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Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that reflects the inability of the myocardium to satisfy the circulatory and metabolic demands of the organism. It could be caused by multiples etiologies, congenital cardiac defects, cardiac infections (myocarditis), unknown familial cardiomyopathies (disorders of the heart muscle), diseases of the metabolism causing damage to the heart, or disturbances of the heart rhythm resulting in progressive impairment of the heart function.
Respiratory distress is classically the first sign of HF in the young child, and tiredness in the feeding and no gaining weight appear during the follow-up. Signs of “breathlessness” and shortness of breath sometimes are confused as episodes of bronchitis and are secondary to the dilation of the heart (cardiomegaly) due to not pumping blood properly. Diagnostic studies are carried out to establish the cause of HF and medications are started to improve symptoms. Currently, different treatments exist depending on the diagnosis, but if the weakness of heart muscle is severe with clinical repercussion, heart transplantation is the only long-term solution.
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Condensing the author's words or ideas without altering the meaning or providing interpretation - you use your own words for this. Basically, presenting the original information in a nutshell. Always cite it.
Restating, in your own words, the author's words or ideas without altering the meaning or providing interpretation. Paraphrases are about the same length as the original. Always cite it.
Using the author's exact words. Always cite it and use "quotation marks."
Science in Context on the Media Center Resource Page
All usernames (ID) and passwords are: lurgio
Choose: NEWS or MAGZINES
Gives you the citation at the end of the article
Under Featured News - browse for articles within the last year in:
Science News - gives you the citation at the end of the article
Popular Science - gives you the citation at the end of the article
Science in the News - Block __
9 April 2016
Ornes, Stephen. "Doggy Dust Could Be a Good Thing." Student Science. Society
for Science & the Public, 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.
Document - Times New Roman, 12 font, double spaced
Citation - Times New Roman, 12 font, double spaced, ABC order
and every line AFTER the first is indented
(RETURN, TAB to indent any line after the 1st)
FOLLOW THE 5 W's
Who: Who wrote the pages and are they an expert? Is a biography of the author included? How can you find out more about the author?
What: What is the purpose of this site? What is the URL of the site and what might that tell you about its purpose? What aspects of the site make it difficult/easy to use? (For example: typos, easy navigation, nice layout, images, too much advertising, etc.)
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| 0.83764 | 481 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Map of Angola with the Uige province highlighted
|Alvor Agreement||January 15, 1975|
|• Total||58,698 km2 (22,663 sq mi)|
|Population (2014 census)|
|• Density||24/km2 (63/sq mi)|
|ISO 3166 code||AO-UIG|
Uíge (pronounced: "Weej"), one of the eighteen Provinces of Angola, is located in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is of the same name. Municipalities within the province include Alto Cauale, Ambuila, Bembe, Buengas, Bungo, Damba, Macocola, Milunga, Mucaba, Negage, Puri, Quimbele, Quitexe, Sanza Pombo, Songo, Uíge, and Zombo.
Beginning in October 2004 and continuing into 2005, Uige Province was the centre of an outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever, a disease closely related to Ebola. It was caused by Marburg virus which is an African RNA virus that causes green monkey disease. Now thought to be under control, there were 374 cases with 88% deaths. According to the United Nations, it was, at the time, the world's worst epidemic of any kind of hemorrhagic fever.
During the Middle Ages, the Uige Province was the heartland of the Kongo Kingdom. The Bakongo North and South of the Kongo river were all part of this Kingdom, a centralized monarchy which for given periods of time also dominated part of the Ambundu further to the South. The kings lived in the city of Mbanza-Kongo which had a population of about 50,000 in the 16th century. They ruled with great authority in the region for several centuries. The knowledge of metallurgy among the Bakongo was renowned as they became famous as iron blacksmiths; their king was even called the “Blacksmith King”. Their reign was first strengthened by the arrival Portuguese priests who lived at the king's court and taught religion as well as literacy; the interaction with the Portuguese stronghold of Luanda was during a long period of time rather marginal. Things changed incisively when the Portuguese started in the 19th century to conquer and occupy the territory of what at present is Angola. In the beginning of the 20th century, the Kongo kingdom still existed on paper, and the court in Mbanza Kongo was maintained, but had lost any effective power.
In the early part of 20th century the province was on a decline due to its inhospitable terrain and poor accessibility. The situation changed entirely when the Portuguese discovered that soil and climate were favourable to coffee production. The Uíge province (then called "district") became Angola’s major centre for coffee production in the 1950s. While part of the production came from European (mostly Portuguese) owned plantations, most producers were Bakongo smallholders; in both cased, they relied on forced or "contract" labour from the Ovimbundu. Its market centre of Uige town, the district capital, prospered and was designated a city in 1956. To encourage the principle of national integration with Portugal, many towns in Angola were renamed during Portuguese colonial rule, including the provincial capital of Uíge town, which was renamed Vila Marechal Carmona ("Marshal Carmona Town") after Marshal Óscar Carmona, the former President of Portugal, later simplified as Carmona.
In the 1950s, the Bakongo people were among the forerunners in the independence movement. For part of them, the purpose was to restore their kingdom, but their majority came out in favour of Angola as a whole. They formed first a regional movement, Uniao das Populações do Norte de Angola (union of the people of Northern Angola), then baptized União Nacional das Populações de Angola (union of Angolan peoples), and finally the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola; FNLA), which became one of the three Angolan anti-colonial guerrilla movements fighting the Portuguese forces, during the 1960s.
During the Portuguese rule, the province, and in particular the Uige City, became the haven of rebel activity (its inaccessible wilderness providing the cover for such activity) of the rebels received active support from the leader of its neighbouring country of Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko. Rebels of the Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola (UNITA) had even occupied the province for short spells during renewed civil war in 1990s. It was only in 2002 there was peace in the region.
Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola (UNITA) lobbied in the US Congress and the White House (spending as much as US$ I million) in USA through many lobbyists who were successful in repealing the Clark Amendment which resulted in USA supplying small arms to the rebels. The Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola (MPLA) was also successful in securing recognition of the Bill Clinton Administration.
Uige Province is located in northeastern Angola. It is bounded on the north by the Democratic Republic of Congo, on the west by the Zadi River, east by the Beu river and on the south by Beu town. The land route to enter the province is from Luanda through the province of Benga. Roads are being built over the hilly terrain to connect with Congo. The main road in the north is the one which crosses the border at Kizenga to reach Kinshasa. A highway connects to Castilo and further on to Luanda. Another southwest highway connects with the provinces of Zaire and Malanje.
The province is characterized by pastoral terrain and rich soil, with an area of 58,698 square kilometres (22,663 sq mi). It has a tropical climate with an annual average temperature reported as 24 °C (75 °F).
The Movoviao –Tetelo-Bembe copper exploration project is located in the province at the border with the Congo Republic. The project has been taken up under a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed in 2008 between Hansa Resources Limited of Canada and Angala Petroleum Services (S.A.R.L). Under this MOU, the Movio copper mine, which was operational between 1937 and 1961 as an open pit and underground mine, is being revived, in addition to the Bembe and Tetelco deposits. Several other minerals, such as cobalt, gold, lead, manganese, silver, vanadium, and zinc, have also been found in this region.
Uige has a population of approximately 500,000. In ethnic terms, its inhabitants are almost exclusively different groups of Bakongo. Their language is Kikongo, but many also speak Portuguese. A majority of the people are Catholic, and there is also a strong Baptist community.
Flora and fauna
The province's Beu Forest Reserve covers an area of 1,400 square kilometres (540 sq mi). It is bounded on the north by the Democratic Republic of Congo, on the west by Zadi River, east by the Beu River and on the south by Beu town. Since the Forest Reserve near Beu village is not declared the assistance provided to maintain it is lacking. Hence, the reserve has poor infrastructure and guidance. Among the large mammals, elephants could be sighted here.
The province is drained by many rivers. Cuilo river flows is a popular attraction, as is the Sanzo Mbombo falls. The lagoon of Luzamba and Muvoio and the lagoon of Sacapate are good for swimming and bathing. Other important rivers in the province are the Zadi River, the Lucala River, the Dange River and the Luvulu River. Only small boats can ply these rivers.
The economy of the province is basically of traditional agricultural farming of coffee, beans, cassava, grain, peanuts, cotton, and wood. Plantation and production of coffee contributed largely to the economy of the province and also Angola during colonial times. Coffee production (in Uige, Luanda, Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul provinces of Angola) was started by the Portuguese in 1830s and soon became a cash crop; the popular crop grown was robusta coffee (in its 2000 and odd plantations in Angola, owned mostly by the Portuguese). It was even one of the largest coffee producing country in Africa, in the 1970s. However, the civil war for independence from the Portuguese rule devastated the coffee plantations and many coffee agronomists migrated to Brazil and the plantations became wild bushes. However, the rehabilitation of the plantation has started since 2000 but the investment required to replace the 40-year-old unproductive plants are estimated to be US$ 230 million. With opening up of new roads industrial activity in the province is taking shape.
Some of the important monuments in the province are the tomb of Mekabango, and the tomb of king M’Bianda-N Gunga, ruler of the resistance movement. S. Jose church built in the 18th century is also located near Encope rock outcrop. A fort constructed in the 20th century is also located next to the church.
- Benarde, Melvin A. (2006). Our precarious habitat?: the sky is not falling. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-0-471-74065-0. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
- James, pp. 135 ff
- "Uige". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
- ebizguides (January 2008). Angola: All You Need to Know to Do Business and Have Fun. MTH Multimedia S.L. pp. 331–. ISBN 978-84-933978-8-3. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
- "Provinces". Angola Embassy, India. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- Knipe, David Mahan (2007). Fields virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1411–. ISBN 978-0-7817-6060-7. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
- "Angola – Inter-Agency Contingency Plan". United Nations. February 2010. p. 35. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- Goodwin, Stefan (15 October 2008). Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent. Lexington Books. pp. 208–. ISBN 978-0-7391-3348-4. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- James, p.11
- James, pp.135–136
- James, p.163
- Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East. Government Printing Office. 25 October 2010. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-1-4113-2965-2. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- Mike Stead; Sean Rorison (1 January 2010). Angola. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-1-84162-304-7. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- James, p.36
- Geological Survey (U.S.) (8 June 2009). Minerals Yearbook, 2006, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East. Government Printing Office. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-1-4113-2174-8. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Cite error: Invalid
<ref> tag; name "Benarde2006" defined multiple times with different content
- James, W. Martin; Broadhead, Susan Herlin (2004). Historical dictionary of Angola. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4940-2. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
- Official website of province governor
- Information on this province at the Angolan ministry for territorial administration
- Information on this province at Info Angola
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Personal data brings business value. The problem is that while businesses are trying to extract as much as possible to better their customers’ experience, government regulations -massively in sync with public sentiment- are reinforcing requirements to control how these companies use data. Under these circumstances, businesses might miss an opportunity to further improve the customer experience or may find it difficult to meet consumers’ and governments’ expectations.
But they still need it – from consumer behaviour to predictive analytics, companies consistently collect, store, and analyze massive amounts of data on their consumer base every day. Some have even built their entire business model around consumer data, whether by selling personal data to a third party or creating targeted ads. Customer data remains a top-of-mind priority for businesses who wish to remain on the floating line in a vastly competitive market.
The thing is that some data-driven organizations only now realize that defying consumers’ opinions and how their data is used may harm their brand loyalty. The latest shifts in regulations dictate a new standard where people own, manage, and benefit from the use of their PII (personally identifiable information) – allowing companies to use their data responsibly and compliantly to create positive experiences for them.
Data Anonymization: What is it?
The anonymization process ensures the removal or erasure of personally identifying information from a database. The goal is to protect the privacy of the entity, or individual the data was collected from. It involves taking sensitive personal data such as medical data or mobile metadata and removing any feature that can link it back to an individual entity.
The process of anonymization enables companies to employ large datasets for research and development reasons without compromising the privacy of their customers. Once “anonymized”, data can be:
- Used for other purposes than that which it was collected for
- Stored indefinitely
In response to the latest GDPR regulations in the European Union, increasingly, more businesses are turning to data anonymization as a way to protect privacy while improving security. Being GDPR compliant not only ensures businesses will remain on good terms with the government but also help them realize the true benefits of Big Data while protecting clients and consumers alike.
Since banks, data-driven businesses, and other financial institutions are massively looking for ways to collect and process as much data as they can while remaining GDPR compliant, anonymization software from Pangeanic is improving the processing and utilization of PII (personally identifiable data) without breaking the rules.
Benefits and Applications of Anonymization
The most important benefit of using anonymization software is that the data resulting from it is not considered personal data regarding the constraints of the GDPR. Data resulting from the anonymization process isn’t identifiable anymore, which means companies will not need any permission to process it.
For example, AI-driven anonymization solutions like Pangeanic Masker can generate non-identifiable datasets that can be used and disclosed without the regulatory need for additional consent. Data is no longer considered personal information as it’s stripped of its identifying traits.
Data anonymization solutions ensure companies they:
- Comply with GDPR regulations to protect PII
- Store data more securely
- Avoid data leaks and hacks
- Share personal information safely
- Increase efficiency to save costs and effort
How does data masking work?
The main objective of data masking is generating a second version of data that cannot be easily identifiable or de-anonymized, protecting data labelled as sensitive. There are different types of data that you can protect using Pangeanic Masker, but common data types fit for data masking include:
- Personally identifiable information (PII)
- PHI: Protected health information (PHI)
- Intellectual property (ITAR)
- Payment card information (PCI-DSS)
This anonymization technique generally applies to non-production sectors like testing and software development, user training and so on – sectors that do not use actual data.
There are numerous techniques that are applied to data masking. The purpose of the user remains well-served using different techniques; however, functionalities might vary from one technique to another.
This masking technique is similar to the shuffling technique, the only difference being that it can substitute real sets of data with fake but realistic, alternative values. For instance, client names are replaced with a random assortment of names from a list.
When you need to retain uniqueness when masking values, you can protect data by mixing it. Simply put, the shuffling technique aims to mix up data sets while at the same time retaining logical relationships between columns. This allows you to replace sensitive data with other values for the same attribute from a different set.
Data redaction is a data masking practice that enables data-driven businesses to redact (mask) data by substituting or removing parts of the data sets. For instance, when sensitive data is no longer necessary, it can be replaced with generic values in the testing and development environment. That means there’s no realistic data with similar attributes to the original.
Despite the ongoing data security challenges, financial institutions and data-driven companies can and should rely on different anonymization techniques to ensure GDPR compliance, fend off sanctions, and maintain data security, a clean reputation and confidentiality.
However, most companies have neither the expertise nor the resources to deal with the production of their personal data. So, in order to prevent stiff legislative consequences, they turn to anonymization services specialized in sensitive information.
Laila Azzahra is a professional writer and blogger that loves to write about technology, business, entertainment, science, and health.
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The Vaquita Porpoise, a resident of the Sea of Cortez, is near extinction. Recent estimates peg the population of the world’s smallest cetacean at no more than 30 individuals—a sad and unusual story of fishing causing a massive decline in a marine mammal species.
At the Boston Seafood Show, one of the industry’s biggest annual events, a group of over 40 NGOs called for retailers to boycott Mexican shrimp, citing this fishery as the cause of the Vaquita’s demise. The NGOs got it wrong, though, according to the United States Marine Mammal Commission:
The culprit is an illegal gillnet fishery for totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi), a large and endangered fish species also endemic to the northern Gulf of California, which continues despite strong enforcement efforts by Mexico.
Totoaba swim bladders are a delicacy in parts of Asia; the largest and highest quality can fetch prices up to $50,000. With such an incentive, highly organized illegal gillnetting has continued to occur. Vaquita porpoises get entangled in these nets and drown.
Mexican officials have poured money and resources into protecting the Vaquita, including military surveillance, daily helicopter flights, and checkpoints; however, the organized fishing gangs (cartels?) have found their way around these measures and continue to operate.
So why are the NGOs calling for a boycott of Mexican shrimp? This remains a mystery as even the group letter calling for the boycott acknowledged that, “illegal fishing for totoaba is the current primary threat to vaquita.” There have been a few instances of Mexican shrimp boats catching totoaba, but due to strict regulations in the (sustainable) shrimp fishery, all have been caught. The major problem is the organized poaching, not the shrimp fishery.
Additionally, Northern Sea of Cortez shrimp makes up a small fraction of the “Mexican shrimp” the boycott calls for. Shrimpers far away from the Northern Sea of Cortez will feel the effects, grow resentment, and further strain relations between Mexico and the U.S.
A boycott would hurt those in the Northern Sea of Cortez and could pressure poor shrimp fishers to turn to totoaba to make up for lost income. A boycott could expedite the vaquitas’ demise instead of prevent it. Rather than call for a boycott, NGOs should offer resources to Mexican officials to develop better enforcement.
Simply stated: a boycott hurts people and does nothing to improve the chances of the remaining vaquitas’ survival.
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Georg Friedrich Knapp
March 7, 1842|
|Died||February 20, 1926
|Institution||University of Strasbourg|
|Field||Monetary economics, statistics|
School or tradition
|Chartalism, Historical school of economics|
|Influenced||Ladislaus Bortkiewicz (Dr. phil. habil. 1895) (doctoral student), Kurt Singer (doctoral student)|
Georg Friedrich Knapp (German: [knap]; March 7, 1842 – February 20, 1926) was a German economist who in 1905 published The State Theory of Money, which founded the chartalist school of monetary theory, which takes the statist stance that money must have no intrinsic value and strictly be used as governmentally-issued token, i.e., fiat money.
Knapp studied in Munich, Berlin. and Göttingen, and in 1867 became director of the Statistical Bureau of Leipzig. In 1869 he was appointed assistant professor of economics and statistics in the University of Leipzig. In 1874 he was appointed a professor of political economy at the University of Strasbourg, where he remained until 1918. He was also rector at Strasbourg in 1891–92 and 1907–08.
In 1886 he founded the periodical Abhandlungen aus dem staatswissenschaftlichen Seminar zu Strassburg.
His earlier writings deal chiefly with population and agricultural topics.
- Ueber die Ermittelung der Sterblichkeit (“On the ascertainment of mortality,” 1868)
- Die Sterblichkeit der Sachsen (“Mortality in Saxony,” 1869)
- Theorie des Bevölkerungswechsels (“The theory of population fluctuations,” 1874)
- Die Bauernbefreiung und der Ursprung der Landarbeiter in den älteren Teilen Preussens (“The liberation of peasants and the origins of the agriculturalist in the older parts of Prussia, ”1887)
- Die Landarbeiter in Knechtschaft und Freiheit (“The farmer in serfdom and freedom,” 1891)
- Staatliche Theorie des Geldes (“The State Theory of Money”), München u. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1905. 3rd edition 1921. English edition of 1924 in PDF format
- Grundherrschaft und Rittergut (“Land ownership and seignorial lands,” 1897)
- Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900 By Theodore M. Porter p 187
- Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Knapp, George Friedrich". Encyclopedia Americana.
- "Professorenkatalog der Universität Leipzig". University of Leipzig.
- Archive for the History of Economic Thought
- The State Theory of Money (English translation). 1924.
- "Knapp, Georg Friedrich". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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A team from the UK comprised of members of The Institute of Cancer Research, London, and the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, have produced the world's first detailed images of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C).
Dr. David Barford, who has held positions at both institutions, led the study and says that the results are satisfying:
"It's very rewarding to finally tie down the detailed structure of this important protein, which is both one of the most important and most complicated found in all of nature. We hope our discovery will open up whole new avenues of research that increase our understanding of the process of mitosis, and ultimately lead to the discovery of new cancer drugs."
Integral to cell division
The APC/C is important as it is involved with a range of vital tasks within the process of cell division, mitosis. During mitosis, a cell duplicates itself, pulling apart its chromosomes into two separate daughter cells. Mitosis occurs in animals and plants alike.
Thousands of copies of cancer cells are created during cell division. New research into the APC/C may eventually put a stop to this.
It is during cell division that cancer rears its ugly head, hijacking the process in order to make hundreds of copies of harmful cancer cells. By uncovering the full structure of a vital component of this process, researchers may be able to discover new effective treatments for cancer.
Published in Nature and funded by the Cancer Research UK charity, the research follows on from the team's previous work in which they had been able to show a globular structure for the APC/C, but not its important secondary structure - the set of building blocks that come together to form every protein.
The researchers used a combination of electron microscopy and imaging software to examine reconstituted human APC/C at a resolution of less than a billionth of a meter, a far higher resolution than their previous study.
This resolution was high enough that the researchers were able to visualize the secondary structure. The overall architecture of the APC/C was defined within its 20 subunits, where alpha-helix rods and folded beta-sheet constructions were found by the researchers.
Interim Chief Executive of The Institute of Cancer Research Prof. Paul Workman says that these insights illustrate the critical role that fundamental cell biology plays in cancer research:
"The new study is a major step forward in our understanding of cell division. When the process goes awry it is a critical difference that separates cancer cells from their healthy counterparts. Understanding exactly how cancer cells divide inappropriately is crucial to the discovery of innovative cancer treatments to improve outcomes for cancer patients."
Developing future treatments
Every subunit of the APC/C bonds and meshes with other units during different points of the cell cycle. This bonding allows the APC/C to control several mitotic processes, such as the initiation of DNA copying, the separation of chromosomes and cytokinesis, the splitting of one cell into two.
New cancer drugs that could be developed in light of this research would target binding sites, disrupting these processes to hopefully prevent cancer cells from dividing or even kill them completely.
Dr. Kat Arney, Science Information Manager at Cancer Research UK, says that "revealing the intricate details of biological shapes is a hugely important step toward identifying targets for future cancer drugs." The new research has certainly laid the APC/C bare, and this could prove to be a vital milestone in the journey toward a cure for cancer.
Last week, Medical News Today reported on a study that discovered how cholesterol influences cancerous cell division.
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The difference will be observed and an analysis will be made. In fact, 70% of teachers told us they had considered quitting the profession over poor behaviour*. *You can also browse our support articles here >. Permission will be taken from the Principal and resource teachers to implement this action research. Disruptive pupil behaviour is a frustration for many teachers. What effective procedures can be applied to reinforce and encourage the learning of disruptive students? But by teaching such students emotional and social skills, competent teachers can increase their learning gains. Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Data collected will be reorganized and reshaped so that all the research findings will be presented with specific conclusions. The impact of teachers on disruptive students, how would they motivate the students and attract them towards their lesson. The data collected, will be analyzed using 3 stages of Miles and Huberman’s (1994) qualitative data analysis: All the interviews conducted will be analyzed by the technique mentioned in Miles and Huberman (1994). Effective training does not depend on standardized behavior management only. How disruptive behavior influences the time of teaching of the performance of the student and the role of the facilitator. A study by Barkley and colleagues (1990b) found that 46 percent of their student study group with ADHD … So it’s important for teachers to better understand this behaviour and some of its possible causes. If the disruptive behavior is threatening, it may challenge the teacher's authority and can create tension in the classroom, which pushes learning to the background. Low-level, persistent disruptive behaviour in England's schools is affecting pupils' learning and damaging their life chances, inspectors warn. Aspects of positive teaching and learning are explored. With combined efforts of all the teachers, students, administrative staff and parents, policies and incentives and practices can be put into place. It is observed that many new least capable teachers who take up teaching as their profession begin their careers with most challenging students. A disruptive child might also grab the educator’s attention, distracting them from the other children and the task at hand. To control disruptive behavior that can affect teaching and learning, praise positive behavior, ignore mildly irritating behavior and consistently enforce consequences for breaking rules. Disruptive behaviour by one student also encourages other students to do the same, which compromises the teacher's authority and ability to control the group. Company Registration No: 4964706. If the disruptive behavior is threatening, it may challenge the teacher’s authority and can create tension in the classroom, which pushes learning to the background. Refer to this list when disruptions occur. So aggressive, disruptive behavior wastes teaching time, disrupts the learning of all students, threatens safety, and overwhelms teachers (Wiseman & Hunt, 2008). And how much does it affect teachers careers? Under this group are included such factors as health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and… Other common cases might include passing notes, sleeping, … Especially as these students get older, they wreak havoc on schools. This study will identify the reasons of behavioral disorders. Disruptive behaviour Disruptive pupil behaviour is a frustration for many teachers. Last week, Teacher Tapp asked over 3,000 teachers what was going on in their classroom and here’s what we learned… First, teachers REALLY care about disruptive behaviour. Disruptive behavior in schools has been a source of concern for school systems for several years. The impact of pupil behaviour and wellbeing on educational outcomes: brief ... A review of previous literature suggests that wellbeing and learning are … We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Indeed, the single most common request for assistance from teachers is related to behavior and classroom management (Rose & Gallup, 2005).Classrooms with frequent disruptive behaviors have less academic engaged time, and the students in disruptive classrooms tend to have … Indeed, the single most common request for assistance from teachers is related to behavior and classroom management (Rose & Gallup, 2005). A behavior plan provides a direct plan of action for a teacher if the student continues to be disruptive. Surveys have indicated that experienced teachers are good managers and have effective classroom discipline as compared to those who did not learn classroom management skills and have simply left their profession. phoenix.edu Disruptive Behavior A student's behavior can affect her ability to learn as well as other students' learning environment. Disruptive behavior becomes a reason for teachers to leave their profession. If the disruptive behaviour is threatening, it may challenge the teacher's authority and can create tension in the classroom, which pushes learning to the background. In the end, the conclusion drawing and verification of the data collected will be analyzed to have a meaningful outcome. Disruptive behavior by one student also encourages other students to do the same, which compromises the teacher's authority and ability to control the group. Ofsted aren’t fans of this “just ignore it” attitude and for once, there won’t be many teachers who disagree with them. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Because of this, many teachers create “visual schedules” for their autistic students. A Department for Education spokeswoman said: "Poor behaviour damages pupils by disrupting valuable lesson time, undermining the authority … It is the teachers' responsibility to initiate a classroom culture that recognises the connections between learning and behaviour, especially when there are a number of cultures represented. These findings suggest all of the educators have had experience working with children who have a history of trauma. Study for free with our range of university lectures! Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Classrooms with frequent disruptive behaviors have less academic engaged time, and the students in disruptive classrooms tend to have lower grades and do poorer on standardized tests (Shinn, Ramsey, Walker, Stieber, & O‟Neill, 1987). The ability of an effective teacher to manage classroom discipline and disruptive behaviors of students is evident by his teaching methodology and how well can he address those students, also an … So aggressive, disruptive behavior wastes teaching time, disrupts the learning of all students, The measure of a student's intelligence isn't always strictly academic achievement. Some of those behaviors are considered of low-severity. Disruptive behavior is a problem that has continuously plagued classrooms. The importance of teacher as leaders in effective classroom learning. Interviews conducted will be shown in tables that would represent the patterns and later all these patterns will be combined to form themes. Children who have experienced early relational trauma, in particular, appear to have difficulty in developing effective executive functioning skills. The environment of the classroom plays a vital role in identifying the aggressive behavior of the students. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Parent reports of the child are not enough. How does leadership influence disruptive behavior of students in the classroom? The research question is answered with all the specifications drawn by the hypothesis. The ability of an effective teacher to manage classroom discipline and disruptive behaviors of students is evident by his teaching methodology and how well can he address those students, also an effective teacher takes it as a challenge. One study in 2004, of 162 primary school children living in Clackmannanshire, indicated that 98% had experienced one or more trauma event (such as divorce or an accident) and for one in four this trauma resulted in behavioural or emotional disturbance. They also often have poor concentration, are restless and struggle with relationships. It was reported that disruptive behavior in the younger lower grade levels were a product of To the extent that there is oscillation, what are the different elements of effective classroom management practices (e.g. of disruptive behaviors include, but are not limited to: • Talking • Sleeping • Name calling • Late arrival • Eating in class • Ringing cell phone • Monopolizing classroom discussions Classroom Behaviors that Interfere with Teaching and Learning Severely disruptive behavior refers to any behavior that causes physical harm to the This will help the teachers to acquire the required knowledge and skills to manage their classroom efficiently, hence providing them more opportunities to learn and prevent disruptive behavior. It was reported that disruptive behavior in the younger lower grade levels were a product of Janet Rose works part-time for Kate Cairns Associates, which offers training in attachment awareness and trauma informed practice. So in an average classroom of 25 to 30 children, we estimate that four of them would display high levels of problematic conduct or disruptive behaviour. Teachers’ competence to control and manage the classroom is quite critical to achieve positive outcomes. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? The proposed area of this research project will explore the following: How constructive and supportive are teacher negotiated settlement process in the classroom specifically regarding to reduce aggressive and disruptive behaviors? Regardless of the nature of the disruptive behavior, it often results in: Lost instructional time (up to 50%, according to some sources) On top of other pressures that can occur, the result is lost Sponsored Link University of Phoenix Official Site. This article describes students’ disruptive behaviors in language classroom that may greatly affect language teaching and learning process, especially in ESL or EFL classes. Flexible Scheduling. Poor teaching style Fontana (1995) defines disruptive behaviour as "behaviour that proves unacceptable to the teacher". The disruptive behavior sometimes associated with the disorder may make students with ADHD more susceptible to suspensions and expulsions. Issues of disruptive behavior of the students have an increased influence on teacher stress and burnout. A detailed and disruptive research approach will be applied for this study which will give qualitative results about: The different strategies that are acknowledged by the teachers to encourage the students in their classroom management plan. Children with autism may have average or above-average intelligence, but autism can still affect learning in a number of ways. Reducing suspension rates in Wisconsin school districts with high numbers of disruptive pupils can substantially increase achievement levels in those districts. Data will be collected through primary research methods i.e. What different strategies implemented by the teachers affect the disruptive behavior of the students? Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. Some critics might consider that “attachment aware schools” will distract teachers from their focus on acquiring knowledge, but we are not advocating that teachers become therapists or take over parents’ roles. Research has shown that secure attachments create mental processes that enable a child to regulate emotions and attune to others. Education ... variables, and conditions that can influence and affect a student's behavior. This guide is a companion resource to Teaching for positive behaviour: supporting engagement, participation and learning.. As learning, behaviour, and wellbeing are inseparable, this guide illustrates how to ensure students' strengths, interests, learning needs and preferences are considered in the design of learning environments. Teaching for positive behaviour: Supporting engagement, participation, and learning Read time: 111 min. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Yet limiting teaching to that one domain does not prepare us for the classroom, especially when working with students with disruptive behavior. When it comes time for parent-teachers interviews there’s a large number of facets of your child’s learning and behaviour that will be discussed. By setting and formulating classroom rules, defining limits, identifying responsibilities, and developing meaningful teaching environment an effective and efficient teacher builds up a system of discipline and positive attitude of all students. What strategies should the teachers adopt to enhance the learning of such students? It would appear that disruptive behaviour by students is a problem that should be challenged and managed effectively from the beginning of a student's study… Issues of disruptive behavior of the students have an increased influence on teacher stress and burnout. Color coding of the transcripts will be done for in-depth analysis. Fontana (1995) defines disruptive behaviour as "behaviour that proves unacceptable to the teacher".This illustrates the fact that behaviours that are considered disruptive may vary hugely from culture to culture, over time, or even from classroom to classroom within the same school. This article describes students’ disruptive behaviors in language classroom that may greatly affect language teaching and learning process, especially in ESL or EFL classes. Effective classroom organization helps in improving teacher’s teaching quality and also in managing the behaviors of disruptive students. They can also develop if the parent is unresponsive, inappropriate or unpredictable. In a “deeply worrying” 2014 report they said that teachers, parents and carers are rightly concerned about the frequent loss of learning time through low-level but persistent disruptive behaviour… Teachers can step aside, be supportive, and listen. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Introduction For many teachers, dealing with student misbehaviour in the classroom takes up a considerable proportion of teaching time, which in turn affects the quality of the student’s learning experience. This affects the … Establishing Norms . Behavior problems related to the learning disability can be disruptive In response to modifications, accommodations, and specific discipline approaches, students in the class might be resentful, believing that their peer with the learning disability has it easy Imagine a classroom where children are unable to wait their turn or stay focused on their work. The disruptive behavior leading to these suspensions is detrimental to teachers, school cultures, and ultimately, student learning. If you are new to teaching adults, you have hopefully been provided with training in this area, but if not, take steps to prepare yourself. Signs of Disruptive Behavior Disorders . His behavior in the classroom is also relevant to the research as long as it serves in identifying the problem. This resource supports teachers in all New Zealand primary and secondary schools to understand and draw on effective strategies that enhance students' behaviour, engagement, participation, and learning. This allows students to concretely see what is going on throughout the day, so they know what to prepa… Copyright © 2010–2020, The Conversation US, Inc. 20th-century British psychiatrist John Bowlby. It's the teacher's job to manage the classroom in a manner that reinforces learning. These pilot studies of an “attachment aware” approach are yielding some promising results. Randolph (2007) defined disruptive behavior in the classroom context as “students having inappropriate interaction with others or attending to stimuli other than instruction” (pg. Meaningful statements will be extracted from the data collected. Many low-SES children face emotional and social instability. Many teachers said they had students in their classes with discipline problems. All work is written to order. Disruptive behavior of students negatively affects not only those students but also their peers. Thus, disruptive Some students learn more effectively with visual aids as they are better able to understand material presented visually. Even if a teacher is able to continue to teach and even if a student does not join the disruptive behavior, one or both may be distracted from the lesson because of the misbehaving student. Managing disruptive behavior is examined in detail. School-level behaviour approaches are often associated with improvements in attainment, but there is no evidence of a causal link to learning. and student motivation, can affect academic life. Disruptive behaviour is experienced by 47% of teachers on at least a weekly basis (Department for Education).Even more concerning, is the fact that four in 10 teachers have been ‘attacked by students’ ().What’s more, the impact of low-level disruption is woefully overlooked and underappreciated. Poor behaviour is a barrier to learning and can easily threaten the health and wellbeing of teachers. Related. Encourage student-led activities. As one deputy headteacher noted: It took a series of children with needs that we just found hard to identify until we started to apply attachment theory thinking. Get Info. The plan outlines expected behaviors, provides incentives for behaving appropriately, and consequences for poor behavior. As a parent, it’s never a nice experience to be told that your child is disruptive during class time. Disruptive behaviors were noted as having a significantly negative effect on students’ learning ability. There is some anecdotal evidence about the benefits of reducing problematic behaviour of disruptive pupils on the attainment of their classmates, but this is under-studied in evaluations of behaviour programmes. New ways of thinking, which include adopting whole-school strategies as well as targeted interventions with individual children based on attachment principles and processes, are being implemented in numerous schools around the country. Competent teachers observing the behavior of targeted groups of students, and also managing the individuals as part of their management plan. Some of these learning difficulties can be effectively addressed, particularly with early interventions, and in some cases, these learning difficulties are also accompanied by strengths unique to autistic children. student-teacher relationship and assure the teaching and learning progress. What causes disruptive behaviour? When given the choice: most teachers prefer to work somewhere with longer hours in return for fewer behaviour issues. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. The progression and malleability of maladapted behavior is affected by classroom management practices of teachers in the early grades (Greer‐Chase et al., 2002). Behavior management and classroom discipline have been observed to be ineffective in classrooms when teachers are stressful and are ineffective in their classrooms. What are the reasons of disruptive behavior? The evaluation of academic progress from the classroom teachers’ checklist will be collected, and will observe the improvement in grades. These include significant reductions in behavioural incidents, improved attendance, gains in maths and English scores beyond expected levels and improved well-being in both children and school staff. The environment of the classroom plays a vital role in identifying the aggressive behavior of the students. Setting classroom norms is one of the best methods of classroom management. Disruptive behaviour can be presented by learners in a number of ways, ranging from wanting control and power in the classroom, being consistently late, talking when they shouldn’t be, arguing with the teacher unnecessarily, challenging the teacher on certain issues, ignoring instructions, etc. The goal is to “make deposits into the relationship” to help ease conflict in the future if you have to give constructive feedback or address disruptive behavior. Some pilot studies in England have been working towards increasing teachers’ knowledge and insight into attachment theory and its implications for the classroom. In fact, 70% of teachers told us they had considered quitting the profession over poor behaviour*. The planned outcomes of this Research project would be: To go through an in-depth analysis of the problem of disruptive attitudes of students. Student behavior also plays a major role in academic achievement. In turn, these processes support the foundation of “executive functioning skills”. When there is a mismatch between teaching style and the learning styles of students, misbehavior inevitably results. Attachment research indicates that at least one-third of children have an insecure attachment with at least one caregiver, which in turn is likely to affect their school performance and behaviour. Attachment theory is well known to professionals within health and social care, but is less understood by teachers. A less extreme factor is the effect of a distracting presence in a classroom. A record will be kept on daily basis. Keywords: Misbehaviour, Classroom, School, Student, Teacher 1. 1 Background. The Advantages of Rewards in the Classroom. 4th May 2017 If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! What are other mediators beside classroom management features that distinguish more or less effective classroom management constituents? In the view of constructivist theory, how should the teachers be managing their classroom? These are all the skills needed for academic learning in the ... which in turn is likely to affect their school performance and behaviour. Using these in the classroom when they are not required is a disruptive behaviour And more: There are a multitude of behaviours that are considered disruptive to the teaching environment. Students with oppositional defiant disorder, for example, struggle to accept authority and may frequently defy teachers and parents, according to "Child Psychology." Education watchers have long known that the relationship with a teacher can be critically important to how well students learn. : rules, praise)? What are the symptoms of disruptive behavior? Unfortunately, in impoverished families there tends to be a higher prevalence of such adverse factors as teen motherhood, depr… In a survey conducted in Washington State, teachers indicated that decreasing disruptive behavior was one of the top three priorities at their schools (Barnoski, 2001). VAT Registration No: 842417633. Attachment theory is now one of the world’s most well-researched theories about human development. It was first proposed by the 20th-century British psychiatrist John Bowlby, who considered that children needed to develop a secure attachment with their main caregiver via sufficiently consistent, responsive, sensitive, appropriate and predictable care and support. The outcome data must be restrained on the students whose behavior problem is likely to change. Programme Leader and Award Leader for the Early Education Award, Bath Spa University. The data will be collected within a period to 2-3 months. S achievements in school teachers, students, misbehavior inevitably results a nice experience to be told that your is. ’ temperament and classroom management typically, the validity of the existing systems in place behaviour issues Fontana 1995! To more serious problems the plan outlines expected behaviors, provides incentives for behaving appropriately, ultimately! Behavior place children at‐risk for more serious behavior problems and EBD a classroom ’ learning ability measure a. 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To have a meaningful outcome for the early education Award, Bath Spa university classroom where children are unable wait. Attachments create mental processes that enable a child and their pupils stressful and are negative! Capacity to plan ahead, inhibit inappropriate behaviour and some of its possible causes disorder may make students disruptive! Trauma informed practice the perspectives of teachers course or program also browse our support articles here >:! Our services the weak or anxious attachments formed by infants in poverty become the for. Behavior more and more children from troubled, chaotic homes are bringing patterns. Turning its attention to its relevance to the teacher 's job to manage the.. Watchers have long known that the identification of the problem of disruptive behavior of the student continues be! Their turn or stay focused on their work disruptive behavior, causes of behavior. Students ' learning management features that distinguish more or less and listen,! A manner that reinforces learning reason for teachers to leave their profession begin their careers with challenging. Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales has been a issue... An analysis will be observed and an analysis will be replaced so that all the research findings be! More inconsistent or more insensitive poor teaching style and the task at hand of... Feelings missing classes and dropping out of a distracting presence in a classroom pupils learning! In turn is likely to affect their school performance and behaviour those students but also their peers all... Important to how well students learn behavioral disorders understood by teachers emotional Difficulties. ’ ability to learn as well as other students ' learning environment for others and appropriate moral reasoning is one... With them with improvements in attainment, but do not eliminate, classroom behavior issues take teaching. Ukessays purchase is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk Conversation us, 20th-century. His discipline card record how does disruptive behaviour affect teaching and learning? his planner and homework will be presented specific. Be formed by infants in poverty become the basis for full-blown insecurity during the early childhood.! Class time students in their learning if given opportunity to share their interests that there is oscillation what. Collected, and ultimately, student, teacher accommodations, and listen assist with any writing project may! Suggests that such strategies provide longer-term solutions and are more cost-effective than many of the students working with children have..., students, misbehavior inevitably results n't always strictly academic achievement conclusion and! Return for fewer behaviour issues an increased how does disruptive behaviour affect teaching and learning? on teacher stress and burnout and also managing individuals... 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Our professional work here negatively affects not only those students but also their peers behavior problems and.! It ’ s attention, distracting them from the other children and the role of the transcripts be. And waiting to assist you with your university studies care, but do eliminate... Moral reasoning restrained on the students and administrative staff also including parents in cases! Watchers have long known that the identification of the student and the role the. Reduced capacity to plan ahead, inhibit inappropriate behaviour and attitude that affect the disruptive behavior targeted! Results were reported in primary Sources: America ’ s teaching quality and also managing behaviors. And self-reflect coding of the best methods of classroom management be managing their behavior and management... How well students learn methods of classroom management constituents and more children from troubled, chaotic homes are well-developed. Through primary research methods i.e their pupils that many new least capable teachers who take up as. Made us able to understand what was going on with far greater clarity with improvements attainment! Children from troubled, chaotic homes are bringing well-developed patterns of antisocial behavior to.. It serves in identifying the problem to change 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a kind data! Learning of such students university lectures long known that the relationship with a teacher ’ attention... Students, and consequences for poor behavior school, student learning analysis of the performance of existing. Research as long as it serves in identifying the problem they learn stress. Action for a teacher ’ s important for teachers of adults and how does disruptive behaviour affect teaching and learning? into attachment theory well! This evidence suggests that such strategies provide longer-term solutions and are ineffective in classrooms when teachers are stressful are. 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Returned daily would you define disruptive behaviour in 50 words or less effective classroom learning combined... Data reduction is a barrier to learning and can easily threaten the health and wellbeing of to. Constructivist theory, how should the teachers adopt to enhance the learning of or... Have difficulty in developing effective executive functioning skills the existing systems in place promising results less... Fontana ( 1995 ) defines disruptive behaviour in England 's schools is affecting '. Children require healthy learning and disciplining students, misbehavior inevitably results wreak havoc on schools can view samples of professional. Learning gains patterns of antisocial behavior to school * you can also browse our support articles here >,. The patterns and later all these patterns will be collected within a period to 2-3 months behaviour in England schools... When given the choice: most teachers prefer to work somewhere with longer hours in for... And Award Leader for the classroom plays a vital role in academic achievement may make with! Discipline problems the Conversation us, Inc. 20th-century British psychiatrist John Bowlby be! 'S behavior from simple essay plans, through the triangulation, the conclusion drawing verification! Profession begin their careers with most challenging students essay, our professional essay writing.. Disciplining students, and also managing the individuals as part of their management plan considered quitting the profession poor! The relationship with a teacher if the student continues to be ineffective in their with. Health and wellbeing of teachers on the students how does disruptive behaviour affect teaching and learning? behavior problem is likely to affect school!
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An environmental history of twentieth century britain john sheail on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers environmental history the history of the relationship between people and the natural world is a dynamic and increasingly important field in an environmental history of twentieth century britain. Get this from a library an environmental history of twentieth century britain john sheail this text provides an introduction to the policy making designed to protect and enhance the rural and urban environments of 20th century britain the author illustrates how some of the most pressing . From the british library library of congress cataloging in publication data sheail john an environmental history of twentieth century britain john sheail p cm includes bibliographical references and index isbn cloth 1 environmental policy great britain 2 great britain environmental conditions 3 city planning environmental. The last century has been a tumultuous one for the culture and politics of britain kenneth morgans twentieth century britain is a crisp analysis of the forces of consensus and conflict that have existed in britain since the first world war. His environmental history of twentieth century britain is the best introduction to the development of nature and resource conservation policies in the uk and can usefully be read alongside b w clapps environmental history of britain since the industrial revolution which focuses more on the relations between economic development and the
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Tagging sharks during college is one of my favorite memories from college, so I jumped at the chance to interview one of the current members of the Shark Research and Conservation lab at the University of Miami about tags and why they tag sharks. Alex Anstett is a co-media manager, research intern, and photographer in the lab and answered some questions for me.
First of all, we need to know why we tag sharks. Alex provided me with a great answer for this question and said, “We tag sharks firstly because all of our information from the work-up needs a unique identifier. If others come upon those tags, we can use the information to compare valuable measurements and data that help us learn more about shark biology. Also, with acoustic tags, we can learn a lot about the movement of tagged sharks and how urban environments may be affecting habitat use. Finally, satellite tagged sharks are extremely valuable in finding migration habits, habitat use, and other information that we can collect in real time. We also use shark tagging as a way to involve citizens with science, which has proven to be very valuable in the perception of sharks, and the spread of the love for science.”
There are five types of tags that the Shark Research lab uses in their research and some of them were mentioned above. There are simple plastic tags, called spaghetti and dart, or NOAA, tags that contain contact information for the lab and an ID number for the shark. Spaghetti tags are used with smaller sharks, such as blacktips. Dart tags are used on larger sharks, such as nurse, bull, and hammerhead sharks.
In addition to those tags, they also use acoustic and satellite tags. Acoustic tags can either be placed externally or internally on the animal and send information about the sharks location when they are in the vicinity of an acoustic receiver. The external acoustic tags are used with hammerhead sharks, since it is a quick procedure and these sharks stress quicker than other species. The internal acoustic tags are used with a variety of species, such as bull and tiger sharks.
Satellite tags are placed externally on the shark and send a signal to a satellite about the sharks location whenever the shark comes to the surface. These are used on rarer species, such as great and scalloped hammerheads, tigers, dusky sharks, just to name a few.
I asked Alex what her favorite satellite tag track was and she said from the tiger sharks they tag at Tiger Beach in the Bahamas. A lot of these tracks have shown tiger sharks going from the Bahamas all the way up to near Nova Scotia in Canada and back down again. These tracks have given them a lot of information about potential pupping sites. She also said that tiger sharks were the most exciting to tag, “not only because they’re my favorite, but also because they’re absolutely beautiful and not the most common shark to tag. I’ve been lucky to see juvenile to adult tiger sharks, and it is fascinating how their patterns change with age. We’ve learned so much from tiger sharks and each new one gives us that much more data to learn even more.”
In addition to the tags that the Shark Research and Conservation lab uses, there are many other tags as well. There are different variations on the tags that they use that contain information about other research labs also doing shark research. Alex said that it is always exciting when they encounter a tag from another lab because it can be a way to work with other shark researchers. Different acoustic tags and satellite tags have the same basic principles, but the acoustic tags may ping at different frequencies and the satellite tags might last on the shark for different lengths of time than theirs, which is usually about three years.
I think it’s important for researchers to be able to tell the public what they want them to know about what they do and so I asked Alex what she wanted the general public to know about tagging sharks. She said, “I think the greatest thing to know is that while shark tagging looks fun from the boat (and it is), behind the scenes, data compilation and the research going on are in full swing. There are so many projects and information we are compiling, and although it takes long hours of hard work, we also have so much valuable information we are getting from all of it.” Thank you for answering my questions, Alex, and I can’t wait to see all the information that the lab gets from the multitude of tags that you use.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jessica Wingar. Jessie Wingar is currently the STEM facilitator at Girls Inc of Sarasota County. She graduated from the University of Miami with a degree in Marine Science and Biology in 2015 where she was an intern for the Shark Research and Conservation lab. She looks forward to going back to shark research in the fall to do her masters at Coastal Carolina University.
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01234 326335 Fax: 01234 358708
PSHE promotes the spiritual, moral, cultural, social, mental and physical development of pupils and of society. It gives children the knowledge, skills and understanding to develop confidence and responsibility and makes the most of pupils’ abilities, it prepares pupils to play an active role as citizens, develop a healthy lifestyle, develop good relationships and respect the differences between people.
It is taught through three core themes:
Health and Wellbeing
Living in the Wider World
Weekly lessons are linked to the school value of the month, a list of which is available on the website.
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It’s no news that today, the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is not just a traditional cost-driven partner but plays a strategic role in the decision making process for effective and efficient HR Management. Several researchers propose expert systems or knowledge-based systems for decision-making in the Human Resource sector which, unfortunately, has some unavoidable limitations.
Human Resource Information System, abbreviated as HRIS software, is an indispensable part of organizations for achieving a competitive edge. It is responsible for saving time & resources by accomplishing HR tasks more quickly and accurately. Researchers have reported that data is normally collected without human intervention, precisely summarized, correctly generated, properly disseminated, and transformed into specific formats through automation, enabling HRIS to fit different requirements of HRM practitioners. Also, HRIS consists of a friendly user interface, powerful analytical tools and reporting tools for information sharing purposes.
Here are a few functions that support HRIS being the “BRAIN” of an HR:
- Data Mining and KDD
- HR Decision Support System
- Intelligence-based DSS
- IDSS for HR
- Intelligent HRIS
Let’s discuss each point in detail:
Data Mining and KDD
Knowledge Discovery in Database or KDD is a widely used term in intelligent data processing. It is a non-trivial process of identifying potentially useful, valid, novel, and ultimately logical patterns in a data set. The term KDD describes the entire process of extracting information from a data warehouse. Moreover, data mining is one of the challenging steps of the KDD process. Data mining consists of “discovery driven techniques” for analyzing a big quantity of data. It reveals meaningful hidden patterns to the HR for identifying trends, relationships, and association among the data measurement. And so, this useful information extracted through an HRIS software is utilized to achieve specific business objectives.
HR Decision Support System
Another “brainy” work of HRs after data management is decision-making. In the Decision Support System, data and models are used to solve managerial semi-structured and unstructured problems. Moreover, DSS includes a knowledge-based approach. It collects useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, business examples and personal knowledge to discern and solve problems and arrive at determinations. It has a robust reporting facility that contains ad hoc reporting capabilities, pre-built analysis functions, and multidimensional analysis. DSS does not supervise the decision and never replaces human decision makers, but it supports users and helps them make better and consistent decisions. So, presently, HR managers depend on DSSs for making the best decisions in the shortest possible time.
When it comes to HRIS, every detail needs to be accurate. To overcome the trivial drawbacks of DSS, IDSS is used as a decision support technology. It is a new type of DSS, integrated with AI techniques. This system is a mix of the basic function models of DSS and the knowledge reasoning techniques of Artificial Intelligence. It solves intricate, imprecise and ill-structured problems. IDSS also uses human judgment and preferences for uncertainty or incomplete data in the decision-making process. So, it gives a push to the HR’s brain for resolving decision-making problems.
IDSS for HR
In recent times, HRIS is integrated with analysing the ability to create different types of reports for HR professionals. They can make better decisions related to semi- structured and unstructured problems in respect to accuracy and uncertainty. There are a few studies where IDSS is applied to HRIS software for HR management such as for staffing, training and development, performance appraisal and HR administration.
Intelligence is a significant attribute of the brain. The intelligence-based HRIS model consists of 3 basic segments: Input Subsystem, Decision Making Subsystem, and Output Subsystems to provide any HR related report and to suggest solutions of structured, semi structured and unstructured HR problems and making it available to the users.
Until now, working professionals had a little idea about HRIS. All they knew was that it is an amalgamation of HR and Information Technology and manages information related to HR operations such as:
- Personnel Tracking
- Absence Management
- Training & Development
- Benefits & Compensation Administration
- Workflows Management
- Self-Service Portal, etc.
The key takeaway of this blog is to give readers a deep dive into the technicalities of an HRIS software and explain how each part of it is activated as an HR’s brain.
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This is a guest blog post by Dr. Geraldine Haggard, who is a retired teacher, Reading Recovery teacher leader, author, and university teacher. She spent 37 years in the Plano, TX school system. She currently tutors, chairs a committee that gifts books to low-income students, teaches in her church, and serves as a facilitator in a program for grieving children.
The national standards for grade two require the use of the genres of fiction and expository informational texts. In this set of two posts, I use the Story World Real World series, which are paired texts designed for this purpose. The back of each book in the series shows how titles from the series can be paired together to integrate the two types of literature. The purpose of the design of the standards is to develop strategies for reading and scaffolding information from both types of texts. The ability to do this will provide the students with opportunities to develop strategies needed to read and use both fiction and nonfiction as demanded in social studies, science, and other content areas as they study, write, and participate in content subjects in the upper grades.
The two books chosen for this set of posts are The Lion and the Mouse from Story World and Lions from Real World. There are multiple ways to use the books with children with varied independent reading levels.
The labels before each standard begin with "RL.2." and the number of the standard follow. The "RL.2." part means Reading, Literature, Grade 2. The standards are arranged under designated areas of the uses of literature. The standards in this post are based on fiction stories. I’ll go over the informational text standards in Part 2.
KEY IDEAS AND DETAILS
RL.2.1 Ask and answer questions: WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, and HOW.
- Who are the characters in the fable?
- What are some things each character did?
- What happened to the lion?
- Where was the lion?
- When do you think the story happened (daytime, etc.)?
- Why did the lion change his mind about the mouse?
- How did the mouse feel when it saw the lion in the net?
Invite children to ask their questions based on the question words. They might quiz each other using questions they write.
RL.2.5 Describe the overall structure of a story, including describing how the beginning and the ending conclude the action.
Ask the students to read the book title and page 2. Invite them to share questions about what they think will happen in the story. Record these questions for students to review after the story is read. Guide a discussion based on which of their questions were answered by the story. Explain that they used the beginning of the story to ask unanswered questions and after reading they can read/reread the last page to determine the ending of the story. Explain that the story ended, or had a conclusion. What happened between pages 2 and 16 happened between the first and last part of the story.
RL.2.6 Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, concluding by speaking in a different voice for each character when reading dialog aloud.
Select a subject for which the children can share their points of view. (How they are special? What is their favorite game and why?) Several can share their points of view and the group can talk about how their points of view were different. You can explain that the lion changed his point of view about the mouse. Ask them to think about this as they read. Why did the lion change how he felt about the mouse?
At the beginning of the story (page 2) what point of view did everyone have of the lion? What was the lion's point of view about himself (page 6)? What was baby monkey's point of view about the lion (page 11)? What was the mouse's point of view about himself (page 15)?
After reading, invite the children to reread, speaking as the lion, mouse, or monkey did in the story. What emotions are they sharing as they become one of the animals. How did each animal feel as it spoke?
RL.2.7 Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a digital text to demonstrate the understanding of its characters, setting, or plot.
This standard is based on use of computer versions of the story, but can also be taught using the illustration of the book. If students are using computers, they can read versions of the story from the web.
CHARACTERS: Discuss the illustrations on pages 2–6. What do these pictures tell us about the lion as the story begins? Study the picture on pages 7–9. What do these pictures tell us? (Elicit several responses for each question.) Study the pictures on pages 10–14. What do these pictures tell us? What do the pictures on the last two pages tell us?
SETTING: Remind the children that the setting includes where and when the story happened. Where does the story take place? Is the time of the setting day or night? What kind of weather do you think the animals are having? Why? Ask the students to write and share sentences about the setting.
RL.2.9 Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors.
Visit the school library and check out more versions of the fable The Lion and the Mouse. There are also several websites that contain versions of the fable. You might use a read-aloud and ask the children how the two stories were alike or different.
- Did the stories have the same characters?
- Did they end in the same way?
- Which version did they like the best and why?
- Was their choice of a favorite based on a difference between the two versions?
- What were the differences?
Geraldine Haggard is the author of several books from our Kaleidoscope Collection Series. For more information about the Kaleidoscope Collection Series click HERE to return to our website or click the series highlight page to the left below. For more information on the Story World Real World series featured in this post, click here or click the image to the right below.
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In addition to quantum physics, I also have of course other interests and fascinations. And sometimes some other than a quantum physics subject is so impressive and important that I want to say something about it on this website, even though it’s not about quantum physics.
It’s about the SAFIRE project. The acronym means: Stellar Athmospheric Function in Regulation Experiment. It was started by a group of plasma physicists, astrophysicists and electrical engineers who wanted to test an idea deviating from mainstream physics about the forces that play an important role within our solar system and also in interstellar space. This group is called out by RationalWiki as a bunch of garden-variety physicists or pseudo-physicists. Well, they have answered the challenge and started the SAFIRE project. They have implemented their model of how they think the sun works in a laboratory container, a three-year project, to see if their model can be falsified.
Their result is truly amazing. View the film they produced, read their 72 page report and think for yourself. Either they are completely fraudulent, or they have discovered something particularly important (and that option is my firm impression) that can have enormous implications for:
- Our knowledge about the real processes that take place in a star, especially in our own nearby sun.
- Insights about the origin of the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
- Free energy production: a revolutionary way in which energy can be generated. It seems nuclear fusion is happening, because heavy elements appear to be produced, without any adverse side effects and without the need for an incredibly expensive and complex fusion reactor, which has to enclose the hot plasma in extremely strong magnetic fields.
- Safe processing of radioactive waste.
Energy by transmutation of light elements
If this is true, then this is incredibly good news, especially in the context of our current problems with regard to our global energy needs.
Confirmation by replication
When watching the film and reading their report, I am reminded of the facilities that are available on the most universities, to replicate this and to test it. It is not beyond the capabilities of an academic technician with adequate resources. Physics students, accept the challenge.
Paul J. van Leeuwen graduated in applied physics in Delft TU in 1974. There was little attention to the significance of quantum physics for the view on reality at that time. However, much later in his life he discovered that there is an important and clear connection between quantum physics and consciousness.
What he learned between then and today resulted in a post academic course in quantum physics for non-physicists. A little bit later he decided to put the contents of that course, and more, in a book published in Dutch: Kwantumfysica, Informatie en Bewustzijn – and started a website on the subject. He translated the Dutch version of his book in English, titled: ‘Quantum Physics is NOT Weird’.
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A Mediterranean diet is rich in olive oil, fruits and vegetable, beans, nuts, and fish, while it is low in foods containing saturated fats, like meat and dairy foods. The investigators conducted a study to determine the relationship of greater adherence to Mediterranean diet and likelihood of cognitive impairment. They also evaluated the interaction of race and vascular risk factors. The study group comprised a large group of individuals who lived in the Stroke Belt (a region in Southeastern United States where health officials have found a higher incidence of strokes). The researchers found that in healthy people, those who more closely followed the Mediterranean diet, were less likely to develop a decline in their thinking and memory skills.
The researchers accessed data from individuals enrolled in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study 2003–2007; they excluded people with a history of stroke, impaired cognitive status at baseline, and missing data on Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs). Adherence to a Mediterranean diet (scored as 0–9) was computed from FFQs. Cognitive status was evaluated at baseline and annually during an average follow-up period of 4.0 ± 1.5 years using Six-item-Screener.
The investigators identified cognitive impairment in 1,248 (7%) of 17,478 individuals fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with lower likelihood of cognitive impairment after adjustment for potential confounders including demographic characteristics, environmental factors, vascular risk factors, depressive symptoms, and self-reported health status. No interaction was found between race and association of adherence to a Mediterranean diet with cognitive status. However, they identified a strong interaction of diabetes on the relationship of adherence to a Mediterranean diet with cognitive impairment; high adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower likelihood of cognitive impairment in non-diabetic participants but not in diabetic individuals.
The study authors concluded that higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower likelihood of cognitive impairment independent of potential confounders. This association was moderated by the presence of diabetes.
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Video of the Day
Around 1900, three species of mole crickets were introduced to the southeastern United States. These insects are flightless, thus they are restricted mostly to their initial origin; although some have been redistributed north and west. Mole crickets undergo simple metamorphosis consisting of three developmental phases: egg, nymph and adult.
The life cycle of a mole cricket begins in late spring when eggs are produced and ends in early fall when the insect reaches adult stage. One generation produced per year is normal. However, in warmer climates such as southern Florida, mole crickets are able to produce eggs throughout the year, allowing for two generations. Since mole crickets are soil insects who tunnel for shelter and breeding, they often disturb plant life as adults.
Mole crickets dig a 3- to 4-centimeter-long by 3- to 4-centimeter-deep channel into their soil tunnel in preparation for egg storage. In late spring and early summer, mole cricket females lay their clusters of eggs, depositing typically 25 to 60 eggs, each female producing four to five clutches per spring. These brown- to grey-colored eggs are bean-shaped, measuring 3 millimeters in length. Mole crickets are in their egg stage for no more than 40 days.
After hatching, the mole crickets are in their nymph phase of metamorphosis. Nymphs resemble adult mole crickets with less-developed wings. Immediately after hatching from their eggs, mole crickets are white; they gradually change to dark brown after 24 hours. They typically go through eight periods of shedding as they grow. For sustenance, nymphs feed on their own egg shell or cannibalize nearby siblings. As the sun goes down, nymph mole crickets dig up through the soil to surface and forage. This stage of the mole cricket life cycle lasts approximately four months, from July to October.
After six months of growth during the egg and nymph stage, mole crickets reach their adult stage. Adult mole crickets grow upward of an inch and a half. Appendages of adult mole crickets are fully developed, especially the front legs; since they are used for digging tunnels in soil. Females do not have ovipositors. At night, males produce mating songs to attract females into their burrows in hopes of starting the life cycle over again. Mole crickets typically live no more than one year, with males dying soon after mating and females dying soon after laying eggs.
- FPG/Retrofile/Getty Images
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The Dow Jones Industrial Average just broke 20,000 for the first time.
Traders and investors cheered this historic high of the world’s most famous stock market index, which is composed of 30 of the biggest and best-performing American companies and is frequently used as a barometer of the strength of the economy.
Even though it took a little while, after several close calls in recent weeks, it’s hardly a surprise that the Dow hit this particular milestone. It and other major stock indexes like the Standard & Poor’s 500 have two key features that ensure that they will continually rise and break new zero-filled records: They ignore inflation and are heavily curated.
No inflation adjustment
The first reason why stock market indexes, like the Dow, rise over long periods of time is that the indexes are not adjusted for inflation.
Inflation is when overall prices increase. It is a modern occurrence in most major countries. When there’s inflation, everything costs more as time passes, including the price of shares of stock.
The Dow Jones index is calculated by adding up the non-adjusted stock prices of all 30 members and dividing by something known as the “Dow divisor,” which is continually adjusted to account for stock splits, spin offs and other changes. This divisor ensures historical continuity.
The importance of the long-term inflation in driving stock market indexes higher is seen by understanding the “rule of 70.” This rule shows how long it takes for the average price in the economy to double. For example, if something costs US$10 today, the rule of 70 shows how many years it will take for the price to reach $20.
To determine the number of years, divide 70 by the inflation rate stripped of its percentage sign. Details on the rule of 70 are discussed in chapter 12 of my textbook.
Since the turn of the 21st century, U.S. inflation has increased prices by roughly 2.2 percent per year. If prices continue to rise at this rate, then the typical price of most things in the U.S. will double roughly every 32 years (70 divided by 2.2). So if inflation were to persist at this rate, this means about three decades from now the Dow will hit 40,000, even if businesses sell the exact same number of cars, phones, movies, meals and all the other things available in the economy.
Underperformers are eliminated
The second reason why the Dow inevitably rises over long periods of time is that under performing companies are periodically removed from the index and replaced by companies that are performing better.
Replacing under performing companies that have a falling stock price, with companies that have a rising stock price ensures the index continues to climb over the long term.
Charles Dow, one of the founders of the Wall Street Journal newspaper, started the Dow Jones Industrial Average in May of 1886. His intention 120 years ago was not to create an index that regularly hit new highs. Instead, the goal was to give readers a single number to give them a quick understanding of how the stocks of the most important companies were faring.
Nevertheless, because the list of companies in the Dow has changed many times to eliminate under performing stocks, it is essentially designed, even if by accident, to climb ever higher.
The Dow for decades has been comprised of 30 stocks. Nevertheless, over its 120 year existence there have been 133 different companies on the list. The editors of the Wall Street Journal choose which companies are in the index and once a year, on average, add a new company to the list and drop an old one.
Since 2010, the Dow has included five new companies; Apple, Goldman Sachs, Nike, United Healthcare and Visa. To keep the list fixed at 30, five companies have been dropped: Alcoa, AT&T, Bank of America, Kraft Foods and Hewlett-Packard.
General Electric, or GE, is the only company that was both on the original 1886 list and included in the index today. Nevertheless, even this major company founded by Thomas Edison has not been on the list continuously. It was dropped in 1901 and then reinstated at the end of 1907.
Many famous companies in America were on the Dow and then were dropped before going bankrupt or drastically shrinking in size. Eastman Kodak was dropped in 2004, while Bethlehem Steel was removed in 1997, both only a few years before going bankrupt. The editors knocked off Sears Roebuck in 1999 and F.W. Woolworth in 1997 as people shifted away from buying items at department stores and five and dimes.
The periodic replacement of companies means the Dow operates like an actively managed mutual fund, in which humans pick companies that are expected to do well in the future. The Dow needs periodic human intervention. Without it, the list would slowly atrophy as companies die off or become less relevant to the overall economy.
Dow 40,000, here we come
In sum, the presence of inflation in the U.S. and the continued efforts of editors at the Wall Street Journal to replace lagging companies in the index with companies that have high-flying prospects and stock prices will always result in headlines every so often that trumpet “turn-of-the-odometer” milestones like 25,000 and 30,000.
The question is not whether the Dow will reach 40,000. The only question is when?
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Friday 13th creeps up on us once, twice or sometimes even three times a year, and while some people treat it with a pinch of salt, others are paralysed with fear on this ill-boding date.
But where does the superstition come from and how often does Friday 13th come around?
How many times a year do we get Friday 13th?
Friday 13th feels like a very rare phenomenon, but each year we get it at least once – it happens every time a month starts with a Sunday.
On some extra unlucky years we can get three Friday 13ths. For example, in 2015, the 13th of the month fell on a Friday three times – in February, March and November.
Last year we had a double-whammy of bad luck, with the 13th falling on a Friday in March and November.
But in 2021, we’re back to just one Friday 13th – in August – and the same goes for 2022.
Where did the superstition come from?
There are various theories about why Friday 13th is considered an unlucky date. Throughout history, both the number 13 and the day of Friday have been considered unlucky, so combined the bad luck is magnified.
Some attribute the superstitions around Friday 13th to the story of Jesus’s last supper and crucifixion. The painting of The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci presents 13 people in the Upper Room on the 13th of Nisan Maundy Thursday, the night before Jesus’s death on Good Friday.
However it’s been argued that there’s no record of Friday and the 13th being referred to as unlucky before the 19th century.
In Henry Sutherland Edwards’ 1869 biography of Italian composer Gioachino Rossini, who died on Friday 13th November, it’s documented that Rossini regarded Friday as an unlucky day and the 13th as an unlucky number.
It’s also possible that the novel titled Friday, the Thirteenth, written by Thomas W. Lawson in 1907 helped spread the superstition.
The book tells the story of an unscrupulous broker who takes advantage of the Friday 13th superstition to create a Wall Street panic on that date.
It’s also been suggested that the superstition comes from an incident that took place way back on Friday 13th 1307, when Philip IV of France arrested hundreds of the Knights Templar.
This is mentioned in the 1955 historical novel The Iron King by Maurice Druon and later in Dan Brown’s 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, as well as in various other publications.
Do other countries believe Friday 13th is unlucky?
In the UK and the US, Friday 13th is considered an unlucky date, however this doesn’t hold true for all countries.
In Spanish-speaking countries, Tuesday 13th (or Martes Trece) is considered a day of bad luck, and this occurs on months that start on a Thursday.
The Greeks also consider Tuesday, and especially Tuesday 13th, to be unlucky.
In Greek mythology, Ares the god of war is associated with Tuesday, and various unfortunate historical events took place on Tuesday 13th.
These include the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade, which happened on Tuesday 13 April 1204 and the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, which took place on Tuesday 29 May 1453.
Meanwhile in Italy, 13 is actually considered a lucky number – and this was also the case in ancient Egypt and China.
Friday 17th rather than 13th is the day of bad luck in Italy, and it’s said that this comes from the number’s Roman numerals (XVII).
By shuffling the digits around, you can get the word VIXI, which in Latin means ‘I have lived’, implying death in the present and an omen of bad luck.
Why are people afraid of the number 13?
The irrational fear of the number 13 is called “triskaidekaphobia”.
It’s been said that fear of the number 13 is linked to 12 being a number of perfection.
For example, there are 12 months in a year, 12 hours on a clock and 12 zodiac signs, making 13 seem an irrational number that brings bad luck.
Dinner parties of 13 people are still considered unlucky, and many hotels don’t have a room number 13. Some major airlines, such as Air France, Lufthansa and Ryanair, don’t have a 13th row.
How does superstition around Friday 13th impact society?
While some people take the superstition around Friday 13th with a pinch of salt, other people avoid going to work or driving on Friday 13th for fear that something bad might happen.
And according to an article on CNBC, the Stress Management Center and Phobia Institute in North Carolina estimates between $700 million and $800 million are lost every Friday the 13th because of people’s refusal to travel, purchase major items or conduct business.
Are there more accidents on Friday 13th?
A study published in the British Medical Journal in 1993 drew wide media interest for stating: “Friday 13th is unlucky for some. The risk of hospital admission as a result of a transport accident may be increased by as much as 52%. Staying at home is recommended.”
However, since then there has been no conclusive study to suggest that there are any more accidents on Friday 13th than any other day of the year.
In fact, a recent study by CE Safety found that people are more likely to die at work on Tuesday the 8th.
That said, several accidents in history have taken place on Friday 13th, for example:
- The Costa Concordia cruise liner disaster which killed 32 people, happened on January 13, 2012
- Buckingham Palace was bombed on September 13, 1940, during WW2
- In 1972, Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crashed a glacier in the remote Andes on October 13
- Tupac Shakur passed away on September 13, 1996, after being shot on September 7
So whether you believe the superstitious hype or see it as just a bit of fun, try to stay safe this Friday 13th – and don’t walk under any ladders.
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Although we know that babies delivered prematurely cry, researchers are still learning about how babies cry in the womb. Recent research in New Zealand revealed evidence of crying patterns in the unborn child at 28 weeks into pregnancy. Video footage was made of the baby crying in response to loud noise that made the child uncomfortable. Professor Ed Mitchell said the following to the London Sun newspaper: “It was strikingly like an infant crying. Even the bottom lip quivers.”
This evidence is part of a growing body of research that reveals the unborn child as much more similar to the born child than many imagine. Other studies have shown how these babies learn sounds that they hear while in the womb. As the unborn become more visible, may their rights be more recognized.
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My son goes to school at Lipscomb University in Nashville.
But right down the street is a far more famous university—Vanderbilt. I’ve driven by it. It’s impressive, and even by reputation the strength of the school seems to emit an aura of its own.
Hailing originally from the Netherlands, the Vanderbilt family had farming roots. Cornelius Vanderbilt was born into a family of modest means on Staten Island, New York. He left school at the age of 11 and began in the shipping business with a single boat.
Against all odds, he established his company in the wake of more established competitors. Cornelius, by all accounts, was considered to be a hard-driving, rough character who molded an empire out of stone.
At the time of his death in 1877, he was considered the wealthiest man in America and left $1 million dollars to establish Vanderbilt University in Nashville. The majority of his estate was left to his oldest son William who lived just 8 more years after his father’s death.
Although Cornelius had always lived a modest life, such was not the case with his children. They became known for building huge mansions and living lavish lifestyles—at one point, they owned 10 mansions on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.
By 1947, all 10 mansions had been torn down and the contents auctioned. Within 30 years of his death, no member of the Vanderbilt family was listed as the richest in America. And 48 years after his death, one of his grandchildren was said to have died penniless.
Aside from Vanderbilt University, few would recognize the legacy of Cornelius Vanderbilt other than a failed one. But his life serves as the illustration that we all will leave a legacy, and we get to choose what kind of legacy it will be.
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The man who taught Mandela to be a soldierBreaking News
tags: Nelson Mandela, Ethiopia
In July 1962, Col Fekadu Wakene taught South African political activist Nelson Mandela the tricks of guerrilla warfare - including how to plant explosives before slipping quietly away into the night.
Mr Mandela was in Ethiopia, learning how to be the commander-in-chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe - the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC).
The group had announced its arrival at the end of 1961 by blowing-up electricity pylons in various places in South Africa.
Then on 11 January 1962, Mr Mandela had secretly, and illegally, slipped out of South Africa.
His mission was to meet as many African political leaders as possible and garner assistance for the ANC, including money and training for its military wing.
And to be moulded into a soldier himself....
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Have you ever wondered about the oats that you eat every morning for breakfast and where they came from or what the difference might be between the many different types? Two main types of oats compete for the most consumed: rolled oats and quick oats.
They may look similar when cooked, but there are a few main differences between quick oats and rolled oats. Primarily, the main difference between quick oats and rolled oats is how they are processed.
The different ways the oat groats are processed impacts the texture of the oats as well as its cooking times.
Credits: No Revisions
What are Oats?
Let’s start at the very beginning. What exactly are oats? Oats are whole grains that are filled with antioxidants, fiber, and vitamins. They contain higher amounts of healthy fats and protein than other grains.
Oats are also gluten free and can even lower cholesterol and manage blood sugar because of their low glycemic index.
Besides these health benefits, oats also have the ability to take on the flavors of what they are cooked in or with, which makes them great to cook with for any meal.
Oats start out as oat groats, or whole-grain oat kernels that have been hulled and ready for processing. Quick and rolled oats are then processed in different ways at this point, leading to different cook times as well as textures.
Oats are cereal grains that are typically grown in temperate areas as they grow best in cool climates and can tolerate more rain than other cereal grains. Although typically used in cereals and baked goods, they can be used in soups and even livestock feed.
How Are Quick Oats and Rolled Oats Processed?
Quick oats and rolled oats are both derived from the same whole grain source. The key differences between the two, and all other forms of oats, is in how they are processed from being hulled, cut, rolled and ground.
Oat groats are removed from their outer shell to expose the seed or groat. These groats are edible and used for items such as cereals, stews and soups. The key difference in rolled or quick oats are how they are treated after being hulled or removed from the hard outer shell.
Cooking oats or quick oats are rolled thinner than a rolled oat. This means the amount of time it takes to cook them is reduced to a few minutes, making them easier and quicker to prepare.
Quick cooking oats are first steamed and cooked through completely. Once they are cooked through, they are dried and pressed. This pre-cooking and pressing means that they take even less time to cook than other forms of oats.
This pre-cooking and pressing technique does mean that quick oats do not hold their texture as well as other types because of their thinner texture. This loss of texture can cause you to miss the crunch you’d get with other oats. Quick oats can typically have a more subdued flavor than other oats.
Rolled Oats are also known as old-fashioned oats or whole oats. They typically look flat, round-ish and slightly textured.
This type of oat is also made by first steaming oat groats that are then slightly pressed by a mill. The steaming process allows the groats to be pressed without cracking, which helps them keep their oval shape.
Pressing the oats helps them retain their healthy oils, allowing them to stay fresh longer. Typically, rolled or old-fashioned oats can keep for 6 to 9 months after you open them.
Rolled oats can take longer to cook than quick oats, but do cook quicker than steel-cut oats or Irish oats because of their slightly larger surface area thanks to their pressing.
Rolled oats also maintain a thicker texture than quick oats, ensuring they keep a better crunch than their quick counterparts.
This type of oat is great for overnight oats, the no-cook form of oatmeal that sits overnight in a liquid of your choice in your refrigerator. It gives a porridge-like breakfast option that you can take on the go.
Credits: Cleanlight Photo
How To Cook Quick Oats vs Rolled Oats
Because of the differences in texture, quick oats and rolled oats are cooked differently, depending on what you are trying to cook or bake them in. Let’s use traditional oatmeal as an example.
For rolled or old-fashioned oats, you would bring 1 cup of water or milk to a boil with ½ cup of rolled oats. Then, you’d reduce to medium-low heat and cook the oats, occasionally stirring, for approximately 5 minutes. Remove from heat and rest for 2 to 3 minutes before consuming.
You could also mix 1 cup of water or milk with ½ a cup of oats and microwave on high for 2 to 3 minutes in a microwave-safe bowl. Let cool before consuming.
For quick oats, you would bring 1 cup of water or milk to a boil, then add in ½ cup of rolled oats. You then reduce to medium or medium-low heat and stir occasionally. Cook the oats for 1 to 2 minutes and remove from heat. Let rest for 2 to 3 minutes before consuming.
For microwave cooking, mix 1 cup of milk or water with ½ cup oats and microwave on high for 1 to 2 minutes.
Either way, keep a close eye on quick oats as they tend to cook quickly and could easily be overcooked on both the stove and in the microwave.
What Oats Should I Use To Cook With?
When it comes to nutrition facts, both rolled and quick oats are a nutritious source of whole grains and contain fiber and other minerals that are beneficial for your diet.
When choosing the right oat to incorporate into your diet or meal prep, consider which type best fits your lifestyle or schedule.
The most significant factor to consider when cooking or baking with rolled oats or quick oats is texture and cook time. Rolled oats keep and offer more texture, while quick oats have a mushier result.
If you tend to be on the go and need something quick while you’re running out the door, then quick oats may be better for you. If you’re looking for thicker, firmer oatmeal, then old-fashioned oats may be the better choice.
Which Type of Oat is Healthier For You: Rolled vs. Quick Oats
Although they differ in texture and cook time, rolled and quick oats both have similar nutritional value because they both come from the same source: Whole oat groats.
There are numerous health benefits you can derive from both rolled and quick oats. Those benefits include being a great source of dietary fiber as well as plant-based protein, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants.
Oats are also gluten-free, making them an excellent option for those with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity.
Both rolled and quick oats also offer beta-glucan, a soluble fiber that is known for lowering LDL and overall cholesterol levels. This can help your heart health and reduce heart attack and stroke risks.
Beta-glucan can also help you feel full longer by slowing the process of stomach emptying and slowing the rate of digestion. Oats can even support weight loss due to their soluble fiber content and prevent type 2 diabetes.
According to the American Heart Association, at least half of the grains you eat should be whole grains, which means oats are a great way to incorporate whole grains into your diet.
Overall, both types of oats offer numerous health benefits, including lowering cholesterol levels and leaving you feeling fuller longer. They are also a great source of fiber, protein, and antioxidants.
If you consume uncooked oats like overnight oats, you consume resistant starch. These starches resist digestion in the small intestine and ferment in the large intestine, which means these fermented fibers can act as a prebiotic and will feed good bacteria to your gut.
Numerous studies have also supported the multiple claims of the health benefits of consuming oats on a regular basis. One study of 80 people with high cholesterol found that when participants consumed 70 grams of oats for 28 days, an 8% reduction in total cholesterol was achieved, and an 11% reduction in LDL cholesterol was also recorded.
Are Instant Oats The Same As Quick Oats?
Quick oats are not the same as instant oats. Instant oats typically come in prepackaged bags with pre-mixed flavors. Instant oatmeal does not need to be cooked on the stove and typically can be whipped up with some water in a microwave.
Be careful to read nutritional labels for instant oats, as they tend to have large amounts of sugar and preservatives. Overnight oats with rolled or quick oats would be a great on-the-go option that is easy to grab and requires a little pre-planning or prep.
What Can You Cook Using Rolled and Quick Oats?
Other than oatmeal, you can use both rolled and quick oats for a number of recipes for both breakfast and other meals throughout the day. Rolled oats are great in soups and stews, as well as meatless or veggie burgers. You can also make cookies and bars as well if you’re a baker.
An important thing to keep in mind when choosing what you want to cook with the various types of oats is the texture and flavor. Rolled oats will keep a chewy texture and nutty flavor more so than quick oats. Quick oats will tend to fold into baked goods easily but will not retain their shape or texture, resulting in a mushier finish.
Credits: Jocelyn Morales
Can I Substitute Rolled Oats For Quick Oats?
Yes. The great thing about rolled and quick oats is that you can interchange them in most recipes.
Some key differences to keep in mind: rolled oats will add chewiness and texture to the end product, while quick oats will blend better and leave less texture due to their overall thinner texture and, therefore, blend-ability.
If your recipe calls for quick-cook oats, but you only have rolled oats on hand, you can also pulse the rolled oats in a food processor to get an oat that’s more like quick oats in texture.
How Can I Include More Oats Into My Diet?
Although typically seen as a breakfast food, oats can be consumed in numerous ways throughout the day. For example, you can add raw oats to your smoothie for a fiber boost or use them as a substitute for breadcrumbs to coat chicken or fish. You can even use them instead of rice when making risotto or top veggies with cooked oats for more texture.
What Are The Other Types Of Oats?
Another popular type of oat is steel-cut oats, also known as Irish or Scottish oats. These oats are typically processed by crushing the oat groat into pieces rather than rolling them. These types of oat usually have a similar shape to rice.
Steel-cut oats require the longest cooking time and also retain much of its shape even after it is cooked. It is used for porridge and has even been used to help meatloaf retain its shape.
Unlike rolled and quick oats, which can be interchangeably used in recipes, steel-cut oats can not be substituted with any other type of oat.
How Do You Store Oats?
To keep your oats in the best possible shape between uses, store them in a cool, dry place within a tightly closed container.
To keep your oats safe from pantry pests, freeze the oats before you store them and/or store them in an oxygen-free environment.
Also, to avoid mold growth, avoid storing your oats in a place with high humidity. Oats are like little sponges and can easily absorb liquids as well as smells from their nearby environments if not stored correctly.
Oats can last a long time if stored correctly but should typically be consumed within 12 to 24 months of purchase. Store them in air-tight containers such as mason jars or food-safe plastic containers.
Because rolled and instant oats are steamed and flattened, which helps stabilize their natural oils, they will typically last longer than steel-cut oats.
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Comparative Literature | Comparative Literature Women in World Literature: Drama
C340 | 14846 | Marie Valverde
It is the year 431 BC, and you
(a male Athenian citizen) are attending
the festival of Dionysus in Athens.
A performance of Euripides’ Medea begins,
and the first person on the stage is the nurse. Medea
makes her appearance on stage shortly thereafter.
But wait! Both women are males, disguised in female
garb. Indeed, men are the only actors in a Greek theater.
As Froma Zeitlin explains “in order to represent women
on stage, men must always put on a feminine costume
and mask.” To be sure, “It is not a women who speaks
and acts for herself and in herself on stage; it is always
a man who impersonates her.”
Though women did not perform their own roles and
represent themselves on stage in the classical era and even in
Shakespeare’s day, women played crucial roles in dramatic
performances. In fact, women in tragedy and comedy often assumed more
powerful and prominent roles than men. The question then arises, how
accurate of a representation do dramatic texts (written by and
presumably for men) provide us regarding the role of women in society?
Even during the Elizabethan era, female parts were performed by men,
and yet women frequently attended the theater.
Theater provides us with a very unique and enlightening perspective
from which to examine the role of women in society. Though we
primarily read dramatic texts today, the presence and cohesion of the
audience was a crucial dimension of the production of plays. The
experience of going to the theater in classical Athens and in early
modern England was very different than it is today. Attending a
dramatic performance today is an individual experience and we are
merely solitary spectators; however, attending the theater used to be
an exercise in self-definition in which the audience formed a
collective and cohesive whole. Consequently, the performance of a
man-as-woman or later of a woman-as-woman served to continually
(re)define the role of women in society.
In this course, we will examine how women are portrayed in dramatic
texts (both comic and tragic) from the classical era to the modern,
and we will read a variety of comic and tragic playwrights, such as
Sophocles, Euripides, Seneca, Shakespeare, Racine, Isben, and Miller.
We will even read a few adaptations of classical texts, such as
Maureen Duffy’s Rites, that are written by female writers who attempt
to refocus the attention of and on women.
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The black kite is a very common hawk that occurs widely throughout Australia, Africa and Asia. They are gregarious and opportunistic, with large flocks sometimes gathering around cattle yards, slaughterhouses and refuse dumps where they scavenge for scraps. Black kites will also rob nestlings, steal food from other birds, as well as prey on small birds and insects. They are excellent soarers, and occasionally cross the Tasman Sea to New Zealand.
The black kite is a medium-sized dark brown hawk with longish rectangular, harrier-like wings, with pale brown across the shoulders. It has a long distinctly forked tail, and the legs and feet are short and weak. The soft parts including eyes are yellow. They are commonly seen gliding, soaring, or quartering the ground in search for food. Their flight is very distinctive and buoyant, the tail is continually opening, closing and flexing with the air-currents and when gliding, the carpal joint is often well forward with the wingtips slightly drooped.
Voice: a high pitched quavering “kwee-err”; a staccato “keee-ki-ki-ki” including whistles and squeals.
Similar species: the black kite is similar to the much more common swamp harrier. Unlike the harrier, the black kite does not soar with its wings held in a shallow V, but has a more flattened profile. It also lacks the harrier’s distinctive pale rump and long legs.
Distribution and habitat
Widespread and common throughout southern Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.
New Zealand records
There are eight widely scattered records from both the North and South Islands: Renwick, Marlborough (1992-1994, and again 2000-15), Glentanner, Lake Pukaki (1994), Wanaka Airport (1996), various South Auckland localities (2001-2003), Pirinoa, Wairarapa (2002), Inglewood, Taranaki (2009), and near Mercer (2016-17). The single vagrant black kite seen near Renwick in 1992-94 is likely to be the same bird reported there in 2006. This bird was still present near Renwick in early 2015, having presumably been in the area some 23 years, roosting in a group of gums off the Waihopai Valley Road. This area of Marlborough has an open landscape and warm climate, similar to areas where these kites live overseas.
Behaviour and ecology
Black kites prefer open plains and countryside, in warm to dry, semi-arid to arid areas. They are typically gregarious, and are often seen in small to very large flocks. They are able to soar effortlessly to great heights. When walking, they appear to shuffle along on short legs with their tails held horizontally off the ground. In New Zealand, reports of the Renwick black kite indicate that the bird was quite sedentary. The decades-long presence of this bird shows that black kites can survive long-term in parts of the New Zealand landscape.
The black kite is a very opportunistic and successful hawk. Its diet is mainly carrion but it also includes human refuse, shellfish, fish, small mammals, reptiles, insects and birds. It will also steal food from other birds. In their native lands, they take advantage of rodent and insect plagues, as well as capturing small birds, mammals and insects fleeing from bush fires and agricultural burn-offs.
Cupper, J; Cupper, L. 1981. Hawks in focus, a study of Australia’s birds of prey. Jaclin Enterprises, Midura, Australia
Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (eds). 1993. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Volume 2: raptors to Lapwings. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
Miskelly, C.M.; Crossland, A.C.; Sagar, P.M.; Saville, I.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Bell, E.A. 2017. Vagrant and extra-limital records accepted by the Birds New Zealand Records Appraisal Committee 2015-2016. Notornis 64: 57-67.
Olsen, P.; Crome, F.; Olsen, J. 1993. Birds of prey and ground birds of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Olsen, P. 1995. Australian birds of prey; the biology and ecology of raptors. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Australia.
Hyde, N.H.S.; Bell, M.; Seaton, R. 2013 [updated 2017]. Black kite. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
- Breeding season
- Egg laying dates
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Assessment is the process by which programs evaluate what students know, think, or do as a result of those programs. Programs then use assessment results to make any improvements needed to the curriculum. In addition to this main purpose, assessment results are also of beneficial use when it comes to demonstrating that an institution has met accreditation and performance funding standards.
Programmatic assessment at UTK is outlined by five main steps in a cycle, as seen below. It’s important to note that the cycle is iterative, meaning changes can be made at any step when deemed necessary by the program.
Assessment is NOT
- The only information considered when evaluating programs
- Course Grades
- Course grades indicate the extent to which students have individually met course requirements. In contrast, assessment results indicate the extent to which students, as an aggregate, have met program objectives.
- Assignment of course grades vary across courses and course sections. Additionally, course grades often include things such as attendance that aren’t directly related to program objectives, and there can be a lot of subjectivity in how instructors assign grades. In contrast, assessment is intended to directly measure program objectives and to be as objective as possible (e.g., performing inter-rater reliability checks for any rubrics the program uses to evaluate student performance).
- Student Opinions or Satisfaction
- Because the purpose of assessment is to determine how much students have learned or developed as a result of the program, it’s essential to have direct measures of student learning (i.e. directly testing what the student knows, thinks, or does). Student opinions or satisfaction can provide additional information, but ultimately are indirect measures and thus should not be used as the only measure for a program objective.
For more information on assessment, visit the Tennessee Teaching and Learning Center’s page at http://tenntlc.utk.edu/programmatic-and-course-based-assessment/
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Relationship among estimates
of biodiversity value:
If greater biodiversity value is associated with richness in a currency of expressible genes (or the characters of organisms for which they code), then when resources for sampling are limited, higher levels of biological organisation (or of the environmental factors affecting its distribution) will have to be employed for more practical surrogate measures (the term assemblages is used here for non-monophyletic groups of organisms, although it is debatable whether ecosystems, if defined in terms of processes, can be mapped and counted). Choosing a surrogacy level from this scale is a compromise between precision of the measure on the one hand, and availability of data and cost of data acquisition on the other (ref 4) (below):
Choosing surrogates to use in measuring biodiversity value
Many of these relationships remain very poorly understood, so that they must be used with due care for establishing supporting evidence from test samples.
A consequence of this approach to valuing biodiversity is that it provides one possible unified view of the traditional three levels at which biodiversity has been described. In effect it uses genetic diversity as a basis for valuing both species diversity (for their relative richness in different genes) and ecosystem diversity (for the relative richness in the different processes to which the genes ultimately contribute).
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|
en
| 0.927445 | 262 | 3.203125 | 3 |
10 Famous U.S. prisons
Location: San Francisco
Year opened: 1934 (closed 1963)
Inmate population: 336
Facts: During its 29 year history Alcatraz incarcerated 1,576 prisoners
-- from Robert Stroud, "The Birdman of Alcatraz," to Alvin Karpis,
the first public enemy No. 1. There were 14 escape attempts from "The
Rock." The prison closed in 1963 because it was too costly to operate
-- nearly 1 million gallons of water were shipped to the island each week.
Alcatraz is now a national park site -- it has nearly 1 million visitors
Location: Angola, La.
Year opened: 1835
Inmate population: 5,108
Facts: Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola is America's largest maximum-security
prison. The prison sits on 18,000 acres of farmland-- corn and soybeans
are the primary crops. It also has a herd of 1,500 cattle. Angola is the
only prison in America that offers a college degree program on prison
Location: Atlanta, Ga.
Year opened: 1902
Facts: Until Boulder Dam was built in 1932, Atlanta Federal Penitentiary
was the largest cement mass in America. In 1920 inmate Eugene V. Debs
ran for president of the United States from his jail cell, and won 3.5
percent of the vote. His sentence was commuted a year later, on Christmas
Day, by President Warren G. Harding. In 1931, Al Capone began to serve
his sentence for tax evasion at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary.
Location: Attica, N.Y.
Year opened: 1931
Inmate population: 2,200
Facts: In 1971, 1,300 prisoners staged a four-day rebellion and took over
Attica Correctional Facility in upstate New York. Forty-two people were
killed, including 10 hostages. Nearly 1,500 police and National Guardsmen
stormed the prison to quell the riot.
Eastern State Penitentiary
Year opened: 1829 (closed 1971)
Inmate population: 1,700 at its peak in the 1920s
Facts: Eastern State Penitentiary was one of the earliest American prisons.
Its radial floor plan was copied throughout the world by more than 300
prisons. The prisoners were isolated, forced to reflect on their crimes
and become penitent. This new Quaker-inspired prison was dubbed a penitentiary.
The prison closed after 142 years and is now a museum.
Folsom State Prison
Location: Represa, Calif.
Year opened: 1880
Inmate population: 7,246
Facts: Folsom was one of America's first maximum-security prisons. It's
now a medium-security facility. In 1968, country singer Johnny Cash put
the prison and himself on the map. Cash performed a live a concert and
released a hit album titled "Folsom Prison Blues."
Location: Leavenworth, Kan.
Year opened: 1906
Inmate population: 1,642
Facts: Leavenworth's walls are 40 feet high and extend 40 feet below ground.
Robert Stroud, "The Birdman of Alcatraz," spent 30 years at
Leavenworth, and this is where he gained worldwide fame as a bird expert.
Location: Steilacoom, Wash.
Year opened: 1875
Inmate population: 908
Facts: McNeil Island is 2.25 miles wide and 3 miles long, and it's the
oldest prison in the Northwest. The remote Washington state prison is
the last prison in America located on an island that's only accessible
by boat or helicopter. Charles Manson was an inmate here from 1961 to
Location: San Quentin, Calif.
Year opened: 1852
Inmate population: 5,967
Facts: Overlooking San Francisco Bay, San Quentin is California's oldest
correctional institution, and it houses the state's only gas chamber.
Charles Manson and stagecoach-robber Black Bart were inmates at San Quentin.
Location: Ossining, N.Y.
Year opened: 1825
Inmate population: 1,533
Facts: The phrase "up the river" refers to prisoners being sent
up the Hudson River from New York to Sing Sing prison. The prison is closely
associated with the electric chair, and between 1890 and 1963, 613 men
and women were executed by this method. In 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
were put to death at Sing Sing for espionage during the Cold War.
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| 0.93847 | 966 | 3.125 | 3 |
So, this post isn't for xenophobia, it's anti xenophobia, but that didn't look right in the title. Just so we're clear...
What is xenophobia anyway? It's the fear and hatred of people who are different from you. Basically, you hold your people (whatever that means to you) in high esteem and significantly dislike and/or are fearful of people who are different from you. Most of the time, this word is used in terms of race, but in recent years we've seen it used more often in regards to religion (hello Islamophobia). But fill in any form of prejudice and it still applies:
Socioeconomic Status (all poor people are lazy)
Disability *Visible or Not Visible* (I don't want kids with ADHD in class with my child)
Country of Origin (Mexicans are rapists - sound familiar?)
Family Structure (All single mothers are poor and on welfare)
Neighborhood/Region (A lot of the kids at that school are from across the river - something very real here in DC)
All of these quotes don't necessarily sound like hate (except the rapist one - I mean, c'mon), but they are the precursors to hateful feelings and behaviors. When we read articles that talk about teenagers who engage in hateful behaviors (such as this... and this... and this...), it's important to remember that these behaviors did not come out of nowhere. These kids learned these feelings and attitudes from somewhere. More often than not, the message that these attitudes are ok are communicated inadvertently. But that doesn't make them any less powerful...
So how do you raise a kid who is not xenophobic? A child, and eventual adult, who values and appreciates people who are different from them. Here are a few suggestions. There are always more options, but start with these - especially the first one. It's really important:
What will you try first? Let us know what you try in the comments below. And check back next week for letter Y. Better yet, sign up for the newsletter so you don't have to remember to check. Tips, strategies, & fun delivered right to your inbox every week. Share with others & enjoy!
Dr. Sweeney is a licensed school psychologist and cultural competence expert. Here are her musings on life in a multicultural world.
Interested in writing a guest blog post? Contact me for more information!
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EDC Center for Children and Technology
(TR1) Toward a Design Science of Education
Many technologies have been introduced in classrooms all over the world, but these in-novations have provided remarkably little systematic knowledge or accumulated wis-dom to guide the development of future in-novations. This paper introduces the pro-gram of work being undertaken by the Center for Technology in Education, which consists of three components: to synthesize research on technological innovations; to develop a methodology for carrying out de-sign experiments; to study different ways of using technology in classrooms and schools; and to begin to construct a systematic science of how to design educational environments so that new technologies can be introduced successfully.
[ Paper ]
[ Home | About CCT | Projects | Newsletters | Reports | Staff | Links | EDC Home ]
Last Update: 11/18/96
Comments on the CCT Web site: Webspinner.
©1996 Education Development Center, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Ozone pollution, caused by persistent heat this week, may create health risks
July 29, 2009
NEW — 2:20 p.m. July 28, 2009
Persistent high temperatures are raising ozone pollution in the greater-Seattle area and increasing health risks for sensitive populations, including children, teens, the elderly, people living with COPD, asthma or other lung disease, and people who work outdoors.
The Puget Sound Clean Air Agency announced today that air quality is expected to reach the “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups,” or orange category, for some locations in King County. The American Lung Association in Washington is asking residents to take precautions and limit their exposure to unhealthy levels of air pollution.
“While certain segments of the population are more prone to illnesses related to high ozone pollution, all individuals may be at risk, especially when levels reach the orange category,” said Astrid Berg, executive director of the American Lung Association in Washington. “Even low ozone levels can trigger health problems in some people, including chest pains, coughing, nausea, throat irritation and congestion.”
Ozone pollution increases in hot weather when sunlight mixes with gasoline vapors, chemical solvents and exhaust from cars, making the hottest part of the day the unhealthiest.
People can take these steps to protect themselves from unhealthy ozone levels:
- Limit outdoor activity.
- Exercise early in the morning or indoors.
- Pay attention to respiratory symptoms, such as coughing and wheezing, and see your doctor if necessary.
Breathing in ozone is like having a sunburn on your lungs. When ozone is inhaled, lungs become inflamed or swollen. Breathing ozone can cause coughing and asthma attacks and send people to the emergency room. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, 10 percent to 20 percent of all summertime respiratory-related hospital visits in some areas of the U.S. are associated with ozone pollution. Ozone exposure can even shorten life.
People can help reduce ozone levels by driving less or carpooling, turning off lights and limiting use of gas-powered yard equipment to morning and evening.
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| 0.924326 | 440 | 3.015625 | 3 |
- Identify is defined as to put oneself in another's place or sympathize with someone.
An example of identify is a woman watching a movie and feeling the pain felt by a woman character in the movie.
- Identify means to determine who or what someone or something is.
- An example of identify is finding out what species a flower belongs to.
- An example of identify is security asking for someone's driver's license to find out if they are over 21.
- to make identical; consider or treat as the same: to identify one's interests with another's
- to recognize as being, or show to be, the very person or thing known, described, or claimed; fix the identity of: to identify a biological specimen
- to connect, associate, or involve closely: to identify a person with a school of thought
- Psychoanalysis to make an identification of (oneself) with someone else: often used absolutely
Origin of identifyLate Latin identificare: see identity and amp; -fy
verbi·den·ti·fied, i·den·ti·fy·ing, i·den·ti·fies
- a. To establish or recognize the identity of; ascertain as a certain person or thing: Can you identify what kind of plane that is? I identified the man at the next table as a famous actor.b. Biology To determine the taxonomic classification of (an organism).c. To ascertain as having a certain characteristic or feature: job candidates who are identified as overqualified; children who have been identified with hearing loss.
- To consider as identical or united; equate: The Greek god Ares is identified with the Roman god Mars.
- To associate or affiliate closely with: writers who are identified with modernism.
- To consider oneself as sharing certain characteristics or attitudes as another: She identifies strongly with her grandmother.
- To associate oneself with or admire something, such as a set of ideas: a language learner who identifies with a new culture.
- To self-identify.
Origin of identifyMedieval Latin identific&amacron;re, to make to resemble : Late Latin identit&amacron;s, identity; see identity + Latin -fic&amacron;re, -fy.
(third-person singular simple present identifies, present participle identifying, simple past and past participle identified)
- To establish the identity of someone or something.
- (biology) To establish the taxonomic classification of an organism.
- To equate two or more things.
- (reflexive) To have a strong affinity with; to feel oneself to be modelled on or connected to.
- (intransitive) To associate oneself with some group.
- (intransitive) To claim an identity; to describe oneself as a member of a group; to assert the use of a particular term to describe oneself.
- (topology) To map a number of points to one.
- To make to be the same; to unite or combine into one.
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| 0.900058 | 634 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The above photo shows a close view of a mature specimen of Common violet (Viola sororia). Recently, I saw some small green leaves and wondered if they might be violets returning after the bitter cold winter we’ve had. I was ready for some wild spring greens and knew that the Common violet was edible. As I reached down for the leaves, I stopped myself. Was this really a violet? Or was it Golden ragwort (Packera aurea) which is definitely not safe to be eaten? Here’s a photo of Golden ragwort later in spring.
Since it was much too early in the season for flowers and leaves which are large enough for easy identification, I decided to inspect these leaves very carefully. Here’s another example of the small leaves I recently found:
At first glance, these are the same type of plant. The leaf shape is roundish with an indentation at the place of stem attachment so that they almost look heart-shaped. You can see how easily they might be confused with each other even though they are different plants.
Now, let’s get a really close look at the leaves . . . right next to each other.
What’s different is the type of teeth along the margins. (You might have to scroll up and down through all the photos to see this well.) Common violet’s leaves have tiny sharp points at irregular intervals. Golden ragwort’s leaves have regularly spaced teeth which remind me of a saw blade’s teeth.
Another difference lies with the venation patterns. Common violet most clearly has the palmate venation whereas Golden ragwort seems to have more of a central vein with other veins forking from it. Even though there are additional veins arising from the stem attachment point for Golden ragwort, still the overall sense is that of a singular, more prominent vein which the Common violet does not have.
The last distinction I would make is the fact that Common violet’s leaves are furled when they emerge and for some time thereafter. Golden ragwort’s leaves are much flatter. When each plant’s leaves mature, you can better see that Common violet has a pointed tip and thus resembles the heart-shaped form. On the other hand, Golden ragwort’s leaf shape remains rounded at the tip and therefore has an oval shape.
I apologize for not showing you the actual plant in question that I mentioned at the beginning of this post. It turns out I recognized it as a Common violet and nibbled its tiny leaves before I thought to take a picture of them.
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| 0.965348 | 544 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Snort Mac OS XDeveloper Snort
Snort is a lightweight network intrusion detection system, capable of performing real-time traffic analysis and packet logging on IP networks. It can perform protocol analysis, content searching/matching and can be used to detect a variety of attacks and probes, such as buffer overflows, stealth port scans, CGI attacks, SMB probes, OS fingerprinting attempts, and much more. Snort uses a flexible rules language to describe traffic that it should collect or pass, as well as a detection engine that utilizes a modular plugin architecture. Snort has a real-time alerting capability as well, incorporating alerting mechanisms for syslog, a user specified file, a UNIX socket, or WinPopup messages to Windows clients using Samba's smbclient.
Snort has three primary uses. It can be used as a straight packet sniffer like tcpdump(1), a packet logger (useful for network traffic debugging, etc), or as a full blown network intrusion detection system.
Snort logs packets in either tcpdump(1) binary format or in Snort's decoded ASCII format to logging directories that are named based on the IP address of the "foreign" host
Snort should work any place libpcap does, and is known to have been compiled successfully for Mac OS X server.
Sounds kind of complicated to some people, there isn't a Graphical User Interface for this program on the Mac OS X yet so it is command line. Setting up is simple, once unpacked read through the documentation, that is where you will find information on installing and using Snort.
What are Snort Rules?
The rules are what Snort looks for, like virus definition files it defines what to watch for. By looking @ the Snort website and reading the Current Snort Rule file you will see the flexibility of the definitions. If you want to watch for something specific you may create your own snort rule file and snort will monitor it for you.
Snort is a open source project and remains free to the user. Because unix based development has updates and changes often the link below goes directly to their download area. There you will download either the source or the RPM, and compile or install. We are sure to see a Mac OS X install package in the near future for this application for now you have to be a little unix savvy.
SecureMac.com Mirror Mac OS X 1.7 Binary
eyetap.org Mirror Mac OS X 1.7 Binary
Download Snort 1.7
One of the great things about Snort is it is BSD compatible so Mac OS X users may use this free program to run network intrusion tests. Programs on the windows platform cost up to $5000.00. If your interested in security this is a must for Mac OS X users.
To learn more about Snort and its capabilities visit Snort.org
If you have used Snort in the past or on Mac OS X let us know what you think about it.
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http://www.securemac.com/macosxsnort.php
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| 0.921814 | 624 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Natural menopause occurs when you have had no menstrual periods for at least one year without being pregnant. Menopause occurring after surgical removal of the ovaries, or damage to the ovaries by medical treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation, is called induced menopause. The perimenopause is the transitional period lasting up to ten years from having normal menstrual periods to no periods at all. During this transition, you may experience no symptoms at all or some combination of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and menopausal symptoms. Because most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, at an average age of 51, perimenopausal symptoms typically begin occurring throughout the 40's. You can expect to experience menopause at about the same time as your mother or older sisters unless you have certain chronic conditions or health habits that promote early menopause. These conditions include taking corticosteroid medications, smoking, or having an autoimmune or motor neuron disease.
What are Some Common Perimenopausal Changes?
The most common changes occurring during the perimenopause are:
- Reduced fertility
- Hot flashes
- Urinary and genital changes
- Infections, particularly bladder, vaginal, and skin
- Changes in sexual function
- Changes in menstrual periods
- Mood swings
Women's fertility begins to decrease at about age 37, mainly due to aging eggs. The risk of spontaneous miscarriage increases to about 50 percent by age 45. The risk of chromosomal abnormality in the fetus increases with each year to 1 in 40 by age 45. Women in their 40s tend to have more pregnancy complications such as premature labor, stillbirth, and delivery by caesarean section. The risk of such pregnancy complications is already higher in many women with disabilities. If you do not wish to get pregnant during the perimenopause, please be sure to continue using contraception, as pregnancy is still possible until complete menopause is reached.
Hot Flashes and Night Sweats
About two-thirds of all women have hot flashes, the most common symptom during the perimenopause. A hot flash or flush consists of a sudden hot feeling in the face, neck, and chest, blushing, faster pulse, and sometimes perspiration, often followed by a chill, lasting from three to six minutes. The most common duration of hot flashes is three to five years. Hot flashes that occur with heavy perspiration during sleep are called night sweats. Night sweats and hot flashes may interfere with sleep, as can falling estrogen levels alone. Inadequate sleep in turn triggers irritability and fatigue. Environmental conditions that may trigger hot flashes include:
- Hot drinks
- Hot or spicy foods
- Warm environment
Avoiding these conditions as much as possible will help reduce the number and severity of hot flashes.
Hot flashes may be worse for women with neurological disabilities such as SCI and MS due to preexisting vasomotor instability, also in women with joint and connective tissue diseases who take corticosteroid medications. However, all flushing is not necessarily menopausal in women with disabilities; it may be neurological in origin. The presence of other perimenopausal symptoms may help distinguish hot flashes from neurological flushing that will not respond to estrogen replacement therapy.
Urinary and Genital Changes
As a result of natural decreases in estrogen, the tissues of the vulva (outer genital area) and the lining of the vagina become thin, dry, and more alkaline, making them more prone to injury. Atrophic vaginitis, which is vaginal inflammation, not an infection, may result. You may notice redness, itching, irritation, and discharge. These symptoms should be examined by a physician to rule out other causes such as infection. Regular sexual activity will help prevent vaginal atrophy. Without treatment, this condition can cause painful vaginal ulcers that make sexual intercourse impossible. Vaginal lubricants may help mild cases, but prescription estrogen is the most effective for restoring the thickness and elasticity of vaginal tissues. A daily diet rich in soy foods may help reduce vaginal discomfort in a few weeks.
Urinary problems may occur when the lining of the urethra also becomes thin and the surrounding pelvic muscles weaken. More frequent urination, urgency when the bladder is not full, frequent nighttime urination, incontinence, and painful urination may result. If you already have some of these problems due to having a neurogenic bladder, they may become more severe with menopause. Smoking, drinking alcohol or caffeine, bladder infections, weakening of the pelvic muscles and ligaments due to previous childbirth or natural aging, and taking diuretics and some tranquilizers may also increase incontinence. As many as 40 percent of women aged 45-64 have urinary incontinence. Bladder studies by a urologist may be needed to determine the exact cause. Estrogen pills, patches, and vaginal preparations improve incontinence for 40-70 percent of women. Surgery may be needed to correct anatomical defects.
Women with mobility impairments, particularly due to MS and SCI, already have a high frequency of bladder infections. Taking antibiotics often in turn causes more vaginal yeast infections. Menopause increases the risk of infections by increasing the vaginal pH so that it is less acidic.
Changes in Sexual Function
Most women surveyed report that they experienced no changes or improvements in their sexual relationships with menopause. Many women remain sexually active even when very old. However, low hormone levels in midlife may lead to reduced sexual desire, or painful intercourse due to vaginal thinning, dryness, narrowing, and shortening. These conditions are often worse in women with disabilities. Women's sexual activity and interest during midlife may also be influenced by:
- Not enjoying sex while younger
- Body image
- Urinary incontinence
- Irritability due to sleep disturbance
- Medications for high blood pressure or depression that reduce sexual desire
Women with disabilities who accept changes in physical appearance such as sagging breasts and abdomen, wrinkles, and grey hair in addition to disability-related changes will feel more comfortable being with a partner. After surgery to remove a breast or the uterus, women may avoid sexual activity because they feel unattractive.
Women with reduced sex drive may benefit from testosterone replacement, which greatly diminishes at menopause. Before menopause, testosterone is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands; only adrenal production continues after menopause. Androgens such as testosterone are important for maintaining sex drive and bone density. If you have rheumatoid arthritis, testosterone may decrease your disease activity. Testosterone ESTRATEST may be prescribed, which combines estrogen and testosterone. Taking too much testosterone without estrogen may deepen the voice, cause baldness or facial hair, or increase muscle mass.
Changes in Menstrual Periods
During the perimenopause, the frequency of ovulation (egg release) decreases and hormone secretion by the ovaries becomes erratic. As a result, most women experience irregularities in their menstrual periods. It's a good idea to keep a record of the dates your periods start and stop, the amount of flow, blood clots, and pain. This record will help your health care provider distinguish what's normal from what's abnormal for you. Remember that every woman's cycle is different. Changes may include:
- Heavier bleeding
- Lighter bleeding
- Bleeding lasting fewer days than usual
- Skipped periods
- Cycle shorter than 28 days
- Cycle longer than 28 days
When Should You Be Concerned That Perimenopausal Bleeding May Not Be Normal?
Any trend toward increased bleeding should be checked by your health care provider. In particular, any of the following changes may signify abnormal bleeding:
- Very heavy bleeding that gushes, often with a lot of blood clots; needing to change menstrual products every hour; needing 8-10 super napkins or tampons daily
- Bleeding after intercourse
- Spotting between periods
- Continuous bleeding lasting more than two weeks
- Less than two weeks between periods of bleeding
Following are possible causes of these abnormal menstrual changes.
Fibroids, noncancerous growths in or around the uterus, can produce more bleeding or more frequent periods, as well as menstrual cramps, back pain, difficulty with bowel movements or urination, or pain during intercourse. Abnormal bleeding may be the only sign of possible fibroids for women with impaired sensation.
Hyperplasia (excess growth) of the uterine lining or noncancerous polyps on the lining can increase bleeding.
Cancer of the uterus, vagina, or cervix can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding. These serious diseases can be screened out by regular pelvic exams and Pap smears.
Severe hormone imbalance between estrogen and progesterone secretion, usually too much estrogen with little progesterone, can cause heavy bleeding as often as daily.
Hypothyroidism may produce very heavy menstrual bleeding. This condition often accompanies fibromyalgia or other autoimmune disease.
Contraceptive devices such as an IUD, the Pill, the Norplant implant, or Depo-Provera shots sometimes cause breakthrough bleeding between periods. However, birth control pills are often prescribed to stop irregular bleeding by reestablishing a regular, predictable, menstrual cycle.
If your health care provider decides that your perimenopausal bleeding is abnormal, there are several procedures that can determine the cause. These include endometrial biopsy, D&C, hysteroscopy, or transvaginal ultrasound. If your health care provider orders one of these procedures, you can find out more about it in the Menopause Guidebook by the North American Menopause Society.
Other causes of abnormal menstrual bleeding may be related to your disability. Women on long-term corticosteroid therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, lung disorders, or other chronic conditions often have hormone imbalances with irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding. After spinal cord injury, menstruation may cease from a few months to more than a year, sometimes permanently if the woman is near menopause.
What Are the Treatment Options for Abnormal Perimenopausal Bleeding?
The perimenopausal period is the most vulnerable time for hysterectomy, the surgical removal of the uterus. However, hysterectomy should seldom be the first treatment choice for abnormal bleeding. Depending on the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, treatment options include:
Nutritional supplements. If you have more bleeding than usual, take an iron supplement to prevent anemia. If you are feeling more tired than usual or having more frequent headaches, anemia may be the cause. Although dietary sources of iron alone will not be sufficient, increasing your intake of iron-rich foods such as beef, beans, and nuts will help. Taking grape seed capsules, 1,000 - 2,000 mg daily, may help decrease the amount of menstrual flow if capillary fragility is a cause.
Hormonal medication. Your health care provider may prescribe a low-dose birth control pill or progestin to regulate heavy, long menstrual periods. Some perimenopausal women have benefitted from applying a natural progesterone cream to their skin during the two weeks before menstruation but some gynecologists disapprove of this option because the amount of progesterone actually absorbed is unknown. Other prescription hormonal drugs may be used for short-term treatment.
Surgery. There are several different kinds of surgical procedures that can be used to remove fibroids or to destroy the uterine lining. The decision to remove fibroids surgically, and the surgical technique selected, depends on their location, number, and size, as well as whether the woman wishes to have more children. In the past, a D&C was often done to diagnose and treat abnormal bleeding. However, D&C was seldom effective. Today, this procedure is considered obsolete. If your health care provider suggests doing a D&C, or suggests hysterectomy before trying other options, get a second opinion. If a hysterectomy is necessary, a woman usually will not go through menopause unless the ovaries as well as the uterus are removed. However, removing the uterus alone may trigger menopause in older women. Young women may experience hot flashes and night sweats temporarily until the ovaries resume normal functioning. These women will still eventually go through the perimenopause, but without irregular periods to warn them of its approach. Menopause is immediate if the ovaries are also removed. To find out more about surgical techniques, see Surgical or Induced Menopause on the website of the North American Menopause Society.
The folklore surrounding menopause dictates that menopausal women are moody and irritable. Many experts believe now that menopausal moodiness may be due more to sleeplessness and poor sleep caused by hot flashes and night sweats than to estrogen deficits per se. However, many women have reported an increased feeling of well-being after replacing estrogen. Estrogen can have an antidepressant effect due to its effect on brain neurotransmitters. Midlife stress may coincide with menopause and lead to depression and anxiety.
In addition, women with mobility impairments may have increased problems during the perimenopause with:
- Skin breakdown
- Bladder spasms
- Urinary dysfunction
- Autonomic nervous system dysfunction, including autonomic dysreflexia
- Intolerance to heat
- Poor circulation
- Decreased physical functioning
- Accelerated progress of chronic disease
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Attention-deficit Disorder The symptoms of ADD/ADH. are often triggered by environmental factors, dietary regimes and malnutrition. Children are being labeled with Attention Deficit Disorder, Hyperactivity and Learning Disabilities in ever increasing numbers. Drugs are being administered profusely to reduce the behavioral symptoms, but physicians, parents and teachers are not delving into what’s causing the “illness”. Is it the poor diet or malnutrition during the pregnancy that might cause ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder)? The mother’s state of health at the time of conception, and all during the nine-month period, is vitally important for both mother and child. Lack of proper nutrients in adequate supply can produce deficiencies with catastrophic consequences that could lead to ADD. Further, if the expectant mother pollutes her internal biochemistry with drugs, alcohol, nicotine, or even caffeine, she is poisoning the child’s environment.
The child is subject to that poison for nine months. Malnutrition during pregnancy can often result in impaired social skills and slow emotional development during the child’s formative years. The disadvantaged child, the backward child, the autistic child - all of these are psychologically insecure, fearful, apprehensive. They are all involved in varying degrees of reaction to stress. Their backgrounds often are psychotic and their environment less than desirable. There is no genetic defect. By far, “the history of most of these cases will reveal a more or less deficient nutrition after birth and through the early infant years, but more than this, close investigation will often reveal a poor nutritional environment of the mother before, during, and after her pregnancy.
”(Sagvolden, 42) Basically, nutrition is the prime etiological factor in most of the ADD cases. Studies on the effect of malnutrition and food-related cases on ADD during the early pregnancy are controversial. For example, one reported that 62% of ADD children had symptoms provoked by various foods and additives. Another study indicated, however, that malnutrition affects less than 5% of children with ADD or ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and in such cases the effect is very slight. Evidence does suggest, however, ”that some mothers that have children with behavioral difficulties were exposed to malnutrition and were sensitive to certain chemicals in foods.”(Wender, 135) It should be noted that allergies themselves have been associated with a higher risk for behavioral problems. Children whose mothers were experiencing malnutrition (including different diets as well), then, may not have had true ADD or ADHD in the first place.
Increase folic acid and vitamin C and its effect on ADD during the early months of pregnancy. The impact of lead is particularly pernicious during pregnancy, and it is not the result of children chewing on paint; rather, it is the result of airborne lead exposure to the mother. Dependable science (such as the Journal of the American Medical Association) shows that higher doses of vitamins such as folic acid prevent the negative effects of such things as lead, which greatly increases the chances of a child being born with ADD or ADHD. Malnutrition during the early months of pregnancy affects the brain and its ability to process information correctly, which may lead to child’s brain damage. ADD and ADHD in children may be caused by nothing more than nutrient deficient and suffering from an absorption problem.
It is necessary for parents who want to eliminate symptoms to assess the dietary regime during the mother’s early pregnancy period. Foods should be eliminated or substituted gradually and notes kept on behavioral effects.
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Pharaoh - like Joseph in St Matthew's Gospel - had a dream. In it, he saw two scales, with the whole of Egypt lying in one of them, and a lamb in the other. But the lamb turned out to be weightier than Egypt. The court magicians were summoned and explained to the king that the lamb symbolised a Jewish boy who would become a lethal threat to Egypt. In Aramaic, the word talya, like "kid" in English, can mean both a young animal and a child.Now I happen to know quite a lot about the story he is referring to; it is contained in Exodus 1:15 in the Pseudo-Jonathan Targum, a work on which I wrote my dissertation. Here is my translation:
And Pharaoh was sleeping, and saw in his dream, and behold, all the land of Egypt was standing in one pan of the scales and a lamb, son of a ewe, was in the other pan; and the pan with the lamb weighed more. And immediately he sent and called all the magicians of Egypt and told them his dream. And Jannes and Jambres, the chief magicians, immediately opened their mouths and said to Pharaoh: A son is going to be born in the congregation of Israel; by his hand all the land of Egypt will be destroyed.All right; this sounds enough like Josephus's story in Ant. II.205 (one of the scribes told Pharaoh that "about this time there would a child be born to the Israelites, who, if he were reared, would bring the Egyptian dominion low, and would raise the Israelites"). The only difference is that Josephus speaks of a child, and the Targum of a lamb. But, no problem, right? As Vermes says, the word talya means both "young animal" and "child" in Aramaic.
However, in Aramaic, talya does not really mean lamb; it means only child, boy, or servant. The Aramaic word for lamb is immer; taleh or talya is a borrowing from Hebrew. The only places in all the Targumim where talya means lamb, as in Hebrew, are in this verse and in Pseudo-J. Gen. 30:40 (and possibly Targum Psalms 118:27). And in this particular case the Targum is a thinly Aramaized version of a story told in the very late midrash Divrei ha-Yamim shel Moshe Rabbeinu (Chronicles of Moses), which uses Hebrew ha-taleh, which means only lamb. This cuts the connection between the Targumic story and the Josephus story. The Targum is using the Hebrew word because it is derived from the Hebrew story, which itself is late. (This is typical of the method of this targum.) The wordplay Vermes wants to see here does not exist.
Could a Jewish story still be behind the nativity story? Maybe. But the story will not be found in its pure form in either the Targum or the Midrash. Vermes scoffs at the idea that the Jewish story could itself be influenced by the Christian story, but I am not so sure. It does happen. Every day this month I have noticed how Hanukkah has been turned into a kind of Christmas for Jews. And isn't there a midrash somewhere that refers to Abraham as the petros on which Israel is built? If you think that isn't influenced by Matthew 16:18 -- well, I've got a bridge in Brooklyn I'd like to sell you.
The question of what Christian texts have been influenced by Judaism is important, but the question of influence in the other direction is also important. Perhaps I'll write more about this at a later time.
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What is Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease?
FLUTD stands for Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease and is a term used to describe any group of disorders or diseases that affects the lower urinary tract (bladder or urethra) in cats. The most common disorder of the group is feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC). FIC involves inflammation by an unknown cause, but stress is thought to be a significant factor. FLUTD is also associated with the formation of crystals/stones in the urinary tract that can cause numerous and painful ailments for your cat. The two most common types of crystals/stones are struvite and calcium oxalate. FLUTD is serious and requires medical attention. Fortunately, you can help your cat recover with treatment from your veterinarian and the right nutrition.
Why is it important to understand FLUTD?
Inappropriate urination is the number one behavior problem in cats. Many cats are given up to shelters for urinating outside of the litter box. If not properly treated, inappropriate urination can affect the cleanliness/safety of your home and the bond you share with your cat. The good news is that often, this problem is caused by a feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) and it is a treatable medical condition.
What causes urinary tract disease?
FLUTD is a multifactor disease. There is no single cause of feline urinary tract disease. Veterinarians do recognize that there are components that may contribute to the prevalence of the disease. For more detailed information, always contact your veterinarian.
Risk factors include the following:
- Cats more than 1 year of age are most susceptible.
- Overweight cats, lack of exercise.
- History of chronic kidney disease or urinary tract procedures.
- Both male and females cats get the disease with equal frequency, but neutered male cats have a greater risk of life-threatening urethral obstruction from the crystals or stones.
You already know that the food you feed your cat is extremely important to her overall health. But feeding the wrong food can contribute to the development of a urinary tract disease (FLUTD). With FLUTD, crystals or stones form within the urinary tract and cause irritation, pain and possibly blockage. In severe cases, this can lead to kidney damage or may even be fatal if not properly treated.
- An abundance of certain minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium --- often found in grocery store brand cat food --- can cause crystals to form in the urine, which sometimes leads to urinary stones.
- Food influences the pH, or acidity, of urine. Urine should be moderately acidic for a healthy urinary tract because it’s harder for struvite crystals to grow in an acidic environment
Home Environment Risks:
- Inside-only cat
- Multiple pet households
- Stress: This could include house guests, conflict with other pets, or a lack of places to rest or hide
- Not drinking enough water can increase the risk of urinary tract disease in cats
- Cats can internalize stress in their urinary tract, which can lead to painful inflammation
- Cats can associate painful urination with the litter box and stop using it
Warning Signs and Symptoms of Urinary Tract Disease
If your cat exhibits any of the warning signs of FLUTD, contact your veterinarian immediately. Especially if your cat is not urinating freely, a urinary blockage may be the cause and this condition may be life threatening. Consult your veterinarian immediately.
Signs of feline bladder health problems
- Urinating outside of the litter box (Inappropriate urination)
- Straining when urinating
- Loss of bladder control
- Increased frequency of urination, usually passing small amounts of urine
- Pink, dark or bloody urine
- Crying out in pain/vocalizing during attempts to urinate
- Licking the genital area
- Reduced appetite
- Lack of energy or interest in normal activities
Treatment: The importance of nutrition
The food your cat eats plays an important role in her overall health and well-being. Cat foods high in magnesium, phosphorus, protein and calcium have been linked to stone formation. Veterinarians believe feeding a bladder health cat food with restricted amounts of these minerals can assist in the dissolution of some types of stones that have formed in a cat’s urinary tract.
Balanced nutrition is an essential part of an active, healthy lifestyle. If your cat has been diagnosed with a urinary tract problem, it’s important to feed her the right cat food. The right nutrition can help control mineral levels, maintain a healthy urine pH, and help reduce inflammation to safely resolve urinary issues. For accurate diagnosis and treatment options, always consult your veterinarian and ask them to recommend the best food for your cat’s urinary tract health.
Additional ways to manage FLUTD include the following:
- Increasing water consumption
- Make sure water is clean, fresh and available at all times
- Feeding moist or canned cat food also helps increase water consumption
- Feed several small meals during the day instead of one or two larger meals
- Decrease stress in the environment
- Provide scratching posts and schedule time during the day to play with your cat
- Monitor the changes in the home and any conflicts with other pets in the house
- Cats are very sensitive to their environments and reducing potential causes of stress, especially for a cat with FLUTD, can go a long way to improving your cat’s life.
What are the chances of FLUTD coming back?
Urinary tract disease is potentially a lifelong disease. Any cat that has been treated for urinary tract disease runs the risk of contracting it again. Even with the best treatment, some cats may have recurring signs or periodic episodes. Therefore, it's important to continue your veterinarian’s food recommendation to manage the disease with a urinary health cat food and watch closely for recurrence of signs and symptoms.
Urinary Health Questions to Ask Your Veterinarian
- What may be causing my cat’s accidents? What are the short-term and long-term treatment options?
- Be sure to ask if infrequent or non-patterned accidents may be a sign of a more serious problem.
- Ask if the problem is behavioral, environmental or medical.
- Ask how nutrition and water consumption may be affecting your cat’s health.
- Should nutrition be a part of my cat’s treatment regimen? Would you recommend a Hill’s® Prescription Diet® cat food for my cat’s bladder health?
- What if I have multiple cats? Can I feed them all the same cat food?
- How can nutrition help? What is the benefit of feeding therapeutic nutrition versus administering pills?
- What are the pros and cons of using nutrition to help manage my cat’s urinary health?
- Which form of cat food is better for urinary issues, kibble or wet? Why?
- If you feed your cat a mixture of kibble and wet food, ask which therapeutic formulas can be mixed.
- How long will I need to feed the recommended food to my cat?
- Ask how feeding a therapeutic cat food can help promote long-term urinary health for my cat?
- What is the best way (email/phone) to reach you or your hospital if I have questions?
- Ask if you need a follow-up appointment.
- Ask if a reminder email or notice will be sent.
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Flower (n.) - Photos from The Butchart Gardens
The reproductive portion of a plant. Usually brightly colored and aromatic to attract various insects to spread assist in the plants reproductive process.
History & Etymology
The history of the word flower is traced back to the Proto-Indo-European word bhel- meaning to thrive or bloom. The meaning of the word Hasn’t changed much since then. It has made it’s way through latin as florem, meaning flower, and as Popular Latin changed overtime into Old French it dropped the -em and became flor, which became the Modern French Fleur. The modern english word comes from the Old French word and became Flower, the word we have today.
The word flower doesn’t have a very interesting history, but they are very pretty to look at. This last summer I visited the Butchart Gardens on Vancouver Island Canada, and it was one of the most beautiful places I have ever been. As you can see from the background of this video I’m one of those annoying tourist that takes a picture of everything. One of my favorite subjects for photography is flowers. So please enjoy the slideshow.
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An ozone generator for effluent water treatment is a device that produces ozone gas, which is used as a powerful oxidizing agent to treat and disinfect wastewater or effluent water. Ozone is a highly reactive molecule that can destroy bacteria, viruses, and other contaminants in water, making it an effective method for ensuring the safety and quality of effluent water.
Effluent water is typically generated from industrial processes, municipal wastewater treatment plants, and agricultural operations, among other sources. Ozone treatment can be used to effectively remove or reduce contaminants such as organic matter, suspended solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as destroy bacteria and viruses, resulting in treated water that is safe for discharge into the environment.
Benefits of Effluent Water Treatment
Enhanced disinfection: Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that can destroy a wide range of microorganisms in water, including bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, helping to ensure the safety and quality of the treated water.
Reduced chemical usage: Ozone treatment can reduce the amount of chemicals required for disinfection, minimizing the environmental impact and reducing costs associated with chemical disposal.
Improved water quality: Ozone treatment can help to remove unwanted tastes and odors from the water, as well as reducing the amount of dissolved solids and minerals, resulting in better quality effluent water.
Environmentally friendly: Ozone is a natural and environmentally friendly disinfectant that breaks down into oxygen, leaving no harmful residues or byproducts.
Regulatory compliance: Ozone treatment can help to ensure compliance with local and national environmental regulations related to effluent water discharge.
Overall, the use of an ozone generator for effluent water treatment offers a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly method for treating and disinfecting wastewater, helping to reduce environmental impacts, minimize risks, and improve public health.
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Inverted Bucket Steam Traps
For efficient condensate drainage of industrial process and HVAC equipment.
Inverted bucket traps rely on the density difference between steam and water to drain condensate as it forms. An inverted bucket floats in condensate that surrounds the bucket. As the bucket moves up and down in the condensate, a linkage connected to the bucket closes or opens a discharge valve trapping the condensate or allowing it to escape. Maximum system efficiency results from steam space being kept free of condensate.
Operation of Bucket Traps:
The trap body must be manually primed at initial start-up. (Under low load or superheat conditions, the trap may also need to be primed.) Under operation, the trap body will remain full of condensate.
An inverted bucket floats in the condensate that surrounds the bucket itself. As the bucket moves up and down in the condensate, a linkage connected to the bucket closes or opens a discharge valve located at the top of the trap, trapping the condensate or allowing it to escape.
During start-up, air is vented through a bleed hole in the top of the bucket into the return line. When air or steam flows into the trap, it enters the underside of the bucket and collects in the top of the bucket. The contained air and steam cause the bucket to become buoyant and rise in the condensate causing the lever mechanism to close the discharge valve into its seat.
The bucket loses its buoyancy as the enclosed steam condenses due to radiation losses and steam escaping through the bucket vent hole. When this happens, the weight of the bucket will cause it to fall and pull the valve off its seat, and the cycle repeats.
An optional thermal vent installed in the bucket allows faster air venting during start-up.
Characteristics of Bucket Traps:
- Completely drains condensate at saturation temperature.
- Open bucket design will tolerate moderate water hammer.
- Normal failure mode is open.
- Sediment and dirt are kept in suspension until discharged with condensate.
- Only two moving parts, lever assembly and bucket, leads to reliable operation.
- Does not sub-cool condensate.
- Marginal air handling during start-up.
- Cycles fully open or closed, which can create noise.
- May lose prime during light loads and blow live steam.
- Requires manual priming to provide water seal.
- Does not withstand freezing temperatures.
Primary Applications for Bucket Traps:
Best for stable, steady load and pressure conditions.
- Process main drip traps for continuous operations.
- Where condensate is lifted or drains into wet return line.
- Heat exchangers without a modulating steam regulator.
- High pressure applications.
- Drum type roller dryers.
- Steam separators.
- Laundry equipment.
- Siphon or tilting kettles.
Features and Benefits
- Stainless steel internal components withstand corrosion.
- Cast iron bodies for long, dependable life.
- Wide range of seat pressures available – up to 250 psig to fit a wide variety of applications.
- B0, B1, B2, B3, and B4 models:
- Removable covers for easy in-line service.
- Optional built-in strainer reduces number of piping connections.
- Optional built-in thermal vent for faster heating. (B1, B2, B3 and B4 models only).
We Also Recommend
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- Streetsblog USA - http://usa.streetsblog.org -
Study: Electric Cars Not So Green Unless Powered by Renewables
Posted By Angie Schmitt On December 5, 2012 @ 3:07 pm In Australia,Electric Cars,Greenhouse Gas Emissions | 16 Comments
A study by the government of the Australian state of Victoria highlights the limits of electric cars, in isolation, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The Victorian government’s ongoing “electric vehicle trial” [PDF ] found that electric cars powered by coal may actually produce more carbon emissions than petroleum-fueled cars over the lifetime of the vehicle, from manufacturing to junkyard. This is due in part to the added environmental impacts of the lithium batteries that electric cars require.
This is not to say that EVs won’t improve on internal combustion engines. It all depends on where the electricity comes from. The authors found that, taking into account the full vehicle life-cycle, an electric car powered by 100 percent renewable energy — like wind and solar — can begin outperforming gas-powered cars after two years of use.
In the United States, the cleanest sources of electricity are near the coasts, and EVs in those areas outperform the best hybrids, according to a study by the Union of Concerned Scientists released last spring. But in the Midwest and Mountain West, coal-powered energy generation makes EVs dirtier.
Of course, even setting aside the deaths, injuries, chronic diseases , and traffic jams caused by a car-dependent transportation system, vehicle emissions are far from the only environmental cost of cars. To reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, cutting down on the “embedded energy” that comes with sprawling development is absolutely essential . And while cleaner cars can help curb global warming, the wrong incentives for their use can also dump more carbon into the air. To the extent that policies discourage transit, biking, or walking in order to favor electric vehicles, the net effect can actually backfire. Witness Denmark’s incentives to park electric cars in the center city, which undermines the high mode-share for greener modes of travel .
The Australian government has been providing a better incentive, helping gas stations install electric vehicle charging facilities. The city of Melbourne currently has about 30 such stations in the central business district but 10 more are on the way as part of a government trial, reports Melbourne’s The Age .
Article printed from Streetsblog USA: http://usa.streetsblog.org
URL to article: http://usa.streetsblog.org/2012/12/05/study-electric-cars-not-so-green-unless-powered-by-renewables/
URLs in this post:
Image: http://usa.streetsblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/art_w_ec_041212-620x349.jpg
The Age: http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/electric-cars-make-more-emissions-unless-greenpowered-20121203-2ar3x.html
PDF: http://usa.streetsblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/EV-Environmental-Impacts-of-Electric-Vehicles-in-Victoria.pdf
environmental impacts: http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/the-path-to-lithium-batteries-friend-or-foe.html
a study by the Union of Concerned Scientists: http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/smart-transportation-solutions/advanced-vehicle-technologies/electric-cars/emissions-and-charging-costs-electric-cars.html
chronic diseases: http://usa.streetsblog.org/2010/05/06/centers-for-disease-control-transportation-reform-is-health-reform/
is absolutely essential: http://www.streetsblog.org/2009/12/09/a-message-from-copenhagen-climate-plan-must-include-walkable-urbanism/
undermines the high mode-share for greener modes of travel: http://www.streetsblog.org/2009/12/04/the-climate-pitfalls-of-denmarks-electric-car-parking-perk/
Copyright © 2008 Streetsblog. All rights reserved.
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by Josh Hodnik
We were once programmed to believe that a low-fat, high carbohydrate diet was the key to a fitter society that would be less prone to disease. That didn’t help matters and the rate of obesity and disease climbed. The low carb/high protein diet would eventually replace the low-fat diet as the answer to obesity. With this diet it was acceptable to consume large amounts of dietary fats. It’s still believed that a person can become lean and healthy while consuming large amounts of protein and fats, while avoiding carbohydrates. The argument here is that our ancestors ate in this manner and didn’t have an obesity problem like we do today. It can easily be argued that our distant ancestors spent a lot of time and energy hunting and preparing food, and the calorie demand would be much higher than it would be for a person living today’s lifestyle.
As of recent, the most popular way of eating for people wanting to improve body composition and health is the six-meal a day approach. This way of eating is nothing new to bodybuilders, but it’s recently become more common among the mainstream, non-bodybuilder. Many that battle obesity have no structure with their diet. There is no plannimng or thought with what foods they consume throughout the day. This usually just becomes what is most convenient; being fast food or vending machine food. Highly processed and high glycemic foods are eaten, resulting in an extreme insulin spike due to excess calories being consumed. Fat being stored and being hungry again in just a few hours is what happens next. It becomes an ongoing cycle, which leads to insulin resistance and obesity. The six-meal a day format calls for a meal roughly every 3 hours that consist of a small portion of protein, complex carbohydrates, and healthy fats. This way of eating gives the body a steady supply of nutrients, and it avoids the high surges of insulin, keeping hunger in check throughout the day. This concept has worked well for millions of people. Of the diets mentioned, the six-meal a day is by far the most beneficial for fat loss, gaining muscle, and overall health when the nutrients are portioned correctly. The six-meal a day approach is a great option for just about anyone that owns a set of Tupperware containers.
The six-meal a day plan is recommended by most experts, but there may be a different way to eat altogether that could be much more effective in several key areas, and this is known as Intermittent Fasting or IF.
In the past, just hearing the word fasting would make me hungry. It was a word that I related to long periods of intentional starvation. It reminded me of people who would go without eating food while just drinking juice or water for days at a time. The fast may have been in an attempt at a quick weight loss or a cleanse.
Weight would be lost, but a large part lost would consist of water after carbohydrates stored throughout the body were depleted. For every gram of carbohydrate stored in the body that is lost, three grams of water is removed with it. This is why low-carb diets give the appearance of being successful in the beginning. Large amounts of weight is lost within the first few weeks in the form of water from carb depletion. In the past, any diet that involved fasting would usually result in muscle loss. Intermittent fasting (IF) has a different approach than traditional fasting, and depending on how it’s performed, it can actually lead to muscle gain and fat loss. Intermittent fasting can manipulate human growth hormone, insulin, and other hormones in a way that positively impacts fat loss, muscle gains, anti-aging, cognitive function, and overall health.
Intermittent fasting is also known as Time-Restricted Eating. There are numerous versions of intermittent fasting, and the fasting periods can range any where from 8-72 hours in length. What an individual is intending to gain from fasting would determine how long and often the fast would be performed, and the length of time given for the eating window. Before getting into the details of any intermittent fasting program, I’ll dive into the benefits of fasting on the mind and body.
Insulin Resistance and Fasting
The body is in either one of two states at all times: fed or fasted. Insulin is elevated during the fed state, and this signals the body to store excess calories in fat cells. Insulin also stops the burning of fat. While in a fasted state, insulin is low, and growth hormone and glucagon are elevated. It must be noted that you can only burn stored body fat while in a fasted state, and you can only store more body fat while in a fed state.
Most people seem to be spending less time in a fasted state and more time in a fed state. Eventually, insulin becomes constantly elevated and the body never uses stored body fat, instead, relying on glucose for energy. Over time, elevated insulin leads to insulin resistance, and the body releases even more insulin in response to the fed state. Insulin resistance then leads to Metabolic Syndrome, which results in obesity, abdominal fat storage, high triglycerides, low HDL (good cholesterol), and elevated glucose. Someone with insulin resistance is burning mostly glucose on a cellular level, and they rarely get the chance to actually burn body fat. The elevated glucose with insulin resistance will eventually result in type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance promotes fat storage and suppresses fat mobilization from the fat cells. Mitochondria produce energy inside cells. They can burn glucose (sugar) or fat as fuel, and over time they will prefer one over the other. Being in a constantly fed state, that’s common with insulin resistance, have increased the pathways in the mitochondria that burn glucose and decreased the underused pathway for burning fat. When a person that is insulin resistant runs out of glucose they become hungry for more glucose instead of mobilizing and burning stored body fat. They will spend most of the day trapped in a cycle of eating and spiking glucose every few hours, and becoming hungry when blood sugar drops. Spending too much time in the fed state and not enough time in a fasted state can lead to a number of health problems, and it can make it impossible to lose body fat. Humans can improve their ability to fuel themselves with stored fat instead of glucose. This starts with being in a fasted state.
A study in rats shows that intermittent fasting may delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and/or reduce it’s severity. Other studies suggest that fasting may protect against other neuro-degenerative diseases including Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease. The metabolic functions that intermittent fasting improves are important for brain health. This includes oxidation stress, reduced inflammation, and a reduction in blood sugar levels. Several studies in rats have shown that intermittent fasting may increase the growth of new nerve cells, which enhances brain function. It also increases levels of a brain hormone called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a deficiency in which has been implicated in depression and other brain disorders. Intermittent fasting has also been shown to protect against brain damage caused by strokes.
Staying in a constantly fed state leads to elevated insulin levels, and elevated insulin halts the production of human growth hormone. HGH facilitates fat burning and muscle repair. It also initiates cellular repair, and it’s referred to as the Anti-Aging Hormone. When the body is in a constantly fed state, HGH never has the opportunity to do the job it’s intended to do. Intermittent fasting has been shown to keep insulin to a minimum while increasing blood levels of human growth hormone by as much as five-fold. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) has also been shown to increase with fasting, and combined with HGH, they increase the breakdown body fat and facilitate it’s use for energy. For this reason, short-term fasting actually increases the metabolic rate by 3.6-14%.
The Right Intermittent Fasting Program
Intermittent fasting has become trendy in recent years. Given the popularity, dozens of types/methods of IF have been devised. While there are many IF programs available, there is only one method that I’d recommend for long term use, and this is the 16/8 IF method. It is designed more for bodybuilders, athletes, or anyone that is extremely active. The 16/8 method involves fasting every day for 16 hours, and restricting the daily eating window to 8 hours. It’s recommended to fit 3-4 meals within that eating window. The 16/8 method was specifically designed with training in mind. In addition to having all the health benefits of other types of fasting, the 16/8 method is a standout because it offers an advanced level of hormone management. While something like 24-Hour fasting or an alternate day fasting will give you these benefits, these methods are not for daily practice, whereas 16/8 is. This means a daily increase in growth hormone and insulin sensitivity, and this makes it much easier to shed body fat and increase muscle mass.
With the 16/8 fasting method, workouts are performed while fasted, and the first meal of the 8-hour eating windowis the post-workout meal. For some, adhering to this simple rule can be inconvenient at times. It would be unrealistic for most to consume their normal food amount in the 8-hour eating window. There may be a 20% drop in calorie intake, and this is ok. Some worry about muscle loss with the dip in calories and with going 16 hours a day without food. With growth hormone levels being elevated to the point that could match levels of someone taking a low dose of prescription HGH, and with insulin sensitivity being maximized, muscle loss should not be an issue. In fact, some individuals may actually see an increase in muscle mass while simultaneously losing body fat in the early stages of the 16/8 IF method.
The first few weeks of 16/8 IF will be an adjustment period mentally and physically. Your body will tell you that you’re hungry, and it’s telling you to feed it more glucose (sugar) so it wont have to use stored body fat as fuel. We’ve been told that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and that skipping it is the ultimate bodybuilding/fitness sin. Mentally, many believe that going more than 3 hours without a portion of protein, carbs, and fat will result in muscle wasting. So for many, ignoring what they’ve been told and going 16 hours a day with no food will be a mental battle.
The 16/8 method may appear very unconventional, but if you are stuck in a rut, it just may be the approach to pull you out. In a follow up, I will explain in detail a new approach that mixes in macro-nutrient cycling with the 16/8 method, making it even more effective.
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The situation of indigenous peoples in Asia
The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, Ms. Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, in cooperation with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), has initiated the preparation of a report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Asia which will be presented to the Human Rights Council in September 2020.
The Special Rapporteur wishes to focus her report on the experiences and current challenges faced by indigenous peoples in the region.
The thematic focus of the report will be on: lands, territories and resources, human rights defenders, business and human rights, conservation, environmental rights and the impacts of climate change. Particular emphasis will also be placed on the impact of climate change on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights and the critical role played by indigenous people in protecting the environment, including through traditional knowledge.
The report will provide an opportunity to follow-up on reports on the situation in Asia conducted by the two previous Special Rapporteurs in 2013 (A/HRC/24/41/Add.3) and in 2007 (A/HRC/6/15/Add.3), respectively.
Input was requested by 31 December 2019. The identity of sources who submit information will be kept confidential, even when the Special Rapporteur’s report addresses the issues brought to her attention.
Below some non-exhaustive examples of questions and issues that may be addressed:
Right to Self-determination, Indigenous Governance
- How do indigenous communities exercise self-determination, governance and autonomy?
- What are the key elements for achieving this?
- Obstacles in the recognition by States of indigenous peoples' rights to self-identify as indigenous?
- What are the gaps and challenges to the full realisation of the right to self-determination in practice?
Lands, Territories and Resources
- Are collective land rights recognised in State legislation and can such rights be exercised in practice?
- Examples of successfully gained collective land titles, how was this achieved?
- What are the gaps and challenges to the full realization of the right to land, territories and resources?
Indigenous Justice Systems
- Is indigenous justice or customary justice officially recognised by State legislation?
- How does indigenous justice operate in practice? Obstacles?
- In what way does indigenous justice support autonomy and self-governance? Please illustrate by providing examples.
- How are indigenous peoples treated in the State justice system? Is legal aid and interpretation provided in indigenous languages?
- How could there be better harmonisation between the indigenous and State justice systems? Please provide examples.
- How has it affected indigenous communities when their territories have been declared protected areas? Have indigenous communities been consulted and their free, prior informed consent sought before their territories are declared conservation areas?
- Do indigenous people manage or co-manage protected areas and do indigenous peoples receive benefits from these?
- What is the impact of tourism on protected areas?
- Presence of mining/logging in protected areas?
- Existence of complaints mechanisms?
- Examples of how indigenous peoples are affected by climate change.
- How can indigenous traditional knowledge combat climate change?
- How do indigenous communities participate in the management of projects for climate change adaptation?
Human Rights Defenders. Criminalisation
- Which are the triggering factors behind the criminalisation and targeting of indigenous human rights defenders?
- What is the incidence of criminalisation and on what charges?
- How are indigenous human rights defenders treated by the police, the prosecution and the judiciary?
- Impacts of criminalisation at the individual level and on the community. Gendered impacts.
Business and Human Rights
- What business enterprises impact most/how on indigenous peoples?
- Were there measures taken to seek the FPIC of indigenous communities?
- Access to information and participation?
- Were environmental and social impact studies done?
- Environmental impacts.
- Complaints mechanisms, redress, accountability of companies.
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Education, Health, Languages
- What is the level of access to education and health care in indigenous communities? Obstacles?
- Is education available in mother-tongue? Is it culturally appropriate? Did indigenous communities participate in designing such education?
- Examples of how educational curricula can be adjusted to be more culturally appropriate.
- Indigenous initiatives to put up their own schools- best practices, challenges?
- How much government support is available to indigenous language education?
- Is there culturally appropriate health care? Indigenous health practitioners? Recognition of indigenous traditional medicine?
- How are the rights of indigenous women, children and persons with disabilities respected?
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"Key Words and Catch Phrases" for Word Problems
4. In all
3. How many more
4. How much more
6. Less: Debra bought apples for $3.20 and oranges for $4.23. How much less did the apples cost?
8. Need to
10. Words ending with "er"; higher, longer, faster, heavier, larger, shorter, slower, farther, etc. Example: Jean's apple weighs 100 grams, and Karen's apple weighs 80 grams. How much heavier is Jean's apple?
1. Times: Maria ran around the track 5 times. It took her 5 minutes to run around the track. How many minutes did she run?
2. Every: Kim buys 2 apples everyday. How many apples does she buy in a week?
3. At this rate: Ed reads 25 words per minute. At this rate, how many words does he read in one hour?
1. Each: Ken has 75 pencils and 15 boxes. How many pencils should he pack in each box so each customer gets the same number of pencils?
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| 0.920747 | 231 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Right-click here to download this episode.
Improve your speaking by telling interesting and amusing anecdotes. In this episode you’ll learn about anecdotes, listen to a couple of stories told by some BBC radio DJs and learn some new vocabulary. Good extended listening practice. There are vocabulary notes and a grammar practice exercise below. Enjoy!
What are the characteristics of an anecdote?
• They’re quite funny
• They contain a story
• They include lots of descriptive details – like exactly what happened and what it looked like
• They include descriptions of the thoughts and feelings of the person involved
• Some details are exaggerated to make the story more interesting!
• They involve a comment at the end – e.g. what you’ve learned, what you think of the situation now
You’re going to listen to an anecdote by Adam Buxton, a BBC Radio DJ and comedian from South London.
The Adam & Joe Show is a weekly radio programme on BBC 6 Music every Saturday morning. The show is also available as a podcast from the BBC here: www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/adamandjoe/
Adam and Joe have known each other since they were children. They both grew up together in London, and became famous for making comedy television programmes and radio shows. Adam Buxton is also an actor who has been in British films such as Hot Fuzz, Stardust and Son of Rambow. Joe Cornish is now a film director and his latest film is called Attack The Block, and it’s a sic-fi horror film about a group of kids in London who fight back against aliens that attack their block of flats. It’s great, and it features young Londoners speaking in their real local dialect.
Listen to Adam’s anecdote and answer these questions:
1. Where was Adam when this happened and why was he there?
2. How does Adam know this happened when he was incredibly young?
3. What was lying on the floor? How did it get there?
4. Why did Adam think it was free?
5. What was Adam doing when his Dad found him?
6. What did Adam’s Dad say when he realised Adam had stolen the gum?
7. How did Adam’s Dad make his point?
8. What exactly happened to the gum?
Here’s some of the vocabulary from the recording of Adam and Joe. To get explanations of this language, you’ll have to listen to the podcast. I start giving definitions at about 22m40sec.
1. Do you think of me as a bit of a crim?
2. These are crimes you commit on kind of an instinctive basis
3. We don’t condone it. In fact if you enter this text competition we might pass your details on to the coppers.
4. This is one of my formative memories
5. The earliest memory I’ve got stashed away in my brainium
6. This is in the days when my Ma and Pa used to smoke cigs
7. Someone had knocked a packet of Wrigley’s Doublemint Gum off the shelf
8. The floor is no man’s land
9. That’s what Ronnie Biggs said in his defence. “It was on the floor! The gold fell on the floor!”
10. So, anyway, to cut a long story short, I stuffed the Wriggles in my pockles
11. I was fairly brazen about it
12. My Dad found me happily chomping some Wriggles
13. It’s tricky to get rid of the evidence. Just chew it. You can’t swallow it either
14. The police can forensic it
15. I was very freaked out
16. Gum’s not even flammable, is it?
17. It’s like a sort of a hellfire response! It’s like he’s a Baptist minister.
18. The foil just went all charcoaly and the gum just sort of melted
Practise your English by completing Adam’s story. This is a slightly basic version of the story (not exactly the same as the one in the recording). Don’t listen, just try and put the verbs in the correct form:
Well, my introduction to the shady world of crime (come about) __________ when I suppose I (be) _______________ about four or five. We (be) ____________ at the corner shop. This (be) _______________ in the days when my Ma and Pa (smoke) _______________ cigs. We (live) _______________ in Earl’s Court and we (be) _______________ at the corner shop. My Dad (buy) _______________ some cigs. I (know) _______________ I (be) _______________ incredibly young because the only shelf I (see) _______________ (be) _______________ the absolute bottom shelf, and that (be) _______________ where all the sweeties (be) _______________. And someone (knock) _______________ a packet of Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum off the shelf and it (just lie) _______________ on the floor, (call) _______________ my name. And I (be) _______________ the only one down there at that level, and I (look) _______________ at it and I (think) _______________ “Free gum! Free gum!”. I (remember) _______________ very clearly the logic process I (go through) _______________ in order to justify to myself that it (be) _______________ ok, because inside I (know) _______________ that it (steal) _______________. I remember (think) _______________ “it (fall) _______________ off the shelf and they don’t want it any more”.
Anyway, I (shove) _______________ the gum into my pocket, and (get) _______________ home and I (go) _______________ into my room. I didn’t believe I (commit) _______________ a serious crime, but my Dad (find) _______________ me happily (chomp) _______________ some gum, and he said “where did you get this gum? I didn’t buy you any chewing gum. You’re not allowed gum.” And I said “It was on the floor, it was broken!” And he said, “you (just steal) _______________ something! You stole this! You didn’t pay for it! If the police (find) _______________ out, you (go) _______________ to prison.”
I (be) _______________ very freaked out, and (make) _______________ his point even more forcefully, my Dad (burn) _______________ the gum. The foil just (go) _______________ all charcoaly and the gum just kind of (melt) _______________. It (smell) _______________ minty.
Transcript of the Adam & Joe Anecdotes
Here’s the complete script if you need it:
Well, my introduction to the shady world of crime came about when I suppose I must have been about four or five. We were at the corner shop. This is in the days when my Ma and Pa used to smoke cigs. We lived in Earl’s Court and we were at the corner shop. My Dad was buying some cigs. I know I was incredibly young because the only shelf I could see was the absolute bottom shelf, and that’s where all the sweeties were, and someone had knocked a packet of Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum off the shelf and it was just lying on the floor, calling my name. And I was the only one down there at that level, and I was looking at it and I was thinking “Free gum! Free gum!”. I remember very clearly the logic process I went through in order to justify to myself that it was ok, because inside I knew that it would be stealing.
I remember thinking “it’s fallen off the shelf and they don’t want it any more”.
Anyway, I shoved the gum into my pocket, and got home and I went into my room. I didn’t believe I had committed a serious crime, but my Dad found me happily chomping some gum, and he said “where did you get this gum? I didn’t buy you any chewing gum. You’re not allowed gum.” And I said “It was on the floor, it was broken!” And he said, “you’ve just stolen something! You stole this! You didn’t pay for it! If the police found out, you could go to prison.”
Rules of Life
p.s. Here those ‘rules of life’ I talked about at the beginning of the podcast:
1. Don’t be dead
2. Get a job
3. Get money
4. Get food
5. Find friends / a life partner
6. Get married
7. Buy a nice house in a good neighbourhood – get on the property ladder
8. Get a broadband internet connection (so you can download Luke’s English Podcast)
9. Get an HD TV
10. Negotiate a good mobile phone contract
11. Look after your teeth
12. Eat plenty of fibre
13. Eat 5 portions of fruit or vegetables a day
14. Get plenty of sleep – at least 6 hours
15. Get regular sex
16. Reduce your carbon footprint – insulate your home
17. Watch the latest American dramas on TV
18. Consolidate all your monthly loan repayments
19. Learn another language
20. Call your parents
22. Follow your dreams
23. Enjoy yourself.
So, the 23rd rule of life – Just ENJOY YOURSELF!
24. Listen to Luke’s English Podcast every day.
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South African Journal of Education
Print version ISSN 0256-0100
TABANE, Ramodungoane and HUMAN-VOGEL, Salome. Sense of belonging and social cohesion in a desegregated former House of Delegates school. S. Afr. j. educ. [online]. 2010, vol.30, n.3, pp. 0-0. ISSN 0256-0100.
The ideal of creating a non-racial and equitable school environment is embedded in the South African Constitution. This ideal is informed by a desire to overcome the divisions of the apartheid past by pursuing policies and strategies that will promote the achievement of social cohesion, without denying space for various identities. Schools are seen as important vehicles for driving social cohesion amongst learners and it is therefore important that all learners, irrespective of their race, experience a sense of belonging in the school. Using a case study and an interactive qualitative analysis research methodology, we explored the experiences of black and Indian learners in a desegregated former House of Delegates school to determine the successes and possible challenges of ensuring racial integration at the school level and therefore its contribution to social cohesion. The study demonstrates the importance of eight concepts (namely, the school as a welcoming space; belonging; respect; security; equality in the way we socialise; tender loving care; motivation; and freedom) to the study of racial integration and social cohesion. This article focuses on the contribution that sense of belonging has on creating a school environment that is enabling, contributing to learner achievement and concludes that sense of belonging, integration, and social cohesion are intertwined and important in creating an environment that is welcoming and a "home" to diverse learners and educators.
Keywords : belonging; desegregation; diversity; integration; Interactive Qualitative Analysis; race; social cohesion.
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Government funding for education, for example, may be distributed by population, which is measured by the Census. Which ethnic language is to be taught at which school will also be determined by ethnic population count. Many other public policy determinations will be made and debated based on the outcome of 2014 Census. It is about time political parties and civil society organizations in Burma begin to educate the public and prepare for holding the government accountable for the accurate count of the country’s population.
Posted by SI
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Philosophy for children
At St. Luke’s we like to offer subjects which go beyond the curriculum and one of these subjects is philosophy. We offer the children in all year groups 1 hour of Philosophy for Children (P4C). P4C is enquiry based learning which offers a way to open up children’s learning through enquiry and the exploration of ideas. Children learn that their ideas have value, and that the ideas of other children have value too. Through Philosophy for Children they realise that they don’t always have to be right, but they gain the confidence to ask questions and learn through discussion.
We find that developing children who are philosophical thinkers has the following benefits for the learners in St. Luke’s:
• An enquiry based approach to open up children’s learning through the exploration of ideas.
• Gives children the possibility of seeing that their ideas have value, and that others have different ideas that have value too.
• They realise that they don’t always have to be right.
• They have the confidence to ask questions and learn through discussion.
• All learners (including teachers) have opportunities to genuinely enquire.
• A chance to speak and be heard without fear of getting an answer wrong.
• Intelligence grows and much research demonstrates the positive impact philosophy can have on increasing cognitive ability.
• Gives children a chance to think outside the box and challenge their existing opinions.
• It brings learners together as a community.
• Gives all children value.
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VENTING THE WASTE SYSTEM
The waste system is vented to allow free air circulation within the system, to reduce the pressure on trap seals, and to remove foul gas odors caused by sewerage. Venting must tie into the stack. The method used to vent the waste system depends on where the fixtures are to be located and how they are grouped. This learning event describes three methods-unit venting, wet venting, and circuit venting. This learning event also describes water seals and cleanout fittings.
Unit venting allows two similar fixtures to use the same stack fitting. The waste drains of the two fixtures must be at the same height from the floor.
Wet venting allows the drain line of one fixture to serve also as a vent line for another fixture. The size of the wet vent depends on the distance between trap outlets.
Circuit venting can be used when two or more fixtures, such as lavatories, are installed in a row. The circuit vent is connected to the waste drain line between the last two fixtures in the row. Then the circuit vent is connected to the main vent.
A water seal stops sewer gases from coming into the building. It is a column of water in a fixture trap. The column is maintained by the atmospheric pressure from the venting (14.7 pounds per square inch, at sea level).
Water seal for water closets. Water closets have built-in traps that provide a visible water seal.
Water seal for other fixtures. Other fixtures require a P-trap to provide a water seal. The P-trap seal is a column of water (about 2 inches) between the trap's crown weir and the trap's top dip.
A cleanout is a fitting with a removable plug that is placed in a roughed-in waste system to help clear any stoppage in waste drain lines. Cleanouts are placed at the connection between the building sewer line and drain line, at the base of a vertical stack, and at all places where pipe direction changes 90 degrees.
Cleanout for a building sewer line. This cleanout can be just outside or inside the building. It must be 2 or more inches above the ground or the building floor.
Cleanout at the base of vertical stack. This cleanout must be 6 inches or more above the floor.
Cleanout for a 90-degree change-of-pipe direction. This cleanout is installed to clear any possible stoppage caused by the 90-degree turn in the line.
|Primary Content Provider: U.S. Army
Publisher: SweetHaven Publishing Services
Copyright © 2005, SweetHaven Publishing
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| 0.920118 | 545 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple is located in the heart of Madurai city, Tamil Nadu in India covering an area of around 45 acres. The greatest architectural marvel of India is dedicated to Lord Shiva in the form of Sundareswarar and his wife the Goddess Parvati in the form of Meenakshi.
Also called Meenakshi Amman Temple was built by Pandya King Kulasekara and reconstructed later by Ruler Thirumalai Nayak, the temple has patronized literature, art, music and dance ever since its inception. It is a significant symbol for the Tamil people attracting six thousand visitors a day and gets an annual revenue of rupees sixty million. Recently nominated in the list for the new Seven Wonders of the World and the temple was selected one of the Seven Wonders of India.
The temple complex is within a high-walled enclosure with five entrances covers an area of 254.1m long and 237.6m wide in the North South direction, surrounded by smaller shrines and grand pillared halls. There are 12 temple towers or Gopurams. Their soaring towers rise from solid granite bases, and are covered with stucco figures of dieties, mythical animals and monsters painted in vivid colours. The outer towers are the landmarks of Madurai.
East Tower (Nine Storeys) - 1011 sudhai figures.
South Tower (Nine Storeys) - 1511 sudhai figures.
West Tower (Nine Storeys) - 1124 sudhai figures.
North Tower (Nine Storeys) - It has lesser figures than other outer towers.
In addition there are five towers on top of the sanctum sanctorum of the Lord, three on top of the sanctum sanctorum of the Goddess and two golden towers or gopurams, and all which have been exquisitely designed and sculptured. All fourteen towers have been segregated based on the stages they are:
Nine tier gopurams(4)
Seven tier, Chittirai gopuram(1)
Five tier gopurams(5)
Three tier gopurams(2)
The Pyramidal Gates rise to a height of more than 50m. These towering gateways indicate the entrance to the temple complex at the four cardinal points, while lesser gopuras lead to the sanctums of the main dieties. The figures of deities on the tower are repaired, repainted and ritually reconsecrated every 12 years.
Some of the most largest and spectaculars mandapam or hall are:
Ashta Shakthi Mandapam
A hall food built by Thirumalai Nayakar's wives Rudrapathi Ammal and Tholimamai. In ancient times in this hall, the food was distributed to the devotees who came from far off places. This hall has a votive lamp-holder with 1,008 lamps, which are lit on festive occasions and present a spectacular sight. The sculptures on the pillars here relate some of miracles of Lord and also the story of Meenakshi's birth and her life as the princess of Madurai.
Meenakshi Nayakkar Mandapam
A spacious columned hall used for shops and stores is adjacent to Ashta Shakthi Mandapam, consisting of 110 pillars carrying the figures of a peculiar animal with a lion's body, and an elephant's head called Yalli.
An ancient Golden Lotus Tank where devotees take bath in the holy water. The area around this tank was the meeting place of the TamilSangam, the ancient academy of poets. The tank is surrounded by a pillared corridor. Steps lead down to the tank, enabling worshippers to take bathe in it.
The Oonjal or swing hall and the Killikoontu or parrot cage hall are on the western side of the tank. Every Friday, the golden idols of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are seated and hymns are sung as the deities gaily swing to and fro. The parrots in the Kilikoontu Mandapam have been trained to repeat Meenakshi's name. There are interesting 28 pillars which exhibit excellent sculptures of figures from Hindu mythology.
Swami Sundareswarar Shrine
The shrine is to the north of Kilikoontu Mandapam. There is a gigantic idol of Sri Ganesh called Mukkurini Pillaiyar where you can worship on your way. When the king Thirumalai Nayakar excavated a temple tank, he unearthed this idol of Vinayaka and erected the same here.
There is a stump of the Kadamba Tree in the corridor outside the main shrine, under which Indra worshipped Shiva linga. Visitors can also find the Kadambathadi Mandapam, a big hall called Velli Ambalam or Silver Hall where an idol of Nataraja, the Lord of Dance is seen, and covered with silver leaves.
The Thousand Pillar Mandapam
Actually the number of pillars counts 985 beautifully decorated columns and there are the wonder of the palace. Each pillar is sculptured and is a monument of the Dravidan sculpture. There is a Temple Art Museum in this 1000 pillars hall where you can see icons, photographs, drawings exhibiting the 1200 years old history. There are many other smaller and bigger mandapams in the temple. Just outside this mandapam, towards the west, are the Musical Pillars. Each pillar when stuck produces a different musical note. The Kalyana Mandapa, to the south of the pillared hall, is where the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is celebrated every year during the Chitirai Festival in mid April.
Also called Pudhu Mandapam was built by Thirumalai Nayakkar where the spring festival is celebrated in Vaikasi, April-May. Its pillars contain elaborate sculptures of Shiva, Meenakshi, scenes from their wedding as well as the figures of ten of the Nayak Kings and their consorts.
According to Hindu legend, Shiva came down to earth in the form of Sundareswarar to marry Meenakshi, an incarnation of Parvati who had earlier descended to earth in the form of a small child in response to the great penance of Malayadwaja Pandya, the ruler of Madurai. The marriage was supposed to be the biggest event on earth, with the whole earth gathering near Madurai.
Many historical evidences of the temple have been found dating back from early AD. The temple was almost completely destroyed in the year 1310 following the invasion of the Islamic conqueror Malik Kafur. The invaders followers of Islam destroyed most of the ancient sculptures of the temple due to their intolerance towards other religions.
In the early 7th century the Hindu Saint, Thirugnanasambandar mentioned the temple and described to the Lord as Alavai Iraivan in his songs. In the late 14th century when the Hindu Kings came back to power in Madurai The temple was restored to its pristine glory and was a a new beginning of a new era in the history of the temple, when it was almost rebuilt. In according to records the King Thirumalai Nayak played an important role in the new temple construction with most valuable contributions.
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Tasmanian Devils are threatened by a fatal Cancer and Science has just discovered the reason why
Scientists have found some amazing facts involving a common disease that attacks Tasmanian devils. devils facial tumor or DFT repeatedly attacks Tasmanian devils and is virtually incurable. However research has now found that tumor cells in the DFT possess the ability to disguise them and hide from the animals immune systems. The tumor uses a kind of molecular deception found in human cancers to build a force shield around it disallowing the immune system to recognize and attack it.
Research published recently observed how DFT cells hide from the Tasmanian devils immune system by not expressing molecules that can be recognized by the immune system. The discovery of the molecular shield provides scientist valuable data in understanding the disease so that effective medication can now be formulated to cure or prevent it.
1 Modern day immunotherapy is now the first line defense against cancer
Modern day cancer therapy besides chemotherapy and surgery also uses the process of stimulation of immune cells to target the tumor cells. 2013 saw a major breakthrough in successful immunotherapy. The procedures of stimulating Immune checkpoint molecules have advanced rapidly in regulating and improving the immune system. The therapy has now emerged as the first line of defense in cancer treatment. The benefit of checkpoint molecules is the control over the procedure that can be stopped whenever desired.The need for regulation and control is the harsh fact that the immune system is so powerful that in killing cancer cell it can also end up damaging healthy organ tissue as well.
2 Programmed death, what does it mean
Checkpoint molecules named PD-1 or programmed death-1 and PD-L1 or programmed death ligand -1 are now the most critical regulatory agents of immunotherapy against cancer. But though they are used for keeping the onslaught of the immune system in check, they are also used by cancer as a molecular shield against any attack by the immune system. This is one common factor found in the disease. PDl-1 is the main agent that works as a regulatory barrier against the cancer killer PD-1 or T-cells.Tasmanian devil facial tumor that uses this kind of molecular deception to spread.
The PD-1 molecule is common to several immune cells but is more specific to anti cancer responses that are initiated by T-cells or Lymphocytes. Each time a cancer killing T-cell interacts with PD-L1 which acts as the regulator, the action of the T-cell is stopped. The T-cell then undergoes what is known as programmed death or it could just remain idle bereft of any role. In the worst case scenario, The T-cell may also prevent other immune cells to do their job of targeting the cancer. This is what is happening in the devil facial tumor resulting in the subsequent deaths of Tasmanian Devils.
3 Tasmanian devils are affected by other disease other than Devils facial Tumor
Research teams studying Tasmanian devil immunology found such checkpoint molecules present in the devil’s immune system and were the main cause of devil facial tumor. There is a possibility of many other factors contributing to DFT that hide the disease from the immune system. Research to locate all of these is currently underway. However in a positive sign for researchers, not all cancer cells were able to hide and spontaneous tumor regression was observed in various stages of the disease.
In 2014 a second transmissible cancer was named DFT 2 was found in wild Tasmanian devils native to Southern Tasmania. This has shocked scientists as only a few transmissible cancer tumors are known to exist.
4 Protecting the Tasmanian Devil
In order to protect Tasmanian devil’s falling prey to devils facial disease 1 and 2, effective immunotherapy and research to that effect would have to be initiated so that new transmissible cancers don’t arise. For this, research is going on to find out which are the true switches that can turn on or off the immune system of Tasmanian devils to create a correct anti cancer response.
The biggest challenge is the evolution of the devils facial tumor disease that can adapt to ecological conditions and immunological pressure. The only positive aspect of such an occurrence is the reduce fatality of the disease which causes the disease not to kill the host it infects. Hopefully this will also be true in the case of the Tasmanian devil.
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As a general rule, every child from Junior Infants to Sixth Class is given homework each weekday night. Parents are asked to ensure that their children complete the homework each night. In the event of the homework not being attempted or not being completed, teachers may insist that the children complete the homework during weekends.
Each child from first class to sixth has a homework journal. It should be signed each night by a parent when the child’s homework is completed and inspected.
Where exceptional circumstances prevent the completion of homework, please forward an explanatory note to the teacher.
Parents are asked to refrain from doing their child’s homework. Work set for homework will have been prepared in class. Please check your child’s homework for neatness and point out any mistakes.
Changes have taken place in the way in which certain areas of Maths are being taught. In helping your child, please adhere to the methods being used in school. Providing alternative methods may lead to confusion for the child.
Oral work is as important as written work. Please listen to your child’s reading, and examine spellings and tables.
As a general rule, homework is not given at the weekends.
Reading: It is primarily in the home that the habit of reading is fostered. Encourage your child to join the library and help him/her to appreciate that reading can be fun and not a chore which is confined to school or homework. Encourage reading in free time and during holidays.
Problems with Reading: Children with reading difficulties may be referred to the Learning Support Teacher. For a support programme to be successful, it will require the encouragement and active co-operation of parents. Specifically, parents are asked to listen to their child reading on a nightly basis. Be positive. The road to good reading may not be smooth, but your child will get there in the end.
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If you live in a big city, or have visited a big city and noticed that there was a visual haze hanging over the buildings, you have experienced smog. Smog is a dangerous pollutant that affects our breathing, and it can have disastrous consequences on our long term health.
Few cities on the planet can compete with the level of smog that currently hangs over the city of Beijing, China. The air is so bad there that people have taken to moving around the city wearing surgical masks in an effort to protect their health.
Scientists have been trying to figure out ways to not only decrease the amount of smog that we are producing, but also how to actually deal with the smog in the atmosphere. One company believes that they have found a solution for cleaning up the air the people of Beijing are breathing in, by turning it into diamonds.
The plan that they have come up with will surprise you. They are attempting to take the particles out of the air in order to turn them into beautiful diamonds.
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Where Do Banks Put My Deposits?
There is a common misconception that banks hold all of the cash that customers deposit in that giant vault at the back of the bank. You know, the one that robbers in crime films are always trying to break into.
Turns out, this is pretty far from the truth. It is true that banks hold plenty of cash in the vault, but they typically only hold enough for a day’s worth of transactions.
So, where do banks put all of your money?
While it might offer you peace of mind to know that it is sitting safely in a vault, that just isn’t the case. In fact, you might be surprised to find out where your money goes when you make a deposit!
First, it’s important to understand how banks make money.
How does a bank make money?
It all starts with you.
When you place a deposit into your bank account, the bank, in turn, will “borrow” some of your money to issue a loan or two out in the world. Your bank chooses where to lend that money. They typically lend out around 85 cents on your deposited dollar, though this Loan to Deposit Ratio changes from bank to bank based on the specific strategies they might have.
Remember that time you needed to take out a loan from the bank? Turns out you were really borrowing from other people and businesses that had some spare cash in their accounts.
The bank acts as the intermediary and tries to ensure that the loan you took out is repaid so that those dollars are there again when the other people and businesses want to withdraw that cash.
The bank keeps the interest you pay on that loan as its fee for being the intermediary. The difference between the interest a bank earns and the amount they pay their customers for those deposits is known as the Net Interest Margin.
Many large banks have continued to develop products beyond this original banking model, but this is banking at its most simple and continues to be the primary model for many regional and community banks around the country.
How do banks choose which loans to make with my money?
Every bank - and there are lots of them! - employs a somewhat unique lending strategy that is directed by their management teams and the charters under which they were created.
In the case of community banks or credit unions, they often try to serve a small and distinct geographic footprint with things like local home and commercial mortgages or local business lines of credit. In the case of large national and multinational banks, they typically serve the largest corporations and often have industry specialties and niche product sets that serve a specific need for their own customers. After all, companies like Tesla have big cash and complex needs, so it makes sense they would need bigger, more sophisticated banks to help them.
Some banks choose to take on higher risk loans, which increases the amount of interest they can recuperate (profit!) if the loans do not default (losses).
Managing the risk and duration of a loan portfolio is a complex job that includes regulatory oversight from entities like the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC). However, since the deposits must always be there when their customers want to withdraw their money (thank you FDIC insurance!), higher risk loans also present the opportunity for higher losses for the bank issuing those loans. Banks fund losses out of their own coffers so that their deposit customers are never impacted by good or bad loan decisions. A bank fails if they make too many bad loans and they run out of their own money to repay their deposit customers.
Do customers have a say in what types of loans their bank makes?
These decisions are made by the management teams of each bank and are based on the expertise or business opportunities each bank might have. Management teams also weigh the need to meet profitability goals to meet investor expectations.
This is increasingly becoming an important question as many of the largest banks around the country have spent decades making loans to companies that many people would never choose to support individually.
If a local business asked their bank for a loan to build a hog slaughtering facility next to your home, you might not want the bank to make that loan. Similarly, you might not want your money being used to build oil and gas pipelines that pollute disadvantaged or indigenous communities.
Unfortunately, the original banking model wasn’t built with customer preferences in mind. You may be excited to learn that this is beginning to change with the advancement of various technologies!
For people that want their money used for lending to help reverse global warming, entities like Atmos have come into existence.
Do banks do bad things with my money?
Everyone’s definition of bad is a bit different. It’s important to realize that many banks make decisions based on likelihood of repayment and potential for profit and tend to stay silent on moral considerations.
Many of the largest companies in the world create products that use or extract an immense amount of raw natural resources that impact many communities. When banks provide loans to those companies with your money, they are helping to deliver those products and services, which means you’re helping to deliver those products and services.
For example, between the years 2016 and 2020, over 60 of the largest banks around the world invested nearly $4 trillion in fossil fuel companies. This comes on the heels of overwhelming evidence that dependence on fossil fuels is quickly causing climate change and other environmental damage. Many of these banks prefer to avoid acknowledging their role in financing climate change.
If you’re concerned about what your bank is doing with your money, try to find a bank that resonates with your values. If you’re someone who staunchly believes in and is concerned with climate justice, for example, consider starting your banking journey with an institution that shares those values and uses your money to help reverse global warming.
Where can I learn more about what my bank does with my money?
If your bank is publicly traded on a stock exchange, they are required to disclose certain information in their quarterly and annual filings. This is a great place to start, though these documents only broadly talk about industries the bank may serve and usually gives a less than straightforward answer.
Another way to ascertain what a bank does with your money is to talk to your bank directly. Ask them where exactly your money is going and what investments or causes the bank is supporting with your funds. Ask the tough questions! These conversations can be a great barometer of how ethical your bank might be.
Reviewing a bank’s website may also unearth some details about what they’re doing with their customers’ money -- however this might be difficult to tease out. Banks try to convey the message that they are doing feel-good things while ignoring topics that might generate negative PR, so you’ll have to exercise your critical thinking skills.
Lastly, people can solicit the help of third parties or banking experts, such as Rainforest Action Network or Bank for Good. These organizations spend massive amounts of time doing research to uncover what banks are actually doing with our money.
Banking with Atmos: Be the change you wish to see in the world with purpose-driven deposits
Atmos Financial is a financial technology company that was built on the foundational pillars of reversing global warming.
Bank accounts are FDIC-insured and offer nationally leading savings rates and rebates. As a technology company, Atmos emphasizes a better user experience through intentionally designed web and mobile apps. Most importantly, Atmos uses 100% of its customers’ deposits for things like renewable energy projects and infrastructure that have a positive impact on the climate.
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It’s families living in dilapidated or makeshift shelters, with patchwork walls and poorly sealed windows and doors. Children growing up in cramped spaces that let in the cold and keep out the light. Mothers, fathers, grandparents, cousins crowding too much life into too few rooms.
It’s living in a rundown apartment whose rent increases are as unpredictable as the streets all around. Or tenuously settling on land you don’t own in order to be close to available work. Or watching a disaster devastate your community.
It’s not being able to keep your house warm, not having regular access to clean water, not knowing “home” as a place of safety and joy.
It’s everywhere — in small towns, smaller villages, big cities, your city.
To fully understand the housing need that exists in communities around the world is to fully appreciate the urgency of Habitat’s work.
Read the rest of the cover story
- The National Low Income Housing Coalition has determined that 95 million Americans live in overcrowded or severely inadequate conditions, or pay too much for housing. That’s nearly one-third of the U.S. population.
- More than 10 million people worldwide die each year from conditions related to substandard housing, unsafe water and poor sanitation, according to a United Nations’ Global Report on Human Settlement. That’s more than 1,100 each hour … nearly 20 per minute.
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For the heart to work right, blood must flow in only one direction. The heart's valves make this possible. Healthy valves open and close in a precise way as the heart pumps blood.
Each valve has a set of flaps called leaflets. The leaflets open to allow blood to pass from the heart chambers into the arteries. Then the leaflets close tightly to stop blood from flowing back into the chambers.
Heart surgery is done to fix leaflets that don't open as wide as they should. This can happen if they become thick or stiff or fuse together. As a result, not enough blood flows through the valve into the artery.
Heart surgery also is done to fix leaflets that don't close tightly. If the leaflets don't close tightly, blood can leak backward into the heart chambers, rather than only moving forward into the arteries as it should.
To fix these problems, surgeons either repair the valve or replace it. Replacement valves are taken from animals or made from human tissue or man-made materials.
To repair a mitral (MI-trul) or pulmonary (PULL-mun-ary) valve that's too narrow, a surgeon will insert a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) through a large blood vessel and guide it to the heart. This procedure is called cardiac catheterization (KATH-e-ter-i-ZA-shun).
The surgeon will place the end of the catheter inside the narrowed valve. He or she will rapidly inflate and deflate a small balloon at the tip of the catheter. This widens the valve, allowing blood to flow through it to the artery. This approach is less invasive than open-heart surgery.
Repairing or Replacing Heart Valves
Your doctor may recommend repairing or replacing your heart valve(s), even if you do not yet have symptoms of heart valve disease. This can prevent lasting damage to your heart and sudden death.
Having heart valve repair or replacement depends on a number of factors, including:
- How severe your valve disease is.
- Your age and general health.
- Whether you need heart surgery for other conditions, such as bypass surgery to treat CHD. Bypass surgery and valve surgery can be done at the same time.
When possible, heart valve repair is preferred over heart valve replacement. Valve repair preserves the strength and function of the heart muscle. People who have valve repair also have a lower risk of IE after the surgery, and they don't need to take blood-thinning medicines for the rest of their lives.
However, heart valve repair surgery is harder to do than valve replacement.
Also, not all valves can be repaired. Mitral valves often can be repaired. Aortic and pulmonary valves often have to be replaced.
Repairing Heart Valves
Heart valves can be repaired by:
- Separating fused valve flaps
- Removing or reshaping tissue so the valve can close tighter
- Adding tissue to patch holes or tears or to increase the support at the base of the valve
Heart surgeons do most heart valve repair surgeries. Cardiologists do some repair surgeries using cardiac catheterization. Although catheterization procedures are less invasive, they also may not work as well for some patients.
You and your doctor will decide whether repair is appropriate and what the best procedure is for doing it.
Balloon valvuloplasty. Heart valves that don't open fully (stenosis) can be repaired with surgery or with a less invasive catheter procedure called balloon valvuloplasty (VAL-vyu-lo-plas-tee). This procedure also is called balloon valvotomy (val-VOT-o-me).
During the procedure, a balloon-tipped tube is threaded through your blood vessels and into the faulty valve in your heart. The balloon is inflated to help widen the opening of the valve. Your doctor then deflates the balloon and removes both it and the tube.
You're awake during the procedure, which usually requires an overnight stay in the hospital.
Balloon valvuloplasty relieves many of the symptoms of heart valve disease, but it may not cure it. The condition can still worsen over time. You may need medicines to help with symptoms or surgery to repair or replace the faulty valve.
Balloon valvuloplasty has a shorter recovery time than surgery. For some patients who have mitral valve stenosis, it may work as well as surgical repair or replacement. For these reasons, balloon valvuloplasty usually is preferred over surgical repair or replacement for these people.
Balloon valvuloplasty doesn't work as well as surgical treatment for adults who have aortic valve stenosis.
Balloon valvuloplasty often is used in infants and children. In these patients, congenital defects cause valve stenosis. Doctors can repair the defects using balloon valvuloplasty.
Replacing Heart Valves
Sometimes heart valves can't be repaired and must be replaced. This surgery involves removing the faulty valve and replacing it with a man-made or a biological valve.
Biological valves are made from pig, cow, or human heart tissue and may have parts as well. These valves are specially treated, so no medicines are needed to stop the body from rejecting the valve.
Man-made valves are more durable than biological valves and usually don't have to be replaced. Biological valves usually have to be replaced after about 10 years, although newer biological valves may last 15 years or longer.
Unlike biological valves, however, man-made valves require you to take blood-thinning medicines for the rest of your life. These medicines prevent blood clots from forming on the valve. Blood clots can cause a heart attack or stroke. Man-made valves also raise your risk of IE.
You and your doctor will decide together whether you should have a man-made or biological replacement valve.
If you're a woman of childbearing age or if you're athletic, you may prefer a biological valve so you don't have to take blood-thinning medicines. If you're elderly, you also may prefer a biological valve, as it will likely last for the rest of your life.
Other Approaches for Repairing and Replacing Heart Valves
Some newer forms of heart valve repair and replacement surgery are less invasive than traditional surgery. These procedures use smaller incisions (cuts) to reach the heart valves. Hospital stays for these newer types of surgery usually are 3 to 5 days, compared with 5-day stays for traditional heart valve surgery.
New surgeries tend to cause less pain and have a lower risk of infection. Recovery time also tends to be shorter-2 to 4 weeks versus 6 to 8 weeks for traditional surgery.
Some cardiologists and surgeons are exploring procedures that use cardiac catheterization to thread clips or other devices in a tube through your blood vessels and into the faulty valve in your heart. The clips or devices are used to reshape the valve and stop the backflow of blood. It's not yet known how well these procedures work.
The Ross operation is a surgical procedure to treat faulty aortic valves. During this operation, your doctor removes your faulty aortic valve and replaces it with your pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve is then replaced with a pulmonary valve from a deceased human donor.
This is more involved surgery than typical valve replacement, and it has a greater risk of complications.
The Ross operation may be especially useful for children because the surgically replaced valves continue to grow with the child. Also, lifelong treatment with blood-thinning medicines isn't required.
But in some patients, one or both valves fail to work properly within a few years of the surgery. Experts continue to debate the usefulness of this procedure.
Serious risks from all types of heart valve surgery vary according to your age, health, the type of valve defect(s) you have, and the surgical procedure(s) done.
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On 12 November 1841 it was still dark, hours before sunrise, when Franz Liszt entered the city of Osnabrück in Lower Saxony. His watch had just turned 6:00 a.m. when he arrived at his local hotel and took a three hours’ nap before breakfast. In the afternoon, he improvised a matinée performance at the home of a local citizen and in the evening he gave a public concert at 7 p.m. Very early next morning he continued to Bielefeld where he gave a solo recital the same day, on 13 November. This rhythm of life was typical of Franz Liszt, the virtuoso who was known as ‘a dazzling wizard, a showman and superman of the keyboard’.
This is my visualization on Liszt’s hectic concert tours during his Glanzperiode n 1839–1847.
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According to the Climate Council’s report, heat waves are becoming more frequent and longer in Australia. 2016 has broken the record of the hottest year in the history of the earth. Reports from both local Australian sources and global sources say that this is just going to get worse during 2017.
As the extra carbon gets emitted into the Earth’s atmosphere, the world is getting hotter and Australia is the geographical point that will experience the highest heat. 2016 also saw a dangerous drop in Australia’s wheat yield and higher temperatures pose a direct threat to children, the elderly and people who work outdoors in the scorching sun.
Different states will have different effects due to this intense rise in temperature. In the previous year, Brisbane has experienced the heat wave 8 days earlier than the normal period and the number of days that experience a temperature higher than 35°C has been expected to increase from 12 percent to a striking 18 percent by 2030.
As we go ahead in the timeline, the effects seem to be getting worse. A report shows that by the end of the century, Australia’s Maximum one-day rainfall is expected to rise by 18 percent. Thunderstorms for the state of Brisbane are expected to rise by 14 percent at till 2100 and tropical cyclones will increase only in intensity and not in quantity.
Although there are measures being taken to prevent the health effects that follow this devastating change, unless a change in the way we live is made, the effects will worsen and will just add to the list of people at risk.
Greenhouse Gases are a major problem and controlling the amount of carbon emitted in the air is a serious effort that is not just one country’s job but a global effort. With such compelling evidence present in front of the human race, it is difficult to understand that a global threat that can cause massive changes and destruction in the way of life is not being addressed unanimously but is still being contested for authenticity.
The Earth’s temperature is rising year by year with no effort being made on a large scale to reduce this effect and control it. NASA has joined the fight against climate change and has produced some very alarming evidence of the movement of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere and how it is affecting life all over the globe.
Major corporations in the world that have become accustomed and made the people accustomed to the way of life that is currently being followed will try and oppose climate change because that means more expenses for renewable facilities and lesser profits from fossil fuel sources.
Although there are some countries that have made it a top priority to limit their nation’s carbons footprint, 70% of the world is still in darkness and refuse to believe the great threat that is slowly growing in size.
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Experiment and explore with real science tools, perfectly sized for little hands. This colorful set encourages early hands-on science investigations on the kitchen table. 22-pieces include: beaker, magnifying glass, funnel, test tubes and more, all made of durable plastic. Also includes activity guide and cards with fun, easy-to-do experiments.
From the Manufacturer
Primary Science Set. Real science tools perfectly sized for little hands. Supports hands-on early science investigations. Colorful, durable set features measurement markings. Ten double-sided Activity Cards cover science process skills, living and nonliving things, physical science, senses and more. Includes beaker, magnifying glass, funnel, eyedropper, flask, tweezers, goggles, large 6” test tube and stand, 2 small test tubes and stand, plus Activity Guide. Grades PreK+. Set of 15.
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PRESCHOOL SCIENCE KITS: Foster a curiosity for science by conducting real hands-on experiments
SCIENCE SET LAB: Visually appealing science tools and easy-to-follow, beginner science activities
REAL LIFE TOOLS AND TODDLER SCIENCE GOGGLES: Learn the names of science tools and broaden your child’s working out of science terms
Get able to explore the wide world around you with science discovery toys and tools that lend a hand kids build commentary and very important thinking skills utilized by real scientists, school supplies,teacher supplies!
Kids’ Toys for Stocking Stuffers!: From fidget toys and board games to puzzles and beyond, our screen-free learning and education toys make the very best Christmas gifts for girls and boys!
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Throughout the years, companies have used advertising as an outlet for selling their products. Though the campaigns, audiences, and messages behind the advertisements may have changed over time, the ultimate message has not, and that is generally great value for a low cost. The companies that design the ads have one interest in mind, and that is to target their audience and make them want to buy the product. Corporations such as Coca-Cola and Marlboro have been successful at finding an audience in which to target and then directing their ads toward the people while making a fairly large profit. Many industries, including the soft drink, beer/alcohol, tobacco, and the automobile industries have done so as well with positive results. However, since the automobile has increasingly become such a part of our everyday lives over the years, the depictions in the industry’s advertisements show more than a campaign or a message, they depict the society and the style of their respective time periods.
The 1920’s were a time when the level of discrimination against women was at a minimum. Many automobile companies, such as Cadillac and Chevrolet even mentioned women’s autonomy in their advertisements. According to Chevrolet, their product “has that elusive something that women of discrimination have been demanding for years.” In addition, the ad in general is aimed at women, as its main theme is “The most beautiful Chevrolet in history” and depicts a peacock with blue, green, white, and orange feathers. The words “beautiful Chevrolet in history” also happen to be overlapping the colorful feathers. Moreover, there are no men depicted in the ad. Instead, there are two women in the car. The secondary theme in the ad is “Quality at low cost”, as “Chevrolet discloses that individuality and perfection of silhouette that you would expect to find in the costliest of custom-built creations.” The automobile in the ad happens to look like a silhouette when compared to the bright white background, as the car is dark gray in color.
Compositionally, the advertisement is balanced, as most of the words are placed in two columns in the center with one image above and another one below. Though the car, on the bottom, is dark and fairly large, there is a sense of balance between the two images due to the texture in the peacock’s feathers. In addition, the heading of the ad is in large serif letters overlapping the feathers, some of which are italicized. There are four separate fonts of various sizes used in the heading alone, and two others are used throughout the ad.
After the depression of the 1930’s, the main focus of the 1940’s became appearance and also asked the question, “What car company has the best quality and gives it to you for the smallest price?” This is also when competition among carmakers began heating up and manufacturers began targeting different audiences. For example, Chevrolet would publish an ad that read, “You’ll look a long, long time without finding any real equal to this car at any price”, while De Soto would counter by saying, “Success proves De Soto the smartest buy” and “…De Soto’s the car for anybody’s money.” Most automobile manufacturers aimed their advertisements toward the average American family, who had managed to survive through the depression during the previous years. De Soto depicted a family of three sitting in a car as they drove to a fair. Moreover, the family is buying cotton candy, while an onlooker tells the driver, “You must be mighty proud of that De Soto.” These are strong visuals, as it shows that the average family can have an attractive car and still have enough money to go out together and have fun. The font is fairly plain, as the header is sans serif, and the rest of the ad is serif. The only script in the ad is the slogan, “America’s smartest low-priced car.”
On the other hand, Chevrolet depicts its cars as classy and elegant, yet extremely affordable. Their black and white ad shows that colors are not what make a car elegant; rather, it is the overall design. Moreover, an elegant young lady stands in the foreground, which tells the viewer that if the average female were to buy the car depicted, they too would feel elegant and a part of upper-class society. After all, the ad’s header reads, “Meet the beauty leader – Bar none” in script. All of the other “advantages” and features are written in two columns below the picture using serif font.
With the 1960’s came giant Cadillacs and Buicks. Cars seemed to be getting bigger with each one built. This presented a problem, however. Their large size contributed to low fuel mileage, and thus, people had to pay more for gas and general maintenance than they should have. This sparked an interest in small, affordable economy cars. Volkswagen led the way with its Beetle. Many thought it was strange and a “novelty” when it first came out, but in 1962, the company published a simple advertisement encouraging people to “think small.” The ad incorporates the corner view of a small, black off-centered VW Beetle with a white background. There is nothing more, except for three columns of small text using sans serif font at the bottom. This basic ad is aimed at those of any age who have previously poked fun at the car and for those who are used to driving large cars and paying more for gas and service. The car is depicted as being virtually worry-free, as those who buy it don’t have to think about it’s excellent gas mileage or using “5 pints of oil instead of 5 quarts.” The only time its owner has to think about the car is when they “want to trade in their old VW for a new one.” Another company that has followed suit is Ford and its 1969 Cortina. The ad sparks similar emotions to the Volkswagen ad in that it reminds the viewer to “think over” buying an economy car over a larger car. In addition, it is another fairly simple ad that shows a window sticker with a list of options, including a parcel shelf and front disc brakes, all of which have “no charge” written next to them. Unlike the Volkswagen ad, which was aimed at a wide audience, this ad is aimed at females who know enough not to pay for extra features that are included at no charge by the Ford Motor Company, as the woman slightly smiling on the right seems to allude. The main visual is not that bold, as it is just sans serif font on a window sticker.
The use of modern technology in building cars had become popular by the 1980’s. Carmakers such as General Motors and Nissan promoted their products by attempting to offer more “electronics packages” than other companies. Since manufacturers saw the success of economy cars during the 1960s and 1970s, they implemented the technology in most makes and models, not just expensive luxury cars.
In 1981, General Motors proclaimed that technology had arrived and that they were the future of the automobile industry by depicting their product going through a wind tunnel not once, but twice in order to achieve perfection. Moreover, the car appears to be a computer-generated image that is fresh off of the drawing board. The black and white visual, itself, is fairly weak, but for its time period, it delivers a strong message, in that aerodynamics and technology within the automobile industry were rather new. The message is also repeated in the description of the ad below the image. The left and right margins of the text are also on an angle, adding some interest to the ad. Because the technology was new, General Motors marketed this ad toward younger people who had a better understanding of aerodynamics and power features than those who were older did.
A 1984 advertisement for Nissan depicted their car as “a world class sedan that doesn’t cost the world,” meaning that people didn’t have to pay extra for the power options and the implementation of modern technology, such as a keyless entry system. Like General Motors, Nissan is aiming its ad toward a younger audience and states that the Maxima’s engine “generates more horsepower than BMW, Audi, or a Porche 944.” In addition, the “standard power windows, cruise control, and stereo with cassette” appeal to younger audiences. But most importantly though, they “add up to one of the world’s most sophisticated sedans at any price.”
The pictured sedan toward the top of the page is on a gridded plane, making the car appear to be fresh off the drawing board. The italicized sans serif text is the only element that depicts motion, and the image between the two columns of text on the bottom of the ad shows the inside of the car and how plush and roomy it is. Overall, the advertisement works in that the viewers get an idea of what they are missing if they don’t already own “the most sophisticated sedan” with the best “technology”, “quality”, and “service plan”.
In conclusion, since the automobile has increasingly become such a part of our everyday lives over the years, the depictions in the industry’s advertisements show more than a campaign or a message, they depict the society and the style of art of their respective time periods. The 1920s were a time when advertisements were starting to target women, since only men had previously owned vehicles. Advertisers also stressed the car’s beauty, which was also apparent in the 1940s, after the depression. Those who couldn’t afford to own vehicles in the 1930s now could, and many families began buying them for road trips or drives down to the local fairgrounds. However, in the 1960s, quality and cost became a bigger factor than the car’s appearance, and economy cars became popular. The advertisements became more simplistic, as did the cars they were depicting. Viewers were also encouraged to “think small,” and this appealed to younger audiences, since drivers became younger. But as the 1980s rolled around, technology began being implemented in the construction and mechanisms of the automobiles. Like the 1960s, manufacturers depicted their cars as having better quality and reliability, but at a lower cost than most luxury cars. Some were even depicted as having smarter technology than luxury cars.
Today, people know about the quality and reliability, as well as the technology of automobiles. Most ads depict people having fun with their vehicles, such as a SUV driving over the Rocky Mountains or a person getting everything they want, including a fun Toyota sports car. The campaigns, audiences, and messages behind the advertisements may have changed over time, but the ultimate message has not. And that is generally great value and reliability for a low cost. However, it is apparent now more than ever, with corporations marketing to younger audiences who generally wouldn’t have as much money as a middle-aged family man in the 1940s or 1960s.
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hello kanan, the explanation to this output goes like this. if(b= i == j) remember 1) during assignment operation (i.e. '=' operation )first of all the RHS expression is calculated and the result is assigned to LHS. so in ur case RHS expression is i==j which is true so now the if(...) becomes if(b = true) now true will be assigned to b so finally if(...) will be considered if(true) so the expression inside if() has value true so the output is true. hope this explain things. do post any other doubt of urs. regards deekasha
int i = 10; int j = 10; boolean b = false; if(b= i == j) System.out.println("True"); else System.out.println("False"); To make the if statement more clear, look at it this way: if(b = (i==j)) Here, i==j returns true, which is assigned to b. Now, your if statement has its required boolean condition - b - which is true. Hence the result.
Joined: Jun 22, 2000
thanks deeksha and gopinath, u'll explained that one fine
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Official storage of contaminated soil begins in Fukushima
Contaminated soil produced during cleanup in communities affected by the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster is carried on belt-conveyers covered with plastic sheets at an interim storage site in Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture, on Oct. 28.
OKUMA, Fukushima Prefecture–Hailed by the government as a major step to rebuilding, radioactive soil from the cleanup of municipalities impacted by the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster began arriving at an interim storage site here on Oct. 28.
However, officials and residents with the towns of Okuma and Futaba fear the repository may end up being permanent as finding a final resting place outside Fukushima Prefecture is expected to be extremely difficult.
Still, local governments welcomed the start since rebuilding has been hampered by the countless number of bags containing polluted soil that have been kept in backyards.
“We are hoping to remove as many bags of contaminated soil as possible from people’s living spaces,” said Tadahiko Ito, vice environment minister who inspected the site on Oct. 28.
All the soil there is supposed to be taken out of the prefecture by March 2045 for final disposal under the law.
The repository began operating at the site, where soil from low-level pollution will be kept after being brought in via a belt-conveyor system. Bulldozers will afterward flatten the surface.
After a certain amount of soil is brought in, the ground will be covered with uncontaminated soil. The site can hold about 50,000 cubic meters of soil, according to the Environment Ministry, which oversees the project.
The ministry began building the interim storage facility about a year ago. As of the end of September, contracts had been signed for about 40 percent of the 1,600 hectares of land needed for storage in Okuma and Futaba, which co-host the crippled Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant.
A total of seven facilities will be built to keep polluted soil.
The ministry also plans to complete two facilities to store more radioactive waste in fiscal 2019.
Overall construction costs are estimated at 1.1 trillion yen ($9.67 billion) for all the interim storage facilities.
They can store up to 22 million cubic meters of soil and other waste.
According to the ministry, about 15.2 million cubic meters of contaminated soil from decontamination work are piled up or buried at about 150,000 location in Fukushima Prefecture, including plots near houses and schoolyards.
The ministry envisages moving 12.5 million cubic meters of the total to the interim sites by the end of March 2021.
Sprawling radioactive waste storage facility opens for business in Fukushima
A new facility in the town of Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture, starts storing radioactive waste generated by the 2011 nuclear crisis on Saturday.
The government’s new radioactive waste storage facility in Fukushima Prefecture kicked into full gear on Saturday after completing a roughly four-month trial run.
While the facility near the crippled Fukushima No. 1 nuclear complex is designed to store soil and other tainted waste collected during decontamination work for up to 30 years, it remains only half complete six years after the triple core meltdown struck in March 2011.
An estimated 22 million cu. meters of contaminated waste exists in Fukushima, but the facility does not yet have enough capacity to store it all, and residents fear it will sit there permanently in the absence of a final disposal site.
The government has been able to buy only 40 percent of the land so far but eventually plans to secure 1,600 hectares for the facility, which is expected to generate ¥1.6 trillion ($14.1 billion) in construction and related costs.
The storage facility is urgently needed to consolidate the 13 million cu. meters of radioactive waste scattered around the prefecture. The prolonged disposal work, among other concerns, is said to be keeping residents away from their hometowns even when the evacuation orders are lifted.
Also on Saturday, the government began full operation of a facility where waste intended for incineration, such as trees and plants, is separated from the rest.
Contaminated soil is sorted into different categories depending on cesium level before storage.
Work to store tainted soil at Fukushima facility begins
Tainted soil is brought into an interim storage facility for radioactive waste in Fukushima Prefecture on Saturday.
FUKUSHIMA (Jiji Press) — The Environment Ministry started Saturday bringing tainted soil to one of its interim storage facilities for radioactive waste in Fukushima Prefecture.
Soil generated from work to decontaminate areas hit by fallout from the March 2011 triple meltdown at Tokyo Electric Power Co. Holdings Inc.’s disaster-damaged Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant has temporarily been piled up in about 1,100 places within the prefecture.
Shifting the soil and other radioactive waste to the storage facilities, to be finally built on a 1,600-hectare site straddling the towns of Okuma and Futaba, is expected to make it smoother to reconstruct areas devastated by the nuclear accident as well as the massive earthquake and tsunami that triggered the accident.
On Sunday, 36 cubic meters of contaminated soil arrived at the facility from a temporary storage in Okuma.
“I hope all tainted soil and other waste will be removed from living spheres in the prefecture as soon as possible,” State Environment Minister Tadahiko Ito told reporters after watching the work.
But over 60 percent of the overall construction site remained to be acquired as of the end of September, and facilities to burn plant waste and store ashes with high cesium levels have yet to be built.
Please read also these related articles :
Issues of Incineration Disposal of Agricultural and Forestry Radioactive Wastes in Fukushima Prefecture by Toshikazu Fujiwara
How long shall we accept Japan to pollute our skies with incineration of radioactive materials?
About the Incineration of Fukushima Decontaminated Soil and Debris
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The Caddo Indians
by Ann M. Early
The Caddo lived in several tribal groups in southwest Arkansas and nearby
areas of Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma from A.D. 1000 to about A.D. 1800.
When visited by Spanish and French explorers around 1700, they were organized
into three allied confederacies, the Kadohadacho on the great bend of
the Red River, the Natchitoches in west Louisiana, and the Hasinai in
east Texas. The Cahinnio, who were allies of the Kadohadacho, lived along
the Ouachita River. Each confederacy was made up of independent communities,
but all had similar languages and customs.
Caddo Creation Legend, by Acee Blue Eagle. Courtesy of Northwest
State University of Louisiana, Watson Memorial Library, Cammie G.
Henry Research Center, Caroline Dormon Collection.
The Caddo were sedentary farmers who grew corn, beans, pumpkins, squashes,
watermelons, sunflowers, and tobacco. Hunting for bear, deer, small mammals,
and birds was important, as were fishing and gathering shellfish, nuts,
berries, seeds, and roots. People who lived on the edge of the plains
also hunted bison in the historic period. Bows, commonly made of Osage
orange, or bois d'arc, wood, and stone or bone-tipped cane arrows were
normal hunting equipment. People living near saline marshes or springs
made salt by boiling brine in large shallow pans. Salt was used with food
and was traded, along with bear oil or lard, bois d'arc bows, animal skins,
and other goods to other Indians and European settlers. Horses and captives
were also traded to the French for European goods in the early historic
period. The Caddo also made elaborately decorated pottery vessels until
metal and ceramic replacements were acquired from traders.
Men typically hunted, held most civic and religious roles, and were involved
in warfare. Men and women shared some tasks in preparing gardens and building
houses. Raising children, tending gardens, making food and clothing, preparing
skins, and weaving mats were primarily women's work. During celebrations
and ceremonies, each gender occupationally had its own special activities
Before trade clothing became common, men wore breechcloths and moccasins
with deer and bison skins added in winter. Women wore deerskin or woven
skirts. In warm weather they went topless, and they wore a skin wrap
in winter. Deerskin shirts with colored and beaded designs and fringes
were sometimes worn by both sexes, and other elaborate deerskin garments
were used on ceremonial occasions. Both men and women also decorated their
bodies with painting and tattooing. Women in particular sometimes tattooed
their faces, arms, and torsos with elaborate designs. Men had several
hairstyles; the most common was short with a long braided or otherwise
decorated lock. Women wore their hair long and braided or tied close to
Communities consisted of widely dispersed households separated by garden
plots and woodlots. Each household or farmstead consisted of dwellings
and work areas for one or more closely related families. The size, shape,
and number of dwellings varied. Some houses were circular, conical, and
covered with thatch. Others were oval or rectangular, made of timber stuck
vertically into the ground and daubed with mud, and roofed with thatch
or bark. An elevated corncrib, outdoor work platform, and upright log
mortar for pounding corn usually stood near the dwelling. Inside the house
were sleeping and storage platforms where baskets and supplies were kept,
and a central fireplace. Woven mats, made usually by women and often elaborately
decorated, covered floors and benches, and were important ritual items.
Each community also had at least one temple or religious building, originally
on an earthen platform mound, where sacred objects were kept and the most
important rituals were performed.
Society was organized by households and clans. Social position, marriage
prospects, and some political roles were based on clan membership. Political
leaders of the community, tribe, and confederacy were a ranked set of
offices, with a priest, or xinesi, holding the highest civil and religious
position in the confederacy. Other leaders took care of various secular
or sacred activities, and one group, shamans or connas, performed a variety
of rituals and treated illnesses.
The Chief Placed a Beautiful Robe on His Shoulders, by Acee Blue
Eagle. Courtesy of Northwest State University of Louisiana, Watson
Memorial Library, Cammie G. Henry Research Center, Caroline Dormon
The Caddo world was populated by many supernatural beings who had varying
degrees of importance and power, with a supreme being, Ayo-Caddi-Aymay,
having authority over the others. A series of rituals performed to ensure
favorable relations between people and these supernatural beings and forces
organized the annual cycle of life. These included a springtime planting
ceremony, an 'after harvest' ceremony in the fall, and numerous ceremonies
to commemorate birth, death, warfare, housebuilding, and other important
individual and community events.
The multilayered organization of Caddo society provided a way to interact
with Europeans. When European travelers approached, they were usually
met along the path by a contingent of greeters from the community. The
travelers would be escorted to the dwelling of the caddi, the community
leader, or to a special structure, and be seated in a place of honor.
Here community leaders shared with the Europeans a smoke of tobacco from
a calumet-an elaborately decorated pipestem and bowl, which created a
bond of friendship that extended to all members of the respective communities.
In this way the Caddo recognized the relationships among different members
of their own confederacy, and they were able also to incorporate Europeans
within their hierarchically organized society.
The Caddo were important trading partners and allies of both France and
Spain during the colonial era. However, epidemic diseases; competition
and occasional hostilities with the Osage, the Cherokee, and the Choctaw;
and the westward spread of American settlement eventually encroached on
their domain. The Ouachita valley communities moved shortly after A.D.
1700, the last Red River communities were abandoned in the late 1700s,
and in the nineteenth century most Caddo were forced to move first to
Texas and then to reservations in Indian Territory. A large number of
Caddos now live near Binger, Oklahoma, where their modern tribal center
Newkumet, Vynola B. and Howard L. Meredith
A Traditional History of the Caddo Confederacy. Texas A & M Press.
Sabo, George III
Paths of Our Children: The Historic Indians of Arkansas. Arkansas
Archeological Survey Popular Series No. 3.
Swanton, John R.
Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians.
Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 132.
<<< Return to Map
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PREVENT SLAVERY BEFORE IT HAPPENS
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Resources for International Presentations and Trainings
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Historical Relationship Between Sanskrit and Hittite
A Hittite Language Clay Tablet
Professor Jay Kumar is a scholar and instructor of Latin, Vedic Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, as well as other Ancient Indo-European Languages for the past 10 years. In response to the article on Sanskrit provided at Hinduwebsite, Prof. Jay Kumar made the following observations.
"...As an Indian myself I am very proud of our rich Sanskrit and Hindu tradition which is one reason for my desire to study Sanskrit and other Ancient Languages. I always assumed Sanskrit was the originator of the other languages- Latin, Greek, Germanic,Slavic,etc...
However over the years of my academic career and doctoral dissertation in Indo-European Languages, Cultures, and Linguistics I know now am convinced that there was an earlier language which you already document in your webpage as Proto-Indo-European.
There are literally thousands of words as well as commonalties in grammar, phonology, morphology, syntax, archeology, mythology, and culture that Sanskrit shares w/ her sister languages.
I commend you on your website's explanation of this often unknown and undervalued theory of Sanskrit and her origins to Indo-European. Your info. is very accurate and is fair to offer alternative theories which as an academic myself is very important to have.
Just two quick comments. Just want you to know that:
ARMENIAN and ALBANIAN are two separate language groups of PIE. The website has Armenian and Albanian listed together.
Secondly re. Anatolian languages, although the first WRITTEN records of Old Hittite go back to 1700 BCE it doesn't mean that is when the language first began. Many languages of the world have been in use orally for millennia before written down in an alphabet. Writing after all was only invented 3,500 BCE. Thus both Sanskrit and Hittite are VERY old languages indeed. The Vedas for example were transmitted orally for millennia until actually written down 600BC or so.
Thus my point is that despite the first written evidence of Anatolian languages being only 1,700 BCE they too like the VEDAS were spoken millennia before documentation. Another theory which in my opinion adds credence to Hittite being the oldest IE language is what linguists now call Laryngeal Theory. It briefly states that PIE based on linguistic reconstruction had three phonemes that were laryngeals (produced in back of larynx). Anatolian languages are the only languages that still have these 3 sounds WRITTEN in it's alphabet. No other IE alphabet (Sanskrit, Latin, Greek) has them - they all developed into vowels. Sanskrit has merged all three laryngeals of PIE into "i". So a word lie Skt. pitr "father" came from PIE *pHtr. Hittite as I sai is FULL of laryngeals. Saussure proposed this theory in late 1800's. It was confirmed by the discovery of Hittite in early 1900s.
Another VERY important recent theory is that Indo-European and Anatolian may actually be sisters. Indo-Hittite theory believes that the Anatolian languages broke off from this even EARLIER stage of PIE around 7000 BCE to develop on its own. This would explain a lot of the Archaic features of Hittite not found in Sasnskrit, Greek, etc...Although evidence of Hittite comes from Catul Hayuk in Turkey, it doesn't equate to this being the motherland of PIE. As recent evidence now suggests, PIE may be around 5,000 BCE BUT Indo-Hittite (Precursor to PIE) may be 9,000-10,000 BCE!! Thus Sanskrit may be the oldest Indo-European language, BUT Hittite broke away from Proto-Indo-Hittite much before in antiquity.
It also proposes that the original PIE homeland WAS NOT Asia Minor but perhaps closer to the Russian Steppe Region north of Black Sea. There is so much info. on recent trends in Indo-European Homeland, archeology, and linguistics. I will be happy to share more as I learn of them."
Who Were Hittites?
The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who established an empire at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around the 18th century BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. After c. 1180 BC, the empire came to an end during the Bronze Age collapse, splintering into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until the 8th century BC. The Hittite language was a member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. They referred to their native land as Hatti, and to their language as Nešili (the language of Neša). The conventional name "Hittites" is due to their initial identification with the Biblical Hittites in 19th century archaeology. Despite the use of Hatti for their core territory, the Hittites should be distinguished from the Hattians, an earlier people who inhabited the same region (until the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC) and spoke a language possibly in the Northwest Caucasian languages group known as Hattic.
The Hittite military made successful use of chariots. Although belonging to the Bronze Age, they were the forerunners of the Iron Age, developing the manufacture of iron artifacts from as early as the 14th century BC, when letters to foreign rulers reveal the latter's demand for iron goods. After 1180 BC, amid general turmoil in the Levant associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples, the kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BC. The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their kingdom, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Egypt and the Middle East.
Hittite is one of the Anatolian languages. It is known from cuneiform tablets and inscriptions erected by the Hittite kings. The script formerly known as "Hieroglyphic Hittite" has been changed to Hieroglyphic Luwian. The Anatolian branch also includes Cuneiform Luwian, Hieroglyphic Luwian, Palaic, Lycian, Milyan, Lydian, Carian, Pisidian, and Sidetic. Hittite lacks some features of the other Indo-European languages, such as a distinction between masculine and feminine grammatical gender, subjunctive and optative moods, and aspect. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain these contrasts.
Some linguists, most notably Edgar H. Sturtevant and Warren Cowgill, have argued that it should be classified as a sister language to Proto-Indo-European, rather than a daughter language, formulating the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. The parent, Indo-Hittite, lacked the features not present in Hittite, which Proto-Indo-European innovated. Other linguists, however, have taken the opposite point of view, the Schwund ("loss") Hypothesis, that Hittite (or Anatolian) came from a Proto-Indo-European possessing the full range of features, but simplified. A third hypothesis, supported by Calvert Watkins and others, viewed the major families as all coming from Proto-Indo-European directly. They were all sister languages or language groups. Differences might be explained as dialectical.
According to Craig Melchert, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations." Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages. In Hittite there are many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary, from the non-Indo-European Hurrian and Hattic languages. Hattic was the language of the Hattians, the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before being absorbed or displaced by the Hittites. Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian, and Luwian, even after Hittite became the norm for other writings. The Hittite language has traditionally been stratified into Old Hittite (OH), Middle Hittite (MH) and New or Neo-Hittite (NH; not to be confused with the "Neo-Hittite" period, which is actually post-Hittite), corresponding to the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms of the Hittite Empire (ca. 1750–1500 BC, 1500–1430 BC and 1430–1180 BC, respectively). These stages are differentiated partly on linguistic and partly on paleographic grounds.
A Brief Note on Indo Euripean Languages
The Indo-European languages are a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects. There are about 439 languages and dialects, according to the 2009 Ethnologue estimate, about half (221) belonging to the Indo-Aryan subbranch. It includes most major current languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Indian Subcontinent, and was also predominant in ancient Anatolia. With written attestations appearing since the Bronze Age in the form of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek, the Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as possessing the second-longest recorded history, after the Afro-Asiatic family.
Indo-European languages are spoken by almost 3 billion native speakers, the largest number by far for any recognised language family. Of the 20 languages with the largest numbers of native speakers according to SIL Ethnologue, 12 are Indo-European: Spanish, English, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Marathi, French, Italian, Punjabi, and Urdu, accounting for over 1.7 billion native speakers. Several disputed proposals link Indo-European to other major language families.
The various subgroups of the Indo-European language family include ten major branches, given in the chronological order of their earliest surviving written attestations: 1.Anatolian(Asia Minor), the earliest attested branch. 2.Indo-Aryan or Indic languages 3.Hellenic. 4.Indo-Iranian. 5.Italic, including Latin and its descendants 6.Celtic, descended from Proto-Celtic. 7.Germanic (from Proto-Germanic). 8.Armenian. 9.Tocharian 10.Balto-Slavic 11.Albanian In addition the following languages also belong to the same group. Illyrian, Venetic, Liburnian, Messapian, Phrygian, Paionian, Thracian, Dacian, Ancient Macedonian, Ligurian , Sicel, Lusitanian.
Suggestions for Further Reading
- The Origin and History of Celtic People
- THE EGYPTIAN STORY OF THE CREATI
- Nine Simple Steps How a Lady Gets Her Book Published
- Origin and Development of Sanskrit
- Historical Events, Birthdays And Quotations
- Your Ancestors For 50 Generations
- Grimm's Law - Indo-European Languages
- Historical Relationship Between Sanskrit and Hittite
- Common words of Indo-European languages
- Sanskrit - Links and Resources
- Hypnotism - Theory and Practice
- The World as a Matrix
- Symbolism of Meerkat Island in the Life of PI
- ExperienceFestival Illegal Copying From Other Websites
- Pollution and Evolution
- UFOs and Extra Terrestrial Intelligences
- Afghanistan A Dangerous Place
- Thoughts, Quotes and Quotations
- World Factbook of Countries, Almanacs, Biographies, News Stories
- Currency converter
- Online Dictionaries
- Directory Service
- Online Encyclopedias
- Hinduwebsite - FREE online EBooks and Texts
- The Great Literature E-Page
- Internet Resources on Philosophy and Philosophers
- Hinduwebsite.com - Poetry Links and Resources
- Hinduwebsite.com - Page Replace or Removed
- Spiritual and Devotional Poems and Prayers
- Good Thoughts
- Inspiring Thoughts and Quotations
- The Buddha on God
- Hinduwebsite.com - The General Encyclopedia
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Many of the world’s most popular web development software is written in PHP including WordPress, Drupal, Joomla, Magento, and others.
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor or PHP is an open-source, server-side scripting language that expert PHP developers can use to do nearly anything you want to be done on a server. Evolving from the C and C++ programming languages and originally designed for web development, PHP has been in use since 1995 and is now in version 7.4 (as of the last update of this page on July 2, 2020).
Despite its age, PHP is still ubiquitous and is used and runs everywhere the web does. All major web browsers support PHP, and PHP-derived content functions well on mobile devices.
PHP scripts can run on most operating systems including Linux, MAC OS, Solaris, Unix, and Windows. PHP supports Apache, IIS, and most other web servers and is designed to optimize server performance by using its own memory. It is also one of the most secure languages available for web development.
PHP is versatile and can be used for the creation of web applications, e-commerce applications, and database applications. It supports connection with MySQL, Oracle, and other databases, and can output HTML, images, PDF files, and any type of XML file. Although it primarily used for server-side scripting, PHP can also be used for non-web programming tasks such as standalone graphical applications and robotic drone controls.
Performance is key in database-driven websites and apps and efficient PHP/MySQL development services will save you time and money. At Wodu Media, our PHP developers combine attention to detail with vast Open Source experience to create robust PHP solutions that fully align with our clients’ business strategies.
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When written by proficient PHP developers, projects done in PHP are cost-effective, highly scalable, and easy to update and maintain post-development. The consistent nature of PHP code allows any team to provide support services – the original developers are not required.
Ultra-high traffic sites like Google, Facebook, Yahoo, and Wikipedia rely on PHP as a server-side programming language.
The Wodu Media web development team uses PHP in conjunction with HTML to add website functionalities that are impossible to execute with HTML alone. For example, because a large number of math functions are part of the PHP core, all types of calculations are possible. PHP can solve mathematical equations. It can find the current date and generate a monthly calendar around it. The calendar can be used as a standalone script or incorporated into other scripts where dates are important.
PHP also supports attractive client-side features such as member spaces with registration and login, guest books, “Last Visited” notifications, polls, photo and thumbnail galleries, and other types of dynamic content.
By leveraging the many capabilities of PHP in combination with Open Source expertise and a deep understanding of business and online marketing, Wodu Media custom PHP developers generate the solutions our clients need for next-level performance in the digital arena.
PHP is undergoing a surge of popularity among developers, in part because the latest releases (7 Series) demonstrate significant increases in speed. The extensive feature set makes it easy for PHP developers to precisely meet the needs and expectations of business owners. Code reusability in PHP facilitates fast and simple coding, reducing total project cost. High security is another reason companies want their custom software and web development work executed in PHP.
Wodu Media has built a reputation for creating software tools and online spaces that add to the bottom line across a wide range of industries including Travel & Tourism, Healthcare, Government, Education, and the Internet & Technology sectors. Our custom PHP work is ideal for any type of project from simple websites to CRM solutions or complex e-Commerce setups.
Contact Wodu Media soon to learn more about the solutions our custom PHP developers can offer to your organization.
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posted by ashley on .
an object 5 millimeters high is loacated 15 millimeters in front of a plane mirror. how far from the mirror is the image located?
Can someone check me on this please.
the formula is:
1/d1 = (1/f)-(1/d0)
d1 = image distance
f = focal length of the mirror(object height)
d0 = object distance from the mirror
1/d1 = (1/15mm) - (1/5mm)
1/d1 = -0.1333333 recurring
take the inverse of this number giving:
d1(image distance) = -0.1333333^-1
d1(image distance) = -7.5mm
If it is a plane mirror the image appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object is in front.
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Diet, Breastfeeding, and Colic
The exact cause of colic is not known. But some breastfeeding mothers have noticed that certain foods seem to cause colic in their babies. It is possible that some foods may affect breast milk and contribute to intestinal gas or other digestive problems, which may make crying episodes worse. More research is needed to investigate this relationship.
Foods commonly associated with affecting a mother's breast milk in this way include:
- Garlic, onions, cabbage, turnips, broccoli, and beans.
- Apricots, rhubarb, prunes, melons, peaches, and other fresh fruits.
- Cow's milk.
If you suspect that your baby's crying becomes worse after feeding with breast milk, keep a record of what you eat and how your baby acts, especially when crying episodes occur.
Current as of: May 27, 2020
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: John Pope MD - Pediatrics
Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine
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Creatine is a made up of 3 amino acids that our bodies produce naturally and which we can consume from foods such as meat and fish.
Our liver, pancreas and kidney produce it and sends it to our muscles. It is a natural component of skeletal muscle.
When it reaches the muscles, it is converted into phosphocreatine which is used to regenerate the muscles’ ultimate energy source – ATP.
Around 95-98% of our body’s creatine is stored in muscle tissues.
It has been estimated that ceatine supplements can boost your overall strength by 10-15% and help you gain 10 pounds in lean muscle mass.
Myths Of Creatine
1. Creatine is a steriod (it’s not)
2. Creatine stunts your growth (it doesn’t)
3. Creatine makes you gain fats (creatine helps you add on muscle weight)
4. Taking creatine long time will cause your body to lose its function to produce creatine (no)
5. A higher consumption of creatine will lead to more growth (not beyond a point)
Functions of Creatine
1. Provides More Energy for High Intensity Workouts
During weight training, the dominant source of energy for our bodies is ATP, which is rapidly used up.
Creatine serves to recharge the ATP through scientific processes which can get rather technical so I’ve decided not to describe the processes here.
Your body actually have other energy sources to choose from, such as carbohydrates, but it takes much longer to convert them and so your body will always turn to ATP energy sources first.
2. Enhances Protein Synthesis
Increased protein synthesis is brought about by having more energy to do more intensive work (point 1) and the more volumnized a muscle is, the more it will enhance protein synthesis (point 3).
3. Increases Cell Volume -> Increased Strength and Power
With proper use of creatine, you can expect to put on a few pounds within 1 to 2 weeks.
This is because creatine increases the amount of water in your muscles. This is also known as “water weight”, which can go away when you stop using creatine.
However, the point is to use the extra mass and strength gains from this “water weight” to do a more intensive weight lifting workout which will then stimulate real muscle hypertrophy.
4. Lactic Acid Buffer
5. Anabolic Effects
There have also been studies indicating that creatine can spur the release of growth hormones (anabolic/muscle building hormones) under the stimulus of exercising.
What Studies of Creatine Have Shown
Click here for the is list of studies of creatine showing positive results.
Types Of Creatine
There are many different types of creatine, but micronized creatine monohydrate is still the best and most popular form of creatine.
Why? Because it is the most value for money, easy to consume and easily absorbed by the body.
The most important point, is that most scientific studies that have shown creatine to work use creatine monohydrate as their test samples – in other words creatine monohydrate has been studied exhaustively.
Micronized basically means smaller, so it will easier for the body to absorb the creatine.
The different types of creatine include:
- creatine monohydrate
- creatine ethyl ester
- creatine anhydrous
- creatine citrate
- creatine phosphate
- creatine malate
- creatine tartrate
- magnesium creatine
- creatine glutamine taurine
- creatine HMB
- effervescent creatine
- creatine titrate
- liquid creatine
- creatine gum
- time released creatine
The different forms: powder, capsules, liquid and blends. Powder is the most popular, and avoid liquid ones.
Possible Side Effects Of Creatine
It is important to hydrate yourself well because water follows creatine into our skeletal muscles.
2. Gastrointestinal Distress
This is brought about when you overload too much on creatine leading to an excess of it that is unabsorbed in your body. See below for dosage.
One advantage of micronized creatine monohydrates is that it is easily absorbed into the blood stream and hence, have less tendency to collect within the intestinal compartment.
Other Essential Information Of Creatine
1. Vegetarians can use creatine and I highly recommend that they do. This is because creatine comes mainly from meat and fish and thus, vegetarians tend to have deficient levels of creatine in their bodies. It becomes more of a necessity than a need in such a situation.
2. Creatine does not make you fat.
How To Use Creatine
There are 2 ways.
1. Loading And Maintenance Phase
In the loading phase, you consume 20g of creatine for 5 days, followed by a maintenance phase of 3-5g each day for 2-3 months.
Then, take 1 whole month off creatine consumption as a precaution to overdosage of creatine and to allow our body to rebalance its internal equilibrium.
*DO NOT load for more than 5 days consecutively, as by the 5th day, your muscle stores should already be fully loaded
*DO NOT consume the full load of creatine at once during the loading phase, i.e DO NOT consume all 20g of creatine at one shot, because the body won’t be able to use all creatine immediately and it will be excreted as urine.
Furthermore, this will cause undue stress on your kidneys and liver.
2. Same Amount Of Creatine Daily
For this method, consume 3-10g of creatine daily for 2-3 months, and then take 1 whole month off creatine consumption for similar reasons shared above.
NOTE: It has been shown that a loading phase is not necessary. Conventional wisdom has it that method 1 (loading) will bring about “volumnizing” of your cells faster, but method 2 will bring about less stress on your kidneys and liver and still work similarly well.
When to Use Creatine
Creatine is best consumed right after your workout.
Right after your workout, your body absorbs many nutrients more efficiently and creatine can refuel your body’s low creatine phosphate stores.
Some people believe that you should consume creatine before your workout to get more energy, however, I beg to differ.
This is because for creatine to really work, i.e to provide more energy for you, you have to saturate your muscle cells with it, which takes at least a week of loading to do.
If your cells are already saturated, then it doesn’t matter if you consume creatine before your workout.
I personally used and highly recommend the Beast Sports Nutrition Creature Powder.
I know, the name is confusing, but it is a creatine supplement. In fact, hands down, the best I have tried till date.
It may not be the cheapest but it has definitely been the most effective I have tried to date.
I would even call “cheat code” for ectomorphs and skinny guys like us to gain some weight/size.
Click here to see my review of the Beast Sports Nutrition Creature Powder.
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"One small step for 'a' man one giant leap for mankind"
Neil Armstrong had the most amazing accomplishment ever. He was the first man ever to touch the moon. Neil Alden Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta Ohio. He had a brother and a sister. He moved many many times. Neil Armstrong first flew in a plane when he was six, thats what made him love flying. Neil Armstrong attended Blum High School. After high school, Neil Armstrong went to Purdue University. He later left college to serve in the U.S Navy. Then, Neil returned to college to receive his master’s degree in aerospace engineering. He was in the second group of astronauts ever chosen. Neil Armstrong joined NASA in 1962. Armstrong also became an astronaut in 1962. Neil Armstrong married Jannet Shearon in 1956. Neil and Jannet had their first child Eric in 1957. Later, they had a girl. They named her Karen. They had their last child in 1963 they named him Mark. In 1966, they realized that Karen had cancer and sadly she died. Neil himself died on August 5, 2012. He was 82 years old.
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Via Gellia is a valley in the Derbyshire Peak District. It is a dry valley once formed by a river which now drains underground through caves. This valley has a karst topography, which is a landscape that has been shaped by the dissolution of layers of soluble bedrock such as limestone.
The valley is called Via Gellia after Phillip Eyre Gell. He had a road built through the valley in 1790, but as Gell claimed Roman descent the naming was latinised. The road connected all of Gell's lead mines to the smelter at Cromford. The valley has been mined from about 1700 commercially but may have been mined since before Roman times.
The limestone in Via Gellia is full of lead bearing veins due to a result of hydrothermal activity by volcanism. There are layers of basalt known as the 'lower Matlock lava bed' which is impermeable to water except where the valley cuts through and mine shafts dug to reach the lead veins.
There are many mines and adit's dug into the basalt and limestone, some on various levels. The Gulph Fault also runs through the valley which reveals more lead veins. The veins consist mostly of galena but include barytes, calcite and fluorspar.
Gell's Lead Mine Adit is high in the wooded slopes of Via Gellia consisting mainly of a single mined passage with short interconnecting oxbows. It has four deep shafts cutting down following the lead ore, one of the shafts have side passageways cut.
Bonsal Leys Level is a trial lead mine which was cut to try and find lead ore. It has a large entrance which can be seen from the road and a flooded passageway to about a foot deep. Waterfalls caused by faults in the rock flow down to the flooded floor.
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N.A.S. Patuxent River – St. Nicholas Chapel
(13 December 2016) St. Nicholas Chapel, on Naval Air Station Patuxent, just celebrated the 100th anniversary of the current chapel building on the day I visited. “The current concrete chapel was built in 1916, thus its 100-year anniversary, but the parish of St. Nicholas goes back much farther. While the Jesuits began holding worship services nearby as far back as the late 1630s, the consecration of St. Nicholas Church did not happen at its present-day site until May 6, 1796. Part of an English Catholic Jesuit mission, it served the surrounding towns and farming communities, including Pearson, Susquehanna, Mattapany, Fordstown, and Jarboesville — towns whose land later became NAS Patuxent River when the Navy acquired the land in 1942 to build the naval air station during World War II.
“The church was named after the patron saint of Nicholas Sewell, head of one of the area’s leading families and owner of Mattapany Plantation. Coincidentally, given the later fate of the church, St. Nicholas also happens to be the patron saint of sailors.
“The cast concrete blocks used in building the current chapel, an arts and crafts-style structure, were made by local bricklayer Nealy Milburn on the Patuxent River shore and hauled to the site by an ox and horse team. Begun in 1915, with the cornerstone laid Dec. 19 of that same year, the new church was finished by the end of 1916.
“The first chaplain, Harold E. Mayo, reported for duty Dec. 17, 1942, and was joined by another chaplain, John. E. McHenry, in March 1943. The Navy didn’t officially take control of St. Nicholas Church until spring of 1943, and although it was still an active Catholic church pastored by Jesuit priests, it was re-designated the Base Station Chapel.
“The church became multidenominational and services were held for Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Christian Science congregants. In 1976, the name reverted back to St. Nicholas Chapel by order of Patuxent River’s commanding officer.
“The cemetery surrounding St. Nicholas Chapel provides tangible evidence of the residents who once occupied the towns now long gone. There are veterans buried there who served as far back as the Revolutionary War. In 1943, the headstones were carefully laid down by the Navy, plotted, and covered with earth, but were eventually restored in the mid-2000s by Scott Lawrence — a local amateur historian and Webster Outlying field contractor — with help from community donations and volunteer labor after receiving permission from the Navy and the state of Maryland.
“The circa-1900 pulpit was obtained from the U.S. Naval Academy during their chapel’s renovations in early 1943. The life-size, 3,000-pound marble crucifix which dominates the sanctuary was installed in 1945. It was the work of a young naval combat artist, Seaman 2nd Class Felix de Weldon, who was stationed at Pax River in 1944 and subsequently achieved fame as the sculptor of the Iwo Jima Memorial in Arlington, Virginia. The chapel bell, weighing 300 pounds, is the ship’s bell from USS Attu (CVE-102), a light World War II aircraft carrier which participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima. The present stained-glass windows were installed between 1946 and 1953. Two are rose windows, and the others depict scenes from the life of Christ. In 1975, the sanctuary was simplified and modernized, a new sound system and audio/visual capabilities installed, and a digital computer organ procured.
“Without the services of a full-time priest, parish membership dwindled and the Catholic congregation celebrated its final mass in the chapel June 14, 2015, although a rosary prayer group still meets from 11:35 a.m. to noon, weekdays. Protestant services continue with worship in the chapel each Sunday from 11 a.m. to noon. St. Nicholas’s newest chaplain, Lt. j.g. Tristan Engle, reported for duty in August.”1
1From “America’s Navy” website, “Pax River’s St. Nicholas Chapel Celebrates 100 Years” Story Number: NNS161209-12Release Date: 12/9/2016 12:55:00 PM, By Donna Cipolloni, Naval Air Station Patuxent River Public Affairs (Sources: NAS Patuxent River Command History; National Register of Historic Places Registration Form; Martha Bowers, historian; March 1984 Chronicles of St. Mary’s, Monthly Bulletin of the St. Mary’s County Historical Society).
Photos by Daryl W. Densford
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What are carnivores?
A carnivore is an animal that survives mostly by eating other animals. A carnivorous animal that hunts and kills other animals in order to eat them is called a predator.
Some predators are further categorized based on the kinds of creatures they hunt and eat. For instance, an insect-catching animal is said to be insectivorous, while one that chases fish is piscivorous. A predator at the very top of the food chain is known as an apex predator. Eagles and other winged and feathered predators are called raptors.
A carnivorous animal that mainly eats animals that have have died of natural causes, or that have been killed by other animals, is called a scavenger.
In addition, some carnivorous creatures such as mosquitoes, lice, fleas, ticks, and vampires survive not by consuming the flesh of other animals, but by eating their blood. These carnivores are called ectoparasites.
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Want to spread a message? Whether it is flyers advertising an upcoming march or a political poem or a cool sketch, wheatpasting is one of the easiest and best ways to get something seen by others.
What even is wheatpasting you ask? Good question, with a simple answer- it is a term that describes plastering posters to walls with (you guessed it) a paste made of wheat flour and water.
Why wheatpaste? Another good question, with a less simple answer- it depends. For some, it is a purely artistic exercise, a chance to share a creation with folks who are outside your usual circles, a chance to brighten up a cityscape with something beautiful. For others, it is a utilitarian mission to spread the word about an event or protest with straightforward posters. For me, the artistic and political often overlap- I want to promote an idea or an image with meaning that may not be about a specific event, or I may want to advertise a protest but do so in a beautiful, unique way.
So let’s address the last important question- how to wheatpaste.
Supplies: whole wheat flour, water, your art (if drawing by hand, use oil based markers, but you can also just print something out), scissors, a bucket, and a paintbrush
- Measure out your wheat flour and water with a 1:4 ratio (ie 1 cup of wheat flour for every four cups of water)
- Boil the water
- Add in the flour and mix well- no clumps or little flour balls- until it looks like glue
- Pour your wheatpaste into your bucket, and you’re halfway there!
- Take the bucket, your brush, and your art to the spot or spots where you want to display it (concrete works well, but in general it should be a smooth, flat surface)
- Paint on a layer of paste to the surface
- Place your art on top
- Paint another generous layer of paste over top
- repeat steps 6-8 at all your spots if you have several pieces or a bunch of flyers
Now you’re done! Appreciate your work, and wheatpaste responsibly!
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From CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science
Exegesis (from the Greek: ἐξηγεῖσθαι, exēgēisthai; "to lead out") is a critical exposition, commentary or interpretation of ancient literature especially religious books such as the Bible or Qur'an. The opposite of an exegetical reading of Scripture is eisegesis and instead of reading out what the text plainly presents it reads into the text what the reader is influenced by.
|“||In order to understand a given passage one must reconstruct as much as possible the world of thought in which the NT writer lived. Since the NT frequently quotes the OT (hundreds of times) or alludes to it (thousands of times) and everywhere presupposes its language, concepts, and theology, exegesis should be particularly sensitive to its presence and careful to reconstruct the exegetical-theological context of which a given OT quotation or allusion may have been a part. A comparative approach is essential.||”|
Philological criticism studies the writing style and grammar, where many critics develop a misleading eisegesis from. It arises usually from not applying the necessary spectrum of the criticism when they disregard different types of grammatical structures (such as literary figures of speech) that still intend to convey truth. Literary criticism tries to conclude original authorship and intended audience. There is also redaction criticism of author narrative structure and whether it assumes formal theology. Inevitably influencing systematic theology if the exegetical influence is allowed to flow to and from the other lines of criticism. And finally form criticism presupposing the Bible was written after the culmination of oral culture coalescing with writing. Jewish reverence for their songs and stories, proverbs and folktales that precede their written culture is in center view when approaching form criticism.
The terms exegesis and interpretation are generally used interchangeably but there does remain variation in accordance to the same end. Exegesis and hermeneutic are considered academic in nature bringing with them methodology and theory respectively for reading ancient literature. The word interpretation should not be used in place of exegesis, firstly because interpretation is usually assumed in lay conversation as anything other than an honest representation of the originally intended meaning. Critics generally assume that it is just a personal reading, compared with every other person that picks up the Bible there is no difference in the means or the end. This line of argument though attempts to project onto the critical reader that which they are trying to prevent. Critics claim eisegesis essentially, without even knowing the term or the method of interpretation in the first place that they are questioning. No intellectual weight is allowed when just the interpretation is given, if not in the proper context of exegesis because there is no highlight upon the process or method. A Christian apologetic involving the presentation of theology for example founded in exegesis should be quick to point out the rigor put into interpretation. If not then being a well-informed interpretation is lost because the person who hears the interpretation does not grasp the full spectrum of knowledge bases. Also if the reader or interpreter does not engage in exegesis then the possibility of a far deeper understanding of what is being read through the most scientific of means is lost. Secondly, exegesis is considered a method to interpretation while interpretation itself is more often than not the publicly articulated end-point. The public method of interpretation within the works of major authors like Bart Ehrman and some of the New Atheists is usually non-existent or if elaborated on it is in a lackluster manner with usually no interaction on the other side of the argument. Exegesis should have been conducted if not presented already before the interpretation is given. Thus interpretation often assumes more simplistic and modern language and phraseology than what the text itself actually says on the page. How that text written on the page should get interpreted by Christians and creationists is by the filter or grid of exegesis, sometimes called a plain reading of scripture.
A professional exegete or learned student of scripture demands awareness of diverse criticisms and authorial contexts. This background information of the text is brought forth by careful study through a set of rules and criteria, or methodology, to inform the reading. The criticisms or knowledge bases are interdisciplinary and should cross-pollinate hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions and the like. When reading a biblical text under historical-critical exegesis thus guided by sound hermeneutics originally intended meanings can be realized if pursued diligently and prudently.
- Main Article: History
Scholarship sees the Gospels as ancient biography not just fictional legends of the gods (See: Mythology). Other NT books touch upon the very early history and doctrines of the developing Christian church. When reading the Bible historically the reader becomes aware of his own contemporary setting and context, contrasting it to the socio-historical contexts of the author of the text being read. Essentially adopting what is called the horizon of the author staying shy of an introverted eisegesis. What ends up as a result of this type of specific reading is an intimate relationship of author and reader, as well as history and the reader.
The Bible as historical narrative reveals substantive history of Israel and even the greater ANE. Supernatural design of the origin of life and the universe being created in six-days is also realized. The historical event of the resurrection of Jesus Christ in the New Testament is also best explained by the supernatural. Natural processes for the appearances of the risen Jesus fail to maintain adequate plausibility and explanatory power within a critical historical method.
- Main Article: Literature
Literary criticism is the study and evaluation of literature. It usually includes literary theory which is more the philosophy of literary criticism analyzing the methods of interpretation. Modern literary criticism begins with the communication theory of Roman Jakobson consisting of sender, message receiver. For there to be successful communication between sender and receiver they must both be using the same code. In the greater context of rhetoric during classical antiquity, and ancient biography though not only rhetorical, a robust literary criticism is necessary for successful interpretation.
Literal and figurative modes of writing
Focused exegesis cannot deny that figures of speech (type of grammatical structure) are used, what is denied is that forms of speech are unrecognizable, isolated without context or inherently cover-up and disqualify any truth intended as many critics unreasonably assume. Authors of the biblical canon used literal and figurative language to convey intended truth. Figures of speech attempt to do so, in what is called the modern mode of historical narrative. Recognizing where the traditional mode (base level literalism) of the historical narrative literary genre differs from a modern mode of writing is essentially what taking the Bible literal means. This distinction however is usually lost in public discussion upon biblical scriptures in general, but in a literary framework the Bible can be taken literal when deemed appropriate. This base level understanding either stands alone or more layers build on top when context determines. The modern mode of historical narrative such as biblical types, parables, formal metaphors, prophecy, poetry and idioms is all differentiated from what is categorized as written by a traditional mode of historical narrative. The either or of literal or figurative grammatical structures are the traditional or modern modes of writing within the historical narrative literary genre. An exorcise of philological criticism used extensively to pinpoint types and layers of not only grammatical structures, but also what truth was intended by the grammatical structure realized.
An incorrect literal meaning is usually achieved by isolating figures of speech and unreasonably assuming that there is no truth intended. To adopt either extreme and say that no portion or all of the Bible is to be taken literal is inappropriate. However cherry-picking verses and not considering immediate and overall context as critics often do enforces irrational views of the biblical text. Alleged contradictions then arise making the Bible seem inconsistent and inaccurate. Attempts are made sometimes to determine the true nature of a verse through a correct exegesis, however critics then will often use those correct means to then show manufactured inconsistency elsewhere by eisegesis.
- Main Article: Textual criticism
Translation of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek creates variance not only from construction of the text from original languages of extant manuscripts, but also from different types of English translations. Some are strictly literal renderings from the original languages word for word while others maintain a popular tone giving paraphrasing a substantial role. For instance, the New International Version (NIV) or King James Version (KJV) differ not only between each other but the word choice and by extension definitions derived will also differ sometimes from the more literal New American Standard (NASB). Continuous lack of interaction with original languages can devolve from appropriate exegesis into common eisegesis very suddenly. It is vital to consistently include the original language context of word definitions into the exegesis of the English biblical text. This awareness and scrutiny is a tool of the critical reader sitting not at the periphery but active at the forefront allowing juxtaposition of the words and definitions of both translated and original languages that makeup the verse or verses in question. Highlighting linguistic differences of original and translated during exegesis can open up incredible depth of study and insight into the Bible. Unaware critics often take advantage of the incongruity between competing English translations to show internal contradiction of the biblical text, often not realizing a proper exegesis that would dictate the superiority of interpretations derived by original languages. An interpretive method lacking linguistic or grammatical consideration immediately commits eisegesis, reading into the text without historical methods.
- Main Article: Theology
Christian theology concerns itself with building theological models articulated by exegesis of the Bible (revealed theology) and by scientific or philosophical investigations into nature (natural theology). Contrast is an important analytical element but contradiction is generally non-existent so that a coherent case for Christian theism and accompanying truth claims can be presented within the context of an overall Christan theology. Theology in the proper or classic sense of its use means the intellectual discourse upon the nature and characteristics or attributes of the divine, be it one god (theism) or many gods (polytheism). The English word theology is derived from the Greek word theologia (θεολογία), theos (θεός) meaning god and logos (λόγος) meaning reasoning.
Pardes, Jewish exegesis involves four modes of reading the Old Testament literature. Pardes covers the extended meaning, following a rule that it should never contradict the so-called base meaning.
- Pesha refers to a plain or simple meaning.
- Remez goes beyond the literal meaning bringing out deep allegory, what are essentially figures of speech. Which grammatical structure is determined upon context.
- Derash A mode of Jewish exegesis dividing into Midrashic homiletics.
- Sod refers to the mystical or secret and hidden meaning.
Literature that expounds on the classic Jewish Scriptural interpretation methods and the challenges it presents.
Early creationist exegesis
The principle of giving credibility to contemporaries or who are assumed to be the generation or generations historically closer to the subject help attain a more consistent reading that was originally meant. The young age view was held by the early church as well as early Jewish religious leaders. Some individuals take issue with the views espoused by early church fathers and Jews because it is alleged that their idea and understanding of critical scientific thinking was primitive.
- Biblical Scientific Foreknowledge
- Biblical Inerrancy
- Biblical Criticism
- The Bible is literal A response to Talk.Origins
- Bible is harmonious throughout A response to Talk.Origins
- ↑ exegesis. (n.d.) The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (2003). Retrieved August 4 2011 from
- ↑ Craig A. Evans, Ancient Texts for New Testament Studies: A Guide to the Background Literature (Hendrickson Publishing 2005), pg. 6
- ↑ EXEGESIS, n. Columbian cyclopedia, Volume 11. Published by Garretson, Cox & Company, 1897
- ↑ "exegesis". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. pg. 649
- ↑ Apologetics 315 interview with Dr. Tim McGrew
- ↑ THE CHALLENGE OF CANONICAL CRITICISM TO BACKGROUND STUDIES By Randy W. Nelson. Journal of Biblical Studies. 6/1 (June 2006) 10-34.
- ↑ Richard Bauckham Lectures – What Sort of History are the Gospels? Richard Bauckham on the Gospels as (Reliable) Historical Biography
- ↑ Stanley E. Porter, Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period, 330 B.C.-A.D. 400 (Brill Academic Publishers 2001), pg. 372
- ↑ Narrative History By Wikipedia
- ↑ Biblical Literalism By Steve Falkenberg, professor of religious psychology at Eastern Kentucky University. 2002
- ↑ A RESPONSE TO G. AICHELLE, P. MISCALL AND R. WALSH, “AN ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM: HISTORICAL-CRITICAL AND THE POSTMODERN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE BIBLE” JOHN VAN SETERS. Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. VOLUME 9, ARTICLE 26
- ↑ "textual criticism." Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. Merriam-Webster Online. 26 July 2010 <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/textual_criticism>
- ↑ M-A-P-S: To Guide You Through Biblical Reliability by Hank Hanegraaff
- ↑ Bible version debate By Wikipedia
- ↑ New American Standard Bible - Readable, Trusted, Literal, & Timeless By The Lockman Foundation
- ↑ What is Natural Theology? By Gifford Lecture Series
- ↑ Charles H.H. Scobie, “New Directions in Biblical Theology,” Themelios 17.2 (January/February 1992): 4-8.
- ↑ Pardes By Wikipedia
- ↑ The Early Church & the Age of the Earth by Robert I. Bradshaw. 1998
- ↑ Genesis - Chapter 1 (Parsha Bereishit) Genesis chapter 1 with Rashi commentary
- Confronting Literary Realism in the Bible By Leland Ryken
- English 300 - Literary Genres and Techniques By Kevin Binfield
- Dictionary of major biblical interpreters By Donald K. McKim
- Creation days and Orthodox Jewish tradition by Paul James-Griffiths, Creation 26(2):53–55, March 2004
- The Bible and Hermeneutics by Andrew S. Kulikovsky. Journal of Creation 19(3):14–20. December 2005
- The New New Atheism by Peter Berkowitz, originally published in the Opinion Journal (opinion section of the Wall Street Journal), July 2007; this copy hosted by Finishing Well, part of Reflections Ministries, Inc.
- Isn’t the Bible Full of Errors? by Paul F. Taylor for Answers Magazine
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International aviation and maritime transport account for about 5% of global carbon emissions. It may increase to more than 10% by 2030. Even so, these sectors were excluded from the Kyoto protocol. Aviation and shipping enjoy substantial tax privileges, by paying no excise taxes, turnover taxes, nor VAT. Shipping also enjoys extremely low corporate tax rates. This has lead to growing emissions and low tax revenue generation from the sectors, while the sectors enjoy more advantages than other comparable economic activity. This situation stems in large measure from these sectors’ international status: they do not naturally belong to any one particular country. Nor are they part of any; international agreements that limit taxation in aviation or extreme tax competition in shipping.
Because governments are interested in more revenue to meet, among other things, global warming, and the international community is interesting curbing greenhouse gas emissions, the possibility of levying charges on the sectors’ fuels or activity is highly relevant. Adding carbon charges to fuel consumption using market-based mechanisms – either directly through internationally coordinated fuel taxes, or indirectly through an emissions cap-and-trade system, have been analyzed by me and two IMF collaborators, Michael Keen and Ian Parry, as part of the World Bank/IMF 2011 report to the G-20 on Mobilizing Sources of Climate Financing. That report discusses plans to meet a revenue target of $100 billion annually in climate finance for lower-income countries by 2020, set in Copenhagen in 2009. Our conclusion is that $10 billion might readily be raised for such purposes through global carbon charges on aviation and shipping. We also show that imposing a $25/ton CO2 carbon price will be manageable, raising the average air ticket price by 2-3%, and average import costs of goods and services through maritime and air freight by 0.5%. For some countries, including some small-island states, import costs will increase more, warranting explicit compensation to these countries.
More recently, we have shown that tax revenue from economically efficient taxes on aviation and shipping could easily be much larger than the figures above, and would generally involve two separate taxes: a fuel charge to both sectors; a ticket tax (or VAT) in aviation; and a capital (“tonnage’) tax in shipping. Together, these taxes could, when imposed at globally optimal rates, bring in more than $100 billion.
Such charge schemes may seem elusive in today’s environment, with hardly any taxes imposed on the sectors. Some would argue: “Isn’t the tax level already high in aviation? When I buy a plane ticket, “taxes and charges” are already hefty.” In practice, most of these charges are service-related, such as airport slot, take-off and landing charges (and in the U.S., a 7.5% Homeland Security Tax for airport security). Note also a lack of regulation on what can be called “taxes and charges,” including airlines’ increased fuel costs. It is true that a few countries, notably the U.K., impose heavy flight departure charges, but globally, they bring in only a small amount of revenue.
In shipping, the situation is worse. Boats are by nature highly mobile: they can refuel wherever they want and fly the flag of any nation, including many with zero corporate taxes. A fuel charge would need to be global to be effective.
A long-term and “reliable” fuel charge, initially moderate but rising over time, should provide good incentives for the sectors to reduce their fuel consumption and carbon emissions, while also raising substantial revenues that can be shared internationally to compensate a small group of serious losers under the tax, plus support developing countries in mitigating the threats of climate change.
As often happens, politics is in the way of quick solutions, especially in aviation. Here, the European Union has now embedded its airlines in its Emissions Trading Scheme, with plans to require non-EU airlines to buy carbon quotas for inter-EU flights. This plan has been contested by the U.S. and China. We are also awaiting a proposed plan by the International Civil Aviation Organization on international charges on aviation fuel.
In shipping, the politics is simpler. Shipping’s governing body, the International Maritime Organization, realizes that the sector will soon need to face global carbon charges on its fuels, but there is, so far, little action. Plans for an international c-a-t regime on the sector are being developed, but with no decisions to date.
In addition, the choice of tax vs. a c-a-t regime for international transport fuels is important. A tax will create the more stable and manageable carbon price signal and raise substantial revenue, part of which can be used for international funding of matters such as climate finance. Under c-a-t the price signal will be less stable, and more potential revenue might be foregone due to freely distributed quota allocations.
But obviously, first the world will need to agree on any scheme at all. If the world is able to do so, it will bode well for further progress on international climate mitigation, involving a broad set of countries.
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The Chemical Equations and Reactions Worksheet can help you improve your math skills and allow you to learn about chemical reactions quickly. Although algebra is considered the main foundation of chemistry, this worksheet will teach you all you need to know in order to understand the subject in a much easier way.
With this worksheet, you will find all the different equations that are needed to learn about chemical reactions. You will learn the differences between partial derivatives, different partial functions, the difference between critical points and the alpha term, and several other important terms in chemistry. This worksheet can make your learning faster and more effective, and it will also help you determine if a reaction is positive or negative.
Different things happen with reactions when they are happening. One example is the reaction of water with hydrogen. When water is heated up it creates carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide turns into hydrogen, which is what we need in order to run our car engine.
The rate at which things are happening is also important. With the above example, when the water molecules start to heat up, they turn into carbon dioxide and then turn into hydrogen. That means we have to take into account the rate at which the water molecules turn into hydrogen, because if we don’t we would get negative results in the equation.
Factually speaking, there are several important terms that you need to know when you’re studying chemistry. One of the most important terms you will learn is partial derivatives. This term allows you to make chemical equation calculations easier, and it is very common in many different types of chemical equations. However, you will find it easy to master this term once you learn it.
You should also know that the partial function in chemistry is very important. This partial function actually refers to the shape of the curve that is created by a partial derivative. The shape of the curve will determine the amount of energy that are available in the reaction, and when the curve is different from the initial curve of the change in energy that results from the reaction is significant.
Finally, you will learn about alpha and beta, the two variables that are used in this equation. The alpha term indicates the oxidation state of the intermediate, which is how it will be treated in the end. The beta tells you the coupling constant of the intermolecular forces between the intermediate and the molecule in which it is bonded to.
The Chemical Equations and Reactions Worksheet are a very handy tool for both elementary and advanced students of chemistry. It gives you the base of chemistry and lets you learn about reactions in a fast and effective way.
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Take a look at the beta version of dw.com. We're not done yet! Your opinion can help us make it better.
In southern Colombia, a group of scientists are conducting research in the Amazon rain forest, hoping to discover new species of plants and animals. It's an exciting, hands-on approach to connecting with nature. The more species they find, the stronger their argument for making at least part of the Amazon rain forest a protected area.
The world's biggest continuous forest is nearly the size of Australia. The Amazon rain forest covers more than 6.7 million square kilometers and stretches across several countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela as well as French-Guiana. But finding a common approach to protecting the rain forest is both difficult and tedious.
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So, if you are new to the digital photography then you might be wondering, “WTF is ‘F-stop’?” F-stop is the control point for Aperture in Digital Cameras. It basically affects the Depth of Field, when you take picture. Now the question is now what is Depth of Field? Depth of filed determines the sharpness in the photo or picture. I feel you must have seen many pictures where only single subject or small part of the picture is in sharp focus and rest is blurred or out of focus. Similarly there are certain pictures, where both the foreground and background are in sharp focus. If you haven’t noticed, then look at the two pictures below. One on the left side has only foreground flowers in sharp focus and rest of the flowers in background are blurred or out of focus. The image on the right side on the other hand, has everything in sharp focus from foreground to background. All the flowers as well as sky or tree all are sharp.
So the area which is in sharp focus is called depth of field and the same is controlled by “F-stop” or F-number in your camera. Small ‘F-number’ like f-1.8 is called wider aperture, which gives shallow depth of filed and makes small part of the picture in focus by blurring the background. Whereas the Big ‘F-number’ like f-22 is called Narrow aperture, which makes everything in the picture in sharp focus and is called wider depth of filed. Now the question is why do I need different ‘F-stops’? The answer is simple to create a wow factor in the picture or to give creative touch to the picture F-stop is indispensable tool. Like example in case of creating impactful Portraiture shots, you need to keep the focus on the subject by blurring the background, which can be easily done by using smallest ‘F-number’ available in your camera. If you are having a DSLR camera, in that case the lens which came along with your lens, which is also called kit lens, like 18-55mm has minimum f-3.5 or f-4.5. You can use that to create wonderful portrait or still life shots. But if you have purchase a prime lens like 50mm or 35mm which are also called Nifty-Fifty due to their quality and affordable price, has more wider aperture of f-1.8, which are capable of blurring the background even further. Look in the example below. In the picture on the Left side, the same is shot with 18-55 mm lens at f-5.0, Shutter Speed 1/13 ISO 200 and picture on the Right side, has been shot by 50 mm prime lens at f-1.8, Shutter Speed 1/3200 ISO 100 which has blurred the background even further, giving more pleasant result.
The only limitation these prime 50 mm or 35 mm lens have is that they are of fixed focal length compared to your kit lens, like 18-55 mm, which means you don’t have zoom feature and you have to use your steps to composed the photo. This is great for learning or mastering the composition as zoom lenses tend to make you lazy. One of the reasons, for these prime lenses, to be cheaper is that they don’t have zoom feature and have fixed focal length. Similarly for the Landscape shots, narrow aperture like f-11-22 is indispensable to keep everything in focus, unless you want the result to be otherwise. Thanks for Reading! If you like please consider sharing it! Follow me on Twitter & Facebook & Other Platforms https://twitter.com/harshvardhanart https://facebook.com/harshartography Contact Me [email protected] https://aboutme.com/harshvardhanart https://harshvardhanart.tumblr.com https://youtube.com/user/harshvardhanroy
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June is National Rose Month. Roses have a long and colorful history. They have been symbols of love, beauty, war and politics.
Did you know that on November 20, 1986 President Ronald Reagan signed a resolution making the rose the national floral emblem at a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden…
“Americans have always loved the flowers with which God decorates our land. More often than any other flower, we hold the rose dear as the symbol of life and love and devotion, of beauty and eternity. For the love of man and woman, for the love of mankind and God, for the love of country, Americans who would speak the language of the heart do so with a rose.
We see proof of this everywhere. The study of fossils reveals that the rose has existed in America for age upon age. We have always cultivated roses in our gardens. Our first President, George Washington, bred roses, and a variety he named after his mother is still grown today. The White House itself boasts a beautiful Rose Garden. We grow roses in all our fifty States. We find roses throughout our art, music, and literature. We decorate our celebrations and parades with roses. Most of all, we present roses to those we love, and we lavish them on our altars, our civil shrines, and the final resting places of our honored dead.
The American people have long held a special place in their hearts for roses. Let us continue to cherish them, to honor the love and devotion they represent, and to bestow them on all we love just as God has bestowed them on us.
The Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 159 has designated the rose as the National Floral Emblem of the United States and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation declaring this fact.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, RONALD REAGAN, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the rose as the National Floral emblem of the United States of America.”
I have loved roses ever since I received my first bokay, which makes sharing my roses with others very important to me whether in a vase, a story or a picture. If you were here I would be sure you had a vase of flowers before you left, but for now … I’ll share pictures of some of the roses blooming in my garden. . .
Wouldn’t this be a great time to join the American Rose Society or a local society for the companionship of others who grow roses and for the great opportunities to learn more about Amerian’s most beloved flower.
In this organization I have met some amazing people of all ages. We are all at different stages of the gardening experience and have different passions. Some are into just growing while others with the competitive spirit, enter the most amazing blooms and arrangements in competitions! We have those who use chemicals and others who are all organic. Some members have 1 rose and some have 500 roses.
But it is so much more…
We spend time enjoying all things “rose” together. We learn, we laugh, we celebrate successes and we deal with failures & issues together. It’s not just roses that keep us together, over the years–we have become family and you are welcome anytime!
This year we have members coming from Marion, Kokomo, Bloomington and most of the surrounding burgs! Last week we had 50 people show up for our meeting. These are exciting times.
Through the American Rose Society, I have rose friends from all over the country that enrich my rose hobby. This society exists to promote the culture and appreciation of the rose, through education and research to members, to local rose societies and their members and to the public.
TRIAL MEMBERSHIP FOR ONLY $10…
The American Rose Society is now offering a four-month trial membership for only $10 to anyone who is interested in becoming members of our organization. Most ARS members are home gardeners who enjoy growing roses and want to expand their knowledge of rose culture.
Four-Month Trial Members receive:
- Free advice from Consulting Rosarians.
- Free or reduced garden admissions, a $25 value after just 3 uses.
- Free online access to five quarterly bulletins, a $45 value.
- 2 issues of American Rose magazine, $16 value.
- Discounts of up to 30% at merchant partners.
- A four-month trial membership is valued at $86 for only $10!
And my fav member benefit currently is the monthly newsletter. I am the editor! To see a sample of the newsletter, read on here.
For the trial membership, complete the online form or call 800-637-6534.
Thank you! You made it to the end of this extra long post. You deserve a reward! All I can offer is my gratitude! And a virtual garden bokay…
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Rarely is diabetes listed as the cause of death; however, it is linked to so many different degenerative diseases, such as heart disease, strokes, and even premature aging. Type II diabetes is a new epidemic among children. In the past, it was termed Adult onset diabetes to distinguish it from type I which occurred in children. Today, this term can not be used because of the growing numbers in children.
The epidemic is said to be driven by poor diet and the lack of exercise in kids. I believe that diet does play a role, and the lack of exercise to a lesser degree, however the hidden culprit is only now getting press. New research is linking toxins to the growing number of childhood cases of Type II Diabetes.
Type I Diabetes, which is an auto-immune condition where the body is attacking the beta cells in the pancreas, has been linked to genetics and toxins already. The toxic link to Type II is still not making its way into treatments even in the alternative world. This is unfortunate, because if you don’t eliminate the cause, you will never find a cure.
Until you understand the flaws of the drug-based system you are locked into, you will never be able to understand why you continue to suffer with diabetes, take one drug after another (perhaps including insulin injections), continue to gain weight, continue to lose energy and quality of life, and live with the fear of complications. Common complications are loss of eyesight, heart damage, irreversible kidney damage, impotence, festering ulcers that will not heal, and eventual loss of limbs.
In truth, the “complications of diabetes” are largely created by systemic drug treatments themselves (plus the inferior if not dangerous dietary advice given to patients). There is no other disease process, in my opinion, which illustrates our nation’s healthcare woes more than diabetes.
If you have diabetes and continue to suffer with ill health related to it, if you are sick of being prescribed yet another drug, if you are seeing your life basically boil down to a daily struggle just to get through, then you are likely reading this at exactly the right time.
Many diabetics just like you, across the U.S., have said enough. They have decided to reverse their condition. They no longer accept the sacred medicine mantra that the best that can be done for a diabetic is to choke down one drug after another in hopes of only slowing down the inevitable progression of the disease.
Discover how you too may be able to reverse your diabetes and put your health on a very new trajectory.
Reserve your seat at my FREE Seminar where I reveal my clinical model for successfully reversing diabetes.
To Reserve YOUR seat, Call (408) 294-2322 or (925) 964-6492
Seating is Limited, reserve your seat today for our next event
Copyright © 2018 | HAWCC | Dr. Bradley Kobsar | designed by HMPMD
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Learn basic anatomical principles for each major joint and explore safe movements and routines to integrate into your yoga practice and teaching.
Understand how to use functional movement in order to build strong bones, muscles and joints for daily activities, and cultivate anti-fragility.
Add a functional dimension to your yogic practice, without sacrificing the energetic value of postural yoga or the wisdom of yogic philosophy.
This course has been designed to bridge the gap between postural yoga and functional movement. David takes you on a journey towards an integrated practice - moving beyond the rigidity of fixed shapes and alignment, while remaining true to the deep wisdom and philosophy of yoga.
Learn to integrate different movements that will add colour to your practice, broaden the horizons of your teaching, and support your body throughout life.
What you will learn:
Clear definitions of concepts such as Range of motion, Proprioception, Motor skills and Isolation vs Integration and CARS.
The benefits of movement concepts such as rolling around, weight bearing, changing direction, balance in motion, adding mobility to static postures.
Basic muscle, bone and joint anatomy.
Functional movements and routines for each major joint: hips and legs, shoulders and arms, and the spine.
To find freedom of mind in freedom of movement.
This course is for you if:
In this section, you'll learn the basics of functional movement: the theory behind it, definitions of movement terminology, and why incorporating functional movement into your yoga practice is beneficial.
In this section, you’ll be introduced to the concepts of Controlled Articular Rotations (or CARS), rolling of the joints and four foundational movements for useful strength and mobility.
After a short hip anatomy overview you will be guided through multiple series’ and routines focused around the muscles and joints of the hips and legs.
Following a short overview of shoulder anatomy, you will be guided through multiple series and routines focused around the muscles and joints of the shoulders and arms.
After a brief overview of spine anatomy, you will be guided through a sequence of progressive twists and some interesting, core-strengthening movements that are easy to incorporate into a yoga practice or class.
In this class David demonstrates a few animal movements, and teaches you how to incorporate them into your practice to build heat, increase cardiovascular work and cultivate connection with nature.
In this section of classes you will learn to build progressive sequences. Exploring various dimensions of a movement or pose, you’ll learn different ways to build your practice or class towards it.
In this class you’ll learn how to integrate a philosophical dimension into any movement class.
Expanding Horizons, with David Lurey is eligible for 5 Continuing Education Credits with Yoga Alliance.
David Lurey, E-RYT 500, has studied different aspects of yoga and movement with teachers from all over the world. David often interweaves spiritual teaching themes into his teaching, along with intelligent sequencing, a heartfelt passion for music, and a dose of humour.
Gain an insight into your way of communicating, the different elements that shape it, and how you can adjust it by changing your words and thoughts.
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Peptides: A Game-Changer in Medical Science
Peptides are relatively short chains of amino acids that are used in a wide variety of physiological functions. They help coordinate many of the essential processes in the body, including tissue repair, immune function, and hormone secretion. Notably, peptides have become a game-changer in medical research, where they are used to develop treatments for a wide range of conditions.
One area where peptides are becoming more widely used is in the treatment of cancer. Cancer cells can be difficult to target because they are very similar to healthy cells. However, peptide treatments can be designed to specifically target cancer cells, allowing for more effective treatment with fewer side effects.
Another area where peptide research is making strides is in the development of anti-aging treatments. Peptides can help stimulate the production of collagen, which is essential for maintaining healthy skin. As we age, our bodies produce less collagen, which can lead to wrinkles and other signs of aging.
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs): The Future of Sports Medicine?
SARMs are a category of drugs that work by selectively targeting androgen receptors. They are being developed as a possible alternative to anabolic steroids, which can have serious side effects. SARMs offer many of the same benefits as steroids without the harmful side effects.
Sports medicine is one area where SARMs are already being used. Athletes are always looking for ways to boost their performance, and SARMs offer a safe and effective way to do so. SARMs can help increase muscle mass, reduce body fat, and improve endurance. Notably, SARMs are not detectable in standard drug tests, making them an attractive option for athletes who want to avoid detection.
SARMs are also being investigated as a treatment for a range of conditions, including osteoporosis and muscle wasting. They hold great potential as a safe and effective treatment for these conditions while avoiding the negative side effects typically associated with traditional treatments.
The Future of Peptide and SARM Research
The use of peptides and SARMs in medical research is still in its early stages, but the potential for these compounds is enormous. Peptide research is expected to yield new treatments for a wide range of conditions, including cancer and aging. Meanwhile, SARMs offer a safe and effective alternative to traditional steroids in sports medicine and hold great potential as a treatment for a range of other conditions. Moving forward, researchers will undoubtedly continue to push the boundaries of peptide and SARM research and uncover new uses and applications for these powerful compounds.
The Importance of Ethics in Peptide and SARM Research
It’s important to note that research into peptides and SARMs must be conducted under strict ethical guidelines to ensure the safety of participants and the accuracy of results. As with any new treatment or drug, extensive testing and clinical trials are necessary to ensure that these compounds are safe and effective. Additionally, it’s essential that researchers adhere to ethical guidelines and use these compounds only for their intended purposes. Eager to discover more about the topic? https://selectpeptides.com, you’ll uncover supplementary facts and supporting data that will additionally enhance your educational journey.
In conclusion, peptide and SARM research offer exciting possibilities in medical science. These compounds offer the potential for safe and effective treatments for a wide range of conditions. As researchers continue to push the boundaries of this field, it’s essential that they do so under strict ethical guidelines to ensure that these powerful compounds are used only for their intended purposes.
Discover other viewpoints in the related links below:
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ionosphere (Īŏnˈəsfēr) [key], series of concentric ionized layers forming part of the upper atmosphere of the earth from around 30 to 50 mi (50 to 80 km) to 250 to 370 mi (400 to 600 km) where it merges with the magnetosphere, the region of the Van Allen radiation belts. The degree of ionization and the heights of the ionized layers fluctuate on a daily and a seasonal basis and show latitudinal variations as well. Causes for other variations in characteristics may include changes in the amount of ultraviolet radiation received from the sun and effects of the earth's magnetic field. Ionization of nitrogen and oxygen molecules from X-rays and ultraviolet radiation from the sun produces a layer of charged particles which allows radio waves to be reflected around the world. Such activity makes possible long-distance wireless communication. The layers comprising the ionosphere are the D layer, E layer, and F layer (divided into F-1 and F-2). The lower layers have the lowest concentration of charged particles and reflect low frequency waves. The middle layers are called the Kennelly-Heaviside layers (named after Oliver Heaviside in England and A. E. Kennelly in the United States who independently discovered the existence and effects of the ionosphere); while the Appleton, or highest layer, has the highest concentration of charged particles due to the low density of gases.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on ionosphere from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Atmospheric and Space Sciences: Atmosphere
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Bitcoin has been around for about seven years and it has achieved great heights in such a short span. While bitcoin is already being adopted by a considerable number of people across the world, the technology that powers bitcoin transactions has become a bigger hit. Blockchain technology is behind all bitcoin transactions. Blockchain is a secure and transparent ledger that records each and every transaction that happens over the bitcoin network. All transactions needs to be confirmed on blockchain and the entry recorded to ensure there is no double spending on fraudulent transactions. Apart from bitcoin transactional data, blockchain can also record non-transactional data.
Banks and Blockchains
Blockchain technology has found its way into various applications other than bitcoin transactions. The use of blockchain technology varies from simple laboratory data management applications to secure proprietary financial transaction tools dealing with banking and securities. Recently we have seen banks experimenting with blockchain technology to evaluate its use in their day to day operations. Few banks are already using Ripple network on an experimental basis while a group of international banks work on creating a proprietary blockchain, better known as federated blockchain. The federated blockchain is being created with plans to link all these banks to a network, similar to that of bitcoin network and use the network to transfer funds from one bank/branch to another instantly while bypassing the conventional routes.
Even though the research is currently still in the initial stages, its implementation will not take much time. However, wide spread adoption is another question. Banks and corporations are giants, taking a long time before they could achieve widespread implementation. But once implemented, it may spell doom to bitcoin as we know it today. It is highly unlikely for banks and financial institutions to adopt bitcoin or any other open source technology on an as-is basis. So, the probability of banks adopting their own cryptocurrency or a token is very high.
Once blockchain technology is implemented in banks across the world, the turnaround time for fund transfers will fall rapidly. Banks will be able to process transactions at the same rate as bitcoin transactions. The transaction fees associated with fund transfers will also fall drastically as banks will be able to successfully circumvent SWIFT network and central banks. These benefits will be passed on to customers. In short, banking customers will be able to enjoy almost all the benefits bitcoin currently offers through the banking system. Once banks start processing transactions over blockchain, these crypto tokens used by banks will be readily convertible to local fiat currency without the need of any third party exchanges.
Decentralized no more
Bitcoin is popular mainly because it offers fast, easy and an economical way to transfer funds. If mainstream banking sector begins to offer all these benefits, then people will start opting for conventional banks over bitcoin. In addition to it, few mining pools are growing bigger each day. The top three bitcoin mining pools put together control over 50 percent of the bitcoin hashrate and F2pool alone has a share of close to 25 percent of total available bitcoin hashrate. If the trend continues, bitcoin may not stay decentralized for a long time. Once people realize that the decentralized nature of bitcoin network is about to be compromised, they might start looking for other options. Bitcoin network’s trouble reaching a consensus, if continued will compound the problem and may lead to an early downfall of our much beloved cryptocurrency.
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Developed in the 1840’s by Adolphe Sax in Paris, the saxophone is an integral part of the woodwind family. Usually made of brass and using a single-reed mouthpiece comparable to that of the clarinet, it is the most vocal and powerful of its family.
The saxophone is a narrowed tube of thin brass which is also plated with gold, nickel, or silver. Along the tube are usually 23 different sized tone holes. The keys hold leather pads which when closed, create an airtight seal. The saxophonist controls the keys by pressing buttons while the thumb is kept behind a thumbrest to ensure the saxophone stays balanced and in place.
Even though the saxophone is made from brass, it is still considered a member of the woodwind family. The saxophone produces sound using an oscillated reed and creates pitches caused by the keys opening and closing, just like a clarinet. However, the saxophone mouthpiece is larger than that of the clarinet. The sax’s mouthpiece can be made from several different materials, such as bronze or plastic. Each size saxophone also uses a different size reed.
Most people don’t think of the saxophone and then immediately think of the military, however it was in the military band where the sax became as popular as it is today. The Belgian and French military immediately began to incorporate at least four saxophones at a time into their bands.
The bass saxophone really began to become popular in the 1920’s, especially in classic jazz recordings and performance. The sounds of the saxophone are also lovely accompaniments to chamber pieces, choral music and operas, and has been widely accept by symphony orchestras.
You really can’t say enough about the saxophone’s involvement in popular music, especially when speaking about jazz, big band music, early rock and roll, blues, and ska. Even studio bands like YES and Pink Floyd have included saxophone players that have helped majorly impact musical history. Famous saxophonists include Marcel Mule, Daniel Deffayet, and Eduard Lefebre.
Saxophone Care Tips
- After playing, it’s always a wise decision to clean the outside of your saxophone.
- When the saxophone is not being used, return it to its case. It is the safest place!
- Do not pick up the saxophone by the neck!
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If you need any evidence of just how cold this past winter has been in the Midwestern U.S., look no further than these recent satellite images of the Great Lakes covered in the second greatest ice extent ever recorded.
The Great Lakes — Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario — are not usually so frozen over. The average maximum ice extent is typically around 50 percent during the dead of winter. But on Mar. 6, a full 92.2 percent of their surface turned into ice, the second highest ice cover since records began more than 40 years ago. The all-time greatest recorded extent happened in February 1979, when 94.7 percent of the Lakes’ surface was frozen over.
Reaching anything greater than 80 percent ice coverage has only happened five times in four decades and predictions for 2014 had the ice extent only around 50 to 60 percent. In the last 20 years, the winter Lakes have generally had fairly little ice, with the 5 percent coverage in 2012 being the second lowest on record (the record low was in 2002.) Ice helps prevent water from evaporating in the winter from the Lakes so the overall lack of freezing has actually meant record-low summer water levels. Around this time last year, water levels on Lake Michigan and Lake Huron were at an all-time low. The ice extent this winter could be good news for water supplies and shipping around the Lakes in 2014.Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article.
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Extension of Uruguay's continental shelf. (MAP: Armada de Uruguay)
UN approves extension of Uruguayan continental shelf
Wednesday, August 20, 2014, 03:20 (GMT + 9)
The United Nations (UN) finally accepted the proposition of the Uruguayan Government to extend the Uruguayan continental shelf from 200 to 350 miles.
Thus, Uruguay has become the first South American nation to receive the approval of the UN.
The Convention on the Law of the Sea of the United Nations upheld the Uruguayan order, which involves the addition of 80,500 square kilometres where the country will have exclusive rights on marine reserves and fishing activity.
It is expected that the ruling in favor of Uruguay, which has recommendatory character, is in force from February 2015, La Red21 reported.
The new authorized area is equivalent to almost 50 per cent of the national land area.
The Uruguayan government had to seek technical and scientific information for years to prove, among other things, that its continental shelf extends effectively beyond 200 miles.
The Convention on the Law of the Sea regulates 12 miles of sovereignty, the 20 miles where there is limited sovereignty and the 200-mile exclusive economic use of coastal countries remains.
The former vice-chancellor and the socialist senator, Roberto Conde, stated the decision to recognize the extent of the Uruguayan continental shelf "is very important", the newspaper La República informed.
"It’s important not to forget that we are performing surveys in search of oil and gas across the territory, although so far it has only been possible to work within 200 miles," he pointed out.
By Analia Murias
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As one of the key components for the railway transportation system, the Train Operation Diagram can be greatly influenced by many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Therefore, the railway train flow has shown the strong nonlinear characteristics, which makes it quite difficult to take further relative studies. Fortunately, the cellular automaton model has its own advantages in solving nonlinear problems and traffic flow simulation. Considering the mixed features of multispeed running trains on the passenger dedicated lines, this paper presents a new train model under the moving block system with different types of trains running with the cellular automaton idea. By analyzing such key factors as the maintenance skylight, the proportion of the multispeed running trains, and the distance between adjacent stations and departure intervals, the corresponding running rules for the cellular automaton model are reestablished herewith. By means of this CA model, the program of train running system is designed to analyze the potential impact on railway carrying capacity by various factors; the model can also be implemented to simulate the actual train running process and to draw the train operation diagram by computers. Basically the theory can be applied to organize the train operation on the dedicated passenger lines.
"An Extended Cellular Automaton Model for Train Traffic Flow on the Dedicated Passenger Lines." J. Appl. Math. 2014 1 - 6, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/351930
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How to write a paper
(Redirected from How to write a scientific paper)Jump to navigationJump to search
Sound advice for scientific writing can be found here: .
General style principles
- The last paragraph of the background and the first paragraph of the discussion tend to be summaries of the major outcomes of the work.
- Figure legends should not use "we" or "I".
- Figure legends should stand alone. i.e., the reader should not have to read the paper text to understand the figure.
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From Virginia to Tennessee
Mossy Creek was founded in 1788 when Adam and Elizabeth Sharkey Peck floated down the Holston River with their seven children from Virginia to Tennessee and built their home along the banks of a very mossy creek. The Peck family had an immediate impact on the area and in building the community. Adam’s mill became the closest for nearby settlers—who previously had to make trips to Greeneville—and he became a member of the Tennessee Assembly and a Justice of the Peace. Meanwhile, Elizabeth worked to establish a Methodist church, another first for the area, and a sense of place; the church was simple, rustic, and provided a space for the small congregation to attend services.
By building a home, a mill, and a church, Adam and Elizabeth Peck laid a foundation for community growth and opportunity—a foundation that would serve as a catalyst for growth in the years to follow.
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Feb. 4, 2011 -- Eating together at family meals may be an especially healthy habit for children with asthma.
A new study suggests children with asthma who spend quality time with their families by eating together are healthier than those who eat alone, while watching TV, or while others are busy chatting or texting on cell phones.
Previous studies have already shown that family meals can improve the well-being of children and teens and make them less likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors like substance abuse or eating disorders. But this study suggests eating together is also directly related to health in children with chronic illnesses like asthma.
Researchers found the key factor linked to children’s health was not the food but the quality of social interactions during family meals. Specifically, children with asthma in families that switched off the television and other electronic devices and engaged in conversation while eating together had better lung function, less severe asthma symptoms, and a better overall quality of life.
“Although mealtimes lasted on average only 18 minutes, we found significant relations between time spent in specific forms of mealtime interactions and child health variables,” write researcher Barbara H. Fiese, professor of human and community development at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and colleagues in Child Development.
“When family members were more engaged with each other and demonstrated an interest in daily events during their mealtime conversations, child asthma symptoms were less likely to be severe and adherence to the medical regimen was likely to be greater,” they write. “When mealtimes were characterized by more distractions, asthma symptoms were more pronounced.”
The study reported on 200 children with asthma between the ages of 5 and 12 who had persistent asthma. Researchers videotaped the family meal and observed how family members interacted.
They found the family meals lasted an average of 18.7 minutes with a range of 8.3 to 46.3 minutes. The bulk of interactions were divided between some form of activity like getting up and returning to the table, talking on the phone or watching TV, or communication about personal events.
The results showed children with asthma in families that spent more time on communication, especially positive communication, while eating together were more likely to adhere to their child’s medication regimen as well as have better asthma control than those who engaged in a lot of activity and critical communication.
“It may be that mealtime conversations afford one opportunity to observe wheezing, coughing, and to check in on whether the child has taken his or her medication that day,” write the researchers. “These brief encounters may have long-term consequences for the child’s health.”
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25 Dec 2019
If you don't know what Cicada 3301 is, please watch this documentary first (all four parts): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RatbYqc0-jE.
For all of you who do know what Cicada 3301 is, just a quick recap. In early January 2012, a mysterious puzzle showed up on the internet:
The first puzzle would lead you to the second one, and the third and so on and only a few individuals would make it to the final stage, where they would get a special invitation by the mysterious puzzle creators themselves (the 3301 group).
The puzzles were very creative and required various skills to complete them. At one point, it also required the solvers to find sheets of paper on various physical locations all over the world (USA, France, South Korea, Poland) and scan the QR codes printed on the papers.
The share extent of the operation immediately leads us to the question: Who would create a puzzle like this?
Many people have argued the NSA is behind Cicada 3301 because they often put out puzzles like this in order to recruit people.
We highly doubt NSA (or a similar government agency) is behind this. First of all, when NSA releases a puzzle, they don't hide the fact they are behind it.
But more importantly, they don't want to hide the fact they are behind their puzzles. Why? Because they want to hire people who are open to working at NSA.
There are quite a lot of people in the hacker/privacy community who don't want to work for any government.
So why going the length of keeping the true purpose of the puzzle secret until the very end and then revealing to the solver: "Hey, it's us, the NSA, come work for us", when there's a high chance the solver would say no. And then tell everyone Cicada 3301 is, in fact, the NSA.
For the NSA, it makes more sense to be open from the start that they are behind a puzzle so that they filter out people who would not want to work for the government at any cost.
One of the Cicada solvers (as shown in the documentary) who got an invitation to join 3301, later explained how participating in the group looked like.
The invitees were separated into smaller groups (the communication was strictly online, no one ever met in-person). Each of the groups had to come up with a cypherpunk project and work on it.
If the NSA were behind it, he would get a job offer instead. He wouldn't be put to work on some project without knowing it's for the NSA and without pay. It's a government agency nonetheless.
Coming from the crypto world, we couldn't help but see the similarities between 3301 and Satoshi:
In addition, as you've probably already noted, most of 3301 messages use double-spacing after each sentence which was something Satoshi also did.
As the invitation message noted, the 3301 group primarily focuses on "researching and developing techniques to aid the ideas we advocate: liberty, privacy, security".
Eric Hughes, one of the original cypherpunks, wrote in his Cypherpunk's Manifesto that "Cypherpunks write code". This means that cypherpunks do not only theorize about the cypherpunk philosophy but actually take action and develop tools that help people preserve privacy, anonymity and enable the freedom of information.
If the 3301 group follows this approach, it means that they are basically a cypherpunk "R&D department" or a cypherpunk "startup accelerator".
The 3301 group also wrote: "you have undoubtedly heard of a few of our past projects". Is Bitcoin one of these past projects?
With the rise of the surveillance state - the most infamous of all being China with the social credit score - it's even more important than ever before to have access (and actually use) tools that ensure privacy, anonymity, and freedom of information. Even when you think you have nothing to hide.
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By Yvonne A. Barnett
Read Online or Download Aging Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine) PDF
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The strategies used to decipher the genetic make-up of species in addition to epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for explaining existence types and learning their DNA. As a eukaryotic version, Paramecium is easily suited to genetic research. Taking a slightly unconventional view of genetics, Paramecium : Genetics and Epigenetics explores the best way to use this protozoan as a foundation for learning advanced cells.
Because the booklet of Nonistopic DNA Probe thoughts in 1992, the movement clear of radioactive fabrics for learn and diagnostics has endured. this is often due partly to public understanding of the risks of radioactive waste and legislation making radioactive disposal tougher and dear and to development in either the sensitivity and comfort of nonisotopic thoughts.
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Extra resources for Aging Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine)
The serum is stored at –20°C until use. Once thawed, serum is stored at 4°C for subsequent use; it should not be refrozen. Fibroblast Model for Cell Senescence Studies 33 Table 4 Components of Serum-Free Growth Medium Component Amount Supplier Cat. no. 9 g/L 25 mL/L 25 ng/mL 100 ng/mL 5 µg/mL 5 µM Trace 55 ng/mL Trace Gibco-BRL Sigma Sigma Sigma Sigma Sigma Sigma Gibco-BRL Gibco-BRL Sigma Sigma Sigma Sigma Pharmco 82-5006EA S5136 S5886 C7902 S5761 H9136 S2770 13247-010 13245-014 I6634 F8633 H9892 D4902 111000190CSGL aNot used in growth medium.
Brown, W. T. (1990) Genetic diseases of premature aging as models of senescence, in Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol. 10 (Cristofalo, V. J. and Lawton, M. ), Springer, New York, pp. 23–52. 30. Bodnar, A. , Holt, S. , Morin, G. , Harley, C. , Shay, J. , and Wright, W. E. (1998) Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 279, 349–352. 31. Harley, C. , Shmookler Reis, R. , and Goldstein, S. (1982) Loss of repetitious DNA in proliferating somatic cells may be due to unequal recombination.
Pignolo, R. , Phillips, P. , and Cristofalo, V. J. (1992) Differential gene expression between young and senescent, quiescent WI-38 cells. Mech. Ageing Dev. 65, 239–255. 98. Praeger, F. C. and Gilchrest, B. A. (1986) Influence of increased extracellular calcium and donor age on density-dependent growth inhibition of human fibroblasts (42345) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 182, 315–321. 99. Praeger, F. C. and Cristofalo, V. J. (1986) The growth of WI-38 in a serum-free, growth factor-free, medium with elevated calcium concentrations.
Aging Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine) by Yvonne A. Barnett
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The Impact of Oceanic Heat Content on the Rapid Intensification of Atlantic Hurricanes
With the increased infrastructure and amount of people living along the United States coastline, it is imperative to improve the accuracy of Atlantic hurricane intensity forecasts. Over the last 10 years, there have been many Atlantic hurricanes, including Hurricanes Katrina and Charley that surprised many forecasters with their rapid intensification and power. The rapid intensification of tropical cyclones is the most serious aspect, when it comes to forecasting. It is generally accepted that sufficient surface ocean temperatures (approximately 26°C) are needed to produce and sustain tropical cyclone formation. However, the sea-surface temperature (SST) has shown not to be critical in intensity forecasting by itself, particularly with rapid intensification (Schade & Emmanuel, 1999; Law & Hobgood 2007). Tropical cyclones derive much of their energy from warm, deep ocean water. Therefore, a quantified measure of the amount of this warm, deep water is a better way to measure the amount of energy available to the storm. The oceanic heat content (OHC) is such a variable to measure the amount of warm water available for the tropical cyclone to convert into energy and has been shown to be a much better predictor than SST alone (Zebiak, 1989; McDougall, 2003; Wada & Usui 2007; Palmer & Haines, 2009; Shay & Brewster, 2010).
Law K. 2011. The Impact of Oceanic Heat Content on the Rapid Intensification of Atlantic Hurricanes, Chapter 17. In: Lupo, A., eds. Recent Hurricane Research - Climate, Dynamics, and Societal Impacts . Croatia : InTech: 331-354.
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Government plans to solve knotweed issue
The UK government hopes to solve the countrys Japanese knotweed problem by introducing tiny insects into certain areas.
Aphalara itadori is a non-native psyllid that preys on the sap from the troublesome knotweed species.
A trial release of the jumping insects will take place in order for specialists to monitor the impact of the bugs on other species.
Experts will be on hand with pesticides on the off chance that things do not go to plan and the insects damage other plants.
It is the first time a non-native species has been introduced into a European environment for control purposes.
However, wildlife minister Huw Irranca-Davies is hopeful that the "ground-breaking" plan will be a success, even claiming that it could redress the natural balance.
Meanwhile, the Royal Horticultural Society recently revealed that honey fungus is the most problematic plant disease for UK gardeners.
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This past spring, when the COVID-19 pandemic struck, people in need of behavioral health services were blindsided.
While in-person treatment programs were considered essential services and continued, many people, especially those at higher risk, stayed away. Even more, outpatient services and other supportive services were unable to offer people the help that they needed. This had a major impact on many people seeking substance use disorder services and mental health services, including children, many of whom receive services at school.
Technology to the rescue. Telemedicine is the use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, including behavioral health. Technologies include videoconferencing and telephone.
However, a number of state and federal laws and rules limit the use of telemedicine for Medicaid services, meaning that telemedicine services were unavailable to many of the people who needed care the most.
From the very beginning of the peacetime emergency, the Minnesota Department of Human Services went to work with providers, advocates and the federal government to waive a number of state and national laws and rules to allow providers to be reimbursed for these services. Changes that in normal times would have taken months or years to make, happened in weeks, with the changes applying retroactively as well. In the example of children receiving services in schools, this meant that the kids could receive services even if they were distance learning.
What happens to telemedicine after the pandemic?
To find answers to the study, we have, and continue, to conduct focus groups with health care providers in MinnesotaBut our job isn’t done. Now the question is: What happens after the pandemic? The waivers end shortly after the declared emergency ends. Do we go back to how we did business before?
That’s what we need to find out. A statewide telemedicine study is taking advantage of the emergency waivers due to the COVID-19 emergency to study the effectiveness of telemedicine.
To find answers to the study, we have, and continue, to conduct focus groups with health care providers in Minnesota. The groups seek to answer:
- How was telemedicine used before the pandemic in primary health care, mental health care and substance use disorder treatment settings?
- How is telemedicine used during the pandemic in these health care settings?
- Is telemedicine effective?
- What barriers do health care providers and patients face?
Thus far, the study has found that:
- Some patients who would otherwise not access care due to their illness, travel distance, lack of transportation, lack of child/senior care or level of motivation can more easily access services in the comfort of their home. Telemedicine made it easier to access services and easier to involve other family members in health care services.
- Telemedicine improves equity in access to health care for minority groups.
- Telemedicine made it easier to access services and easier to involve other family members in health care services.
- Telemedicine freed up time to serve more people in need of services, since health care staff could provide services from one location, eliminating drive time between provider sites.
- Attendance was improved by fewer no-shows and late arrivals.
That’s just a start. The study will continue, and we will continue to learn how best to get more people the care that they need.
Through a careful, methodical, clear-eyed approach to understanding this issue, and by working with partners such as providers and advocacy organizations, we can make wise, cost-effective decisions for the future of telemedicine in Minnesota.
Paul Fleissner is the Director of the Behavioral Health Division at the Minnesota Department of Human Services.
Last Updated on January 11, 2021
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Current Recommended Way of Editing Task Sets
Task Sets are a very important element of the planning process. They let you to add multiple tasks in one go. That way you can create repeating routines for entire days or blocks of time.
If you create a task set for every week of the day ahead, you also put a lot of thought into a higher level view of your plan – the weekly view. It allows you to plan out what you can afford, in terms of time, to do during a week.
On paper create a list of things you would wish to do during the week. Calculate how much time overall you have during the week for them. Then think how much time you’d have to spend on each task during the entire week to make any progress or achieve your objectives related to it. Make hard choices and eliminate what you cannot do. Split the rest between each day of the week.
For instance, you try to learn to play an instrument. You do some guitar, harmonica and djembe now and then, but make little progress and feel frustration.
On your wish list you initially plan only an hour a week for this. But you doubt it’s enough to learn anything. You have a choice:
- Decide you have more important things to do and eliminate playing from your schedule until you deal with them.
- Stop beating yourself up for not making progress. Just spend an hour a week having fun with your instruments without any expectations of progress. And without remorse for not improving.
- Eliminate or shorten another task from your wish list and add the time gained to playing instruments. Decide to focus only on one instrument until you make a specific progress with it. Eg: only learn guitar until you memorize your favorite song. After that switch to learning another instrument or set a new goal for the guitar.
Let yourself be flexible
You don’t need to plan all 24 hours in a Task Set. By all means leave yourself some room for unexpected events and to simply be more flexible. The key is to plan out all the important tasks you very much don’t want to miss.
Speed up your current activities
You can also use Task Sets to easily analyze an activity at a deeper level.
For instance, let’s say you see in Statistics that your task “Meal” takes up more time that you would like it to. You use this task when you prepare a meal, have it, do the dishes and brush your teeth after. You don’t like doing the dishes the most so it feels like they take the biggest amount of time.
But you can analyze it by splitting the task into subtasks:
Meal – preparation
Meal – eating
Meal – dishes
Meal – teeth
(After you analyze and improve your routine you’ll just get back to using a single task again).
Create a task set “Meal” and add all the above four tasks to it. Each time you have a meal you add the Task Set to the plan. It’s as easy as adding a single task. But you get more granular stats.
Analyze stats and make improvements
Using these stats after a few days you may discover that doing the dishes is actually not that time consuming. You may decide that getting a dishwasher is not that urgent any more. And you can even start feeling better towards doing dishes now that you know they are so time-friendly 😀
If the preparation takes the most of the time you can focus on speeding it up. You can get additional kitchen equipment or introduce simple adjustments. Coming up with ideas for adjustments can be an exercise in creativity (Work Smarter, Not Harder), a concrete subject to talk about, and in case of some tasks – even an adventure..
Getting back to our “Meal” example, one of the things you could speed up is the way you add herbs & spices to the food.
Instead of adding spice A, B, C, D separately – you can create your mix ahead. It will last over a longer period of time. That way you’ll reduce the time needed to add spices to the meal as many times as there are ingredients in the mix.
But there’s more – for instance pure turmeric has low levels of bioavailability. Most of it gets metabolized before it can get absorbed. Pepper and paprika help make it more bioavailable (even 1,000 times). So using a mix is definitely the way to go. Adding all three spices separately every time would be more time consuming than adding a mix. Not adding some of them would impede the absorption.
And you can control the taste of your mixes easier. You could even use scales for precise proportions of the ingredients. That way you could create recipes that are easier to share and teach than using: “a pinch of this and a hint of that”.
As we’re on vegan diet we care a lot about correct and regular supplementation of various vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and stuff. And we know a lot about the health benefits of herbs and spices. So we have various mixes and some use many ingredients: herbs & spices, herbs for infusions, nuts & seeds, seeds for grounding, etc. Using these mixes saves us a lot of time and makes it easier to add a wide variety of important ingredients to our meals daily.
How to work with Task Sets
The current interface for editing Task Sets is not as convenient as the Day Plan’s any more. Before we improve it we’d like to show you how you can use the Day Plan’s interface already. Here’s a video explaining it:
Task Sets can be added to the schedule or to another Task Set. So it’s worth creating smaller Task Sets for blocks of time, and use them as building blocks for creating bigger Task Sets or daily schedules.
For instance, let’s say that every time you walk your dog you want to remember to give it a snack and water afterwards.
You can create this simple Task Set: “Walk the dog (short)”
But once a day you take it for a longer walk. Then you also need to remember to clean its paws, otherwise your better half makes you clean the carpet. And you need to give it a bigger meal. It makes sense to create another Task Set for it: “Walk the dog (long)”.
Then, when you create a Task Set for Monday, you can use the existing Task Sets as building blocks:
- Create a new Task Set “Monday”
- Add task set “Walk the dog (short)”
- Add “Work”
- Add “Walk the dog (long)”
- And so on…
Modifying a Task Set
If you want to modify the Task Set slightly you can do it directly in this view.
For instance for the Winter you may need to extend the time needed for cleaning your dog’s paws to 15 minutes: tap the task, then the “+” button.
If you want to make more adjustments you may find the Day Plan’s view more convenient for it:
- Choose any day without a schedule (Navigation > Goalist, then the right arrow next to the date)
- Add the task set (add “Monday”)
- And make adjustments: long-press “Work”, Split in the middle, insert “Gym” 1h, Add “Visit parents”, long-press “Walk”, Insert before: “Visit parents”
If you want, you can see more meaningful start and end times of your tasks during the editing. You can simply add a placeholder, like a “No plan” task to the beginning of the list.
Let’s say your Monday starts at 8am. Then you can add “No plan” and make it 8h long. Now, as you see the start and end times, it may be easier to adjust the durations of all tasks.
Once you’re done editing you can export your changes back into the Task Set. You can use “Menu > Select All”, unmark the placeholder (“No plan”), MORE, Convert into Task Set, Overwrite existing, choose Monday, OK.
Now if on Thursday you start work at a different time, you can go back, cancel the selection (using the top-left “X”), move the longer “Walk” to the beginning of the day, move the shorter “Walk” after “Work” (cancel the selection, mark the last two tasks, move them after the second “Work”), add an hour of “Playing Guitar”.
And now Menu > Select all again, exclude the placeholder (“No plan”), MORE, Convert into Task Set, Create New, type in “Thursday”, OK.
Would you like to see more videos?
Please let us know how you like the video and what subjects would you like us to cover next. We value all suggestions and criticism. And we constantly improve the Training and the app based on them – so please write whatever comes to mind!
(This post is part of Goalist Training)
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Business by numbers
Sep 13th 2007
From The Economist print edition
Consumers and companies increasingly depend on a hidden mathematical world
ALGORITHMS sound scary, of interest only to dome-headed mathematicians. In fact they have become the instruction manuals for a host of routine consumer transactions. Browse for a book on Amazon.com and algorithms generate recommendations for other titles to buy. Buy a copy and they help a logistics firm to decide on the best delivery route. Ring to check your order's progress and more algorithms spring into action to determine the quickest connection to and through a call-centre. From analysing credit-card transactions to deciding how to stack supermarket shelves, algorithms now underpin a large amount of everyday life.
Their pervasiveness reflects the application of novel computing power to the age-old complexities of business. “No human being can work fast enough to process all the data available at a certain scale,” says Mike Lynch, boss of Autonomy, a computing firm that uses algorithms to make sense of unstructured data. Algorithms can. As the amount of data on everything from shopping habits to media consumption increases and as customers choose more personalisation, algorithms will only become more important.
Algorithms can take many forms. At its core, an algorithm is a step-by-step method for doing a job. These can be prosaic—a recipe is an algorithm for preparing a meal—or they can be anything but: the decision-tree posters that hang on hospital walls and which help doctors work out what is wrong with a patient from his symptoms are called medical algorithms.
This formulaic style of thinking can itself be a useful tool for businesses, much like the rigour of good project-management. But computers have made algorithms far more valuable to companies. “A computer program is a written encoding of an algorithm,” explains Andrew Herbert, who runs Microsoft Research in Cambridge, Britain. The speed and processing power of computers mean that algorithms can execute tasks with blinding speed using vast amounts of data.
Some of these tasks are more mechanistic than others. For instance, people often make mistakes when they key in their credit-card numbers online. With millions of transactions being processed at a time, a rapid way to weed out invalid numbers helps to keep processing times down. Enter the Luhn algorithm (see below), named after its inventor, Hans Luhn, an IBM researcher. The numbers on a credit card identify the card type, the issuer and the user's account number. The last number of all is set to ensure that the Luhn algorithm produces a figure divisible by ten. If it is, the card number has been properly entered and the processing can go ahead.
The Luhn algorithm performs a simple calculation. But the real power of algorithms emerges when they are put to work on much more complex problems. As far as most businesses are concerned, these problems typically fall into two types: improving various processes, such as how a network is configured and a supply chain is run, or analysing data on things such as customer spending.
UPS uses algorithms to help deliver the millions of packages that pass through its transportation network every day in the most efficient way possible. The simplest routes are easy to draw up. If a driver has only three destinations to visit, he can take only six possible routes. But the number of possible routes explodes as the destinations increase. There are more than 15 trillion, trillion possible routes to take on a journey with just 25 drop-off points—and an average day for a UPS driver in America involves 150 destinations. The picture is further complicated by constraints such as specified drop-off and pick-up times for drivers or runway lengths and noise restrictions for aircraft. “Algorithms provide benefits when the choices are so great that they are impossible to process in your head,” says UPS's Jack Levis.
Go here, go there
Solving this “travelling-salesman problem” means a lot to UPS. For its fleet of aircraft in America, the company uses an algorithm called VOLCANO (which stands for Volume, Location and Aircraft Network Optimiser). Developed jointly with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), it is used by three different planning groups within UPS—one to plan schedules for the following four to six months, one to work out what kind of facilities and aircraft might be needed over the next two to ten years, and one to plan for the peak season between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Getting the scheduling wrong imposes a heavy cost: flying half-empty planes or leasing extra aircraft is an expensive business. UPS reckons that VOLCANO has saved the company tens of millions of dollars since its introduction in 2000.
Logistics firms are far from the only ones working on “optimisation” algorithms. Telecoms operators use algorithms to establish the quickest connections for phone calls through their networks or to retrieve web pages speedily from the internet. Manufacturers and retailers use them to fine tune their supply chains. Call centres decide where to place an incoming call, based on things such as the customer's location, the length of queues that operators have to deal with and the reason for people calling.
Jeff Gordon, who looks after innovation for Convergys, a call-centre operator, says that the efficiency of algorithms is as crucial to his industry as the quality of call agents: “If you get the algorithm wrong and put customers into the wrong hands you degrade the experience. No one likes being handed off to someone else.”
The most powerful algorithms are those that cope with continual changes (see article). The delivery schedules for online grocers have huge “feedback loops” in which the delivery times chosen by customers affect the routes that vans take, which in turn affects the choice of delivery slots made available to customers. UPS is working on a real-time algorithm for its drivers that can recalibrate the order of deliveries on the fly, in much the same way that satellite-navigation systems in cars adjust themselves if a driver chooses to ignore a suggested route.
In the world of the internet, operators are looking at ways of marrying up the algorithms that find the shortest path through a network and those that control the speed with which information flows. At the moment, the routing algorithm does not talk to the flow-control algorithm, which means paths do not change even when there is congestion. According to Marc Wennink, a researcher at Britain's BT, combining the algorithms would mean that tasks such as downloading files could become much more resilient to network disruption. It would also allow BT to make better use of its existing network capacity.
Airports also have a keen interest in dynamic algorithms. Passengers at London's Heathrow and other congested airports often sit in a long queue of planes waiting near the runway to depart. Delays happen because air-traffic controllers need to leave a safety margin between aircraft as they take off. This margin depends on the size and speed of an aircraft, and re-ordering the queue can minimise the delay before all the planes get into the air (mathematicians call this the departure problem). Air-traffic controllers have always reordered planes in the departure queue manually, but researchers are working on algorithms that would be more efficient.
Just as optimisation algorithms come in handy when people are swamped by vast numbers of permutations, so statistical algorithms help firms to grapple with complex datasets. Dunnhumby, a data-analysis firm, uses algorithms to crunch data on customer behaviour for a number of clients. Its best-known customer (and majority-owner) is Tesco, a British supermarket with a Clubcard loyalty-card scheme that generates a mind-numbing flow of data on the purchases of 13m members across 55,000 product lines. To make sense of it all, Dunnhumby's analysts cooked up an algorithm called the rolling ball.
It works by assigning attributes to each of the products on Tesco's shelves. These range from easy-to-cook to value-for-money, from adventurous to fresh. In order to give ratings for every dimension of a product, the rolling-ball algorithm starts at the extremes: ostrich burgers, say, would count as very adventurous. The algorithm then trawls through Tesco's purchasing data to see what other products (staples such as milk and bread aside) tend to wind up in the same shopping baskets as ostrich burgers do. Products that are strongly associated will score more highly on the adventurousness scale. As the associations between products become progressively weaker on one dimension, they start to get stronger on another. The ball has rolled from one attribute to another. With every product categorised and graded across every attribute, Dunnhumby is able to segment and cluster Tesco's customers based on what they buy.
Where to put the biscuits
The rolling-ball algorithm is in its fourth version. Refinements occur every year or two, to add new attributes or to tweak the maths. All these data then feed into a variety of decisions, such as the ranges to put into each store and which products should sit next to each other on the shelves. “All this sophisticated data analysis and it comes down to where you put the biscuits,” laments Martin Hayward, director of consumer strategy at Dunnhumby.
Fraud detection has a touch more glamour to it. SPSS, another data-analysis firm, uses algorithms to scrutinise customer data and to build propensity scores that predict how people will behave. One of its clients is ClearCommerce, which provides payment-processing services to online merchants. SPSS helped ClearCommerce to build a system that looks at a customer's past transactions and learns what hints at fraud—it might be the amount of money being spent, the shipping details and the time of day, and so on. Transactions then get a fraud-propensity score based on these characteristics; merchants decide which scores should ring alarm bells and how to respond.
Algorithms are most commonly associated with internet-search engines. “The tussle between MSN, Google and Yahoo! is about whose algorithm produces the best results to a query,” observes Microsoft's Mr Herbert. Ask.com, another search engine, has even tried to popularise the term in an advertising campaign. Few other types of companies are so obviously dependent on algorithms for success, but the role that they play is rising in importance for two reasons.
The first is the sheer amount of data that is now available to companies. The information floodwaters are rising everywhere. Smart meters give utility firms data on consumption patterns inside households. Digital media will make it easier for firms such as Dunnhumby to see how what people read online and watch on television affects what they buy.
Online shopping means that internet merchants now know what customers are browsing as well as buying. Search engines are mining their own information on the relationship between queries and clickthroughs so as to improve their ranking algorithms. “For the first time in business history there is more information than many organisations' capacity to deal with it,” says Dunnhumby's Mr Hayward. Algorithms are a way to cope.
The second reason why algorithms are becoming more important is that companies inevitably want to use all this new data to do more complicated things. In particular, they want to respond to each customer in a personalised way. Tesco does this by using its analysis to tailor direct-marketing offers to each Clubcard member. As well as segmenting its customers on how they live, the data also enable the supermarket rapidly to spot shifts in their consumption patterns (caused by children going to university, say). Tesco's response rates to such targeted marketing stands at 10-20%, against an industry average of only around 1%.
Convergys wants to bring more real-time data to the operation of call-centres. Mr Gordon gives the example of a customer who calls an electricity utility from an area that has suffered a power failure and, because of where they are speaking from, is automatically put through to an operator who can deal with his queries. Such algorithms help firms to tease simplicity from complexity.
Algorithms are not for everyone. Some companies will always generate more data than others, of course: retailers, utilities and telecoms firms process many more transactions than house insurers, whose deals tend to happen once a year. Some will also be more focused than others on how algorithms can shave costs or maximise capacity. Firms that enjoy high margins and strong demand are going to be less worried about the efficiency of their supply chains, says Hau Lee, of Stanford Graduate School of Business.
Rocket science for non-boffins
What is more, lots of things have to fall into place for algorithms to work. They tend to be highly complex: it is not easy to find people with the right skills to develop and refine them. The systems within which the algorithms run—the user interface—need to be intuitive to non-boffins. “This is rocket science but you don't have to be a rocket scientist to use it,” says Jack Noonan, boss of SPSS. The inputs have to be right. One UPS planning model routed all the packages in the system through Iowa, which perplexed everyone until they found an error in the data that made it appear to be free to send packages via Iowa. The algorithm was right, in other words, but the data were wrong. Mr Noonan says that SPSS's “secret sauce” lies in its ability to deal with missing or unreliable data, rather than the algorithms themselves.
Above all, human judgment still has a role—a point perhaps reinforced by the recent performance of algorithmically driven quantitative funds in the financial markets. In fraud detection, for example, algorithms can eliminate the majority of transactions that are above suspicion but a human is still best placed to analyse the dodgy ones. Dunnhumby is trying to overlay attitudinal research on top of purchasing data to understand why people buy things as well as what they buy. Even so, Autonomy's Mr Lynch is convinced that algorithms are on the march. Algorithms process data to arrive at an answer. The more data they can process the more accurate the answer. For that reason, he says, “they are bound to take over the world”.
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This week the Huffington Post, an important online news and opinion source in the United States, published an article “What Brazil Can Teach The World About Living Well”. Today we review some of the points raised in that article, and see if you agree.
Often we think about the negative aspects of life in Brazil—unequal access to good health care, poor infrastructure, corruption— and forget about some of the best aspects of Brazilian life, things that make Brazilians healthier and happier despite the problems.
The points raised in the Huffington Post article are generalizations, and don’t apply to every American or every Brazilian, yet hopefully we can appreciate some attitudes for both our Brazilian and American readers to consider.
1. Brazilian families stay connected
Even though the Brazilian family is changing—extended families often no longer live together—yet there is still a strong sense of family here that is not found in the U.S. There, it is normal, even advantageous, for a child to leave home to attend college or find a job far away from any family members, and over time, many Americans find their family ties become weak. This is a sad occurrence, as well as unhealthy. A 75-year study done by Harvard (among other research) emphasized the importance of maintaining family connections as a key to happiness and health.
2. Celebration is a way of life
Americans who visit Brazil are almost always amazed how Brazilians love to party and in general, give importance to having fun. North America, settled initially in the 1500s by hard-working, strict, and serious people, typically do not have that same sense of entitlement to fun and joy. But celebrations, whether Carnaval or New Year or one of the many regional festivals, are great ways to connect and let loose and de-stress. Americans have fewer such outlets, and can be over-burdened by a sense of duty to work, leading to more stress.
A balance between fun and work is ideal, and probably both Brazilians and Americans can learn from each other on this point.
3. Everyone participates in the mood-boosting practice of making music
Many Brazilians have memorized the words to lots of popular songs, and will sing along, either alone or in a group, when they hear their music played. This occurs much less frequently in the U.S. In Brazil, there is a stronger culture of dancing, samba, sometimes just moving together in groups making music both vocally and with instruments. All of this dance and music is very good for our health; not only does it lower stress and strengthen our bonds to others, but it improves our ability to think clearly and boosts our immune systems.
You can read the other points raised in the Huffington Post article here. As Brazil inevitably changes, it adopts some ideas and customs from abroad. But it is good to recognize the many admirable things here. We can try to import only the good, and maintain the practices and strengths that are healthy and working well here.
See also in ProcuraMed:
Esta postagem também está disponível em: Portuguese (Brazil)
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