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What can’t weed do? Turkish scientists have used cannabis metabolites from urine to produce electricity.
Now that cannabis is increasingly becoming an accepted and legal form of medication (and leisure activity), scientists are looking for new ways to handle the urine of those who use it — and they’ve gotten pretty creative. Before, pee had just been used to test if a person was using the product. For some reason, Turkish scientists thought to extract some elements from it to see if it can be turned into electricity — to positive results. Now
A team of Turkish researchers extracted cannabis metabolites from urine using microbial fuel cells (MFC), which degraded over 60 percent of the metabolites while generating electricity. The actual human urine was able to produce 0.23 volts of continuous power in MFCs. They then made synthetic urine that had sodium acetate as a carbon source and saw its voltage generation reach 0.33 volts. This led them to conclude that wastewater that has been contaminated with a urine-based metabolite could be treated in MFCs and generate voltage in the process.
An article by The Growth Op pointed out that this discovery is not entirely new because the concept of generating electricity from urine has been studied in the past, not just for marijuana users. It said that MFCs can also be extracted from clean pee by using a generator to isolate and purify hydrogen components. In fact, pure unadulterated urine actually generated a higher voltage, which means that marijuana use lowers its power to conduct electricity.
This discussion is significant in the United States, where the issue of legalizing marijuana for medical and recreational use remains to be a hot topic. As of this writing, medical cannabis is legal in 33 states, while its use for leisure is legal in 10 states. President Donald Trump also approved the Farm Bill in 2018, which was for the legalization of hemp. Marijuana is also legal in Canada and Mexico.
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by Jeff Clemetson, Editor
It is far more dangerous to your child’s health than Fourth of July fireworks. It is also poses a far greater threat than the choking hazards of small Christmas toys. I am, of coarse, talking about Halloween candy.
Halloween is by far the most unhealthy holiday we celebrate. The bags of processed sugars, chemical dyes and flavorings and GMO-laden corn syrup which our children gorge themselves on for weeks after the big Trick-or-Treating event leads to many health problems that can have lasting effects throughout their lives.
In a 2007 study on the effects of sugar in the body, doctors at Princeton University found that sugar, especially the kind of processed sugars found in Halloween candy, can be every bit as addictive as hardcore drugs such as cocaine or even heroin. Sugar can cause a person to binge, have unwanted cravings, go through withdrawal and build tolerance to its effects. And more importantly, this can happen very quickly. So when your child comes heaving that giant pillow case of “goodies” home after Trick-or-Treating, he or she is really bringing home a stash of toxins that will leave him or her wanting more the minute it dries up.
Sugar addiction, besides leading to obesity and diabetes later in life, can also have many adverse effects on a child’s mental and emotional well being. Addiction cravings lead to behavior problems as any parent who pays attention to the sugar rushes and crashes their child experiences as a toddler can attest to. As children grow older these crashes can seem like they are getting less severe, but in fact they can be even more profound and cause more damage. According Julia Ross, author of “The Mood Cure,” sugar addiction is a leading cause of many psychological problems in teens and adults, such as depression, anxiety, ADHD and insomnia. Your four-year-old’s small tantrums when the Tootsie Roll wears off can lead to a lifetime of antidepressants and amphetamine pills to treat the effects of something that started as a simple sugar addiction.
So what should parents do to stop or curb their child’s candy intake around Halloween? According to hardliners like Ross, the best solution would be to make sure your child doesn’t eat any candy at all. To nutritionists, processed sugars are deadly toxins that have no business being anywhere near a young child. Unfortunately, societal pressures and norms make it extremely difficult to tell children they have to be the oddball at school that doesn’t get to have any Halloween candy. But there are some things you can do to teach your kids about the dangers of too much sugar and persuade them not to get be a junk food junkie.
Talk to your kids about what is in candy
One of the best ways to teach your children about nutrition is to be open and honest with them by teaching them what they aren’t taught in schools. This tactic has worked well for many vegetarian parents who have had to explain why their family doesn’t eat meat and others do and it can work for processed sugars as well. Tell your children that sugar is like a poison and read the ingredients on candy to them. Tell them how corn syrup is made and how the toxins used to grow corn damage the planet. You’d be surprised how many children act on their conscience.
Although not everyone can afford to do this, the simple act of buying you child’s Halloween candy off them can let them still enjoy Trick-or-Treating with their friends without the stigma of ending up with nothing after. Let your child know that you don’t want him or her to have the candy but that you’re going to get him or her that toy they’ve been eyeing or help them save up for whatever they want to buy. Also, getting coins from the bank and giving money to the tikes at your door is also a good way to stay festive without compromising your own beliefs about sugar addiction.
Be strict and lay down rules
If you find you just don’t have the heart to keep your kids away from the joys of Halloween candy and Trick-or-Treating, the next best thing is to be sure to limit the amount and kinds of candy they consume afterwards. Take out all or some of the candies that are pure processed sugars and contain trans fats. Chocolate treats at least have some nutritional value, whereas candy corn has none. Tell your child they will get one piece per day and that is all. The best time to give them the candy is right after school and a few hours before dinner. This will avoid problems at school and problems before bed.
Replace with other treats
Not all sweets are equal. There are some chocolate companies than make organic chocolate that contain real sugar and zero additives. There are also all-natural fruit sweets on the market. Seek out and purchase these treats to give out on Halloween and buy enough to trade out your child’s junk candy at the end of the night. Just remember to apply the same rules listed above.
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Improving Human Health Through Technical Cooperation
A doctor treats a cancer patient at the "Instituto del Cancer de El Salvador" in El Salvador. (Photo: Nancy Falcon Castro/UNIDO)
The IAEA, through its technical cooperation programme, helps countries use nuclear techniques to improve the health of their citizens by facilitating ground-breaking research, providing life-saving equipment and helping states train and retain essential medical staff. The programme supports the needs of health care professionals and technologists, policy makers, regulators, universities and patients.
This involvement is spread over a wide range of disciplines, including the control of communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, the detection of drug-resistant strains of malaria and tuberculosis, the expansion of cancer therapy, and of nuclear medicine diagnosis, and the improvement of the nutritional status of children and women to combat malnutrition.
In the area of cancer management the IAEA´s Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT) helps developing countries build sustainable programmes for comprehensive cancer control.
Responding to Countries´ Needs
Human health is the top priority area for all IAEA Member States. Projects to address cancer, to support the use of nuclear medicine and address nutrition are among the most requested. In 2009 activities in health constituted the largest proportion (almost 21%) of technical cooperation projects.
Member States also regularly seek the IAEA´s help with quality assurance in nuclear medical treatment.
"The Agency not only provides technology and training, but plays an integral role in ensuring that countries can handle the technology safely. So we have projects aimed at strengthening nuclear regulatory capacity and safety, in order to support countries´ human health programs," says Juan Antonio Casas-Zamora, Director of the IAEA Technical Cooperation Division for Latin America.
As well as planning projects well in advance, the IAEA also, in extreme cases, responds to the emergency needs of its Member States. After the devastating earthquake in 2010, Haiti for example received eight x-ray machines from the Agency.
Here are a few more examples of the difference that the IAEA´s involvement has made around the world:
The technical cooperation project in Gabon supported the establishment of a systematic neonatal mass-screening programme to identify babies with sickle cell disease using nuclear techniques which include high pressure liquid chromatography.
Sickle cell disease is an incurable blood disorder, but early diagnosis means that life-extending treatment and care can be initiated soon after birth. Counselling is also provided for parents with affected or carrier newborns.
Mauritania inaugurated its first radiotherapy centre on Saturday, 27 November 2010. This means that cancer patients will no longer have to travel abroad for treatment. Mauritania and the IAEA´s Technical Cooperation Programme worked together for two years to make the centre a reality. The facility will cater to patients who suffer from various types of cancers, using the most modern methods in radiotherapy.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide, with about 83% of all cases occurring in developing countries like El Salvador.
Working with two other organisations - the Instituto del Cancer de El Salvador (ICES) and the Rosales National Hospital - the IAEA has provided training for government and hospital staff in order to strengthen care and ensure that the radiotherapy programme is safe and effective. Equipment has also been upgraded under the project.
In the first 27 months after the centre was opened, over 1 000 patients had been treated.
Uruguay did not have the capacity to radio-sterilize tissue grafts used to treat burn patients. The grafts were instead sent to other countries, which was very expensive. Because the IAEA Technical Cooperation programme provided equipment and training, Uruguay now produces its own tissue grafts that are used to heal different skin and musculoskeletal pathologies. This means that more burn patients can now be treated.
Through a project completed in 2001, state-of-the-art positron emission tomography (PET) technology was introduced for the first time in central and Eastern Europe. In 2006, construction of a new PET centre was launched in Brno, in the Czech Republic. This centre opened its doors to patients in 2007.
See Story Resources for more information.
-- By Sasha Henriques, IAEA Division of Public Information
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July 13, 2005
Simple Steps Prevent Arthritis from Preventing Work
NEW YORK -- Good posture, a phone headset and frequent breaks can help prevent arthritis from holding people back at work, according to an expert.
Dr. Diana Baldwin of the University of Missouri-Columbia also recommended keeping a computer monitor and important tasks within arm's length, and leaving wrists in a neutral position, or bent slightly downward, to prevent arthritis.According to Baldwin, arthritis is the second most common cause of workplace disability, after heart disease. Indeed, half of the 23 million people with arthritis are no longer able to work 10 years after their diagnosis.
However, studies show that a supportive environment, a feeling of control, and a flexible schedule helps people with arthritis stay at work.
Some common signs that arthritis is interfering with work include fatigue or muscle weakness, pain while doing a task, swollen joints, feeling the need to frequently shift positions, and lasting pain or stiffness.
Currently, Baldwin is conducting a study of what steps workers with arthritis can take early on to stay on the job. As part of the study, she is following 140 people with arthritis, half of whom receive a personal visit, during which the researcher observes them at work to identify what aspects of their environment might eventually worsen their arthritis.
"Even if their disease process gets worse, they will know things they can do" to stay on the job, Baldwin said.
In an interview, the researcher explained that stretching is one of the most important step workers can take to keep their arthritis under control. Workers should consider stretching out major joints, such as shoulders, elbows and the neck, and, in addition, tensing and relaxing muscle groups to move toxic chemicals out of the muscles, she said.
She noted that people with arthritis are at risk of becoming unable to work because their arthritis leaves them more vulnerable to musculoskeletal problems such as lower back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome and neck and shoulder problems.
Baldwin added that it's also very important to keep good posture at work, which means ensuring that the head, neck, shoulders, wrists and elbows are in a neutral position, where the body can most effectively use its muscles.
"Those are the kinds of things that make a difference," she said.
Another tip: leave everything you need within arm's reach, so you don't have to put your body in awkward positions, bending muscles in the wrong shape, Baldwin added.
On the Net:
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| 0.962699 | 505 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I bid adieu to a classroom of 8 to 10 year old students this morning. It was our last class before the recital, and it was so wonderful to have had the opportunity to teach them this year. Many of them will move up into the next level, but some of them I will have the pleasure of being able to continue teaching next year.
While preparing the Level 4 Curriculum for release, I came across this excerpt by Ruth Brinkerhoff and found the timing of it to be very appropriate. Remember, you are not just teaching them to dance. You are shaping and molding a whole person every time they walk into your studio.
Often, in teacher workshops, I’ve had teachers say, ‘I just want to teach them a little dancing. I don’t want to bother with anything else.’
Each student is a whole person, and they cannot just bring their muscles to class and nothing else. A teacher or caretaker of children in any setting is, whether they consciously choose to or not, teaching the ‘whole child’, the ‘whole person.’
When we try to ignore social behavior, it can become a serious problem in a dance class. Sometimes teachers ignore and tune out the undesirable behaviors, so it doesn’t bother them. But what about the interaction that occurs at the feeling level between students?
Dance Teachers Must Teach More Than Dance Steps
They must teach:
- Behavior, through repetitive practice of appropriate rules and consistent procedures in class.
- Attitudes, through example, through strength of character and maturity in the teacher–be a strong role model.
- Social interaction on a caring, sharing, being fair basis, by direct instruction, by story lines in the dance activities, by giving them real, concrete experiences with the concepts being taught, and by being carefully fair and treating all on an equal basis.
- Ballet and dance as a performing art form, by teaching more about the subject matter used in class, more than before, so that the traditional themes of dance class become familiar to the children.
- The very important difference between make believe and reality! This is another big learning being lost in the total fantasy of TV, video games, action toys, movies, and books that merely reinforce the confusion.
- Kindness and caring about all forms of life, through examples of attitude, story themes in dance class, and giving them small practices of kindness and courtesy towards each other.
Teachers need to know that they are an influence in every student’s life. They can and should teach courtesy, respect, and correct behavior and speech along with the dancing. You do this as the need arises.
You expect correctness in their behavior, and compliance with your rules. If this happens, give them some positive reinforcement, some tiny minutes of individual attention and approval. You’ll be glad you did.
This is the beauty of teaching, friends. For that brief, one-hour window of time each week, you are given the opportunity to bring positive, nurturing encouragement into a child’s life. Who knows? There may be students in your class who don’t receive that kind of optimism and inspiration in the other places they frequent. The calling of a dance teacher is a high one, and we are so privileged to be shaping our students’ lives each and every class period.
- Courtesy, Safety and Respect in the Classroom
- 20 Ways to Create a Comfortable Class
- Improving Behavior with Consequences
- My Personal Secrets for Teaching Littles
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Boy sleepwalks into the woods - level 1
This news is about a boy. He is from Poland. He is only two years old. He sleepwalks. He leaves the house and goes into the forest.
Outside, it is very cold. The temperature is down to -7 degrees. The boy’s body temperature is only 12°C. His heart beats very slowly.
The boy is lucky because people found him. He goes to hospital. Doctors say that he will be OK. One doctor talks to the boy. He says that he is very smart.
Difficult words: sleepwalk (to walk when you are sleeping), beat (make a movement), smart (clever).
You can read the original story and watch the video in the Level 3 section.
How to improve your English with News in Levels:
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|When to Call Your Doctor|
|Call Your Doctor Now (night or day) If|
|Call Your Doctor Within 24 Hours (between 9 am and 4 pm) If|
|Call Your Doctor During Weekday Office Hours If|
|Parent Care at Home If|
|Causes & Health Information|
- The tick bite does not cause pain or itch. So, ticks may not be noticed for a few days.
- After feeding on blood, ticks get quite swollen and easy to see.
- Ticks fall off on their own after sucking blood for 3 to 6 days.
- The wood tick (dog tick) is the size of a watermelon seed. Sometimes, it can pass on Rocky Mountain spotted fever or Colorado tick fever.
- The deer tick is between the size of a pinhead and an apple seed. Sometimes, it can pass on Lyme disease.
- The risk of Lyme disease after a deer tick bite is low. Even in a high risk area, the risk is only about 1.4%.
- Almost all infections start with a bull’s eye rash (called erythema migrans). The rash starts at the site of the tick bite. Treatment of erythema migrans with 14 days of an antibiotic is advised. This almost always prevents the development of later stages of Lyme Disease. Arthritis, heart disease and neurologic disease can occur with untreated Lyme Disease.
- Giving antibiotics after deer tick bites to prevent Lyme disease is not advised.
|CARE ADVICE FOR TICK BITES|
Treating Tick Bites
- What You Should Know:
- Most tick bites are harmless.
- The spread of disease by ticks is rare.
- If the tick is still attached to the skin, it needs to be removed.
- Covering the tick with petroleum jelly or nail polish doesn't work. Neither does rubbing alcohol or a soapy cotton ball. Touching the tick with a hot or cold object also doesn't work.
- Try one of the methods described below to remove the tick.
- Wood Tick Removal: Use a Tweezers
- Use a tweezers and grasp the tick close to the skin (on its head).
- Hold the tweezers sideways next to the skin surface.
- Pull the wood tick straight upward without twisting or crushing it.
- Maintain a steady pressure until it releases its grip.
- If you don't have tweezers, you can use your fingers.
- Other options. You can use a loop of thread around the jaws. You can also use a needle pushed between the jaws for traction.
- Deer Tick Removal:
- Tiny deer ticks need to be scraped off.
- You can remove them with the edge of a credit card.
- Tick's Head:
- If the wood tick's head breaks off in the skin, remove it.
- Clean the skin with rubbing alcohol.
- Use a sterile needle to uncover the head and lift it out.
- If a small piece of the head remains, the skin will slowly shed it.
- If most of the head is left, call your doctor for help.
- Antibiotic Ointment:
- Wash the wound and your hands with soap and water after removal.
- This helps to prevent catching any tick disease.
- Use an antibiotic ointment such as Polysporin. No prescription is needed.
- Put it on the bite once.
- What to Expect:
- Tick bites normally don't itch or hurt.
- That's often why they may not be noticed.
- Call Your Doctor If:
- You tried and can't remove the tick or the tick's head
- Fever or rash happens in the next 2 weeks
- Bite starts to look infected
- Your child becomes worse
- When hiking in tick-prone areas, wear long clothing. Tuck the ends of pants into socks. Use an insect repellent to shoes and socks.
- Permethrin products can be put on clothing. Because of this, it is a better choice against ticks than DEET.
- Tick Repellent for Clothing - Permethrin:
- Permethrin products (such Duranon or Permanone Tick Spray) are very good tick repellents.
- An advantage over DEET is that permethrin is used on clothing. Put it on clothes, especially pants cuffs, socks and shoes. You can also put it on other outdoor items (mosquito screen, sleeping bags).
- Do not put Permethrin on skin. Reason: It loses its ability to work once in contact with skin.
- Tick Repellent for Skin - DEET:
- DEET is an good tick repellent also. It can be used on the skin not covered by clothing.
- Use 30% DEET for children and teens (AAP 2003). Note: 30% DEET protects for 6 hours.
And remember, contact your doctor if your child develops any of the "Call Your Doctor" symptoms.
This free app has a symptom checker,
dosage tables for common medications,
home health advice and more.
Disclaimer: This information is not intended be a substitute for professional medical advice. It is provided for educational purposes only. You assume full responsibility for how you choose to use this information.
Author and Senior Reviewer: Barton D. Schmitt, M.D.
Last Reviewed: 9/1/2012
Last Revised: 1/13/2013
Content Set: Child Symptom Checker
Copyright 1994-2012 Barton D. Schmitt, M.D.
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Prostate Cancer, know the risks, know the facts, know your options.
Prostate Cancer Awareness Month is a national campaign dedicated to increasing attention to prostate cancer issues. One man in six will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime. More than 2.5 million men in the United States who have been diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point are still alive today.(1)
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, behind only lung cancer. One man in 36 will die of prostate cancer.
What are the risk factors for Prostate Cancer?
Age is the strongest risk factor for prostate cancer. Almost 6 out of 10 prostate cancers are found in men over the age of 65.(2)
Prostate cancer occurs more often in African-American men than in men of other races. African-American men are also more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage, and are more than twice as likely to die of prostate cancer as white men. Prostate cancer occurs less often in Asian-American and Hispanic/Latino men than in non-Hispanic whites.(2)
Prostate cancer seems to run in some families, which suggests that in some cases there may be an inherited or genetic factor. Having a father or brother with prostate cancer more than doubles a man's risk of developing this disease. (The risk is higher for men with an affected brother than for those with an affected father.) The risk is much higher for men with several affected relatives, particularly if their relatives were young at the time the cancer was found.(2)
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms and is most often found by a PSA test and/or DRE. Some advanced prostate cancers can slow or weaken your urinary stream or make you need to urinate more often. But non-cancerous diseases of the prostate, such as BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) cause these symptoms more often.(3)
If the prostate cancer is advanced, you might have blood in your urine (hematuria) or trouble getting an erection (impotence). Advanced prostate cancer commonly spreads to the bones, which can cause pain in the hips, spine, ribs, or other areas. Cancer that has spread to the spine can also press on the spinal nerves, which can result in weakness or numbness in the legs or feet, or even loss of bladder or bowel control.(3)
Other diseases can also cause many of these same symptoms. It is important to tell your doctor if you have any of these problems so that the cause can be found and treated.(3)
If certain symptoms or the results of early detection tests -- the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and/or digital rectal exam (DRE) -- suggest that you might have prostate cancer, your doctor will do a prostate biopsy to find out if the disease is present.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Screening refers to testing to find a disease such as cancer in people who do not have symptoms of that disease. For some types of cancer, screening can help find cancers in an early stage when they are more easily cured.
Prostate cancer can often be found early by testing the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. Another way to find prostate cancer is the digital rectal exam (DRE), in which your doctor puts a gloved finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland. If the results of either one of these tests are abnormal, further testing is needed to see if there is a cancer.(4)
If prostate cancer is found during screening with the PSA test or DRE, your cancer will likely be at an early, more treatable stage than if no screening were done.(4)
The American Cancer Society recommends that men have a chance to make an informed decision with their health care provider about whether to be screened for prostate cancer. They should first get information about what is known and what is not known about the risks and possible benefits of prostate cancer screening. Men should not be screened unless they have received this information.(5)
- The talk about screening should take place at age 50 for men who are at average risk of prostate cancer and are expected to live at least 10 more years.(5)
- This talk should take place starting at age 45 for men at high risk of getting prostate cancer. This includes African American men and men who have a father, brother, or son found to have prostate cancer at an early age (younger than age 65).(5)
- This talk should take place at age 40 for men at even higher risk (those with several family members-- father, brother, son) who had prostate cancer at an early age).(5)
Even after a decision about testing has been made, men and their doctors should keep on talking about the pros and cons of testing as new information about the benefits and risks of testing becomes known. The patient's health, values, and choices can change as well.(5)
Several different treatments and combinations of treatments may be used, including:
- Radiation therapy
To learn more about radiation therapy for prostate cancer visit the Radiation Oncology of Central NY web site at www.radiationoncologyservicespc.com
1. What are the key statistics about prostate cancer? American Cancer Society. (2010.) Retrieved August 5, 2010, from http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/ProstateCancer/DetailedGuide/prostate-cancer-key-statistics
2. What are the risk factors for prostate cancer? American Cancer Society. (2010.) Retrieved August 5, 2010. from http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/ProstateCancer/DetailedGuide/prostate-cancer-risk-factors
3. What are the signs and symptoms of prostate cancer? American Cancer Society. (2010.) Retrieved August 5, 2010, from http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/ProstateCancer/MoreInformation/ProstateCancerEarlyDetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-symptoms-of-prostate-cancer
4. Can prostate cancer be found early? American Cancer Society. (2013.) Retrieved September 17, 2013, from http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/detailedguide/prostate-cancer-detection
5. American Caner Society recommendations for Prostate Cancer Early Detection. American Cancer Society. (2013.) Retrieved September 17, 2013, from http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/moreinformation/prostatecancerearlydetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations
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Power from Not-So-Hot Geothermal
This power system could make it feasible to generate cheap electricity from lukewarm geothermal sources.
A large share of the geothermal resources suitable for power generation–those with temperatures higher than 300 °F–are deep underground, beyond the reach of current technology. Lower-temperature resources, which are common across the United States, are generally used for heating, but could be a bountiful source of power as well, if researchers were able to find an economical way to convert them into electricity.
Engineers at the United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), a unit of United Technologies based in East Hartford, CT, say they have developed a low-cost system that can utilize low-temperature geothermal resources. The technology could be particularly useful in generating electricity from waste hot water generated at oil and gas wells.
The modular, 200-kilowatt power plant from UTRC can convert temperatures as low as 165 °F into electricity. The technology is similar to steam engines, except that steam or hot water vaporizes a hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant that drives the turbine. And the refrigerant has a lower boiling point than water. “It’s hard to run a steam engine at 165 degrees [Fahrenheit],” says Bruce Biederman, who leads the project at UTRC. “The size of the equipment would be enormous and your turbine would be very poor in efficiency.”
The UTRC power plant can be thought of as a reverse cooling system, and the new turbine is essentially a refrigerator compressor running backwards, Biederman says. Instead of using power to create a temperature difference, like a refrigerator does, it converts a temperature difference into electricity.
The company is now testing a unit at a remote hot springs resort 60 miles northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. Biederman expects a commercial power plant to be ready by early next year, after they’ve tested the reliability of the demonstration system.
According to him, the system could utilize the large amount of hot water pumped out of the ground at oil and gas wells. In Texas alone, more than 12 billon barrels of water are produced from wells. Oil companies usually discard the waste water by re-injecting it into the earth; but they could use it to generate electricity. Biederman is planning to set up demonstration projects at oil and gas wells in Texas and Nevada next year.
This reverse cooling concept isn’t new; but until now no one has made an efficient turbine at a reasonable cost, he says. UTRC has kept down costs by modifying refrigeration units that its sister company, Carrier Corp., makes, and using its production line in Charlotte, NC.
The system’s small size also keeps costs down, and makes it more usable, says Maria Richards, who coordinates the geothermal laboratory at Southern Methodist University in Dallas. “The fact that it can fit on the back of a flatbed truck and be driven to a well site makes it much more convenient and less expensive,” she says. “It’s [like comparing] a mainframe computer and a laptop.” And, as with other renewables, increasing fuel costs are spurring interest in geothermal power units, she adds.
Gwen Holdmann, vice president of new development at the Alaskan hot springs resort where the technology is being tested, says they spent $2.2 million on the UTRC geothermal power plant, and that it should pay for itself in five years. “It could even be a quicker payback if the cost of fuel keeps rising,” she suggests. Before the power plant was installed, the resort was burning $1,000 worth of diesel fuel per day to generate electricity, she says. The plant eliminates those costs and the harmful emissions from diesel generators.
Right now, geothermal power plants are located mainly in the western United States, where high-temperature steam or hot water appears naturally at the surface. Drilling wells to reach high-temperature resources deep underground can cost millions of dollars, yet still be cost-effective because they’re efficient for power generation, Richards says. So far, however, it hasn’t been economical to use lower-temperature geothermal resources for power.
But existing oil and gas wells, where electricity generated from waste hot water could run the oil pumps, would be the ideal location for the UTRC power modules, Richards says. “They’re already drilling wells, the wells are already being used, and they’re producing something that is a secondary source of energy.”
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Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because Athey always lead to the same cellular response.
B.they amplify the original signal manyfold.
Cthe number of molecules used is small and fixed.
D.they are species specific.
E.they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases.
Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?
A.. intracellular receptor
B. G protein-coupled receptor
C. receptor tyrosine kinase
D. phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer
E. ligand-gated ion channel
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by
A. GTP hydrolysis.
B. channel protein shape change.
C. dimerization and IP3 binding.
D. dimerization and phosphorylation.
E. a phosphorylation cascade.
Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
A. only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
B. intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
C. only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosterone.
D. only in target cells is testosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade leading to activated transcription factor.
E. most cells lack the Y chromosome required.
Consider this pathway: epinephrine- (G protein-coupled receptor)- protein adenylyl cyclase- cAMP. Identify the second messenger.
A. adenylyl cyclase
B. G protein-coupled receptor
E. G protein
Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?
A. lysis of the cell
B. digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells
C. cell-signaling pathways
D. fragmentation of the DNA
E. activation of cellular enzymes
Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?
A. Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand.
B. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells.
C. Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cell-free extract.
D. Epinephrine was known to have different effects on different types of cells.
E. Glycogen breakdown was observed when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase were combined.
Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except
A. enzyme activation.
B. activation of protein kinase molecules.
C. activation of G protein-coupled receptors.
D. regulation of transcription by extracellular signaling molecules.
E. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
Select the statement that correctly distinguishes between relay proteins and second messengers in signal transduction pathways.
A. Relay proteins are the "first messengers," the extracellular signaling molecules that bind to the membrane receptor. The signal transduction pathways are then formed by the second messengers, which are the relay molecules that respond to the first messengers.
B. Signal transduction pathways are multistep pathways in which relay proteins and second messengers alternate.
C. Signal transduction pathways are multistep pathways that include relay proteins and small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions called second messengers.
Which statement correctly distinguishes the roles of protein kinases and protein phosphatases in signal transduction pathways?
A. Protein kinases activate enzymes by phosphorylating or adding phosphate groups to them. Protein phosphatases dephosphorylate or remove phosphate groups from enzymes, including protein kinases.
B. Protein kinases are involved in signal transduction in unicellular eukaryotes such as yeast. Protein phosphatases are involved in signal transduction in multicellular eukaryotes.
C. Protein kinases are more critical than protein phosphatases to signal transduction enzymes.
Cyclic GMP, or cGMP, acts as a signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls. In the penis, this signaling pathway and the resulting dilation of blood vessels leads to an erection. Select the correct statement about the effect of Viagra on this signaling pathway.
A. Viagra increases the rate of hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP.
B. Viagra inhibits the hydrolysis of GMP to GMP.
C. Viagra prevents the formation of cGMP.
The cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae produces an enzyme toxin that chemically modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion in intestinal cells. Stuck in its active form, the modified G protein stimulates the production of a high concentration of cAMP, which causes the intestinal cells to secrete large amounts of salts into the intestines, with water following by osmosis. An infected person quickly develops profuse diarrhea and if left untreated can soon die from the loss of water and salts. What is the basic effect of the cholera toxin?
A.The basic effect of the cholera toxin is loss of specificity of the response of intestinal cells to a signaling molecule.
B. The basic effect of the cholera toxin is premature termination of a signaling pathway.
C. The basic effect of the cholera toxin is signal amplification.
Select all that apply.What are the functions of signal transduction pathways?
A. Signal transduction pathways amplify the effect of a signal molecule.
B. Signal transduction pathways allow different types of cells to respond differently to the same signal molecule.
C. Signal transduction pathways convert a signal on a cell's surface to a specific cellular response.
Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because
A. they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases.
B. they amplify the original signal manyfold.
C. they always lead to the same cellular response.
D. they are species specific.
E. the number of molecules used is small and fixed.
Which of the following provides molecular evidence that signal transduction pathways evolved early in the history of life?
A. Receptor molecules have been identified in preparations of fossilized organisms billions of years old.
B. Simple forms of life, such as prokaryotic cells, utilize cell signaling.
C. The pathways in primitive organisms, such as bacteria, are short, whereas those in advanced forms, such as mammals, are long.
D. Cell signaling is observed in organisms that do not utilize sexual reproduction.
E. The molecular details of cell signaling are quite similar in organisms whose last common ancestor was a billion years ago.
Which of the following is a substance that acts at a long distance from the site at which it is secreted?
A. synaptic signal
B. paracrine signal
E. local regulator
What is most likely to happen to an animal's target cells that lack receptors for local regulators?
A. Hormones would not be able to interact with target cells.
B. They could divide but never reach full size.
C. They might compensate by receiving nutrients via a factor.
D. They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.
E. They might not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.
Which of the following is characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule into the environment, followed by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding?
A. endocrine signaling
B. synaptic signaling
C. autocrine signaling
D. hormonal signaling
E. paracrine signaling
In the formation of biofilms, such as those forming on unbrushed teeth, cell signaling serves which function?
A. digestion of unwanted parasite populations
B. aggregation of bacteria that can cause cavities
C. secretion of substances that inhibit foreign bacteria
D. secretion of apoptotic signals
E. formation of mating complexes
In which of the following ways do plant hormones differ from hormones in animals?
A. Plant hormones interact primarily with intracellular receptors.
B. Plant hormones may travel in air or through vascular systems.
C. Animal hormones are primarily for mating and embryonic development.
D. Plant hormones are synthesized from two or more distinct molecules.
E. Animal hormones are found in much greater concentration.
When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?
B. endocrine molecule
D. signal molecule
E. relay molecule
The following question is based on the figure below:Which of the following types of signaling is represented in the figure?
E. long distance
The following question is based on the figure below:In the figure, the dots in the space between the two structures represent which of the following?
B. receptor molecules
C. signal transducers
In yeast signal transduction, a yeast cell
A. produces signal molecules that change the cell itself, allowing it to interact with another cell.
B. must physically and directly interact with another yeast cell.
C. secretes molecules that result in responses by other yeast cells.
D. produces response molecules that diffuse to other yeast cells.
E. mates with another cell, after which the new cells secrete hybrid signals.
To what does the term "ligand" refer in cell biology?
A. the target cell of a signal molecule
B. the change in shape that occurs when a signaling molecule binds to its receptor
C. any small molecule that can bind in a specific manner to a larger one
D. the bond that forms between a signaling molecule and its receptor
E. a molecule that can occupy a receptor site while not activating the receptor
Dioxin, produced as a by-product of various industrial chemical processes, is suspected of contributing to the development of cancer and birth defects in animals and humans. It apparently acts by entering cells by simple diffusion and binding to proteins in the cytoplasm, then altering the pattern of gene expression. Which of the following are likely to be the cytoplasmic proteins to which dioxin binds?
A. growth factor receptors
C. DNA polymerases
E. transcription factors
What is the function of tyrosine-kinase receptors?
A. enzymatic degrading of GTP to GDP
B. enzymatic phosphorylation of tyrosine in the receptor protein
C. enzymatic hydrolyzing of the signaling molecule shortly after its arrival
D. allowing specific ions to enter the cell after ligand binding
E. binding to nonpolar signaling molecules such as nitric oxide or the steroid hormones
Which of the following is true of transcription factors?
A. They initiate the epinephrine response in animal cells.
B. They transcribe ATP into cAMP.
C. They regulate the synthesis of lipids in the cytoplasm.
D. They control gene expression.
E. They regulate the synthesis of DNA in response to a signal.
One of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts by forming dimers, adding phosphate groups, and then activating relay proteins. Which type does this?
A. ligand-gated ion channels
B. receptor tyrosine kinases
C. G protein-coupled receptors
D. steroid receptors
Use this description to answer the following question.A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane α helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others.
Where would you expect to find the carboxyl end?
A. between the membrane layers
B. at the exterior surface
C. at the cytosol surface
D. connected with the loop at H5 and H6
Use this description to answer the following question.
A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane α helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others.
The coupled G protein most likely interacts with this receptor
A. along the exterior margin.
B. along the interior margin.
C. at the loop between H5 and H6.
D. at the NH3 end.
E. at the COO- end.
Testosterone functions inside a cell by
A. acting as a signal receptor that activates tyrosine kinases.
B. coordinating a phosphorylation cascade that increases spermatogenesis.
C. acting as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion channel proteins.
D. binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes.
E. becoming a second messenger that inhibits nitric oxide.
If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?
A. It could activate only the epinephrine system.
B. It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
C. It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.
D. It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
E. It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.
When protein membrane receptors are activated, what usually happens?
A. The receptors open and close in response to protein signals.
B. A change occurs on only one membrane surface: exterior or interior.
C. The receptor preferentially binds with lipid or glycolipid signal molecules.
D. A change occurs in intracellular ion concentration.
E. The receptor changes conformation after binding with signal polypeptides.
Particular receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that promote excessive cell division are found at high levels on various cancer cells. A protein, Herceptin, has been found to bind to an RTK known as HER2. HER2 is sometimes excessive in cancer cells. This information can now be utilized in breast cancer treatment if which of the following is true?
A. If the patient's cancer cells have excessive levels of HER2.
B. If HER2, administered by injection, causes cell division.
C. If the patient has RTKs only in cancer cells.
D. If Herceptin is found in the breast lymph nodes of the patient.
E. If the patient's genome codes for the HER2 receptor.
Which of the following is true of steroid receptors?
A. The receptor may be inside the nuclear membrane.
B. The receptor molecules are free to move in and out of most organelles.
C. The receptor molecules are themselves lipids or glycolipids.
D. The unbound steroid receptors are quickly recycled by lysosomes.
E. The concentration of steroid receptors must be relatively high in most cells.
Which of the following are among the most common second messengers?
A. kinase and phosphate groups
B. G proteins and GTP
C. kinase and phosphatase
D. GTP and GDP
E. calcium ion and cAMP
Which of the following sequences is correct?
A. binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor → G protein activation → adenylyl cyclase activation → cAMP production → protein phosphorylation
B. diffusion of a signaling molecule across the plasma membrane → binding of the signaling molecule to its receptor → movement of the signaling molecule-receptor complex into the nucleus → transcription
C. binding of a growth factor to its receptor → phosphorylation cascade → activation of transcription factor → transcription
D. binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor → G protein activation → phospholipase C activation → IP3 production → increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration
E. All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the inability of a specific animal cell to reduce the Ca2+ concentration in its cytosol compared with the extracellular fluid?
A. loss of transcription factors
B. blockage of the synaptic signal
C. low oxygen concentration around the cell
D. insufficient ATP levels in the cytoplasm
E. low levels of protein kinase in the cell
An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity would have which of the following effects?
A. prolong the effect of epinephrine by maintaining elevated cAMP levels in the cytoplasm
B. decrease the amount of cAMP in the cytoplasm
C. block the response of epinephrine
D. block the activation of G proteins in response to epinephrine binding to its receptor
E. block the activation of protein kinase A
Adenylyl cyclase has the opposite effect of which of the following?
C. protein phosphatase
D. protein kinase
Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of
B. phosphorylated proteins.
D. adenylyl cyclase.
E. activated G proteins.
If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to design a compound
A. that increases phosphorylase activity.
B. to block G protein activity in liver cells.
C. that activates epinephrine receptors.
D.that increases cAMP production in liver cells.
E. that keeps sugar molecules from crossing the plasma membrane of liver cells.
If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to design a compound
A. that increases phosphodiesterase activity.
B. to stimulate G protein activity in liver cells.
C. that mimics epinephrine and can bind to the epinephrine receptor.
D. that stimulates cAMP production in liver cells.
E. that does any of the above.
An inhibitor of which of the following could be used to block the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
A. adenylyl cyclase
B. tyrosine kinases
C. phospholipase C
D. serine/threonine kinases
Which of the following statements is true of signal molecules?
A. When signal molecules first bind to receptor tyrosine kinases, the receptors phosphorylate a number of nearby molecules.
B. In most cases, signal molecules interact with the cell at the plasma membrane and then enter the cell and eventually the nucleus.
C. In response to some G protein-mediated signals, a special type of lipid molecule associated with the plasma membrane is cleaved to form IP3 and calcium.
D. Toxins such as those that cause botulism and cholera interfere with the ability of activated G proteins to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, resulting in phosphodiesterase activity in the absence of an appropriate signal molecule.
E. Protein kinase A activation is one possible result of signal molecules binding to G protein-coupled receptors.
Which of the following is a correct association?
A. phosphorylase activity and the catabolism of glucose
B. kinase activity and the addition of a tyrosine
C. adenylyl cyclase activity and the conversion of cAMP to AMP
D. phosphodiesterase activity and the removal of phosphate groups
E. GTPase activity and hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
Which of the following amino acids are most frequently phosphorylated by protein kinases in the cytoplasm during signal transduction?
A. glycine and histidine
C. serine and threonine
D. glycine and glutamic acid
E. Any of the 20 amino acids are equally phosphorylated.
The function of phosphatases in signal transduction is best described as to
A. inactivate protein kinases and turn off the signal transduction.
B. amplify the second messengers such as cAMP.
C. prevent a protein kinase from being reused when there is another extracellular signal.
D. move the phosphate group of the transduction pathway to the next molecule of a series.
E. amplify the transduction signal so it affects multiple transducers.
What explains the increased concentration of in the ER?
A. Calcium levels in the blood or other body fluids are extremely low.
B. Calcium concentration is kept low in the cytoplasm because of its high usage level.
C. Calcium cannot enter the plasma membrane through ion channels.
D. Calcium ions are actively imported from the cytoplasm into the ER.
E. The CA+ ions are recycled from other molecules in the ER.
The toxin of Vibrio cholerae causes profuse diarrhea because it
A. modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion.
B. modifies calmodulin and activates a cascade of protein kinases.
C. signals IP3 to act as a second messenger for the release of calcium.
D. binds with adenylyl cyclase and triggers the formation of cAMP.
E. decreases the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions, making the cells hypotonic.
Which of the following would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins?
A. G protein-coupled receptor binding
B. ligand-gated ion channel signaling
C. receptor tyrosine kinase activity
D. adenylyl cyclase activity
E phosphatase activity
Viagra causes dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the penis, facilitating erection. Viagra acts by inhibiting
A. the hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP.
B. the removal of GMP from the cell.
C. the phosphorylation of GDP.
D. the dephosphorylation of cGMP.
E. the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
In general, a signal transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of proteins
A. allows target cells to change their shape and therefore their activity.
B. requires binding of a hormone to a cytosol receptor.
C. requires phosphorylase activity.
D. brings a conformational change to each protein.
E. cannot occur in yeasts because they lack protein phosphatases.
Which of the following most likely would be an immediate result of growth factor binding to its receptor?
A. phosphorylase activity
B. protein kinase activity
C. protein phosphatase activity
D. adenylyl cyclase activity
E. GTPase activity
In which of the following ways could signal transduction most probably be explored in research to treat cancer?
A. increase in the concentration of phosphodiesterases in order to produce more AMP
B. alteration of protein kinases in cell cycle regulation in order to slow cancer growth
C. removal of serine/threonine phosphate acceptors from transduction pathways in colon pre-cancerous growths
D. expansion of the role of transduction inhibitors in the cells before they give rise to cancer
E. increase in calcium ion uptake into the cytoplasm in order to modulate the effects of environmental carcinogens
Sutherland discovered that the signaling molecule epinephrine:
A. elevates cytosolic concentrations of cyclic AMP.
B. interacts directly with glycogen phosphorylase.
C. causes lower blood glucose by binding to liver cells.
D. brings about a decrease in levels of cAMP as a result of bypassing the plasma membrane.
E. interacts with insulin inside muscle cells.
For the greatest advantage of multiple steps in a transduction pathway is:
A. Each individual step can remove excess phosphate groups from the cytoplasm.
B. Having multiple steps provides for greater possible amplification of a signal.
C. Each step can be activated by several G proteins simultaneously.
D. Many of the steps can be used in multiple pathways.
E. Having multiple steps in a pathway requires the least amount of ATP.
Why are there often so many steps between the original signal event and the cell's response?
A. Long, highly specific pathways minimize the possibility that a relay molecule accidentally could activate a pathway leading to a secondary response.
B. The accumulation of genetic mutations over time has added redundant steps to the pathway.
C. Each transduction is a checkpoint.
D. Lengthy pathways provide the opportunity for the initial pathway molecules to recycle back to inactive forms should additional signaling molecules be present.
E. Each step in a cascade produces a large number of activated products, causing signal amplification as the cascade progresses.
Why can a signaling molecule cause different responses in different cells?
A. Different cells possess different enzymes, which modify the signaling molecule into different molecules after it has arrived.
B. Different cells have membrane receptors that bind to different sides of the signaling molecule.
C. The transduction process is unique to each cell type; to respond to a signal, different cells require only a similar membrane receptor.
D. The transduction pathway in cells has a variable length.
E. All of the above are correct.
A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainly result in which of the following?
A. a decrease in G protein activity
B. an increase in receptor tyrosine kinase activity
C. an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration
D. a decrease in transcriptional activity of certain genes
E. lower cytoplasmic levels of cAMP
At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?
A. Estrogen is produced in very large concentration and therefore diffuses widely.
B. Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells not able to bind it at the surface.
C. Estrogen has specific receptors inside several cell types, but each cell responds in the same way to its binding.
D. Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.
E. The subcomponents of estrogen, when metabolized, can influence cell response.
What are scaffolding proteins?
A. microtubular protein arrays that allow lipid-soluble hormones to get from the cell membrane to the nuclear pores
B. ladderlike proteins that allow receptor-ligand complexes to climb through cells from one position to another
C. large molecules to which several relay proteins attach to facilitate cascade effects
D. relay proteins that orient receptors and their ligands in appropriate directions to facilitate their complexing
E. proteins that can reach into the nucleus of a cell to affect transcription
GTPase activity is important in the regulation of signal transduction because it
A. phosphorylates protein kinases.
B. converts cGMP to GTP.
C. hydrolyzes GTP to GDP thus shutting down the pathway.
D. decreases the amount of G protein in the membrane.
E. increases the available concentration of phosphate.
What is apoptosis?
A. a way to stimulate transcription
B. a type of second messenger
C. a type of membrane receptor
D. controlled cell suicide
E. a metabolic step in blood clotting
Why has C. elegans proven to be a useful model for understanding apoptosis?
A. The animal has as many genes as complex organisms, but finding those responsible is easier than in a more complex organism.
B. While the organism ages, its cells die progressively until the whole organism is dead.
C. All of its genes are constantly being expressed so all of its proteins are available from each cell.
D. The nematode undergoes a fixed and easy-to-visualize number of apoptotic events during its normal development.
E. This plant has a long-studied aging mechanism that has made understanding its death just a last stage.
Why is apoptosis potentially threatening to the healthy "neighbors" of a dying cell?
A. Released cellular energy would interfere with the neighbors' energy budget.
B. Neighboring cells would activate immunological responses.
C. Cell death would usually spread from one cell to the next via paracrine signals.
D. Lysosomal enzymes exiting the dying cell would damage surrounding cells.
E. Bits of membrane from the dying cell could merge with neighbors and bring in foreign receptors.
In C. elegans, ced-9 prevents apoptosis in a normal cell in which of the following ways?
A. Ced-9 remains inactive until it is signaled by ced-3 and other caspases.
B. Ced-9 cleaves to produce ced-3 and ced-4.
C. It prevents the caspase activity of ced-3 and ced-4.
D. Ced-9 prevents blebbing by its action on the cell membrane.
E. Ced-9 enters the nucleus and activates apoptotic genes.
Which of the following describes the events of apoptosis?
A. The cell's DNA and organelles become fragmented, the cell dies, and it is phagocytized.
B. The cell dies, and the presence of its fragmented contents stimulates nearby cells to divide.
C. The cell's DNA and organelles become fragmented, the cell shrinks and forms blebs, and the cell's parts are packaged in vesicles that are digested by specialized cells.
D. The cell's nucleus and organelles are lysed, and the cell enlarges and bursts.
E. The cell dies, it is lysed, its organelles are phagocytized, and its contents are recycled.
If an adult person has a faulty version of the human analog to ced-4 of the nematode, which of the following is most likely to result?
A. excess skin loss
B. activation of a developmental pathway found in the worm but not in humans
C. formation of molecular pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane
E. a form of cancer in which there is insufficient apoptosis
In research on aging (both cellular aging and organismal aging), it has been found that aged cells do not progress through the cell cycle as they had previously. Which of the following would provide evidence that this is related to cell signaling?
A. cAMP levels change very frequently.
B. Their lower hormone concentrations elicit a lesser response.
C. ATP production decreases.
D. Enzymatic activity declines.
E. Growth factor ligands do not bind as efficiently to receptors.
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Miami, FL, USA — Some 5 billion gallons of second-generation biofuels could hit the market in five years, a new research report by consultancy Frost & Sullivan revealed last month. However, analysts say the fledgling sector remains challenged by high feedstock and production costs due to a complex production chain.
In its report “Next Generation Biofuels Set to Displace Fossil Fuels in the Transportation Sector,” Frost & Sullivan states second-generation biofuels will be available on a commercial scale in five years.
This, it claims, is due to big investment commitments in Europe and the U.S. where myriad facilities are being built. Ambitious global efforts to achieve higher bioenergy blends by 2020 will also help spur the industry’s development. In Europe, for example, the 20/20/20 decree hopes to raise energy by 20%, decrease GHG emissions by 20% and ensure 20% of all energy generation comes from renewables in 9 years.
Frost & Sullivan analyst Tomasz Kaminski says several European biorefineires are already producing cellulosic biothenol, the main second-generation biofuel and that this is expected to increase in coming months.
He says first-generation biofuels based on edible stocks are facing growing pressures as adequate landfields to harvest corn and soy become increasingly difficult to find and the food industry steps up complaints about crop inflation, boosting the food versus fuel debate.
Second generation biofuels such as cellulosic bioethanol can use greater and more diversified feedstocks than first generation bioethanol or biodiesel, providing a bigger energy yield per harvested square mile.
Cellulosic bioethanol is currently being made of plant, agricultural and city waste. Other next generation biofuels such as algae-based biofuel and so-called “drop-in fuels” featuring hydrocarbon molecules that mirror the physical properties of gasoline, are also on the drawing board though their commercial development is expected to take longer.
Kaminski adds second-generation biofuels also help cut CO2 transport emissions by 80% compared to much lower rates for current bioethanol and biodiesel blends. Corn-based bioethanol, for examples, continues to be criticized for actually increasing CO2 rates due to its intenstive, “fuel burning” production process.
Despite its potential, however, next generation biofuels face significant production and technological challenges.
Converting biomass into biofuels remains a very costly and complex task that must become more efficient to increase the fuels’ commercial appeal.
Producers “need to simplify the biomass-to-biofuel conversion, use less energy and optimize the process to deliver byproducts that can generate higher revenues for the refinery,” Kaminsky says, adding that these include chemicals to make household cleaning products.
More crucially, the so-called thermochemical conversion pathway used to turn biomass into fuel must be improved, adds Heather Youngs, a bioenergy analyst at the Energy Biosciences Institute at UC Berkeley.
“Longer lasting and more robust catalysts are needed to increase economies of scale,” she notes. “A thermochemical plant requires twice the feedstock of a biochemical one so a robust catalyst process is crucial” to ensure efficient production.
Youngs notes newer and better catalysts (which are usually made of rare metals) are required to help lower thermochemical plants’ production costs by decreasing the likely hood of “catalyst poisoning”. This happens when biomass components react adversely with the catalyst, destroying it and forcing manufacturers to purchase a new one.
“It’s very expensive and complicated to downscale these refineries right now,” Youngs adds.
Kaminsky says second-generation biofuel producers should step up cooperation with research institutions and universities to come up with technological innovations. They should also make optimal use of governments’ financial assistance.
Regarding Frost & Sullivan’s production forecasts, Young says those may be difficult to achieve. She notes a dozen publicly announced U.S. projects with the capacity to make 300 million gallons per year of second-generation biofuel are planned by 2015 while a similar number is also on schedule in Europe.
Moreover, 530 refineries are needed to meet the U.S.’s 2022 biofuels target and so far none of them have been built.
On top of technical challenges, procuring a diversified range of biomass feedstock remains a big setback, Youngs says. So far, most demonstration scale second-generation plants operate on either forest or agricultural residue which supply chains are not yet well established.
Youngs notes farmers are unwilling to sign long-term feedstock supply contracts without firm refinery purchasing commitments. In turn, refineries are having a hard time offering these as a lack of project financing makes it difficult to decipher when their plants will come on-stream.
“Financing is a big issue,” she adds. “It’s hard to get loan guarantees. Who wants to finance a refinery with no guaranteed feedstock and who wants to finance a farmer to plant a crop that has no market yet?” “You are building two supply chains simultaneously and this is a big challenge.”
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A pledge to reduce methane emissions. Two programmes to accelerate the innovation and deployment of clean energy technologies. A pact to end deforestation by 2030. As many heads of state prepare to fly home and leave their delegates to sort out the negotiations’ technicalities, a flurry of agreements were announced today at COP26.
Nearly 90 countries have joined the Global Methane Pledge, a pact to cut methane emissions by 30% by the end of the decade (from 2020 levels), jointly promoted by the EU and the US. Brazil, one of the world's five biggest emitters of methane, is among the new signatories. Yet China, Russia and India, also top emitters, have declined to sign up.
As a greenhouse gas, methane has a much higher heat-trapping potential than CO2, yet breaks down faster. Its emissions come mostly from leaky oil and gas infrastructure, livestock farming and landfill sites. Experts say that cutting methane could help the world avoid 0.3C of warming by 2040. It is ‘one of the most effective things we can do to reduce near-term global warming,’ commented EU Commission chief Ursula von der Leyen, who presented the initiative together with Joe Biden.
The US president was also with UK prime minister Boris Johnson at the launch of The Breakthrough Agenda, which aims to make clean technologies ‘accessible, affordable and attractive’ for all nations by 2030. The deal, signed by the 40 countries that make up 70 per cent of the globe’s economic activity, will see ‘countries and businesses dramatically scale and speed up the development and deployment of clean energy technologies and drive down costs this decade,’ Johnson said.
The idea is fantastic. Making clean power the most affordable and reliable option for all countries; producing near-zero emissions steel; providing the world with ‘green hydrogen’; having sustainable agriculture the most attractive option for farmers everywhere. It is a little less clear how the Agenda will accomplish these monumental tasks by 2030. Certainly though, scientific and technological innovation are key to decarbonisation.
Von der Leyen announced the EU Catalyst Programme, a €1bn public and private investment scheme meant to accelerate the development of new climate technologies, such as green hydrogen. The programme was launched in partnership with Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates (present today at COP26), who also contributed to the Breakthrough Agenda.
Among this flood of multilateral agreements, the best world-saving initiative is (at least in theory) the Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forest and Land Use. It reads: ‘We commit to working collectively to halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation by 2030,’ and it has collected the signatures of 110 countries. Among them, Brazil, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of Congo – home to a majority of the planet’s rainforests.
But can Brazil really be trusted? This morning, at COP26, the Brazilian delegation were scheduled to hold a press conference on the subject of ‘strong environmental defence’, but no one showed up. Not to mention the fact that President Jair Bolsonaro has openly shunned the Glasgow conference. ‘Brazil is a green powerhouse. When it comes to fighting climate change, we have always been part of the solution, not the problem,’ he said two days ago - a frankly ridiculous pronouncement.
Deforestation in the Amazon has skyrocketed during his tenure. Brazil had committed to reducing deforestation to 3,925 square kilometres per year by 2020. Last year though, an estimated 10,800 square kilometres of tropical forest were felled.
The World Meteorological Organisation has just revealed that the Amazonian region, which used to be a sink of carbon, has become a source of carbon dioxide. It is awful news. Deforestation is pushing the rainforest toward an irreversible tipping point that, if crossed, could cause the entire forest to dry out, releasing carbon and disrupting rainfall patterns across South America. There would be no way back.
General elections are scheduled to be held in Brazil on 2 October next year and Bolsonaro should go, but the risk hanging over the Amazon’s destiny is so high that even halting deforestation completely by 2030 could be too late.
All of the announcements are key to keeping the temperature increase below the recommended 1.5°C but medium-term pledges like these usually get forgotten as time goes by. Take the New York Declaration on Forests, a voluntary and non-binding agreement on deforestation, signed by 40 governments in 2014. It aimed to halve deforestation by 2020, and halt it by 2030. Since then, deforestation has only increased.
Today’s flurry of agreements could mean that major countries are getting serious about tackling the climate crisis. These pacts could also turn out to be historical milestones. But the real success of the Scottish summit is still to be decided, away from the limelight of presidents and prime ministers and their penchant for photo opportunities.
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UNT Research Clusters are collaborative, cross-disciplinary teams composed of leading researchers, faculty and students, which promote the synergistic exchange of ideas and resources.
During the legislative session of 2009, the State of Texas approved an ambitious plan to support its seven emerging research universities, including the University of North Texas, into the ranks of National Research Universities. In April 2010, UNT submitted a ten-year “Strategic Plan for Research” to the State that envisions the university as a comprehensive research institution with the aspiration to be ranked as a Carnegie Very High Research Activity University. The plan centers on the following:
As part of the implementation of the research plan, UNT has created fifteen research clusters and has selected six additional strategic areas for investment. Among those fifteen are the following two engineering clusters. Research aims solve complex scientific, technological, environmental and societal problems through interdisciplinary collaborations and innovation.
Providing abundant, cheap, renewable energy for homes, businesses and other end users is a global, conservation imperative that requires innovative research strategies across disciplines. Next generation renewable energy and energy conservation solutions are needed to address complex scientific, technological, environmental, and societal problems. The Renewable Energy and Conservation (REAC) research cluster combines expertise in materials science, mechanical and energy engineering, electrical engineering, engineering technology and other physical and social science fields to conduct research in three thrust areas: Distributed Renewable Power Generation, Smart Grid Transmission and Building Energy Conservation.
A new discipline of engineering is emerging based on green chemistries. Plant scientists and other biologists in the Renewable Bioproducts research cluster forge intellectual partnerships with academic colleagues, industries, government agencies and international colleagues. They design, develop and implement sustainable, multifunctional biosolutions and discover how to harness the unique chemical properties of plants, bacteria and various bioagents to achieve ecologically safe, green solutions that outperform their non-renewable counterparts.
Compostability and biodegradability
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Editor’s Note: June 8, 2009 marks the 200th anniversary of the death of a hero. Thomas Paine was actively involved in both the American and French Revolutions and is best known for his major works Common Sense, The Rights of Man and The Age of Reason.
But, Paine was more than just a pamphleteer for the cause of freedom. He was a serious political philosopher, as the following excerpt from The Rights of Man demonstrates.
Society is a Blessing, But Government is Evil
by Thomas Paine
A great part of that order which reigns among mankind is not the effect of government. It had its origin in the principles of society, and the natural constitution of man. It existed prior to government, and would exist if the formality of government was abolished. The mutual dependence and reciprocal interest which man has in man and all the parts of a civilized community upon each other create that great chain of connection which holds it together.
The landholder, the farmer, the manufacturer, the merchant, the tradesman, and every occupation prospers by the aid which each receives from the other, and from the whole. Common interest regulates their concerns, and forms their laws; and the laws which common usage ordains, have a greater influence than the laws of government. In fine, society performs for itself almost everything that is ascribed to government.
To understand the nature and quantity of government proper for man it is necessary to attend to his character. As nature created him for social life, she fitted him for the station she intended. In all cases she made his natural wants greater than his individual powers. No one man is capable, without the aid of society, of supplying his own wants; and those wants acting upon every individual impel the whole of them into society, as naturally as gravitation acts to a center.
But she has gone further. She has not only forced man into society by a diversity of wants, which the reciprocal aid of social affections, which, though not necessary to his existence, are essential to his happiness. There is no period in life when this love for society ceases to act. It begins and ends with our being.
If we examine, with attention, into the composition and constitution of man, the diversity of talents in different men for reciprocally accommodating the wants of each other, his propensity to society, and consequently to preserve the advantages resulting from it, we shall easily discover that a great part of what is called government is mere imposition.
Government is no further necessary than to supply the few cases to which society and civilization are not conveniently competent; and instances are not wanting to show that everything which government can usefully add thereto, has been performed by the common consent of society, without government.
For upwards of two years from the commencement of the American war, and a longer period in several of the American states, there were no established forms of government. The old governments had been abolished, and the country was too much occupied in defense to employ its attention in establishing new governments; yet, during this interval, order and harmony were preserved as inviolate as in any country in Europe. There is a natural aptness in man, and more so in society, because it embraces a greater variety of abilities and resources, to accommodate itself to whatever situation it is in. The instant formal government is abolished, society begins to act. A general association takes place, and common interest produces common security.
So far is it from being true, as has been pretended, that the abolition of any formal government is the dissolution of society, it acts by contrary impulse, and brings the latter the closer together. All that part of its organization which it had committed to its government, devolves again upon itself, and acts as from reciprocal benefits, have habituated themselves to social and civilized life, there is always enough of its principles in practice to carry them through any changes they may find necessary or convenient to make in their government. In short, man is so naturally a creature of society that it is almost impossible to put him out of it.
Formal government makes but a small part of civilized life; and when even the best that human wisdom can devise is established, it is a thing more in name and idea than in fact. It is to the great and fundamental principles of society and civilization – to the common usage universally consented to, and mutually and reciprocally maintained – to the unceasing circulation of interest, which passing through its innumerable channels, invigorates the whole mass of civilized man – it is to these things, infinitely more than anything which even the best instituted government can perform, that the safety and prosperity of the individual and of the whole depends.
The more perfect civilization is, the less occasion has it for government, because the more does it regulate its own affairs, and govern itself; but so contrary is the practice of old governments to the reason of the case, that the expenses of them increase in the proportion they ought to diminish. It is but few general laws that civilized life requires, and those of such common usefulness, that whether they are enforced by the forms of government or not, the effect will be nearly the same. If we consider what the principles are that first condense man into society, and what the motives that regulate their mutual intercourse afterwards, we shall find, by the time we arrive at what is called government, that nearly the whole of the business is performed by the natural operation of the parts upon each other.
Man, with respect to all those matters, is more a creature of consistency than he is aware of, or that governments would wish him to believe. All the great laws of society are the laws of nature. Those of trade and commerce, whether with respect to the intercourse of individuals or of nations, are laws of mutual and reciprocal interest. They are followed and obeyed because it is the interest of the parties so to do, and not on account of any formal laws their governments may impose or interpose.
But how often is the natural propensity to society disturbed or destroyed by the operations of government! When the latter, instead of being engrafted on the principles of the former, assumes to exist for itself, and acts by partialities of favor and oppression, it becomes the cause of the mischiefs it ought to prevent.
If we look back to the riots and tumults which at various times have happened in England, we shall find, that they did not proceed from the want of a government, but that government was itself the generating cause; instead of consolidating society, it divided it; it deprived it of its natural cohesion, and engendered discontents and disorders, which otherwise would not have existed. In those associations which men promiscuously form for the purpose of trade or of any concern, in which government is totally out of the question, and in which they act merely on the principles of society, we see how naturally the various parties unite; and this shows, by comparison, that governments, so far from always being the cause or means of order, are often the destruction of it. The riots of 1780 had no other source than the remains of those prejudices that the government itself had encouraged. But with respect to England there are also other causes.
Excess and inequality of taxation, however disguised in the means, never fail to appear in their effect. As a great mass of the community are thrown thereby into poverty and discontent, they are constantly on the brink of commotion; and, deprived, as they unfortunately are, of the means of information, are easily heated to outrage. Whatever the apparent cause of any riots may be, the real one is always want of happiness. It shows that something is wrong in the system of government, which injures the felicity by which society is to be preserved.
Having thus endeavored to show, that the social and civilized state of man is capable of performing within itself, almost everything necessary to its protection and government, it will be proper, on the other hand, to take a review of the present old governments, and examine whether their principles and practice are correspondent thereto.
It is impossible that such governments as have hitherto existed in the world, could have commenced by any other means than a total violation of every principle, sacred and moral. The obscurity, in which the origin of all the present old governments is buried, implies the iniquity and disgrace with which they began. The origin of the present governments of America and France will ever be remembered, because it is honorable to record it; but with respect to the rest, even flattery has consigned them to the tomb of time, without an inscription.
It could have been no difficult thing in the early and solitary ages of the world, while the chief employment of men was that of attending flocks and herds, for a banditti of ruffians to overrun a country, and lay it under contribution. Their power being thus established, the chief of the band contrived to lose the name of robber in that of monarch; and hence the origin of monarchy and kings.
The origin of the government of England, so far as it relates to what is called its line of monarchy, being one of the latest, is perhaps the best recorded. The hatred which the Norman invasion and tyranny begat, must have been deeply rooted in the nation, to have outlived the contrivance to obliterate it. Though not a courtier will talk of the curfew bell, not a village in England has forgotten it.
Those bands of robbers having parceled out the world, and divided it into dominions, began, as is naturally the case, to quarrel with each other. What at first was obtained by violence was considered by others as lawful to be taken, and a second plunderer succeeded the first. They alternately invaded the dominions which each had assigned to himself, and the brutality with which they treated each other explains the original character of monarchy. It was ruffian torturing ruffian.
The conqueror considered the conquered not as his prisoner, but his property. He led him in triumph rattling in chains, and doomed him, at pleasure, to slavery or death. As time obliterated the history of their beginning, their successors assumed new appearances, to cut off the entail of their disgrace, but their principles and objects remained the same. What at first was plunder assumed the softer name of revenue; and the power they originally usurped, they affected to inherit.
From such beginning of governments, what could be expected, but a continual system of war and extortion? It has established itself into a trade. The vice is not peculiar to one more than to another, but is the common principle of all. There does not exist within such governments a stamina whereon to engraft reformation; and the shortest and most effectual remedy is to begin anew.
What scenes of horror, what perfection of iniquity, present themselves in contemplating the character, and reviewing the history of such governments! If we would delineate human nature with a baseness of heart, and hypocrisy of countenance, that reflection would shudder at and humanity disown, it is kings, courts, and cabinets that must sit for the portrait. Man, as he is naturally, with all his faults about him, is not up to the character.
Can we possibly suppose that if government had originated in a right principle, and had not an interest in pursuing a wrong one, that the world could have been in the wretched and quarrelsome condition we have seen it? What inducement has the farmer, while following the plow, to lay aside his peaceful pursuits and go to war with the farmer of another country? Or what inducement has the manufacturer? What is dominion to them or to any class of men in a nation? Does it add an acre to any man’s estate, or raise its value? Are not conquest consequence? Though this reasoning may be good to a nation, it is not so to a government. War is the faro table of governments, and nations the dupes of the game.
If there is anything to wonder at in this miserable scene of governments, more than might be expected, it is the progress that the peaceful arts of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce have made, beneath such a long accumulating load of discouragement and oppression. It serves to show that instinct in animals does not act with stronger impulse than the principles of society and civilization operate in man. Under all discouragements, he pursues his object, and yields to nothing but impossibilities.
Society in every state is a blessing, but government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one.
The trade of governing has always been monopolized by the most ignorant and the most rascally individuals of mankind.
Thomas Paine (1737–1809) was an English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, and classical liberal. Born in the market town of Thetford, England, he migrated to the American colonies at the age of 37, just in time to take part in the American Revolution. His main contribution was as the author of the powerful, widely read pamphlet, “Common Sense” (1776), advocating independence for the American colonies from Great Britain. He is also known for “The American Crisis” (1776–1783), a series of pamphlets supporting the American Revolution, and “The Rights of Man” (1791) defending the early French Revolution.
The previous essay is an excerpt from the writings of Thomas Paine which can be found in the third chapter of Liberty and the Great Libertarians, edited by Charles T. Sprading.
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Organic industrial wastes includes a wide range of organic materials obtained from industrial and commercial operation. These organic wastes, either liquid or solid, are a good substrate for biogas generation by making use of the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion of organic industrial waste is fast gaining popularity worldwide.
Sources of Organic Industrial Wastes
Many industries produce liquid and solid wastes that are suitable for anaerobic digestion, such as food processing, pharmaceuticals, organic chemicals, paper manufacturing and tannery industries. Some of the wastes might be difficult to digest as a sole substrate, but they can be biochemically degraded in combination with manure or sewage sludge. The combined digestion of different wastes is called co-digestion.
The global food processing industry produces a large number of organic residues and by-products that can be used as biomass energy sources. In recent decades, the fast-growing food and beverage processing industry has remarkably increased in importance all over the world. The food processing industry consists of the following sub-sectors:
- Processing, preserving of meat and its product
- Canning and preserving of fruit and vegetables
- Manufacture of vegetable oil and fats
- Manufacture of dairy products
- Grain mill products
- Manufacture of prepared animal feeds
- Manufacture of bakery products
- Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery
- Manufacture of other food products
- Manufacture of soft drink
Solid wastes include peelings and scraps from fruit and vegetables, food that does not meet quality control standards, pulp and fibre from sugar and starch extraction, filter sludges and coffee grounds. Liquid wastes are generated by washing meat, fruit and vegetables, blanching fruit and vegetables, pre-cooking meats, poultry and fish, cleaning and processing operations.
Pulp and paper industry is considered to be one of the highly polluting industries and consumes large amount of energy and water in various unit operations. The wastewater discharged by this industry is highly heterogeneous as it contains compounds from wood or other raw materials, processed chemicals as well as compound formed during processing.
A tremendous potential exists for these industrial wastes to be anaerobically digested to produce biogas, or fermented to produce ethanol, and several commercial examples of waste-to-energy conversion already exist in different parts of the world. The use of biogas technology is increasing rapidly for industrial wastewater treatment. Over 30 types of industry have been identified as having wastewaters amenable to anaerobic digestion treatment, including processors of beverages, chemicals, food, meat, milk, pulp and paper, and pharmaceutics.
Originally posted 2015-11-01 16:44:34. Republished by Blog Post Promoter
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A Canadian molecular biologist told cross-party members of the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee on Wednesday that a leak from a lab in China’s Wuhan region is now the more likely origin of the COVID-19 global pandemic.
According to Dr. Alina Chan, there is also a chance that Covid-19 is an engineered virus.
Dr. Alina Chan, co-author of Viral: The Search for the Origin of COVID-19‘ and a specialist in gene therapy and cell engineering, told a Parliament panel hearing evidence on scientific research that the pandemic was caused by a unique feature of the coronavirus known as the furin cleavage site, which has been linked to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.
When asked about the likelihood of a lab leak as the cause of the pandemic, Chan said that at this point, a lab origin is more likely than a natural origin.
We can all agree that a critical event occurred at the Huanan Seafood Market, which was a superspreader event caused by humans. She stated that there is no evidence pointing to the virus’s natural animal origin at that market.
When asked if she was confident that the world would eventually discover the true origins of COVID-19, Chan said it was simply a matter of time.
It is currently unsafe for people who have information about the origins of this pandemic to come forward. It could be five years or 50 years from now, but we live in an era where so much data is being collected and stored…all we need is a credible, systematic investigation, she said.
On whether the virus was modified in the lab prior to the leak, Chan stated, “We have heard from many top virologists that a genetically engineered origin of this virus is reasonable…and this includes virologists who themselves modified the first SARS virus.”
We now know that this virus has a very distinct feature known as the furin cleavage site, which is what makes it a pandemic pathogen. So, without this feature, there is no way that this pandemic could have occurred.
“Only recently in September did a proposal get leaked showing that scientists from the EcoHealth Alliance were in collaboration with the Wuhan Institute of Virology developing this pipeline for inserting novel furin cleavage sites, these genetic modifications, into SARS-like viruses in the lab.
Chan emphasised that the onus was on the scientists in question to demonstrate that their work did not result in the creation of SARS-COV2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, and that an investigation of documents made available by the US-based EcoHealth Alliance could hold the key.
Her co-author, Lord Matt Ridley, was also questioned about the lab leak theory, and he agreed with Chan that it was more than likely the cause of the pandemic.
We must face the fact that we knew the origins of SARS through markets after two months, and we knew the origins of MERS through camels after a couple of months. In this case, he said, “we haven’t found a single infected animal that could be the progenitor of this pandemic after two years,” which is “extremely surprising.”
Ridley and Chan agreed that any leak was most likely an accident as he recounted scientists’ journey a few years ago to bring SARS-like viruses back to Wuhan for experiments.
It must, however, be taken seriously. It is regrettable that there was a fairly systematic attempt to shut down this topic in 2020, he noted.
Ridley went on to say, “We need to find out so we can prevent the next pandemic.” We need to know whether we should tighten up work in laboratories or tighten up regulations pertaining to wildlife sales in markets. At the moment, we aren’t doing either.
We also need to know this in order to deter bad actors who are watching this episode and believe they can get away with causing a pandemic.
As referenced by the World Health Organization, Richard Horton, Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet’s medical journal, agreed that the lab leak theory behind COVID-19 is a hypothesis that needs to be taken seriously and investigated further (WHO).
The evidence session is part of the Science and Technology Committee of the UK Parliament’s inquiry into “reproducibility and research integrity,” which is expected to produce its findings in 2022.
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Consider the case of California’s Humane Farming Initiative, a ballot measure that passed by a landslide last November. The law states that by 2015 farm animals must be allowed enough space to stand up, turn around, and stretch their limbs. Pigs, egg-laying hens, and veal calves will benefit most from the new law.
When the initiative passed, some farmers and food animal veterinarians squealed louder than the pigs the law was designed to help. A few of them protested that the law will end agriculture in California.
I beg to differ.
I believe that California’s farmers will adapt to the new regulations. When the rest of the world implements similar measures (and it will), California’s farmers will be ahead of the game. The law will help California remain a dominant agricultural powerhouse.
A sea change has occurred in the public’s beliefs about animal welfare. Opponents of the Humane Farming Initiative couldn’t sense that change, but I believe that California’s farmers and food animal vets will benefit from it.
Many food animal veterinarians and two major veterinary organizations now have failed to notice a different sea change. They have taken postions on an issue that places them squarely on the wrong side of history. The organizations are the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the California Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA). I am a member of both organizations.
At issue is the routine use of antibiotics in livestock.
When I was in veterinary school, I was surprised to learn that antibiotics are added to animal feeds for reasons other than disease control or prevention. Feed manufacturers may add antibiotics (such as tylosin) simply because they can cause animals to grow slightly more efficiently. This reduces the total amount of feed needed for each animal. It reduces the time to slaughter. It increases profit margins, in theory. In practice, since so many farm animals receive antibiotics I suspect that the competitive advantage farmers gain from the medicines is wiped out.
I doubted in veterinary school, and I still doubt, that adding antibiotics to animal feeds simply to increase efficiency by a few fractions of a percent is worth the risks.
What are the risks? Excessive use of antibiotics is linked to antibiotic-resistant bacteria that may pose health risks to animals and people. And if antibiotics aren’t withdrawn from feed for an adequate length of time before slaughter, residues of the drug can end up in meat (controls are in place to prevent this, but it has been known to happen nonetheless).
Let’s face it: using antibiotics simply to make animals grow more rapidly does not pass the smell test. That’s how I see it, and that’s how I’m betting more and more people are going to see it. (Consider the backlash against rBST in dairy cows. In my opinion, rBST is safer than antibiotics.)
Here is my prediction for the record. In 30 years, antibiotics no longer will be used to promote efficient growth in food animals. Nobody wants tylosin in his turkey sandwich.
Yet the CVMA and the AVMA, pandering to food animal vets who have failed to sense the sea change, are proudly and actively on record in favor of using antibiotics to promote animal growth.
The CVMA recently published a newsletter in which it bragged about its role in defeating a bill in that would have required school districts to purchase meat from animals that were not fed antibiotics.
At around the same time, the AVMA sent me a link to a legislative action alert. The AVMA appears to be working to generate opposition to a bill in the US senate that would restrict antibiotic use to disease treatment and prevention.
It’s too bad. In my opinion, the elimination of antibiotics from animal feeds is inevitable. The CVMA and AVMA should be leading the way on this issue. Instead, they are standing myopically in the way of a change that I believe could benefit farmers and food animal vets in the long run.
And speaking of myopically attempting to prevent the inevitable, tomorrow we’ll talk about people who support breed standards that call for ear cropping and tail docking.
Our Most-Commented Stories
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Ethics in technology
Altertek is a 1901 association under the french law wishing to promote the concept of a technology placing respect for people and the environment as the common denominator of its development.
The use of digital technology is taking more and more place in our life but we note with regret that its development responds to financial interests to the detriment of users and the world in which we live. At our level, we want to put in place solutions that put people, society and the environment back at the center of priorities and offer concrete alternatives to the excesses of technology.
The use of digital technology is for everyone. Therefore our association is addressed to all.
Reduce technology consumption as a whole towards a digital sobriety.
Create and promote tools diminishing our ecological footprint.
Educate and raise public awareness and publish good practice guides.
Our actions focus on:
- Publishing guides and articles
- Software development
- Hosting of services
- Technical support to organizations aligned with our values
- Facilitation of workshops
The themes that we address through our actions:
- Technological sobriety
- Digital sovereignty
- Free software
- Protection of privacy
EXAMPLE OF PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS PROVIDED
Problem 1: The opacity of algorithms
Solution: transparency, free software
Problem 2: The extreme consumption of planetary resources due to the use of digital technology
Solution: eco-design, digital sobriety, the commissioning and use of tools
Problem 3: Collection of personal data
Solution: Development of a digital privacy-first model**
Problem 4: Centralization of services
Solution: Development of a decentralized and varied ecosystem
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Various types of
bipedal, upright walking reptoids have been reported.
The three most common types are:
The winged Draco
reptoids and their superiors, the Draco Prime
Reptilian - Grey crossbreeds.
For the most part, the classical reptoid type
1 is what is addressed
throughout this site.
Reptoids range from five and a
half to 9 feet in height. They have lean, firm bodies with powerful arms and legs.
They have long arms with three long fingers and an opposable thumb. Their
feet have three toes and one recessed fourth that is toward the back side of
their ankle. The claws are short and blunt. They do not
have teats on their upper torso nor do they have a navel.
have scaled skin that is usually greenish-brown in color. Some also have
coffee colored scales that have dark green colored rims. The scales (or scutes)
on their backs, thighs and upper arms are usually large. Their hands, abdomen and
are covered with smaller scales, allowing more flexibility. They have wide
lipless mouths and the majority of them are reported to have differentiated types of
dentition (teeth,) including canines
Reptoids have either large black eyes with vertical slit pupils or eyes that are white
with flame colored vertical slit pupils. Their heads are slightly conical in
shape and have two bony ridges riding from their brow, across their back sloping
skull, toward the back of their head. (Throughout history, these bony ridges may
been misidentified as protruding horns.)
There appears to be no bridge between the Reptoids eyes. Their nasal openings are at the
end of a small, flattened nose and are described as two small slits that slant
upwards in a V formation.
Some experiencers have reported seeing small openings where ears are
expected to be, but no flesh folds
extending from the side of the head as human have.
Reptilian beings have no body or facial hair. Occasionally, eyewitnesses observed reptilian beings with thin, fleshy spines under their chins. From
a distance, the spines are often misidentified as hair. (Even today,
one can find lizards with these same fleshy spines under their chins. They are
called Bearded Lizards.)
Reptoids having tails and non tailed reptoids have been reported over the years.
The tails vary in
size and are often observed as being held off the ground. Their posteriors are
either like that of a
human, with a vertical slit shielding an excretory orifice, or are comprised of
a rounded muscular area, extending from the base of the spine to the upper thigh
Their genitalia are concealed within a vertical slit located at the base of the
torso (cloaca.) In the case of women who claim to have experienced sexual encounters with
reptoids (an experience that seems more psychological that physical in origin,) the male reptoids are described as having a penis
that is lacking a soft sacked scrotum. Where the scrotum sack is located on a
human, the reptilian male, apparently has a firm, muscular bulge leading from
the base of the penis to the underside of the torso.
The Draco reptoids, usually standing seven to twelve feet tall, have been
reported to be the royal elitists of the reptoid
hierarchy. They are seen far less often than other reptoids types. The Draco are
similar in appearance to the Reptoid, but they have distinct physical
Draco have wings. These wings are made
of long, thin bony spines or ribs that protrude out of their backs. The ribs are
adjoined by flaps of leathery, blackish-brown skin. The wings are usually in a
retracted position. In some instances, such as reported by author John Keel ('MothMan Prophecies), the
beings matching descriptions of the Draco have been seen to actually fly by use
of their wings. (With the beings neck cranked downwards upon spectators,
the glowing red reflective eyes of a flying Draco would appear to be placed in
the middle of their chest as described by eyewitnesses.)
In several contacts, people have seen reptilian looking beings wearing capes draped
over their shoulders and down their backs. The capes may either be a piece of
clothing specifically designed for covering the Dracos wings or their retracted, dark
leathery flaps might be appearing to be a fabric-like material flowing across and down
What strikes eyewitnesses the most about the physical appearance of a Draco being is
their horns. The horns are usually short. They are conical in shape and they
extend four to five inches away from the skull.
Some reports describe low boney ridges , running back along their slightly conical heads.
These ridges develop
midway between the brow and the top of their head.
The Draco types appear to have a much more athletic build than the other reptilian
beings. Their upper torsos are extremely lean and their
neck muscles splay out from the base of their jaw to their shoulder blades. (If
the Draco are able to fly using their wings, as some have been reported to do,
the physical demands of flight would result in some muscle groups being more
developed than others).
Certain individuals amongst those claiming Draco encounters, say that they saw a
one with white powdery
scales, approach and give instructions to the others. In every one of these cases, the
greenish-brown Draco beings appeared to be
submissive and highly respectful towards the Draco with white scales. This reaction indicated that the Draco hierarchy
is a caste system dependant on skin color (and possibly other unknown genetic
Other non-human beings, such as the Greys, have also
demonstrated similar respect for the Draco. The general,
cross-species respect for the white scaled Draco indicates that they are the
elite species in the terrestrial chain of
In addition to the Draco and Reptoids, various crossbreed types have been encountered.
Although they vary in shape, size and color, they share common physical
Most of the reptilian-grey crossbreeds are rather diminutive in size. They are four to four and a half feet in height.
They have oversized craniums, large black eyes with vertical slit
pupils, no ears, slight torsos, arms and legs.
There have been reports of these
as having either three fingers with a fourth opposable, or having only three long
fingers. They have been seen to have short claws and in
some cases, no claws at all at the tips of their fingers. Some experiencers have described their feet as
being short and
stubby, with no toes.
Amidst the various reptilian-grey types, there is also a species that has
greenish-tan skin. They also have large almond-shaped, gold colored eyes that
dark, metallic green vertical slit pupil. They are usually seen wearing a one piece suite that
is the same color as their skin.
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Hoping to resuscitate people stricken with cardiac arrest, state health officials have tweaked what happens when you dial 911.
Last year, the Arizona Department of Health Services rolled out new training for emergency-call dispatchers to help recognize the signs of cardiac arrest and coach bystanders to begin a new style of CPR.
Ben Bobrow, medical director of the department's Bureau of Emergency Medical Services and Trauma System, said the program is the latest step in a years-long effort to boost the survival rate of those who suffer cardiac arrest.
There are 380,000 cases of sudden cardiac arrest every year nationwide and an average of 15 a day in Arizona. Nationally, the survival rate is 5 to 8 percent. While a state program implemented in 2004 has improved Arizona's survival rate to 32 percent, the latest effort is meant to move the rate higher.
The new dispatcher training, consisting of in-person classes and online tutorials, emphasizes asking fewer, more-specific questions to verify cardiac arrest and encouraging callers to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Bobrow said the goal is to begin resuscitation in less than a minute after a call comes in, as a victim's chance of survival drops 10 percent for every minute he or she doesn't receive help.
Since the majority of cardiac arrests happen at home, friends and family are key to keeping the patient alive.
"The danger is not doing CPR wrong or on someone who doesn't need it. The danger is doing nothing," Bobrow said.
Bystanders are asked to start chest-compressions-only CPR, instead of the traditional form, which mixes compressions with breathing into the patient's mouth.
Bobrow said the new program eliminates unnecessary dispatch questions and encourages people who don't feel comfortable performing traditional CPR.
"These really subtle things make the difference between starting CPR or not, and that means life or death," Bobrow said.
Data is still being collected, but Bobrow estimates that dozens of lives in Arizona have been saved by the program. Some dispatch centers have decreased the time from a call to the start of CPR by 50 percent, with the average now two minutes, he said.
Doreen Wasick, the lead dispatcher at the Mesa Regional Dispatch Center, said the center's average time from receiving a call to starting CPR has dropped by a minute since it implemented the new system in November.
The focus on chest compressions has also hastened care. With the old CPR, chest compressions often hadn't started by the time the paramedics arrived, she said.
"It's so nice we can do what will help until the paramedics arrive," Wasick said.
For the first month under the program, Mesa recorded eight lives saved. Wasick said her center's goal is to save 75 percent of cardiac-arrest patients.
Chris Stringfellow, an emergency dispatcher with Rural/Metro Fire Department, which covers communities in Maricopa, Pima, Pinal and Yuma counties, said he's seen the program help keep people alive three times in the past three weeks.
Jeff Jennings, a supervisor at the Sedona Fire District's Regional Communications Center, said his department has been doing a similar phone-assisted CPR program for 20 years.
Because of the department's rural setting -- it covers 11 communities in the Verde Valley -- such a program is necessary to keep people alive, he said.
"It takes Phoenix four to five minutes to get on a scene. It takes us six to eight minutes on a good day," Jennings said.
The dispatcher-assisted CPR campaign is just a portion of the health department's ongoing effort to decrease the number of cardiac-arrest fatalities. The Save Hearts in Arizona Registry and Education, or SHARE, program was implemented in 2004 after the department realized Arizona had a sudden-cardiac-arrest survival rate of 3 percent.
The program seeks to encourage bystander response and standardize emergency-responder and hospital treatment through information campaigns and training.
More than 900 lives have been saved through the SHARE program since 2004.
View subscription options
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Alzheimer disease is "a premature aging of the brain, usually beginning in the mid-adult life and progressing rapidly to extreme loss of mental powers.”
Alzheimer Disease is the degenerative disease of the brain and memory disorder occurring in the middle to late life but an early manifestation of the disease is now well recognized. This disease affects more than five million people in the United States, resulting in over 100,000 deaths per annum. The risk of the disease increases sharply with age.
The cause of this disease is unknown, but there is evidence of genetic predisposition. Many abnormal genes have been found, each of which leads to a similar clinical and pathological features, with only variations in the age of onset and the rate of progression to suggest that there are pathogenetic mechanisms. Some cases of familial Alzheimer disease have been shown to have mutations in App, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes.
Sign and Symptoms
Early memory loss, a disintegration of personality, complete disorientation, deterioration in speech, visuospatial deficits and restlessness are common signs and clinical features. In the late stages, the patient may become mute, incontinent, fragile and bedridden and usually dies of some other diseases.
On a microscopic level, changes occur eventually throughout the cerebral cortex, but to begin with, certain regions of the brains are particularly involved. The early region is the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex and the associated areas of the cerebral cortex. The plaques are formed from the accumulation of several proteins around the beta-amyloid. Within the center of each plaque is an extracellular collection of degenerating nervous tissue and is surrounded by the rim of large abnormal neuronal processes which are presynaptic terminals filled with an excess of intracellular neurofibrils that are tangled and twisted resulting in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. These neurofibrillary tangles are an aggregation of the microtubular protein tau, which is hypophosphorylated. There is also seemed to be a marked loss of acetyltransferase which is the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine in the areas of the cortex in which senile plaques occur. This is thought to be due to loss of ascending projection fibers instead of a loss of cortical cells. Due to these cellular changes, the affected neuron dies. Thus, there is an accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide in the brain.
At present, there are no such clinical tests available for making the definite diagnosis of Alzheimer diseases. Reliance is placed on taking a history carefully and carrying out various neurologic and psychiatric examinations at different intervals of time. In this way, other reasons of dementia can be excluded. Changes in the level of the amyloid peptide or tau in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid may be helpful. MRI or CT scans are also used and they check the abnormalities in the medial part of the temporal lobe which occur in this disease. In advance cases, a thin atrophied cortex and dilated lateral ventricles may also be found. Positron Emission tomography also gives evidence of diminished cortical metabolism.
Cholinesterase inhibitors like tacrine, donepezil, and rivastigmine are helpful in patients with this disease. These drugs result in increase acetylcholine at the site of disease where there is a deficiency of neurotransmitter.
The patient of this disease requires continuous care within a few years after the disease begin.
Amna Sheikh is a medical doctor with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), Bachelors in Economics and Statistics. She is also a medical writer working as a freelancer for 10+ years and she is specialized in medical, health, and pharmaceutical writing, regulatory writing & clinical research. All her work is supported by a strong academic and professional experience.
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Masitinib (formerly known as AB1010) is an oral immunomodulatory drug (one that changes the activity of the immune system), which is being developed as a possible treatment for progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Its developer, AB Sciences, is currently testing its safety and effectiveness in clinical trials for a number of conditions. The drug has been designated an Orphan Drug by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a potential ALS treatment.
How masitinib works
Masitinib belongs to a class of chemical compounds known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Tyrosine kinases are enzymes responsible for the activation of proteins vital to several cell-signaling processes related to the growth, division, and proliferation. Masitinib is a selective TKI, which blocks the activity of specific tyrosine kinases in particular immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells.
Mast cells are believed to play an important role in MS, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath (a protective layer that surrounds the nerve fibers), resulting in disrupted nerve signaling. The damage is caused by immune cells, such as T-cells targeted to myelin, migrating through the blood brain barrier (BBB) and causing inflammation. Mast cells have multiple roles in the immune response, including breaking down the BBB to allow the T-cells to access the nerves. The mast cells may also be involved in recruiting and stimulating T-cells to attack myelin.
By inhibiting cell signaling in the mast cells, masitinib acts to reduce activated T-cells from accessing the nervous system, reducing the inflammatory response and the damage that leads to the symptoms of MS.
Masitinib in clinical trials
A proof-of-concept, 18-month Phase 2 study (NCT01450488) in 35 patients with primary or secondary forms of progressive MS was completed in 2011. The results did not show a statistically significant difference between patients treated with masitinib or placebo, but there were promising indications that justified its continued testing. The results of the trial were published in the scientific journal, BMC Neurology.
A Phase 2/3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (NCT01433497) is currently assessing the safety and effectiveness of masitinib over a 96-week period in people with primary progressive MS (PPMS) or relapse-free secondary progressive MS (SPMS).
The main objective is to assess the effectiveness of masitinib via changes in Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), a three-part assessment system that measures changes in leg function and walking ability, arm and hand function, and cognitive function, and assigns a standardized score.
The secondary objectives include evaluating changes to quality of life measured by the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) assessment and the level of disability. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) method is used to quantify disability in multiple sclerosis and monitor changes in the level of disability over time.
On March 29, 2017, AB Science announced that the trial has passed its non-futility test after two years and that the company received a recommendation to continue the study from the Independent Data Safety Monitoring Committee (IDMC). AB Science also announced that the trial has enrolled the expected 600 participants and is no longer recruiting. An interim analysis is expected to be released in 2018, with full completion in 2019.
Note: Multiple Sclerosis News Today is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website
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No longer did scientists think in terms of organisms: they thought in terms of machines. […] The 17th-century English chemist and philosopher Robert Boyle realised that as soon as you start to think in the mechanical fashion, then talking about ends and purposes really isn’t very helpful. A planet goes round and round the Sun; you want to know the mechanism by which it happens, not to imagine some higher purpose for it. In the same way, when you look at a clock you want to know what makes the hands go round the dial — you want the proximate causes.
But surely machines have purposes just as much as organisms do? The clock exists in order to tell the time just as much as the eye exists in order to see. True, but as Boyle also saw, it is one thing to talk about intentions and purposes in a general, perhaps theological way, but another thing to do this as part of science. You can take the Platonic route and talk about God’s creative intentions for the universe, that’s fine. But, really, this is no longer part of science (if it ever was) and has little explanatory power. “
Anglo-Irish chemist and philosopher if you please. And look out for theRobert Boyle Summer School.
From Does life have a purpose?, by Michael Ruse in Aeon Magazine, on the move away from teleology (the focus on the purpose of things) in science.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
The first printed version from Mother Goose's Melody (London, c. 1765), has the following lyrics:
The version from Songs for the Nursery (London, 1805), contains the wording:
Alternate Lyrics as shown in The Real Mother Goose published in 1916:
The most common version used today is:
Various theories exist to explain the origins of the rhyme.
One identifies it as the first poem written on American soil, suggesting it may date from the 17th century and have been written by an English immigrant who observed the way native-American women rocked their babies in birch-bark cradles, which were suspended from the branches of trees, allowing the wind to rock the baby to sleep. A difficulty with this theory is that the words appeared in print first in England in c. 1765.
In Derbyshire, England, local legend has it that the song relates to a local character in the late 18th century, Betty Kenny (Kate Kenyon), who lived with her charcoal-burner husband, Luke, and their eight children in a huge yew tree in Shining Cliff Woods in the Derwent Valley, where a hollowed-out bough served as a cradle. However this "late 1700s" date is incompatible with the poem's appearance in print c. 1765.
Yet another theory has it that the lyrics, like the tune "Lilliburlero" it is sung to, refer to events immediately preceding the Glorious Revolution. The baby is supposed to be the son of James VII and II, who was widely believed to be someone else's child smuggled into the birthing room in order to provide a Roman Catholic heir for James. The "wind" may be that Protestant "wind" or force "blowing" or coming from the Netherlands bringing James' nephew and son-in-law William of Orange, who would eventually depose King James II in the revolution (the same "Protestant Wind" that had saved England from the Spanish Armada a century earlier). The "cradle" is the royal House of Stuart. The earliest recorded version of the words in print appeared with a footnote, "This may serve as a warning to the Proud and Ambitious, who climb so high that they generally fall at last", which may be read as supporting a satirical meaning. It would help to substantiate the suggestion of a specific political application for the words however if they and the 'Lilliburlero' tune could be shown to have been always associated.
Another possibility is that the words began as a "dandling" rhyme - one used while a baby is being swung about and sometimes tossed and caught. An early dandling rhyme is quoted in The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book which has some similarity:
The words first appeared in print in Mother Goose's Melody (London, c. 1765), possibly published by John Newbery (1713–1767) in the 18th century, which was reprinted in Boston in 1785. Rock-a-bye as a phrase was first recorded in 1805 in Benjamin Tabart's Songs for the Nursery, (London, 1805).
It is unclear though whether these early rhymes were sung to the now-familiar tune. At some time however the Lilliburlero-based tune and the 1796 lyric, with the word "Hush-a-bye" replaced by "Rock-a-bye", must have come together and achieved a new popularity. A possible reference to this re-emergence is in an advertisement in The Times newspaper in 1887 for a performance in London by a minstrel group featuring a "new" American song called 'Rock-a-bye':
This minstrel song, whether substantially the same as the nursery rhymes quoted above or not, was clearly an instant hit: a later advertisement for the same company in the paper's October 13 edition promises that "The new and charming American ballad, called ROCK-A-BYE, which has achieved an extraordinary degree of popularity in all the cities of America will be SUNG at every performance."
If this is, in fact, the same song, then this implies that it was an American composition and already popular there. An article in the New York Times of August 1891 (p. 1) refers to the tune being played in a parade in Asbury Park, N.J. and clearly by this date the song was well established in America. Newspapers of the period, however, credit its composition to two separate persons, both resident in Boston: one is Effie Canning (later referred to as Mrs. Effie D. Canning Carlton and the other the composer Charles Dupee Blake.
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Here is an excellent talk given by Professor Jerry Coyne, who is a professor of biology. He has also written a book by the same title and that is referred to in the video.
Jerry Coyne also compares the theory of evolution with the theory of atoms and the germ theory of disease, saying that the evidence for all of these is strong enough that they are all considered as facts within the scientific community. If you accept that diseases are caused by germs (viruses and bacteria), and if you accept that all matter consists of atoms, and yet you do not accept evolution, then your position is inconsistent and likely to be dishonest.
Please watch the video. It will teach you some things about evolution, even if you already accept evolution.
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TWELVE MILES OFF PROVINCETOWN — The dark waters began to roil. Silently, two black, 70-ton leviathans emerged from the depths of Cape Cod Bay, skimmed the surface, then quickly slipped back into the sea. Scientists in a nearby boat tracked their “fluke prints” — the large surface swirls created from their underwater tail sweeps — but soon lost the watery trail of two of the world’s rarest whales.
For years, scientists have sounded a dirge for the North Atlantic right whale. Its population stalled around 300 in the 1990s, pushing some researchers to make mournful extinction predictions for the mysterious, 45-foot-long creatures that come to feed and frolic every spring off Cape Cod.
Now, the critically endangered population has hit 500 whales, probably for the first time in centuries — a poignant milestone for a marine mammal whose numbers dwindled to perhaps a few dozen after being hunted relentlessly for their oil and baleen from the 11th to the early 20th centuries. Researchers, while joyful, say that number is still tiny — and they remain deeply concerned about recent environmental changes, including global warming, that spell uncertainty for the creatures’ future.
“Five hundred whales make you want to sing,’’ said Charles “Stormy” Mayo, senior scientist at the Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, which studies the whales. “But you have to hold your breath when you sing. We have a substantially changing ocean. We don’t know what the future holds.”
Last Monday, he and his staff aboard the research vessel Shearwater scanned the horizon for spouts from the whales’ blowholes. An airplane flew transects above, searching for dark shadows in the relatively small bay and radioing their locations to the boat.
Scientists don’t know what a healthy right whale population even looks like, but they suspect it is in the thousands or even tens of thousands. Today, the population is increasing about 2.5 percent a year — far better than the 1990s — but hardly the 6 or 7 percent researchers would like to see.
The reasons for the increase are likely myriad. Ships have slowed down and moved to avoid the creatures. Fishing lines have been developed that allow some whales to avoid being tangled. A number of good feeding years — the animals can consume tiny shrimplike plankton at a rate of 125 pounds an hour — probably helped with a dramatic increase in calves starting around 2001.
“We have built up a reserve . . . a buffer,’’ said Philip Hamilton, a research scientist with the New England Aquarium, which also studies the whales. He expects the population to decline again, but says the whales will be able to weather a hit better with larger numbers.
Once, hunters’ harpoons easily found the right whale, so named because they were the “right” whale to chase. Lumbering through the water and often feeding close to the ocean surface, they floated when they died — making it easy for hunters to tow them to shore to collect oozing oil from their blubber for lamps, and baleen from their jaws to make items ranging from combs to corsets.
In 1935, the League of Nations outlawed right whale hunting, but by then, few whales were left. Unlike fishing stocks that often rebound once fishermen stop fishing them, the Northern right whale never regained a footing once hunting ceased.
Because the whales are studied so intensely and there are so few of them, researchers can identify most members of the population by sight through distinctive whitened skin patches on their gigantic heads. In Mayo’s Provincetown lab, a wall is lined with whale diagrams and identifying numbers, often with accompanying nicknames such as Legato and Monarch. Researchers have tried virtually everything to understand the whales — including training dogs to sniff out their orange scat at sea to better understand their hormonal processes, their diseases, and what they eat.
In efforts to protect right whales, all boats must stay at least 500 yards away from them unless they have a scientific permit to study them, or risk a $10,000 fine.
Nonetheless, the gregarious and outgoing creatures often put on shows close to shore that delight beachgoers with their feeding, socializing, and breaching. Groups of right whales sometimes feed close to the beach between Race Point and Long Point in Provincetown.
Now, the animals are showing up in larger numbers in Cape Cod Bay — far more than can be explained by the population increase — and they are showing up earlier.
In 2012, whales began appearing in early December, the earliest in 30 years. They usually start appearing mid-January to May.
In 2011, around 200 were spotted in the bay, including 127 during one survey — an unprecedented number. This year, a well-known right whale, dubbed Wart, appeared with a calf, prompting stunned researchers to conclude that she had given birth off New England instead of in the warm waters off Florida and Georgia where the whales normally calve.
“We don’t know what is going on,’’ said Mayo in the cabin of the Shearwater, as Christy Hudak and Beth Larson took plankton samples to study the relationship between food and right whale behavior and health.
Mayo said it is not yet clear if plankton is especially good in the bay and is luring more whales, or if it is declining somewhere else and driving the animals here.
Scientists say warming waters are probably causing some of the changes they are observing: Waters are warming off the Northeast — last year was the warmest ever recorded — and Mayo and others hypothesize the heat is causing changes in plankton species and their bloom times, ultimately altering whale behavior.
That is worrisome. If conditions change too dramatically and quickly, the whales may not be able to cope, researchers say.
And other threats are growing. Research shows the ocean is becoming noisier from ships and construction that may be interfering with the whales’ ability to communicate. New wind farms and oil and gas leases along the East Coast may soon contribute to that noise. Funding to study and understand the whales is threatened.
“The stressors are coming from multiple approaches,’’ says Rosalind Rolland, senior scientist with the New England Aquarium. “We are trending in the right direction, but one disease,or one oil spill” could cause a setback. “We are far from out of the woods.”Beth Daley can be reached at [email protected]. Follow her @Globebethdaley.
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What country did they live in?
The Aztecs lived in what is now Mexico. The name Mexico comes from the Aztec word Mexica, a name they used to describe themselves. Their capital city, Tenochtitlan, was located where Mexico City is today.
What did their buildings look like?
The Aztec's city, Tenochtitlan, was built on a self-made island. When they first arrived in the area, there was nothing but a swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. They developed a system, called the chinampa system to dry the land by setting up small plots in which they produced all the food they needed. When enough land was dry they would begin to build there. Over time, they added to the size of the island using this system.
Tenochtitlan was divided into four zones or campan. Each campan was divided into 20 districts (calpullis), and each calpulli was crossed by streets, or tlaxilcalli. There were three main streets that crossed the city and extended to firm land; the calpullis were divided by channels used for transportation, with wood bridges that were removed at night. Each calpulli had its own tianquiztli (marketplace), but there was also a main marketplace in Tlatelolco.
Tenochtitlan was created symmetrical, that is, a mirror image on both sides. At the heart of the city lay public buildings, temples and schools. Inside a walled square, 300 meters to the side, was the ceremonial center. There were public buildings, the main temple, the temple of Quetzalcoatl, the ball game, the tzompantli, or rack of skulls, the temple of the sun, the platforms for the sacrifice of gladiators, and some minor temples. Outside was the palace of Moctezuma. Nearby was the cuicalli or house of the songs, and the calmecac, or school. All construction had to be approved by the calmimilocatl, a person in charge of city planning.
Moctezuma's palace had 100 rooms and bathrooms for the lords and ambassadors of allies and conquered people. It also had two zoos, one for birds of prey and another for other birds, reptiles, and mammals. There was also a botanical garden and an aquarium. The aquarium had ten salt water ponds and ten fresh water ponds, containing fish and aquatic birds.
What did they wear?
Aztec men wore cloth around their waists and cloaks around their shoulders. Aztec women wore sleeveless blouses and wraparound skirts. Nobles dressed in brightly coloured cotton clothes decorated in gold and feathers. This was done to attract attention to themselves. The poor wore clothes made of maguey fibres, and slaves did not wear much at all!
The Aztec army dressed differently from everyday people. Warriors wore vests made of quilted cotton, feathered plumes dusted with stones and precious metals. They also wore collars, bracelets and earrings made of the same materials. Depending on how many enemies they captured, warriors could earn the right to wear animal costumes. Chiefs wore layers of gold or silver with feathers underneath. Both chiefs and warriors wore wooden helmets shaped like animals, and carried shields made of woven reeds and feathers. Common soldiers did not have these items. They painted themselves in the colours of their chief's banner, and wore a simple girdle.
When sacrificing humans to the gods, priests wore black blood-stained robes, while the victim was painted with chalk. Often, masks were worn during the ceremony.
What did their writing look like?
Like the Mayans, the Aztecs wrote using a series of glyphs, or pictures. For example, a snake (coatl) was represented by a drawing of a snake's head. Numbers below 20 were represented by a series of dots. Numbers larger than 20 were represented by glyphs. For example, the number 500 would be represented by a feather and four flags (400 + 5*20 = 500). To show that glyphs belonged to a single group, a line was drawn to connect them. Next, a line was drawn to the object being counted.
What did they believe?
According to Aztec legend, the ancestors of the Aztecs came from a place in the north called Aztlán. They were guided by a god named Huitzilopochtli, meaning "Left-handed Hummingbird." There was a prophecy that said that they should build their home where they saw an eagle eating a snake while perched on a nopal cactus. When they arrived on the island in Lake Texcoco, they saw this, and settled there.
The Aztecs also believed that their ancestors were considered by other groups to be uncivilized. However, they decided to learn, and took knowledge from other peoples, especially the Toltec. They believed all culture came from them.
The Aztecs had several creation myths. One said that there were four ages before our time, each of which ended in a catastrophe. Our age – Nahui-Ollin, the fifth age, or fifth creation – escaped destruction because of the sacrifice of Nanahuatl ("full of sores", the smallest and humblest of the gods), who was transformed into the Sun. Another says that Earth was created by the twin gods Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl. Tezcatlipoca lost his foot in the process of creating the world and all representations of these gods show him without a foot and with a bone exposed.
Are some of them famous even today?
At the time of the arrival of the Spanish, Emperor Moctezuma ruled over Tenochtitlan. His name in Nahuatl, pronounced Mo–tekw–so–ma, meant "he who makes himself ruler by his rage."
Legend has it that ten years before the Spanish arrived, eight things happened that signaled the fall of the Aztec empire. They were:
- A comet appeared in the sky during the day.
- A pillar of fire (possibly the comet) appeared in the night sky.
- The temple of Huitzilopochtli was destroyed by fire.
- A bolt of lightning struck the Tzonmolco temple.
- Tenochtitlan was flooded.
- Strange people with many heads but one body were seen walking through that city.
- A woman was heard weeping a dirge for the Aztecs.
- A strange bird (quetzal) was caught. When Moctezuma looked into its mirror-like eyes, he saw unfamiliar men landing on the coast.
In the spring of 1519, Moctezuma received reports of strange men off the coast of his empire. At first, the emperor sent an ambassador with a costume of Tlaloc, and another of Quetzalcoatl. When the ambassador met conquistador Hernán Cortés, he thought he looked like Quetzalcoatl. He told Moctezuma, who tried to stop him from coming to Tenochtitlan. He sent gold, wizards, priests, and even one of his ambassadors, Tzihuacpopoca, who pretended to be the emperor.
Eventually, Moctezuma met Hernán Cortés. He believed he was the god Quetzalcoatl. He took him to his garden and gave him flowers, the greatest honour he could give. When Cortés ordered a halt to the human sacrifices, he agreed. He even offered to be baptized a Christian and become a subject of King Charles I of Spain.
When Cortés went to meet other Spaniards on the coast, deputy governor Pedro de Alvarado took over. He stopped the Aztecs from celebrating Toxcatl, and killed most of the important upper class Aztecs in what is known as "The Massacre in the Main Temple." Between 350 and 1000 people died. This enraged the Aztecs, who revolted. Moctezuma was then taken by the Spanish. On July 1, 1520, Moctezuma appeared on the balcony of his palace, pleading with his people to retreat. Instead, they threw rocks at him, and he died shortly after the attack.
After the death of Moctezuma, there were only two other emperors. One died of smallpox, the last Aztec emperor was named Cuahutemoc, and to make him confess where the Aztec wealth was kept, they burned his feet until finally his death came very possibly from shock, or so Mexican scholars say. One year later, the Aztec empire had crumbled. Techichpotzin, Moctezuma's daughter, inherited his wealth. She was baptized a Christian and given the name Isabel Moctezuma. She married a total of five times before she died.
What is left of them today?
Although the Aztecs no longer exist, their influence is still felt in Mexico. More than 60% of the population are mestizo or mixed. This means that some of their ancestors were Aztec. There are also over 1.5 million people in Mexico who speak Nahuatl, which comes from the Classical Nahuatl spoken by the Aztecs.
The Nahuatl language has given many words to English, usually through Spanish. Here is a list of some English words of Nahuatl origin:
- avocado: from ahuacatl (fruit)
- chilli: from chilli (vegetable)
- chocolate: from xocolatl (drink)
- cocoa: from cacahuatl (fruit/nut)
- coyote: from coyotl (mammal)
- ocelot: from ocelotl (mammal)
- shack: from xacalli (structure)
- tomato: from (xi)tomatl (fruit/berry)
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No one would be surprised to learn that bratwurst was introduced by German settlers, and Italians gave us pasta (though they only had tomato sauce after the Americas were discovered). But there are a few major influences that you might find surprising.
It was in ancient Rome that people first hit on the idea of lettuce-based salads. Technically, the term salad refers to a wide range of varied dishes that are usually served cold. That’s why, in North Africa, for example, a dish of olives and some eggplant dip is considered part of the salad course. It’s also why cold meat mixed with mayo is considered a salad. But in ancient Rome, they fancied their salads made with lettuce, especially what was called Roman lettuce, but which we now know as Romaine.
The Romans also decided that meals ought to end with dessert. While sweets are fairly universally loved, you only find dessert in cultures influenced by Rome—or in places where American and European tourists show up expecting dessert. In addition, Apicius, whose Dining in Imperial Rome is our best source of information on the food of the era, tells us that sausage should be served with mustard.
Among the least obvious and most frequently overlooked influences, however, is British food. There are, of course, obvious things, like Cornish pasties (iconic in Michigan) and roast beef. The Brits also gave us the idea that a meal was meat and two sides (starch and veg). But there are a lot of not so obvious British things, things we view as iconically American, and in some cases specifically Southern.
For example, collard greens (which were also valued by the ancient Romans), were introduced into the Americas by the British. While the French also ate pig intestines, the word chitterlings and the practice of eating them were introduced by the British. (The word came into use in Britain in the 1200s, though the practice certainly predated that.)
Chess pie, now an American classic, is another British introduction. The origin of the name is uncertain, but the pie was well established in New England and Virginia by the 1700s, though it eventually faded from the Northern repertoire.
Corn got turned into corn puddings of various sorts because the British loved puddings.
Even fried chicken is British. While it is uncertain when it first emerged, our first record of it is in a 1736 cookbook by Nathan Baily. However, Hannah Glasse’s recipe, which appeared in her 1747 book The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy, is more like what we came to enjoy in the U.S. Author and soul food expert Adrian Miller notes that Martha Randolph’s fried chicken, from her popular 1824 book The Virginia Housewife, was “remarkably similar” to Hannah Glasse’s British recipe. It was Randolph’s recipe that would become American fried chicken.
In this video, Jon Townsend, the son of Jas. Townsend and Son, reproduces the Nathan Bailey recipe. I was interested to note that Bailey garnishes the chicken with fried parsley, simply because the only times I’ve had fried parsley were in the South.
Obviously, there were lots of other influences: New World ingredients and Native American contributions, African ingredients and adaptations of traditional cooking methods to utilize local ingredients. This is not intended to relate everything that contributed to the remarkable food culture of the United States. It’s just a reminder to not underestimate the impact of the British.
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Chiricahua National Monument Birdwatching Overview
Chiricahua National Monument Birdwatching Travel Tips
- The Chiricahua National Monument sits on the west side of the Chiricahua Mountains. Here you will be able to see Zone-tailed Hawks and Golden Eagles as well as the Hepatic Tanagers, Grace’s and other warblers, Strickland’s Woodpecker, and a variety of hummingbirds.
- Along Cave Creek Canyon in the Coronado National Forest you may spot the Calliope Hummingbird, Peregrine Falcons, Elegant Trogons, and even some Burrowing Owls.
- Sulfur Springs Valley is one of the best spots for winter birding. Sandhill Cranes, Lark Buntings, Curved-bill Thrashers, birds of prey, and sparrows are among the many species that can be found here. The Whitewater Draw Wildlife Area of the Arizona Game and Fish Department, formally known to veteran birders as the Hyannis Cattle Company, is in the Sulfur Springs Valley and is a known hotspot for birding.
- Volunteer opportunities are also available at the Southwestern Research Station. In exchange for food and lodging, boundless birding, naturalist activities, and classes, volunteers must commit to chores at the station for 24 hours per week for four to eight weeks. Contact the Research Volunteer Coordinator for more information.
- Every summer Victor Emanuel Nature Tours operates Camp Chiricahua. A 12-day excursion for young naturalists, the tour begins and ends in Tucson with the majority of the time spent in the Chiricahua mountain range.
- The Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory is the best resource for birding activities in the area. It offers bird lists, hot spot recommendations, birding guides, and a calendar of events.
The region is especially famous for the variety of hummingbirds that can be found here. Look for the Blue-throated Hummingbird, the Magnificent Hummingbird, and the Black-chinned Hummingbird when you visit. More hummingbird species are found in southeastern Arizona mountain canyons than in any other place in the United States.
Some people believe that nighttime is the best time to go birding in this area, because of the owls and nightjars that can be found. More than a dozen species of owls, including the Western Screech-Owl, the Whiskered Screech-Owl, the Great Horned Owl, the Flammulated Owl, and the Elf Owl, have been spotted at Chiricahua. Birders may also spot the rare Buff-collared Nightjar and the Common Poorwill.
Riparian Deciduous: This limited area in Siphon Canyon and Apache Spring enjoys the decoration of Arizona walnut, netleaf hackberry, velvet ash, mesquite, and desert willow. Although merely a trickle at times, Apache Spring is a reliable water source. Some breeding birds are White-winged Dove, Elf Owl, Crissal Thrasher, Phainopepla, Lucy's Warbler, Northern Cardinal, Pyrrhuloxia, and Hooded Oriole.
Riparian Forest: Within Chiricahua National Monument are intermittent streams, such as Bonita and Rhyolite, lined with a mixed canopy of Arizona walnut, Fremont cottonwood, velvet ash, Arizona cypress, and several oaks including Emory, silverleaf, and netleaf. A few perennial springs are found within the boundary. Typical breeding birds in this area consist of Cooper's Hawk, Western Screech-Owl, Whip-poor-will, Blue-throated Hummingbird, Magnificent Hummingbird, Black-chinned Hummingbird, Acorn Woodpecker, Western Wood-Pewee, Dusky-capped and Sulphur-bellied Flycatchers, Cassin's Kingbird, Gray-breasted Jay, Bridled Titmouse, Bushtit, White-breasted Nuthatch, Bewick's Wren, Solitary Vireo, Black-throated Warbler, Painted Redstart, Hepatic Tanager, Black-headed Grosbeak, Bronzed and Brown-headed Cowbirds, and Northern Oriole.
Desert Grassland: A mix of grasslands and small shrubs occur in the surrounding areas of Fort Bowie and lower Bonita Canyon in the Chiricahua National Monument. Breeding birds include Red-tailed Hawk, Scaled Quail, Common Poorwill, Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Say's Phoebe, Western Kingbird, Northern Mockingbird, Loggerhead Shrike, Lark and Black-throated Sparrows, Eastern Meadowlark, and Scott's Oriole.
Oak Woodland (Encinal): These grassy, low-elevation areas in Fort Bowie merge with pinyon, junipers, and several oaks to form an ecotone similar to a savanna. Typical breeding birds are Montezuma Quail, Strickland's Woodpecker, Gray-breasted Jay, Bridled Titmouse, Hutton's Vireo, Black-throated Gray Warbler, and Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
Chaparral: The steep slopes of innumerable exposed cliff faces of Chiricahua National Monument are clothed with one-seed juniper, mountain mahogany, and pointleaf manzanita. Birds of the chaparral include Scrub Jay, Rock Wren, Rufous-sided Towhee, and Black-chinned Sparrow.
Madrean Woodland: Mid-elevation woodlands of Chiricahua National Monument are dominated by Mexican pinyon, Arizona oak, netleaf oak, silverleaf oak, Chihuahua and Apache pines, Arizona madrone, and alligator juniper. Breeding birds include Whiskered Screech-Owl, Acorn Woodpecker, Gray-breasted Jay, Bridled Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, Bewick's Wren, and Virginia's and Black-throated Gray Warblers.
Coniferous Forest: The dominant trees in the upper elevations of Chiricahua National Monument include Arizona pine, southwestern white pine, Douglas fir, and Gambel oak. Typical breeding birds are Band-tailed Pigeon, Northern Flicker, Steller's Jay, Mexican Chickadee, Pygmy Nuthatch, Solitary Vireo, Grace's Warbler, Redfaced Warbler, Olive Warbler, and Yellow-eyed Junco.
Details mentioned in this article were accurate at the time of publication
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Full STEAM ahead at Wesley
An overview of Wesley’s approach to STEAM education by Director of Strategy Mathew Irving and Head of Science Ian Simpson.
As many are aware, Wesley College has embraced the STEAM movement in education. That is, the drawing together of Science, Technology, Engineering, the Arts and Mathematics in multidisciplinary and real-world ways. The STEAM disciplines are each in their own way about understanding the world, and about contributing to it.
At Wesley, we are committed to the development of a STEAM strategy that addresses the needs of learners and fosters their potential career paths and life journeys. A high proportion of our students study Science through to Year 12, with a significant number of them going on to undertake further study in Science, Engineering and Medical fields. Last May, the College hosted an impressive panel, including WA’s Chief Scientist Peter Klinken, to discuss STEAM education and why it’s vital for our future. Work continues to be done across the whole College to embrace STEAM, particularly as we look forward to the opening of our new Science Centre.
In the Junior School, an inquiry approach allows students to explore their world, how it works, and what impacts they can have. The Junior School uses the Kath Murdoch Inquiry Cycle which sees inquiry as thinking in order to make meaning. In the early years, students have been asking big questions such as “How can I solve it?” and “How do I make a machine?”, using Wondering Walls as
places where questions can be modelled, recorded, shared and encouraged.
Students’ experiences of STEAM in Years 5 and 6 have been enriched by our coding program and our unique industry partnership with GE. Students are learning foundation coding skills, product design and publishing techniques that transfer to different contexts. Coding is providing specific pathways and career-readiness to STEAM industries for our students.
The College has developed a STEAM Challenge program within our co-curricular offerings including: Daring Tinkers, Coding, F1 Challenge, EV Challenge, Mathematics Enrichment, da Vinci Decathlon and World Scholars Cup. Through these activities, we are encouraging our students to use an inquiry lens to collaboratively design and create solutions to complex problems.
From a classroom perspective, we are currently designing a STEAM inquiry framework for use in the Senior School to encourage inter-disciplinary projects that focus on problem-solving, creativity and collaboration. In 2016, the Project-X course in Year 9 was the first STEAM curricular program that piloted this type of inter-disciplinary learning as students designed solutions to a range of social and commercial problems through self-directed research, data collection and prototyping.
Our refurbishment of the Science building is a deliberate attempt to develop a cutting-edge Science Centre for tomorrow that utilises modern technology and serves as a living science experiment. Using technology such as sensors, cameras, data probes and monitors, it will allow students to interact with live data such as light, movement, CO2 and sound levels. With a drop zone, a living hydroponics wall, and flexible collaborative spaces, the building will be innovative while facilitating agile, integrated and discipline specific learning. As Professor Stephen Heppell, a consultant in our Science refurbishment, says, students are influenced by the spaces in which they learn. The new Science Centre will allow Wesley students to immerse themselves in STEAM. It will peak curiosity, heighten engagement and inspire imaginations. The new building will be operational this year.
Staff at Wesley are embracing STEAM opportunities. Teachers are planning collaboratively, investigating cross-curricular links and participating in the Wesley College STEAM think tank, thereby contributing to the ongoing development and implementation of a STEAM strategy across the College.
Wesley’s approach to STEAM is one of a futures perspective. Part of our job at Wesley College is to make STEAM real for students, and to enable them to be curious problem seekers, systematic problem solvers and collaborators.
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How should high cholesterol in children be treated?
Answers from M. Regina Castro, M.D.
The first treatment approach for high cholesterol in children involves lifestyle changes that can benefit the entire family: Lose weight, eat healthy foods, and exercise more.
In particular, avoid processed foods that contain large amounts of saturated fats and sugars. Be more active throughout the day and minimize the amount of time spent in front of computers, tablets, televisions and phones.
Your doctor might suggest cholesterol medications if your child:
- Continues to have high cholesterol despite lifestyle changes
- Is at least 10 years old
- Has other health problems, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
- Has a genetic type of high cholesterol
It's important to reduce high cholesterol in children because the condition can lead to narrowed and hardened arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease later in life.
M. Regina Castro, M.D.
Oct. 10, 2014
- Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: Summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128:S213.
- De Ferranti SD, et al. Management of pediatric dyslipidemia. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed July 25, 2014.
- Bamba V. Update on screening, etiology and treatment of dyslipidemia in children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. In press. May 21, 2014. Accessed July 25, 2014.
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Adjectives that end in -able and -ible like, permissible and allowable are nominals. Words that end in -ed like, permitted and allowed are verbals. Verbals are semantically tied to a subject (e.g., a doer), whereas nominals are not. So, when you use -ed adjectives, a subject is implied, whereas when you use -ible or -able adjectives the subject isn't important or necessary. That's probably why -ible and -able adjectives often occur in expletive-It sentences. The act is more important than the person doing the act:
Ex: Is it permissible to copy my friend's work?
=> Is copying a friend's work permissible? <subject>
Ex: Is it allowable to ask students to participate in experiments?
=> Is asking students to participate in experiments allowable? <subject>
The difference between allow and permit is tolerance and authorization, respectively.
Something is permitted (by someone is implied).
Something is permissible.
Something is allowed (by someone is implied).
Something is allowable.
Here are a few dictionary entries on the difference between effective and effectual:
effective means 'having a (desired) result or effect,' effectual is 'succeeding in producing a desired result or effect,'
If something is effective it has an noticeable effect:
Ex: The actor made a most effective entrance.
If it is effectual it produces a particular effect, usually the one intended:
Ex: We took effectual steps to redress the situation.
Effectual overlaps somewhat with effective, especially in the sense “producing the desired effect,” but it also means “valid, legal,” as in The law offers no effectual remedy in this case.
All the best.
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| 0.938594 | 374 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A fault system that runs from San Diego to Los Angeles is capable of producing up to magnitude 7.3 earthquakes if the offshore segments rupture and a 7.4 if the southern onshore segment also ruptures, according to an analysis led by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego.
The Newport-Inglewood and Rose Canyon faults had been considered separate systems but the study shows that they are actually one continuous fault system running from San Diego Bay to Seal Beach in Orange County, then on land through the Los Angeles basin.
"This system is mostly offshore but never more than four miles from the San Diego, Orange County, and Los Angeles County coast," said study lead author Valerie Sahakian, who performed the work during her doctorate at Scripps and is now a postdoctoral fellow with the U.S. Geological Survey. "Even if you have a high 5- or low 6-magnitude earthquake, it can still have a major impact on those regions which are some of the most densely populated in California."
The study, "Seismic constraints on the architecture of the Newport-Inglewood/Rose Canyon fault: Implications for the length and magnitude of future earthquake ruptures," appears in the American Geophysical Union's Journal of Geophysical Research.
The researchers processed data from previous seismic surveys and supplemented it with high-resolution bathymetric data gathered offshore by Scripps researchers between 2006 and 2009 and seismic surveys conducted aboard former Scripps research vessels New Horizon and Melville in 2013. The disparate data have different resolution scales and depth of penetration providing a "nested survey" of the region. This nested approach allowed the scientists to define the fault architecture at an unprecedented scale and thus to create magnitude estimates with more certainty.
They identified four segments of the strike-slip fault that are broken up by what geoscientists call stepovers, points where the fault is horizontally offset. Scientists generally consider stepovers wider than three kilometers more likely to inhibit ruptures along entire faults and instead contain them to individual segments - creating smaller earthquakes. Because the stepovers in the Newport-Inglewood/Rose Canyon (NIRC) fault are two kilometers wide or less, the Scripps-led team considers a rupture of all the offshore segments is possible, said study co-author Scripps geologist and geophysicist Neal Driscoll.
The team used two estimation methods to derive the maximum potential a rupture of the entire fault, including one onshore and offshore portions. Both methods yielded estimates between magnitude 6.7 and magnitude 7.3 to 7.4.
The fault system most famously hosted a 6.4-magnitude quake in Long Beach, Calif. that killed 115 people in 1933. Researchers have found evidence of earlier earthquakes of indeterminate size on onshore portions of the fault, finding that at the northern end of the fault system, there have been between three and five ruptures in the last 11,000 years. At the southern end, there is evidence of a quake that took place roughly 400 years ago and little significant activity for 5,000 years before that.
Driscoll has recently collected long sediment cores along the offshore portion of the fault to date previous ruptures along the offshore segments, but the work was not part of this study.
In addition to Sahakian and Driscoll, study authors include Jayne Bormann, Graham Kent, and Steve Wesnousky of the Nevada Seismological Laboratory at the University of Nevada, Reno, and Alistair Harding of Scripps. Southern California Edison funded the research at the direction of the California Energy Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission.
"Further study is warranted to improve the current understanding of hazard and potential ground shaking posed to urban coastal areas from Tijuana to Los Angeles from the NIRC fault," the study concludes.
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| 0.930852 | 795 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Local Dog Parks
Rental Housing for People with Pets
Pet Friendly Accommodations
How to Build a Dog Park in Your Community
Animal Behavior Advice
Behavior Q & A
Spay/Neuter Myths and Facts
Frequently Asked Questions
Staff Columns in Local Newspapers
San Mateo County Animal Laws
Living with Local Wildlife
Why do cats sharpen their claws?
|Sunday, January 15, 2006|
|Dear Cat Coach,|
Why do cats sharpen their claws? Ive observed my own little boy sharpening his claws on his cat tree and dont understand why he needs to do this. I do realize providing a scratching post for him will save my furniture and we do have a few positioned around the house for him. Why do cats need to sharpen their claws?
Baffled in Belleview
The commonly used term sharpening claws is misleading. Cats do not actually sharpen their claws when they use cat posts and sometimes their owners favorite couch. Dr. Nick Dodman in his book The Cat Who Cried for Help compares the image of a cat sharpening claws to dragging fish hooks across an armchair to sharpen the barbs on the hooks. So, what are cats doing when they claw and scratch the cat posts and why are they doing it?
Cats scratch cat posts for a variety of reasons. First of all cats condition their claws and toes by exercising muscles and shucking dead nail husks off. A second reason is that scratching objects leave both a visual and olfactory marker of the cat. The claw marks are usually placed strategically on objects, insuring that other passing cats will see their marks. The more and deeper the claw marks the better. I guess one can make an analogy to someone scratching their initials into a tree or painting graffiti on a wall. Cats also have scent glands in their paws that release pheromones. These pheromones are also scent sign posts for other cats, telling other cats exactly who was there and when. Cats dont have telephones, they have claws and paws. The third reason for scratching posts is to stretch. Nothing feels better then reaching up, arching ones back and having a good scratch and stretch.
Since this behavior is normal for cats it is important to provide adequate scratching posts and trees for cats to use, redirecting them away from furniture and rugs. With patience and consistency it is easy to modify your cats behavior so that he will not use the furniture as his own personal scratching post.
2005 by Marilyn Krieger, CCBC All rights reserved
Marilyn Krieger, CCBC is a Certified Cat Behavior Consultant. She can be reached for phone and on-site consultations to solve cat behavior problems either by e-mail [email protected] or by phone: 650 780 9485. Additionally, Marilyn teaches cat behavior classes and is available for speaking engagements. You can find out more about The Cat CoachSM at www.thecatcoach.com
Marilyn is certified through The International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants
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|Category » Marilyn Kreiger|
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| 0.948242 | 645 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Current water temperature on the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines coast. Forecast of changes in water temperature. Historical data.
Water temperature in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines today
Most popular locations in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines over the past week
Conditions of sea water on beaches in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Now in all beaches in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the water is very warm and comfortable for swimming.
The water temperature in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has increased both over the past 10 days and over a month.
The trend can be seen on the graph. It shows the change in average sea surface temperature over the past two months.
For the two most popular locations for swimming in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the graphs of changes in the average water temperature throughout the year are as follows:
We process, analyze and store data for every beach and city in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Below is a table with current weather data and trends in some places of the country.
|New Sandy Bay Village||81°F||79°F|
Climate in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is located in Central America. The country is washed by the Caribbean Sea. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a small country. To determine the temperature of the water in it, we track only five settlements.
Tropical trade wind, warm and very even. The average monthly temperature (+26 C) varies little during the year, while the maximum temperature drop during the year is only 9 degrees. Precipitation falls from 1,500 mm to 3,700 mm per year, and their distribution is rather unusual for such a small area - the northern regions of St. Vincent receive more than 60% of all rain (this is where its total amount reaches 3.5 meters per year), while while the southern islands of the Grenadines receive no more than one and a half meters of water per year. The altitude of the place also has a great influence on these processes - it is the mountainous regions of northern St. Vincent that are constantly covered by clouds formed by moist air masses brought by trade winds from the Atlantic. And the southern areas of the island fenced by them as a result receive three times less rain than in the north.The greatest amount of precipitation (up to 70%) falls in the period from May-July to November. July is the wettest month of the year, at which time it rains on average about 26 days. Frequent and severe hurricanes. The dry season lasts from December to April-June, and April is considered the driest month of the year - no more than six rainy days.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: regions
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: oceans and seas
We monitor the following oceans and seas that wash the country. Just go to the page for a specific reservoir and see the temperature in all settlements on the coast.
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https://seatemperature.net/country/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines
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| 0.932318 | 693 | 3.25 | 3 |
Why did a stalemate develop on the western front on the western front, a stalemate developed because both sides hadsimilar strength and technology. Give examples of the new urban culture that developed during the 1920s 3 explain how the great war helped fuel the explain why the postwar political stalemate. Can anyone explain it to me in a why did trench warfare develop in world the trnches sem to have developed from troops using whatever.
Week 1the cost of expansion (graded)explain how and why slavery developed in the american colonies why couldnt. why did stalemate develop on the western front in 1914 by 1914, stalemate had developed on the western front, caused by the failure of. Start studying us history chapter 19 assessment learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, explain why a stalemate developed on the western front. May ‘s midnight deadline for russia passes in stalemate plans are being developed in the uk to strike 10 reasons why jeremy hunt should give the.
There are a few reasons why stalemate developed on the western front in 1914 among these reasons are the roles the commanders had, communication problems,. The following were equally as important reasons why stalemate developed on the western front was finally broken: explain how fair you agree with this statement. Both sides were fairly equally matched and the use of rapid machine gun fire and the deadlock on the front made gas masks were developed to help the stalemate. Discover what happened during the blitzkrieg, at the start of world war two why was it that britain and france were outfought at every turn.
Guarda il video merkel clings on: german chancellor's last-chance coalition talks reach stalemate i don't think mrs merkel can explain why there can't be any movement there. The doha round is the latest round of trade negotiations among the wto membership its aim is to and especially the least-developed among them,. Developed countries mobilised resources in world war i: why the to explain the outcome of wwi economic historians stress the. Earlier this week, new matilda published a story from economics columnist ian mcauley on why donald trump’s strategy of boosting the military was a poor one he. Trench warfare: trench warfare developed trench systems of progressively greater depth and strength in order to.
3 reasons why trench warfare led to stalemate and the developed rail networks of western europe made it possible to bring up the necessary. Why was the first world war so destructive of why was the first world war so destructive of human life be 'the bloody stalemate' that occurred. In 1946 the house un-american activities committee, and explain its goals and methods explain why huac targeted how this crisis developed,.
Technology during world war i (1914–1918) reflected a trend toward industrialism and the application of mass-production as the stalemate developed on the. Wwi: technology and the weapons of war the tank proved to be the answer to stalemate in the they also developed air-cooled machine guns for airplanes and. Explain why stalemate developed on the western front essays: over 180,000 explain why stalemate developed on the western front essays, explain why stalemate developed. There are many reasons why stalemate developed on the western front, one of the reasons was because the german troops were exhausted as the.
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| 0.957561 | 693 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Parks Victoria clears vegetation the size of 7 MCG stadiums in the Grampians National Park. How do they get away with it? Look what we found! A submission document from Parks Victoria to the Federal Government’s Department of Environment and Energy about the environmental impact of the Grampians Peaks Trail. The document is dated 19/10/2017 and signed off by PV’s District Manager Gavan Mathieson (who has apparently subsequently “resigned” in mysterious circumstances). It contains detailed information about the scale of the environmental damage that will occur during the construction of the still unfinished Grampians Peaks Trail. You can read and see a bit more about the Peaks Trail in two of our previous article #notclimbers and Grampians Peaks Fail.
Now download the submission document here and take a look at the catalogue of horrors within…
This is not the public spin version you may have seen online on Visit Victoria’s website or the pro-economic growth driven Master Plan from 2014. This is the real thing – where PV attempts to justify “the removal of approximately 14.4ha of native vegetation“.
It’s in stark contrast to what PV has been publishing in public about the GPT. Check this classic example from PV’s Rock Climbing Information Page
Let’s examine some of the juicy material within this document. Warning – if you don’t enjoy hypocrisy from land managers we suggest you don’t read further.
The 160km Grampians Peaks Trail (GPT) within the Grampians National Park will entail the removal of approximately 14.4ha of native vegetation comprising:
• 12.1ha for 97.5km of new walking track;
• 0.3ha for 1.62km of vehicle access tracks;
• 0.9ha for 11 new hiker camps; and
• 1.1ha for 5 new trailheads and extension to 5 existing trailheads.
The project footprint is limited to 14.4 ha. Within a 167,000-hectare conservation reserve, this represents a very small direct impact to native vegetation and habitat for significant species
What does 14.4 ha actually equal in square metres? 144,000m²!
What does that equal? An area one kilometer wide by 140m across. We will make it easier for you to visualize. Below is the area transposed over Mt Stapylton and Hollow Mountain.
The area is equivalent to destroying the entire vegetation in the Stapylton Amphitheater between Camp Sandy and Taipan. But don’t worry…
Do you consider this impact to be significant?
144,000m² isn’t significant apparently.
97.5km of new walking track
That’s right. To make the Grampians Peaks Trail they have to cut, from scratch, 97km of brand new track into the bush. Unlike a climbers track, which just wears in from repeated footfalls, this “official” track has to conform to strict guidelines. And that means chop chop chop.
All low overhanging tree limbs will be cleared to a height of 2,200mm above the finished surface of the new walking trail.
• 55.5km will be cleared of vegetation to a width of 600mm, with existing onsite rock used to bench the trail.
•38km and 1km will be 800mm and 1.2m wide respectively. On these wider sections the existing humus layer and vegetation will be removed.
What happens to all that vegetation wastage? If a tree stands in the way of a straight track, they will chainsaw it down, turn it into woodchips and add it as mulch along the track edges. Bonus!
the trail surface will be made up of onsite soil and/or mulched vegetation chipped onto the track.
And if a rocky outcrop gets in the way you don’t walk around it – you bolt a staircase to it, or carve into the rock to make a “natural” staircase. These sorts of constructions are vastly different to the way a climbers track is “built”. In fact, that word shouldn’t apply to climbers tracks as they are more of an evolution that slips around natural features and seasons much like a river. Trees are not cut down because they are in the way, they are walked around. A creek crossing is exactly that – a place to get your feet wet. A rocky scramble is a rocky scramble – not a set of ladders and handrails. It’s hard to get a permit for a track that can move it’s location every year because the local animals and weather decide to change it’s path.
Of course there are tracks larger than just footpads to major climbing areas. For example the track from Camp Sandy to Taipan. That’s a climbers track right? Well recent information we have on hand is that PV themselves have been using the Camp Sandy “climbers” track to drive track building vehicles into the Stapylton Amphitheater! You can see the evidence of mechanical scrapes and scratches all along the track from this. It seems when convenience requires it climbers tracks are pretty great.
138 New Carparks!
To cater for all these new Peaks Trails hikers, Parks Victoria are bulldozing the bush to create 138 new carparking spots all along the spine of the Grampians from north to south. The document revels the exact number of new and upgraded carparks, including ones at well known climbing sites such as Mt Zero (the carpark for Taipan Wall).
Mt Zero Picnic Area: 22 existing carparks, 24 new carparks, mini bus and coach parking, 1 new picnic table, and a gathering area. The activity area is 5,910m², with the extent of vegetation clearing being 1,290m².
So they are going to clear 1,290m² of bush at Stapylton so they can cram more cars, more people, more money and most likely more environmental problems into the area. Climbing areas in the southern and central Grampians seem slated for even bigger changes including whole new carparks and campgrounds. For example…
Redman Rd: 20 new carparks, mini bus and coach parking, 3 picnic tables, water tank, and a gathering area. The activity area is 2,760m², with the extent of vegetation clearing being 2,300m².
But isn’t this area an SPA? One of the largest losses of climbing due to the alleged ban is the huge SPA encircling Barbican Walls, The Dials, Redman’s Buff, Dreamtime and Mt William. The vague maps showing SPA areas published by Parks Victoria seem to show the entire area along Redman Road and Mt William being a Special Protection Area. Surely 2,300m² of vegetation clearing is not allowed in an SPA? And that brings up a really interesting point.
No mention of SPAs
A simple word search of the entire document for “Special Protection” or “SPA” brings up zero results. Surely SPA zoning would be a major obstacle to creating this trail and should be mentioned all through this document? How much of the 14.4 ha of native vegetation removal is in an SPA area? This document does not reveal that. Remember that according to Parks Victoria the SPA’s “are places that are particularly special or are at significant risk. This could be because it is a protected Aboriginal site, or have a threatened species of plant or animal that is vulnerable to human activity.“
It seems PV are entirely willing to bend their own rules when required. When head office says “chop” they reply “how much?”
No Mention of Huts
When these permits were sought way back in 2017 they seemed to be pretty certain that hiker lodges were not part of the plan. That’s code for huts.
Feedback received supported the concept of the GPT, including the hiker camps, however some concerns regarding private sector investment in hiker lodges were raised. Establishment of hiker lodges does not form part of the current project.
But low and behold in 2019, according to a Friends of the Grampians article, PV seems to have snuck in the approval of commercial huts (not just tent platforms) along the whole Grampians Peaks Trail. They call them “pods” but we suspect it is just a bit of wordplay to disguise what they really are. Take a read…
“The timeline has changed, and it will not be complete before March 2020. The main problem is the hiker camps, 4 will be completed by March 2020, there are 11 altogether. Then pods will be constructed at the same camp sites. These are currently only for people doing the PV indigenous cultural guided tour.
Clearly”some concerns” were ignored and “does not form part of the current project” does not mean it won’t happen.
The major thing missing in the entire document is any reference to upgrading already established tracks. Since approximately 50km of this multi-day trail uses “established” tracks it would be interesting to know how much they are widening or otherwise enhancing these sections to fit the higher volume of walkers associated with the GPT. Environmental damage from this is not factored into the 14.4 ha quoted by PV. We know it’s happening.
Clearly these upgraded tracks are substantially wider than even the 1.2m maximum width that PV quoted. The photo below shows damage at least 3m across on the Major Mitchell Plateau.
Now we are sure some you PV apologists will be thinking “but it’s all ok because PV did it by the book. They filled out all the required paperwork, did the assessments and got the permits etc etc”. But the end result is still 144,000m² of government sanctioned destruction to the Grampians, including swathes within the Special Protection Areas. When someone says climbing in SPAs could never get approved because of what zoning it is in – show them this GPT document. There are ways. Or is there?
Why Can’t This System Apply to Climbing Areas?
The crux here is that the so called “banned” climbing areas already exist. The tracks to them already exist. The safety bolts are already installed. The majority of them have existed for many decades – with most of them existing well before they were zoned into SPAs in 2003. So the whole permit and approval system that PV went through for the Grampians Peaks Trail actually doesn’t work for our climbing areas. You can’t retrospectively get this kind of approval. So where does that leave us?
The ridiculous “permit to harm” that was used to reopen Summer Day Valley to commercial groups is not a workable system. Not only is it inappropriate (it is supposed to be used for a high impact activities where someone seeks to damage or risk damage to cultural artifacts – mining or property construction for example) – it is also expensive. It also doesn’t apply to environmental issues – just Aboriginal cultural heritage.
Climbing areas are largely static in their impact once established. The biggest impact over time is usually gradual erosion at the base of boulders and cliffs, minor vegetation damage on walking tracks and chalk build up on holds. In most cases this can be abated quite easily with a little money and elbow grease. Climbing areas in the Grampians don’t suddenly require 20 extra carparks, picnic tables, huts, toilet blocks, boardwalks and mini bus parking. If you climb at Bundaleer today – it looks almost identical to what it looked like in the 1960s – even down to the roadside parking. The track is a little eroded and there are a few more lines of bolts – but the general wildness of the place remains. Climbers are not asking for it to be tamed in any way. Do these static areas really require approval if they have existed for so many years?
Now lets compare Bundaleer to the nearby “approved” walking destination of the Wonderland area. Heavy changes and plenty of them. The tourist debacle to The Pinnacle lookout is now approached by a massive bitumen road, has an ever expanding carpark, metal handrails, large signs, stone steps and a rusting hulk of a lookout bleaching the rock below. That’s what it looks like today and you can bet in the future the track will be tamed even further with more carparks, handrails and “hardening” of the track to handle more people. The lookout is surely due to be replaced. Maybe a glass floored monstrosity like is all the rage overseas? This is called approved progress in the eyes of PV.
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An absolute value equation is enclosed with this symbol. An equation is a mathematical phrase which includes an equal sign. Absolute value inequalities are also enclosed within the same symbol. An inequality is a mathematical phrase which says that values are not equal. Absolute value equations and inequalities must be solved twice but using different methods.
How to Solve Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities - Algebra I
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| 0.9185 | 78 | 3.9375 | 4 |
By the start of the American Civil War in 1861, slavery had been an accepted practice in the United States of America for 200 years. Slavery is the buying and selling of human beings, so that they belong body and soul to a person and can be used in any way the owner wants. The majority of slaves in the United States lived in the South in areas like Virginia and Georgia where they were used to work on large plantations. However for as long as there had been slavery in America there had also been an
anti-slavery movement, a group of people who felt slavery was wrong and should be stopped. Even at
the founding of the nation during the writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, Thomas
Jefferson, who owned slaves himself, wrote a scathing paragraph about the horrors of the slave trade
describing it as that, “execrable commerce” (West 1) and called for an end to it. But although several signers of the Declaration such as John Adams and Alexander Hamilton agreed with Jefferson, the paragraph was removed because it offended the delegates from South Carolina and Georgia, who refused to sign if the paragraph remained. The unity of the new nation was at this time more important to the delegates than the end of slavery. And although over the next decade, slavery was abolished in all Northern states and a ban was placed on importing foreign slaves, the institution of slavery flourished and grew in the South so that by 1861 there were about three and a half million slaves in the United States (Boyer 366). As we can see, since the birth of America there has always been some political will to end slavery and certainly a social will in the form of the abolitionist movement to abolish it, but it was not until Abraham Lincoln became the first Republican president in 1860 on an anti-slavery platform that we see any real chance that the slaves might be freed. Because he became president seven slave owning states... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2012, 08). Who Freed the Slaves?. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 08, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Who-Freed-The-Slaves-1060534.html
"Who Freed the Slaves?" StudyMode.com. 08 2012. 2012. 08 2012 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/Who-Freed-The-Slaves-1060534.html>.
- MLA 7
"Who Freed the Slaves?." StudyMode.com. StudyMode.com, 08 2012. Web. 08 2012. <http://www.studymode.com/essays/Who-Freed-The-Slaves-1060534.html>.
"Who Freed the Slaves?." StudyMode.com. 08, 2012. Accessed 08, 2012. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Who-Freed-The-Slaves-1060534.html.
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Harvard Releases Two Studies About the Quality of the American Diet
Two recent Harvard studies examined dietary issues currently facing many Americans. The first study found that while improvements in the American diet have helped reduce disease and premature death, there is still plenty of room left for further improvements. The second study identified three dietary interventions that would help reduce childhood obesity at a significant savings in health care costs.
The first study measured how changes in dietary quality from 1999-2012 impacted disease and premature death. The researchers examined the dietary quality data of 33,885 Americans who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which used the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010. The researchers also used information from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professional Follow-Up Study (which included approximately 173,000 people) in order to assess how the dietary quality of the participants would impact disease and mortality.
The researchers found that healthier eating habits were associated with the prevention of a cumulative 1.1 million premature deaths over the 14-year period. They also found that the difference in dietary quality between 1999 and 2012 was associated with 12.6% fewer cases of type 2 diabetes, 8.6% fewer cases of cardiovascular disease, and 1.3% fewer cancer cases.
They noted that it only took small dietary quality improvements to achieve these results. However, on a healthiness scale ranging from 0 to 110, with 110 being the healthiest, the participant’s average scores never reached 50.
The second study examined the cost-effectiveness of seven interventions aimed at reducing childhood obesity in the U.S. The researchers developed a detailed prediction model in order to calculate costs and effectiveness of the interventions over a 10-year period from 2015-2025.
They determined that an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, elimination of the tax subsidy for advertising unhealthy food to children, and nutrition standards for all food and drink sold in schools that isn’t school meals would be the most cost effective. They estimated that the three interventions would prevent 576,000, 129,000, and 345,000 cases of childhood obesity, respectively, if implemented on a national scale. They also estimated that the net savings for every dollar spent would be $30.78, $32.53, and $4.56.
Both studies were published in the November 2015 issue of HealthAffairs.
Obesity has far ranging negative effects on health. Each year, obesity causes approximately 300,000 premature deaths in the United States. The negative health effects associated with obesity include high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea.
Improving eating habits and increasing physical activity play a vital role in preventing obesity. It is recommended that we eat five to six servings of fruits and vegetables per day. It also recommended that we get at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity activity every day.
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South Carolina Kershaw County Boykin
Overview of Boykin
Early Boykin History
Boykin is located in Kershaw County
just a few miles south of Camden
. It was named for the William Boykin family who settled the town in 1755.
William's son, Burwell, came to own most of the land on the north and south sides of Swift Creek. In 1792, he dammed the creek to make a 400-acre millpond to power a grist and flour mill, as well as a sawmill. These mills provided jobs and necessary services to the thriving farm community.
Boykin & the Civil War
The Civil War officially ended with Lee's surrender on April 9, 1865, but word traveled slowly and Union general Edward Potter continued his destructive raid through South Carolina for days thereafter. On April 19, his troops engaged with Confederate regulars at Boykin's Mill. The outnumbered South Carolina troops were only able to slow the raiders by one day. Lieutenant Stevens of the 54th Massachusetts, killed in this battle, was the last known Federal officer to die in the Civil War.
Fifteen-year-old Burwell Boykin, a volunteer with the South Carolina Home Guard and a descendant of Boykin's founder, was among those who defended his home that day.
Another Boykin descendant gave us our state dog, the Boykin Spaniel. In the early 1900s, Whit Boykin experimented with breeding until he developed an all-purpose hunting dog small enough for boat travel who would retrieve on both land and water. Boykins are now found all over America, and like many sporting breeds make wonderful family pets.
Today, Boykin is a small community in rural Kershaw County. There are a couple of restaurants and small shops gathered around the old millpond, includng the Mill Pond Steakhouse
which is housed in the former mill. Swift Creek Baptist Church, established in 1787, stands proudly just a short walk away.
Camden is the largest city near Boykin. Here is a map of the Camden area
General Information, Jobs
Recreation, Entertainment, Tourism
Schools, Colleges, Libraries
Hospitals, Churches, Helping Organizations
Places Near Boykin
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Last updated on September 9th, 2022 at 03:02 pm
The birth of the daughter of pre-independent India, Sarojini Naidu(13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949), was at a crucial time when India was laden with unfathomably tormenting issues. Sarojini Naidu suffered in making India an independent nation, happily estranged from the British empire and to become the woman that she is, she had to contest with innumerable stereotypical notions of being a woman and thus, fragile and incapable, as supported by Indians, to be considered capable of fighting her own battles and those of her own country and, more importantly, to be heard and taken seriously. Called the “Nightingale of India”, Sarojini Naidu, is one of the most influential woman patriot, freedom fighter and poet of modern India. With her poems, she tries to educate the eradication of some sickly thoughts that are bred India. But, in her poem, “Indian Weavers”, Sarojini Naidu portrays a different genre, far removed from patriotism, but too close to life and death, and all that lies in between the only two truths that govern the existence of each being, that is, life and death. The poem digresses from the theme of the majority of the poet’s poems, which revolve around India and focuses more on life as we know it – its philosophy, its truth.
“Indian Weavers” Summary and Analysis by Sarojini Naidu
The poem can be folded into three parts – each stanza represents the three stages of life. Each stage represents childhood, youth and old age, respectively. Or more appropriately, birth, living life, and death appear to have been signified as the three stages of the cycle of life. Nonetheless, we find that the poem has been structured in a question-answer pattern. The poet asks three questions to the weavers and they answer accordingly, to put it simply. However, in the questions and answers lies the temperament of the poem.
In the first stanza, the poet enquires about the weavers, weaving while the rays of sunlight hit the earth. She is inquisitive since they are weaving, or working when it is too early to even be awake. Moreover, the garment that is being prepared seems profoundly “gay”( happy) to the poet. Thus, her inquiry seems to be obvious. And, then the weavers answer by saying that they are making a garment for a “new-born child” which is of the color blue – that blue, which the halcyon bird has been dipped in – gay and merry and bright in its innocent appearance. The fact that the weavers weave “at the break of day” is very important. The start of a new day has been used as a metaphor for the start of a new life. The halcyon bird( a mythical bird, could be kind of Kingfisher as well) has been used as a simile, to give us a hint about the majestic royalty that is symbolic of the color blue. Majestic and royal because a child is the apparition of God himself. Thereby, one can easily guess that the occasion of being born on the earth is being celebrated in the first stanza of the poem, signifying the arrival of new hope to the world.
The second stanza of the poem is in every manner more significant since it deals with that part of our life in which we are most active, each as if capable of conquering the world. The poet again goes on to ask the weavers, what have they been weaving rather why have they been weaving, at the “fall of night”( which should stand for the evening), such a bright garment. To which, the weavers announce that they are making the “marriage-veils of a queen”, that is to be feathery thin, and “Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green”. Thus like the feathers of a peacock, the veil has to be engulfed with the color purple and green. Purple may signify the extravagance of a kingly kind, showy and bedazzling. But the color green could stand for Nature and also for youth, prosperity, and beauty. For youth lies in the epitome of our life, when all can be done, dreams can be dreamt and realize. It symbolizes hope. It could be that the poet tries to bring our attention to the fact that though the night is falling, and the youth of each’s life is passing, we tend to fight the aging by wearing bright and cheerful things, to make ourselves happy and cloaked from what is to come. Being devoid of gloom, we transcend ourselves to the beauty that life itself is.
Since night itself has no light, the youth by wearing something bright, are providing light to produce a ray of hope ( that rests in the color green, whereas, purple here stands to signify the shiny nature of youth, which eliminates darkness with its bright shine) in the dark. However, the mention of “marriage-veils” could suggest the stepping of the youth into adulthood, margined by responsibilities. Thus, purple and green refer to the two parts of youth. The poet first mentions purple because, it stands for the early phase of youth, when one is devoid of many responsibilities and, is dressed in their best attire (which may also try to give the idea that it is the time when they are their best selves). And, green stands for the later part of the youth when marriage and thus, responsibilities make one’s life more settled and calm, filled with blissful moments to of love and care. Therefore, this stanza for the mirth, and the free and vibrant nature of youth which afterward become more grounded and joyous has been hinted in this stanza.
The last stanza of the poem occupies our minds, the most and leaves us brooding over the ultimate end of each of our lives. In the third stanza, the poet asks the weavers regarding why are they weaving at the dead of night, when nature is still and its very cold and chilly. The attitude of the weavers seem to have altered, as they are extraordinarily quiet and calm in their reply, when they go on to say that they are making a lifeless being’s funeral shroud, for life has left the body of the dead man and one can suppose that the man has been engulfed by the peace of his soul. On this saddening and grieving occasion, the weavers are making the “ dead man’s funeral shroud”, which is as white as a bird’s feather, and as white as a cloud can be. Interestingly, for the first and the only time in the poem, the poet notes the expressions of the weavers – they are “ solemn and still”.
This could indicate that they are, in showing respect to the departed, are going about their work in resolute, silence and solemnity. The word “still” may stand for the immobility of the dead. “White” has been repeated twice in the second last line, signifying purity and old age, coming of the being, more close to death and to God, as they call it. The use of the word, “feather” obviously denotes that since the body is now lifeless, there is no weight contained in that man. He is as light as a feather. Again, the use of the word “cloud” could indicate, going by the general notions, that the soul of the dead man has reached the domain of God, that is supposed to be beyond and through the clouds. Thus, the last stanza emphasizes on the last stage of a man, that is old age and eventual death.
Throughout the poem, we find metaphors and similes aided to the becoming of the poet for what it is. Though there is one thing that is most debatable and interesting, that is the identity of the weavers. Why weavers? Why Indian weavers? It is noteworthy that, according to Greek mythology, the Fates were personified as three very old women who spin the threads of human destiny. Their names were Clotho (Spinner), Lachesis (Allotter), and Atropos (Inflexible). Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate, Lachesis dispensed it, and Atropos cut the thread (thus determining the individual’s moment of death).
Thus, is it not very clear that each stanza represents one the Fate women and is deliberately arranged in the same order, in terms of birth, life, and death, as the Fate women are assigned their tasks. Clotho spins the thread of human fate, thus, deciding on when the being is to be born and is born. Similarly, Lachesis dispenses it, deciding on their longevity and the period of their youth, lastly, the unmovable Atropos, who cuts the thread of life, that is bestowed death on the being, and that cannot be altercated. Thus, by the name of the poem, that is, “Indian Weavers” the poet could suggest the Indian version of Fates or an amalgamation of both Greek and Indian mythology, responding to a man’s cycle of life – the makers of destiny. For it has always been said that the Divine holds the thread of a man’s life. The poem, “Indian Weavers”, with its broadness of view, accommodates both the personal as well as the universal, in one knot, that life is. Liked going through the summary and analysis of Indian weavers?
Some online learning platforms provide certifications, while others are designed to simply grow your skills in your personal and professional life. Including Masterclass and Coursera, here are our recommendations for the best online learning platforms you can sign up for today.
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Sítios do Vale do Rio Côa e de Siega Verde
Created in August 1996 with the objective of placing the rock art of Vale do Côa on public visit.
The Vale do Côa Archaeological Park was created in August 1996 with the purpose of managing, protecting, musealizing and placing on public visit the rock art of Vale do Côa.
The art of Côa was classified as a National Monument in 1997 and a World Heritage Site in 1998 by UNESCO.
In August 2010, the extension of the Côa Valley in Spain, Siega Verde, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Committee's world heritage list. This rock station is located next to the Águeda River, a tributary of the Douro, a few kilometers from the Portuguese border of Vilar Formoso, in Villar de la Yegua, Salamanca, and includes 94 panels spread over 15 kilometers, with more than 500 representations of animals and some schematic signs that were discovered in the late eighties. The similarities with the Foz Côa prints made it possible to ensure that the Siega Verde prints were made by the men of the Upper Paleolithic, between 20,000 and 12,000 years before our era, being contemporary with those of the Côa.
These nuclei have engravings, mostly dated from the Upper Paleolithic (more than 10,000 before the present), but the valley also kept examples of paintings and
engravings from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, engravings from the Iron Age and from the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, when the millers, the last engravers of the Côa, abandoned the valley floor.
In order to preserve the rock art centers and the ancient archaeological sites, the PAVC manages a territory of two hundred square kilometers around the last kilometers of the Côa river valley and close to its confluence with the Douro. This territory includes parts of the municipalities of Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, Meda, Pinhel and Vila Nova de Foz Côa.
Source: DGPC (www.patrimoniocultural.pt)
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4th Jun 2018
A number of eye-catching and potentially transformational innovations have emerged that could help businesses and nations deliver on resource efficiency, low-carbon transitions and combat climate change. Here, edie rounds-up six of the best.
Brick by Dirty Brick
Away from his Tesla and SpaceX escapades, Elon Musk has been investing in high-speed electric transport infrastructure. Musk’s Boring Company has outlined plans to dig tunnels below Los Angeles to enable this transport, and it seems the construction of this process will lead to some low-carbon benefits.
On Twitter this week, Musk noted that the Boring Company would use the dirt from the tunnel digging to create bricks for low-cost housing. The plans have since been confirmed by Bloomberg, with a company spokesperson claiming “there will be an insane amount of bricks”.
While Musk has outlined the plans to sell the bricks, he also noted the future Boring Company offices and even some part of the tunnel could replace concrete constructions with the bricks – delivering a lower carbon footprint while creating a second life for the construction waste of the tunnel. No information is available on how many bricks could be created.
As of January 2018, UK companies are prohibited from producing products that contain ” rinse-off microbeads”, due to the damage they cause to marine life. Now, researchers at the University of Bath believe that a biodegradable alternative could not only halt this damage, but actually reverse some of it.
As described in the journal ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, the researchers have developed microbeads made of cellulose found in plants, algae and even shellfish. Despite originally testing how cellulose could be used to make electronics more recyclable, the researchers soon found that by dissolving cellulose and forcing the solution through pores in glass membranes, they could create a microbead alternative.
Some of these biodegradable beads could be used to absorb pollution or the chemicals in sunscreen, according to the journal, both of which impact marine health. The research team are now investigating how the beads interact with ingredients in washes and creams.
You got mail!
Single-use plastic packaging is undoubtedly a hot topic at the moment, having been the focus of this year’s Earth Day and the subject of much government debate. In a bid to help big-name online brands phase out flexible plastic bags, packaging firm Duo UK is has created mailing bags made from sugarcane as a sustainable alternative.
The Manchester-based company, which makes mailing bags for brands including JD Sports, Tesco and JD Williams, claims it is the first UK manufacturer to produce mailing bags from GreenPE. While traditional plastic bags are made from polythene derived from fossil fuels, GreenPE is a biopolymer produced using renewable sugarcane. It is chemically identical to traditional plastic and, because sugarcane captures and stores CO2 from the atmosphere as it grows, it is technically carbon-negative.
Duo UK estimates that if all mailing bags produced in the UK were made of GreenPE, the nation’s carbon footprint could be reduced by 46,000 tonnes of CO2 annually – the equivalent of the average passenger plane flying around the world 10,000 times.
The global market for nappies is booming and is set to be worth more than £55bn by 2020 – but biodegradable nappies can take up to 50 years to decompose in landfill sites, while their non-biodegradable counterparts may require 500 years to fully break down.
A team of researchers at Taiwan’s Chung Hua University have created a machine capable of recycling almost 100kg of used nappies per hour using less water than the average toilet. It works by cleaning the nappies in disinfectant before splitting them into plastic, fluff fibres and absorbent material. The used water is then recycled onsite while the clean materials can be sent away for re-incorporation into new household items like plastic bags, sanitary towels and cardboard boxes. The estimated daily carbon emission from this process is 35.1 kg of CO2.
The researchers are now planning to build a larger machine, capable of processing 10 tonnes of nappies each day. If this prototype is successful, it could be rolled out at hospices, care homes, hospitals and nurseries across Taiwan.
Drink your food waste problems away
Supermarkets have been criticised for contributing to the UK’s food waste mountain by sticking rigidly to quality specifications, and routinely rejecting “ugly” or misshapen, but edible, fruit and vegetables grown by suppliers. What’s more, research suggests that most supermarket customers are only willing to buy imperfect fruit and vegetables at a significant discount.
So, in a bid to reduce the amount of ‘ugly’ produce going to landfill, two of Tesco’s major suppliers have created a range of new juices made from apples, beetroot, strawberries and watermelons that fail to meet produce specifications.
The range is launching this month and will be sold in 350 Tesco stores across the UK, with Waste Not estimating that the juices will save around 3.5 tonnes of produce from being wasted within the first 12 weeks of sale.
House of virtual cards
Of the many plastic items going to landfill, credit cards are often overlooked. They are typically made from PVC and outlive their usefulness after three years, so lending startup Affirm has created a plastic-free credit card alternative which only exists online.
The startup, founded by PayPal co-founder Max Levchin, is targeting millennials with its new card-free micro-lending programme, which sees customers either signing up on the Affirm website for financing or applying for it at the checkout on some online stores before making monthly repayments.
Affirm recently announced it was making the programme available through Apple Pay – a step which essentially makes it a credit card provider without physical cards as it enables customers to tap their iPhones for their payments in brick-and-mortar stores. This could help reduce the amount of PVC credit cards produced worldwide each year, which currently stands at roughly six billion according to the International Card Manufacturers Association.
edie.net is a trusted and integral part of the workflow of more than 69,000 energy and sustainability professionals. It delivers daily news and commentary, expert advice and business tools, downloadable industry reports and guides, exclusive research, access to video, webinars and podcasts, opt-in daily and weekly newsletters and a unique content distribution hub for product and service suppliers.
As featured on Edie.net on 11th May 2018
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Collision: misadventure by motor car
The motor car emerged as an essential form of personal transport in the 1920s and increasingly police were called to investigate traffic-related offences. A selection of images taken by police photographers in the aftermath of incidents that occurred between the early 1920s and 1964 is on display in the Archive Gallery.
About the Archive Gallery
The Justice & Police Museum's photography space, The Archive Gallery, presents a display of selected images from the Museum’s archive of forensic negatives.
The archive was originally created by the New South Wales Police between 1912 and 1964 and contains an estimated 130,000 negatives. It may be the biggest police photography archive of its type in the southern hemisphere, and offers the standard fare of police investigation: mug shots, accident scenes, crashes, murders, fires, forgeries, fingerprints – images stemming from every imaginable variety of law breaking, and spanning six decades of the 20th century.
More examples of photographs from the archives can be accessed via our Pictures Collection.
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Early Warning of Alzheimers:
Although I usually write articles on the subjects of productivity and workplace effectiveness, I came across anything article recently, and I thought I would bring your attention about critical disease of alzheimers. The wonderful website Psyblog ran an article based on a study by Dr Barbara B. Bendlin that suggests poor sleep could be an early sign of Alzheimer’s in people who are otherwise healthy.
How bad sleeping habits effects and leads to Early Warning of Alzheimers?
In the post, it was suggested that scientists have found links between certain biological markers of Alzheimer’s and an individual’s sleep disturbances. Dr Barbara B. Bendlin, who led the study, said: “Previous evidence has shown that sleep may influence the development or progression of Alzheimer’s disease in various ways.” She is under say, “Disrupted sleep or lack of sleep may lead to amyloid plaque buildup because the brain’s clearance system kicks into action during sleep.”
If you’re interested in reading more you can find the complete article here:
“Our study looked not only for amyloid but for other biological markers in the spinal fluid as well.͟” The study was carried out on 101 people with an average age of 63.
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We Went to the Moon Way Sooner Than We Should Have and That’s Amazing
Article Published by: jalopnik.com
On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy made a speech to congress that asked what is likely the most audacious, improbable request ever recorded in the history of politics.
That speech asked that Congress commit time, money and considerable resources to putting human beings on the surface of the moon—and returning them safely home—before the 1960s were over, less than nine years from the time of the speech. If you really look at where the United States was in terms of space exploration at the time, the speech seems absolutely insane. You know what’s even more insane? The fact that, if you’ll forgive the spoiler alert—we did it.
Just in case you forgot or have misplaced your commemorative pillow with the speech embroidered on it, I’ll refresh you with the relevant part of the speech:
I therefore ask the Congress, above and beyond the increases I have earlier requested for space activities, to provide the funds which are needed to meet the following national goals:
First, I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations-explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook: the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the moon-if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.
Now, let’s take a good, hard look at exactly what the American space program had accomplished at this time to give the president the confidence he needed to make such an incredibly grand promise:
Not a whole hell of a lot.
If you want to be harsh, you could say that in the middle of 1961 what the National Aeronautics and Space Administration specialized in was getting embarrassed by the Soviet Union. At the time of Kennedy’s speech, these were the space achievements the Soviets had racked up:
First man-made object in space, first animal in space, first spacecraft to pass lunar orbit, first spacecraft to impact the moon, first images of the moon’s far side, first safe return of living animals from orbit, first Venus probe, and even the first human in space, and the first human to orbit the Earth.
The United States, on the other hand, had significantly fewer firsts, and had been playing catch-up. At the time of Kennedy’s speech, we’d managed to send a human into space as well, Alan Shepard, but only for a short sub-orbital hop, unlike Yuri Gagarin’s full orbit in a much larger spacecraft.
It’s worth remembering that when Kennedy gave his speech, asking for the considerable resources needed to make his promise, the list of things NASA needed to develop, both in terms of actual hardware and techniques, to actually get to the moon was laughably complex and long:
First, and most obviously, they needed rockets actually powerful enough to reach the moon, and capable of lifting all the mass needed; they needed spacecraft with life support systems capable of handling a crew with multiple people for multiple days; they needed to understand how to feed this crew, how to handle their wastes, how to let them sleep; they needed to know how to communicate with spacecraft at vast distances, how to build a spacecraft that could not just land on the moon, but also a way to launch a return rocket from the moon’s surface to return to Earth; they needed computers powerful enough and yet small enough to be integrated into the spacecraft; they needed to know how to perform orbital maneuvers like rendezvous and docking and changing orbits and how to make heat shields capable of reentry at high speeds, and, and, and so much more.
Really, it’d be easier and quicker to list what NASA did know how to do at this point. I’m not saying these things to be some bully trying to make early-60s-era NASA run home crying, I’m saying these things because it’s worth remembering exactly how outlandish Kennedy’s ambition really was back then.
I know so many of us equate NASA now with the famous Gene Kranz quote from the near-disaster of the Apollo 13 mission, “failure is not an option,” but the real truth is that not only was failure a very real option regarding getting to the moon by 1969, it was the one option that could be pretty much guaranteed to have a chance of happening at all. If you were the betting sort around this time, failure would be by far the safest place for your money.
Suggesting America in 1961 pledge to putting a person on the moon by 1969 would be like getting the President today to pledge to have operable, usable nuclear fusion by 2029 or so, if you could get him to stop tweeting hateful things long enough to have some intern Google “nucular fushion” for him.
If you think about all that had to be done to get people on the moon at that time, I don’t think it would be unreasonable to say that, had the technology progressed at conventional levels without the intense focus and unheard of resource allocation of the Apollo program, we’d have had our moon landing sometime around, oh, maybe 1981 or so.
But, of course, that’s not how it happened, at all. Collectively, we decided that getting to the moon as fast as possible—even if it meant doing so in a way that would not make future lunar exploration any easier—was more important than anything.
There was a certain kind of wonderful and inspiring collective insanity going on then, fueled in part by our fear of the spacefaring and technological prowess of the Soviets, and partially out of a very idiosyncratically human love of accomplishing something new.
In some ways, the moon landing program is perhaps the most deliriously human act ever accomplished, in the sense that it embodies so many of those qualities that really differentiate human beings from just very smart animals who know how to do agriculture and the recipe for corn dogs.
The act itself—even though it fostered incredible technological growth and furthered science dramatically—was essentially a useless act. We weren’t trying to get to the moon to mine its resources to improve the quality of human life or to escape some sort of enemy or threat or to find more livable space for people, we were going because it was, well, there.
Kennedy himself effectively said as much in his 1962 speech at Rice University, when the Apollo program was already under way:
We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
Look what that’s saying, there. It’s saying that we’re going to the moon because it’s very hard to go to the moon, and, well, we really want to see if we can pull it off.
This is such a beautiful, irrational, wonderful human trait, this desire to do and create glorious and technically useless things and acts. This desire is the foundation of all art, from the most numinous Rothko to the shiniest Koons. It’s music and comedy and jelly beans that taste like chili and daredevils in star-spangled helmets attempting to jump ravines on motorcycles. It’s everything that on paper contributes nothing to the actual business of living but at the same time makes bothering to keep living worth anything at all.
Landing on the moon may be one of my favorite acts that humans have done, ever, because it was on such a colossal scale, involved so many people, pushed us so hard and launched so many technologies forward in a way one never sees outside of war, and yet at the same time was something of a rush job that didn’t provide a good path to continuation or growth, and revealed that other deeply human trait: our incredible capacity for boredom.
People were already considering the moon landings old hat by the third landing, Apollo 13, when the major networks didn’t even bother to run the live broadcasts from the spacecraft en route to the moon, thinking they wouldn’t get good ratings.
This idea is about as astounding as the moon landings themselves, and another reminder that, fundamentally, humans are deeply ridiculous.
I hope that attitude of complacency is something maybe we have outgrown. I’m hoping that this 50th anniversary of humankind’s greatest triple-dog-dare with ourselves will make us take a moment and realize, that, holy shit, the moon landing was sort of a historical fluke the likes of which we may never actually see again.
It was a time when, out of sheer force of will and a massive collective desire from many, many brilliant men and women we took the normal pace of human development and pumped it full of Adderall and Red Bull until it fucking cranked, and as a result humanity achieved a milestone of space travel that, if you were an alien race watching humanity, you would have predicted would only happen decades later.
I still find myself occasionally looking at the moon at night, and feeling a sense of wonder and awe and joy that other humans have been there, that the moon is not just Earth’s natural satellite, not some cold glowing orb, but a place where people have been.
That thought gives me chills still, in a good way, and maybe that is as much proof as we’ll ever need that doing so was a damn good idea.
About Jaime Bonetti Zeller
Jaime Bonetti Zeller is an investment professional and entrepreneur with businesses in multiple industries. He is president of Servicios Consulares Eurodom, the local partner in the Caribbean region for VFS Global, a leader global outsourcing and technology services specialist for diplomatic missions and governments worldwide. Jaime Bonetti Zeller also started the company Sofratesa de Panama inc., an organization in the engineering services industry located in Panama City.
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| 0.963958 | 2,285 | 2.921875 | 3 |
I read a blog the other day about calories. It was a wonderful piece of writing and there was a lot of truth in it, but if you take all of your diet advice from a guy known as Fatty, you may need to look elsewhere for diet advice.
A calorie is the amount of energy it takes to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. As an example of how confusing this is, 76 grams of light ice cream contains 125 calories. That is 76 grams of material at zero degrees Celsius and your body is at 37 degrees Celsius. Some quick math would suggest that it would take more energy (calories) to warm the ice cream to body temperature than are contained in the ice cream. That is because the calories that we talk about are kilocalories and so our definitions get a little mixed up. I guess that is just my way of saying that even though ice cream is cold and your body heats it, doesn’t make it a good diet food.
In short, a calorie is the energy contained in food, that your body either uses for activities or stores to be used later… or not. If you want to remain at a constant weight, you need to eat the same number of calories that you expend during the day. If you want to lose weight, you need to expend more calories than you consume. Really, weight loss is that simple if it weren’t for feelings of hunger.
Exercising more tends to make you more hungry. While that seems like a bad thing, studies have consistently shown that the more calories that you expend, the more closely your body is able to regulate your hunger and how much you eat. Additionally, exercise is the best way to remain healthy. While that is not an open ticket to eat whatever you want after exercise, it is a good reason to exercise.
One thing to consider when you exercise (and eat afterwords), is how many calories you burn (and consume). A half hour of fairly vigorous exercise will burn about 200 calories. A tablespoon of peanut butter contains about 200 calories. A double fudge brownie dessert thing from a restaurant contains, I don’t know, lets just say more than 200 calories. Lets also say that it would take more than an hour of intense physical activity to burn off the calories from the dessert.
Since most people are unwilling to put in the time doing intense exercise, diet (not eating the dessert and cutting back on peanut butter) is the best way to manage weight. But don’t forget that exercise is going to help you in the long run as well.
Earlier I mentioned hunger and I just need to make a final point. The key to managing hunger is to consume more foods that are high in fiber and water (vegetables, whole grains, and broth based soups) and to consume less fat (dressings, gravies, butter, high fat dairy, and fatty meats). It’s a matter of consuming foods that fill you up without providing calories (fiber and water) and minimizing foods that are high in calories but don’t fill you up (fatty foods).
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CC-MAIN-2018-05
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http://myselfsufficienthome.com/2011/07/
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| 0.960919 | 639 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Programming in C# (20483C)
This course is not designed for students who are new to programming; it is targeted at professional developers with at least one month of experience programming in an object-oriented environment.
After completing this course, students will be able to:
- Describe the core syntax and features of Visual C#.
- Create methods, handle exceptions, and describe the monitoring requirements of large-scale applications.
- Implement the basic structure and essential elements of a typical desktop application.
- Create classes, define and implement interfaces, and create and use generic collections.
- Use inheritance to create a class hierarchy and to extend a .NET Framework class.
- Read and write data by using file input/output and streams, and serialize and deserialize data in different formats.
- Create and use an entity data model for accessing a database and use LINQ to query data.
- Access and query remote data by using the types in the System.Net namespace and WCF Data Services.
- Build a graphical user interface by using XAML.
- Improve the throughput and response time of applications by using tasks and asynchronous operations.
- Integrate unmanaged libraries and dynamic components into a Visual C# application.
- Examine the metadata of types by using reflection, create and use custom attributes, generate code at runtime, and manage assembly versions.
- Encrypt and decrypt data by using symmetric and asymmetric encryption.
Module 1: Review of Visual C# Syntax
The Microsoft .NET Framework version 4.7 provides a comprehensive development platform that you can use to build, deploy, and manage applications and services. By using the .NET Framework, you can create visually compelling applications, enable seamless communication across technology boundaries, and provide support for a wide range of business processes. In this module, you will learn about some of the core features provided by the .NET Framework and Microsoft Visual Studio. You will also learn about some of the core Visual C# constructs that enable you to start developing .NET Framework applications.
- Overview of Writing Application by Using Visual C#
- Data Types, Operators, and Expressions
- Visual C# Programming Language Constructs
Module 2: Creating Methods, Handling Exceptions, and Monitoring Applications
Applications often consist of logical units of functionality that perform specific functions, such as providing access to data or triggering some logical processing. Visual C# is an object-orientated language and uses the concept of methods to encapsulate logical units of functionality. A method can be as simple or as complex as you like, and therefore it is important to consider what happens to the state of your application when an exception occurs in a method. In this module, you will learn how to create and use methods and how to handle exceptions. You will also learn how to use logging and tracing to record the details of any exceptions that occur.
- Creating and Invoking Methods
- Creating Overloaded Methods and Using Optional and Output Parameters
- Handling Exceptions
- Monitoring Applications
Module 3: Basic types and constructs of Visual C#
To create effective applications by using Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) or other .NET Framework platforms, you must first learn some basic Visual C# constructs. You need to know how to create simple structures to represent the data items you are working with. You need to know how to organize these structures into collections, so that you can add items, retrieve items, and iterate over your items. Finally, you need to know how to subscribe to events so that you can respond to the actions of your users. In this module, you will learn how to create and use structs and enums, organize data into collections, and create and subscribe to events.
- Implementing Structs and Enums
- Organizing Data into Collections
- Handling Events
Module 4: Creating Classes and Implementing Type-Safe Collections
In this module, you will learn how to use interfaces and classes to define and create your own custom, reusable types. You will also learn how to create and use enumerable, type-safe collections of any type.
- Creating Classes
- Defining and Implementing Interfaces
- Implementing Type-Safe Collections
Module 5: Creating a Class Hierarchy by Using Inheritance
In this module, you will learn how to use inheritance to create class hierarchies and to extend .NET Framework types.
- Creating Class Hierarchies
- Extending .NET Framework Classes
Module 6: Reading and Writing Local Data
In this module, you will learn how to read and write data by using transactional file system I/O operations, how to serialize and deserialize data to the file system, and how to read and write data to the file system by using streams.
- Reading and Writing Files
- Serializing and Deserializing Data
- Performing I/O by Using Streams
Module 7: Accessing a Database
In this module, you will learn how to create and use entity data models (EDMs) and how to query many types of data by using Language-Integrated Query (LINQ).
- Creating and Using Entity Data Models
- Querying Data by Using LINQ
Module 8: Accessing Remote Data
In this module, you will learn how to use the request and response classes in the System.Net namespace to directly manipulate remote data sources. You will also learn how to use Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) Data Services to expose and consume an entity data model (EDM) over the web.
- Accessing Data Across the Web
- Accessing Data by Using OData Connected Services
Module 9: Designing the User Interface for a Graphical Application
In this module, you will learn how to use Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML) and Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) to create engaging UIs.
- Using XAML to Design a User Interface
- Binding Controls to Data
Module 10: Improving Application Performance and Responsiveness
In this module, you will learn how to improve the performance of your applications by distributing your operations across multiple threads.
- Implementing Multitasking
- Performing Operations Asynchronously
- Synchronizing Concurrent Access to Data
Module 11: Integrating with Unmanaged Code
In this module, you will learn how to interoperate unmanaged code in your applications and how to ensure that your code releases any unmanaged resources.
- Creating and Using Dynamic Objects
- Managing the Lifetime of Objects and Controlling Unmanaged Resources
Module 12: Creating Reusable Types and Assemblies
In this module, you will learn how to consume existing assemblies by using reflection and how to add additional metadata to types and type members by using attributes. You will also learn how to generate code at run time by using the Code Document Object Model (CodeDOM) and how to ensure that your assemblies are signed and versioned, and available to other applications, by using the global assembly cache (GAC).
- Examining Object Metadata
- Creating and Using Custom Attributes
- Generating Managed Code
- Versioning, Signing, and Deploying Assemblies
Module 13: Encrypting and Decrypting Data
In this module, you will learn how to implement symmetric and asymmetric encryption and how to use hashes to generate mathematical representations of your data. You will also learn how to create and manage X509 certificates and how to use them in the asymmetric encryption process.
- Implementing Symmetric Encryption
- Implementing Asymmetric Encryption
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<urn:uuid:27523294-8310-48dc-8e5e-10bd250d7f6d>
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CC-MAIN-2021-10
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https://academy.techdata.com/pe/training/course/20483c/
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| 0.844172 | 1,564 | 3.046875 | 3 |
24/7 Reliable Electricians
Emergency lighting is an essential component for any business in contemporary times. It ensures a safe and smooth evacuation from a building during catastrophic events by providing illumination and enabling the people to see clearly, avoid obstacles, and move confidently to the nearest safe space amidst a crisis. The National Fire Code of Canada, 1995 mandates that all buildings have exit lighting, exit signs, and emergency lighting. Exit lighting and exit signs should be illuminated during the time a building is occupied, and emergency lights ought to be regularly maintained in conformance with governmental regulations.
Therefore, it is imperative for all building owners to hire a commercial electrical service and update the emergency lights. Now that we have touched upon the basics of emergency lighting let us dovetail into the topic of emergency light repair in further detail.
Batteries that can be recharged in the event of a power outage are used to power emergency lights. The batteries are installed directly within the emergency lights or supplied to the source via a secondary backup power supply. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy to remember that it is essential that each emergency light remain active for at least three to four hours after a mains power supply outage. However, the minimum requirement is around one hour for cases wherein the occupants can evacuate the building rapidly. Some of the typical businesses that require a three-hour duration of emergency lighting system include sleeping accommodations such as hotels, hospitals, and boarding schools, recreational facilities like theatres and restaurants, and non-residential public buildings like libraries, shopping malls, etc. Consequently, some businesses requiring a one-hour emergency lighting system include industrial facilities, teaching centers, research facilities, and so forth. Now that we know the functioning of an emergency lighting system let us understand the different emergency lighting requirements as per the location of the building.
In addition, some other building areas that may require emergency lighting include lifts and moving staircases, corridor intersections, toilet facilities if they are larger than eight square meters, etc. Again, an adept commercial electrical agency is needed to guide building owners with the installation, repair, maintenance, and even replacement of the emergency lighting system.
There exist a massive assortment of emergency light fixtures, and some of the common ones are –
They work as a standard light fitting during regular times and are connected and controlled with all other lights of a building together. A maintained emergency light provides normal levels of illumination when the mains power is available and will operate on battery power at reduced illumination when the mains power fails. They are typically used in car parks and fire stairs.
They are not illuminated until the main power fails. Non-maintained emergency lights are not connected to the mains and are usually used as emergency exits in commercial offices.
They consist of two or more lights, wherein at least one of them is powered up from the emergency ballast, and the other is powered via the standard mains electricity supply.
Now that we know about the nitty-gritty of emergency lighting systems let us get into the details of their repair and replacement.
The National Fire Code of Canada mandates that building owners should regularly maintain and repair emergency lighting systems. There are heavy penalties such as fines, building limitations, imprisonment, etc., in case of inconsistencies and slacking with timely repair and replacement of emergency lighting. Therefore, regular testing and repair of emergency lighting systems are crucial to ensure the safety of people and also to stay away from legal troubles.
Getting in touch with a certified commercial electrical service provider that deals with emergency lighting repair in Edmonton is crucial for every building owner or business venture. Various manual and automatic tests are available nowadays to investigate the functioning of an emergency lighting system and take action accordingly.
So, there we have it, a comprehensive overview of emergency lighting systems. Needless to say, an emergency light system is a veritable requirement for any commercial building or other types of public spaces susceptible to evacuation risks. They ease the process of moving people away from an area during crises and avoid tragedies of all sorts. Moreover, the Canadian Building regulations mandate installing and regularly repairing emergency lights, and failure to do so carries hefty penalties.
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<urn:uuid:405fa9c2-5f07-4b07-95ed-3f9fe5bf82d2>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://professionalelectrical.ca/emergency-light-repair-in-edmonton/
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| 0.949799 | 880 | 2.546875 | 3 |
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Open-File Report 03-371
Computational Technique and Performance of Transient Inundation Model for Rivers--2 Dimensional (TRIM2RD): A Depth-Averaged Two-Dimensional Flow Model
By Janice M. Fulford
A numerical computer model, Transient Inundation Model for Rivers -- 2 Dimensional (TrimR2D), that solves the two-dimensional depth-averaged flow equations is documented and discussed. The model uses a semi-implicit, semi-Lagrangian finite-difference method. It is a variant of the Trim model and has been used successfully in estuarine environments such as San Francisco Bay. The abilities of the model are documented for three scenarios: uniform depth flows, laboratory dam-break flows, and large-scale riverine flows. The model can start computations from a “dry” bed and converge to accurate solutions. Inflows are expressed as source terms, which limits the use of the model to sufficiently long reaches where the flow reaches equilibrium with the channel. The data sets used by the investigation demonstrate that the model accurately propagates flood waves through long river reaches and simulates dam breaks with abrupt water-surface changes.
Summary and Conclusions
Appendix A. File Specifications for Model Input and Output Files
This report is available online in Portable Document Format (PDF). If you do not have the Adobe Acrobat PDF Reader, it is available for free download from Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Download the report (PDF, 1.04 MB)
Document Accessibility: Adobe Systems Incorporated has information about PDFs and the visually impaired. This information provides tools to help make PDF files accessible. These tools convert Adobe PDF documents into HTML or ASCII text, which then can be read by a number of common screen-reading programs that synthesize text as audible speech. In addition, an accessible version of Acrobat Reader 5.0 for Windows (English only), which contains support for screen readers, is available. These tools and the accessible reader may be obtained free from Adobe at Adobe Access.
Send questions or comments about this report to the author, Janice M. Fulford, (228) 688-1501 or Joseph L. Jones, (253) 428-3600 X2684
For more information about USGS activities in Washington, visit the USGS Washington District home page.
|AccessibilityFOIAPrivacyPolicies and Notices|
|U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Page Contact Information: Contact USGS
Last modified: Saturday, January 12 2013, 11:16:28 PM
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr03371/
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| 0.834769 | 586 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Castle Model Project
By Tyson and Taylor Ramsden
These eleven year old twins were required to design and build their own castle models. The top castle, Tyson’s, was coated with Foam Coat with Coarse Grit while Taylor’s was coated with just Foam Coat. The stones were made by making light indentations with the Engraving Tool.
Tyson’s drawbridge was made out of a solid piece of foam while Taylor’s was made from small pieces that were glued together.The round towers were made on the 3D Scroll Table. They weighed in at less than 2 pounds each. Castle Report By Taylor Ramsden
There where many castles in the medieval time. People in the medieval time usually stayed at their castle. People seldom visited distant places.
Castles where usually made out of brick or stone. Walls where 8-12 ft. tall. Some people would put up two walls of brick or stone then filled the middle with dirt. If somebody did that design the walls wouldn’t stand for long. Enemies would shoot boulders at the walls and they would break easily. For safety the windows on the bottom flour where narrow slits so that enemies couldn’t get through. On the top flour the windows where larger, but covered with metal bars and glass. The castle’s towers had three rooms. The bottom was for storage. The upper two rooms where for living and working. The dungeon was under ground, prison or jail. If you where bad or didn’t follow rules or was an enemy trying to enter he would be put into the dungeon. In the medieval time there was a gatehouse that was the entrance. It had seven wooden doors to prevent enemies from entering. Also there where murder holes in the roof to poor building oil on the enemy and arrow slits on the sidewalls. The drawbridge was a bridge over a moat and was a trap for enemies. Usually people tried to enter, but in the moat there where usually crocodiles. Castles roofs where made of stone to reduce cause of fire. If they used wood it would usually get destroyed.
Today I am glad I don’t live in a castle. I am glad, because they didn’t have regular restrooms. What the Medieval times had where pit toilets. What pit toilets where, where a big dug pit. Gross! This is why today would be a good decision to live in a regular home.
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<urn:uuid:4121eaaf-2923-4ec7-9f5c-02d156493313>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://gallery.hotwirefoamfactory.com/modeling/other-modeling-projects/other_tramsden/
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| 0.977522 | 506 | 3.34375 | 3 |
ICPDR Executive Secretary Philip Weller welcomed the proposal to severely limit phosphates in laundry detergents and described the action “As a huge success for the ICPDR. We have fought for a number of years to get this and we need to celebrate and acknowledge that the tactics we used in promoting this limitation have been successful”.
The Ministerial Declaration adopted in February 2010 by Danube water ministers stressed the importance of achieving a limitation of phosphates in detergents. The Ministers described “limitations in phosphates in detergents as a particularly cost effective and necessary measure to complement the efforts of implementing urban waste water treatment.”
The proposed regulation which will come into effect in early January (unless adjusted by the Parliament or the Council) will limit the phosphorous content of laundry detergents. This will be a major contribution to improve the quality of many water bodies in Europe. The Danube River Basin will strongly benefit from the ban: No less than 16 percent of the Danube’s phosphate load stems from detergents.
Phosphates are used to improve the cleaning effect of detergents, especially when used with hard water. The removal of phosphates from wastewater is costly and requires sophisticated technologies, which many wastewater treatment plants in the Danube Basin do not have in place. As a result, a lot of phosphate is carried to the Black Sea, where it contributes to strongly increased levels of nutrients. This phenomenon is called “eutrophication” and increases the growth of algae, commonly called “green tide”. Such green tides are a well-known problem in both the Danube Delta and the Black Sea – caused primarily by agriculture, household sewage and wastewater that originated in various upstream countries. Such a situation can not be resolved unilaterally. Therefore, the ICPDR has fought phosphate contamination for many years on a multilateral level, involving the European Commission.
The regulation that was now proposed aims to harmonise phosphate reducing measures in all member states of the European Union. A shortcoming of the regulation will lie in its applicability: It will affect only laundry detergents, whereas dishwasher detergents are not included in the phosphorus cap. The current proposal only demands a re-assessment of the situation with regards to dishwasher detergents in 2014. “The Commission will keep under review industry’s progress in the development of technically and economically viable alternatives for automatic dishwasher detergents through innovation”, says Antonio Tajani, Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship in a comment on the regulation proposal. The ICPDR will continue to monitor the phosphate load in the Danube and its tributaries and fight for additional measures where necessary. The proposed regulation should be adopted in two months time; the ICPDR will provide further information once this has happened.
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<urn:uuid:5cdb7cd1-52d8-4938-80d8-d8dfe9fc16f5>
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CC-MAIN-2019-47
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http://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/ec-proposal-ban-phosphates-laundry-detergents-finally-coming
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en
| 0.945932 | 581 | 2.75 | 3 |
All septic tanks are aerated either one way or the other.
That is because there are three types of bacteria in every septic system which process waste: aerobic, facultative and obligate anaerobic.
Aerobic bacteria require oxygen (compressed air) and are more aggressive/effective than anaerobic bacteria (which do not require oxygen). Typically there are very few of these type of bacteria in your septic tank. In a conventional septic system most of the bacteria are facultative.
Facultative bacteria also require oxygen but they can get it from non-aerated water by stripping oxygen molecules from other sources which directly produce the "rotten egg odor," also known as hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). If you aerate the facultative bacteria they will stop producing the H2S and odor, and only produce an earthy smell like dirt.
There are now solar powered aerators available as after market products to eliminate H2S odor by directly aerating the influent flow in the septic tank and supplying the facultative bacteria with oxygen. Just place the air diffuser near the incoming or influent end of the tank. There is a solar aerator that is sized to minimize mixing and solids suspension in your treatment tank. Unlike high air flow, line power aerators, no effluent filter is required, because no matter where you put the diffuser in the septic tank no solids are suspended.
In the presence of oxygen, these bacteria are 20 times more aggressive at consuming waste materials.
Under aerated conditions the treatment in the tank is increased and effluent leaving the tank will be cleaner, this in turn takes the load off the soil treatment area improving overall life of the system.
With a solar septic tank aerator you never pay a power bill. Standard line power electric units require a electrician to install, will cost you more than $500.00 yearly for electricity and need elaborate ground fault protection to meet safety codes.
Solar septic tank aerators are an easy way to aerate any septic tank from the surface. They are designed for outdoor use. A well designed system has a self positioning diffuser with float, you simply drop the diffuser attached to the float and weighted bubble tubing in the septic tank influent inspection opening. Oxygen transfer is sufficient to treat up to 500 gallons per day of flow. This is equal to taking 15 ten minute showers, 5 loads of laundry, and 25 flushes per day, at a waste strength of 100 mg/l BOD. Other applications include placing diffuser in the septic tank wet wells, effluent distribution boxes, pumping chambers, dosing pits, and overloaded "dry wells."
Air flow is automatically managed by diffuser and included float system so air is completely dissolved, off gassing is odor free, and suspended solids treatment and removal is enhanced.
Check for a solar aerator system that includes one pole mounted linear air pump, integral solar panel, flex cap non-plugging coarse bubble mixing diffuser with float, and 20 foot of ¼ inch flex weighted tubing. System suitable for replacement of other advanced aerobic 500 gallon per day units. Seek a system with manufacturer 1 year warranty on all parts, 3 year warranty on pump motor, 5 year warranty on solar panels, 180 day money back warranty, system that is extremely quiet & efficient, free shipping, no sales tax except in Illinois!
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<urn:uuid:98dc5443-0e99-4984-95d0-ee877c7006c5>
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CC-MAIN-2015-06
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http://septicaerator.blogspot.com/2012/06/septic-tank-aeration-for-longer-life-of.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121540415.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174540-00065-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.924644 | 701 | 3.125 | 3 |
On Aug. 19, 2007, a joint survey by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency revealed that Arctic ice was melting at a far quicker rate than anticipated. What's particularly alarming about this discovery is that the United Nations' scientific models anticipated that the ice levels measured by the Japanese team would not be reached until after 2040 -- and possibly not until 2050.
Global Warming Image Gallery
A researcher at the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics said that Arctic ice is melting at previously unseen rates [source: Science Daily]. The melting has caused coastal ice in parts of Canada and Alaska to become quite brittle. That ice easily breaks away in large chunks (a process known as calving) and melts in the open ocean. There's also less sea ice in the Arctic Ocean
because ice has floated into the Atlantic Ocean. The previous record low for Arctic sea ice was recorded on Aug. 15, 2005, though scientists said there was a high probability that the record would be breached in 2007.
The Arctic saw another milestone in the summer of 2007. In August, the Northwest Passage had almost no floating ice. It was the first time the Passage had been completely open to shipping since people started keeping records in 1972. Scientists say that the lack of ice represents clear proof that the planet is warming. The now-open sea lane means that someone could sail from New York to Korea without encountering any ice, though bad weather is always possible. In comparison, the first explorer to navigate the Northwest Passage successfully, Roald Amundsen, took three years to get through the waterway's thick ice.
Sea ice is measured primarily through three methods: microwave scanners on orbiting satellites, buoys and observation platforms. The latter two are generally equipped with several types of measuring devices. Scientists focus their measurements on the extent of sea ice, rather than the thickness, since it's easier for satellites to measure extent. When examining sea ice, scientists look at the minimum and maximum extent, thickness, environmental conditions and changes in the melting season. The Arctic sea ice melting season usually lasts from March to the middle of September.
This record pace of Arctic ice melt has scientists concerned about rising sea levels, diminished habitats for polar bears and other animals and an impending rush for fossil fuels in the region. Increased traffic through the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage (which runs by Siberia) may increase pollution in the area.
Ice re-forms during winter, but due to warmer waters the amount of re-formed ice appears to be decreasing. Ice that was previously considered "permanent" is now melting. That leaves an ever-decreasing base of ice at the beginning of each melting season.
Sea ice plays an important role in keeping temperatures down around the world. Whereas sea ice reflects 80 percent of sunlight back into the atmosphere, ocean water absorbs 90 percent of sunlight [source: National Snow and Ice Data Center]. As melting ice exposes more ocean to direct sunlight, scientists expect water temperatures to rise, accelerating the ice melt.
On the next page, we'll take a look at more consequences of melting Arctic ice, including the rush to claim the seabed and the valuable energy stores underneath it.
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https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/arctic-ice.htm
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| 0.956937 | 650 | 3.953125 | 4 |
These word cards are great stimuli for students who are working at the word level and can read. You can use them as a group if your students are all working on the same sound or give each student a stack of words that are focused on their sounds. Use them as stimuli for general games, make two copies of them to use as a matching game, or just have each student go through them trying to get as many correct as possible. Their uses are as endless as your imagination!
To make it easier to sort them out, they have either “ch…,” “…ch…,” or “…ch” to indicate the position of the “ch” sound in the word. You can also print the cards on different color card stock to make sorting them even easier.
- 40 word cards for initial CH sound
- 40 word cards for medial CH sound
- 40 word cards for final CH sound
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CC-MAIN-2019-26
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https://www.speechtherapyideas.com/2016/08/17/word-cards-for-ch-sound/
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en
| 0.97391 | 193 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Browsing library shelves and bookstore stacks to find a meaningful selection for a toddler can be daunting. Since children this age can’t read, you need a story with clear words that you can read aloud. What type of books interest toddlers? How often should you read to yours?
Research shows that even very young children benefit when parents read to them. Kids who were read to three times or more often each week in the years leading up to kindergarten continued to demonstrate strong reading and critical thinking skills into the elementary grades and beyond, consistently outpacing children who did not get read to.
If you’re wondering what type of book to get, here are some guidelines that may help:
- Browse the toddler’s, preschool, or “my first book” section at the library, shop, or store. Dozens of books will compete for your attention, so begin by getting a sense of what is available. You may want to let your little one browse, too, and perhaps select a title for herself.
- Check the cover’s age labeling. Many, if not most, books suggest a compatible reading age for the book. “Ages 1 to 3” might be the suggestion or something to that effect. If the book that you or your child chooses does not indicate an age range, ask the librarian or store manager for information. Many employees who frequently handle children’s books can recommend age-appropriate selections for your child.
- Examine the theme. Is the book about a topic your son or daughter will enjoy, such as trains, puppies, cars, or flowers? Scan the story to see how the story plays out. Most books of this type are short and easy to read, so you can quickly see if the storyline seems appropriate.
- What’s the point? All literature should offer the main idea, or final point, that can help to convey a useful truth. It may be simply that the things we love change. Sometimes they go away or die. Or it may emphasize nature’s beauty or a grandparent’s love. Check to see how the book concludes. Is it a point your child is ready for? Will he or she be able to understand and appreciate this wisdom, perhaps after several readings?
- Look at syntax and style. Are sentences short and clear in meaning? Are vocabulary words able to be understood by children in this age group? A few more sophisticated words aren’t bad since they teach young children to ask questions about things they don’t understand and stretch their comprehension. But too many large words may simply confuse or bore your child.
- Are the pictures attractive? They should invite your child’s eyes to concentrate on the words being spoken aloud by the reader. The images should enhance the story’s meaning by playing on the child’s creativity and imagination. Dull, lifeless pictures, or those too generic to relate to the story may not be valuable.
- Is the book durable? A strong, solid binding and vinyl or plastic, non-toxic cover are best for this book group. Cardboard covers and thin paper pages will tear or blot easily. Children often love to hear the same story over and over, so it should be ready to last through multiple readings.
Make reading time an opportunity for bonding with your child. Set aside other distractions, sit down together, and open the cover to discovery. Both of you will enjoy the rich memories that follow for years to come.
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https://www.howtowise.com/how-to-choose-a-book-for-your-toddler/
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| 0.948993 | 720 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Epilepsy (Convulsive and Non-Convulsive)
Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior. Convulsions, or muscle spasms may occur during the seizure period.
For more information on this and other related conditions, or to contact us directly, please visit the Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Center .
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CC-MAIN-2015-14
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http://neuro.northshorelij.com/condition/epilepsy
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| 0.892043 | 103 | 3.25 | 3 |
Lawrence E. Carlson and Jacquelyn F. Sullivan
Integrated Teaching and Learning Program and Laboratory
College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder, CO 80309-0522, USA
One approach to addressing the dilemma of poor mathematics and science performance of US students on standardized tests and lagging enrollment in US engineering colleges is engineering outreach to the K-12 community. Engineering outreach has been a core mission of the Integrated Teaching and Learning (ITL) program since its inception. Team-based design spans the entire K-16 hands-on learning curriculum, integrating math and science fundamentals through creative, self-directed learning. Experiencing design provides a context for undergraduates to develop advanced technical skills, and motivates youngsters to pursue an engineering path. This paper describes how design pervades the diverse ITL K-16 spectrum, including a variety of engineering curricula for K-12 students, as well as undergraduate engineering courses.
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://mudddesignworkshop.com/workshops/abstracts/mdw-iv/moving-student-learning-and-growth/exploiting-design-to-inspire-interest-in-engineering-across-the-k-16-engineering-curriculum/
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| 0.917147 | 196 | 2.515625 | 3 |
It’s the beginning of a new year, and with that comes brand new students who may have never been in a classroom in English before.
Whether you have new students, beginning-level students, or young students, it’s crucial to review some key vocabulary before you begin the new school year in order to build their confidence in speaking about these necessary items throughout the year. Try these activities for building up their classroom language.
How to Help Your Students Use Classroom Language
Key Vocabulary Items for Your Classroom
Each classroom is different, so spend some time thinking of the important words you want your students to know. Since these are items they’ll be encountering daily, make sure they get introduced either directly or indirectly early on. They may or may not already know some of these words, so don’t be afraid to challenge them and give them many words in the first week. Here are some suggestions to get you started.
Supplies: desk, book, paper, pen, pencil, notebook, binder, syllabus, iPad, marker
Rules: Imperative grammar, don’t, should, must, can, can’t
People: Student, teacher, classmates, principal, director
Classroom: clock, board, computer, calendar, poster
Requests: question formation, bathroom, water, feeling sick
Respectful words: please, thank you
Dialogues and Role Plays
A great way to introduce or review these words is to practice them in dialogues accompanied by pictures. These will take some time to create, or you can scan the Internet to find some already written. Practice a variety of dialogues such as a conversation between two students, a conversation between a teacher and a student, and a conversation with the whole class. Give each pair the same dialogue to practice, and then discuss the dialogues as a whole group and answer any questions. Alternatively, you could give each pair a different dialogue to practice in pairs first and then with the whole class. Make sure you rotate the dialogues so that all students can get practice with each scenario.
If you have more advanced students, give them role play contexts rather than dialogues. Prepare a written context or give them a picture with two people in a classroom and have them construct the dialogue for this picture. If you give each pair the same picture and have the students present their dialogues for the class. Going over the similarities and differences between the dialogues can lead to some great conversations about the variations of speech they may hear.
Another great activity for lower-level students to review the tangible items in the room is the classic game I-Spy. If you want to provide more practical language, change the name of the game to “I can see something...” Depending on the level of the students, you may need to review some adjectives and descriptive vocabulary as well before you begin. If the level of your students is too low to give adequate descriptions, change the game to Pictionary. Have one student come up to the board and you show them a vocabulary word. Have the student draw the word on the board and the other students try to guess the vocabulary word.
Describe My Part of the Classroom
Have students in groups separate into different parts of the room. Together, they have to find and identify everything in their corner of the room, and then introduce the class to all of the objects in their room. They can use their dictionaries if they want. Have students rotate around the room to get practice describing different areas.
Preview Their Knowledge First
If you’re unsure of your students’ levels, it’s best to let them show you first what they already know so you don’t have to waste time repeating information. Put students into groups and have them think about all of the school related words they know. The group who has the longest list wins! Alternatively, prepare a set of pictures of classroom-related words on it and have the groups label as many as possible.
Practice, Practice, Practice
Use the words as often as possible and in as many ways as possible. Say, write, and point to the words in all appropriate contexts. When an appropriate time comes up, not only should you repeat the word clearly, but have all of the students repeat after you to practice using the word in the correct contexts.
Another extremely important factor to consider is making students feel very comfortable with using this practical vocabulary. Use fluency games to build their familiarity and speed in recalling the vocabulary. One way to achieve this goal is to do a hot potato game. Have students stand in a circle and toss a small object around the circle. When a student receives the object, they should say a vocabulary word within three seconds. If they stall or take longer than three seconds, they have to leave the circle. To make it more challenging, students also must leave the circle if they repeat a word already said by a different student. Feel free to adapt this activity to the level of your students, such as using words that start with the same letter or words that are related to each other.
The beginning of the year is the most critical part of the year. Teachers need to make sure that they set the boundaries of the classroom, create a supportive classroom environment, and equip students with the tools they need for the year. Classroom vocabulary is the foundation to a successful rest of the year, so it’s a step you don’t want to skip ! Be sure to try these activities to build students’ speaking skills and their mastery of the basic English vocabulary words they will use on a daily basis.
What words do you consider essential at the beginning of the year?
How do you make sure students have the right vocabulary necessary right from the beginning?
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CC-MAIN-2016-50
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| 0.949454 | 1,189 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Looking for the most efficient vehicle that meets your daily needs? Look for the car that gets an “A” for efficiency. Today, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) proposed new fuel economy labels for cars and light-trucks coming to showrooms.
The new labels come on the heels of recently improved standards for fuel economy and global warming pollution finalized last April. The standards, which phase in during model years 2012 to 2016, increase the average fuel economy of new vehicles to 34.1 miles per gallon and hold emissions of greenhouse gases to no more than 250 grams of CO2 per mile. EPA plans to require the labels beginning with model year 2012 vehicles.
EPA and NHTSA have proposed two label designs. Both contain the traditional miles per gallon, or mpg, metric and an estimated annual fuel cost but the new labels also introduce greenhouse gas emissions rates (in gCO2/mile) and a fuel consumption rate (gallons/100 mi). The fuel consumption metric is helpful because it relates directly to operational costs and environmental performance. For example, when comparing two cars that differ in fuel consumption rates by 20 percent, their fuel costs and global warming emissions will also differ by 20 percent. If you compare two vehicles that have a difference in fuel economy of, say, 4 mpg the size of the fuel and cost savings will depend on whether the 4 mpg improvement is relative to a 15 mpg or 25 mpg vehicle.
The redesign of the fuel economy label was partly driven by the need to label emerging vehicles that run, at least partially, on electricity instead of gasoline or diesel fuel. Advanced technology vehicles such as the plug-in hybrid Chevy Volt and the all electric Nissan LEAF will be available to consumers later this year. Label designs that include global warming pollution ratings and cost of operation allow consumers to compare the value of these new non-petroleum technologies with their conventional oil-powered counterparts.
EPA and NHTSA propose to further simplify the process of finding the cleanest, most efficient vehicles by grading all cars, minivans, SUVs and pickups with A+ (best) to D (worst) letter grades. The letters summarize the characteristics of fuel efficiency, global warming pollution and cost of operation.
You can weigh in on what the new labels should ultimately look like. Check out the designs and submit comments at EPA’s website: www.epa.gov/fueleconomy.
New fuel economy and global warming pollution standards mean that consumers will have more choices of cleaner, more fuel-efficient vehicles at dealerships. Revisions to the label can help consumers quickly find the most efficient vehicles that meet their travel needs and therefore use less gas, save money at the pump and cut pollution.
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CC-MAIN-2024-10
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https://www.nrdc.org/bio/luke-tonachel/new-labels-could-make-finding-efficient-cars-easier
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en
| 0.926083 | 571 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Friday, March 11, 2016
The American Cancer Society 2016 report
The American Cancer Society (ACS) 2016 report says on page one that about one of every 4 deaths in the USA are from cancer now (see report below). Also, 1 of every 2 males and 1 of every 3 females have a lifetime risk for cancer (page 2 of the report below). They cite particularly tobacco, alcohol, lack of exercise, poor nutrition, poverty, and age as some of the risk factors for cancer in general. See their ACS 2016 report at --
Cancer risks like tobacco and alcohol rate a Group 1 for human carcinogen (cancer) risk according to the World Health Organization (WHO) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Other cancer risks can relate to occupational and environmental exposures, such as nuclear power plants, Superfund sites, and increased populations bringing an increased risk for pollution in general. Monsanto Roundup herbicide is a Class 2A carcinogen with WHO IARC, now used with farming and GMO foods. Also, electromagnetic radiation is rated a Group 2B carcinogen for radiofrequency/microwaves by the WHO IARC, and electricity (ELF magnetic fields) rated as Group 2B as well.
There seems a serious need to reduce cancer risks of all kinds for public health.
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://emfrefugee.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-american-cancer-society-2016-report.html
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en
| 0.934438 | 263 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The word "test" is not something that most students want to hear. Assessment has become a controversial topic beyond the classroom and is discussed by individuals at the local, state and federal levels. While assessment may be considered a crucial part of education, there are questions as to its merit for learning.
Assessment is the gathering of information in the form of data. Students' conceptual knowledge and skill levels are measured and assigned a grade in the form of a number or letter. Concepts are what students know about a topic, and skills are what students can do. An evaluation is then made as a way to judge student achievement. Administrators also equate student assessment as a method of measuring teacher accountability.
Types of Assessments
Assessments are classified as summative or formative. A summative assessment is administered for the purpose of assigning a grade based on one point in time. Examples of summative assessments are quizzes, tests, projects, homework and oral presentations. A formative assessment is a more overall evaluation for the purpose of identifying strengths and weaknesses, and formulating a plan for improvement. Assessments can be formal, in the form of written tests, or informal through teacher observation.
Standardized assessments are mandatory tests that are administered typically at the state level. These assessments are based on federal legislation enacted in 2002, known as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Student achievement is measured and compared to a larger population of students across each state. Standardized assessments are constructed according to core curriculum standards, a set of learning objectives based on content and grade level. The percentage of passing scores is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the teacher, school and school district. Curriculum decisions are often made based on standardized assessment scores.
Assessments may have a negative effect on student motivation, particularly for students performing below grade level. Careless implementation of assessments may have negative consequences, especially when the needs of special education students are not considered. Using only a written formal assessment does not provide an overall picture of student achievement. Students that perform better with oral and visual skills or who display superior creativity are at a disadvantage. Basing teacher effectiveness on standardized test scores may encourage teachers to narrow the curriculum to teach to the test. While it is unclear whether alternative assessments are effective, what is clear is that this debate will not be going away any time soon.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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https://classroom.synonym.com/disadvantages-assessments-learning-8151070.html
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| 0.961075 | 490 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Aurora and Ella
The native Americans were the first farmers in Texas. They grew corn,beans, and squash. The men hunted and the women collected nuts and berries. They lived in cone shaped grass huts.
Mexico belonged to Spain but, Mexico wanted freedom from Spain. Texas wanted freedom from Mexico and that is how the battle of the Alamo started. All the defenders were killed and the Texans were victorious.
Texas is on the border of the Rio Grande River. Texas has lots of prairies , forests , and plains. The Great Plains cover north and central Texas. Western Texas was once an ancient sea!
Here are some fun facts about Texas. Did you know that Texas is the 28th state? The blue bonnet is the state flower and the state grid is the moking brid and the pecan tree is the state tree. Did you know that there is a pine tree that is 1500 years old ? Did you know that teja means friends in condo language and any state smaller than Ohio can fit inside!
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<urn:uuid:ecacac81-faab-4060-b0ac-cd2865e9e564>
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CC-MAIN-2018-34
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https://www.smore.com/qqv70
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en
| 0.974821 | 211 | 3 | 3 |
Teaching in a post-Covid world may breed injustice. The move to remote or online learning in different ways results in greater distances between people.
Connecting less in person during the pandemic may breed habits for life after the pandemic, that deepen disconnection between people, families and communities.
This is the threat of social distancing becoming a way of life that causes social distances – the result of an unfortunate global terminology to encourage citizens to maintain safe physical proximities during the pandemic. Similarly, the move from learning and teaching in class to online or remote teaching and learning, inevitably may bring about greater distancing and distances between student and teacher.
This happens not only because they are not in the same classroom, but also because their sense is lost that they share similar lives, and therefore an underlying context and language that make their encounter to learn possible and transformative – in effect, student and teacher may become nameless to each other.
A sense of shared contexts and purposes between them is critical because it facilitates their openness to new perspectives and to question social realities.
As students and teachers face the threat of becoming nameless, greater distances may render the people and communities they must engage with as nameless and, therefore, also voiceless.
‘Similar to the way in which social distancing may lead people in their every day lives to focus only on the basics of survival, rather than broader questions of how we connect with others, remote learning threatens to shift the focus of education from the critical study of social questions, to a singular focus on vocational skills.
This is the real struggle when higher education institutions must make the transition from contact to distance education. It’s a struggle for what we consider to be content fundamental to the curriculum and pedagogical approach of a programme, much more than for a revised format and method of how we deliver teaching and learning in a post-pandemic world.
Differently put, when access for the majority of students and teachers to data and devices for learning is limited, we minimise time spent on teaching and focus on skills, rather than critical consciousness.
Irrespective of our intentions, such a world runs the risk that education does not resolve injustice. That a post-pandemic world will rely heavily on remote learning is not in question – but what type of world will follow our shift to this mode of learning and teaching, is.
It is the struggle for core curriculum and humanising pedagogy that will determine what world will emerge.
While the curriculum as a rule refers to the formal content and learning outcomes of any programme, in large part who students become depends on the “hidden curriculum”.
This refers to the underlying lessons we learn about who and what really matters in how teaching takes place – who joins and speaks in a class, how questions are posed and what case studies are discussed, and the seemingly innocent ways of interacting between students and teachers.
It is the hidden curriculum of remote learning that poses the greatest threat to an education that builds a free and just society.
- Rudi Buys is the executive dean and dean of humanities of the private and not-for-profit higher education institution, Cornerstone Institute.
- Originally published in The Cape Argus on Thursday, 23 April 2020.
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CC-MAIN-2021-25
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https://cornerstone.ac.za/the-danger-of-disconnection/
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The main museums in the Lunigiana are:
- Il Museo Etnografico della Lunigiana, Villafranca
- Il Castello del Piagnaro, Pontremoli
- Il Museo dei Malaspina, Mullazo
- Il Museo dell’Emigrazione Gente di Toscana, Lusuolo
- Il Museo Audiovisivo della Resistenza, Fosdinovo
There are also several smaller museums such as Il Museo della Civilta’ Contadina Mario Nadotti at Lusignana which are opened only by appointment.
Il Museo Etnografico della Lunigiana, Villafranca
Though nominally in Tuscany, the Lunigiana has more in common with Liguria and Emilia Romagna both linguistically and culturally — the valleys extend inland Northwards to Emilia Romagna, whilst the towns extend towards the sea and the Ligurian ports. (Carrara and Massa were also within the Ligurian sphere of influence until malaria was driven from the plains separating them from Pisa sometime during the last century).
The locals subsisted mostly through farming the valleys, growing hemp to make cloth and a variety of grains for bread. The woods provided chestnuts, and everything else was produced at home, from butter to butter churns.
The ethnographic museum, is located in an old mill that hugs the city walls. The first hall has scales, weights and measures used by merchants, folk medicine, votive offerings, breviaries, and other mementos of the religious life of the past, including a pleasingly naïf-style painting of Jesus and the Devil contending the soul of a dying man, who reluctantly resists temptation (women, games, money and music).
The next section, located in the top floor, is devoted to domestic life, with the troughs and tools the farmers used to process the chestnut crop, the spinning wheels and carding tools used to process hemp (the women spun it so finely it resembled linen), the looms they weaved the cloth with, and examples of traditional clothing, some made entirely at home and some with cloth bought from itinerant merchants. The patterned blocks used to die the finished cloth are especially interesting. Basket weaving was also an important activity, undertaken primarily by the men during the winters, when it was to cold or to wet to work the fields; there are examples of the baskets they wove for use in the fields and of those they made to sell at fairs. There are also cooking implements, butter churns and moulds, and all sorts of other things including fish traps. While one would expect a fish trap to be plain and functional (and it is), the amount of care taken in decorating the objects used in the home, even the simplest, is simply astonishing.
Descending a level there are exhibits devoted to the various trades. First the woodworkers, with a selection of their tools, and, much more interesting, the furniture the cabinet makers produced. There are tables, surprisingly elegant chairs and couches that bring to mind Windsor furniture, and a number of beautiful cradles, made from Faggio (a local wood) and dyed red with faggio sap to ward off the evil eye. They’re painstakingly carved with geometric patterns, especially stylized daisies. The next room is dedicated to stone carvers, who produced all sorts of things, from troughs to lintels. Again, the daisy is a common decorative motif, and you’ll receive a reminder of how frugal life was in the past from a stone capital which, being carved and shaped was valuable, and was therefore hollowed out to make a mortar when it was no longer needed at the top of a column. Smithing is next; most of what the smiths made was coarse, either shoes for horses and oxen or tools, but they did find time to make locks as well, and there’s a charming wrought-iron cradle that must have been some family’s happiest possession.
We descend another level, into a room with channels set into the floor that were used to direct the water to the mills until the 1950s. The room is now dedicated to the area’s wine-making traditions, with the shears used for pruning, baskets, and bottling equipment. The next room is dedicated to the tools used to process wheat, and then there’s the mill itself, with three millstones (for grain, corn and chestnuts) that were turned when the water struck the paddles of the wheels in the channels set under the floor. Milling was an abrasive task, and there are also the tools the miller used to dress his stones.
There’s also another hall, which likely served as a storeroom in the past and now houses temporary exhibitions. It’s a fun museum, ideal for children.
Address: via dei Mulini 71, 54028 Villafranca in Lunigiana. Tel: 0187 494400 (Biblioteca comunale); 0187 493417 (biglietteria Museo). Fax: 0187 493526.
Park by the town hall and cross the footbridge towards the mediaeval walls; the museum is at the end of the bridge.
Opening Hours: see web page.
Il Castello del Piagnaro, Pontremoli
This Museum houses an excellent collection of ancient stone stele (lot more interesting than it sounds!). Full details (in English) may be found on the official web site available here.
The Museum is located in the Piagnaro Castle, Pontremoli. Its collection reveals an important phenomenon of megalithic europe. The Stele Statues, abstractly represented male and female human figures, were engraved in sandstone by peoples who lived between the IV and the I millenium BC. These prehistoric and protostoric images that feature heads shaped like a carabiniere’s hat and U-shaped faces are classified in three different groups (A,B,C) by archaeologists; they were made between the Copper and the Iron Age and have survived centuries; sometimes hidden, or used for purposes that have often changed their shape and function. Nowadays the Stele Statues are the signature feature of the Lunigiana, the Magra river valley where all the findings have been made. The Museum is the most comprehensive of its type in Italy with regard to the number of exhibits displayed and to the descriptions of the sites where the Stele were found, the materials used and the carving techniques employed.
Il Museo dei Malaspina, Mullazo
The top floor of the sixteenth-century palace that was the residence of the Marquises of Mulazzo now houses the Archive-Museum of the Malaspina, a Centre dedicated to the history of this family and, in particular, to the life and times of its most illustrious member: the navigator Alessandro Malaspina (1754 -1810), who led what is commonly regarded as the most important scientific expedition of the eighteenth century. The Centre preserves the domestic archive of the Malaspina di Mulazzo and offers a specialized library and an exhibition of interesting Malaspina relics.
Opening hours: see web page.
Il Museo dell’Emigrazione Gente di Toscana, Lusuolo
The Museum of Emigration of the People of Tuscany was born in 2004 from a collaboration between the Documentation Center of Emigration operating at the Comunità Montana della Lunigiana, the Region of Tuscany, the Council of Tuscans Abroad and the Municipality of Mulazzo with the goal of understanding and explaining the phenomenon of mass emigration from Tuscany that took place during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
It was designed and organized on two levels: one physical and the other virtual. In the first, housed within the walls of the Castello di Lusuolo, there is a library of books and documents, a media library, a conference room, and a space for viewing or listening to audiovisuals. There is also an exhibition that explains the reasons for emigration with particular emphasis on the personal testimonies of the individuals involved. These testimonies are enhanced by maps, letters, photographs and other documents which serve to bring the experience alive.
The virtual level was designed to be accessed through the museum’s web site where can be found the results of detailed research and scans of original documents made available to the museum by the families of those who emigrated.
Opening hours: see web page.
Il Museo Audiovisivo della Resistenza, Fosdinovo
In 1948 a summertime mountain camp for boys and girls was created on land given by a private citizen to the Comune of Sarzana using voluntary labour provided by ex-partisans and local townsfolk. From that date until the summer of 1971 the camp provided summer holidays for thousands of children.
In the years that followed, the building fell into disrepair due to lack of adequate maintenance. During 1994, at the initiative of the ANPI (Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia) of Sarzana and with the support of the local Comune, it was decided to transform the building into a Museum of the Resistance of the Provinces of La Spezia and Massa Carrara; cities which had been decorated with the Gold Medal for Military Valour in recognition of the efforts made by their citizens to re-establish freedom and democracy in Italy.
In the fullness of time and with the assistance of numerous public bodies, associations and private citizens, the old camp was rescued and transformed into a monument for peace in a zone that had been a theatre of violent conflict between partisans, Germans and fascists and had endured both physical destruction and the senseless slaughter of many of its defenceless inhabitants.
Restoration of the building structure of the museum was completed in 1999 and the Museum was officially opened on 3rd June 2000. It contains modern audio-visual installations complete with multimedia support that allow people to journey through modern history and to deepen their knowledge both of the Resistance movement and of the development of Italian democracy.
The Museum is dedicated to the memory of the Partisan Commandant, Alessandro Brucellaria “Memo” and Flavio Bertone “Walter” and all those that fought for freedom.
The Museum is small. The main building is U-shaped, there being a kitchen/staff area in the left hand wing and public toilets/cloakrooms in the right hand wing. The central area is fitted out with tables on which the multimedia equipment is installed.
The Museum brings together the recollections and personal testimonies of individuals from different backgrounds who had diverse experiences of the hardships of war – country people, partisans, townsfolk etc. The emphasis is on war as it affects individuals and their local communities rather than on the wider historical context.
To get to Fosdinovo proceed by car as follows:
- via Autostrada A12 Genova-Livorno, taking the Sarzana or Carrara exit;
- via Autostrada A15 La Spezia-Parma, taking the S. Stefano or Sarzana exit; and
- via Strada Statale (SS) Roads 1 (Aurelia), 62 (Cisa Pass) and 63 (Cerreto Pass).
The SS 1 Aurelia junction for Fosdinovo is about 3km South of Sarzana in the locality of Ponte Isolone-Caniparola. From here the village is an 8km uphill drive away.
To reach Fosdinovo via the SS 63 from Cerreto, turn South on SS 446 at the Soliera junction and head towards Ceserano, S Terenzo & Tendola.
To reach Fosdinovo from Carrara proceed along the SS 446 in the direction of Gragnana, Castelpoggio and Monte Bastione.
To get from Fosdinovo to the Museum
The Museum is about 2km away from the village of Fosdinovo in the locality of Le Prade. Leaving Fosdinovo behind you, head North for about 1km on the SS446 in the direction of Tendola-Fivizzano, then at the “Foce del Cucco” fork, turn left towards Ponzanello and Canepari. After several hundred metres you will see the Museum in an slightly elevated position on the corner to your right. It is a colonial style building reached via steps. There is no car park, but roadside parking is available a couple of hundred metres further along the Ponzanello road.
Opening hours: see web page.
Casa Nardi Visitor Centre, Apella
This historic building was the birthplace of two heroes of the Risorgimento (Italian unification), Biagio and Anacarsi Nardi, and was completely abandoned after WWII. In the early 1980’s it was donated to the local Council of Licciana Nardi by the Rotary Club of Carrara and Massa.
In the 2000s the National Park working in conjunction with the local council decided to fund renovation of the structure, and on completion of the work put it to use as a museum and visitor centre.
The museum is dedicated to the Nardis and contains information on the Lunigiana, traditional rural life, the National Park, and the villages of Tavernelle, Taponecco and Apella. There are also meeting and relaxation rooms, and civil wedding ceremonies may be carried out there. It is unmanned and open throughout the day. Management of the facility is undertaken by the Montagna Verde Agriturismo.
Directions to the museum may be found here.
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Last editedDec 20202 min read
Would a hike in gasoline price increase the demand for ride sharing and public transport services? Would an increase in the price of dairy products affect the demand of alternatives like soy milk? These are questions the economic principle of cross elasticity of demand seeks to answer. It measures the demand for a particular product when the price of another product changes. Keep reading to know more about cross elasticity of demand and how it works
Cross Elasticity of Demand Explained
Generally, demand for one product depends on the price of other products, which may be complementary or substitutes. Cross elasticity of demand helps to determine the effect of the price of these other products. It evaluates the relationship between two products when the price of one of them changes. It does this by measuring the increase or decrease in the demand for a product following the change in the price of another product.
For example, an increase in the price of Coke might increase the demand for Pepsi. Similarly, a decrease in the price of Coke might decrease the demand for Pepsi. Now, cross elasticity of demand(XED) measures the degree of impact in which the changes in Coke’s price have on the changes in the demand for Pepsi.
How to Calculate the Cross Elasticity of Demand
We calculate cross elasticity of demand by dividing the change in the percentage of the demand for a specific good by the change in percentage in the price of another product. As such, the cross elasticity of demand formula is expressed as follows:
XED = % Change in QD ÷ % Change in Price
XED = Cross Elasticity of Demand
QD = Quantity Demanded
How Cross Elasticity of Demand Works
In ascertaining the demand for a product, the cross elasticity of demand formula produces two results, i.e, the product is categorized as a complement or a substitute. However, this depends on the value realised following the calculation, which may be positive or negative.
Where positive, the good is regarded as a substitute. This means that the goods are direct competitors, in which case an increase in the price of one will lead people to opt for the other.
For instance, in the example above, there is no doubt that the increase in Coke’s price will cause an increase in the demand for Pepsi. This is because individuals that can no longer afford Coke will opt for Pepsi, an alternative product. As such, a calculation using the cross elasticity of demand formula will yield a positive result establishing that the goods are substitutes.
On the other hand, where the cross elasticity of demand value is negative, it establishes that the goods are complementary. What this means is, an increase in the price of one good will result in lower demand for the other product. That other product is therefore a complementary product which depends on the demand for the primary product to thrive. Going by the law of demand, an increase in primary product will result in lower demand, which also affects demand for its complementary goods.
The Relevance of Cross Price Elasticity
Cross elasticity of demand allows businesses to understand the market better. In turn, it allows them to determine the price to be attached to their products.
For instance, products without substitutes can be priced higher. On the other hand, complementary products can be priced based on the relationship with other relevant products, as established by the result of the cross elasticity of demand calculation results
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You have spent time considering the setting of your novel. It could be London, a small beach-side community in Florida, on a distant planet or in the Wild West. You have thought long and hard about this choice.
But now as you get ready to write the scenes that comprise your story, you also need to spend some time considering where these scenes will take place within your setting.
If you have decided to write a story set in a high school, every scene won’t take place in the hall. Just as your crime novel won’t have every scene at the police station. You need to consider where the scenes will take place and develop these places. Just as you develop or know your overall setting, you need to know these sub-settings. You need to know their location as well as a description.
If you are writing about a college, hospital or police station, you need to realize that they all have certain rituals and protocols – almost as if they are a world all their own. Research and a visit to such places can make these places come to life.
But it isn’t enough to pick out these places and know their description. Authors also need to choose the right setting for the story event. Many authors don’t spend a lot of time considering where best to have some of their scenes or go with an obvious choice. But a change of location can change the whole scene. And that change could have the power to make or break a story.
Your character can be driving in the car, eating in a restaurant or relaxing at home. And each of these settings can bring different situations and stressors for your character. The traffic is stop-and-go, their dinner gets burned or the neighbor is having a loud party.
But what if you decided to go with a different setting?
As an author, you need to think about the individual scenes in your novel, and decide the purpose of the setting. Is it to hint at the back story? Set the mood? Foreshadow? Provide tension?
Let’s say it is the beginning of the novel, and you want to establish some characteristics of the protagonist. There are many good personal settings that can reveal truths about your character – their house, their office, their car.
But if you want to add tension to the scene consider locations that might cause stress – the site of a traumatic past event, a location where they might run into their enemy, a place that triggers insecurities.
Also when deciding on locations for scenes, they need to not only fit your story, but they need to fit your character. Maybe your character needs to reflect on some news. Would a walk in the park, a ride on the bus or sitting in a noisy bar suit their personality more?
Many times, authors settle on the first idea that comes to mind. And while this may be a perfectly good, acceptable idea, if they brainstormed and did some “what if” type thinking, they might settle on something that will make their setting amazing.
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Image of the Day: A Village Forced to Move by Rising Seas
The villagers of Vunidogoloa on Vanua Levu, Fiji’s second largest island, know firsthand how sea level rise can affect their daily life. According to this article from Alternet, throughout 2012, the Fijians have been in the process of relocating their seaside village — which has been affected by rising seas, erosion, and flooding — to higher, drier ground.
Small coastal communities such as this one are on the front lines of climate change, despite the fact that they have contributed very little global warming gases to the atmosphere in the first place. A similar process is underway in the village of Kivalina, Alaska. Villagers of Kivalina have sued Exxon Mobil for damage incurred by sea level rise, but on Sept. 21, a federal appeals court ruled that the village didn't have legal standing to sue the company, and must instead seek remedies through the legislative process.
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Bitte geben Sie beim Zitieren dieser Rezension die exakte URL und das Datum Ihres Besuchs dieser Online-Adresse an.
This is an ambitious study. The introductory chapter - 'Towards defining cities' - proposes to treat 'juridical status, city size and function as three windows on the cities of Roman Asia Minor'. Chapter 2, after a nod to prehistory, charts the emergence of the Roman urban pattern from its classical and Hellenistic origins. Chapter 3 takes juridical status as the main criterion for identifying 'self-governing cities' and presents ancient evidence and modern estimates for how many there were in each province and for their distribution density. Chapter 4, which places the emphasis on their function rather than formal status, deals mainly with 'secondary agglomerations', substantial settlements with city-like features which operated as locations of regional economic exchange. Chapter 5 applies techniques of mathematical modelling to identify a size hierarchy for cities. Chapter 6 is less abstract and concentrates on the significance of monumental building in cities, combining evidence from both archaeological and textual evidence. A short epilogue raises further issues, including climate change as an explanatory factor for changing patterns of settlement. The book's title gives pride of place to geography, but strictly geographical factors are heavily emphasized only in chapter 4 which deals with cities and their territories, with a focus on land-use, climate, agricultural productivity and settlement distribution. Although the underlying arguments are based on a high level of generalization, the narrative is packed with specific information extracted from inscriptions and texts, sometimes simply anecdotes, and very detailed observations from individual archaeological surveys. There are many tables and carefully prepared maps, reproduced at too small a scale for comfortable use. A mass of primary information is squeezed into an appendix on settlement data arranged alphabetically by place names within the various regions. The detail and the diversity of the information in this appendix is a measure of the challenge facing the researcher aiming to produce a digestible and persuasive historical and geographical analysis.
Many of the themes explored in the book can be found in a classic but now little read paper written more than fifty years ago by Norman Pounds, "The urbanization of the classical world" and it is no coincidence that Pounds precisely excluded Asia Minor and the rest of the Roman East from his study with the observation that 'too little is known of the cities of the eastern provinces for estimates of their size and interrelationships to be possible.' Willet steps into the breach with heroic attempts to supply these deficiencies. However, despite the progress made by classical archaeologists, the satellite observations of Google Earth, and the application of statistical formulae to extract sense from large data sets, there are still enormous uncertainties regarding the basic information with which Willet works: settlement size and chronology; the actual nature of each urban settlement; the extent of similarities and differences between each city or settlement and its peers. Intensive research over the last thirty years in some parts of Asia Minor, including the densely settled and comparatively well-documented western parts of the province of Asia, and the south-west regions of Lycia, Pisidia and Pamphylia, has begun to fill important gaps in our knowledge, but other regions including Phrygia, Bithynia, Pontus and Cappadocia are so thinly urbanized and archaeologically under-explored, that inter-regional comparison becomes heuristically hazardous.
In the concluding pages, Willet, wisely enough, does not offer conclusions to his comprehensive synthesis, or attempt to supply overarching hypotheses to explain Roman urbanization. The approach of this book is welcome, but it is still work in progress. The scope of Pounds' article challenges scholars to come up with explanations of Roman urbanization on a vast regional or empire-wide scale. In the case of Asia Minor, the doctrine of 'less is more' may be good counsel, and some of the methods of quantification and comparison used in this study are likely to yield securer results when applied to a more homogeneous body of data on a more restricted regional basis, e.g. to Pisidia, Ionia or the Maeander valley, than across the entire historical and geographical landscape from the Aegean to the Euphrates.
In: Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59 (1969), 135-57.
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News Releases 2004
NOAA Home Page
NOAA Public Affairs
NOAA's National Weather Service announced a new flood stage measurement for Great Chazy River at Perry Mills, N.Y., effective May 24. Local National Weather Service and Clinton County Emergency Management officials determined this new measurement of nine feet will enable NWS to provide more relevant flood warnings. NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
“When we first established the flood stage for this location, we were conservative, setting the flood stage low enough to make sure we didn’t miss the onset of flood problems,” said Greg Hanson, service hydrologist at the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Burlington, Vt. “However, the experience of daily forecasting allowed the National Weather Service and Clinton Country Emergency Management to determine a more appropriate flood stage level."
2000, we started providing daily river forecasts using data from the
Great Chazy River gage located at Perry Mills with great success,"
said Peter Gabrielsen, NWS chief, Eastern Region, Hydrologic Service
Division. "We increased flood warning lead times to four hours
from 95 minutes.”
Chazy River is a forecast point included in National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Services, a web-based service providing information-rich forecasts related to hydrology. A graphic and text display show how long it will take the river to reach flood stage, how high the river will rise and how long the flood will last whenever a forecast is issued. Specific daily river forecasts and weekly and monthly probability forecasts are also available for the river at Perry Mills at NWS AHPS on the Web: http://ahps.erh.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ahps.cgi?btv.
NOAA’s National Weather Service is the primary source of weather data, forecasts and warnings for the United States and its territories. The National Weather Service operates the most advanced weather and flood warning and forecast system in the world, helping to protect lives and property and enhance the national economy.
NOAA is dedicated
to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction
and research of weather and climate-related events and providing environmental
stewardship of our nation’s coastal and marine resources. On
the Web: NOAA: http://www.noaa.gov.
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Sterrop solar microscope. C 1760
A Brass Solar microscope by Sterrop, London. Signed on the square rotating base-plate, the mirror with geared adjustment, the body tube with slide carrier to the top and slot for the objective lenses, rack and pinion for focusing, together with a brass slider with four numbered objectives, two various brass and one wooden slide with objectives (some beads lacking), six bone and one brass slide with various specimen. In the original fitted mahogany case and the microscope is circa 24 cm. high. Measurements box 7 x 21.5 x 17 cm.
Information of the Museum of the history Science in Oxford:
The brass body screws into the back plate. A rectangular mirror is set on the rear of the brass plate and two wing nuts on the front adjust the position and angle of the mirror. The slide carrier screws onto the other end of the body tube. It consists of an outer cylinder with two rectangular sections cut away and a thread in the end to take the projection lens. There is also a dovetail slot to take a brass slide with four objective lenses. A rack and pinion, for focusing, extends the outer cylinder from an inner cylinder that holds the stage and an third, spring mounted, cylinder. The stage is two disks that are pushed together by the spring cylinder. The fitted case is mahogany with green felt facing the supports and lining the lid. There are fittings on lid of the case that can hold mirror
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Our Big Question in History and Geography this term is:
What can we learn about the Ancient Greeks through Greek pots?
We will be using many small questions to guide our study and to allow us to answer this Big Question.
Autumn 1- Week 7
How did the Ancient Greeks live? (Athenians and Spartans) Continued
Due to having lots of information to gather last week, we decided to split this small question over 2 weeks. We are now going to use the information that we have ad consider how this can be used to answer, would you rather be an Athenian or a Spartan?
To prepare for this session, why not watch this humorous Horrible History video which will help you to gather more information.
Autumn 1- Week 6
How did the Ancient Greeks live? (Athenians and Spartans)
This week we are considering the similarities and differences between those that lived in Athens and those that lived in Sparta.
We will use our newly acquired knowledge to debate who we would rather be.
Here are some materials that can be used in addition to our in class learning.
Autumn 1- Week 5
Who did the Ancient Greeks worship?
In this session we will be considering the ways in worship was completed and who was worshipped. We will then produce informative fact files that display our learning.
Here are the slides we will be using to support our learning:
Autumn 1- Week 4
Who were the Ancient Greeks?
This week we have developed our understanding of many key, historical terms such as:
Here are the slides we will be using to support our learning.
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1. A nation looks to its leaders for guidance and direction in times of national crisis. At the young age of twenty-three, Spurgeon was requested to lead a special prayer service for the country in a time of trouble in India.
2. A Christian leader to whom people look for guidance must bring people together to seek God’s aid and unite their hearts and minds in prayer. Spurgeon was resolute in leading the country toward worship of God as they sought His divine help and intervention.
3. For a Christian leader to call for national repentance that no obstruction might impede God’s granting a nation’s request for divine assistance is appropriate. Spurgeon called on the nation to repent at the same time that he called for divine justice against the perpetrators of violence.
4. In times of national crisis, leaders give comfort and show compassion to the victims who have suffered greatly. Spurgeon led the assembly at the Crystal Palace to demonstrate compassion for the hurting ones by raising funds for the victims of the upheaval in India.
5. The leader who is thrust into the national spotlight at a time of national crisis bears a grave responsibility because people look to him for help in understanding the situation. Spurgeon voiced the outrage that people were feeling about the murderous insurrection in India, and he promised God’s justice according to His Word.
6. In times of national crisis, the Christian leader has an obligation before God to point to the hope that lies in Jesus Christ.
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Asthma UK’s research strategy will fund, support, and partner on projects that address one of 15 research priorities.
The full list of these 15 priorities can be seen on our Asthma Research Roadmap
The topics within these priority areas can be broadly divided into six themes, which is an easier way to think about the research that Asthma UK may support.
In order to develop new asthma treatments tailored to different types of asthma, we need to build an accurate understanding of the intricacies of the immune system and the underlying biology of asthma. It’s also crucial to understand how the lungs respond to triggers and infections, and to know about structural changes to the airways in order to prevent long-term lung damage. When symptoms become rapidly or wildly out of control, people can die from a fatal asthma exacerbation or attack. Despite best efforts, we still don’t fully understand what happens in the airways during an asthma attack and we need to understand what early-warning signs could help us identify and prevent an asthma attack in advance.
We know that all types of asthma are not the same, yet current treatments often adopt the same approach, meaning that they don’t work well for everybody. Delving deeper into the subtleties that characterise different individuals’ experiences of asthma (asthma phenotypes) is an essential step towards improving asthma control. We need to be able to differentiate between the various types of asthma in order to develop new and better-quality treatments which can then be targeted to those people who will benefit from them most.
Millions of people experience unnecessary asthma symptoms that could be avoided if better use were made of existing treatments and treatment programmes were tailored to individual challenges and needs. We also know that thousands of people in the UK experience constant, debilitating asthma symptoms because their lungs don’t respond to existing treatments such as steroids. To enable us to free them from asthma’s effects, we will fund research to develop better treatments, and repurpose existing treatments, which enable all people with asthma to manage their symptoms effectively, and maximise the benefits they get from treatment.
You can read about the projects that we currently fund working towards better treatments for asthma.
Regardless of how effective asthma treatments are, they will only work if people understand and appreciate their benefits and take them as prescribed. Although other challenges exist in asthma, psychological and lifestyle factors have an important part to play and we know that a number of complex barriers exist which unnecessarily limit the level of control most people have over their asthma and therefore their quality of life. In order to improve the way asthma is managed, we want to channel resources into research which gives us the information needed to empower and enable people to take control of their own asthma so they can live full and active lives.
You can read about research that we’re funding to improve the care that people with asthma receive.
Currently there is no single diagnostic test for asthma. This means that asthma often goes unrecognised, putting patients’ lives at risk, while others may be taking treatments they don’t need. In order to ensure people with asthma get the right treatment and support for them, it’s crucial to find a way to definitively diagnose asthma in primary care, and help health professionals to monitor their patients’ level of asthma control. Building on recent developments in measuring lung function, we will fund research to develop quick and cost-effective tools to diagnose and monitor airway inflammation and asthma.
You can read about research that we’re funding to improve the way that asthma is diagnosed.
|Asthma Prevention||Our knowledge about when asthma starts, what causes it, and how our risk is influenced by our genes, lifestyle, exposure to infections and our home and working environments has steadily increased. Scientists are now better able to identify ways to protect people from developing asthma; however there are still gaps in our knowledge. We will support research which helps us to explicitly understand how to stop people from ever developing asthma or cure it if it does develop, meaning that people don’t need ongoing treatment or management to minimise symptoms. We will also channel resources to understand the relationship between different characteristics and behaviours which increase a person’s risk of experiencing a severe asthma attack, and ways to reduce the risk.|
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Reading Response Activities With Graphic Organizers
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Engage students with this collection of creative reading response activities for both fiction and nonfiction. Open-ended prompts (such as, what books might Cinderella have on her bookshelf, or what might a pharaoh’s to-do list include?) encourage students to explore and connect with the text in more meaningful ways than just searching for ””the right answer.”” Use the reproducible activity pages in class or for homework. For use with Grades 3–5.
This product has not been reviewed yet.
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School Districts providing programs insure that instruction is provided by certified teachers, who deliver a curriculum specifically designed for preschool. The statewide voluntary preschool program for four year old children is an investment in Iowa’s future.
The District will be certified based on implementation of the Iowa Quality Preschool Program standards.
The Boone Community School District Preschool uses The Creative Curriculum as a foundation for learning. The Creative Curriculum balances both teacher-directed and child-initiated learning, with an emphasis on responding to children’s learning styles and building on their strengths and interests. The Creative Curriculum uses theme-based approaches to learning and is designed to capitalize on the natural learning experiences that occur in learning centers. Thematic units incorporate various subject areas into developmentally appropriate activities to help student growth in gross motor development, fine motor development, language and communication, and social and emotional development.
ECSE- Early Childhood Special Education Program for three and four year old children with IEPs follow the same specialized curriculum, and focuses on developmental needs.
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It is a rare neurological disease, with a possible vascular cause that affects the parietal lobe.
This disorder was first identified and described by Dr. Josef Gerstmann in 1924, for his contributions to advancing scientific research and awareness of this neurological disorder and disease.
Since then, advances in the diagnosis and care of Gerstmann syndrome have continued to advance.
It is a rare disease and should not be confused with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, which is a genetic disorder and a neurogenerative disease.
Gerstmann syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment that occurs as a result of a traumatic brain injury or a developmental disorder.
This disorder occurs as a result of brain injury to the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain and can be found in children and adults alike.
The number of people with Gerstmann syndrome remains unknown, and there are questions about the number of people living with Gerstmann syndrome worldwide.
Causes of Gerstmann syndrome
Gerstmann’s syndrome, scientifically speaking, occurs in the presence of a contusion in one of the lobes of the brain , which specifically tends to affect the angular gyrus found in the lower parietal lobe.
In adults, Gerstmann syndrome is more likely to occur after a stroke and can occur as a result of a stroke.
Other times, the disease is caused by impaired or restricted blood flow to the brain, which is also known as cerebrovascular disease.
Multiple sclerosis can also cause this syndrome.
In even rarer cases, Gerstmann syndrome can occur after a traumatic brain injury or as a result of a brain tumor in the same part of the brain.
Gerstmann syndrome can affect men and women equally.
Gerstmann syndrome symptoms
The syndrome is broadly defined and characterized by the loss or absence of four cognitive abilities:
- The ability to express thoughts in writing (agraphia, dysgraphia).
- The ability to perform and perform simple arithmetic or mathematical problems (acalculia).
- The ability to recognize or identify one’s own or other’s fingers (finger agnosia).
- The ability to distinguish between the right and left sides of our body.
Three of the most common recognizable symptoms in affected children are that they may have poor handwriting, below-average spelling skills, and difficulty performing basic math skills like adding, subtracting, dividing, and multiplying.
Children may also have trouble reading or understanding certain words, remembering their meanings, and spelling them.
Basic tasks such as copying a simple object or drawing basic lines also appear to be problematic for children with Gerstmann syndrome.
When it comes to handwriting, both children and adults may have difficulty distinguishing between upper and lower case, can write pages full of unfinished letters, and demonstrate an inconsistency in the shape and size of written letters.
In addition to these symptoms being present, some patients also have speech disorders and language disorders.
They may show symptoms of aphasia, which is the difficulty in expressing themselves clearly when speaking.
Patients with aphasia have trouble forming thoughts and expressing them in complete sentences.
They may also have trouble understanding other people’s speech and reading and writing.
Diagnosis and tests
To make a proper diagnosis of Gerstmann syndrome, many tests are necessary.
Some of these tests are more complicated than others, and some indications of a person who have this disease are much more obvious than others.
Finger agnosia can be difficult to diagnose among children because many healthy children cannot name their fingers.
An individual’s medical history and family history and a physical examination are the standard components of any diagnostic examination.
Neurological exams assess a person’s sensory and motor responses, balance, and coordination.
Certain medical imaging tests, such as MRI and CT scans, can be used to view the brain and assess its function and structure.
A brain biopsy can confirm the presence of lesions.
Treatment and therapy
Unfortunately, at present, there is no cure for Gerstmann syndrome.
Symptoms are cared for as needed, and treatment is largely supportive, meaning it attempts to lessen symptoms rather than cure the underlying disease.
Because the symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome are so diverse and affect many basic functions of daily life, there have been a variety of treatment options to help prevent further impairment of certain abilities.
To help lessen the effects of dysgraphia and apraxia, it has been shown to be helpful for patients to participate in some form of occupational therapy and / or speech therapy.
Participating in regular speech and cognitive therapy can help improve one’s ability to express thoughts in writing and verbalize them, an important and necessary function of everyday life.
Special education and the use of calculators can be used to help children with the syndrome.
In rarer cases, when Gerstmann syndrome is present due to an existing brain tumor or injury, surgery may be used to treat the condition.
Natalizumab is a drug that has been used to treat Gerstmann syndrome that results from multiple sclerosis.
Gerstmann syndrome prevention and prophylaxis
For adults who suffer from the syndrome as a result of a traumatic brain injury or stroke, certain preventive approaches include steps to prevent those conditions.
Wearing a proper helmet while playing extreme or contact sports and riding motorcycles can help prevent traumatic brain injury.
Using caution when driving motor vehicles can include wearing seat belts and can help prevent traumatic brain injury.
Strokes can be prevented through lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthy diet and exercising regularly can mitigate risk.
Quitting smoking, as well as avoiding secondhand smoke, can also mitigate the risk of stroke and the conditions that result, such as Gerstmann syndrome.
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What are General Education Courses?
Think about all the subjects that you had once studied in high schools, like English, Science, Mathematics, History. These all will again bulk up your general education as a compulsory course at most Universities.
You have to take this classes irrespective of the major you will pursue. As a result, if you would like any class you will end up doing a minor in that. Which you didn't even considered once.
Purpose of General Education Courses
General education courses are typically designed to teach a large range of skill that every person should know and master.
It develops the process of cultural diversity in society.
- The purpose of this course is to improve students analytical skill and critical thinking.
It focuses on the academic skills that improve our professional and personal life.
It improves academic problem solving which is productive in a society for a continuous change.
What are the general education topics?
By and large, understudies must finish a specific number of credit hours in every one of these themes to meet general training necessities
Art and Humanities - The Art and Humanities involve the discipline of the Morden and Ancient culture, languages, literature, philosophy, music and many more. These regulations explore, share, and recreate expression of the human involvement.
English Language and Literature - Literature is writing contemplate art form, or any single writing demand to have creative or scholarly esteem, regularly because of sending dialect in ways that vary from standard utilization and Language is a structure that consists of development and maintenance of a complicated system of communication.
Foreign Language - Foreign language is originally from another country. It can help to gain awareness of various intercontinental cultures and expand their worldview. You can choose from a scope of dialects, for example, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese and Japanese.
History - History is the study of past and it narrates in written documents; it also gives an opportunities to connect with different cultures from across the globe. There’s a broad range of history classes that work within the range of general education requirement.
Mathematics and Science - Anyone can choose Math and Science majors to stay aware of the interest for mechanically propelled laborers to fill positions in the STEM fields - science, innovation, building, and math - even understudies seeking after majors outside of STEM fields ought to have fundamental math and science information.
Social Science - Social Science is an important category of academic discipline, worried about society and the relationship between the individuals inside the society. There are different branches of Social Science. The Social Science include, but are not limited to Anthropology, Economics, History, Archaeology, Political science, Psychology and many more.
Can You Transfer General Education Courses?
There is a big advantage of general education courses is that how easily they can be transferred, for ex: Math is math, whether you’re studying in any college or in any university. If you have captured college course before, then there is more chance you can try or apply them toward a degree and you want to change between schools you will not find yourself to reacquire old courses at your new colleges or in your new university. Numerous educators, realizing that their course might be the main experience you have in that specific scholarly field, will do their best to make classes fun while guaranteeing you get the hang of something.
I hope this blog helped you to know about general education courses. It can help an individual to become a better person, better citizen, and employee that anyone could be. It is very beneficial for the students to take general education because it helps students to understudies with their preferred essential qualifications for the profession.
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Important: We protect the e-mail adresses of our mentors and mailing lists against spam bots. Please replace all occurences of “ at ” and “ dot ” by “@” and “.” resp.
IRC: #openprinting on Freenode
Code License: See project descriptions
IPP, the Internet Printing Protocol from the Printing Working Group (PWG) is a standard protocol for network printers (and also used by CUPS, the standard printing environment on practically all non-Windows operating systems). IPP network printers have a lot of advantages compared to USB printers (letting the ability of several computers on a network being able to access them aside):
All this works with standard protocols and without any requirement of printer manufacturer/model specific software. For printers which also understand standard languages for the jobs themselves (PostScript, PDF, PWG Raster, PCL, JPG, TIFF) this means completely driverless printing (IPP Everywhere).
Unfortunately, this is a network protocol for network printers.
Fortunately, the USB Implementers Forum has added a standard to make it also go into USB printers, IPP-over-USB. Problem is that there is no Linux support for that.
This project is about creating the appropriate support on Linux systems with a CUPS printing environment. What has to be done is writing a daemon which is started and stopped via UDEV when an appropriate printer (with USB protocol 4) is connected and disconnected. The running daemon should make available an IPP interface and the web configuration interface to the system on TCP ports (getting URIs like ipp:localhost:4000/ and http://localhost:4001/) and it also should register the URIs at avahi-daemon so that Bonjour-based auto discovery of the printer is possible (for example by cups-browsed). A plus is to use systemd and Upstart to run this daemon on-demand, socket-triggered. The student's task is to study the protocol specification and to implement it in a simple UDEV-triggerable daemon, opening two ports on localhost to access the printer and to register the URIs at avahi-daemon. There are enough code examples around in existing printing-related free software projects to put this together (Avahi library use in cupsd and cups-browsed, libusb use in the “usb” CUPS backend, UDEV use in system-config-printer, …) We will make arrangements for the student to get a sample printer for testing. Mentors: James Cloos (cloos at jhcloos dot com), Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com). Desired knowledge: C programming Code License: MIT or GPL =====Complete IPP Everwhere support of CUPS: rastertopdf filter to accept PWG Raster as input format===== CUPS, the standard printing system of Linux, Unix, and Mac OS X, was always following the standards of the Printing Working Group (PWG), especially the Intrnet Printing Protocol, IPP. Michael Sweet, author of CUPS, is actively participating in the PWG work. Recently the PWG has completed the new IPP Everywhere standard for printers, which allows driver-less (no printer-model-specific software on the client) printing by using IPP and standard printer languages, like PostScript, PDF, and PWG Raster, the latter being required for all IPP Everywhere printers. To not only get easy network printing with the new IPP Everywhere printers but also with any printer shared by a CUPS server on a Linux/Unix system we want CUPS being able to fully emulate an IPP Everywhere printer. cups nearly does it, it does the newest IPP and accepts PostScript, PDF, and JPEG as input, but it does not accept the required PWG Raster. The student's task in this project will be writing a rastertopdf filter for the cups-filters upstream project of OpenPrinting (official filter suite for CUPS 1.6.x or newer) which turns PWG Raster into PDF and so allows CUPS to take PDF as input. Preferably he makes use of the imagetopdf filter for that making it supporting multi-page input (with the side effect of multi-page TIFF support) and adding PWG Raster to this filter. Mentors: Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com), Tobias Hoffmann (smilingthax at googlemail dot com) TBD Desired knowledge: C and/or C++ programming Code License: MIT, GPL =====GTK (GNOME) Print Dialog: Support for driver-less printing on network printers, especially also IPP Everywhere printers===== cups-browsed is a daemon which comes with the cups-filters package from OpenPrinting and it discovers remote printers and automatically creates local print queues so that these remote printers are available locally. On desktop Linux distributions it is usually configured to only discover remote CUPS printers as they have a driver on the server side. Mainly for printing on mobile devices without needing to set up anything cups-browsed can also discover IPP network printers with known page description languages (PostScript, PDF, PWG Raster, PCL) and set up print queues for them which accept PDF as input and turn data into the language needed by the printer. To have driver-less (no software or data files specific to the printer model) printing, these queues do not have a PPD (PostScript Printer Description) file which tells clients about printer-specific capabilities and user-settable options, meaning that if you print to such queues printing is done with everything on default (A4, one-sided, normal quality, …) as the print dialogs do not show any changeable options. The student's task here is to create a backend for the GTK print dialog (the most used print dialog for desktop applications under Linux) which recognizes such print queues and polls the printer's capability list directly from the printer via IPP as soon as the user selects the printer and then set up the option panel of the dialog based on the found IPP options and choices and when printing send the job along with the user's settings and also static capabilities (like unprintable margins). This way the user can simply print on an available network printer and make use of most of the printer's capabilities without needing to set up a print queue for the printer or have a driver for it. Especially there will soon be printers following the IPP Everywhere standard from the Printing Working Group (PWG). These are IPP 2.x printers which understand at least PWG Raster but often also other languages and they inform clients about all their capabilities. These printers are designed for driver-less printing. Mentors: Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com). Desired knowledge: C programming Code License: LGPL-2+ =====PPD Generator for driver-less printing: Poll capabilities from printer via IPP and generate an appropriate PPD file===== For desktop applications to know about the printer's capabilities, like available paper sizes, color/monochrome, resolution, output quality, margins, duples, … to correctly prepare the print jobs and also to show the user-settable options in the print dialog, print queues get assigned a PPD (PostScript Printer Description) file. This file is usually a static file delivered by the printer manufacturer or by the developers of third-party drivers together with the driver package. The driver and especially the PPD file are software specific to the printer model, and for an operating system to support most printers important on the market, it has to ship thousands of PPD files and also get updates regularly. This is especially a problem for mobile devices with limited storage capacity for the operating system. To avoid this we want to do driver-less printing, no printer-model-specific software or data files on the computer. And to do driver-less printing the Printing Working Group (PWG) has developed the IPP Everywhere standard. Printers following this standards are IPP 2.x printers which understand at least PWG Raster and often other common Page description languages (PostScript, PDF, PCL, TIFF, JPG, …). Thanks to IPP from these printers one can poll the capability information based on which one can auto-generate a PPD file. The student's task is to write an appropriate PPD generator, so that full-featured print queues for these printers can be generated fully automatically without need of a printer setup tool. Mentors: Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com). Desired knowledge: C programming Code License: LGPL-2.1+ =====Add MuPDF support to cups-filters for a lightweight mobile printing stack===== The cups-filters project at OpenPrinting (included in all Linux distributions using CUPS 1.6.x or newer) provides the filters needed to convert the print job output of desktop applications (usually PDF) into the printer's native language or into the universal CUPS/PWG-Raster format as input for a separate printer driver. It also provides the pdftopdf filter to apply page management (N pages per sheet, selected pages, even/odd pages for manual duplex, mirror for iron-on sheets, …) to the PDF data stream. A central part to make this work is a PDF renderer and many of the filters are simply wrappers about a PDF renderer. Currently, cups-filters supports Ghostscript and Poppler as PDF renderer. With this project we want to add support for MuPDF as it is a more lightweight renderer made by Artifex, the printing specialists who already made Ghostscript. This is especially interesting for mobile devices with limited meomory, mass storage, and CPU resources. The student will have to modify all filters which need a PDF renderer (pdftops, pdftoraster, pdftoijs, pdftoopvp, perhaps also pdftopdf) to add support for MuPDF without dropping the existing support for Ghostscript and Poppler. Switching between the renderers should be able at run time, to make binary packages of cups-filters suitable for systems of different form factors. Mentors: Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com), Tobias Hoffmann (smilingthax at googlemail dot com), MuPDF developers TBD Desired knowledge: C and/or C++ programming Code License: MIT, GPL =====Add printer output backends to MuPDF===== MuPDF is a lightweight PDF renderer made by Artifex, the company behind Ghostscript. In contrary to Ghostscript, MuPDF is a pure PDF renderer. It does not contain a PostScript interpreter nor parts of it are written in PostScript. This makes it smaller, faster, and less resource-consuming, the ideal solution for mobile devices like tablets or smartphones. On mobile devices printing will not be done with having tons of printer-model-specific drivers on the system. Once, they consume the limited mass storage space, and second, one uses the mobile device in several different local networks with different printers: At home, in the office, in a copy shop, … and one wants to use the printers which are available there, without installing drivers and setting up queues. Therefore we want to have a system which automatically detects network printers and makes them available for local apps. To do so we restrict ourselves to printers with known, common languages: IPP Everywhere (Upcoming standard, PWG Raster and optionally some others) and PostScript, PDF, PCL 5c/e/6/XL (legacy standards). So MuPDF has to generate raster output for these languages, meaning raster embedded in the specifics of the language, and to avoid exhausting printer resources raster in small bands and no high-level output, even if the printer language is high-level. Artifex will also work on this, but to get additional man power we are also opening this project for students. Note that you have to assign copyright on your code to Artifex, as otherwise the code cannot be integrated in MuPDF. This project can be split to be worked on by more than one student. Mentors: MuPDF developers TBD, Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com) Desired knowledge: C and/or C++ programming Code License: GPL =====Improve the pdftopvp filter to not need copying Poppler source code or unstable APIs===== The cups-filters project at OpenPrinting (included in all Linux distributions using CUPS 1.6.x or newer) provides the filters needed to convert the print job output of desktop applications (usually PDF) into the printer's native language or into the universal CUPS/PWG-Raster format as input for a separate printer driver. It also provides the pdftopdf filter to apply page management (N pages per sheet, selected pages, even/odd pages for manual duplex, mirror for iron-on sheets, …) to the PDF data stream. One of the filters is pdftoopvp which is the interface between PDF (the standard print job format under Linux) and the OpenPrinting Vector high-level printer driver interface standard. This standard is currently used by several Japanese-market laser printers which do not use PostScript as it is usual in Europe and the US. This filter currently only supports Poppler as PDF renderer and the connection between the filter and Poppler is rather awkward, copying parts of Poppler's source code and using unstable APIs of Poppler which change with newer Poppler versions. This makes maintaining the filter difficult for the Linux distributions. The task for the student is here to once improve the interface with Poppler if possible and also add support for Ghostscript (would improve color management a lot) and MuPDF (would improve integration with mobile and embedded devices). Mentors: Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com), Koji Otani, BBR Inc. Japan (sho at bbr dot jp) Desired knowledge: C and/or C++ programming Code License: MIT =====PWG Job-Ticket backend for libJTAPI (Job Ticket API)===== Job tickets are extended descriptions for print jobs. They tell which documents should be printed, on which type of paper, which resolution and quality, whether there should be sheets inserted between the documents, …, and even information like delivery address, payment, … A job ticket accompanies a print job from its submission to its delivery. Job tickets come from the professional printing world. In former times they were a paper form with instructions what everyone involved in the printing process has to do. Nowadays they are standardized files which are used by print servers, printers, and production printing machines. IPP Everywhere is a next generation printing protocol by the Printing Work Group (PWG) and uses job tickets for all printing metadata. This makes job ticket handling vital for IPP Everywhere support. For IPP Everywhere the PWG has created the PWG Job Ticket format. Libjtapi is OpenPrinting's reference implementation of the FSG's JTAPI standard. The FSG (Free Standards Group) was a predecessor to the Linux Foundation. The JTAPI standard defines an abstract api for producing and consuming job tickets. Thus Libjtapi can create Job Tickets and translate between job ticket formats provided a backend has been developed. This project is to develop a Libjtapi backend for the PWG's job ticket format. This backend should be able to consume PWG tickets and produce PWG tickets. Proposed Tasking: Objective: Develop a Libjtapi backend for accepting, parsing, interpreting and translating PWG Job Tickets to LibJTAPI objects/attributes. Approach: As Libjtapi is written in C89 this backend should be as well. PWG Job Tickets can come in either XML or JSON flavours and only one of these flavours must be supported. A JSON or XML parsing library written in C89 and relicensable under the EPL should be used. The backend may be written using internal Libjtapi helper functions or against the more verbose jtapi apis. Code License: EPL Coding Language: C89 Coding Document: In-line commenting must be sufficient to understand the flow and any section requiring extended understanding. Operating System: Student’s choice – Linux, Windows, Mac, … (non-gui for either) Interface: Command Line Document: Minimum: - How to build the PWG Job Ticket backend. - How to build the test suite - How to run the test suite - Three example PWG job tickets that can be consumed and produced without data loss. Mentor: Glen Petrie, Epson (glen dot petrie at eitc dot epson dot com) Desired knowledge: C Programming =====Foomatic: Improving the PPD generation capabilities: Option conflicts and printer compatibility classes===== Foomatic serves now well for more than 10 years for integrating Ghostscript-based printer drivers with the printing environment under Linux (usually CUPS). Based on an XML database of printers, drivers, and user-settable driver options PPD (Postscript Printer Description) files are generated and used together with the universal print filter foomatic-rip. This way the user has access to all the driver's (and printer's) capabilities and Ghostscript is correctly called by the printing system to execute the print job. This worked principally very well. One can really control all options of the printer drivers and even more sophisticated techniques, like CUPS' custom options (arbitrary numbers and strings as parameters) are supported. But there are still two problems which did not get addressed due to the lack of manpower for implementing them: Option setting conflicts Often option settings do not work together, like printing double-sided on transparencies. PPD files use the “*UIConstraints: …” keyword to mark these conflicts so that in print dialogs and printer setup tools one cannot choose conflicting settings. Foomatic has no functionality to define option setting conflicts and generate appropriate “*UIConstraints: …” keywords in the PPD files. Printer compatibility classes The other problem is that it is rather awkward to assign drivers and options to printers if there are very many similar, compatible models. Often one has to mention each printer explicitly in the driver and option XML entries. Instead of needing to add many compatible printers to the drivers and to the constraints of options one could introduce compatibility classes. A compatibility class contains absolutely compatible printers, which means printers which work with the same drivers, the same options, and the same choices for the options. Then one can put the class name into the list of supported printers of a driver and also into the constraints of the options and so one avoids needing to insert tenth of printers everywhere. Especially there are many HP inkjets which are absolutely compatible to each other (around ten classes instead of 100 printers) and there are many clones of HP LaserJet printers. What is needed for solving both problems is an extension to XML database, to the SQL representation of the database (for accelerated database access), and to the PPD file generator. Mentor: Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com) Desired knowledge: Perl programming Code License: GPL =====Modularization of built-in GhostScript drivers into an OPVP driver===== In the free software world there are often several different projects for fulfilling the same task. For rendering (rasterizing) PDF (the standard format for print jobs) there are Poppler and Ghostscript. Both have there advantages and disadvantages, for example Poppler is completely written in C++ whereas the PDF interpreter of Ghostscript is written in PostScript (note that PostScript is a full-featured programming language), which makes Poppler smaller and faster. Ghostscript's advantage is having better color management and being better optimized for printing. Unfortunately, one cannot freely choose between the two yet as Ghostscript has many important printer driver, especially “pxlcolor”/“pxlmono”, built in and so dropping Ghostscript in favor of Poppler would lead to a loss of important functionality, like PCL-XL printer support. To avoid this we need to make all printer drivers working with arbitrary renderers. This is easy to implement for most modern drivers which are IJS plug-ins, separate filters, CUPS raster drivers, and OpenPrinting Vector drivers, but for the drivers built into Ghostscript this is not yet possible. Therefore we want to modularize the built-in Ghostscript drivers into something which plugs into the renderer. A side effect of this is also the easier maintainability of Ghostscript and of the drivers, especially of built-in drivers from third parties. As there are some high level/vector devices the suggested interface is the OpenPrinting Vector framework. The implementation should be some kind of glue code module which has on one end the OPVP interface to get the data from the renderer and on the other end the internal API of GhostScript to couple to the original GhostScript driver code. Compiling this should result in one or more OPVP drivers with the same functionality as the built-in GhostScript drivers. Goal of this project is to implement and test this framework and it would be a plus to also do the needed modification of the Foomatic data to generate the PPDs for the modularized drivers. Mentor: Hin-Tak Leung (HinTak dot Leung at gmail dot com), author of several drivers for printers with proprietary protocols; Till Kamppeter, OpenPrinting Manager, The Linux Foundation (till at linux dot com) Desired knowledge: Knowledge in C programming is required. Great is also knowledge in PostScript and the Linux/Unix printing workflow. Code License: GPL =====Vendor WIN32 driver made available to Linux applications===== There was a Google Summer of Code 2007 project under wine to use WIN32 drivers to print from wine, and some adaption of that idea in some limited fashion in ddiwrapper . It would be quite interesting and useful to properly integrate this into the more general printing workflow: * make it possible to print from linux applications through cups or other spoolers with more(all?) WIN32 drivers Currently there are two(?) frameworks which are usable for loading binary-only closed-source vendor driver modules, OPVP and IJS. There are a few other FOSS projects which uses some part of wine to load binary-only WIN32 modules for accessing data in proprietary format quite successfully - e.g. ndiswrapper (for wireless network hardware), mplayer (for multimedia playback). Some background information is in Mentor: Hin-Tak Leung (HinTak dot Leung at gmail dot com), author of several drivers for printers with proprietary protocols; Detlef Riekenberg from the Wine Project, who was the mentor for the Gsoc 2007 wine project for print proxy, has agreed to be involved. Desired knowledge: C programming Code License: GPL/LGPL/Public Domain =====Get the cairo color management code upstream===== Adrian Johnson did a lot of the work needed to make cairo color managed. Finishing this work and getting the code upstream would allow us to simplify a lot of applications that use cairo. See http://cgit.freedesktop.org/~ajohnson/cairo/log/?h=color-space for the branch. Adrian has also patched Inkscape to use the new features, and that needs cleaning up and pushing upstream http://cgit.freedesktop.org/~ajohnson/inkscape/log/?h=color-space Also see http://lists.cairographics.org/archives/cairo/2012-July/023353.html and https://mail.gnome.org/archives/gimp-developer-list/2012-August/msg00084.html for more details. Expectations: The cairo and inskcape code is pushed upstream with any required modifications. Ideally someone familiar with the cairo community would take this on, as Adrian found it hard to get the code approved upstream. Skills: Understanding of basic color management, basic use of bzr and git, proficient in C. Contact: Richard Hughes
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"The Catcher in the Rye" was published in 1951. Its setting is around the 1950s and is narrated by Holden Caulfield, a teenage boy who receives treatment within a psychiatric ward. The stories that he narrates are past events that occurred a couple of days before the end of the fall school semester. The narrative and turmoil within the story helps the reader learn more about Caulfield's characteristics.
Holden is extremely judgmental of others -- especially of those who he considers "phony," or those who put on a whole new persona around others. He sneers at the hypocrisy and malice that exists in the adult world and uses mockery to shield himself from all of the disappointment that adulthood brings. Caulfield believes that he is the only decent character among a world of phony adults.
Holden's fixation with phoniness and his inability to understand the way social orders work in society makes him appear naive. He has the ability to identify the phoniness and egocentric behaviors of society, but tends to go into denial. As a result, he has difficulty functioning in a world that is fallible. In addition, Holden believes that society can change without any effort to create positive changes.
Holden's perfectionism makes him uneasy with his own weaknesses. In the novel, he shows meanness, superficiality and falsehood, just like everyone else he relentlessly judges. A couple of times he tries to commit suicide. However, his love for his sister will not allow him to kill himself.
Presumptuous, Childish and Disrespectful
Holden is presumptuous, childish and disrespectful. When he does not get his way, he has temper tantrums. Although, it is against the rules to smoke in dorm rooms, Holden chooses to smoke anyway. He also chooses not to study, which causes him to get expelled due to academic failure. In addition, he pretends that he is blind to annoy his mother for his own amusement.
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The quality of air that circulates in your home can cause certain illnesses to you and your family without you even knowing. Being in a cold house is fun and all, but living in a home where the sun almost doesn’t shine may not be the best idea for your family’s safety, since this can result in poor air exchange. The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation highlighted the importance of air quality in a home:
The air you breathe in your home should be clean (i.e. as free from pollutants as possible). For your health and comfort, your home should have an exchange of air between the indoors and outdoors. Without the air exchange, your home can accumulate moisture, mold can become a problem, and you can experience poor air quality.
The CMHC added that although mold is not really a problem for healthy people, the fungus can release potentially toxic substances that may cause problems for people with respiratory conditions. Mold also produces spores that may trigger allergies and irritation when it touches the skin. Mold colonies are attracted to cold surfaces, and houses with low temperatures tend to have residents with respiratory problems because the air exchange is minimal and the quality of air is almost always stale.
On the other hand, if your residence is situated in an area that receives adequate sunlight, there are two reasons why your house still feels colder than normal: poor insulation and inefficient heating systems. It could be that your heating systems have been poorly made and are releasing pollutants in your home, causing more health problems for the occupants. Your house may also be poorly insulated, so it would be wise to contact the experts; Peterborough insulation specialists can help you solve this issue and prevent similar problems from arising in the future.
Other factors that can affect the quality of air include smoking, potentially toxic household products such as insecticides and air sprays, faulty combustion devices like shower heaters and furnaces, and synthetic fabrics or furnishings. Contact your trusted insulation companies in Toronto for assistance in getting an indoor residential environment that is as warm and relaxing as a loving hug.
(Source: Moisture and Air Quality Problems, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation)
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Issue Date: June 15, 2009
A Tunable Semiconductor
The electronic properties of graphene—a single layer of carbon atoms configured like chicken wire—are compelling enough. But now, researchers say, by connecting two layers of graphene, they have achieved what could be an extraordinary breakthrough in electronics: a device with a tunable bandgap.
The defining property of any semiconductor or insulating material is the size of its bandgap—the amount of energy between the material's valence band and conduction band. This intrinsic, fixed characteristic determines the material's ability to transport electrons or absorb photons and thus what role it can play in devices such as transistors and photodiodes.
University of California, Berkeley, physics professor Feng Wang and colleagues report that by placing two sheets of graphene on top of each other and putting the layers between two electrical gates, they are able to adjust the bandgap by changing the applied voltage (Nature 2009, 459, 820).
Researchers had predicted the potential for a tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene and have been intensely interested in the implications of this type of material for flexible nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. But efforts to fabricate such a device hadn't been successful, and some researchers had been skeptical about whether such devices could be created at all.
Dirk van der Marel, materials science professor at the University of Geneva, says the report "looks like a very beautiful paper," adding that tunable bandgaps offer innovative ways of manipulating electrical transport properties in devices.
Since its discovery in 2004, graphene has grabbed much attention (C&EN, March 2, page 14). The material's single, incredibly strong sheets appear to conduct electrons almost effortlessly, and researchers are expending considerable effort to learn how to synthesize it more easily. On the horizon are graphene-based transistors, frequency multipliers, and light-emitting diodes.
The Wang group's work on bilayer graphene may lay the foundation for a new direction in graphene research—giving scientists a chance to double their fun.
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society
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Swedish researchers have used a new quasi-liquid, polymer-based electrolyte to increase voltage and current of dye-sensitised solar cells.
The material enabled increasing the speed of movement of the oxidised electrolyte inside a dye-sensitised solar cell, improving its efficiency by 20 per cent.
“We now have clear evidence that by adding the ion-conducting polymer to the solar cell’s cobalt redox electrolyte, the transport of oxidized electrolytes is greatly enhanced,” said James Gardner, Assistant Professor of Photoelectrochemistry at Stockholm’s KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
The results of the study have been published in the August issue of Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
The new quasi-liquid, polymer-based electrolyte (containing the Co3+/Co2+ redox mediator in 3-methoxy propionitrile solvent) addresses some of the key problems of dye-sensitised solar cells.
In an electrolyte, a cobalt complex redox shuttle acts as a catalyst, providing the internal electrical continuity between the anode and cathode. When the dye releases electrons and becomes oxidised by the titanium dioxide, the electrolyte supplies electrons to replenish the deficiency. This resets the dye molecules back to their original states. As a result, the electrolyte becomes oxidised and electron-deficient and migrates toward the cathode to recover its missing electrons. Electrons migrating through the circuit recombine with the oxidised form of the cobalt complex when they reach the cathode.
In the most efficient solar cells this transport of ions relies on acetonitrile, a low viscosity, volatile organic solvent. In order to build a stable, commercially-viable solar cell, however, a low-volatility solvent has to be used, usually methoxypropionitrile.
But the methoxypropionitrile, apart from being more stable is also more viscous than acetonitrile, inhibiting the flow of ions in the electrolyte. Slowing down the move of electrons does not only reduce the efficiency but also contributes to faster aging as more of the cobalt complexes react with electrons in the semiconductor anode instead of with the electrons at the cathode, resulting in rapid recombination losses.
The new electrolyte used by the Swedish team offers optimal characteristics of both the methoxypropionitrile and acetonitrile.
Dye-sensitised solar cells draw inspiration from photosynthesis. These cells are believed to eventually lead to development of low-cost solar photovoltaics and, when coupled with catalysts, could even generate hydrogen and oxygen, just like plants.
A dye-sensitised solar cell absorbs photons and injects electrons into the conduction band of a transparent semiconductor. This anode is actually a plate with a highly porous, thin layer of titanium dioxide that is sensitised with dyes that absorb visible light. The electrons in the semiconductor diffuse through the anode, out into the external circuit.
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Washington, D.C. – Finally, the State Department of the United States seems to have understood the situation in Catalonia about the coexisting of the two legally official languages, Catalan and Spanish. In the just released Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 (Spanish chapter), the Department of State shows a more independent point of view than in previous reports, less politicized, and more accurate when it referring to the Catalan language.
The Catalan society is mostly bilingual. Almost 95% of its citizens understand Catalan and 99.9% Spanish, but only a 35.6% uses Catalan as their everyday language in front of a 46% that uses Spanish.
Historically, the Catalan has been the common language of Catalonia; however, since Spain returned to democratic rule in 1978, the different Catalonian governments (from diverse political ideologies) have all actively promoted the recovery and use of the Catalan language. This was due to the language’s fragile situation in the late 70’s after being banned for more than 40 years during Franco’s dictatorship (1939-1975). Today, even though the strength of the Spanish language (and the threatens to a minority language like Catalan in a globalized world) society manages the use of both Catalan and Spanish in an exemplary manner, and only is put in question —for political reasons—, in very isolated cases; and precisely, those cases are the ones that found echo for the same political reasons in some Madrid-based newspapers with high influence in other parts of the Kingdom of Spain (and until now, it seemed also among the U.S. officials).
In previous U.S. Department of State human rights reports, those isolated cases were reported in a biased manner, highlighting a conflict that did not match the reality in Catalonia but matched the Madrid’s delusional conflict which alleges a supposed Catalan language imposition. This time, however, when you read the Spanish chapter of the 2011 Human Rights report, the reader only finds one paragraph dedicated to this linguistic conflict — it is located at the end of Section 6, Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons and under the subtitle of Other Societal Violence or Discrimination. The length of the paragraph is less than five lines, and just talk about the willing of the Catalan government to disregard a judiciary decision (that ruled in favor of making Spanish a vehicular language in Catalonia’s public schools) and its defense of “the current educational model”.
It is highly surprising that even though this supposed ‘human right violation’, the report does not cite a single case of discrimination. Furthermore, and to make things more interesting, the paragraph ends highlighting the point of view of advocates of the Catalan immersion model which “cited studies showing that Catalan public school students performed as well as their counterparts in other parts of Spain on Spanish language proficiency tests”.
In my opinion, the U.S. officials have finally understood that there is no real conflict in Catalonia even though the Madrid-based newspapers ‘cases’. Nevertheless, since in past reports they wrote about this fictitious conflict, this year’s report had to have at least one small paragraph about the language ‘conflict’.
I really hope that the 2012’s report will focus on the real human rights issues that sadly still occur in Spain and Catalonia, and will avoid contributing to the made-up language conflict that never existed within the Catalan society.
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Khiḍr in the Encyclopedia of Islam
Khadir (Khiḍr, Khezr, Hizir) legendary man believed to be immortal, to possess divine wisdom, and to have inspired Sufis
At the time of Islam's appearance in the seventh century there was a large pool of myths and legends in the Middle East from which Muslims soon drew to enrich their understandings of the past, of life and death, and of the sacred. Khadir was a figure who seems to have been a kind of magnet for such stories in the early Muslim community. His name means 'the green one', which gave rise to attempts to explain why a man would be associated with this color. Some accounts say it derives from belief that his color was a result of having gained immortality by drinking water from the miraculous spring of life. They also associated his color with plant life and fertility, and that the earth turned green wherever he stood or prayed.
By some accounts he was among only four men believed to have ever attained immortality, the other three being Elijah, Idris,and Jesus.Stories that he lived on a distant island or at the meeting place of two seas and of his ability to assist people far from home made him a patron saint of sailors living on the shore of Syria or a deity for those traveling in the Indian Ocean region. An ambulance service in Turkey today is named after him, in honor of his ability to assist others in time of need.
The Dutch scholar A. J. Wensinck proposed that elements in his story were related to the Epic of Gilgamesh of ancient Mesopotamia and to the Romance of Alexander the Great of the Late Antique era (third century to eighth century C.E.). All three story cycles involved heroic figures who traveled to the limits of the known world and uncovered hidden secrets. Khadir even appeared as a companion of Alexander in his quest for the spring of life in Arabic versions of the legend. Indeed, Khadir was famous in Islamic tradition for his knowledge of the unseen. So much so, in fact, that some Muslim scholars even ranked him among the prophets, thinking that his insights could have come only from a divine source.
Ibn Ishaq (d. 767) included a chapter on Khadir in his collection of prophets' tales, equating him with the biblical prophet Jeremiah and relating how he interceded on behalf of the wayward Children of Israel with God. In Palestine and Syria Khiḍr is associated with the Christian Saint George for reasons that are not entirely clear.
Although Khadir was never mentioned in the Quran,the majority of commentators identified him with an unnamed 'servant' of God mentioned in its 18th chapter (Q 18:60–82). This passage was a legend about the journey of Moses to the meeting place of the two seas, which some commentators said was located between the seas of Byzantium and Persia (the Gulf) — perhaps in the Suez region. There he encountered one of God's servants (Khadir), who had been given the gift of God's mercy and knowledge.
Moses asked to travel with him so that he might acquire some of his knowledge. Khadir reluctantly agreed on the condition that Moses promise not to ask questions and be patient in his quest for knowledge. During their travels, Khiḍr, acting like the trickster known to the legends of the Native Americans, did three shocking things. He scuttled a boat in which they were sailing, he killed a young man without provocation, and he built a crumbling wall without charge. Moses lost his patience at each incident, much to Khadir's chagrin, and demanded an explanation.
Exasperated at Moses's inability to grasp the meaning of his deeds, Khadir at last explained himself. He scuttled the boat because a tyrannical king was about to take it from its impoverished owners. He killed the youth because he was destined for a troubled life that would bring only grief to his faithful parents. Lastly, he built the wall to protect a buried treasure belonging to two orphans so that they had a means of support when they grew up.
In each instance, Khadir demonstrated an uncanny knowledge about the future, which he attributed to God. Later commentators saw in the story the interplay of two kinds of knowledge. One, possessed by Moses, was knowledge of the material world and its apparent meanings. The other, possessed by Khadir, represented knowledge of the invisible world of the spirit and its deeper meanings.
Sufis have drawn inspiration from Khadir because of his knowledge of the unseen, his close relation to God, his capacity for travel, and his ability to flout conventions in order to teach deeper truths. He was an exemplary guide (Murshid or Pir) who could lead them to immortality, breaking their ties to the material world. Several mystics, including Ibn al-Arabi (d. 1240), claim to have met him and been initiated by him into the Sufi way. Among the Twelve Imam Shia, Khadir is believed to have a close association with the 12th Imam, who is in occulatation (ghayba). A mosque/ shrine complex in Jamkaran, Iran (near the holy city of Qom), has become a popular pilgrimage site where people go to seek the assistance of both Khadir and the 12th Imam.
Ismailis note that Khadir practices tawil (esoteric interpretation, Q 18:78) when he explains his troubling actions to Moses, thus affirming a key method used in interpreting scripture to arrive at its hidden (batini) meaning. Alawis in Turkey fast for three days in honor of Khadir. Many mosques in Muslim countries have been named after him. In addition to the shrine in Jamkaran, other shrines dedicated to Khadir exist on the island of Abadan (Iran) in the Persian Gulf, on Failaka Island off the coast of Kuwait, and in Sri Lanka at Kataragama, Bosra (Syria), Jerusalem, Iraq, and Samarkand (Uzbekistan).
Source: Encyclopedia of Islam edited by Juan E. Campo
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In this stanza Poe illustrates a strong, dark force stealing Annabel away from him and brutally "shutting" her up in a tomb. Throughout the poem, Poe's use of personal imagery (the diction used to embody one’s feelings), demonstrates the depth of his feelings- happy and sad. He uses emotional and penetrating words to reveal a vivid image of the speaker's pain as well as the joy he once felt from his tr... ... middle of paper ... ...aker's sorrow but also the immense positivity and joy he feels about their love. This poem focusing on love, death, and the mourning of a loved one, evokes almost every type of emotion including empathy, anger, joy, envy, and grief, making for an intense read. Also the meter gives the poem a sort of a somber lullaby that parallels the fairy tale theme.
Another poem with a negative tone is ‘Villegiature’ by Edith Nesbit who was writing after Blake. This poem is not about the restrictions of marriage but about a possible romance that has fallen apart. Blake’s poem seems... ... middle of paper ... ...at if they stay together their love will never die. In Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s ‘How Do I Love Thee?’ there is also use of hyperbole. For example in the last line she says ‘I shall but love thee better after death’ Barrett Browning uses the hyperbole to show romantic love.
The necessity of love is a major theme in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “Sonnet 43” and “Sonnet 29.” Browning’s “Sonnet 43” vividly depicts the human dependency of love. She uses irony to emphasize that love overpowers everything. Browning starts the poem with “How do I love thee” (Browning). Ironically, she answers the very question she presents the reader by describing her love and the extent to which she loves (Kelly 244). The ironic question proposes a challenge to the reader.
It is clear that Marvell does not have enough time to love the lady properly, and the language and structure of the poem creates an overall humorous and fun attitude towards love. ‘Sonnet,’ however, uses a structure and vocabulary that explores the unconditional great depth of Elizabeth Barrett-Browning’s true love. It is apparent in the sonnet that she has all the time in the world for her husband. As a result, ‘Sonnet’ has a more serious, religious and romantic attitude towards love compared to fun ‘To His Coy Mistress.’
.” The narrator’s descriptions help the reader describe the situation: he verbalizes, “And I untightened next the tress/ About her neck; her cheek once more/ Blushed bring beneath my burning kiss” Situational irony and description contribu... ... middle of paper ... ...ories depiction of love. The two narrators love their women even though they are of different social classes. One woman is beautiful and one is not, but that does not change the fact that these women are loved by their significant others. Without each other, their lives would be meaningless. Although these poems have the same theme, each man presents his love in a tremendously different way.
While “They Flee From Me” portrays men as the victim to women and their deviousness, “Amoretti” takes an opposing turn from how most poetry of that time wrote about love by celebrating it in a positive and joyful way. “Amoretti” was a change and very different from most writings about love which expressed either death or dismay and Spencer talks about it as the most joyful experience . Because of this it’s safe to say no one dies, is severely depressed, overcome with jealousy, or vengeance. The inspiration for “Amoretti” is Spenser’s experiences obtaining his wife and the love tale between the two before their marriage. These poems provide thoughts and visions of love as exciting, joy-filled, and most importantly a pleasure to be in.
There are many different ways to show someone that you love them. Whether it be in the simplest of words or actions or with the more emotional aspect of your true self, it all falls under the key to happiness, love. The poems , “To His Coy Mistress,” by Andrew Marvell, and , “ A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning,” by John Donne, both express love as being the strength that over sees all your lover’s flaws and that in which we find ourselves in the process. Even though they have similarities between each other they also have their differences in style. One has a positive outlook that is more to the point and the other really gets you scratching your head, pondering on the text, time and time again.
The poets use objects to show their love, as love in an emotion it cannot be seen or touched, so the poets try to turn this emotion into something they can touch, see and feel. In the poem 'How do I love thee?' by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, she uses this methods of using objects to show her love, she uses the objects that can be seen, touched and felt to measure her love, for example in the first three lines she says 'How do I love thee?, Let me count the ways, I love thee to the depth, breadth and height My soul can reach'. These are meas... ... middle of paper ... ... views on their love for different things and also end with positive views. Rather than describe how the poets' loves have changes, both the poets quantify their love and show this sensation through descriptive writing and similes.
Romanticism poets embraced freedom of expressions, the liberty to love, and anticipated for individual originality to embody personal aspirations without being obstructed by the society (James, Lawall, and Lee 489). For example, Browning used the romanticism ideologies to express her individual feelings from a poetic perspective. “How Do I Love Thee?” is a poem that exaggerates the individual feelings of a persona towards her subject. The main theme of the poem is love even after death. The first line of the poem highlights the persona’s intent to discuss ways in which she loves her husband or lover.
Shakespeare is the undefeated king of love poems, ranging from imperfect beauty to timeless love; John Keats and John Donne examine death in completely contrasting ways; Edna Millay and William Wordsworth analyze life and the self-created woe in their reflective poems. Thus, poetry effectively saunters on themes such as love, death and life.
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Moses' fourth speech, Part 12
Nov 19, 2012
After addressing the release of Hebrew slaves in the seventh year, Moses then makes an astounding statement in Deuteronomy 15:16 and 17,
16 And it shall come about if he says to you, “I will not go out from you,” because he loves you and your household, since he fares well with you; 17 then you shall take an awl and pierce it through his ear into the door, and he shall be your servant forever. And also you shall do likewise to your maidservant.
It was the obligation of the master to set his slaves free in the seventh year. Yet it was also the right of the slave to refuse to leave. Consider the circumstances under which a slave might want to remain in the house of his master. Moses says that the motive is love, and this, in turn, is due to the fact that the master treats the slaves well and does not abuse them.
If a master has faith in God and has adopted the mind of Christ, he will love his neighbor as himself. He will treat slaves much like he treats his own children. If they need discipline to learn obedience, he will administer discipline without abuse, but all discipline is subordinate to the love in his heart. He does not lose sight of the purpose of discipline, which, by God’s example, is to bring spiritual maturity to those being disciplined.
No abused slave would want to perpetuate his condition, unless forced to do so by threat of a worse condition if he should leave. This law of perpetual slavery, then, is only relevant in the Kingdom of God or among those who truly live by Kingdom principles.
The astounding truth is that slavery in the Kingdom of God is not an evil thing, but is actually desirable. This is why Paul considered himself to be a perpetual bond slave of Jesus Christ (Romans 1:1). He had found freedom in being such a bond slave, because Jesus takes His bond slaves and turns them into His sons.
A master has the right to keep bond slaves, but he also has the right to treat them as sons and even to make them His heirs. A master has the full right to love his slaves. The only limitation on a master is that he has no right to command a slave to violate the law of God, nor does he have the right to abuse the slave.
Hence, when biblical slavery is practiced in a lawful manner by the mind of Christ, it results in godly discipline and training, resulting in full spiritual maturity as the sons of God. In other words, Kingdom slavery is beneficial to the slave, because it is administered by the second great law: “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.”
A selfish master uses slaves to benefit himself. A loving master uses slaves to increase the scope of the Kingdom of God and to spread its love worldwide.
In later years the Pharisees and priests over-emphasized the fact that Moses had specified Hebrew slaves in this passage, as if this was meant to limit the application of this law. Yet first of all, it should be noted that a master had every right to treat non-Hebrew slaves with love and compassion. He was under no compulsion to love Hebrew slaves more than others. As the master of all the slaves, he had the lawful right to do as he pleased, as long as he did not abuse the slaves. Hence, when we come to the New Testament, we see how Jesus interpreted the law to show compassion for Romans and Samaritans as well as his own countrymen. In fact, when a lawyer came to test Jesus on some of these points of law, he asked Jesus specifically what the law meant when it said to love your neighbor as yourself.
“And who is my neighbor?” he asked in Luke 10:29.
Jesus answered with the parable of the Good Samaritan and concluded with a question of His own in verse 36,
36 Which of these three do you think proved to be a neighbor to the man who fell into the robbers’ hands? 37 And he said, “The one who showed mercy toward him.” And Jesus said to him, “Go and do the same.”
In other words, when we are commanded to love our neighbor as ourselves, we are commanded to be neighborly to everyone—including Samaritans, who were the people everyone loved to hate in those days. A neighbor was not merely a fellow Jew, or a fellow Israelite, or a fellow countryman of any kind. Jesus broadened the definition of neighbor to include all ethnic groups.
What about the practice of using an awl to nail a slave’s ear to the door in order to make him a perpetual slave?
This practice was to signify that one’s ear had been opened, and that the slave could fully hear and obey the voice of his master. We see this in the example of Jesus in His willingness to follow the plan of the Father, even if it meant dying on the cross for the sin of the world. For this reason we read the prophecy in Psalm 40:6-8,
6 Sacrifice and meal offering Thou hast not desired; my ears Thou hast opened; burnt offering and sin offering Thou hast not required. 7 Then I said, “Behold, I come; in the scroll of the book it is written of me; 8 I delight to do Thy will, O my God; Thy law is within my heart.”
This passage is a prophetic commentary on the law of perpetual slaves. When the slave’s ear is “opened” by the awl, he is joined to the Door, which is Christ (John 10:9). In fact, those who are truly in Christ are those who hear and obey His voice, for “the sheep hear his voice, and he calls his own sheep by name, and leads them out” (John 10:3).
Slaves who return after being released are saying prophetically, “Behold, I come… I delight to do Thy will… Thy law is within my heart.” In other words, the master no longer finds it necessary to inform the slave of his will, nor to tell him what to do, because he knows the master’s will and obeys, not by compulsion, but by nature. The law is within his heart, and no longer on external tables of stone.
Such a condition is characteristic of the New Covenant, which says, “I will put My laws upon their minds, and I will write them upon their hearts” (Heb. 8:7). In other words, a perpetual slave is one who has entered a New Covenant relationship with God. This is only possible through Jesus Christ, who is the “Door” to which the slave has been attached by the ear.
The Old Covenant commanded men to be obedient against human nature. The New Covenant needs no commands—not because the law has been set aside, but because it has been transferred to his heart by the power of the Spirit. He now desires to do His will.
Furthermore, a perpetual slave is the equivalent of a son, as Jesus said in John 8:35, 36,
35 And the slave does not remain in the house forever; the son does remain forever. 36 If therefore the Son shall make you free, you shall be free indeed.
In other words, a slave by compulsion of law was to be set free in the seventh year. He was not to remain as a slave in the house forever (i.e., indefinitely). Only sons “remain forever.” Therefore, if a slave is set free by law, but returns to have his ear bored to the door, then he becomes part of the master’s house forever, even as a son. He then enjoys true freedom in his Master’s house.
Moses also adds in Deuteronomy 15:17, “And also you shall do likewise with your maidservant.”
This reveals an idea that was quite radical in Jesus’ day and even today in many circles—that women can also become the sons of God in the same manner as men. This great truth was nearly lost in the years preceding the ministry of Jesus, but He restored this truth to its proper place. Jesus was almost unique in the fact that he had women disciples, for in His time, no respected rabbi would even speak to his own wife in public. Kenneth Bailey, who lectures at universities on New Testament culture, writes,
“A self-respecting rabbi did not even talk to his wife in a public place.” [Jesus Through Middle Eastern Eyes, page 212]
Moses’ inclusion of women in the law of perpetual slavery is not so striking until we understand it through the eyes of the New Covenant. When we see this as a revelation of God, it shows how far many religious cultures have turned aside from the mind of God. This also explains Jesus’ radical departure from the religious and cultural norms of His day in talking to the Samaritan woman at the well (John 4) and the Canaanite woman in Phoenicia (Matthew 15:22). If a rabbi would scarcely talk to his own wife in public, how much less likely would it be for him to talk to a stranger—and especially a foreign woman!
After speaking about perpetual slaves, Moses then concludes his section on setting slaves free by saying in Deuteronomy 15:18,
18 It shall not seem hard to you when you set him free, for he has given you six years with double the service of a hired man; so the Lord your God will bless you in whatever you do.
A hired man would work during the day but always returned to his own home at night. The slave, however, was always ready to do the master’s bidding, day or night. A hired man only worked one shift; the slave worked a double shift, if necessary. And, of course, if the slave was treated right, he did his work with enthusiasm, as he responded to the master’s love.
One final observation ought to be made in regard to this law. There are many who think that Jesus put away the law of Moses in favor of a new law of love—as if the two were incompatible or opposites. Such people do not understand the law of Moses, which hangs totally upon loving God and one’s neighbor. The law of perpetual slaves is a good illustration of how a master’s commands (laws) are supposed to be administered by love. Just because the master and slave had a legal relationship did not mean that this was devoid of love. In fact, this law shows that a master was supposed to reflect the mind of Christ, and, if successful, the slaves might even desire to return to serve him in perpetual slavery.
This would scarcely happen apart from love. The law in no way restricted the master from loving his slaves, nor did it restrict the slaves from loving their master. In fact, the entire law, if used properly, was built upon love. Unfortunately, men often interpreted the law in a self-serving manner, perverting the law and hiding the love inherent in the law. Jesus showed us how to interpret and to apply the law properly through love.
His law of love, then, was not really new at all, but it was indeed new to many of the people in his day. He taught them a new way, which was really the old way, for God is love and always has been. The character of God is often misunderstood, however, and so the traditions of men must be exposed so that we may change and conform to the image of Christ.
This is the twelfth part of a series titled "Moses' Fourth Speech." To view all parts, click the link below.
Dr. Stephen Jones
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Renowned Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer has died at the age of 104.
Niemeyer, a towering patriarch of modern architecture who designed the main buildings of Brazil's futuristic capital, Brasilia, died on Wednesday.
He had been battling kidney ailments and pneumonia for nearly a month in a Rio de Janeiro hospital.
His death was confirmed by a hospital spokesperson.
Starting in the 1930s, Niemeyer's career spanned nine decades, leaving his stylistic imprint around the world with distinctive and often curvy space-age style.
He became a national icon, ranking alongside Bossa Nova pioneer Tom Jobim and soccer legend Pele.
His glass and white-concrete buildings include the United Nations Secretariat in New York, the Communist Party headquarters in Paris and Brasilia's Roman Catholic Cathedral.
He won the 1988 Pritzker Architecture Prize, considered the Nobel Prize of architecture, for the Brasilia cathedral.
Its "crown of thorns" cupola fills the church with light and a sense of soaring grandeur despite the fact that most of the building is underground.
The cathedral was one of dozens of public structures Niemeyer designed for Brazil's made-to-order capital, a city that helped define "space-age" style.
After flying over Niemeyer's pod-like Congress, futuristic presidential palace and modular ministries in 1961, Yuri Gagarin, the Russian cosmonaut and first man in space, said "the impression was like arriving on another planet."
Perched across the bay from Rio is the "flying saucer" he designed for the Niteroi Museum of Contemporary Art.
The collection of government buildings in Brasilia remains his most monumental and enduring achievement.
While the aeroplane-shaped city was planned and laid out by Niemeyer's friend Lucio Costa, the architect designed nearly every important government building in the city.
His work is celebrated for innovative use of light and space, experimentation with reinforced concrete for aesthetic value and his self-described "architectural invention" style that produced buildings resembling abstract sculpture.
Initially influenced by the angular modernism of French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier, who worked with Niemeyer and Costa on a visit to Brazil in the 1930s, his style evolved toward rounded buildings which he said were inspired by the curves of Rio's sunbathing women, as well as beaches and verdant hills.
"That is the architecture I do, looking for new, different forms. Surprise is key in all art," Niemeyer said in 2006.
"The artistic capability of reinforced concrete is so fantastic - that is the way to go."
Responding to criticism that his work was impractical and overly artistic, Niemeyer dismissed the idea that a building's design should reflect its function as a "ridiculous and irritating" architectural dogma.
"Whatever you think of his buildings, Niemeyer has stamped on the world a Brazilian style of architecture," Dennis Sharp, a British architect and author of The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Architects and Architecture, said.
Niemeyer's legacy is heavily associated with his communist views. He was a close friend of Cuba's revolutionary leader Fidel Castro, and an enemy of Brazil's 21-year military dictatorship.
"There are only two communists left in the world, Niemeyer and myself," Castro once joked.
His architecture, though, regularly trumped his politics.
Georges Pompidou, a right-wing former French president, said Niemeyer's design for the Communist Party of France's headquarters "was the only good thing those commies ever did," according to the architect's memoirs.
Iconic fashion company Prada thought the Communist Party building in Paris so cool it rented it for a fashion show.
Niemeyer was exiled from Brazil in the 1960s, but remained politically active after his return.
He said in 2010 that he was a great admirer of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, the former labour leader who was Brazil's president from 2003 to 2010.
Niemeyer once built a house in a Rio slum for his former driver, and gave apartments and offices as presents to others.
Despite his egalitarian views, Niemeyer had no illusions that his buildings were helping to improve social justice.
Far from the model city Niemeyer had envisioned, Brasilia today is in many ways the epitome of inequality.
Planned for 500,000 people, the city is now home to more than 2.5 million, and VIPs keep to themselves in fenced-in villas while the poor live in distant satellite towns.
"It seemed like a new era was coming, but Brazil is the same crap - a country of the very poor and the very rich," he said in 2001.
Despite Niemeyer's atheism, one of his first significant early works was a church built in homage to St. Francis, part of a complex of modern buildings in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
That work won the confidence of the city's mayor Juscelino Kubitschek.
When he became Brazil's president, he employed Niemeyer to help realise the dream of opening up Brazil's interior by moving the capital from coastal Rio to the empty plains of central Brazil.
Niemeyer remained married for 76 years to Annita Baldo, his first wife. He married his second wife, long-time aide Vera Lucia Cabreira, in 2006 at the age of 99. She survives him, as do four grandchildren.
Niemeyer's only daughter, an architect, designer and gallery owner, Anna Maria, died on June 6 at the age of 82.
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Exercise ball or stability ball is one of the most simple as well as a most effective tool in the fitness world. The stability ball exercises always prove themselves is one of the most effective workouts for strengthening your core and pelvic muscles. Stability ball is not only used for fitness purpose but it is also used to treat some medical conditions around the globe, that’s why people call it by different names like an exercise ball, balance ball, gym ball, etc.
A stability ball can take your workout to the next level but using an exercise ball as a beginner can be a little tricky, sometimes. The best thing you can do as a beginner is to start practicing with simple leg and core exercises to built up your confidence.
Stability ball makes your body habitual to work as a single unit at the same time, like while you working on your core and muscles surrounding your hips also keep engaging your shoulders to maintain a full range of motion.
Stability ball also helps to strengthen your joints as we know that stable joints are less prone to injury. Strong and stable joints give you weightlifting and athletic ability to perform.
Best Stability Ball exercises
Before knowing about best stability ball exercises. First, you need to select an exercise (stability) ball according to your height. Yes, gym balls come in different shapes and sizes. Selecting a perfect ball for your height is very simple. You just need to sit on a fully inflated ball with both feet should be flat on the floor, then you need to check whether your knees are on a 90-degree angle or not while sitting on the ball. If yes, then you got a right size ball for yourself, know you are good to go to learn some gym ball exercises. So, here are our top 6 picks of stability ball exercises.
1):- Stability Ball Jackknife
This move directly hit your lower abs and hamstrings. Jackknife exercise is known for strengthening your abs and hip flexors. In order to perform proper gym ball jackknife move, follow:
- Firstly, you need to get into plank position by hands directly underneath your shoulders while putting your ankle over an exercise ball. Keep in mind that your body should form a straight line from your head to ankles.
- Now start pulling your feet towards your chest, while keeping feet on the swiss ball.
- Pause a little and reverse the movement.
- Perform 12 reps of 3 sets.
2):- Overhand ball squat
This move works on your arms, legs and deltoid muscles. The overhead ball squat may not look much effective at a first glance but actually, it is. In order to do proper overhead ball squat, follow :
- Hold a ball over your head with straight arms.
- Then bend your knees and do a squat.
- Perform 3 sets of 15-20 reps.
3):- Stability ball hamstring curl
Stability ball hamstring curl seems to over the top acrobatic move at the first glance but it is considered to be one of the most simple and effective stability ball exercises for your hamstring and glutes while engaging your core at the same time. In order to do stability ball hamstring curl, follow:
- Lie with your back on the floor and put the back of your calves on the ball while keeping your leg straight.
- Now, tighten your core and squeeze your glutes while raising your hips off the floor.
- Now drag your feet towards your hip until your knees form 90 degree angle.
- reverse this move
- Do 3 sets of 12 reps.
4):- Triceps Dips
Doing triceps dips using stability ball work effectively on your triceps as well as on your upper body at the same time. In order to do triceps dips, follow:
- First, sit on the ball with your legs forming a 90-degree angle.
- Now, keep your knees apart from each other and place your hands on your hips.
- Then, slowly move your hips forward so that they are few inches in front of the ball.
- Now, while making the use of your triceps lower your arms down a few inches.
- Return to the starting position.
- Do 3 sets of 10 reps.
5):- Stability ball rollout
Stability ball rollout is a very simple move to perform which will prove himself very effective for your abs and rectus abdominis. This move tests your stability as well as core strength. While doing this exercise make sure to roll out until your shoulder is fully extended through a full range of motion. In order to perform this move, follow:
- Kneel on the floor facing stability ball within your arm’s reach and place your fists side by side on the upper side of ball closest to hips.
- While keeping your back flat, brace your core tight then slowly roll forward so the ball comes to your forearms until your body forms a straight line from your head to your knees.
- Hold for a moment, then roll back to the starting position.
- Do 3 sets of 20 reps.
6):- Stability ball Standing plank
Stability ball standing plank is a very effective move to strengthen your shoulders and your arms. It also increases the intensity of a normal plank. In order to perform this move, follow:
- Stand holding the ball against the wall at chest height. Now, take your le4ft leg and stretch it behind, while resting your arms and elbows on the ball.
- Repeat same with RIGHT leg.
- Do 3 sets of 10 reps.
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St John the Baptist parish church
Fifield shown within Oxfordshire
|Population||240 (2011 Census)|
|OS grid reference|
|Sovereign state||United Kingdom|
|Post town||Chipping Norton|
|EU Parliament||South East England|
Fifield is a village and civil parish about 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Burford in Oxfordshire. The western boundary of the parish forms part of the county boundary with Gloucestershire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 240.
In the parish nearly 1 1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) west of the village is a Neolithic long barrow dating from between 3400 and 2400 BC. It is 157 feet (48 m) long, up to 92 feet (28 m) wide and up to 6 feet (1.8 m) high. It had a stone-lined passage about 66 feet (20 m) long, starting at its northeast end and ending in a small burial chamber. The barrow was partly excavated in 1934. It is a scheduled monument.
The Domesday book of 1086 records Fifield:
"Henry de Ferrers holds Fifield There are five hides. Land for seven ploughs. Now in demesne 2 ploughs and 4 slaves and 9 villans with 4 bordars have 5 ploughs. There are 24 acres of meadow. Pasture one league in length and one breadth. It was and is worth 100 shillings."
The Church of England parish church of St John the Baptist is early 13th-century with a 14th-century tower and porch. The nave was partly rebuilt 1840. It was restored in 1897 to designs by TE Colcutt, who added the north vestry. The church is a Grade II* listed building.
The tower has a ring of three bells. The second bell was cast in about 1399 by a bell-foundry that then existed in Wokingham, Berkshire. Abraham II Rudhall of Gloucester cast the tenor bell in 1725. James Bagley of Chacombe, Northamptonshire cast the treble bell in 1746. For technical reasons the bells are currently unringable. St John's has also a Sanctus bell that was cast by an unknown founder about 1499.
RAF Little Rissington
In 1938 RAF Little Rissington was opened west of Fifield. Its periphery straddles the county boundary and includes Fifield long barrow.
- "Area: Fifield (Parish): Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- Harden 1954, pp. 142, 143.
- "Fifield long barrow". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- Williams & Martin 2003, p. 1345.
- Henry de Ferrers held a considerable number of manors given to him by the King including several in Oxfordshire. As well as Fifield these included Dean, Chastleton, Badgemore and Sibford.
- Williams & Martin 2003, p. 433.
- Historic England. "Church of St John the Baptist (Grade II*) (1283580)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- Davies, Peter (23 December 2011). "Fifield S John Bapt". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Central Council of Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- Archbishops' Council (2015). "Benefice of Shipton-under-Wychwood with Milton-under Wychwood, Fifield and Idbury". A Church Near You. Church of England. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Sources and further reading
- Harden, D.B. (1954). "Scheduled Monuments in Oxfordshire" (PDF). Oxoniensia (Oxford Architectural and Historical Society) XIX: 137–145.
- Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 603. ISBN 0-14-071045-0.
- Williams, Ann; Martin, G.H., eds. (2003). Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-143994-7.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifield, Oxfordshire.|
|This Oxfordshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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A traditional design, the grapnel style is simple to design and build. It has a benefit in that no matter how it reaches the bottom one or more tines will be aimed to set. The design is a non-burying variety, with one or more tines digging in and the remainder above the seabed. In coral it is often able to set quickly by hooking into the structure, but may be more difficult to retrieve. A grapnel is often quite light, and may have additional uses as a tool to recover gear lost overboard; its weight also makes it relatively easy to bring aboard.
Grapnels rarely have enough fluke area to develop much hold in sand, clay, or mud. It is not unknown for the anchor to foul on its own rode, or to foul the tines with refuse from the bottom, preventing it from digging in. On the other hand, it is quite possible for this anchor to find such a good hook that, without a trip line, it is impossible to retrieve. The shape is generally not very compact, and is difficult to stow, although there are a few collapsing designs available.
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There are around 900,000 operating elevators in the United States today. Elevators have become an integral part of our society. Without elevators, we wouldn’t have the iconic skylines of cities like New York or Chicago. Elevators have transformed the architecture of the modern world.
Elevator operation involves a pulley-esque system where a metal rope connects to the top of the elevator cart and travels through a sheave that acts like a pulley wheel. Elevator controllers and buttons work to tell the elevator what to do. The most common elevator car controls include floor selection buttons, operation buttons and control buttons.
Hall indicators, also called position indicators or hall lanterns, are used to notify elevator riders that their elevator is arriving and what direction it will be traveling. In addition to visually alerting an upcoming elevator, a hall indicator give audible signals. Most audible signals will sound once when elevators are going up and sound twice when the elevator is going down. Vocal indicators can also be installed that actually say “going up” or “going down” in place of the tones.
Hall indicator requirements are as follows:
- Position indicators are to be mounted a minimum of 72 inches above the floor.
- The arrows on the hall indicator must be a minimum of 2 1/2 inches tall.
- The arrows on the hall indicator should be visible from the vicinity of the call buttons.
Elevator Car Controls
The controls inside an elevator vary significantly based on the elevator and the specifications made when it was installed. However, some standard items are present on all elevator control panels:
- Floor selection buttons: Floor designators are used to tell the elevator which floors to go to. When pressed, the button that indicates the floor’s number will light up. A lot of elevator buttons are numbered, but there are some variations. The button for the floor that the lobby is on may be labeled with an “L.” Another common variation for the lobby button is a star. Buttons for basements or underground floors are typically marked with a “B.”
- Door open button: The door open button is used to reopen the elevator doors when they are closing. Holding this button down will keep the door open for the duration that the button is pressed. This button is a mandatory door control button.
- Door close button: The close door button is used to close elevator doors immediately. This button doesn’t exist in some old elevators. Instead, you will have to press a floor selection button and wait for the delay to get the elevator doors to close promptly. On some elevators in the United States, the close door button can only be used in fire or independent services.
- Door hold button: Also called a door delay button, this button is useful for loading goods or baggage. The door delay button holds the door open for more extended periods, usually up to five minutes.
Nonstandard Control Panels and Elevator Safety Buttons
Controls outside of the standard car controls can be handy. They include key switch controls and emergency buttons.
Elevator key switch controls are primarily for people carrying service keys. In the United States, they’re typically located in a locked service cabinet panel. These are sometimes found above the floor selection buttons or below the emergency buttons. They allow for different functions or buttons to be toggled on and off the by building’s operations team. Some of the functions may include fire department control, close door control and maintenance functions.
Some possible emergency button options include:
- Emergency stops: Emergency stops are used to stop the cart abruptly in case of an emergency. Some stop switches are the flip-type or the push-and-pull type. The elevator cab will not start again until the button or switch is reset.
- Emergency alarms: The emergency alarm in an elevator is usually connected to a bell. The bell rings when the button is pushed to alert people that someone is stuck in the elevator and needs assistance.
- Telephones: Usually marked with an image of a phone, this button is used to contact a technician for help. It will also alert maintenance that there is an issue with the elevator so they can fix it as soon as possible.
You may never need to use an elevator’s safety buttons at all. If you do experience an emergency, try to keep these steps in mind:
- Stay calm: Try to remain level-headed to make sound decisions moving forward.
- Find a light source: If the elevator lights are out, use your phone light to locate the buttons. Be careful not to drain your phone’s battery.
- Press the call button: Locate and press the call button to contact a technician to help you.
- Press the alarm button: Press the alarm button to notify others that you are stuck. People in the building will likely hear the alarm and will find someone to help.
- Wait it out: Elevator calls are taken seriously, so you are unlikely to have to wait for long. You will typically be freed in 30 minutes or less.
Elevators should not be complicated. You should know what controls are in your elevator so you can get to where you need to go and how to handle unforeseen situations in case they happen. The controls on the elevator in your residential space would be even more straightforward than the control panels discussed. Therefore, you can trust that the operation of your elevator will be easy and smooth.
Contact Inclinator for Your Residential Elevator Needs
Use America’s favorite and most trusted residential elevator company for your elevator project. We offer fully customizable personal elevator solutions to fit any space. Contact us for more information or find a local dealer near you.
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Zahra Fakhraai, Andrew R. McGhie & Mark Licurse
The Philadelphia Science Festival is an annual nine day celebration of science aimed to engage and excite kids of all ages. Each day there are multiple events building up to the Science Carnival, which was held on April 30th, 2016, and attracted approximately 55,000 attendees.
16 MRSEC graduate students participated in the event. The four shown at right, ran a booth titled “Thanks to Chemistry, Who Say’s Muggles Can’t do Magic?”. This Harry Potter themed booth featured an invisibility cloak demonstration, a “potion” activity about pH, an optical illusion demo involving density, and a demo about exothermic reactions using sour patch kid candies in potassium chlorate to create a purple flame.
Surveys showed 68% of the attendees were first time carnival visitors, 88% were made more aware of STEM in their daily lives, 99% would recommend the festival to others, and 80% were more interested in STEM after attending the carnival.
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NASA has officially denied that Doomsday will occur on May 21st.
Internet forums across the globe have reported that NASA has predicted the world will end shortly. However NASA has now stated that the news is a hoax.
They were responding in part to Irish American, Robert Fitzpatrick who recently wrote a book called the "Doomsday Code" and has spent his life savings, of $150,000, on an advertising campaign on New York City transport. He believes that Judgment Day will be May 21.
Harold Camping (89), who runs the group Family Radio, believes that same. He believes that God will destroy the earth this Saturday, 7,000 years after Noah's floods. He also predicts that those left alive on the earth will "experience 153 days of torment".
Now an Internet rumor is getting NASA in on the act.
On the NASA website they say "Remember the Y2K scare? It came and went without much of a whimper because of adequate planning and analysis of the situation….Much like Y2K, 2012 has been analyzed and the science of the end of the Earth thoroughly studied. Contrary to some of the common beliefs out there, the science behind the end of the world quickly unravels when pinned down to the 2012 timeline.”
The NASA article goes on to answers some other questions such as "Are there any threats to the Earth in 2012?" The Government agency answers "Nothing bad will happen to the Earth in 2012. Our planet has been getting along just fine for more than 4 billion years, and credible scientists worldwide know of no threat associated with 2012."
The NASA experts explain that most doomsday predictions are based on the Mayan predictions that a planet, called Nibiru, is headed toward earth. NASA explains "This catastrophe was initially predicted for May 2003, but when nothing happened the doomsday date was moved forward to December 2012. Then these two fables were linked to the end of one of the cycles in the ancient Mayan calendar at the winter solstice in 2012 — hence the predicted doomsday date of December 21, 2012.
NASA refuses to believe any of these predictions as they all lack evidence. They said "There is none, and for all the fictional assertions, whether they are made in books, movies, documentaries or over the Internet, we cannot change that simple fact. There is no credible evidence for any of the assertions made in support of unusual events taking place in December 2012" or beforehand.
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Catalan is a language with hundreds of years of history. It belongs to the Romance family, just like Spanish, French and Italian, but it is not a dialect of any of them. It is spoken by approximately 10 million people, mostly in Catalonia, the Valencian region, the Balearic Islands, Andorra (where it is the official language), part of France and the city of Alghero on Sardinia.
I started learning Catalan in 1998, even before I moved to live in Catalonia: it’s my wife’s first language, and my son’s. So I’m not like many English-speakers – even some translators – in Catalonia who live their lives almost entirely in Spanish. For me, Catalan is a real language that’s part of my everyday existence.
That means translating from Catalan comes completely naturally to me and I’m often called on by customers who need work in the Catalan-English combination. So if you’ve got texts in Catalan that you need in English, you don’t need to wait until you’ve got them in Spanish. Send them to me and I’ll get to work straightaway.
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There are a lot of reasons why a mental health issue can develop. If you struggle with one, then you already know it can feel like a complex problem. There are biological components, emotional components, and genetic components, meaning some
mental health issues run in families.
If several family members have a certain mental health issue, for example, it might explain some of the problems you've been dealing with. "Several mental illnesses have at least some genetic component,"
Ravi N. Shah, MD, assistant professor of psychiatry at Columbia University Medical Center, tells Bustle. "Remember that the vast majority of mental illnesses are not strictly heritable by a single gene. Rather, they are more similar to a complex trait such as height or intelligence. That means that broadly speaking, a family history of mental illness raises the risk of mental illness in patients on average." But that doesn't mean they're necessarily guaranteed.
In fact, science isn't really sure as to the cause of most mental illnesses. As Shah says, "The exact cause of most mental illnesses is not known, but genetic and environmental factors interact to increase (or decrease) the risk of mental illness for any particular individual." It's the whole "nature versus nurture" thing.
The good news is they're all treatable. "Every mental disorder can be treated effectively with both cognitive therapy to help the patient understand the disorder and how to manage it, as well as medication as needed," psychologist and
author Dr. Patricia A. Farrell, PhD tells Bustle. "Each person requires a thorough evaluation that results in a treatment plan." So if any of the issues listed below sound familiar, or there's a history of them in your family, don't be afraid to reach out for help. Here are 10 mental health issues that are more likely to run in families. 1 Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a
mental illness marked by delusions, emotionlessness, and "thinking problems," among other things. And it comes with a pretty high genetic risk. "For example, the lifetime chance of developing schizophrenia is about one percent for the general population. The likelihood jumps to 45 percent if both of the person’s biological parents also have schizophrenia," Dr. Bryan Bruno, medical director at Mid City TMS. But of course, those odds aren't a definite guarantee. If your family has a history of schizophrenia and you are wondering if you also have this mental illness, consulting with your doctor is the best way to find out and discuss next steps. 2 Anxiety Disorders
As with schizophrenia, Farrell says anxiety disorders run in families by virtue of genetic inheritance. Some symptoms of anxiety disorders include high stress, feeling socially isolated, or having poor self esteem, Farrell says. Although not the case for everyone, "[a] predisposition to self-medicate to help with this disorder may lead to substance abuse." If you are struggling with anxiety, always talk with a loved one or therapist to
help cope with some of your symptoms, especially if you are beginning to self-medicate. 3 Depression
Depressive symptoms can come about for a variety of reasons, but you are more likely to experience them if your parents did. "Anxiety and depression are very likely to run in families," Sara Makin, MSEd, NCC, founder of
Makin Wellness, tells Bustle. "There are two major reasons why [someone may develop depression]: they are genetically predisposed and also observe [and] model their parents' behaviors. If they see that their mom tends to sleep a lot and is withdrawn, they are more likely to do the same as well." If you know depression runs in the family, and you are starting to exhibit similar habits to your relatives, talking with a loved one or psychologist may help you to better handle this mental health issue. 4 Bipolar Disorder
Mood disorders, like bipolar disorder, can also be genetic. "People with a first degree relative with either depression or bipolar disorder have a higher risk," says Shah.
According to Bruno, the lifetime chance of developing bipolar disorder is around two to three percent for the average person, but the likelihood jumps to 50 percent
when both biological parents have the disorder. Although this doesn't guarantee a diagnosis, speak with a doctor or someone you trust if you believe you may also have bipolar disorder. 5 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
As with other anxiety disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can run in families. But not necessarily for genetic reasons. "It could be more along the lines of a unhealthy coping mechanism/learned behavior," licensed marriage and family therapist,
Racine R. Henry, PhD, tells Bustle. "OCD is when a person has verbal/behavioral repetitions that are beyond their control and causes discomfort in their daily functioning. Similar to depression and anxiety, a child can have a parent with OCD and either adopt the same behaviors or purposely do the opposite out of defiance. It can be triggered by trauma but does not have the same genetic basis as ... bipolar disorder."
That said, more research needs to be done. "There has been a gene found to be linked to OCD but it is not a clear cause and effect," says Henry. "It’s a mixture of factors including genes, environment, and physiology."
6 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
An Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnoses can have a lot to do with the way you were raised, and what was modeled for you as a kid. If you were parents were impulsive, for example, it could be affecting you to this day. "
Adulthood ADHD ... has similar symptoms as ADHD (which is only used for children) but it is diagnosed later in life, which could mean that it is a learned behavior/coping mechanism," Henry says. If you are having difficulty concentrating, and believe it may be ADHD, speaking with your doctor about how to alleviate your symptoms may be the best way to move forward. 7 Eating Disorders
struggling with an eating disorder, it might be due to the fact they run in your family. In a study conducted by the Eating Recovery Center, Dr. Michael Lutter estimated that the risk of developing an eating disorder is over 50 percent genetic. So if your mom or dad had one, it may explain why.
Don't get discouraged, though. There are so many ways to
recover from an eating disorder, so — even though it's super difficult — you should never feel hopeless, or like you can't reach out for help. 8 Postpartum Depression
If your mom
struggled with postpartum depression after giving birth, there's a chance it may be a problem for you, too. "I see a large number of women who experience depression, bipolar, anxiety, or OCD during or after pregnancy, and when they do some digging into their family history, they determined several of their female relatives struggled, too," Crystal Clancy, MA, LMFT, owner of Iris Reproductive Mental Health tells Bustle.
Postpartum depression is a mental health issue that especially can come out of left field. When you're "supposed" to be happy after having a baby, feeling depressed instead can come as quite a shock. But if you know your family has a history, you may be able to take preventive measures before symptoms impact your daily life.
Believe it or not, problems with addiction — like alcoholism or gambling — can run in families. "We tend to see alcoholism and addictive behaviors in family trees at least two to three generations in most current addicts," therapist Stacy Haynes, EdD, LPC, ACS tells Bustle. "The scientists focused on a region of chromosome 15 that contains several genes involved in the movement of a brain chemical called GABA between neurons. One version of the gene, GABRG3, was found statistically linked with alcoholism in the affected families."
There's also the whole "learned response" aspect, which means you might have picked up these tendencies simply by seeing them as you grew up. "The social component of watching [a parent] drink also increases our likelihood of getting the disorder," says Hayes. Although you're not predestined to have issues with substance abuse if a family member had, it may be a good idea to
monitor your substance intake, and be aware if it begins to reach unhealthy levels. 10 Phobias
Again, since many anxiety issues run in families due to learned responses, it's not uncommon to "inherit" the same phobias from your parents. Did your mom freak out whenever she saw a spider? Was your uncle terrified of heights? If you grew up watching them react intensely in these situations, you might have picked up the tendency. (And there is some evidence to suggest that
phobias are passed down genetically, too.)
They can feel deeply ingrained, but there are
ways to overcome phobias. Among the many treatment methods are desensitization techniques, medications, and even support groups.
It is important to remember that just because a mental illness runs in your family, that doesn't mean you will get it. But by knowing your family's history, experts say you can be more proactive about your mental health overall.
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In Idaho, the climate can be so dry at times that it’s like we’re in Death Valley. You’d think that in this climate everyone would have dry eyes and people in places like Miami would never deal with the problem.
Truth is, dry eye is an ocular disease and not a response to the humidity in a particular area. At The Eye Associates, we have extensive experience with dry eye and its treatment.
What is dry eye?
Since they’re exposed to the air, our eyes create a natural thin film of tears to combat the exposure. It is a continual process. This layer keeps the eyes from drying out and protects them from potential damage from dust, wind, and other stuff in the environment. When a person’s body doesn’t produce enough tears to provide this protective layer, or when the tears produced are substandard quality, then the eyes become exposed to irritants in the environment.
Patients with dry eye experience irritation on the conjunctiva or a feeling of a slight stinging, burning, or itching. Because of their damage to the sensitive membranes in the eyes, if left untreated dry eyes can escalate into impaired vision.
What causes dry eye?
Dry eye is usually caused by the inability of the patient to produce enough tears to properly lubricate the eyes. This can happen when the lacrymal glands are impaired and cannot physically produce enough tears. This happens more frequently as patients age, when they are suffering from other medical conditions, or when decreased tear production is a side effect of a treatment regimen or medication.
Also, tears of sub-par quality can be produced and lead to dry eye. To be effective, tears must be comprised of three significant layers: a water layer, oil layer, and a mucin layer. If any one of these layers is missing or insufficient, the patient’s tears will not sufficiently protect the eye.
Dry eye is the most common reason patients see their eye care professional, other than normal eye exams. It is estimated that 55 million Americans have dry eye. Treatment for dry eye with The Eye Associates team could include discontinuation of a drug being taken by the patient, once the reaction has been ascertained. It also could be found that the patient’s eyelids are overly small or they don’t blink correctly. In these cases surgery may be needed. Finally, medications that stimulate lubrication of the eye may be prescribed.
Are your eyes itching, stinging, and burning? Call us at The Eye Associates in Meridian (208-342-5151) or Caldwell (208-459-0717) to schedule your appointment.
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Can the B Reactor at Hanford nuclear reservation be an A attraction? Some say the dormant facility could have an active retirement — as a museum.
RICHLAND — Stuck in time and place, B Reactor at the Hanford nuclear reservation is a monument of world history few get to tour.
Built in secrecy during World War II but dormant since 1968, B Reactor ushered in the atomic age as the world’s first nuclear reactor, producing the plutonium for the first full-scale nuclear test explosion in New Mexico and the bomb the U.S. dropped on Nagasaki.
For generations, Hanford has been the bread of life for the Tri-Cities, from when nine reactors produced plutonium to now, when billions of dollars are paying for the world’s largest environmental cleanup.
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Proud of their nuclear heritage, Tri-Citians want the U.S. Department of Energy to give new life to B Reactor by turning it into a museum.
If that happens, several thousand more visitors a year will be able to stand face to face with the reactor core — and confront the issues of the soul that color the atomic age.
“Even if you disagree with the principle of this, even if you believe this reactor never should have been built, you have to admire the complexity of what they built here — the genius of it,” Hanford historian Michele Gerber said while leading a tour of B Reactor.
Without question, the reactor is a marvel of science, engineering and craft. B Reactor was constructed in a mere 11 months, a millionfold scale-up of an experimental reactor built on a Chicago sports court.
But the reactor’s place in the sociopolitical history of the U.S. and the world is more volatile and open to debate.
Dr. David Hall, of Seattle, a past national president of Physicians for Social Responsibility, said the story told at a B Reactor museum must include a fair accounting of the human and financial costs of developing nuclear capabilities. He isn’t sure that side of the story would get a full airing at a museum on the Hanford site.
“It depends on who’s writing the history,” Hall said. “I want to honor the good intent and patriotism of the people who worked at B Reactor. On the other hand, science needs to be honest about its consequences and understand the Pandora’s box that was opened.”
Did the bomb on Nagasaki save tens of thousands of U.S. lives by forcing Japan’s surrender? Or did it needlessly sacrifice tens of thousands of civilian Japanese lives?
Are advances in nuclear energy and medicine outweighed by the environmental contamination from nuclear wastes?
“Those debates ought to start in this room,” Gerber said, while standing in front of the reactor core. “The mission of Hanford is never complete until the waste is managed and properly disposed of — and that requires the same amount of innovation that went into building this reactor.”
Origins in secret mission
Lacking in aesthetic, B Reactor rises 120 feet from the Southeast Washington desert about a quarter-mile from the Columbia River, sharing the landscape with the sagebrush that grows on the 586-square-mile Hanford nuclear reservation.
In early 1943, more than 1,500 residents of two desert towns — Hanford and White Bluffs — were ordered to immediately vacate with no explanation. Native Americans who knew the land for generations no longer had access to it.
At the peak of construction, more than 50,000 workers converged upon Hanford to dutifully carry out their war effort. Told little about their mission, they completed a highly classified project under an extremely tight deadline.
Rumors spread as to what was being manufactured at Hanford. As legend has it, a child was sure he figured it out — toilet paper!
His father, who worked at the site, came home every night with a couple or three rolls, the boy unaware his dad was pilfering to provide his family more than its wartime ration.
Tri-Citians tell that tale and want to be the ones to tell B Reactor’s story for the museum, figuring who better than those who lived it.
“What happened at B Reactor is roughly equivalent to the discovery of fire and putting a man on the moon,” said Wally Greager, 80, who worked five decades at B Reactor and other Hanford facilities. He is among a group of Hanford retirees who 17 years ago launched an effort to preserve B Reactor. They see the museum as a tool to promote the nuclear industry.
“People need to recognize what they get out of it,” Greager said. “If you’re not afraid of it, good can come from it.”
U.S. Rep. Doc Hastings, the Republican who represents the Tri-Cities, said B Reactor ought to be viewed in the context of when it was built — as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project to build the first nuclear bomb.
“We were in an all-out struggle at the time and thought Nazi Germany had the technology to build an atomic bomb,” he said. “From a historic standpoint, we won the war in a large part because of efforts at Hanford.”
Reactor tours popular
The Reactor is always accessible to bats, spiders and rats, and — three times a year — it’s open to people.
Tours are advertised on a Hanford Web site about a month ahead of time, with the 300 or so available spots filling up in minutes during the online sign-up.
“Very many people are turned away,” Gerber said. “One guy compared getting a ticket to winning a lottery.”
Visitors arrive by bus, but if B Reactor becomes a museum, tourists also could arrive by boat as part of a dinner tour or buy a package tour combining B Reactor with visits to area wineries.
At the reactor, visitors can gaze up at the 46-foot-high front face of the core and the 2,004 nozzles protruding from it — access points for loading solid uranium fuel slugs that entered the graphite-block middle that caused the complex nuclear chain reaction that produced the plutonium.
They also can see the office where Italian physicist Enrico Fermi, the mind behind the first controlled nuclear chain reaction, sat for three days with his slide rule, trying to figure out why the reactor kept automatically shutting itself down after its initial startups.
Tourists are barred from contaminated areas, but the mint-green interior walls of the reactor still have the original evacuation alarm and evacuation-route signs.
Operated without computers, the control room features a wall of gauges where workers constantly monitored water temperature and pressure in each of the 2,004 fuel process tubes to avoid meltdown.
Below a metal grate is a pit where giant intake pipes supplied 30,000 gallons of Columbia River water per minute to cool the reactor core.
Congress will have a say
If B Reactor is not saved, the government will demolish most of the building, wrapping the highly radioactive core with steel and concrete, buying 75 years for scientists to figure out how to dismantle and dispose of it safely.
Five of Hanford’s nine production reactors already have been “cocooned” this way, with three more scheduled over the next few years.
B Reactor’s fate rests with Congress, which awaits a study on whether to preserve Manhattan Project sites. The National Park Service report is due next fall.
Park Service authorities say operating B Reactor as a museum would cost hundreds of thousands of dollars a year, compared with an estimated $12 million to cocoon it.
The local goal is to increase the number of annual bus tours to B Reactor from 18 to 125 and run them out of the Hanford Reach Interpretive Center, which is set to open in 2010 on the banks of the Columbia near Richland. A basic tour would cost $20.
Kimberly Camp, center executive director, said B Reactor exhibits should make no value judgments but that history must be viewed through history’s eyes.
“Too often, we like to look at history through contemporary eyes because it allows us to change the script,” she said. “Exhibits should pose the evidence, ask the questions and inspire people to have the discussion.”
Stuart Eskenazi: 206-464-2293 or [email protected]
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Now showing items 1-10 of 28
Amber waves : a sourcebook for sustainable dryland farming in the northwestern United States
(Pullman, Washington : Washington State University. Agricultural Research Center., 1992)
2010 cost estimates of establishing and producing organic apples in washington
(Pullman, Washington : Washington State University. Extension., 2011)
Production costs and returns vary greatly for any particular orchard operation due to case-specific capital, labor, and natural resources; crop yields; type and size of machinery implements; input prices; cultural practices; ...
Proceedings: Nitrogen cycling and partitioning under alternative organic orchard floor management strategies
(Western Nutrient Management Symposium, Salt Lake City, 2007)
Organic orchard systems are a significant and growing component of Washington State agriculture, yet sustainable methods of nitrogen (N) fertility and weed management remain a challenge. Nutrient supply is dependent on ...
Proceedings: 3rd National Organic Tree Fruit Research Symposium. Chelan, WA, Selections
This section of the Proceedings 3rd National Organic Tree Fruit Research Symposium includes two presentations by David Granatstein and members of the WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources: "Organic ...
Trends in Washington state organic berry production, acreage, and crop value
(Pullman, Washington : Washington State University. Extension., 2014-12)
Washington State is a national leader in organic berry production. This fact sheet summarizes recent acreage, production, and value of certified organic raspberries, strawberries, and blackberries in Washington, and provides ...
Report: An assessment of organic farming research, teaching, and extension at Washington State University
There is growing interest in organic farming in the United States, and some organizations are summarizing land grant university work on the topic. To characterize organic research, teaching and extension activities at ...
Trends in organic tree fruit production in Washington State, 1988-1998
(Pullman, Washington : Washington State University. Extension., 2000-12)
1992 alternative crop rotation enterprise budgets : eastern Whitman County, Washington State
(Pullman, Washington : Washington State University. Extension., 1992-09)
Report: Antibiotic residues on plant tissues
Antibiotics have been used to control plant diseases for over 50 years (McManus et al., 2002). The quantity of antibiotics used for crop protection is small relative to livestock production and potential human exposure ...
Presentation: Fire blight: Current products, research grants, and regulatory
This workshop presentation considers products, research grants, and regulatory status related to fire blight in agriculture.
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| 0.814477 | 537 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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