Building Code, as adopted by the Building Code Council, may include reasonable and suitable classifications of buildings and structures, both as to use and occupancy; general building restrictions as to location, height, and floor areas; rules for the lighting and ventilation of buildings and structures; requirements concerning means of egress from buildings and structures; requirements concerning means of ingress in buildings and structures; rules governing construction and precautions to be taken during construction; rules as to permissible materials, loads, and stresses; rules governing chimneys, heating appliances, elevators, and other facilities connected with the buildings and structures; rules governing plumbing, heating, air conditioning for the purpose of comfort cooling by the lowering of temperature, and electrical systems; and such other reasonable rules pertaining to the construction of buildings and structures and the installation of particular facilities therein as may be found reasonably necessary for the protection of the occupants of the building or structure, its neighbors, and members of the public at large.
In addition, the Code may regulate activities and conditions in buildings, structures, and premises that pose dangers of fire, explosion, or related hazards. Such fire prevention code provisions shall be considered the minimum standards necessary to preserve and protect public health and safety, subject to approval by the Council of more stringent provisions proposed by a municipality or county as provided in G.S. 143-138(e). These provisions may include regulations requiring the installation of either battery-operated or electrical smoke detectors in every dwelling unit used as rental property, regardless of the date of construction of the rental property. For dwelling units used as rental property constructed prior to 1975, smoke detectors shall have an Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., listing or other equivalent national testing laboratory approval, and shall be installed in accordance with either the standard of the National Fire Protection Association or the minimum protection designated in the manufacturer's instructions, which the property owner shall retain or provide as proof of compliance.
The Code may contain provisions regulating every type of building or structure, wherever it might be situated in the State.
Provided further, that nothing in this Article shall be construed to make any building rules applicable to farm buildings located outside the building-rules jurisdiction of any municipality.
Provided further, that no building permit shall be required under the Code or any local variance thereof approved under subsection (e) for any construction, installation, repair, replacement, or alteration costing five thousand dollars ($5,000) or less in any single family residence or farm building unless the work involves: the addition, repair, or replacement of load bearing structures; the addition (excluding replacement of same size and capacity) or change in the design of plumbing; the addition, replacement or change in the design of heating, air conditioning, or electrical wiring, devices, appliances, or equipment, the use of materials not permitted by the North Carolina Uniform Residential Building Code; or the addition (excluding replacement of like grade of fire resistance) of roofing.
Provided further, that no building permit shall be required under such Code from any State agency for the construction of any building or structure, the total cost of which is less than twenty thousand dollars ($20,000), except public or institutional buildings.
For the information of users thereof, the Code shall include as appendices
(1) Any rules governing boilers adopted by the Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessels Rules,
(2) Any rules relating to the safe operation of elevators adopted by the Commissioner of Labor, and
(3) Any rules relating to sanitation adopted by the Commission for Health Services which the Building Code Council believes pertinent.
In addition, the Code may include references to such other rules of special types, such as those of the Medical Care Commission and the Department of Public Instruction as may be useful to persons using the Code. No rule issued by any agency other than the Building Code Council shall be construed as a part of the Code, nor supersede that Code, it being intended that they be presented with the Code for information only.
Nothing in this Article shall extend to or be construed as being applicable to the regulation of the design, construction, location, installation, or operation of (1) equipment for storing, handling, transporting, and utilizing liquefied petroleum gases for fuel purposes or anhydrous ammonia or other liquid fertilizers, except for liquefied petroleum gas from the outlet of the first stage pressure regulator to and including each liquefied petroleum gas utilization device within a building or structure covered by the Code, or (2) equipment or facilities, other than buildings, of a public utility, as defined in G.S. 62-3, or an electric or telephone membership corporation, including without limitation poles, towers, and other structures supporting electric or communication lines.
In addition, the Code may contain rules concerning minimum efficiency requirements for replacement water heaters, which shall consider reasonable availability from manufacturers to meet installation space requirements.
No State, county, or local building code or regulation shall prohibit the use of special locking mechanisms for seclusion rooms in the public schools approved under G.S. 115C-391.1(e)(1)e., provided that the special locking mechanism shall be constructed so that it will engage only when a key, knob, handle, button, or other similar device is being held in position by a person, and provided further that, if the mechanism is electrically or electronically controlled, it automatically disengages when the building's fire alarm is activated. Upon release of the locking mechanism by a supervising adult, the door must be able to be opened readily."
SECTION 7. Except as otherwise provided, this act becomes effective July 1, 2006.
In the General Assembly read three times and ratified this the 14th day of July, 2005.
s/ Beverly E. Perdue
President of the Senate
s/ James B. Black
Speaker of the House of Representatives
s/ Michael F. Easley
Approved 1:51 p.m. this 20th day of July, 2005
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A BOY who struggles to read English primary-school storybooks yet has no trouble with university physics textbooks in Japanese is challenging current thinking on dyslexia. The 17-year-old boy, known as AS, is the first person shown to be dyslexic in one language but not in another.
"This could have profound consequences for concepts of reading," says Taeko Wydell of Brunel University in west London, who has studied AS. "If there is a specific brain area for reading and a person has impairment in this area, in theory all his languages should be affected." The case is also posing problems for researchers who argue that dyslexia is a visual processing disorder.
AS has two English-speaking parents but lives in Japan. At the age of six, he began attending a Japanese primary school, but it soon became clear that he was lagging behind his Japanese counterparts in English. When AS was 13, ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.
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In January 1921 an honour roll listing the names of the Bondi Surf Bathers’ Life Saving Club members who had served and died during World War I was unveiled in the clubhouse. The Bondi Surf Bathers’ Life Saving Club, based at Bondi Beach was the first surf life saving club in Australia, created in 1907, and is also, without doubt, the most famous in their red and yellow gear.
Also unveiled on the same day was a series of allegorical murals painted by David Henry Souter depicting the brave lifesaver as heir to the traditions of the famed ANZACs (the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps who fought at Gallipoli against the Ottoman Empire during World War I) and the Australian bushman. These murals are now displayed in the Australian National Maritime Museum.
The first panel in the series features an Australian youth answering the call to war (a – in picture 2 above). He then wades ashore at Gallipoli watched over by the angel of death while another soldier is poised to defend France (b – in picture 2). Through the sacrifice of war, the ANZAC is transformed from soldier to saviour (c – in picture 3). He returns home a hero and is welcomed by family and friends (d – in picture 3).
In the last section of the panel, ANZACs and bush pioneers stand ready to forge a new nationhood (e – in picture 4 above).
Part f in picture 4 shows a crowded Bondi Beach in 1914. The observant reader will note that everyone on the beach is female apart from one male who is disabled and was thus unable to join his male colleagues on the war front.
Two other panels shows the symbolic connection between the ANZACs/bushmen and surf lifesavers by presenting the lifesaver as an ideal of Australian manhood (represented by a merman at g – in picture 5 above), sharing the values and attributes of the ANZACs. He is physically strong, courageous, willing to make extraordinary sacrifices for others and has a love of surf bathing and keeping watch on bathers, depicted as mermaids at h – in picture 5.
I will leave it up to the reader to decide if it is fair to compare surf lifesavers with the ANZACs.
(The wording in this review is closely based on the wording of a 2005 article by Michelle Linder, Curator of the Australian National Maritime Museum – https://anmm.wordpress.com/2015/04/28/anzacs-and-surf-lifesavers/)
The murals form part of the permanent galleries at the Australian National Maritime Museum.
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St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274)
Keywords: Catholicism, Fetus, Human development
Widely known as a key contributor to the Roman Catholic Church’s body of doctrine, St. Thomas Aquinas also published an opinion on the moral status of embryos and fetuses that seems contradictory to the Catholic Church's current standpoint on the matter. Born in Naples, Italy, around 1225 (scholars debate the exact year of many of his life events) to wealthy nobility, Thomas Aquinas quickly proved himself a pious and astute scholar with an insatiable desire for logic and understanding. After receiving his formative education in Montecassino and Naples, Italy, Aquinas joined the order of the Dominicans. His desire for the holy life shocked and upset his family, who lamented his choice of a poor lifestyle devoted to service. To prevent Aquinas from following through with his plan, his family held him captive in the San Giovanni fortress in Rocca Secca, Italy, for nearly two years. After his mother and siblings noted his devotion to the Church evidenced by his daily studies and constant writing (not to mention his dismissal of concubines), they relented and allowed him to take his vows with the Dominicans around 1245. It is also estimated that he officially received his Master’s in the Arts from the University of Naples around this time.
Immediately thereafter, Aquinas was sent to Paris to study under Albertus Magnus, a famous Dominican scientist, theologian, and philosopher. In 1248 the pair traveled to Cologne, Italy, where Aquinas began to teach under Magnus as a Bachelor professor. Because of his strong work in Cologne, the archbishop Conrad of Hochstaden elevated Aquinas to the priesthood in 1250. Soon after, Aquinas was transferred to the Dominican studium in Paris to continue serving as a Bachelor professor. His hard work and pious teachings quickly caught the attention of his superiors, and Aquinas was ordered to prepare for a Doctorate in Theology from the University of Paris, which he received in 1257.
The career of St. Thomas Aquinas following the receipt of his Doctorate was rather simple, as he dedicated himself to service, academics, and God. His skill for argument and preaching gained him extreme popularity among the public and the favoritism of the popes. He is described as having often experienced moments of ecstasy and visions, mainly during celebration of mass, and his influence in the Church was widespread during his lifetime. Pope Clement IV appointed Aquinas as Archbishop of Naples in 1265, but Aquinas begged to be able to remain a traveling teacher and writer. Upon release from the appointment, he dedicated himself to his principal work, Summa Theologica, which was to serve as a comprehensive defense of Christian truth.
Summa Theologica delineates St. Thomas Aquinas’s opinion on the moral status of the embryo or fetus and the act of abortion. His discussion of sin, morality, and murder indicates his views on the development of life within the womb. These sections show that Aquinas believed in the progression of life from a “vegetable”-like, unanimated state to an animal life and finally to a human, animated state. Summa Theologica offers no defense of abortion as a permissible act at any stage in the pregnancy, but it does specify that once the fetus has become animated (when he believed ensoulment of the living human being took place), it is homicide to kill it. This measure of ensoulment or delayed hominization (the belief that the embryo or fetus was not a human life with a soul until a particular event after conception) is typically equated with the stage at which quickening took place—defined by Aristotle as forty days for boys and eighty days after conception for girls.
It is the concept of delayed hominization that seemingly pits these comments of St. Thomas Aquinas against the modern Roman Catholic Church; when it comes to ensoulment, the Church now defends the position that an embryo is infused with a human soul upon fertilization, making any intentionally procured abortion a sin of murder (because it kills a living being with a human soul). St. Thomas Aquinas’s opinion on abortion and fetal development receives much attention from people on both sides of the debate over abortion. Typically, pro-choice advocates claim that Aquinas’s position shows an inconsistency in Church belief throughout history on the topic and a defensible option for pro-choice Catholics, while pro-life advocates point out that Aquinas never discusses abortion as an acceptable option and furthermore would most likely not have maintained his delayed hominization theory had he been privy to the marvels of modern science.
Perhaps before he had a chance to clarify his writings on the matter, St. Thomas Aquinas declared he would write no more. On 6 December 1273 he reportedly experienced a long episode of ecstasy during Mass, and later said that such things had been revealed to him that his previous writings seemed nothing in comparison. He immediately began preparing himself for his death, which took place on 7 March 1274. Aquinas was canonized on 18 July 1323 by Pope John XXII. Pope Pius V declared him a Doctor of the Catholic Church in 1567 and his importance to Catholic Church doctrine was cemented during Pope Leo XIII’s reign, when St. Thomas Aquinas was celebrated in Aeterni Patris and named the patron of all Catholic educational institutions worldwide.
- Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Ed. Kevin Knight. “Summa Theologica.” Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 1920. http://www.newadvent.org/summa/ (Accessed June 11, 2007).
- Kennedy, D. J. “St. Thomas Aquinas.” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIV. Transcribed by Kevin Cawley. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm (Accessed April 25, 2007).
- McInerny, Ralph and John O’Callaghan. “Saint Thomas Aquinas.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2005 Edition). Ed. by Edward N. Zalta. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2005/entries/aquinas/ (Accessed September 28, 2007).
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Newly revised and updated, Mexicanos tells the rich and vibrant story of Mexicans in the United States. Emerging from the ruins of Aztec civilization and from centuries of Spanish contact with indigenous people, Mexican culture followed the Spanish colonial frontier northward and put its distinctive mark on what became the southwestern United States. Shaped by their Indian and Spanish ancestors, deeply influenced by Catholicism, and tempered by an often difficult existence, Mexicans continue to play an important role in U.S. society, even as the dominant Anglo culture strives to assimilate them. Thorough and balanced, Mexicanos makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of the Mexican population of the United States-a growing minority who are a vital presence in 21st-century America.
- Publication Date:
- 20 / 08 / 2009
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In the Renaissance, man had discovered his/her individuality, in the Baroque era at times this led to excessive and almost luxuriant exuberance. In music, new forms emerged like the opera and the styled dance suite. Instrumental music became predominant…
A characteristic of Baroque music is the basso continuo, the harmonic base that enabled soloists to improvise.
Music became strictly structured, both in style and sound. Striking examples are the ornamentations that had to satisfy all kinds of stylistic rules. Polyphony became popular, with the Fugues by Bach as obvious examples.
The most important composer of this section, as far as I am concerned, is Bach. His music often is a challenge for guitarists.
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Tags U.S. HistoryPolitical Theory
Lysander Spooner in the antebellum period has been overlooked. He was a radical abolitionist lawyer. He wrote The Unconstitutionality of Slavery. William Lloyd Garrison felt the Constitution was a bloody pro-slavery compact.
Spooner felt that since there was no universal consent to the Constitution, then no authority existed, not even implied. Spooner looks to the text of the document alone and to natural law. Spooner has an interesting view. First, the fugitive slave clause does not contain the word slave. Neither service nor labor is necessarily slavery. Second, the three-fifths clause interprets all other persons to mean slaves. But English law had used the word free to mean citizen. Thus, other persons would just mean resident aliens. Third, the importation of such persons… Spooner says nobody would look at those words and mean the slave trade. It would just mean the general importation of foreigners.
Fugitive slave laws were meant to give statutory standing to demand the return of runaway slaves. Passed in 1850, the slave laws were seen by some to violate some other parts of the Constitution. Federal commissioners determined whether the man who is found is indeed the man who appears in the claim. The fugitive was denied a jury trial. The federal commissioners were exercising judicial power, paid by a fee that earned them more only if they returned the person. This was perhaps a violation of the due process clause.
The Principles of ’98 said the states can nullify any law that was not constitutional. Here, states’ rights were used on behalf of liberty.
Lecture 4 of 14 from Tom Woods' The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History lecture series.
Tom Woods, a senior fellow of the Mises Institute, is the author of a dozen books, most recently Real Dissent: A Libertarian Sets Fire to the Index Card of Allowable Opinion. Tom's articles have appeared in dozens of popular and scholarly periodicals, and his books have been translated into a dozen languages. Tom hosts the Tom Woods Show, a libertarian podcast that releases a new episode every weekday. With Bob Murphy, he co-hosts Contra Krugman, a weekly podcast that refutes Paul Krugman's New York Times column.
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Guestwriter: Elena Tran, BaudekinStudio
The Fabrics to Use as Linings
The purpose of a lining is to cover the construction details of the inside of the garment, any unfinished seams and also to extend the life of your clothes. Historically, lining were mostly used for warmth. You see lots of painting depicting fur linings to provide warmth to the wearer. In the 1900s, the wool lining was featured on men’s country clothing and it was intended for keeping warm during shooting and hunting pastime.
Contrasting lining on women’s clothing first gained popularity in the 1930s and it is still a favorite today. Let’s explore the fabrics used for lining the garments today.
Polyester lining is the most common man-made fabric you will find in the stores. It is produced from petroleum oil and it can almost mimic the properties of cotton, silk or linen with minimal cost. Maintenance is easy. Throw it in the washing machine and voila.
However, if you place polyester and silk side by side, you will immediately feel the difference between the two. Polyester fabric almost sticks to the body when you sweat and I don’t like how it feels and how difficult it is for a novice to cut and sew this slippery fabric. In addition, let’s not forget that this synthetic fabric is not biodegradable and the discarded clothes will linger in landfills for generations. Because polyester is so cheap to purchase, customers feel that it is expendable and discard clothes or fabric without second thought. On the plus side, polyester fabric can also be produced from recycled plastic bottles, although this technology is still in its infancy.
Rayon is also referred to as viscose, viscose rayon, or artificial silk, can also be used as lining and it is widely available in the neighborhood fabric stores. It is a man-made fiber regenerated from cellulose (a.k.a. wood from trees). Technically, rayon is called an artificial fiber because wood chips need a bit of chemical help to convert them into yarn. After the production process is complete, we end up with a beautiful silky fabric and it is a common lining material in Haute couture clothing because it costs less. It feels nice and I would almost go for it. Rayon is very soft to the touch and it absorbs moisture well. But on the minus side (and a big one for me), production of rayon is not the best ecological choice as it releases carbon into the atmosphere, salt into the water supplies and it cuts the much needed trees.
Dressmakers rarely think of natural fabrics for lining because it may prove expensive. But if you are making clothes for yourself, let me encourage you to go for silk lining. Silk is produced from the protein secreted by the larvae of the silk moth as they lay in their cocoons. The only concerning part is that the cocoons are cooked with the insects still inside to begin the silk production process. However, I like the fact that the silk moth is cultivated specifically for silk production and the process of silk manufacturing is sustainable and eco-friendly. For some of you price is a factor when shopping for lining fabric. I consider that a good thing. The fact that silk is an expensive fabric makes us more careful about the quantity we purchase. Buy only the amount of material that you need for your garment, eliminate the waste, recycle the remnants into other projects and always think long term slow fashion.
There is another reason why silk is perfect to use as a lining. It feels warm in winter and cool in summer. The best silk lining choices are silk habotai and silk charmeuse because they are light enough and they are available in many shades of colours. The lining fabric can match the fashion fabric or you can choose a contrasting fabric for your design. The lining fabric can also be used as a trim on cuffs and collars for a special effect. This technique was used by Chanel, as well as by another famous designer, Madeleine Vionnet. Great designers like Chanel, Dior and Balenciaga were adamant about using the best fabrics as linings. Chanel went as far as using the expensive fabrics that the matching tops were made from as linings on her skirts and jackets.
As for the lining construction, there are rules that you learn as you sew different pieces. For example, when cutting the lining for a jacket, you design the lining slightly bigger that the garment to allow for ease of movement. That’s why you often see a small pleat in the center back of the jacket lining. Another trick is to attach the lining to the skirt by means of a thread chain. You can also quilt the lining and the main garment together. Chanel used this technique to support the loosely-woven tweed fabric on her skirts and jackets.
When you are making your own bespoke clothes, I encourage you to use the best lining material you can find. You will have a better sewing experience, more satisfaction from wearing a quality garment and you will enjoy the feeling of silk next to your skin.
BibliographyClive Hallett, Amanda Johnston. Fabric for fashion: The complete guide. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2017.
Smithsonian. Fashion: The Definitive History of Costume and Art. New York: DK Publishing, 2012.
At this time of the year it is always nice to have those comfortable jackets or cardigans you can quickly put on. Just in case you have to go out of the door. Or in case you need an extra layer in the house. We have made a stylish coat that is slightly different from a bathrobe, but is not a real coat either.
Bathrobe or real coat?
You could walk around all day in a bathrobe. Especially if it is made of lovely soft terry cloth, like our bathrobes in this blog of the sewing pattern Simplicity 1562. This sewing pattern is for a bathrobe. But the pattern is just as useful for a bathrobe with more of the look of a regular coat. The only difference is that there is no lining, pockets, inner pockets, zippers, buttons etc. Nevertheless, it is an ideal sewing pattern for a nice jacket that is very comfortable. Bet this will be a favorite piece of your wardrobe or a CLASSIC!
For this inner and/or outer jacket we were inspired by the many coats we saw on catwalks for the autumn and winter season. Coats were mainly worn as an extra layer and as a wrap. Wide, long coats for a complete outfit. In terms of style: big collars, shawl collars and often in a simple, classic shape. Wide, comfortable and quite casual. Jackets to 'live' in both indoors or outdoors.
The Pied-de-poule or Houndstooth design is also very fashionable this year and a timeless classic anyway. But we looked more at checkered designs because Pied-de-poule is a design that you have to love. Most people quickly find it too busy or a bit old-fashioned.
Comfort and class
This coat is therefore a combination of a bathrobe in a warm woolen fabric. The color is easy. Black and white is always good and stylish. This fabric is for sale at Budgetstoffen and cheap. With two meters of fabric you have enough fabric to make the coat.
Because the fabric is quite stiff, you don't need interlining or reinforcement. The shawl collar makes the jacket very pleasant to wear and is ideal to wear over other clothes. Whether you wear a shirt, a sweater with a roll collar or a bare neck, a shawl collar is always a good idea. The jacket closes with a simple belt. You can also wear the jacket open, but the wrap over makes the jacket nice and warm and pleasant. A lot of 'homewear' is loose hanging and the front panels often do not close. This is easy but not warm or comfortable like this jacket is.
Sewing pattern Simplicity 1562:
In terms of sizes you can clearly choose between children and adults and then also in sizes XS to XL. We recommend to take a large size so that the jacket is nice and spacious.
Simplicity 1562: Sewing level
The sewing pattern is easy to make. It is an 'Easy' sewing pattern and you can rest assured that even a total beginner can handle it. The fabric sews easily because it is not too thick, but certainly not too thin. We do recommend finishing the seams with a lock machine or a zigzag stitch. The fabric is unfortunately too thick for a French seam.
Do you want to make a nice jacket for indoors and outdoors? Then consider the Simplicity 1562 sewing pattern for a bathrobe. This sounds strange, but it is certainly not. You can make exactly the coat you want from beautiful woolen fabric.
Not really a coat, not even a bathrobe or a cardigan, but a wonderfully comfortable 'coat' for the winter. A jacket that is stylish enough for walking outside, but comfortable and handy enough to wear indoors instead of a bathrobe or hoody.
The jacket is easy to make and with the beautiful wool fabric from Budget fabrics you are also affordable.
Guestwriter: Elena Tran, BaudekinStudio
Another year has passed and 2020 was the most stressful year for all of us. I don’t know a single person who didn’t feel anxious or depressed at some point during this year. I cannot imagine how I would have coped with the pandemic blues if I didn’t have my sewing hobby which became my full-time business. When I sew, I forget everything and everyone around me. This is what the scientists call “the flow”. My studio became my sanctuary, the place to melt away the worries.
Why is sewing so good for us? I looked into a sewing hobby specifically, but any hobby can have the same positive effects. Spoon-making or pet grooming are just as beneficial.
Sewing helps reduce anxiety and depression
I can honestly tell you that when I work on my projects, the days just fly by and I feel so happy every day. And I am not the only one who feels this way. In a study of more than 3,500 knitters, published in The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 81% of respondents with depression reported feeling happy after knitting and more than half reported feeling "very happy." (Wilson) And have you ever watches someone do the needlework? The experience is hypnotic, I can assure you.
Another study at Harvard’s Medical School Mind/Body Institute found a reduction in heart rate of 11 beats per minute and a fall in blood pressure during knitting. (Knitting, Needlepoint, Sewing, Stress reduction and Yoga) This is a very beneficial physiological response, especially for those with high blood pressure.
If these results were not enough to convince you, in another study of quilters, the participants identified that the use of bright colours in their projects had uplifting effects on their mood, especially in the winter. (Emily L. Burt) Making something pretty in beautiful fabrics and colours always helped me deal with extreme stress and winter blues as well.
Sewing is intellectually stimulating
Sewing belongs to that intellectually stimulating activity that provides constant learning opportunities. After you learn how to sew a straight skirt, you move on to another challenge to make a pleated skirt or a skirts with godets. And you can challenge yourself indefinitely. Just keep changing your projects to keep yourself mentally stimulated. Anyone who tried pattern drafting and alterations agree that they involve complex thinking and problem solving. These types of activities are the subject of an unfolding research on brain neuroplasticity (Ackerman). The idea is that our brain constantly relearns and adapts throughout our lives and it is possible to slow down the brain degenerative conditions by constantly challenging our brain to new tasks. The neuroscientists agree that constantly learning new things or starting a new hobby can prevent dementia and Alzheimer’s disease and that it is never too late to learn new things.
Sewing helps self-esteem
In addition to new learning of challenging skills which improves brain function, sewing leads to the great sense of accomplishment, improved self-esteem and satisfaction. Every time you complete a new project, you advance a step or two and celebrate the small victories. You feel even better when other people comment and complement you on your clothes. And when you daughter asks if she can borrow one of your pieces, well, that tops the cake.
Sewing helps form new friendships
I can tell you with confidence, that I formed the best friendships by connecting with the people in the sewing community. They are honestly the happiest people to be around. We share gladly and do not judge because we understand that sewing is a gradual skill- building process. You have to walk before you run and simple projects sometimes turn out to be the most difficult ones. In one of the studies of quilters, the participants reported that they formed strong friendships during their meetings and praise from others boosted self-esteem and increased motivation to complete the projects. (Emily L. Burt)
I had a similar experience when I attended the sewing courses at a local college. Our classes were so relaxed and positive. Not all sewing skills are enjoyable to everyone and there is no need pretending that sewing is all fun. I think I had to use my seam ripper a thousand times when I was in school. However, support and encouragement from like-minded people helped me get to the finish line and bring the final projects to the show and tell.
I hope that all these proven benefits will encourage you to start sewing. You don't need to get the most expensive sewing machine or fancy fabrics and gadgets.
Start small and build your skills gradually. Make sure you have good lighting setup and your work station is comfortable. Change your activities and project often to keep your interest going. Join the most fun and relaxing community of sewing enthusiasts!
Is this day your day-off and would you like to make something for a loved one, friend or family? We have an idea for you that you could basically make within a few hours. And of course the present will be what we stand for: chic, timeless and a bit of Chanel style!
Marfy Fashion Studio
We received an email from Marfy Fashion Studio because we are subscribed to the newsletter. This email came out well because a free sewing pattern from Marfy is always great. In this case it is about a sewing pattern for a stola. A stola which you can create very quickly and which is easy to make.
Marfy sewing patterns are usually not suitable for beginners. This is because there are no instructions included and the sewing patterns are always pre-cut. As a seamstress you need to have experience and sewing skills to understanding about the construction. The only clue you will get are numbers on the sewing pattern parts and the overall picture.
Read about this: the difference between sewing patterns from various brands. However, this sewing pattern is easy and suitable for beginners as well.
Sewing Pattern 6817
The Marfy download link:
Good luck !
And happy holidays!
Did you want to learn how to make couture fabric covered buttons? I will share my method with you step by step, including the right tools, fabrics and detailed demonstration. Making couture fabric buttons without a kit is easy and very rewarding.
Where to buy plastic rings: I got my on Amazon, but they are also available at fabric stores Pellon Easy Pattern is available on https://baudekinstudio.ca/
If you want to create a Chanel-style jacket and you are searching on the Internet (and on this website!), you will notice: the real vintage Chanel couture jackets often had buttons made out of fabrics. You will notice these buttons on modern Chanel jackets as well. You immediately want such beautiful and matching buttons too. And that's possible!
Fabric buttons are still 'Haute couture' beautiful!
Coco Chanel started making handmade buttons, mainly from Tweeds and Bouclé fabrics. She used fabrics because buttons were expensive. But also because the fabric buttons gave more 'couture' appearance to the clothing. The buttons and the jackets were perfectly matching and everyone knew about the making process: a time-consuming and dedicated job.
Coco Chanel started her career as a hat maker. Because of this, she knew many sewing techniques and she could handle different types of materials. She also had an eye for details, which gave the jackets something extra's, but they were never 'over the top'.
Her motto: "Simplicity is the key of elegance"
The authentic Chanel vintage fabric buttons are real treasure and not easy to buy. This is mainly because Tweeds and Bouclé are not durable fabrics and the buttons had to endure a lot.
If you are looking for fabric buttons in 'Chanel-style', Baudekin Studio is a great webshop.
Sometimes it is possible to find fabric buttons at a market, in a fabric store, or even in thrift stores. But you have to be very lucky that they will match with the fabric. Baudekin Studio has a few fabric buttons in its range. Affordable and above all: very beautiful.
The buttons are easy to match with many fabrics in terms of color and composition. Especially the black and white Bouclé buttons, can be used with almost any Bouclé fabric. But the colored fabric buttons also turned out to be a great option for a Chanel-Style jacket. This is mainly because Bouclé fabrics are often woven from multiple colored threads. Most of the times, there is always a color to match with the threads.
The example above: which color fits better with the dark green/black/blue/yellow Chanel-style jacket? The green or the yellow? Or both?
Chic couture clothing
Fabric buttons are also often the best choice for couture outfits. The example below shows it perfectly: a bridal cape or evening dress bolero with fabric buttons. The buttons make the cape extra beautiful and it is also much more convenient to match your jewelry. Are you going for gold or silver? If the buttons of evening wear are exactly the same as the fabric: go ahead and make your own choice.
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Athlete mental health (MH) is receiving increased attention in the sports medicine community. Although participation in athletics has many benefits, the very nature of competition can provoke, augment, or expose psychological issues in athletes. Certain personality traits can aid in athletic success, yet these same traits can also be associated with MH disorders. Importantly, the athletic culture may have an impact on performance and psychological health through its effect on existing personality traits and MH disorders. Consensus or position statements have been published by a number of organizations with each society bringing its own focus and perspective.1–5 Sports medicine physicians are trained through their primary disciplines and sports medicine fellowships to provide comprehensive medical care to athletes, including the management of MH disorders. The team physician is often the coordinator of the athlete's overall health care and may oversee MH screening and treatment, the prescribing of psychiatric medication, and consultation with members of the MH care network.
The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) convened a panel of experts to provide an evidence-based, best practice document to assist sports medicine physicians and other members of the athletic care network with the detection, treatment, and prevention of MH issues in competitive athletes.6 This position statement focuses on the competitive athlete, from the youth and collegiate athlete to the Olympian and professional athlete, and how team physicians, athletic trainers, and MH care providers can assist with the detection and treatment of psychological issues in athletes. The unique signs and symptoms in athletes, prevalence of MH disorders in the athlete population, and utilization of available screening tools will be reviewed. Specific Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria and the pathophysiology of MH disorders will not be discussed. The discussion of management may include psychosocial approaches and pharmacological treatments, emphasizing the selection of the most effective treatments with the fewest side effects of relevance for athletic performance. Finally, this article will present recommendations for prevention, including the identification and possible elimination of risk factors within the athlete environment.
This document provides an executive summary of key evidence-based findings. The full position statement provides a comprehensive review (Box 1) and is accessible as an online supplement (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JSM/A221). Although this statement is directed toward sports medicine physicians, it also may assist other physicians and health care professionals in the care of competitive athletes with psychological issues and MH disorders.
Table of Contents—American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement on Mental Health Issues and Psychological Factors in Athletes
- I. Background and Purpose
- II. Methods
- III. How Teams Work
- IV. Personality Issues and Athletic Culture
- a. Personality issues
- b. Sexuality and gender issues
- c. Hazing
- d. Bullying
- e. Sexual misconduct
- f. Transition from sport
- V. The Psychological Response to Injury and Illness
- a. Self-medication in response to injury/illness
- VI. Select Psychological Challenges/Issues
- a. Eating disorders/disordered eating
- b. Depression and suicide
- c. Anxiety and stress
- d. Overtraining
- e. Sleep disorders
- f. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity deficit (ADHD)
- VII. Summary
The AMSSM Board of Directors appointed co-chairs (C.J.C. and M.P.) to assemble a writing group that was carefully selected to include a balanced panel of sports medicine physicians and other professionals experienced in managing MH issues in athletes, actively engaged in research, and with demonstrated leadership in the topic. Important members of the panel included an athletic trainer, a clinical psychologist, and a sport psychiatrist. The co-chairs generated the outline, and the writing group subsequently conducted an in-depth literature review using PubMed, SportDiscus, and the Cochrane database for each topic. The writing group engaged in conference calls and written communications to discuss the evidence and compile the manuscript. The panel used the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) to grade level of evidence7 (Table 1).
This AMSSM position statement is novel in several respects in its contribution to the topic, including:
- addressing topics not fully explored in previous publications about MH issues in athletes, including key personality issues, demographic and cultural variables, and environmental conditions,
- discussing the interaction and impact of these variables both positively and negatively on competitive athletes and how to monitor the athletic environment that may precipitate or exacerbate MH issues, and
- defining the level of evidence and the knowledge gaps in this rapidly expanding field.
Sports medicine physicians should be familiar with the psychological, cultural, and environmental factors that influence MH in athletes, as well as common MH disorders affecting the athletic population. Key findings and level of evidence for each topic are summarized below:
- High athletic identity is associated with both positive and negative health and performance outcomes (SORT B).8
- Personality traits and disorders deemed problematic for athletes may be best addressed via psychotherapy (SORT C).9
Sexuality and Gender Issues
- The creation of a strong supportive environment that is welcoming to sexual minorities is key to the MH of the athlete and the sports team (SORT A).10,11
- Reducing the risk of negative health consequences for the sexual minority athlete starts with education of all stakeholders associated with athletic participation (SORT C)12–14
- Hazing leads to both short- and long-term health ramifications that can affect an individual's athletic success and ability to participate in sport (SORT C).15
- The prevention and management of hazing require a global investment from athletes, coaches, administrators, and health care providers centered on a zero-tolerance policy for any form of maltreatment and a focus on positive team building activities that promote dignity and teamwork as opposed to victimization (SORT C).16
- Bullying in athletics can take on many different forms and be the actions of teammates or coaches. Signs and symptoms of being bullied may vary greatly (SORT C).17
- Preventing bullying is the responsibility of all the stakeholders in athletics. Educational programs can be found on the NCAA website (SORT C).17
- Authority figures are more often perpetrators of sexual abuse, but peer athletes are far more likely than coaches to be perpetrators of sexual harassment (SORT C).18,19
- Populations at higher risk of sexual abuse in youth sports reflect trends in the general population. Those participating at higher levels of competition are also at an increased risk. Sport type, amount of touching, or degree of clothing cover during participation does not seem to correlate with higher rates of abuse (SORT C).20–23
Transitioning from Sport
- Athletic departments, national governing bodies, and professional leagues should assist athletes who are retiring from their sport with development of a comprehensive preretirement plan addressing issues surrounding their transition out of athletic participation (SORT A).24
- Long-term psychological effects of career-ending injuries are common for many athletes (SORT C).25
Psychological Response to Injury and Illness
- Psychological and sociocultural factors have been raised as potential risk factors for injury. Stress consistently demonstrates a relationship with injury risk as well as the ability to rehabilitate from injury and return to sport (SORT B).25,26
- Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to injury are important in determining the outcome (SORT C).27
Self-Medication in Response to Injury/Illness
- Limited data exist on the use of self-medication by athletes as a coping mechanism. However, certain demographics of athletes are emerging as higher risk groups for medication misuse and for negative MH and other consequences of their use (SORT C).28,29
- Targeted interventions that incorporate health and athletic performance considerations tend to be more successful for the athletic population, and this includes addressing the underlying issues leading to substance use/self-medication (SORT C).30–32
Eating Disorder/Disordered Eating
- Annual preparticipation screening for eating disorders in athletes should be routine (SORT C).33–39
- Eating disorder prevention programs have benefit in reducing risk for eating disorders (SORT B).33–36,39–42
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and family therapy are recommended as treatments for eating disorders in athletes (SORT B).33–36,40,43
Depression and Suicide
- Athletes have unique risk factors for depression compared with nonathletes. Early recognition and appropriate management of depression in athletes lead to improved clinical and performance outcomes (SORT C).44
- College student-athletes report depression symptoms at a higher prevalence than previously reported; these rates are comparable with nonathlete college students (SORT B).45
- Suicide incidence in college student athletes is lower than in college student nonathletes. Football has the highest suicide rate by sport in college athletes (SORT B).46
- Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of anxiety is the optimal nonpharmacological intervention. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an established and effective treatment method for many clinical populations with different types of anxiety disorders, but there are no randomized controlled trials of CBT interventions specifically within athletes (SORT B).47
- Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be considered, as-needed anxiolytics are not recommended for athletic performance anxiety (SORT B).48,49
- A management approach to the athlete with overtraining syndrome should be individually developed and should include evaluation for MH stressors and relative or absolute rest depending on the clinical situation at the time (SORT C).50
- Monitoring training loads, getting adequate rest periods, and maintaining optimal nutrition and hydration status are all important in preventing the development of overtraining syndrome (SORT C).51
- Although not specific for athletes, insomnia-specific CBT is the first-line treatment for sustained improvements in sleep in those with insomnia alone or insomnia comorbid with other MH disorders (SORT A)52,53
- Benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics are not recommended for athletes because of their marked “hangover” effect, which includes a negative impact on reaction time (SORT A)54,55
- Although melatonin has not been shown to improve sleep quality in athletes, short-term use is safe with no decrements in performance (SORT A).56,57 Because melatonin is not regulated by the FDA, caution for the presence of impurity is necessary and it should be purchased as a single-ingredient product from a reputable company.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- The optimal management approach for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is individualized and may include behavior therapies, academic accommodations, pharmacotherapy (eg, atomoxetine, amphetamine salts, or methylphenidate formulations), and psychological interventions to manage associated features and comorbid diagnoses (SORT C).58–61
- The risk of heat illness may be increased in athletes taking ADHD medications. Those taking stimulant medications have elevated core temperatures while exercising, although an increased incidence of exertional heat injury or heatstroke in these groups has not been reported (SORT C).62–65
- Team physicians should be aware of and educate the athlete on regulations and requirements regarding medication treatment of ADHD (SORT A).66–68
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Although sports participation provides many benefits to individual health and wellbeing, athletes are exposed to additional risk factors that may impact their MH. The sports medicine physician and other members of the athletic care network are uniquely positioned to detect MH issues early and intervene appropriately. Providers must have a full understanding of how issues commonly manifest in the athletic population and, importantly, an awareness of the relevant psychological, cultural, and environmental influences. The primary goal of this AMSSM position statement is to assist the team physician and other members of the athletic care network with the detection, treatment, and prevention of a select range of psychological issues and MH disorders in athletes. An important component of management is an understanding of pharmacological treatment options including those that may be the most effective with the fewest side effects. Critical insight is needed into key personality issues (eg, “athlete identity”), demographic and cultural variables (eg, sexual orientation and gender identification), and environmental conditions (eg, hazing, bullying, and sexual abuse) that can impact athletes and how interactions among these variables may contribute to MH issues. It is important for the athletic care network to be attuned to risk factors for MH disorders and to monitor athletic environments that may trigger or exacerbate psychological issues in athletes under their care.
Limited evidence is available that specifically addresses MH in athletes, and additional research is needed to define and validate the optimal strategies for the detection, management, and prevention of MH disorders in competitive athletes. Recommended priorities are the development of validated assessment tools to improve early identification of MH issues in athletes and establishing effective interventions. We encourage readers to review the entire AMSSM Position Statement on MH Issues and Psychological Factors in Athletes (https://bjsm.bmj.xxx.com) to gain in-depth information on the highlighted topics.
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29. Veliz P, Boyd CJ, McCabe SE. Nonmedical use of prescription opioids and heroin use among adolescents involved in competitive sports. JAdolesc Health. 2017;60:346–349.
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39. Bonci CM, Bonci LJ, Granger LR, et al. National athletic trainers' association position statement: preventing, detecting, and managing disordered eating in athletes. J Athl Train. 2008;43:80–108.
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The benefits of outdoor physical activity (exercise) outweigh the potential harm caused by air pollution except in the most highly polluted cities, according to epidemiological studies reported in the journal Preventive Medicine (February 2016). Exercise provides a number of health benefits, including reduced risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. Cycling and walking, for example, offer not just health benefits but also environmental advantages as pollution-free means of transportation. See also: Air pollution; Cancer (medicine); Epidemiology; Heart disorders; Sports medicine; Type 2 diabetes
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that more than 80% of people who live in urban areas are exposed to air pollution in the form of fine particulate matter at levels that exceed safe limits. Sources of particulate matter include fossil-fuel combustion from motor vehicles and power plants, for example. Fine particulate matter is especially harmful to human health because the tiny particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs. Once trapped there, the particles can impair lung function or enter the bloodstream to cause heart disease and cancer. See also: Combustion; Diesel engine; Environmental toxicology; Internal combustion engine; Particulates; Reduction of diesel engine particulate emissions
Knowing the concentration of particulate matter in the air you breathe is important because even in cities with high concentrations of airborne particulate matter, health benefits from outdoor exercise can still be attained if your exposure is appropriately limited. For example, even in air in which the concentration of fine particulate matter is five times the global average, the net health benefits remain positive for cycling trips up to 1.5 hours per day. Walking remains beneficial for trips up to 10 hours per day.
Avoiding the most traffic-congested roadways is another means of reducing exposure to traffic-generated pollution, other researchers have found. So choosing your route is important, too.
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Name conflict eastern Christian
Since the end of the 19th century, Christians from ancient Mesopotamia, such as Chaldeans, Arameans, Assyrians etc., are confronted with name conflicts that have persisted to this day.
These name conflicts have always been the result of schisms and the disputes within this framework have evolved from a religious historical background to an ethnically-historical background in the 20th century.
It is important to know that it is difficult to prove that a people of today have a pure direct link with a historical people of more than 2000 years ago and especially when in the past different names have been used for the people of today.
To be able to prove such a connection, one invokes historical sources. Some written sources, however, are not always based on neutrality and feed people with beliefs that do not match the truth.
This ensures that historical sources often contradict each other and that disputes arise in this way. This is no different in the context of the name conflict between the Eastern Christians from Mesopotamia.
The fact is that a dispute always has two versions, namely the version of one party and the version of the counterparty.
And although there is no complete consensus among historians in this story, it is recommended to view all versions, because each version has a background. When one knows this background, one can also understand the motives and place the story in the right context.
The message here is that one should view this name conflict from a neutral and uncluttered position in its entire context and not merely rely on one source, which may not have a neutral character.
In this article we focus on the names Assyrians and Chaldeans.
Since Christianity arose, the Christians from the Mesopotamian land lived under the rule of other non-Christian superpowers, such as the Persians, the Arabs and the Ottomans.
When there are populations among these superpowers who differ from language, culture or religion, we speak of ethnic minority groups, whether or not numerically.
A logical consequence is that these population groups are named according to what they differ in. In the case of the Mesopotamian Christians this was their faith and language, because since Christianity they have been labeled as Syrian-speaking Christians (Syrians <-> Suraye), where Syrian succeeds in the liturgical language of the Churches to which these Christians belong and not, as many would start to think logically, in the contemporary country of Syria.
This distinction was made by the relevant superpowers without attaching importance to the ethnic-historical origin of this Christian population.
From that point, several religious names have arisen as a result of schisms within Christianity. As a result, the ethnic identity of this population group has, as it were, disappeared from the history books.
If we judge that the Mesopotamian Christians were known as Nestorians, Jacobites, Syrians, etc. since Christianity, and so labelled, then we can explain the religious background, but not the ethnic background of this population.
The fact that Mesopotamian Christians have not bothered themselves about their ethnic identity in the centuries after Christ has much to do with their conversion to Christianity and subsequent developments.
However, each person has, in addition to a religious identity, also an ethnic identity, so there is the right question ‘who are we?’. A question to which we have received many answers in the 20th century, perhaps even too much in the sense that it has become an endless debate.
The ethnic names Chaldeans, Aramaeans and Assyrians today have a religious background, but are also inextricably linked to a historical background.
The urge of Christians from Mesopotamia to give their identity back an ethnic touch often has to do with their diaspora.
More than ever, people tend to profile themselves as an ethnic nation to be able to represent themselves worldwide.
One also realizes that one does not descend from the superpowers under which they have lived for more than two thousand years and have therefore started looking for their historical roots.
Their search today, however, has led to a debate about which no consensus has been reached worldwide. A debate that has been largely influenced by the ‘Assyrian nationalism’ of the 20th century.
Nestorians and Jacobites
The Christians of the Church of the East, known at the time as the Nestorians, have never really been Nestorian.
Nestorius was a 5th-century patriarch of Constantinople and was expelled and banished because of his Christological views.
The Church of the East has, since the 5th century, largely followed the Christological conceptions of Theodore of Mopsuestia, better known as the doctrine of dyophysitism. The views of Nestorius were associated with this doctrine and the Christians of the Church of the East were therefore labeled as Nestorians. A “heretical” name that they did not have difficulties with.
Thus the name Nestorian has evolved from a religious nickname to a denomination of a Christian population. This name therefore has no ethnic background.
Just like the name Nestorian, the name Jacobite is a religious name that has no ethnic background.
The Jacobite Christians were Christians who followed the teachings of Jacobus Baradaeus, metropolitan of Edessa and great defender of myaphystism.
This name too is a result of Christological differences within the church. The Jacobites are known today as the Syrian Orthodox and Syrian-Catholic Christians.
It is often said that the name Chaldeans is a religious name for the Christians of the Church of the East who have united themselves with the Church of Rome in the 15th century.
In view of what has already been written in this article, it can be concluded that this statement cannot be correct.
The Chaldeans, who had formed themselves with Rome at the time, became Catholic, while retaining their own rite, namely the rite of the Church of the East.
If being Chaldean was a religious movement, the union with the Church of Rome would never have existed.
What has actually happened in this union with Rome is that the Chaldeans have accepted the councils which at the time formed the Christological stumbling block between the Church of Rome and the Church of the East.
So it cannot be said that the Chaldeans in the 15th century in this connection with Rome became Chaldean religiously.
Nor it can be said that the Chaldeans have converted to a certain ‘Chaldean stream’, for Chaldean refers to the identity of the Chaldeans from Mesopotamia and not to a 15th-century religious movement, as one dares to claim.
A simple fact that can clarify this, is the fact that if Chaldeans are synonymous with Catholic Christians, then there would already be Catholic Christians before Christ, which is impossible.
A fact is that the union with Rome in the 15th century has indeed brought a splitting of the Church of the East with it. From that period on, on the one hand, the ‘Nestorian’ or better formulated the ‘non-Catholic’ branch of the Church of the East and on the other hand the Catholic Church of the East.
Important to know here is that the Nestorian Christians were labelled as Chaldean Nestorians and Catholic converts as Chaldean Catholics. This only confirms that the name Chaldean was a national identity of the Christians of the Church of the East and not a religious identity.
Historical reasons were the basis of the choice to officially include the name Chaldeans in the history books.
The headquarters of the Church of the East were originally located near the former Babylonia, in Seleucia-Ctesiphon. There was a considerable Christian population in this area.
Chaldeans, however, had no longer controlled a country since 539 BC. and the great powers such as Persians, Arabs and Ottomans had always suppressed nationalist feelings of minority groups, so the name ‘Chaldeans’ is not further included in the history books. Together with other peoples who had converted to Christianity, they were now labelled as Christians, a minority group among the superpowers. As a result, the ethnic character of Chaldean identity has largely merged into a religious (Christian) character.
Chaldeans were also linked to “magic” or more specifically “witchcraft”, because they were very busy with astrology. This association has given the name Chaldeans a negative background.
However, it could not be established that the ‘neo-Aramaic-speaking’ Christians of Mesopotamia could not have a relationship with the ancient Mesopotamian peoples, as they spoke a language that could be directly linked to their Mesopotamian ancestors.
Chaldeans therefore have no affinity with the superpowers (Persians, Arabs, Ottomans) under which they have lived for more than two thousand years and were logically associated with the Chaldeans from ancient Mesopotamia.
Often one hears that the Eastern Christians are ethnic Assyrians and merely Chaldeans of faith. The truth is much disgraced when we threaten to believe this statement. This statement is a result of 20th-century Assyrian nationalism and needs to be slightly nuanced.
The modern use of the name Assyrians has a geographical and archaeological background instead of an ethnic background like many would think.
The re-use of the name Assyrians is the result of archaeological discoveries in the 19th century. In 1840 archaeological excavations were carried out in the area of Mosul-Nineveh Plains in Iraq. Spectacular discoveries were made here and the name Assyrians in that area became very attractive.
The Christians of Mosul-Nineveh also knew from the Bible that they lived in the area that was once Assyria and this area was therefore called ‘Ator’ for geographical reasons, neo-Aramaic translation of Assyria. The Arabs, however, called this Al-Mawsil.
The Chaldean Nestorians of the Church of the East, who were not converted to Catholicism, were firmly convinced during this period that they were Assyrian.
The British played a very important role here, not only with the archaeological excavations they had done, but also with the mission of the Anglican Church to the ‘Nestorian’ Christians. They called their mission ‘mission to the Assyrian Christians’, because the denomination Nestorians, unlike Assyrians, was not known to Westerners and Nestorian had a negative background.
Gradually the term Assyrians was used by the “Nestorian” Christians of the Church of the East. From the twentieth century onwards this term was propagated by nationalistic Chaldean Nestorians in such a way that it gained a great reputation.
The Church of the East of the Assyrians arose in 1976 after a split of the Nestorian Church of the East. This split was the result of a religious twist. From then on there was the ‘Old Church of the East’ on the one hand and the ‘Church of the East of the Assyrians’ on the other.
The name Assyro-Chaldeans is a collective term for Assyrians and Chaldeans and is nowadays mainly used to name the Chaldean community in Paris.
Assyro-Chaldeans thus effectively refers to the two divided population groups and is not a representation of another third group, which many would think.
This term, however, feeds for many the erroneous theory that ‘Assyro’ stands for ethnicity and ‘Chaldeans’ for religion.
This erroneous theory is also part of the 20th-century Assyrian propaganda and does not rely on historical or religious sources.
It is, moreover, quite a non-logical sounding theory, because then the Christians belonging to the Assyrian Church of the East should be appointed as the Assyro-Assyrians, which is not the case.
Despite the fact that one wants to use a unified denomination, it is rarely aware that the name Assyro-Chaldeans excludes other Eastern Christian populations, such as the Aramean (Syriac Orthodox and Syrian-Catholic), Melkite, Maronite etc.
These Eastern Christian populations also share the same historical background to a large extent and have the right to be included in a collective term for the Mesopotamian Christians.
Frahm, E., A companion to Assyria, chapter 32: Assyrian Christians (by Butts Michael Aaron), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Yale University, New Haven, US , 2017.
Wilmshurst, D., The Martyred Church, A History of the Church of the East, East & West Publishing Ltd, Londen, 2011, 522 pages.
Layard, A.H., Nineveh and its remains, The gripping journals of the man who discovered the buried Assyrian cities, Skyhorse Publishing, New York, 2013, 528 pages (originally published by John Murray (Londen) in 1849).
Jozeph, J., The Modern Assyrians in the Middle East, Encounters with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers, Brill, Leiden, Boston, Keulen, 2000, 291 pages.
Wigram, W.A., The Assyrians and their Neighbours, G.Bell & Sons, Londen, 1929, 247 pages.
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Tackling the Global Water Challenge
In a speech on March 22, 2012, marking World Water Day, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton launched a new partnership to improve water security. The U.S. Water Partnership is a public-private partnership that seeks to mobilize U.S.-based knowledge, expertise and resources to improve water security around the world, particularly in those countries most in need.
NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver joined Secretary Clinton and representatives of other U.S. government and private sector entities for the World Water Day event at the U.S. Department of State in Washington as the partnership was announced.
As one of the new members of the Partnership, NASA brings a variety of expertise, ingenuity and resources to the challenge.
In response to widespread famines in Africa in the 1980s, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) created an early warning system to provide timely information about drought and famine conditions. The system has since evolved into a worldwide Famine Early Warning System Network that uses data from NASA and others to classify food insecurity levels and alert authorities to predicted crises. NASA's data on long-term changes in rainfall, vegetation, reservoir height and other climate factors enhance USAID's ability to accurately predict food shortages and disseminate these findings to a broad audience around the world.
In April 2011, NASA and USAID signed a memorandum of understanding to expand their joint efforts to overcome international development challenges such as food security, climate change, and energy and environmental management. The agreement formalized ongoing agency collaborations that use Earth science data to address developmental challenges, and to assist in disaster mitigation and humanitarian responses.
Another NASA-USAID partnership, SERVIR, is bringing Earth observation information to local decision makers in targeted areas of the world to address threats related to climate change, biodiversity, and extreme events such as flooding, forest fires, and storms. SERVIR, which comes from the Spanish word meaning "to serve," features web-based access to satellite imagery, decision-support tools and interactive visualization capabilities to put previously inaccessible information into the hands of scientists, environmental managers, and decision-makers.
Regional SERVIR hubs are located at the Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean in Panama, the Regional Center for Mapping of Resources for Development based in Kenya, and the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development in Kathmandu, Nepal. SERVIR was developed by researchers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.
NASA’s Earth observation research capabilities in space are also contributing new knowledge to tackle the global water challenge. In 2009, researchers using data from the NASA/German Aerospace Center Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite showed that groundwater in northern India had been disappearing. The research, lead by Matt Rodell of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., showed that the water was being consumed primarily to irrigate cropland faster than the aquifers were being replenished by natural processes.
Data on the depletion of groundwater around the world using GRACE observations is also contributing to public awareness of the global water challenge. Starting today, World Water Day, graphic displays of changes in global groundwater supply appear on a huge electronic billboard in New York City’s Time Square.
U.S. Water Partnership
Thirst for Knowledge: NASA Eyes World’s Water (World Water Day 2011)
NASA Projects Improve Famine Predictions Worldwide
NASA Satellites Unlock Secret to Northern India's Vanishing Water
The SERVIR Program
The Water Cycle
Times Square display of GRACE groundwater data
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• AN OCCURRENCE AT OWL CREEK BRIDGE opens with a man standing on a railroad bridge somewhere in northern Alabama during the Civil War.
• The man is about to be hanged and stands with a noose around his neck and his hands tied behind his back.
• The rope around his neck is attached to a cross timber over his head and the footing is comprised of some slack boards laid upon the railway supports.
• Four other men are on the bridge: two privates, a sergeant and a captain, all from the Federal army.
• The only spectators are two sentinels and a company of infantrymen.
• All the men are silent and motionless as they revere death under any circumstances.
• The man who is about to be hanged is a good-looking man of about thirty-five wearing a well-fitting frockcoat befitting a prosperous planter.
• Clearly the man is no common criminal...
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Cica can be one of two things: The abbreviated name of the herb, centella asiatica (first letter of the first word and last three letters of the second), or of the French word “cicatrisation” which means “to heal”.
Mainly found in South-east Asia, India and China, it also grows in tropical wetlands around the world. According to a study on the use of centella asiatica in cosmetology by the Department of Pharmacognosy in Poznan University of Medical Science, Poland, cica has been used topically as a powder or ointment on small wounds, scratches, burns, eczema and ulcers. When its leaves are powdered, mixed with water and consumed as a drink, or added to salads and rice, it reportedly improves problems like memory loss and lack of concentration. A 2010 study published in the Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences found that it is also used to treat conditions like eczema, diarrhoea and fever.
Animals are said to know that cica is good for them too: Tigers in India “treat” their wounds or infections by rolling over the plant (hence cica’s other name, tiger grass); and it is believed that elephants in Sri Lanka have a better memory because they frequently snack on cica.
What’s used in traditional medicine and in the wild is now used cosmetically – not to treat wounds but skin redness, dryness and itching. Here's what to try:
This story was originally published in the April 2018 issue of Her World magazine.
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May Family and Consumer Science News
- Visit a health care provider for a well-woman visit (checkup), preventive screenings, and vaccines.
- Get active.
- Eat healthy.
- Pay attention to mental health, including getting enough sleep and managing stress.
- Practice safe behaviors, such as quitting smoking, not texting while driving, and taking steps to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections.
- Share what steps you’re taking for good health at every age. Use our social media and promotional tools.
- Include #NWHW and #FindYourHealth in any messages you share.
- Organize events or activities in your community.
- Use our online tool for customized tips to improve your healthy eating and physical activity habits.
- Visit the Women’s Health website.
- Share the tool with your friends and family to help them take the next step on their personal health journeys.
Med Diet and Good Health
Shopping and Tasting the Mediterranean Diet
The eating patterns of Mediterranean regions have been studied for more than six decades.
The first study examined the health status of the people of Crete at the end of the 1940s. It reached the startling conclusion that even after the deprivations of World War II, the cardiovascular health of Crete residents exceeded that of US residents. Researchers attributed the differences to diet.
Shortly after World War II, Ancel Keys and colleagues (including Paul Dudley White, President Eisenhower’s heart doctor) organized the remarkable Seven Countries Study to examine the hypothesis that Mediterranean–eating patterns contributed directly to improved health outcomes. Though this study had some limitations by today’s standards, it laid solid groundwork for the connection between diet and health in general, and the Mediterranean diet and good health in particular.
In the following decades, hundreds if not thousands of rigorous studies have solidly documented the many benefits of the Mediterranean diet and similar traditional, largely plant–based diets. Out of this extensive work came an understanding that certain Mediterranean–eating patterns were remarkably connected with lifelong good health.
The growing body of medical and scientific evidence supporting the healthfulness of the Mediterranean diet, or the “Gold Standard” for healthful eating (as it is often called), continues to show that following a Mediterranean diet may:
- Lengthen your life
- Defend against chronic diseases
- Fight cancer
- Lower your risk for experiencing heart disease along with high blood pressure and elevated “bad” cholesterol levels
- Protect you from diabetes
- Aid your weight loss and management efforts
- Prevent depression
- Safeguard you from Alzheimer’s disease
- Ward off Parkinson’s disease
- Improve rheumatoid arthritis
- Help you breathe better
Mediterranean Diet Linked with Better Brain Structure in Elderly
The Mediterranean diet has long been associated with healthy aging, but emerging research is shedding new light onto why this might be. Researchers analyzed the eating patterns and brain size in 674 elderly (average age 80) adults without dementia in New York City. They found that those most closely following the Mediterranean diet had larger brains (total brain volume, grey matter, and white matter), with an effect similar to 5 years of aging. Of the specific foods studied, eating 3-5 oz fish weekly, and keeping meat intake under 3.5 oz per day, was also linked with larger brain volumes, equivalent to about 3-4 years of aging. These results suggest that a Mediterranean diet, especially one that encourages fish consumption over meat consumption, could promote brain health, as brain atrophy (brain shrinkage) has been linked with cognitive decline. Neurology. 2015 Oct 21. (Gu Y et al.) [Epub ahead of print.]
Mediterranean Diet May Prevent Eye Disease
Macular degeneration, an eye condition that can lead to blindness, has no cure or restorative treatment, so prevention is especially important. To study how diet is related to this condition, scientists analyzed the eating patterns of over 2,500 adults, then monitored their eye health for thirteen years. They found that those most closely following the Mediterranean diet (especially those people eating lots of fish and vegetables) were 26% less likely to progress to advanced age-related macular degeneration. Results varied by genetics, with certain gene carriers being more responsive to diet than others. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015 Nov;102(5):1196-206. (Merle BM et al.)
Med Diet with Olive Oil May Prevent Diabetic Eye Damage
Complications from diabetes can lead to serious health problems, including vision impairment, blindness, and kidney damage. Using data from the PREDIMED study (where adults at risk for heart disease were assigned to either a low-fat diet, a Mediterranean diet with olive oil, or a Mediterranean diet with nuts), researchers analyzed data from over 3,600 Spanish adults with type 2 diabetes, to see how diet affects the risk of diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage from diabetes) or diabetic retinopathy (eye damage from diabetes). Those following a Mediterranean diet with olive oil had a 43% lower risk of diabetic retinopathy compared to the low-fat control group, and those following a Mediterranean diet with nuts had a non-significant 38% lower risk of diabetic retinopathy. There were no significant changes in the risk for diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2015 Sept 13. [Epub ahead of print] (Diaz-Lopez A et al.)
Replace Butter with Fish, Nuts, Seeds: Lower Risk of Heart Disease by 25%
Harvard researchers followed over 120,000 adults for 24-30 years, tracking their diet and health records. The scientists found that replacing 5% of daily calories from saturated fat with polyunsaturated fats (found in fish, nuts, seeds, and safflower oil), monounsaturated fats (found in olive oil and canola oil), or whole grains is linked with a 25%, 15%, and 9% lower risk of heart disease, respectively. Additionally, they found that replacing 5% of daily calories from refined grains and added sugars with whole grains or polyunsaturated fats can also significantly reduce heart disease risk, and that replacing saturated fat with refined grains or added sugars does not lower heart disease risk. The researchers concluded, “Our findings provide epidemiological evidence of the current dietary guidelines, which recommend both “replacing saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids” and “replacing refined grains with whole grains.” The Mediterranean diet, which spotlights whole grains, fish, olive oil, nuts, and seeds, is the perfect eating plan to put these lessons into practice. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015 Oct; 66(14):1538-48. (Li Y et al.)
Mediterranean and Vegetarian Diets May Benefit Gut Microbiome
Eating a variety of healthy plant foods is one of the best ways to nurture our friendly gut bacteria, and new research suggests that Mediterranean and vegetarian diets may be useful models. Scientists analyzed the eating patterns and gut bacteria of 153 Italian adults. They found that those most closely following a Mediterranean diet or vegetarian/vegan diet had higher levels of short chain fecal acids, a compound associated with many health benefits. On the other hand, those not following a Mediterranean diet had higher levels of urinary trimethylamine oxide, a potential risk factor for heart disease. The researchers also noted that both vegetarian/vegans and those on a Mediterranean diet scored highly on the Healthy Food Diversity Index, meaning that these eating styles could be a useful blueprint for people wanting to incorporate a variety of nutritious foods into their diet. Gut. 2015 Sept 28. [Epub ahead of print] (De Filippis F et al.)
*Visit the Oldways website for more information on the Mediterranean Diet.
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The Genesis of the Resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto
The Warsaw ghetto uprising was the major armed exploit by the Jews against the Nazis. It had been carefully planned and was well organized despite its isolation. Three main sources of documentary material provide relevant information. First, Ringelbum’s clandestine Oneg Shabbat archive which describes everyday life in the ghetto and presents details about the Jewish fighting organizations. Second, General Jürgen Stroop’s daily record of the crushing of the revolt reports the battle for the ghetto from the German side. And third, the Polish underground press describes the revolt and its tremendous impression on the Poles. It is noteworthy that the youth movements played a very important part in the two main underground fighting organizations. Late in 1942, reports reached the ghetto of mass killings in Poland that spurred the establishment of a separate Jewish resistance. Many of the young Jews were in a dilemma as to whether to stay in the ghetto or to try to escape to the partisans in the forest. Most opted for staying. The great deportation from Warsaw commenced in July 1942, and when the fate of the deportees became known, the fighting organizations began girding themselves for the inevitable battle. When the great deportation ended, only some 50,000 Jews remained of the 350,000 who had previously inhabited the ghetto. The fighting organizations now unified themselves and began purchasing arms. However, they required the aid of the Polish underground, which in general, was antisemitic and antagonistic to the efforts of the Jews. Some small arms were given to the Jews but most of their arms were purchased from enemy soldiers. In January 1943 the second deportation occurred and the resistance groups rose up and fought — to the surprise of the Germans who stopped the action. The Jewish resistance prepared, armed, and organized itself for the forthcoming battle.
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Of the many well-known names in science, few have been as reluctant to stick to one particular field as Freeman John Dyson. Born in the UK in 1923, he showed a great interest in mathematics and related fields even as a child. By the time he was 15 he had won a scholarship at Trinity College, in Cambridge, where he studied mathematics. Though the war forced him to work at the Air Force’s Operational Research Section (ORS), afterwards he would return to Trinity to get his BA in mathematics.
His subsequent career saw him teaching at universities in the UK and US, before eventually ending up at Cornell University, where he joined the Institute for Advanced Study at the invitation of its head, J. Robert Oppenheimer. Here he would meet up with such people as Richard Feynman with whom he would work on quantum electrodynamics.
Beyond mathematics and physics, Dyson would also express great interest in space exploration — with Dyson spheres being well-known — and genetics, both in the context of the first formation of life and in genetic manipulation to improve plants to deal with issues today. He also worked on the famous Project Orion, which used nuclear bombs for propulsion.
In this article we’ll take a look at these and other parts of Mr. Dyson’s legacy, as well as the influence of his works today.
Back in the late 1940s, a lot was still being discovered about quantum electrodynamics (QED) as a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. Uniting quantum mechanics and special relativity, it describes the interactions involving electrically charged particles through the exchange of photons. It’s essentially the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism, describing the interaction of matter and light.
Starting with theories by Hans Bethe, and with subsequent papers by Shinichiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman, and Freeman Dyson, it was finally possible to develop a coherent, functional model of QED that would go on to serve as the template for subsequent quantum field theories, including quantum chromodynamics, which covers the strong interactions between quarks and gluons, which underlie hadrons such as neutrons and protons.
Dyson’s contributions consisted of proving that the diagrams Feynman had created to model the interactions were equivalent to the field-theory, operator-based approach by Schwinger and Tomonaga. As Dyson put it in a 2014 interview with Quanta magazine:
I didn’t invent anything new — I translated Feynman’s ideas into mathematics so it became more accessible to the world, and, as a result, I became famous, but it all happened within about six months.
Unfortunately Dyson did not share the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics for these efforts on QED together with Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman due to the limit of three scientists for a prize. His efforts were, however, seen as instrumental in making QED work.
The concept of nuclear pulse propulsion dates back to 1947 when Stanislaw Ulam pitched it. In the late 1950s DARPA created Project Orion, leaving General Atomics to design a nuclear pulse rocket. Freeman Dyson performed the first analysis of the types of missions that Orion would be capable of, including reaching Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to the Sun. His hope was to see affordable space travel to new colonies in the solar system.
Although a nuclear pulse rocket like the Orion fell out of favor, mostly on account of the expected complexities with the open detonation of nuclear bombs, the concept would eventually be revived. Project Daedalus was a 1970s study performed by the British Interplanetary Society to create an uncrewed interplanetary craft that would use deuterium/helium-3 fuel pellets, with an electron beam using the concept of inertial confinement fusion to produce thrust.
The Daedelus concept was further developed by NASA in the 1980s with Project Longshot, followed in the 1990s by research at Pennsylvania State University into antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion. At this point NASA and others are actively researching different types of nuclear propulsion for space craft.
Freeman Dyson was part of the design team for TRIGA, the Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics nuclear research reactor. This type of reactor is manufactured by General Atomics with the first, Mark I prototype commissioned on the 3rd of May, 1958 on the General Atomics campus in San Diego which remained in operation until 1997. It is now a historic landmark.
The TRIGA is a pool-type reactor that uses uranium zirconium hydride (UZrH) fuel which has a large negative fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity. This implies that as the temperature of the fuel increases, its reactivity (chain reaction) rapidly decreases. Because of this, it is a safe, melt-down proof research reactor that needs no containment structure. The TRIGA, mostly in its Mark II, III and other variants, is commonly used around the globe at universities and research institutes for isotope production and testing purposes.
Though usually referred to as Dyson spheres, Freeman Dyson’s original 1960s paper titled “Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation.” referred to these hypothetical structures as a ‘shell’, though he did not specify in detail what these structures would look like. He proposed that the increasing need for energy in a civilization would drive it to increasingly more advanced ways to obtain this energy, following the Kardashev scale.
Though this is by far the concept which has gotten him the most fame, with one Star Trek: The Next Generation episode featuring a Dyson sphere that enveloped an entire star, it’s perhaps rather ironic that this is the one concept which Dyson wished hadn’t been attributed to him. After all, it had been coined before by science-fiction writers as far back as 1937’s Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon. He didn’t care much for most interpretations of these structures, either, saying:
A solid shell or ring surrounding a star is mechanically impossible. The form of ‘biosphere’ which I envisaged consists of a loose collection or swarm of objects traveling on independent orbits around the star.
The simple reason for a solid sphere or shell being impossible or at least severely unrealistic comes down due to orbital mechanics. If an object, like a planet, is in an orbit around a star, it will stay there. If it’s an unmoving object like a solid shell, what reason is there for it to maintain from the star? Instead it will obey gravity and unless constant corrections are made, will destroy itself in the star as it collides with it.
Here the use of loosely coupled objects, in say a ring formation, could be in an orbit around the star, yet otherwise fulfill the requirements of a so-called Dyson swarm of independent structures. What these would look like is another question. They could be purely energy-harvesting satellites that would somehow send energy back to a nearby planet, or a civilization could also expand to live on those, in structures akin to an O’Neill cylinder.
During the 1970s, Dyson would work with the Institute for Energy Analysis on climate studies, as well as on studies conducted by the JASON defense advisory group for the US government. At the time he could probably not have predicted that during the last decades of his life, he would end up in the cross-hairs of the global climate change controversy.
Even though Dyson himself had stated that to him the impact of human-made climate change was obvious, he disagreed with the stark warnings and predictions of doom that usually accompany it. In his 2007 essay titled ‘Heretical thoughts about science and society‘ he covers why, as a physicist and mathematician, he disagrees with the climate models being used today being treated as the sole truth. During the about seventy years that he worked in the scientific field, he has worked in teams with both those who are often out in the field — like biologists — and those who mostly work with theoretical models.
His ‘heresy’ is to question the assumption that we have all of the facts right now, that the models cover all important details and that increased CO2 in the atmosphere will absolutely lead to a disaster. As he says in his essay:
But I have studied the climate models and I know what they can do. The models solve the equations of fluid dynamics, and they do a very good job of describing the fluid motions of the atmosphere and the oceans. They do a very poor job of describing the clouds, the dust, the chemistry and the biology of fields and farms and forests. They do not begin to describe the real world that we live in.
In the rest of his essay he lists some conflicting arguments that exist today, as well as the lack of attention being paid to something unloved like top soil and what the world-wide loss of it could mean for the climate. Even though he’s not a meteorologist, as he points out, he’s comfortable with questioning where he feels the data is lacking, as he explained in a 2009 interview with Yale Environment 360.
Other Items of Interest
Dyson’s further contributions include a large stack of papers published on topics ranging from number theory, physics and mathematical subjects. Named after Dyson are the Dyson’s transform (additive number theory), the Schwinger-Dyson equation (quantum field theory), Dyson’s crank (number theory), and the Dyson series (scattering theory, in mathematical physics).
He would also pitch the idea for a Dyson tree, a hypothetical genetically engineered plant that could contribute to the biosphere inside of a hollowed-out comet, a self-replicating space craft called Astrochicken, and the Dyson Scenario, also known as Dyson’s eternal intelligence, which proposed a way to get around the heat death of an open (always expanding) universe.
The character Gordon Freeman in the Half-Life video game series is named after Freeman Dyson.
Always Stay Curious
Freeman Dyson unfortunately suffered a fall in February of 2020 and died in hospital on the 28th of February from complications. At the age of 96 years, he had seen some of the biggest advances in science and technology, and contributed to a number of these advances. Although he didn’t live long enough to see his dream of humanity reaching out to the stars becoming a reality, his legacy will forever be with us.
By never being content with just sticking to one subject or particular field in science and always seeking a new puzzle to crack, he showed some of the best qualities that humanity has to offer. He was someone who was not afraid to dream and challenge himself to chase those dreams. He also showed a refreshing contempt for the rigid structure of academics by calling the PhD system an ‘abomination’, insisting that it is a meaningless piece of paper that does not show the true qualities of an individual.
Here is to a future that will exceed Freeman Dyson’s wildest hopes and expectations.
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Management Audit is a systematic examination of decisions and actions of the management to analyse the performance. Management audit involves the review of managerial aspects like organizational objective, policies, procedures, structure, control and system in order to check the efficiency or performance of the management over the activities of the Organisation.
Management Audit is an assessment of methods and policies of an organization's management in the administration and the use of resources, tactical and strategic planning, and employee and organizational improvement.
- Major Objectives of Management Audit are:
- Establish the current level of effectiveness
- Suggest Improvements
- Lay down standards for future performance
- Increased levels of service quality and performance
- Guidelines for organizational restructuring
- Introduction of management information systems to assist in meeting productivity and effectiveness goals
- Better use of resources due to program improvements.
Management Audit could serve as foundation to the overall conduct of the Organisation . Our team while designing and conducting the audit will ensure that the solutions and suggestions are aligned with the overall objective of the Organisation, in other words, our suggestions will only add to the overall effectiveness of the conduct of the Organisation keeping in tact the reason for existence of the Organisation.
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Symptoms of Eye Migraine
If your eye has migraine symptoms, you do not need medicines for you. This migraine is a type of migraine called by numerous expressions (such as ophthalmic, optic, visual, silent, ocular, migraine aura without headaches, typical aura without headache). But the term migraine does not mean that the patient experiences headaches.
Migreneous patients pass through the symptoms without understanding that they are migraine symptoms. The most important symptoms of eye migraine :
- Blurred vision
- Temporary blindness
- Temporary eyelids (blisters from your eyes, center or periphery)
- Zigzag lines
- Blinking lights (penetrating the eye)
Symptoms may be accompanied by migraine headaches but are rare. The migraine of the eye has a number of physical symptoms: nausea, vomiting, tiredness, light and sensitivity. Why do these visual symptoms occur? This migraine breaks into two parts in the head: the vision function of the brain and the eye of the eye behind the cramps behind the eyes.
People who are more susceptible to eye migraine symptoms are:
- Women in general (doctors show that more women are suffering from migraines than men).
- A patient who has one of the following: epilepsy, sickle disease (blood genetic disorder that causes an abnormal structure of blood cells that can not pass through the body), migraine and depression.
- It is possible for men and women over the age of 40 This migraine has a number of common causes such as caffeine, cheeses, mono-sodium glutamate foods (MSGs) , chocolates, stress and salty foods.
- Published On : 5 months ago on June 8, 2018
- Author By : 346@dmin
- Last Updated : June 8, 2018 @ 4:24 pm
- In The Categories Of : Uncategorized
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Tens of thousands of victims throughout the world, over 107,000 each year, according to the World Health Organization, suffer from asbestos-related illnesses each year. The product became popular due to its durability and versatility. It was used for a variety of products, from commercial and home construction mixed with cement, woven into fabrics and used as insulation and even for fireproof vests. But, while its heat resistance properties were helpful, little did everyone know that the fibers from the product were highly toxic, known to cause mesothelioma cancer.
It is known to affect a wide variety of workers, especially those in the construction industry, such as plumbers, electricians and pipefitters, as well as shipbuilders and those in the electrical power industry. The product can not only affect workers, but residue and remnants of the product can be taken home while clinging to a worker’s clothing and become inhaled by a worker’s family as well, becoming a deadly second-hand hazard.
Once the dangers were discovered, it was too late for too many people. Asbestos lawsuits skyrocketed, with cases starting at about 1,000 in 1982 to a total of about 730,000 cases by 2002. Analysists suspect that eventually the number of cases will be over one million.
Mesothelioma cancer and other workplace illnesses requiring long-term medical care are a serious concern for thousands of workers throughout the United States, including in and around Canton, Ohio. If you have been a victim, you may be entitled to workers’ compensation to cover not only lost wages, but medical expenses as well.
Source: The Mesothelioma Center, “Asbestos,” Accessed April 24, 2017
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ACQUIRED COLONY/ISLAND PROJECT
You and your group have just received an island of your very own to govern. The United States has sent out you and your group to set up a government on a deserted island that the U.S. has decided to buy. There is no hope of being transferred to another place for many years. Your job is to map out the unchartered island, including how you intend to survive. There are no previous settlers on the island. You must also decide how you will govern yourselves; including what rules you will follow to live peacefully among your group.
**Details of the Assignment follow:
1)Design a map of your deserted island. It must include the following:
b.location: directional arrows, climate conditions, latitude/
c.places: human characteristics, physical characteristics
e.scale (ex. 1 in. = 50 miles)
f.color: neatness and completeness are very important
g.use posterboard (large size)
2)Each group member must make a journal with seven 1/2 page entries to be handed in with the project, describing what the island looks like and what life is like living on the island with the other group members. There should be no spelling, grammatical, or other mechanical errors. These are designed to be seven different days (they shouldn't be consecutive days, however). These should be stapled and handed in upon completion of the oral presentation.
3)As a group, make a list of all the rules (laws) that you think will be necessary to successfully operate your new community. This list must be neat, legible, and turned in with your finished project.
4)Refine your law list to the five most important rules/laws. Explain why you chose each of these rules. Be very specific. This list and explanation must also be turned in with the finished product.
5)Oral presentation: Each member must participate in the oral presentation. Display and explain your map, how geographical features affected your lives, what laws you made and why, how you enforced them, the punishments for breaking the laws, and each member must share at least one of his or her journal entries.
ACQUIRED ISLAND PROJECT GRADING CRITERIA
location (lat./long.)________/15 pts.
physical features________/20 pts.
human features________/10 pts.
Journal for each member:________/40 pts.
(Each member's journal will be graded individually
as well as contributing to the group grade)
List of Rules:________/10 pts.
5 Most Important Rules and explanation for why________/50 pts.
these were chosen as most important.
Visitor's Pamphlet________/20 pts.
Oral Presentation:________/20 pts.
*Content: explain map/what it shows
climate (how does that
affect your clothing,
What rules you selected
which 5 were the most
important and WHY
what experiences did you
have trying to decide
and agree upon the
"5" ________/30 pts.
INDIVIDUAL JOURNAL ENTRY REQUIREMENTS:
In your journal entry, include information about what the island is
like...describe the island, including
the island's climate
what does it take to gather the food?
clothing (because yours will wear out)
what will you do for shelter and warmth/or shelter from the sun?
how do you get along with others?
what do you do to pass the time?
if there is a disagreement, how is it settled, etc.
punishment for breaking rules/laws
*CONTENT, including all of the above________/25
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Saturday, October 2, 2010
More on Australian Aboriginal Astronomical Symbolism
Traditional Aboriginal Australian cultures include a significant astronomical component, perpetuated through oral tradition and ceremony. This knowledge has practical navigational and calendrical functions, and sometimes extends to a deep understanding of the motion of objects in the sky. Here we explore whether this astronomical tradition is reflected in the rock art of Aboriginal Australians. We find several plausible examples of depictions of astronomical figures and symbols, and also evidence that astronomical observations were used to set out stone arrangements. However, we recognise that the case is not yet strong enough to make an unequivocal statement, and describe our plans for further research.
"Astronomical Symbolism in Australian Aboriginal Rock Art" by Ray P. Norris and Duane W. Hamacher
Aboriginal oral traditions and "cosmic impacts and meteorite falls"--mythology
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Sunspots are temporary phenomena of the Sun's surface. They are essentially areas with reduced surface temperature, visible to us through special filters that block nearly 99,99% of the intense Sunlight. The seabird that flew fast in front of the Sun's disk was an unexpected treat! It is possible to see sunspots even without the use of a filter only when the Sun is very low at the horizon, at the sea level. The shot was taken from my home at Chalandri, Athens.
Camera Model Canon EOS 550D, Shooting Date/Time 20/2/2013 13:57, Author Chris Kotsiopoulos, Tv( Shutter Speed ) 1/500 sec, Av( Aperture Value ) 15.0, ISO Speed 200, SW ED 80 telescope + barlow 2x, Focal Length 1200.0 mm
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1. What will be the effect of increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere on the average temperature of the earth.
Ans. The average temperature of the earth will increase.
2. Why is it necessary to conserve our environment?
Ans Conservation of environment is required for preventing damage to environment and depletion of natural resources
3. Which of the following is the major constituents of biogas. CO2, H2, CH4, CO.
4.Which of the following pollutants of air would affect the capacity of blood in human bodies to absorb O2 from lungs . NO2 SO4,CO,CO2
5. Where was CHIPKO MOVEMENT started?
Ans: Reni in Garhwal.
6. What will be the result of presence of excess amount of CO2 in environment.
Ans.Green house effect.
7.What are the two major benefits of dams?
Ans. 1. Irrigation 2. To produce electricity.
8.What are kulhs?
Ans.Kulhs are age old concepts of water harvesting used in Himachal Pradesh.
9.List any two systems of water harvesting.
Ans Ponds and check dams
10 How is the increase in demand for energy affecting atmosphere?
Ans. Increased consumption of fossil fuels is releasing a lot of polluting gases some of which are causing Global Warming and producing acid rain
2 MARKS QUESTIONS.
1.Write two advantages of classifying energy sources as renewable and non renewable.
a.A judicious use of non renewable energy source so as to prevent its depletion.
b. Increasing use of renewable energy source but not beyond its renew ability.
2. Why should we conserve forests? Suggest any two ways of conserving forests.
Ans.We need to conserve the forest as :
(i)Forests provides us O2 which is required for living –Natural habitat, prevent soil erosion, and regulate water cycle.
(ii) They protect the soil, retain and regulate flow of rain water.
Following are the two ways of conserving forests
1.afforestation and reforestation
3.What are fossil fuels. Give two examples of fossil fuels.
Ans .Fossil fuels are energy yielding combustible substances that have been formed millions of years ago by compression and anaerobic heating of organic matter. Ex coal and petroleum.
4.Write the ecological functions of forests.
Ans .Forests regulate climate they help in retaining rain water and its storage they control soil erosion and occurance of floods.
5.What is chipko movement? How did this movement ultimately benefit the local populations and the environment.
Ans.It was a movement initiated by local people in Reni Village of Gharwal Region to oppose and protect trees in the forest.
6. How do the forests get depleted? What are its consequences?
Ans. Clearing forests for agriculture, roads canals, human habitation and building dams. Consequences: less rain fall, climatic change.
7 .Suggest any two measures for controlling Co2 levels in the atmosphere.
Ans. We should follow following two measures for controlling Co2 levels in the atmosphere
(i) Increased vegetation cover. (ii) Using alternate sources of energy.
8. Why are Arabari forests of Bengal known to be good example of conserved forests.
Ans. Sal forests of south western districts of West Bengal regenerated with people participation. villagers were involved in the protection of 1272 hectares of badly degraded sal forests.
In return for help in protection villager,s were given employment in both silvicultural and harvesting operations. 25% of final harvest was given to them and they were allowed fuel wood and fodder collection on nominal fee.
9.Why are environmentalists insisting upon sustainable natural resource management?Give any three reasons.
Ans. Equitable distribution, controlled exploitation, minimum wastage, disposal of waste.
10. Suggest any two ways of utilizing waste water.
Ans.Following are the two ways of utilizing waste water
1.Treated municipal water can be poured in irrigation channels for supply to crop fields. 2. Sewage sludge separated from waste water is a source of manure compost and biogas.
Full length study guide Visit to read
Pdf download Visit to Download
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Type:Curriculum, Lesson Plan, Other
In this lesson, students distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy while comparing the benefits and drawbacks of each.
- Science > General
- Social Studies > General
Keywords:3 to 5 | Instructional Resources, Lesson
Access Privileges:Public - Available to anyone
License Deed:Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial
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(Polar molecules, Non-polar molecules, etc.)
5 posts • Page 1 of 1
first, identify the central atom and its valence electrons. Then, add an electron for each bonding atom, and add or subtract for the charge (- or +) to get the total number of electrons. Divide the total by 2 to find the total number of electron pairs and use that to identify the basic VSEPR shape.
Taizha 1C wrote:@Ashley, because single bonds and multiple bonds are treated as equivalent in the VSEPR model, it doesn't matter which of the Lewis Structures contributing to a resonance structure we consider.
I see. Are they considered equivalent due to a rule that explicitly states this? Thanks in advance.
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NEH Invites Entries for the Chronicling America Data Challenge
Printed newspapers play a much smaller role in American life than they did in earlier periods of our history. In the first decade of the 20th century—before the advent of electronic media—over 17,000 newspapers were published in the United States.
To give just one example of how ubiquitous newspapers were, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, which had a population of 14,000 in 1910, had three daily and several weekly papers in English, German, and Norwegian. Newspapers are a major source for the political, social, and cultural history of America.
Thanks to the National Digital Newspaper Program (a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress) we have free access to much of this vast trove through the incredible Chronicling America newspaper database. This national project has digitized and makes available on the web over 10 million pages of newspapers published between 1836 and 1922.
While this prodigious archive provides source material for many historians who use traditional methodologies, the Chronicling America data also offers exciting new ways to understand our nation’s past. Projects such as An Epidemiology of Information, which uses text mining to explore how information about the 1918 influenza pandemic spread, and Journalism’s Voyage West, a visualization of the growth and decline of newspapers in the US,have shown some of the possibilities offered by computational approaches to this digitized archive.
The National Endowment for the Humanities now wants to encourage more projects like these and has issued a challenge “to produce creative web-based projects demonstrating the potential for using the data found in the Chronicling America website.” The NEH is looking for entries that “uncover trends, display insights, explore a theme, or tell a story.” If you can think creatively about new ways of using and presenting the Chronicling America data check out the Historic American Newspapers Data Challenge and help to promote a better understanding of the history of the United States.
This post first appeared on AHA Today.
Please read our commenting and letters policy before submitting.
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Every time we hear of a semiconductor company making a breakthrough in package size through some form of 3D transistor, 3D wafer stacking, or flip-chip packaging, the primary driver is assumed to be the battery-operated consumer device, particularly the smartphone. After all, what else can demand the most processing power with the least possible power consumption?
Yet there's another type of device that actually consumes as much power, if not more. It's the communications processors which support the burgeoning cloud datacenters. These are the thousand-server-plus warehouses that support Amazon, Facebook, and other online behemoths.
The network managers in charge of getting bits in and out of these datacenters demand dozens of ports, operating at 10Gbits/sec per port. They're already aggregating services in an area that today is as small as a PCI Express card. That soon may shrink to a mezzanine board the size of a credit card.
If you've touched the surface of a physical-layer chip used in 10Gbit Ethernet in recent years, you'll probably insist that putting a dozen such ports in an area of a few square inches simply is not possible. One such interface could fry an egg on a circuit board, were it not for miniature fans and heat sinks that help remove system heat.
If that's how you envision the problem, you haven't been paying attention to breakthroughs in package development for advanced chips, or similar advances in modules that tie processors to fibers. You also may be unaware that when a datacenter operator talks of 40Gbits or 100Gbits, it really means the aggregation (even within one chip) of multiple lanes operating at 10Gbits or at most 25. In short, all the years of work getting 10Gbit Ethernet established actually helped pave the way for faster future services.
To start, we can turn to the 3D wafer stacking that occupies the talents of big mixed-signal specialists like Texas Instruments Inc ., as well as the developers of million-gate FPGAs, like Xilinx Inc .
Sure, the new packaging techniques help standard systems in the IT and consumer video worlds, but communication interfaces remain a primary driver. Xilinx and its nearest competitor, Altera, spent years making sure that each interface to a large FPGA chip could operate at up to 28Gbits/sec, but they couldn't dissipate the heat generated if they didn't move away from traditional packaging.
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Teas Science 50 Questions In 60 Minutes
Youll have 44 scored questions and 6 questions that are not scored. TEAS scores are decided by 4 types of science questions. A TEAS Science passing score is roughly a 67%.
Anatomy and Physiology 18 scored questions
- Body Basics & Organization Cavities and Planes
- Cells, Tissues, and Organs in the Human Body
- Respiratory System Structures and Functions
- Cardiovascular System Circulation, Cells, & Pathology
- Gastrointestinal System Structures, Hormones, and Enzymes, Digestion & Absorption
- Reproductive System Structures, Hormones, and Key Differences
- Endocrine System Organs, Hormones & Communication
- Immune System Cells and Types of Immunity
- Integumentary System Skin Layers and Functions
- Genitourinary System Kidney Anatomy and Urine Production
- Skeletal System Cells, Bones, & Structures
- Neuromuscular System Nerves, Muscles, and Signaling
- Human Anatomy & Physiology Pathology
Biology 9 scored questions
Scientific Method and Reasoning 9 scored questions
- Experimental Design & Analysis
- Scientific Relationships & Sequences
- Scientific Reasoning & Logic
The majority of your TEAS science questions will be about human anatomy and physiology. Focusing on anatomy and physiology is one of the best ways to improve TEAS scores and make sure you pass your TEAS exam.
Free Ati Teas Pratice Test 2022
TEAS Prep is a free website that provides unique TEAS training and testing services for those who are going to take the ATI TEAS exam. Our TEAS practice test and questions have been collected carefully and all based on the real test format. Let’s improve your understanding with our free tests to gain a higher score on your coming exam!
Create your personal study plan
Study Guides And Textbooks
If it has been a while since you took math, science, and English courses, you could check out some textbooks from the CNM library and review. There are also great online textbooks for chemistry, biology, elementary and intermediate algebra available through Openstax.org. Openstax resources are free.
These exams are designed to test high school proficiencies. There are study guides for the exam. You can check the CNM library to see if it has preparation materials, or visit a local bookstore or online retailer to purchase your own study guide.
CNM libraries have purchased some study guides. Please note, these guides will only work on a CNM computer.
To access these off campus, please do the following:
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How Long Should You Study For The Teas Test
If you need a competitive score, I recommend you give yourself at least 3 to 4 months to study for the TEAS.
First, it gives you enough time to dive into the material. Second, it gives you time to practice, review, and repeat concepts. Third, it isnt so much time that you forget what youve studied!
Of course, you might need less time. Lets consider this sample study schedule that allows for 3 and a half months of study timeand you can see what you can add or remove based on what works best for you!
Why Use A Teas Study Guide
Using a study guide to prep for the TEAS may seem like overkill at first, especially if you need to stay within a tight budget. That said, getting a good score on this exam can set you up for success in your future nursing career, making a guide worth the investment.
Using a TEAS study guide can help you identify areas where you need to focus your efforts, allowing you to study smarter instead of harder. Rather than spending time in a subject area you already know well, you can maximize your time by deepening your knowledge in an area you find challenging.
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Difference Between Learning And Memorizing For The Teas
When you learn something, you understand processes, see how the pieces fit together, and can make inferences and deductions.
If youve successfully learned something, you can teach it to a friend and answer their questions. You are that comfortable with the topic.
When you memorize, you cram facts into your head and hope they stick. This is all about fast recall, and it works great for definitions, lists, and matching.
Your TEAS studying needs to combine both learning and memorizing in order to manage your time and increase your score.
For example, hard and confusing science questions will test your ability to apply body processes and systems. They might even require you to combine knowledge with multiple body systems.
And while you cant predict the exact TEAS test questions youll see, you can prepare for the right topics at the right level of complexity.
Learning and Memorizing in Action: Blood Flow through the Heart
One body system process youll need to know inside and out is the flow of blood through the heart. On the TEAS, you probably wont have questions that ask you to directly state how blood flows. Instead, youll need to apply this process.
For example, what would happen in the body if the mitral valve of the heart stopped working properly? In order to answer this question, youd need to know where the mitral valve is in the heart, its function, and then youd infer what would happen if it didnt work.
Heres a great cardiovascular system mnemonic for you:
Teas: Top 10 Study Tips
The Test of Essential Academic Skills is an exam that potential nursing students may be required to take to ensure they have the academic skills and knowledge to succeed in nursing school. The test has 170 multiple-choice questions and assesses knowledge in the following categories:
- English and Language Usage
*** While we provide these study tips free of charge other professional guides and adaptations are available via . ***
Because the TEAS test is used as admission criteria in many nursing programs, students should be prepared to take the exam if required. The following are study tips that may help a nursing school applicant get prepared for and succeed in passing this test:
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Find The Best Teas Study Resources
Now that you know the specific topics you need to study, its time to determine the required resources to help you practice your weakest areas. There are many types of study materials to choose from. You can watch study videos, read study guides, or practice with flashcards.
Its easier to choose the resources that work best for you if you know your learning style. A learning style is your preferred way of processing information. You can be a visual, audiovisual, verbal, or social learner.
For example, if you think you are a social learner, you might retain information faster if you teach the source material to another person. You can also be an audiovisual learner where you prefer to see what youre studying and hear a narration simultaneously.
Whats On The Teas Test
Well show you what you should know about all the TEAS sections and the best TEAS test study guide for each section.
TEAS Reading Test
In this section, students need to complete 53 multiple choice questions covering Key Ideas and Details, Integration of Knowledge and Ideas, and Craft and Structure. Here are specific topics you might meet in the TEAS Reading Section:
- Topic, Main Idea, and Supporting Details
- Conversions and the Metric System
- Charts, Graphs, & Tables
Lets see more details in our TEAS Math Study Guide to get full ATI study guide for the math section.
TEAS Science Section
Youll have 53 total problems in this Science Section covering human anatomy and physiology, chemistry, biology, and the scientific method. You should pay more attention to human anatomy and physiology because this topic occupies 32 questions in the Science Section. There are 8 questions on Chemistry and Biology, 7 questions on Scientific Method and 6 unscored questions. The specific topics on TEAS science are listed below:
Anatomy and Physiology
Look for more information with our TEAS English Study Guide.
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How Long Does It Take To Get My Teas Test Results
Scores are provided immediately upon completion of the exam when taken on a computer. In some cases schools might take up to 2 business days to provide the scores so its best to check with your school or testing center to see how long it might take.
While you might receive your scores on the computer immediately after completing the TEAS test exam, it still might take up to 72 business hours before they appear in your ATI account online.
Kinetic And Potential Energy
Understand what each means and make sure you can recognize an example of each.
The amount of energy associated with an objects motion may be quantified through a calculation of its kinetic energy , or energy of motion. Any increase in an objects velocity will result in a dramatic increase in the objects KE. Specifically, any doubling of the velocity will cause the KE to increase by a factor of four times.
The amount of stored energy in an object may be quantified through a calculation of its potential energy , or stored energy. Energy may be stored in several ways, as in a common battery cell or the gasoline in a fuel tank. The Earths gravity may also store energy when an object is held at a certain height. Specifically, any doubling of the height will also double the PE.
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How Does The Ati Teas Work
Now that weve gone into what the ATI TEAS is, its time to cover exactly what you can expect to see on the test. In terms of content, the ATI TEAS test isnt very different from other standardized tests you may have taken in the past. Its content splits up into four core sections: English and Language Usage, Reading, Science, and Math. On the paper-and-pencil version of the TEAS 7, every question is multiple-choice. The computerized version of the exam features some arrangement of five different question types: multiple-choice, multiple-select, supply answer, hot spot, and ordered response.
In all, you can expect the exam to last a total of 209 minutes , and to possess 170 questions. Each question featured on the exam will pertain strictly to the types of material you learn at a high-school level, so you dont have to worry about brushing up on any advanced subjects.
It is worth noting that a small portion of the questions will not count toward your overall score. These questions are known as pretest questions and may potentially be published on future editions of the ATI TEAS. You can consider these questions to be more experimental they are being administered to you to determine whether they are suitable to be featured on later versions of the exam, or whether they should be revised to fit better into the tests content and to match test takers skill levels.
We will break down the subject areas of the ATI TEAS further below.
Register At Least Two Weeks Ahead Of Time
Another smart TEAS test tip is to register for the exam early. While you can do plenty of independent preparation beforehand, ATI may send you a study guide and other important materials once you do officially register for the test.
Providing yourself with that extra time can help you stay calm and collected as you parse through the study guide materials. Going into the test stressed out will only lead to more stress when it matters most to keep a calm head.
New Ati Teas Version 7 Exam Resources
The 2022-2023 study manual has a new full-length, comprehensive practice test with rationales for right and wrong answers. And youll find practice problems throughout the manual including over 325 end-of-chapter questions and four full-length unit quizzes, all aligned to the ATI TEAS Version 7 exam both in question type and format. This includes the new alternate item question type.
Is The Teas Test All Multiple Choice
The paper-and-pencil version of the exam consists of all multiple-choice questions. The computerized version of the TEAS 7 consists of five different question types: multiple-choice, multiple-select, supply answer, hot spot, and ordered response. There are 170 total questions on the TEAS test. However, your score will only be measured on 150 questions, while the other 20 are sample questions. You will not know which are scored questions and which are sample questions.
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Is The Ati Test Hard
The ATI test is predominantly used for nursing school applicants. Because of this, it can be challenging for individuals who have no education or background in this field.
Applicants who have sat the test have reported that the reading and English sections of the examination are quite difficult. However, other test takers have found the mathematical and science sections of the examination hard. The ATI covers a wide range of materials, so it is important to prepare properly.
How Do I Prepare For The Teas Test
The ATI TEAS test is a crucial step on your way to your preferred nursing program and to becoming a registered nurse, and that is why it is important to plan ahead and be as ready as possible for testing day. Here are some general tips that will help you get ready for it:
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Register For The Teas
Most likely, youve been asked to take the TEAS as part of your basic admissions requirements for nursing or allied health school. Step 1 of taking the TEAS is registering for your test date, time, and location.
One more thing before you begin the registration process, contact the school to which you are applying to find out whether you should register for the TEAS through the institution either online or on-campus, online via ATI, or at a PSI testing center.
Ati Teas Test English And Language Usage
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How To Study For The Teas
With such a vast amount of information to study, it is easy for nursing hopefuls to become overwhelmed. Taking a TEAS Test course could make the most sense for some students. Knowing how to take the test can be more beneficial than memorizing information that may be on the test. Using testing strategies makes an enormous difference in the ability to manage time, deconstruct questions, and focus on vital information.
Mometrix offers review courses and practice tests for each individual section of the ATI TEAS VI. Students will also find the ATI TEAS VI Secrets Study Guide and essential part of their review process. This guide goes over key information, as well as gives fantastic testing tips and tricks that give students an advantage when sitting for this test. Examinees wanting to ensure that they are completely prepared to master the TEAS will find the Mometrix test prep tools indispensible.
What Is The Teas Test
The TEAS test is a nursing entrance exam also used by allied health programs. Its usually one of the last steps before you submit your programs application to get into nursing school. You might also see it referred to the ATI TEAS, TEAS 7 or the TEAS VII. These are all the same exam.
Are you taking the TEAS exam after June 2022? Find out about the new ATI TEAS 7 examor keep reading for more details.
The TEAS test is a high-stakes, standardized admissions exam. A high-stakes exam means that you, the student, can face consequences if you dont do well. Which is why Ive dedicated my career to helping students like you never have to think about the TEAS again!
Not every nursing program requires that their students take the TEAS. Some require the HESI, the ACT, and many have GPA requirements. There are many paths to working in healthcare. But if your goal is to get into a nursing program that requires the TEAS test, its time to figure out how you can pass the test and achieve your goal!
The TEAS is used by nursing schools across the country, but youll want to check with your top programs to make sure they require it beforehand.
Youll want to check:
Your schools nursing program website should provide you with the majority of this information. You can also ask the admissions office for more details.
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Ida Albertina Bengtson (1881–1952)
Ida Bengtson, Ph.D., was the first female Ph.D. to be employed as a scientist at the Public Health Service’s Hygienic Laboratory, later known as the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Bengtson’s parents were Swedish immigrants to Harvard, Nebraska. She graduated from the University of Nebraska in 1903, earning her degree in mathematics and languages. After being employed as a cataloguer at the U.S. Geological Survey library, Dr. Bengtson heeded the advice of a friend and went back to school for an M.S. and Ph.D. in bacteriology—the cutting edge of science at the time—from the University of Chicago.
Hired by Hygienic Laboratory director Dr. George McCoy in 1916, Dr. Bengtson made a breakthrough discovery in 1917, linking an outbreak of tetanus to contaminated vaccine scarifiers. Bengtson had many other triumphs in her career, including proving that an infantile paralysis was caused by a new variety of botulism, Clostridium botulinum (type C); aiding the development of the typhus vaccine; and developing the complement fixation test still in use for the detection and differentiation of rickettsial diseases such as endemic and epidemic typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Q fever. In her research, Dr. Bengston contracted typhus herself. Internationally recognized for her pioneering work, Dr. Bengston paved the way for the women scientists at the NIH today.
Dr. Bengtson also is included on our Early Women Scientists at NIH page.
Bengston Ida A., Topping, Norman H. "Complete Fixation n Rickettsial Disease. American Journal of Public Health 32, no. 1 (Jan 1942): 48-58. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.32.1.48
Bengtson, Ida A. “Complement Fixation in “Q’ Fever.” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 46, no. 4 (April 1941): 665–68. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-46-12098.
Bengtson, Ida A. "Complement Fixation in Endemic Typhus Fever." Public Health Reports (1896-1970) 56, no. 13 (1941): 649-61. https://doi.org/10.2307/4583675.
Bengtson, Ida A. "Preliminary Note on a Toxin-Producing Anaerobe Isolated from the Larvæ of Lucilia Cæsar." Public Health Reports (1896-1970) 37, no. 4 (1922): 164-70. https://doi.org/10.2307/4576258.
Bengtson, Ida A. "Apparent Serological Heterogeneity among Strains of Tsutsugamushi Disease (Scrub Typhus)." Public Health Reports (1896-1970) 60, no. 50 (1945): 1483-488. https://doi.org/10.2307/4585496
The image files below are in the highest resolution available. To download the files below, right-click and "save as" to save to your desktop.
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Giants are oversized humanoids that are featured in much folklore, and appear in such mythology as Norse, and Greek. Giants are often seen as earth's elder race. A Giant's characteristics traditionally make then to be brutish and hostile. They are seen to feed on cattle, sheep and human or anything living that is smaller in size. Giants normally are seen to be solitary although the Greek titans formed communities. A well-known giant is Blunderbore who lived in a huge castle in a cloud; he was defeated by a boy called Jack (from the fairy tale Jack & the beanstalk).
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The gracile australopithecines inhabited Africa between 4 and 2 Million years ago (Ma). Our own genus, Homo, descended from one of the gracile Australopithecus species.
The australopithecines are generally divided into two groups – the gracile australopithecines and the robust australopithecines. The robust australopithecines are assigned their own genus by some researchers (Paranthropus) to distinguish them from the gracile australopithecines.
There are at least five species of gracile Australopithecus:
- Australopithecus anamensis, 4.2 -3.9 Ma, East Africa
- Australopithecus afarensis, 3.6-2.9 Ma, East Africa
- Australopithecus (or Kenyanthropus) platyops, 3. 5 Ma -3.2, East Africa
- Australopithecus africanus, 3-2 Ma, South Africa
- Australopithecus garhi, 2.5 Ma, East Africa
Australopithecines are morphologically characterized by these traits:
- The morphology of the pelvis, legs, and spine is adapted for bipedal locomotion.
- The lower arm is long relative to later hominins and modern humans.
- Australopithecines are small in stature compared to modern humans (about 4 ft. tall).
- Their brain size is similar or slightly bigger than chimpanzees (cranial capacity is 350 cc – 600 cc).
- They have large molar teeth with thick enamel.
- They have small canine teeth compared to the non-human apes.
The Taung Child – The First Australopithecine Fossil Discovered
In 1924, Raymond Dart discovered the first Australopithecine fossil at a site called Taung, South Africa. It was a partial skull and endocast of the brain case of a 3 year-old child. He assigned the specimen to a new species Australopithcus africanus, meaning “southern ape of Africa”.
It took a while for the scientific community to accept the validity of Dart’s claim. Scientists expected the so-called “missing link” to have evolved a big brain before developing the other human characteristics like small canines and bipedal locomotion. Also, no one at that time was expecting the earliest known human ancestor to come from Africa. All previous finds of human ancestors had been discovered in Europe and southeast Asia. Now several australopithecine finds are known from both East and southern Africa.
Australopithecines Inhabited Diverse Environments
For a long time, researchers thought that the origins of bipedalism in the human lineage was linked to the spread of savannah grasslands in Africa. Now, palaeoenvironmental interpretations based on the types of plants and animals found in association with early hominins reveal that the first bipeds actually inhabited wooded environments. Australopithecus anamensis also seems to have inhabited wooded environments.
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A. afarensis and later australopithecines lived in various habitats. Pollen studies reveal that the environments at australopithecine sites range from open grasslands to more forested environments. The skeletal morphology of australopithecines (long arms, curved fingers) suggests they were adapted to climbing trees. Traces of wear on the teeth of some fossils reveal that gracile australopithecines had a varied diet that may have included leaves, grasses, nuts, seeds and fleshy fruits. The “savannah hypothesis” does not seem to hold up.
Who was the Ancestor of Early Homo?
It is difficult to determine evolutionary relationships based solely on fossil remains, but some researchers feel that A. garhi is ancestral to the genus Homo. A. garhi’s leg bones are longer thanA. afarensis, suggesting a more human-like body plan. There is also a possibility that A. garhimanufactured the first stone tools that date to the same time period at 2.5 Ma.
For more articles in the Early Humans series, click here.
Klein, R. G., 1999. The human career: human biological and cultural origins. University of Chicago Press., Chicago
Larsen, C.S. 2008. Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology. Norton and Company: New York, NY.
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If you've ever dragged yourself into the office on Monday after a restless weekend and had to feign interest in a long meeting, you may be familiar with another sign of sleep deprivation -- an inability to concentrate.
Sleep-deprived subjects in studies are not only more likely to perform poorly on tests requiring concentration, but also, they're more likely to overestimate their performance. They underestimate the effects of sleep deprivation on their ability to concentrate [source: Downs].
Those effects increase as our sleep debt builds. A person getting five hours of nightly sleep for a week will perform better on tasks requiring concentration than a person who gets four hours a night for a week.
If you've noticed a change on the scale, you may have recently had a change in your sleep habits. Keep reading to learn about the connection between sleep and appetite.
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PeruArticle Free Pass
- The people
- Government and society
- Cultural life
- The Inca
- Discovery and exploration by Europeans
- Colonial period
- Achievement of independence
- Peru from 1824 to 1884
- Peru from 1884 to 1930
- Peru from 1930 to 1968
- Military rule (1968–80)
- Return to civilian rule
The War of the Pacific (1879–83)
Another untoward event was the War of the Pacific with Chile, caused mainly by rivalry over the exploitation of rich nitrate deposits in the Atacama Desert (then part of Peru, now in Chile). Chile’s superior resources and military discipline brought overwhelming defeat to Peru and its ally Bolivia.
At the Battle of Iquique (then in Peru, now in Chile), on May 21, 1879, the Peruvians suffered the loss of one of their best warships, the Independencia; then the Huáscar was captured on October 8, and this eventual surrender of control of the sea permitted a Chilean army to land on the Peruvian coast. On Jan. 17, 1881, Chilean forces captured the capital, Lima. Looting and pillaging followed, and the National Library was destroyed. According to the terms of the Treaty of Ancón (Oct. 20, 1883), Peru turned over to Chile full possession of the province of Tarapacá and the administration for 10 years of the provinces of Tacna and Arica, after which a plebiscite was to determine their future sovereignty.
Peru from 1884 to 1930
Expenditures for the war, and the consequent loss of revenue from the nitrate fields, created the possibility of imminent bankruptcy. To avert this disaster, the Civilian regime accepted in 1889 a plan proposed by the bondholders for handling the debt. The Peruvian Corporation, representing the creditors, with headquarters in London, was to control the railroads for 66 years, to mine up to three million tons of guano, and to receive 33 annual payments of £80,000 each. The plan worked satisfactorily but was hated by the Peruvian people.
Social reforms and economic development
The decline in national prestige created an atmosphere conducive to political change. The Democratic Party was formed, and in 1895, under the leadership of Nicolás de Piérola, it won the presidential election. Having a broad, popular base, it championed direct suffrage and the restoration of municipal elections. Public education was fostered, but schools for the children of the poor were lacking.
An orderly political scene, marked by rivalry between the Democratic and Civilian groups, accelerated economic development. There was an increase in the production of minerals, notably copper, and of such agricultural commodities as cotton, sugar, and wool. In the mining of copper, U.S. capital acquired important interests.
Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo, chief spokesman for the Civilians, assumed the presidency in 1908. His first term in office (1908–12) was marked by the expansion of sugar and cotton production and the settlement of the boundary dispute with Brazil. During Leguía’s second term (1919–30), he embarked upon expensive public works projects, financed by loans from U.S. banks. Rights to the oil fields of La Brea-Pariñas were given to the U.S.-owned International Petroleum Company, which built a refinery to supply the country with gasoline and oil.
Leguía supported the adoption of a new constitution in 1920. Among its progressive provisions was Article 58, which protected the communal lands of the Indians from sale and seizure. Failure to implement this provision, however, gave rise to a significant development of Indianism. While most intellectuals urged gradual reforms, more radical measures were advocated by the Peruvian Communist Party and others.
Formation of the Aprista movement
The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), known as the “Aprista movement,” was formed in 1924 in Mexico City by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, an intellectual then in exile. Internationally, it expressed the ideals of the unity of American Indians and the elimination of U.S. imperialism. Internally, it proclaimed the need to end the exploitation of the Peruvian masses through the institution of a planned economy and the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises. Its anticapitalist and anti-imperialist stand appealed to intellectuals, to the Indians, and to the lower middle class.
By 1930 Leguía had experienced a definite loss in popularity. Final settlement of the long-standing Tacna-Arica dispute with Chile, by which Peru ceded the province of Arica, angered the extreme nationalists, while the effects of worldwide economic depression (see Great Depression) cost Leguía the support of business groups.
Peru from 1930 to 1968
In 1930 a military junta headed by Col. Luis Sánchez Cerro overthrew Leguía, and Sánchez Cerro defeated Haya de la Torre, the APRA candidate, in the presidential elections of 1931. APRA claimed that the elections were fraudulent and instigated a campaign to discredit the regime. The threat from the left led to the emergence of a fascist group, whose chief exponent was the historian José de la Riva Agüero. In July 1932 Apristas organized an uprising in Trujillo, on the northern coast, which included a bloody takeover of the Trujillo military garrison. In response, Sánchez Cerro ordered the bombing and recapture of the city, during which many Trujillo Apristas were killed; this ultimately led to the retaliatory assassination of Sánchez Cerro by an Aprista in 1933. These incidents created an enduring enmity between the military establishment and APRA that would last for more than 50 years.
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As part of their Coastal Heritage Project the AONB organised a work task, in association with the Friends of the Assault Training Center on Braunton Burrows and with permission from the landowners Christie Estate, clearing away vegetation from the “Rocket Wall” on Braunton Burrows.
The Rocket Wall was an American military construction of concrete with steel reinforcing bars constructed in 1943 as a target backdrop principally for practice firing the “Bazooka”. This was a shoulder fired anti-tank rocket that would explode on impact and adopted by the Americans for their Normandy D-Day landings as a means of destroying or neutralising enemy bunkers and pillboxes. The face of the rocket wall was repaired several times but was left in a damaged state when the Americans left. Whilst World War 2 target butts are fairly common throughout the U.K., what makes this structure unique is that it was constructed specifically for “Bazooka” Training in the run up to D-Day.
The rocket wall was located in Area “C” of the Assault Training Center which covered the central part of Braunton Burrows. It included the rocket range and the Infantry Demolition Range as well as Practice Beaches “Saunton Blue”, “Saunton Yellow” and a part of “Estuary Red”. Here the Infantry not only practiced attacking pillboxes with various projectiles, but they also practiced laying charges (specialised explosion packs) up against various concrete structures.
Following work by the AONB team in June of this year, the Rocket wall was designated as a Grade 2 Listed Building.
Some of the volunteers who turned up, were treated to a ride in a period American Army Vehicle which drove them to and from the site.
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The internet has brought considerable benefits to young people. They can connect easily, organize parties, study groups, or buy sports tickets. They can access information for school or college, watch a vast library of TV and movies, and generally control their lives in unprecedented ways. However, the online world can be dangerous too, with an online threat around every corner. So here are our top five online dangers that kids have to deal.
Cyberbullying has become big news in recent years, making it our number one online threat to young people. With the rise of social media as a crucial aspect of young peoples’ lives, they come into contact with far more strangers. And they can also compete with the people they know, whether it’s for Facebook likes or Instagram glory.
Around 33% of American teens report being subjected to online bullying, so it’s an epidemic. But according to Enough is Enough, only 7% of parents say that they are concerned about the problem. And that’s a problem in itself.
2 Access to adult content
Children shouldn’t have access to pornography or violent content, but as even the briefest survey of the web confirms, the internet is crawling with it. What’s more, American parents probably aren’t aware of where kids are accessing this kind of material.
On average, boys are 13, and girls are 14 when they first view adult material online. But according to a 2016 University of Indiana survey, parents radically underestimate how much their children are exposed to pornography.
Moreover, many filters claim to block porn but don’t deliver. So parents need to become much more savvy about what their kid view, and how to limit their access.
3 Phishing and online fraud
In recent years, phishers have started to target younger internet users in a big way. Part of this could be the trend towards “sharing,” where parents share their payment details with kids to access online services and games.
But mostly, the problem occurs when kids fall victim to online scams. According to Javelin Strategy & Research, over 1 million American children were affected by online fraud in 2017.
A big chunk of this involves sophisticated identity thefts, where thieves create virtual profiles of young people. These profiles can then be used to access credit, even if the person concerned is under 18. Few parents realize that tools like VPNs can help to neutralize these thieves by anonymizing kids’ browsing activities. So the problem grows and grows.
4 Online predators
Cyber predators have long been in the news. Ever since chat rooms were invented, older people (generally men) have used them to make contact with young, vulnerable targets – often with tragic results. While public awareness of cyber predators has risen, it’s still a huge issue.
Social media is a playground for these predators, giving them instant access to unprotected accounts. But it’s not the only danger area. Online gaming forums are possibly even riskier, and less well policed.
So you need to talk to your kids about how they interact with strangers online, even people they meet while playing World of Warcraft.
Malware can be used to harvest personal data, hold computers or smartphones for ransom, or to spy on young people as they use the internet. It’s also a huge problem, and kids are a major target.
For instance, malware can easily be injected into free smartphone games, collecting data entirely silently. Kids also tend to be less disciplined about downloading apps from third-party repositories, or about streaming and torrenting. Both can be vectors for some extremely nasty malware.
Because of this, all parents should invest in antivirus software and VPNs. We know kids are going to make some mistakes on the web. The trick is to make sure the effects of these mistakes aren’t catastrophic.
Take steps to improve your kids’ online safety situation
If you’re unsure about how to neutralize these dangers, help is at hand. Check out this parent’s guide to online safety from VPNpro, and take action today. That way, your kids can enjoy the benefits of the internet, and you won’t need to worry about any online threat when they are logged on.
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Raising new privacy concerns, research shows that the DNA signatures of bacteria transferred to objects by human touch can be used for identification.
Scientists at the University of Colorado at Boulder have found that the bacteria trail left behind on objects like computer keyboards and mice can analyzed and used to help identify users of those devices.
"Your body is coated with bacteria inside and out," says CU-Boulder assistant professor Noah Fierer in a video on YouTube. "You're basically a walking microbial habitat. And we found that the diversity of bacteria just on the skin surface is really pretty incredible. You habor hundreds of different bacteria species just on your palm, for example. We've also found that everybody is pretty unique. So of those let's say hundred or so bacteria species, very few are of them are shared between individuals."
What Fierer and his colleagues have demonstrated in a new study is that the distinctive combination of bacteria each of us carries and distributes can be used to help identify what we've touched.
Such work may one day help link individuals to malicious computer use or other crimes.
The study, "Forensic identification using skin bacterial communities," appears in the March 15 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It describes how the researchers swabbed bacterial DNA from the keys of three personal computers and matched them to the bacteria on the fingertips of the owners of the keyboards. It also details a similar test conducted on computer mice that had not been touched for over 12 hours.
The study indicates that the technique is 70% to 90% accurate and Fierer expects that accuracy will improve as the technique is refined. Until accuracy is extremely high, the technique is most likely to be useful as a way to augment more established forensic techniques, like fingerprinting and DNA identification.
"There's still a lot of work we need to do to assess the validity of the technique and how well we can recover bacteria from surfaces and how well we can match objects to the individual how touched that object," Fierer explains in the video.
In a University of Colorado at Boulder news release, Fierer said that the new technique raises bioethical issues, including privacy. "While there are legal restrictions on the use of DNA and fingerprints, which are 'personally-identifying,' there currently are no restrictions on the use of human-associated bacteria to identify individuals," he said.
Published: 2015-03-29 Multiple buffer overflows in pbm212030 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) or possible execute arbitrary code via a crafted PBM image, related to (1) stream line data, which triggers a heap-based buffer overflow, or (2) vectors related to an "internal intermediate heap-based ...
Published: 2015-03-29 Johnson Controls Metasys 4.1 through 6.5, as used in Application and Data Server (ADS), Extended Application and Data Server (aka ADX), LonWorks Control Server 85 LCS8520, Network Automation Engine (NAE) 55xx-x, Network Integration Engine (NIE) 5xxx-x, and NxE8500, allows remote attackers to read pa...
Published: 2015-03-29 Unrestricted file upload vulnerability in unspecified web services in Johnson Controls Metasys 4.1 through 6.5, as used in Application and Data Server (ADS), Extended Application and Data Server (aka ADX), LonWorks Control Server 85 LCS8520, Network Automation Engine (NAE) 55xx-x, Network Integratio...
Published: 2015-03-29 Stack-based buffer overflow in the PmBase64Decode function in an unspecified demonstration application in MICROSYS PROMOTIC stable before 8.2.19 and PROMOTIC development before 8.3.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by providing a large amount of data.
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The Fundamentals of Fluoride
Welcome back for this installment of the ongoing informational dental blog from the office of Overmeyer Family Dental. In our last blog, we wrote about the recent increase in cavities among children, which has been associated with the rise in popularity of bottled water.
Once thought of as a fancy indulgence for the wealthy, bottled water is now widely accessible and affordable for anyone who wants it. The problem with this is bottled water is not fortified with fluoride the way tap water is. So when children are drinking more bottled water than tap water, their teeth are paying the price.
But what’s so great about fluoride? Here at Overmeyer Family Dental, we want the people to understand how fluoride helps prevent tooth decay and protect their oral health.
Fluoride vs Plaque
Plaque occurs when bacteria clump together to form a film on your teeth. When food sugars come in contact with plaque, the bacteria feeds on the sugar and converts it into corrosive acid. This acid pulls minerals out of your teeth’s enamel in a process called demineralization. Essentially, the acid produced by plaque eats away at your teeth, causing cavities.
Fluoride, when it comes into direct contact with your teeth, via toothpaste or mouthwash, forms a protective barrier on the surface your teeth, a film that counteracts the effects of the bacteria in plaque.
First of all, fluoride disrupts the formation of plaque by keeping the bacteria from clumping together. But fluorides contribution to oral health doesn’t stop there. Fluorides also interferes with the production of acid from the bacteria in your mouth. It does not stop the process outright, but it slows it down enough for saliva to come to the rescue, neutralizing the acid and washing away the bacteria.
This protective film created by fluoride does more than prevent bacteria from harming your teeth, it also helps to repair them by assisting in a process called remineralization, which is essentially the opposite of tooth decay. Whereas tooth decay leaches valuable minerals out of your teeth, remineralization puts them back, and fluoride helps your body do this.
Fluoride Builds Strong Enamel
When fluoride is ingested, as is the case with fluoridated water, it helps in the development of new teeth. Children who have a sufficient amount of fluoride in their diet have been shown to have stronger teeth than those who don’t. As result, they see fewer cavities and have fewer trips to the dentist office.
Where You Can Get Fluoride
Toothpaste – The easiest way to protect your teeth with fluoride is to scrub it into your teeth while brushing. Brushing your teeth certainly has a value without even using toothpaste, but if you add a fluoride based toothpaste to the process, you are doing more than cleaning your teeth, you are making them stronger.
Mouthwash – There are many mouthwashes to choose from, but not all of them contain fluoride. Some mouthwashes are concerned only with killing the germs that cause bad breath, while some are more concerned with protecting your gums. If your mouthwash claims to prevent tooth decay, read the ingredients list to make sure it contain fluoride. Otherwise, it won’t be doing its job.
Public Tap Water – Although not every city in the US fluoridates its public water, the majority of them do. That is why it is unhealthy to drink bottled or distilled water exclusively, especially for children, whose teeth are still forming. As we explained above, fluoride is essential for the formation of strong enamel. So if your children are not getting fluoride from the water they drink, they need to be getting it from somewhere else.
Preventive Dental Care in Orlando, FL
Now that you understand the importance of fluoride for the protection of your oral health, come see us at Overmeyer Family Dental for preventive dental care that will keep you smiling and feeling great.
Contact us today for more information.
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10 Things You Should Know About Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the 4th most common type of cancer altogether, and the 2nd most common form of cancer in men. Above the age of 65, 6 in 10 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed. And with statistics like this, awareness about prostate cancer is a must.
Here are 10 things that you should know:
1. The Prostate Gland
The prostate is a small walnut shaped gland in the male reproductive system. It is located between the bladder and the penis. The two main functions of the prostate are regulating urine flow and producing semen.
2. It Is More Common Than Breast Cancer
The mortality rate due to breast cancer has been on the decline since the 90’s, whereas the number of men dying from prostate cancer has risen. Worldwide, men are at a greater risk of prostate cancer than women are of developing breast cancer.
3. The Earlier It Is Detected the Better
While it is true that the symptoms are difficult to notice early on, the sooner it is detected the greater your chances of a successful treatment. The good news is that if it is caught earlier on, within 5 years of treatment, the success rate of being cancer-free is nearly 100%.
4. Average Age for Prostate Cancer
It is true that prostate cancer is more common in older men. It is rare for the cancer to develop below the age of 40 and the average age of diagnosis is around 66 years.
5. Common Symptoms
Symptoms of prostate cancer can vary but some of the common ones are:
- Pain or stiffness in thighs, back or hips
- Pain or blood in urination or ejaculation
- Difficulty or pain in urination
- Erectile dysfunction
6. Possible Treatments
There are several types of treatment options depending of the growth or aggressiveness of the cancer:
- Hormone Treatment
- Surgeries like radical prostatectomy or cryosurgery
- Radiation therapy
- Ultrasound therapy or brachytherapy
7. Not Just an Old Man’s Disease
A University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center study has shown that prostate cancer in young men has been on the rise and has increased six fold over the past 20 years. Thus, it is important for men of all ages to be aware about the risk and plan a test with the help of their doctors in order to make sure that it is caught early on.
8. The Symptoms May Be Difficult To Detect
While it is important to detect prostate cancer as soon as possible, it is often hindered by the fact that most men don’t develop any symptoms until much later on. Thus, it is essential to discuss this issue with your doctor and plan a cancer screening test.
9. Healthy Lifestyle Equals Lower Risk
Factors like high consumption of dairy products or meat, smoking and lack of exercise may increase your risk of developing cancer. Lifestyle changes are necessary in order to reduce the risk. Quit smoking, increase you plant based diet consumption, and exercise more. Because ultimately prevention is better than cure!
10. Family History
Most researchers believe that the development of cancer has some sort of genetic link for people. If your father or brother had prostate cancer, you’re twice as likely to develop it or some other form of cancer. Hence, you should be on edge if people around you have battled with this disease.
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Why do trees grow downward in computer science?
I have a feeling it goes back to a printer, and that a program traversing a tree first prints the root, and uses the notion of a bottomless stack of paper to express the indefinite levels of recursion that might be encountered.
Trees grow downward, having their roots at the top of the page and their leaves down below
by convention, trees are drawn growing downwards
From the Wikipedia article on tree data structures.
Real trees grow from their root upwards to the sky, but computer-science trees grow from the root downwards
From David Schmidt's lecture notes.
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The New Year has brought an historic wintry blast of cold temperatures to millions of people. There has also been a high number of home fires during the severe cold, and a storm is headed for California which could cause mudslides and debris flows in some of the areas impacted by the recent wildfires. The American Red Cross is busy helping people affected by these situations and has steps people can take to stay safe.
RED CROSS RESPONSE
Almost 100 people spent Sunday night in Red Cross and community shelters. Red Cross workers had shelters open in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Indiana, Florida, South Carolina and Virginia to help people dealing with the brutal cold.
Home fires are also on the rise. Over the weekend, the Red Cross responded to numerous fires, including some in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, New York, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina, Ohio and Texas.
In California, evacuation orders are up in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties where a strong storm could increase the risk of flooding and debris flow in areas now scarred by the recent wildfire. The Red Cross is opening an evacuation center and deploying trained disaster volunteers to assist.
PREVENT HOME FIRES
With cold temperatures there is often a rise in the number of home fires. Follow these tips to help prevent a fire in your home:Have furnaces, chimneys, fireplaces, wood and coal stoves inspected and cleaned before another winter of use. If using a space heater, look for a model that shuts off automatically if the heater falls over. Place the heater on a level, hard and nonflammable surface in the home. Keep all potential sources of fuel like paper, clothing, bedding, curtains or rugs at least three feet away from space heaters, stoves, or fireplaces. Portable heaters and fireplaces should never be left unattended. Turn off space heaters and make sure any embers in the fireplace are extinguished before going to bed or leaving home. Keep children and pets away from space heaters. Cut down on heating costs. Insulate the home by installing storm windows or covering the inside of windows with plastic to keep cold air out.Never use a cooking range or oven to heat your home. Keep fire in your fireplace by using a glass or metal fire screen large enough to catch sparks and rolling logs. Test batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. Develop a fire escape plan and practice it with everyone who lives in the home.
THAWING FROZEN PIPES
The unusually cold weather is resulting in frozen water pipes for many. If you turn on a faucet and no water or only a trickle comes out, suspect a frozen pipe. Likely places for frozen pipes include against exterior walls or where your water service enters your home through the foundation.Keep the faucet open. As you treat the frozen pipe and the frozen area begins to melt, water will begin to flow through the frozen area. Running water through the pipe will help melt ice in the pipe.Apply heat to the section of pipe using an electric heating pad wrapped around the pipe, an electric hair dryer, a portable space heater (kept away from flammable materials), or by wrapping pipes with towels soaked in hot water. Do not use a blowtorch, kerosene or propane heater, charcoal stove, or other open flame device.Apply heat until full water pressure is restored. If you are unable to locate the frozen area, if the frozen area is not accessible, or if you cannot thaw the pipe, call a licensed plumber.Check all other faucets in your home to find out if you have additional frozen pipes. If one pipe freezes, others may freeze, too.
DOWNLOAD APPS People can download the Red Cross Emergency App for instant access to weather alerts for their area and where loved ones live. Expert medical guidance and a hospital locator are included in the First Aid App in case travelers encounter any mishaps. Both apps are available to download for free in app stores or at redcross.org/apps.
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Here’s a medical short story with a sting in the tail, first told in the French Gazette des Hopitaux in October 1860. The author is a Monsieur de Saint-Laurent, a surgeon at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris.
L– George, aged four months, of a fine constitution and not emaciated, arrived at the hospital on June 20 1860. The mother told us that for a month her child had vomited continually, and that the attacks had coincided with convulsions which appeared repeatedly, day and night.
Worrying indeed – and surprising that an infant that had been vomiting so regularly and for so long was not more gravely ill.
The very next day, indeed, we witnessed one of these convulsive attacks. Suddenly the child cried out, lost consciousness and collapsed in his mother’s arms. His face was puffy and congested, his breathing became rapid and the limbs on the right side of his body went into spasm and turned outwards, all the way to the fingertips; the thumb was flexed in the palm of the hand and grasped by the other fingers.
An alarming spectacle, particularly for his poor mother. After a few minutes the worst of the seizure had passed; but the attack was not quite over.
At the same time the boy’s head was tilted to the left; both eyes were constantly directed to the same side and could not be brought to the right, no matter what was done to make them change position.
The left half of the child’s face twitched uncontrollably, with the mouth distorted into a strange leer. His left eyelid fluttered, while the right eye stared fixedly ahead. This lasted for a quarter of an hour, after which the child returned to normal.
Since his birth this child has had diarrhoea, although well fed by his mother, who appears to be a good nurse. He coughs and sneezes very often; he has a large belly. There was no apparent rattle in his chest.
During the course of his first full day in hospital the child suffered several similar attacks. Every time they occurred it was notable that the two sides of his body were differently affected. His left side would go into convulsions, while the muscles on the right would become immobile. The surface of his body was hot.
The mother told us that, ten or twelve days ago, her child had a red, irregular rash on his body, particularly the face and neck; there was no trace of it, however, on the body; and we did not find any trace of desquamation.
Desquamation is peeling of the skin. This combination of symptoms – high temperature, a patchy rash and suspected febrile convulsions – would worry many parents, since it sounds as if it might be the dreaded meningitis. The doctors came to a similar conclusion.
Although nothing untoward was apparent on auscultation of the chest, the history of cough, diarrhoea and vomiting were suggestive of the onset of tubercular meningitis; so treatment was chosen accordingly.
Tubercular meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges – the brain lining – caused by the tuberculosis bacterium. The treatment consisted of a mixture of zinc oxide, belladonna and powdered sugar, which was administered every hour.
This treatment appeared immediately to have appreciably modified the convulsive state.
Belladonna (deadly nightshade) was widely used as an antispasmodic in the nineteenth century, and it does in fact contain a known muscle relaxant, atropine. It is not beyond the realms of possibility that it was effective in this case. The sugar was not a bad idea either, since the child was known to be vomiting and probably malnourished.
On July 2nd the doctors described the child’s condition:
The pupils of both eyes were very dilated; the right side of the body was not very mobile; the child grasped objects presented to him with his left hand, but not with the right. Moreover, there was abundant discharge of sero-purulent, bloody matter from the right ear, a symptom not previously mentioned to us by the mother. Emollient injections to be administered several times a day to the affected ear.
Interesting. This ‘sero-purulent’ – straw-coloured, and possibly the result of infection – fluid was a significant finding. The unfortunate child suffered several more convulsive attacks, and there were signs of right-sided paralysis. The doctors started to doubt their initial diagnosis:
Our previous opinion that this was tuberculous meningitis seemed to lose much of its reliability in the presence of a decrease in the frequency and duration of the seizures; several days passed which did not correspond with the well-known course of meningitis.
The doctors only became more mystified as time went on. Vomiting became the main symptom, with very occasional seizures. And then, on July 19th, events took an entirely unexpected turn:
That day the mother, having just made an injection into his right ear, saw a black dot which she assumed to be an accumulation of dirt. She tried to remove it with a pin; but, to her astonishment, she pulled out an insect between 2 and 5 cm in length, which she handed over for our inspection.
Well, you would be astonished, wouldn’t you?
This insect, which was dead, had an elongated body formed by fifteen segments with legs on each side, each segment appearing to bear two pairs. The head, clearly distinct from the body, had two mandibles formed of two separate pieces; beneath them were its mouthparts, divided into four equally articulated pieces. On top of its head were a pair of short antennae, with a bulge at the tips, composed of seven segments. The posterior part of the insect was missing. These characteristics allowed us to identify it as a member of the genus Iule (centipedes), belonging to the class of Myriapodes.
Iule is an antiquated name for Julida, an order of millipedes – in the nineteenth century, the terms ‘millipede’ and ‘centipede’ were often used interchangeably. Since there are almost 600 known species endemic to Europe alone, heaven only knows what this specimen was.
In the light of this new fact, the internal treatment was suspended.
One can understand why – although, as we’ll see, the nature of the illness may not, after all, have been very different from the doctors’ original diagnosis.
It took some time for the symptoms to resolve – the child had, after all, been seriously ill. His recovery was complicated by an apparent relapse: the vomiting reappeared and his face became swollen. The doctors soon realised, however, that this was caused by nothing more worrying than the appearance of a couple of teeth:
Indeed, as soon as these two teeth had completely pierced the gum, convulsions and vomiting ceased and did not reappear. Today, this child is very happy, moves the arms and legs on both sides of his body equally well, has good hearing with the right ear, and, in short, bears no trace of the serious mishap he has just undergone.
It’s certainly a remarkable case history. Was the millipede the cause of this mysterious illness? It would certainly appear so, since the child’s recovery coincided with its removal from his ear. Most of the symptoms – the seizures and one-sided paralysis (hemiplegia) – sound neurological in nature. One intriguing observation is the ‘sero-purulent’ liquid discharged from the ear; this may have been cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.
The auditory canal is very close to the dura, the outer lining of the brain, and it is well established that ear infections can – if left untreated – progress to brain abscess or bacterial meningitis. It therefore seems plausible that local inflammation (or infection) caused by the centipede might have spread to local brain tissue. But I’d be fascinated to know what those more expert than me will have to say about a possible diagnosis. As ever, please feel free to leave your thoughts in the comments.
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Russians developed trenching techniques to grow citrus well beyond its normal range. Photo: lowtechmagazine.com
In a logical world, you’d grow citrus (Citrus spp., including oranges, lemons and mandarins) outdoors in an appropriate climate—in a tropical or subtropical area with winters on the cool side but frost free—and that would be the end of it. But humans always try to push the limits on everything, so you see citrus being grown on a huge scale in areas where frost does occasionally occur (leading to generalized panic and a media frenzy in those few years when frost does happen) and even indoors as houseplants where most produce no more than a few fruits per year. But the most extreme case I’ve heard of is growing citrus in trenches in cold climates.
This is not a technique for laidback gardeners. It’s extremely labor intensive and you have to be really keen to grow citrus to succeed with this. But in an article in Low-Tech Magazine (Fruit Trenches: Cultivating Subtropical Plants in Freezing Temperatures), writer Kris De Decker explains how the Russians, desperate for a local source of citrus fruits in the first half of the 20th century, pushed the limits of where they could grow citrus to the point where they were succeeding in places with truly cold winters: areas where temperatures could drop to -22 ºC (-30 ºC) and where the ground could freeze to a depth of 20 inches (50 cm).
This was never commercially viable, but that was not an issue in communist Russia. The country wanted to be self-sufficient in citrus production no matter what the cost. And it succeeded! From 1925, when citrus-growing was first introduced, until the 1950, the area consecrated to citrus-growing went from 0 to 74,000 acres (0 to 30,000 hectares), giving 200,000 tonnes of fruit, enough to make the country independent of fruit imports. Mandarins were the main crop, as they are fairly hardy, but oranges and lemons were also grown.
Various techniques were used to get citrus to grow beyond their normal range, including choosing and developing extra hardy clones, using dwarf and semi-dwarf trees pruned to remain low to the ground so as to profit from ground heat, planting on south-facing slopes and heavy mulching. But those would only bring in decent results in areas where winter temperatures dropped to no less than 5 ºF (-15 ºC). To go even lower took trenching.
Versailles Was an Inspiration
That citrus could survive and thrive in temperate climates as long they were kept frost free had been known for centuries. At Versailles, in France, citrus have been grown in a special structure called an orangerie since 1686 and similar structures were common on large estates throughout Europe from the 17th to the 19th centuries until the introduction of modern greenhouses in the 1840s. There were even orangeries in Russia, including one at the Kuskovo estate in Moscow.
Orangeries are often considered greenhouses, but they aren’t covered in glass like a true greenhouse. Typically, they’re buildings with an opaque roof and thick walls on three sides that let in no light. One side, usually south-facing, has huge doors with glass panels so citrus plants in large pots, called Versailles planters, can be dragged indoors for the winter and put back outside for the summer.
Usually heated by coal-fired stoves that belched black smoke, the plants were soon covered in soot and thus received relatively little light. And temperatures were kept just above freezing.
However, for some citrus species, capable of tolerating near darkness and near-freezing temperatures for 3 to 4 months a year (not something most truly tropical plants can take!), that was enough to keep them alive and productive. And also to please the chateau’s owners, who could put exotic fruits on their table to impress guests.
By the 1940s, trenching had really pushed the limits of where citrus could be grown in Russia into areas with truly cold, snowy winters.
Trenches were dug from 30 inches (80 cm) to 6 feet (2 m) deep, depending on how deep frost could be expected to extend into the soil in a given region. They were oriented from east to west for optimal sunlight during the winter and angled slightly to catch more light. Obviously, special care was also needed to permit good drainage.
Dwarfed and low-pruned citrus were planted permanently in the bottom. Glass covering was expensive, so was used sparingly, only a few sections here and there to provide some light and even then, covered with straw mats when necessary. Otherwise, the trenches were instead covered with thick boards, then straw mats for extra insulation. The covering would be raised or removed on days when temperatures were above freezing and put back into place at night.
Free trade and the resulting easy access to inexpensive citrus from other countries has wiped out citrus trenching on an agricultural scale after the collapse of Soviet Russia. But some Russians still grow their own citrus in trenches at their dacha to this day.
If you want to try citrus trenching, go for it! But if you live in a climate too cold for citrus, might I suggest instead following the Versailles model and just bringing your citrus indoors for the winter, then putting them out for the summer. That somehow seems a lot easier!
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Less than half of wild warthog piglets ever see their first birthday. So warthog mothers construct elaborate underground burrows in the African grassland to protect her brood from predators like cheetahs, lions and leopards.
Warthogs feed on grasses and seeds during the day. In the clearing, warthogs have a panoramic view of all potential predators. Cheetahs may be on the prowl, looking to steal a piglet for a prize. But the warthogs stay close to more than a dozen escape burrows, and the matriarch knows the structure, size and location of each protective passageway in her home range. Cheetahs won’t often attack these chambers for fear of the warthog’s sharp tusks.
At night, warthogs retreat to the safety of their burrow holes at to rest. Warthog mothers will enter their underground chambers backwards so that her tusks face any potential predator that may try to intrude. Overnight burrows have a single entrance and narrow, deep corridor that leads to an antechamber where the family sleeps.
But even in these shielding spaces, warthogs are not safe – leopards are stronger and more daring than cheetahs. They’ll take on an adult-size warthog, assault a piglet and even attack a burrow.
Follow a warthog family that lives in the Linyanti Wildlife Reserve in Botswana and learn how the matriarch “Half-Tusk” attempts to protect her piglets from predators.
Queen of the Warthogs airs Tuesday, December 14th at 8 PM et/pt on Nat Geo Wild!
Video Preview: Just as Half-Tusk lets her guard down, a lion sneaks onto the plains and attacks the warthog family, threatening a piglet.
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Overview#United States Supreme Court (SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States and is part of the United States Judiciary
Established pursuant to Article III of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of United States Federal Law, plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases.
In the legal system of the United States, the United States Supreme Court is the final interpreter of federal United States Constitution law, although it may only act within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction.
More Information#There might be more information for this subject on one of the following:
- ADA Amendments Act of 2008
- Executive order
- Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
- Nondelegation doctrine
- US States
- United States Attorney General
- United States Department of Justice
- United States Judiciary
- United States federal government
- Web Blog_blogentry_080220_1
- Web Blog_blogentry_120618_1
- Web Blog_blogentry_230618_1
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
1. A visual record produced by an echoencephalograph.
2. The procedure performed to produce such a record.
Etymology: Gk, echo + enkephalos, brain, gramma, record
a recording produced by an echoencephalograph.
echoencephalogram(ek″ō-en-sef′ă-lŏ-gram″) [ echo + encephalogram]
A rarely used technique of recording ultrasonic echoes from the brain, e.g., for monitoring intracranial pressure.
the record produced by echoencephalography.
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Babies’ food preferences and feeding skills go through stages, just like other developmental skills, and other areas of development influence how babies attack their food. First came the introducing solids stage where parents’ main goal is to get baby through the transition from liquids to solids and from sucking to mouthing and chewing. In this stage, baby gets used to mouthing and swallowing different tastes and textures. Most beginning eaters only dabble in solid foods, taking only a couple spoonfuls of a few, select solids. An important principle of feeding is both the food and the method of feeding should match. From seven to nine months, babies develop several developmental skills that make mealtimes more interesting:
- They begin to pick up objects with the thumb and forefinger.
- They develop a fascination with tiny objects, such as morsels of food.
- They want to “do it myself.”
You can capitalize on a baby’s developing fine motor abilities and growing curiosity by adding new tastes and textures to baby’s diet that give him an outlet for these skills. By nine months, it’s time for finger foods.
- cooked carrots
- rice cakes
- O-shaped cereals
- pasta/spaghetti pieces
- mashed potatoes
- teething biscuits
- peas and beans
- egg yolk
- more cereals: rice, barley, wheat, oatmeal
- cubes of cheese, 1/2-inch
- cubes of cooked fruit (fruit cocktail size)
A baby’s growing ability to put things in her mouth also means parents need to be more cautious. The ability to pick up and mouth tiny objects means that parents need to be more vigilant about foods that can cause choking. As a precaution, emphasize melt-in-the-mouth finger foods, such as rice cakes, pasta, bagels, and cooked carrots. Stay away from crunchy, raw fruits and vegetables. Raw carrots, nuts, and seeds can wait until your child is at least three-years- old.
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Another Milky Way survey is in the books. And with it, a new image to feast your eyes on. What you’re about to see is many of the regions of star formation in the southern Milky Way (southern hemisphere).
So, what exactly are we looking at here? The Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope, or APEX, mapped an area of the southern hemisphere sky 140 degrees long and 3 degrees wide as part of the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL).
The Milky Way bursts with color in submillimeter wavelengths (the wavelengths between infrared light and radio waves). It looks stunning, but there’s also some science going on here. This map gives astronomers a look at the cold, dense clouds of gas and dust. It’s in these areas where new stars form.
“ATLASGAL provides exciting insights into where the next generation of high-mass stars and clusters form. By combining these with observations from Planck, we can now obtain a link to the large-scale structures of giant molecular clouds,” says Timea Csengeri from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy.
One instrument on APEX was vital. It’s called LABOCA (LArge BOlometer Camera) and can register minuscule rises in temperature on the detector from incoming light. It can also detect the cold dust making up the bulk of the image above.
Let’s take another look at a section of the ATLASGAL map.
The galactic center shines brightly against the other objects. NGC 6357 (Lobster Nebula) and NGC 6334 (Cat’s Paw Nebula) sit to the right of the galactic center. Here’s a close up of the Lobster Nebula.
And Cat’s Paw Nebula.
The new survey map could be a goldmine for researchers. ATLASGAL survey has already been used to publish nearly 70 papers.
ESO’s Leonardo Testi reinforces this. “ATLASGAL has allowed us to have a new and transformational look at the dense interstellar medium of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The new release of the full survey opens up the possibility to mine this marvellous dataset for new discoveries. Many teams of scientists are already using the ATLASGAL data to plan for detailed ALMA follow-up.”
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The Information Society
Information Society is a term for a society in which the creation, distribution, and manipulation of information has become the most significant economic and cultural activity. An Information Society may be contrasted with societies in which the economic underpinning is primarily Industrial or Agrarian. The machine tools of the Information Society are computers and telecommunications, rather than lathes or ploughs.
Progress in information technologies and communication is changing the way we live: how we work and do business, how we educate our children, study and do research, train ourselves, and how we are entertained. The information society is not only affecting the way people interact but it is also requiring the traditional organisational structures to be more flexible, more participatory and more decentralised. (Chair's conclusions from the G-7 Ministerial Conference on the Information Society, February 1995.)
The idea of a global Information Society can be viewed in relation to Marshall McLuhan's prediction that the communications media would transform the world into a "global village.
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Optimisation of inhaled tuberculosis therapies and implications for host–pathogen interactions
Since tuberculosis is primarily a lung disease, inhalation therapies deserve consideration as an important way of conveying anti-tuberculosis drugs and vaccines to the lungs
The use of inhaled drug therapies to relieve the symptoms of respiratory distress can be traced to the use of smoke from the combustion of stramonium alkaloids in the Indus valley several thousands of years ago. In modern times, sophisticated technologies have been developed for treatment of the cause and symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several antimicrobials have been delivered to the lungs to treat local infections since the discovery of penicillin, but most of the published reports are off-label studies by clinicians treating intransigent disease. The use of tobramycin to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis may be the most significant antimicrobial product developed for aerosol delivery and is of direct relevance to consideration of inhaled drug therapies for tuberculosis.
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A technique for the early detection of a deadly superbug as been discovered by a team of UK-led scientists.
A research team, led by the University of Sunderland, has announced that it has found a way of detecting the potentially fatal bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa within 24 to 48 hours of infection.
Patients with cystic fibrosis are particularly susceptible to the infection, but patients with immune defects are also at risk, such as those with Aids, cancer or severe burns.
According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in the USA, pseudomonas aeruginosa accounts for 10.1% of all hospital infections.
Professor Paul Groundwater, who led the research, said: “This superbug has a massive impact on people who are immunocompromised, for example patients with severe burns, cancer and AIDS.
“It is calculated that 28% of people who have undergone transplant surgery are infected by pseudomonas aeruginosa.
“The bacteria infect the fluid on the lungs of cystic fibrosis sufferers. It also infects patients in intensive care units. It is really difficult to treat, and hospital staff need to know very quickly.”
Prof Groundwater explained that with their new diagnostic method, a non-coloured compound reacts with an enzyme in pseudomonas aeruginosa, which then produces a very distinctive purple colour to indicate the presence of the bacteria.
He said the technique works on 99% of the strains of the superbug.
Copyright © PA Business 2008
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There was a story recently on the news about a historian who was studying old photographs from World War II battles. What was she looking for? African American faces. She knew that thousands of African American soldiers had fought on the front lines of some of the war's toughest battles, in places like Okinawa and Iwo Jima in the Pacific.
And yet the soldiers depicted in Hollywood movies about World War II have been almost exclusively White (Spike Lee's Miracle at St. Anna being a notable exception). Photography is just one of many art forms – and museum exhibits of historic photographs just one of many cultural venues – that can tell the African American story. That is why funding for art and culture is so important.
Here's another example from closer to home. . .
Did you see the recent art exhibit at the Interstate Firehouse Cultural Center? The exhibit of Judith Yelvington's drawings and photographs highlights the history of Portland's dance halls, many of them owned by and catering to African American Portlanders.
This exhibit offers a perfect way to tell you about CHAMP, which stands for "Culture, History, Arts, Movies, and Preservation." The Governor included about $5 million in his proposed budget to support arts, culture, and history—and the jobs that go with them. We hope that our legislature agrees with the Governor's proposed funding.
Here's more information:
Portland—and Oregon generally—is renowned for its "creative economy." Almost 25,000 Oregon jobs are tied to the arts and arts-related businesses. The nonprofit arts sector accounts for more than $250 million in annual spending. We don't want to lose these jobs anymore than we want to lose manufacturing jobs. Art and culture are not frills to be discarded when the economy is hurting.
Art and culture includes everything from architects to clothing designers to film crews to booking agents. When you think of the exhibit at the IFCC, remember that it's drawings and photographs, by an Oregon artist, exhibited in a re-purposed historic building, and it teaches about one small but important slice of our history. Art and culture touches almost everything!
Art and culture are growing sectors of our economy – and critical to the Oregon brand that attracts and retains businesses and educated young people. And arts and culture are critical to education. Study upon study shows that a child's exposure to art and culture improves the child's test scores. Public funding of art and culture also fills some of the arts-education gaps that K-12 schools face. For example, did you know that 86 percent of museums serve children?
And, like the exhibit at the IFCC, art and culture offer low-cost, high value learning and entertainment opportunities for Oregon families during this recession. Art and culture raise hopes and remind Oregonians that there is no better place to live than here.
In 2007, the legislature funded CHAMP and reversed years of divestment in art and culture. The proposed funding for 2009-2011:
Increases cultural tourism at museums and heritage sites.
Makes art and culture more widely available in rural communities and in our schools.
Keeps artists working while training cultural entrepreneurs to grow their businesses.
Builds public/private partnerships that preserve downtown and neighborhood businesses and strengthen local economies.
The CHAMP funding package is an excellent investment with excellent returns for all Oregonians. Please ask your legislator to remember to funds CHAMP during this legislative session. To find your legislator, visit www.leg.state.or.us/findlegsltr.
Mary Oberst is the First Lady of Oregon.
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Qualifications to teach adult education fall into three main categories: degree requirements, licensure stipulations and temperament. To get qualified to teach adult education, you will need to meet the requirements in the first two categories, and having certain personality traits will be beneficial. The minimum educational requirements in most places is a bachelor's degree, but some require a master's degree in a specific area, such as adult learning. A public school teacher license or adult education teacher license might also be required. Beyond these demands, the possession of certain temperament and personality characteristics are needed to become successful in this career.
Some adult learning programs provide training in areas that equip teachers for this field. Topics include technology, instructions in teaching adults with learning disabilities and training in certain languages. Many programs administered by local or regional governments mandate the possession of a special license to teach in this area. This requirement might be in the form of a public school teacher license or an adult education teacher license. Prerequisites for a license to teach adult education typically are a bachelor's degree and the successful completion of a teacher training curriculum.
Anyone qualified to teach adult education should be a good communicator. The ability to motivate students and show respect for people from different backgrounds is essential. It might be necessary to teach how to develop basic study habits. Some adults can be intimidated about the learning process, so it is desirable that those teaching in this field have the ability to empathize and encourage
Teachers involved in the adult education programs might instruct students in the basics of reading, writing, math, science and social studies. Those who teach adult education might encounter students who have physical or mental impairments that pose special challenges. A good teacher must have familiarity with community resources in order to refer special-needs students to the help they need. This is a career in which teachers should derive much satisfaction from improving the lives of people. The acquisition of basic education will open doors that heretofore had been closed to them.
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The Commander Islands
East of the Kamchatka Pennisula in the Bering Sea.
The Commander Islands are situated east of the Kamchatkan Peninsula in the Bering Sea. They were uninhabited when discovered by and named after Commander Vitus Bering in 1741. However in 1825, Aleuts from the Aleutian Islands were relocated to the Commander Islands to expand the Russian fur trade and bolster Russian claims to sovereignty.
These first settlers populated both Medney and Bering Islands but today the entire population of about 800 lives in the small village of Nikol'skoye on Bering Island.
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No other generation in history has the opportunities before them that millennials now enjoy — and more than a few of them are powered by technology. Data, to be more precise.
Millennials digest a considerable amount of data each day. What they do with it, how they bring data awareness to the workplace and how they influence the professional and material worlds are all very exciting topics of discussion and speculation.
Millennials Willingly Share Data About Themselves
The first point to make is that millennials are effectively the first generation to grow up with nearly unlimited access to information. Data is a two-way street — as savvy as millennials are with using data, they’re first and foremost providers of data in a way that previous generations were not.
Because millennials grew up online, they're accustomed to providing private details to websites and companies to use certain services. Even if they don’t consciously think about it, most millennials know the things they post on Facebook could eventually be used for marketing purposes. Some users even get asked to take surveys to aid Facebook in displaying advertisements that are as relevant as possible.
Experts say marketing in highly personalized ways could be particularly effective for the millennial generation — especially since the people who are part of it don’t think twice before completing forms or giving consent related to their data. Millennials are also more likely give away information to gain access to a website or join a rewards club.
Nonprofit professionals recommend reaching out to millennials on Twitter because they love following live events through the platform and see it as an opportunity for meaningful connections. As millennials weigh in with feedback about political happenings or television show premieres, they’re broadcasting things about themselves in real-time by revealing how they’re feeling and what they’re thinking.
This is the data two-way street we mentioned. Millennials are comfortable saying so much about themselves online because they know they’re getting something in return: Information about other folks.
Websites like Reddit, Facebook and YouTube aren’t just treasure troves of information about millennials as consumers — they’re how millennials as citizens get information and compare it to other people’s experiences, either elsewhere in the country or on another continent entirely. Unconsciously or not, this exchange of data powers discourse and helps millennials become more involved and invested in what’s going on in the world.
Millennials Intuitively Know How To Use Data In New Ways
It’s true — millennials are consumers of data in a big way. They use data to make more informed purchases, for example. When polled, 57% of millennials indicated they comparison-shop when making even in-store purchases. This is a data-driven way to shop and it’s helping steal back market share from big-box and big-name companies. As a result, brand loyalty appears to inform millennial purchases to a lesser degree than with previous generations.
However, just as millennials know how to use data to make their own lives easier, this symbiotic relationship with data is making them more valuable as employees, too. Data is one of the most valuable commodities out there right now, but figuring out how to monetize all that data and turn it into opportunity is still a fairly new field to be in. Millennials are helping fill that void and turn all that data into something meaningful.
Geoff Ives, President of Map Business Online, has recognized this trend in his own work: “Because they’re born using technology. Devices, social media, TV and movies — it all drives an innate understanding of how to apply data. There’s no fear of it, like there is with older generations.
“Millennials bring a whole new technical capability to today’s businesses, markets and operational arenas. So from a data perspective, they quickly understand possibilities us old folks never even considered.”
Millennials Still Appreciate The Analog World
Lest we come away with an impression of millennials as data-hungry cyborgs, the fact is that millennials inherited a world where the digital and the analog appeared to be at war with one another — but now we see them seemingly working in harmony.
Information from the Pew Research Center suggests that millennials are the most likely adult demographic to use public libraries. Since the research focused on public libraries instead of those located on college campuses, it cannot be argued that millennials are merely going to the library because their professors expect them to. It’s true that libraries increasingly lean on digital assets, but for all kinds of personal and vocational research, you just can’t beat libraries for convenience or atmosphere.
Under their watch, we’ve also seen sales of physical books rise — a trend that even some of the most optimistic forecasters believed might be behind us.
What’s the point of all this? The point is that the most data-savvy, data-hungry and data-empowered generation ever is set to disrupt the global economy in a big way. By 2025, the millennial share of the workforce will rise from the 33% of today to 75%. Imagine that many savvy professionals using data to better understand the world and provide more of what it wants and needs. What couldn’t we accomplish with data as that kind of far-reaching communication medium?
From Google searches to Netflix documentaries, millennials are exposed to a wide range of types of data daily. What will they go on to do with it? That’s the exciting part of the story — and most of it isn’t written yet.
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McKenzie Pediatrics 2011
Teething has long been the subject of superstition, speculation, and opinion, but little research. Today we understand much more about the process of tooth development than even just a generation ago, when our parents were raising us. What follows is some facts and fiction about teething, and some helpful information about how to help our infants and children when their teeth are coming in.
How Teeth Develop
Teeth begin developing about 28 days after conception. At around 14 weeks’ gestation, calcification of the primary teeth begins, and is almost complete by birth. Calcification of the permanent (“adult”) teeth begins between 3 and 12 months of age, and is usually complete by age 3 years.
Calcification appears to be under both genetic and endocrine control; it generally occurs earlier in African-Americans and females. It is nearly always a symmetrical process, occurring on both sides of the mouth simultaneously. Disease processes such as infection, jaundice, and metabolic disorders can damage the teeth, as can some drugs taken by the mother during pregnancy or given to the infant.
The Eruption Of The Teeth
The process by which teeth move through the bone and the gums into the mouth is known as eruption. This process usually begins by age 4 to 6 months, with the first teeth appearing usually between 6 and 12 months. The most common age to see baby’s first tooth is about 7 to 8 months. The teeth of premature infants tend to erupt slightly later than the teeth of full-term infants.
Some infants are born with teeth (known as “natal teeth”), but this is uncommon, occurring in 1 in 2000 newborns, and raising concern about genetic syndromes, though it may also be normal. Approximately 1 in 100 children will have their first tooth erupt by 4 months of age, and 1 in 100 children will not get their first tooth until after their first birthday. Doctors and dentists are generally not worried unless the child is 15 months old and still has not had his first tooth erupt.
Occasionally, parents notice fluid-filled cysts directly over the area of an erupting tooth. Known as pre-eruptive cysts, these may appear bluish but are harmless and usually cause no difficulty with teething. Parents sometimes also notice tiny white lumps erupting from the gums, and often mistake these for teeth poking though. Instead, these are small clumps of excess calcium being pushed out ahead of the advancing teeth.
By age 3 years, and possibly as soon as the second birthday, children should have a full set of 20 primary teeth: four incisors, two canines, and four molars in each jaw. The order of tooth eruption is fairly predictable: the lower central incisors (“front teeth”) erupt first, followed by the upper central incisors.
The Loss of Primary Teeth
The loss of primary teeth and the eruption of the permanent teeth occurs between 6 and 13 years of age. It is not unusual, however, for a child to lose her first tooth as early as 4 ½ to 5 years of age.
Again, the central lower incisors most often erupt first. Interestingly, unlike infants children rarely complain of pain or other symptoms from the eruption of the permanent teeth.
What Are The Symptoms Of Teething?
Teething can cause increased drooling, but most often drooling is a normal developmental stage of infancy. Around 2 to 3 months of age, the salivary glands of infants begin functioning and contribute to constant drooling, which parents may misinterpret as a manifestation of teething. Moreover, infants of this age begin to put their hands in their mouths, which may again be misinterpreted.
Research shows that most infants do not begin teething until at least 4 to 6 months of age. Fussiness and irritability might be associated with teething, but there are many other possible sources of discomfort in babies. Teething might also cause slight temperature elevations, to as high as 100.4 degrees Farenheit, but higher temperatures almost certainly have another source.
Teething does not cause ear infections. Neither does it cause diarrhea, or diaper rashes. Facial rashes may result from the infant who is often putting their hands or fingers into their mouth, and bringing out and rubbing saliva across their face, but even infants who aren’t erupting new teeth do this.
If My Infant Is Fussy And Might Be Teething, What Can I Do?
The first attempts to ease an infant’s discomfort should include items that the infant can bite or “teethe” on, such as teething rings, pacifiers, cold spoons, and clean cold washcloths. Cold has an anesthetic effect on mucous membranes and is often recommended to soothe irritated gums.
Topical treatments are available, but often more trouble than they’re worth. Topical teething gels (Anbesol, Numzit, Oragel) containing anesthetic agents are available over the counter, but must be used sparingly because of the risk of excess swallowed anesthetic. Many infants also do not enjoy the “taste” of these medications, and may resist their application.
Homeopathic remedies are also available, such as Hyland’s Teething Tablets and teething gel. These products are safe, and some parents report that they are effective.
Acetominophen (Tylenol™) and ibuprofen (Motrin™, Advil™) are useful for the fussy baby who might be teething if the discomfort is affecting their suck or their sleep. Ibuprofen should not be used in infants less than four months of age.
Again, teething might cause mild temperature elevations, but should NOT cause a TRUE fever (defined as ≥100.5 degrees Farenheit). If your infant has had a fever above this temperature for more than 72 hours, or any temperature above 104 degrees, contact your doctor.
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||The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Australia and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that has hard leaves, short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem) and leaf orientation parallel or oblique to direct sunlight. The word comes from the Greek sklēros (hard) and phyllon (leaf).
Sclerophyllous plants occur in many parts of the world, but are most typical in the chaparral biomes. They are prominent throughout western (Perth region), eastern (Sydney region) and southern (Adelaide region) parts of Australia, in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biomes that cover the Mediterranean Basin, Californian woodlands, Chilean Matorral, and the Cape Province of South Africa.
Most areas of the Australian continent able to support woody plants are occupied by sclerophyll communities as forests, savannas or heathlands. Common plants include the Proteaceae (grevilleas, banksias and hakeas), tea-trees, acacias, boronias, and eucalypts.
The most common sclerophyll communities in Australia are savannas dominated by grasses with an overstorey of eucalypts and acacias. Acacia (particularly mulga) shrublands also cover extensive areas. All the dominant overstorey acacia species and a majority of the understorey acacias have a scleromorphic adaptation in which the leaves have been reduced to phyllodes consisting entirely of the petiole.
Many plants of the sclerophyllous woodlands and shrublands also produce leaves unpalatable to herbivores by the inclusion of toxic and indigestible compounds which assure survival of these long-lived leaves. This trait is particularly noticeable in the eucalypt and Melaleuca species which possess oil glands within their leaves that produce a pungent volatile oil that makes them unpalatable to most browsers. These traits make the majority of woody plants in these woodlands largely unpalatable to domestic livestock. It is therefore important from a grazing perspective that these woodlands support a more or less continuous layer of herbaceous ground cover dominated by grasses.
Sclerophyll forests cover a much smaller area of the continent, being restricted to relatively high rainfall locations. They have a eucalyptus overstory (10 to 30 metres) with the understory also being hard-leaved. Dry sclerophyll forests are the most common forest type on the continent, and although it may seem barren dry sclerophyll forest is highly diverse. For example, a study of sclerophyll vegetation in Seal Creek, Victoria, found 138 species.
Even less extensive are wet sclerophyll forests. They have a taller eucalyptus overstory than dry sclerophyll forests, 30 metres or more (typically mountain ash, alpine ash, messmate stringybark or manna gum), and a soft-leaved, fairly dense understory (tree ferns are common). They require ample rainfall — at least 1000mm (40 inches).
Sclerophyllous plants are all part of a specific environment and are anything but newcomers. By the time of European settlement, sclerophyll forest accounted for the vast bulk of the forested areas.
Most of the wooded parts of present-day Australia have become sclerophyll dominated as a result of the extreme age of the continent combined with Aboriginal fire use. Deep weathering of the crust over many millions of years leached chemicals out of the rock, leaving Australian soils deficient in nutrients, particularly phosphorus. Such nutrient deficient soils support non-sclerophyllous plant communities elsewhere in the world and did so over most of Australia prior to European arrival. However such deficient soils cannot support the nutrient losses associated with frequent fires and are rapidly replaced with sclerophyllous species under traditional Aboriginal burning regimens. With the cessation of traditional burning non-sclerophyllous species have re-colonised sclerophyll habitat in many parts of Australia.
The presence of toxic compounds combined with a high carbon : nitrogen ratio make the leaves and branches of scleromorphic species long-lived in the litter, and can lead to a large build-up of litter in woodlands. The toxic compounds of many species, notably Eucalyptus species, are volatile and flammable and the presence of large amounts of flammable litter, coupled with an herbaceous understorey, encourages fire.
All the Australian sclerophyllous communities are liable to be burnt with varying frequencies and many of the woody plants of these woodlands have developed adaptations to survive and minimise the effects of fire.
Sclerophyllous plants generally resist dry conditions well, making them successful in areas of seasonally variable rainfall. In Australia, however, they evolved in response to the low level of phosphorus in the soil — indeed, many native Australian plants cannot tolerate higher levels of phosphorus and will die if fertilised incorrectly. The leaves are hard due to lignin, which prevents wilting and allows plants to grow, even when there isn't enough phosphorus for substantial new cell growth.
- Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
- California chaparral and woodlands
- Chilean Matorral
- Tropical and subtropical coniferous forest
- Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands
- Maquis shrubland
- C. Michael Hogan. 2010. Leather Oak, Quercus durata. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and Environment. Washington DC
- "Sydney Coastal Dry Sclerophyll Forests". NSW Environment & Heritage. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
- Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2000). The sclerophyll problem. In: Australian Rainforests. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. pp. 48-67, .
- Simmons, M. 1982. Acacias of Australia. Thomas Nelson, Melbourne
- Florence, R. G. 1996. Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.
- Mott, J. J., and J. C. Tothill. 1984. Tropical and subtropical woodlands. in G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson, editors. Management of Australia's Rangelands. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne
- Parsons R. F.; Cameron D .G. (1974). "Maximum Plant Species Diversity in Terrestrial Communities". Biotropica. The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. 6 (3): 202. doi:10.2307/2989653. JSTOR 2989653.
- White, M. E. 1986. The Greening of Gondwana. Reed Books, Frenchs Forest, Australia.
- Flannery, T. 1994. The future eaters. Reed New Holland, Frenchs Forest, Australia.
- Burrows, W. H., J. O. Carter, J. C. Scanlan, and E. R. Anderson. 1990. Management of savannas for livestock production in north-east Australia: contrasts across the tree-grass continuum. Journal of Biogeography 17:503–512.
- Harrington, G. N., M. H. Friedel, K. C. Hodgkinson, and J. C. Noble. 1984. Vegetation ecology and management. in G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson, editors. Management of Australia's Rangelands. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
- R. Major (2003). "Sclerophyll forests". Australian Museum. Retrieved February 14, 2005.
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Kids With ADHD Have Distinct Brain Patterns
Researchers Working Toward Developing a Test for ADHD
Nov. 28, 2011 (Chicago) -- Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) process visual information differently than children without the disorder, preliminary research shows.
By finding distinct patterns of activity in the brains of children with ADHD, researchers hope to someday develop an early test for the disorder.
The findings were presented here at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America.
Pattern of Brain Activity Different in Children With ADHD
Researchers used a specialized brain scan called a functional MRI to watch brain activity in 18 children aged 9 to 15 with ADHD and 18 children of the same ages without the disorder.
Functional MRI allows doctors to see how the brain reacts to different types of activity.
While undergoing the brain scans, the children took a series of tests in which they were shown a set of three numbers and then asked whether additional sets matched the original numbers.
The test requires the children to pay attention and visualize, remember ,and compare the numbers, says study leader Xiaobo Li, PhD, assistant professor of radiology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City.
"What we found," she tells WebMD, "is that the pattern of brain activity for processing visual attention information looks a little different in children with ADHD."
Specifically, the scans of children with ADHD showed less activity in brain regions involved in visual attention and working memory, Li says.
Much Work Remains
If the same pattern of brain activity is confirmed in other studies of children with ADHD, it could serve as an indicator for the disorder, Li says. Doctors, then, could use functional MRI scans to look for the pattern of activity as soon as, or even before, symptoms develop, she says.
But first, researchers have to make sure the pattern is distinct to ADHD and not shared by other childhood disorders, Carol Rumack, MD, professor of radiology and pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, tells WebMD.
Plus, it would be prohibitively expensive to use functional MRI scans as a screening tool for thousands of youngsters, she says. A scan can cost $3,000 to $5,000, she says, though the price tag could come down in the future.
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| 0.935742 | 476 | 3.125 | 3 |
|PDH Online Course Description||PDH Units/
Learning Units (Hours)
Conrad G. Leszkiewicz, PhD, PE, PG
The dominant application of groundwater engineering is the provision of water supplies for municipalities, agriculture, and industries. Groundwater is the earth’s most abundant available fresh water source, exceeding that in all of the fresh water surface bodies on earth. With increasing demands for water from growing world populations, agriculture, and industry, as well as growing intermittent, if not long-term, shortages of surface water due to droughts, groundwater is becoming an even more important source of fresh water for society. This 10-hour course is the third part of a three-part series that will provide the essential tools necessary for effective groundwater engineering for the development of water supplies. It will introduce the reader to the fundamentals of water well drilling, construction methods, well design and well acceptance tests, specific capacity of the well(s), well field design, natural and anthropogenic impacts to water quality, potential problems to be expected during operation, and methods for mitigation. It will also provide basic information on well protection and operation.
This course includes a multiple-choice quiz at the end, which is designed to enhance the understanding of the course materials.
NY PE & PLS: You must choose courses that are technical in nature or related to matters of laws and ethics contributing to the health and welfare of the public. NY Board does not accept courses related to office management, risk management, leadership, marketing, accounting, financial planning, real estate, and basic CAD. Specific course topics that are on the borderline and are not acceptable by the NY Board have been noted under the course description on our website.
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<urn:uuid:3ee16a25-bc63-4beb-94ae-0ea5e3c50776>
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.pdhonline.com/cgi-bin/quiz/courses/courselist.cgi?class_name=c693
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en
| 0.92822 | 350 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This week, high school football player Tom Cutinella was laid to rest. The 16-year-old from Long Island died while blocking for a teammate during a football game.
Cutinella was the third high school football player to die in one week. Another player from Alabama collapsed after making a tackle, and a player in North Carolina collapsed while warming up for a game.
In 2013, eight high school football players were killed as a direct result of playing, and half of the injuries occurred during games, according to the Annual Survey of Football Injury Research. Three-quarters of those deaths were caused by brain injuries.
Concussions Don’t Have to Be Fatal to Do Damage
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that each year more than 173,000 people under the age of 20 are treated for sports-related concussions.
Ongoing research on traumatic brain injuries shows that repeated concussions — and even repeated head injuries mild enough not to cause a concussion — can have profound and long-term effects on a player’s emotional and mental health.
As the National Football League, as well as collegiate sports, work to address the issue, new research shows that many parents of young athletes have misconceptions about how to handle head injuries. Two new studies are slated to be presented this weekend at the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) National Conference and Exhibition in San Diego.
The first is a survey of 511 parents who took their children to a doctor within two weeks after a head injury. Nearly all the parents knew they should stop their children from playing after a head injury, but only 26 percent knew the guidelines for when their child should return to school or sports.
"Our study showed that the vast majority of parents knew what to do if they suspected a concussion in their child, and in most cases understood the clinical importance of this injury as a brain injury," lead author Dr. Kirstin D. Weerdenburg, a pediatric emergency medicine fellow at Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, said in a release.
However, a separate survey of 464 parents found many common misunderstandings about brain injuries:
- Between 49 and 70 percent of parents incorrectly believed that a CT or MRI scan can diagnose a concussion.
- About half of parents didn’t know that a “bell ring” or “ding” means a concussion.
- More than three-quarters of parents incorrectly though that difficulty speaking is a symptom of a concussion.
To senior author Dr. Tracy Zaslow, medical director of the sports medicine and concussion program at the Children's Hospital Los Angeles, the study shows many parents still need education about identifying concussions and post-injury care.
“Even those highly educated parents were prone to misconceptions," she said in a statement. "False perceptions such as the ones pinpointed by our study may impact when medical care is sought after concussion and lead to less than optimal home care."
More Than Just a 'Bell Ring'
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) can only be diagnosed at autopsy, but it is most commonly found in professional athletes in contact sports, including American football, hockey, boxing, and women’s soccer.
But it doesn’t take helmet-splitting hits to alter a person’s brain chemistry.
Smaller head hits that don’t result in concussions can develop into CTE. That was the case for Owen Thomas, a 21-year-old lineman playing for the University of Pennsylvania. Thomas was never diagnosed with CTE, but studying his brain after his suicide in 2010 showed that he had advanced CTE — one of the youngest cases ever documented — according to The New York Times.
Many high-profile players, including former San Diego Charger Junior Seau, developed mental problems post-retirement, including depression and dementia, bringing the issue of the lasting effects of brain injuries to the public's attention.
Many professional athletes have pledged to donate their brains after their deaths so they can be studied for CTE and other diseases. But there is no comprehensive research available on CTE, since the research is largely based on case studies.
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.healthline.com/health-news/whats-killing-high-school-football-stars-101114
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en
| 0.973684 | 862 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Jeff Wyers knew four months living as a Puritan in a 1620s-style Massachusetts colony would be hard. He didn't expect his faith to be so challenged.
Wyers, real-life pastor of Community Baptist Church near Waco, Texas, became "governor" of the colony in Colonial House, PBS's version of "reality TV" that aired in May. Wyers, his family, and about 20 others volunteered to live as four households of freemen and indentured servants in the show that challenged modern prejudices and historical mores.
As a functioning colony, participants agreed to live as they would have 400 years ago—including milking goats and raising corn, producing goods to repay their British backers, submitting to male headship, and mandatory attendance at three-hour church services.
As governor of the colony, Wyers had responsibility to enforce civil laws. He also had a personal, spiritual mission: to understand the Puritans who hoped to create a "City on a Hill" in the new land. But he experienced the same problems ...1
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<urn:uuid:0f63d671-6182-4c99-8f31-9a42d3aaf626>
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://www.christianitytoday.com/pastors/2004/june-online-only/cln40601.html?utm_medium=widgetsocial
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202232251-20230203022251-00253.warc.gz
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en
| 0.980177 | 217 | 3.15625 | 3 |
3 equations, 3 unknowns x,y,z can be represented by Row Matrix below:
1 2 3x10
4 5 6y=11
7 8 9z12
This can be represented by column vectors:
I am troubled by this idea. The row vectors make sense, but as the columns represent coefficients of the same axis (on 3d coordinate graph) how can these columns be vectors which can themselves be represented on the same style graph. Dr Strang cannot be wrong so there is something I have ommited to understand. Can anyone explain and put me out of my misery?
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<urn:uuid:3d7d2ea5-a03f-4c19-87ac-1fe86c287656>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/23894-column-vectors-why.html
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en
| 0.931418 | 124 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The name Hahira (pronounced hay-Hi-ra) it's said was created by Berry Folsom, Hahira's first postmaster. The origin of the name remains a mystery. Folklore is that Mr. Folsom took the name from the Bible. In Exodus chapter 14 verse 2, it's recorded the children of Israel camped at Pi-Hahiroth between Migdol and the Red sea, opposite Baal Zephon. Verse 9 relates the Egyptians overtook them camping by the sea beside Pi-Hahiroth before Baal Zephon. Others say there was an Indian named "Hira" who would stop near the railroad tracks near present day Hahira, to rest and watch the iron horse go by. When folks passed they would wave their hands and say, "Hey, Hira". We'll let you choose the version you like best.
1891 - 1991
The town of Hahira received its Charter, incorporating the community, on October 2, 1891. The first Mayor, Henry Briggs Lawson, was elected in November, 1891, and served until 1907.
By 1891, there were a few stores which had been started when people began moving into the area in the mid 1880's. A bank was opened in 1904 and a newspaper in 1906. Until 1904, there had been only one doctor who practiced in the 1890's.
Being a rural area, most people grew their own vegetables, had hogs for meat and always had a milk cow. There was very little money among the people, except for a very few large farmers. The main crop was cotton and remained so until around 1920 when the Boll Weevil ruined their main cash crop. The farmers then turned to tobacco as their main source of income. Tobacco had long been grown only in Virginia and North Carolina. Another chief product was timber and its by-products. The woodlands were full of giant virgin yellow pine or heart pine.
The late 1920's and early 1930's brought boxing to this area with Hahira out in front by local fight promotions. At this time, it also brought the Bee Industry. When settlers first arrived in the South Georgia area, there were no Honeybees to pollinate their crops. W. L. Morgan introduced beekeeping to the area at Troupville. The black bee was brought from Germany or Holland and the yellow bee from Italy. J. E. Williams developed an Apiary in the part of Lowndes County that is now Cook County, near Sparks. Mr. Williams was the first commercial beekeeper recorded in Lowndes County. Now, in these days, when the bee industry is mentioned in this area, the name of Garnett Puett Sr. and The Puett Co. is remembered as one of the pioneers of the bee industry.
All in all, throughout the years, basically not too much has changed as the larger industries have moved to other areas around it. Hahira is still a farming community with tobacco as one of its main crops.
Condensed from notes by local Historian Mr. H.A. Miley on the history of Hahira prepared for Hahira's Centennial Celebration in 1991.
Hahira And Cigarette Manufacturing
In the late 1920's a group of Hahira tobacco businessmen decided they could save money if instead of shipping their product north, they manufactured their own brand of cigarettes in Hahira. A factory was built in 1926 and a contest was held to select a name for the cigarettes and "Oteen" the name of a North Carolina town won. The packs featured an Indian on the front and a wigwam on the back.
By the Depression, the businessmen sold their interest in the company to Julep Cigarette Company, making Hahira the manufacturing site for the nationally distributed "Happy Days" cigarettes for several years. The cigarette factory was located along side the Norfolk Southern Railroad on Coleman Road and the building was in use until 1998. It was demolished in 2002 and thousands of the fine old bricks and much of the heart pine lumber foundation beams and flooring was salvage for re-use.
A Unique Town Where People Make The Difference
Though the unique characteristics of small town life has been preserved in Hahira, it is by no means behind the times. Hahira is today a city nearing 2,500 citizens located in South Georgia along I-75. The city is the northern entrance into Lowndes County, being 4 miles inside the county line along I-75 and US highway 41. It lies 11 miles south of Adel, Ga., 11 miles north of Valdosta, Ga., 15 miles west of Moody Air Force Ga. 39 miles east of Thomasville, Ga. and 29 miles north of the Ga.- Fl. state line.
Hahira's citizens are its most valuable benefit. Everyone in Hahira is a neighbor and is willing to lend a helping hand when needed. The people of Hahira have a positive attitude about the town. Volunteers for projects that take place, whether it be public or private, can be found. Hahiran's take great community pride in the history of the town and what it has achieved. The hard-working, congenial, and warm hearted citizens make it a joy to visit or live in the community. Hahira's employees, elected officials and community leaders are truly public servants. They are people directly from the community. Hahira's leadership works together to build consensus to move the city forward and in the right direction. Working together with the Chamber of Commerce and local business owners with the goal to promote Hahira. Civic organizations are always offering assistance in any way needed. The word "team" can be used to sum up the leadership in Hahira.
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<urn:uuid:a442666c-958a-4c12-8048-a71d8cf72b0b>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://www.hahiraga.gov/history
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en
| 0.978095 | 1,185 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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