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Role Of The Application Of Computer In Inventory Planning And Control In An Organization
Inventories are the life wire of any services and manufacturing organization, they refer to the stock of items used in the operation of the business. This represents a significant portion of most firms assets and such demand proper management of efficiency and effectiveness and in that light it brings us to the research topic” the role of the application of computer in inventory planning and control in an organization.
The role of computer as a data processing tools in business is today an issue of economic priority in every large and small services business Especially, the business organizations with large volume of data to be processed and produced as information to management for effective and efficient corporate planning and decision making.
This project work has been divided into five chapters. Chapter one deals with the introduction of the approach, the statement of problems, research questions, objective of the study scope of the study and significance of the study, chapter two is review of related literature both on computer and inventory planning and control in an organization. The next three, outlines the methodology and procedure used in gathering data. Chapter four is where the hypothesis formulated in chapter one are tested, the findings are presented and analysed.
Chapter five is the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the research topic.
1.1 Background Of The Study
As there are different scholars in computer science, so are there different definitions of computer. The same is applicable to inventory planning and control, however all boils down to the same meaning at least though from different perspectives depending on the understanding.
Iyang (1996:40 defined computer as” an electronic data processing machine capable of receiving, storing, performing arithmetic and logical operations in line with defined instruction, high speed, accuracy and finally transforming the processed data to an output or presenting the data or information in a final printed or visual from”. A computer system could as an “Electro- mechanical machine which receives data instructions, processes them and produce its result as information which are made up of hardware, software, data ware, and human-ware, computer technology is fast revolutionizing the world, Before computer there had been aids to doing such actions as calculation, storing and retrieving information, which were adopted by various organizations.
In the same view, Arnold (1996:221) defined inventory as materials and supplies that a business or institution carries either for sale or to provide inputs or supplies to the production process. All businesses and institutions require inventories which forms the life wire of any organization. Similarly, inventory planning and control for. According to Arnold (1996:223) is responsible for managing and directing inventory from the raw material stage to the customer. Inventory planning and control involves a wide rage of activities like planning, purchasing, storage, usage and control of inventory and for this to be effective, come the use of computer inventory for easy accessibility.
The role computer play in inventory control be over- emphasized.
The computer assemblies all pertinent facts about inventory planning and control and bring all these facts up to date. This has been made possible, by the fact that inventory planning and control recognizes that important role computer plays in inventory. Successful inventory planning and control actions are as a result of a computerized inventory system, where all the additions and withdrawals are recorded electronically, so that the computer can trigger the placement of orders to replenish the inventory. Since inventory is necessary for any company dealing with physical products, what it handles large volume of inventory can best be imagined when told like a storey and it beats human imagination when put into use and it is proved.
Brief history of Sam Mbakwe international cargo airport (SMICA). The airport was built but the Administration of late chief Sam Mbakwe. First Civilian Governor of the old Imo State made up of the present Imo, Abia and part of Ebony State. The airport was renamed after late chief Sam Mbakwe as an honour for his contribution to growth of the country and aviation industry Sam Mbakwe international cargo Airport, Owerri was officially commissioned on the 15th July 1994 by the former head of state commander. In- chief of the Armed forces, Federal republic of Nigeria, Late general Sanm Abacha as a passenger airport, recently, it has been re-designated a cargo airport for the importation of cargo in the eastern geo-political Zones of the country by the former president and commander in- chief of the armed forces of the federal Republic of Nigeria, chief Olusegu Obasanjo.
The Airport is managed by one federal Parastatal and three Agencies namely, Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), Nigeria airspace management Agency (NCAA) and Nigeria meteorological service Agency (NIMET) . The Airport has as purchasing and stores department where materials of different kinds are purchased and kept for services and which as highly monitored by computer so as to maintain efficient and effective inventory planning and control, it is located at Ngorokpala L.G.A
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
The problem of inventory planning and control has been very daring but it has also been within the past years that this scientific method in computer was introduced in various companies and establishments to promote proper inventory planning and control. The researcher desired to go into the major problems which the establishment have been experiencing before the use of computer was imitated and deduced remedies and solutions in solving these problems. As a result of many operational activities of industries and establishments, they have found the difficult with the surge in business activities.
The function of the stores is changing into a more complex one, which emphasized the availability of information at the shortest possible and also the speeding up of time used in rendering certain services. This means that, the use of manual operations could not effectively handle the whole work load and this almost led to a less servicing activities to different operational areas. This also means that materials shortage were delays in stock recording and delivery, at times a complete halt as shortage of material will hit the services operations. Computerization is then seen as answer to those problems facing servicing and manufacturing industries that operates a large system and has the finance and manpower quickly embraced the new technology.
Beside the role of computer in inventory managements face a lot of difficulties due to the following problems.
- Inability to determine correctly the exact period of replenishment stock and the economic order quantity.
- Inadequate planning and effective control of stock.
- Unfavorable internal and external factors which influences inventory planning and control
- Inability of the inventory managers to predict with certainty into the future of their customer demand.
- Shortage of funds available to business managers and the need to resolve the liquidity and profitability conflict.
- Poor accounting documentation of stock
- Lack of unskilled personnel to operate the computer system.
- Hum Sum of money involved in the purchase of computer system.
- Unauthorized persons getting access to the computer system.
- The difficulty of correcting errors when they occurs, when the wrong code number is entered the various services rendered in inventory planning and control and how this application has affected output and efficiency.
1.3 Objective Of The Study
What ever be the nature and structure of a country for instance Nigeria, Sam Mbakwe International cargo airport has contributed immensely to the success and development of the country hence international buying and selling via relationship is concern.
To this end the objectives of the study are.
- To examine the methods and importance of computer application in inventory planning and control
- To identify the effects of computer application in inventory planning and control.
- To investigate into the uses to increases the efficiency of the store.
- To examine the Overview of computer application to the various services rendered in inventory planning and control.
- To identify the desirability and effects of computer application in the storage system.
- To find how computer application in inventory planning and control will help change the whole concept of inventory.
1.4 Research Question
One important thing a research of this nature needs to achieve is to empirically prove the subject matter of the study. This is an order to give direction to readers, other researchers and planners so as to elicit what the research is all about. It is therefore becomes necessary to formulate research questions on which the conclusion would be based and are followed.
- What things can a computer do in inventory planning and control in an organization
- Why should inventory planning and control in an organization be computerized.
- Does computer really increase effectiveness and efficient in inventory planning and control in an organization.
- How should the computer system be operated in inventory planning and control in an organization
- Does computerization help in reducing the burden of work in your stores?
The above research questions are such which reasonable answers can be elicited at the end of the project.
1.5 Statement Of Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a declaration statement of relationship between two or more variables used for better understanding of the problem of the study. That is, it is a statement to be proved or disproved as a result of findings. It is regarded as the core work of the research work.
The hypothesis to be tested on is to prove that either,
Hypothesis One (1)
- Ho: The computerization of Sam Mbakwe international cargo airport has not improved services in inventory planning and control of the establishment.
- H1: The computerization of Sam Mbakwe international cargo airport has improved services in inventory planning and control of the establishment.
Hypothesis Two (11)
- H0: The computerization has reduced the burden of work load in stores.
1.6 Significance Of The Study
The significance of importance of this study cannot be overemphasized who related to the contributions of airport (establishment) in Nigeria via Sam Mbakwe international cargo airport. The research will serve as a useful guide in determining the relevance of computer application in inventory planning and Control. To this end the significance of the study are as follows:
- It helps in determining the role computer plays in inventory planning and control.
- It serves as a bedrock of experience and understanding with respect to computer application in inventory planning and control.
- It gives/ allows employers and employees an amp time in applying the right system of inventory
- It helps students of purchasing and supply as well as the researcher to know the relationship between computer and inventory planning and control
1.7 Scope Of The Study
The scope of this study is very wide if it has to be carried out in all the airport (establishment) in Nigeria. Thus the study will only cover the activities of Sam Mbakwe international cargo airport as it regards to the application of computer in inventory planning and control. The findings may reflect the situation but by and large attempt to find the methods and importance of computer application in inventory planning and control of Sam Mbakwe international cargo airport.
1.8 Limitations Of The Study
The Zeal and enthusiasm that the researcher felt in the course of this research was short-lived as a result of certain obstacles which are as follows.
a. Non- Response
The staff of Sam Mbakwe international cargo airport felt reluctant to give o information to avoid being maneuvered by their federal auditors and even compactors posed a problem and there was no bank where one can easily go for the collection of such information.
B. Time Factor
The time carrying out this research was limited for visits and revisiting to the place of establishment because of the institutions academic system which did not create a particular period for their research work which resulted in the researcher dividing her time between lecturers and research.
The cost involved in carrying out this research was exorbitant, coupled with the present economic condition affected the research of the work.
1.9 Definition Of Terms
The terms in this study which have unique meaning that could be subjected to different interpretation by different readers of this project are as follows.
It is the mechanical, magnetic, electronic and electrical devices and components of the compute operating system itself.
It provides an interface between the user programmers and operators, the hardware system and the application software.
Is the process by which information are funds in a storage devices and called up for use.
(4) Human Ware:
Is the term used for people who are directly involved in the use of computer.
(5) Turnkey System:
Is a system where only the operation peoples ware or users have the code to get in and out of the system.
(6) Master Record Size:
Is the quantity to be ordered whether from within or without the source to avoid relevant cost.
It is a process of modifying a master record with current information according to a specific procedure.
(8) Computerized Inventory System:
Is the set of policies and controls that monitors levels of inventories and determine what level should be maintained, when stock should be replenished and how large orders should be.
This can be defined as stock of raw materials, component parts, fabricating parts or finished goods which are held for several reasons.
(10) Inventory Control:
This is the supervision of the supply, storage and accessibility of items in order to ensure an adequate supply with excessive or over supply.
(11) Inventory Management:
Is a major cost centre analysis which must be carefully scrutinized by the firm with a view to employ prudent financial management.
(12) Inventory Planning:
This is the activities and techniques of determining the desired levels of items, whether raw materials, work in process, or finished products include order quantities and safety stock levels.
This can be seen as an electronic device which under the control of stored program, accept data through its input devices,
(14) Computer Science:
Is the blending of principles theories and application of the technologies that underlies the access to information
(15) Stock Out:
This is a situation where the stock position or level is nil. It is an ugly situation that causes stoppage of operation.
(16) Stock Record:
These are forms of clerical record designed to provide on the spot information about all items of stock held within the stores organization.
Can be defined as a non- arrestment between the stock balance as indicated in the stock record and the quantity physically funds and counted during stocktaking
Means the act of stealing small amounts or small articles.
Is an area in an organization where various kinds of materials needed for production, distribution, maintenance, packaging and general administration etc. Are received in, stores and issued out on demand.
This is a process involving the provision of raw materials, tools and equipment of the right quality in the right quantity at of the right time, at the right price and from the right place (source)
This is raw- facts and figures generated by human’s and their activities.
Is an international deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual.
Is the amount of materials/ products or result that a person, a machine or an organization produces or the information, result, etc. Produced by a computer
It means time, knowledge, ideas, materials, etc that are out into work or a project etc in order to make a success or produce a computer.
(25) Work Load:
This is the amount of work that has to be done by a particular person or an organization.
Role Of The Application Of Computer In Inventory Planning And Control In An Organization
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Dua, or supplication, is an important act of worship in Islam. It is a way for Muslims to communicate with Allah and seek His help, guidance, and forgiveness. One of the most powerful and profound supplications in Islamic history is the Dua of Musa (Moses), peace be upon him. This article will explore the significance and benefits of this dua and how to make it a part of our daily prayers.
The Dua of Musa is mentioned in the Quran in chapter 28, verse 24. In this verse, Musa (peace be upon him) says: “My Lord, indeed I am in need of whatever good You would send down to me.” This dua shows Musa’s complete reliance on Allah and his acknowledgment of his own weakness and dependence on Allah’s mercy and blessings.
The significance of this dua lies in the fact that it is a humble and sincere request to Allah, asking for His help and guidance. It teaches us to be humble and to turn to Allah in times of need, recognizing that He is the only one who can truly help us. It also reminds us of the importance of seeking good from Allah, and not just material wealth or worldly success.
The benefits of reciting this dua are numerous. It helps us to develop a strong relationship with Allah and to increase our faith in Him. It also helps us to maintain a positive attitude and to be grateful for the blessings that we have been given. Additionally, reciting this dua regularly can help us to overcome any difficulties or challenges that we may be facing, as it reminds us that Allah is always there to help us.
To make this dua a part of our daily prayers, we can recite it after each of our five daily prayers or at any other time throughout the day. We can also memorize it and recite it when we are in need of Allah’s help and guidance. It is important to recite this dua with sincerity and humility, and to have full trust in Allah’s mercy and blessings.
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| 0.956684 | 426 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Despite changing times, hiring discrimination is still as prevalent today as it was 20 years ago. Over the years, more and more organizations have tried to mandate hiring practices that reduce bias and discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation or age, but studies show that little has changed. Some hiring practices show promise though – blind interviews and digital interview guides ensure standardization in the interview process, helping to protect interviewees from potential bias.
Organizational leaders understand the benefits of having a diverse workforce. In fact, a study by Techstars shows that 72 percent of technology company founders believe in the importance of diversity. That would sound very promising, but only 12 percent of those founders actually have five or more diverse employees in technology roles, so it’s clear that their plans are not working. This type of bias or discrimination may be completely unconscious but is still there nonetheless.
Reduce Bias and Discrimination with Standardization
To reduce discrimination in hiring, the first step is interview standardization. When organizations commit to widespread standardization with digital interview guides, interviewers must ask every candidate the same set of questions depending on the job type, which reduces the potential for bias. Within the guide, interviewers may rate responses and keep track of notes, but this standardized, tracked process can make it easier for hiring leaders to recognize bias after reviewing interview guide forms.
Studies dating back to the 1990s show that white applicants received, on average, 36 percent more callbacks that African American applicants and 24 percent more callbacks than Latino applicants with identical resumes, and according to Harvard Business Review, these numbers remain practically unchanged for African Americans.
Thus, when organizations combine pre-employment assessments with standardized interview practices and interview guides, they may see reduced bias over time. At the very least, perhaps these practices will make it possible for leaders to identify where the bias is coming from within their organization and make further changes.
If your organization is not already practicing structured interviews, it may be time to consider a change in order to find the right person for the job and still be sure you’re avoiding discrimination in the process, resulting in greater diversity and better business practices.
Article originally published on Business2Community.
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The Environment of the Fire Station
"The Environment of the Fire Station" Fall 2018 Textbook Information Form
In Station Officer: Dealing With People students are presented with a station fairly isolated from its environment. In Station Officer: Dealing With New Operations students are presented with new operations that arise from the initiative of chief officers as responses to external demands and events. In this course students examine some of these external factors. A wise station officer will scan the environment to prepare for changes. Among the external factors to consider are:
- the municipal government that signs many paycheques;
- the chief officers who give orders and decide who gets promoted;
- provincial government legislation on employment equity and equality of access to service;
- firefighter unions that require station officers to balance loyalty to the union with loyalty to the department;
- for volunteer departments, apparatus purchases that require a balance of objective performance criteria and preference for certain manufacturers, models and features.
In brief this course will look at:
- Local Government
- Employment Equity
- Chief officers
- Dealing with Change
Each unit promotes learning through reading, studying and preparing assignments.
- appreciate the forces affecting municipalities;
- understand typical organizational structures of municipalities and the location of the fire department in that structure;
- appreciate the municipal budget process; and
- appreciate the effect of case law on the liability of municipalities and fire departments.
- appreciate the varying relations with different chief officers despite so called unity of command;
- understand how chief officers have more responsibility and less power;
- understand how chief officers have been co-opted by municipal officials; and
- understand how chief officers can suffer burn out.
- recognize blatant and systemic discrimination;recognize the application of the objectives of equal opportunity in the fire department;appreciate the advantages of a diverse workforce in the fire service; and
- be able to define sexual harassment.
- appreciate how power relations between management and labour explain the current relationship between the union local and fire department management;
- appreciate the balancing role a company officer must play between responsibilities to senior officers and responsibilities to the union local; and
- appreciate the role of seniority in collective agreements and its effect on job security.
- appreciate the social psychological reasons for resistance to change in fire departments;
- appreciate the structural reasons for resistance to change in fire departments;
- understand Greiner’s research on processes leading to change in organizations; and
- apply Greiner’s research to the fire department.
John Benoit, Ph.D., has been an applied sociologist, employing social science research to fire service administration. He obtained his PhD in sociology from the Johns Hopkins University in 1975, writing a dissertation on the effect of information flow on risk taking. He had worked at Dalhousie for 24 years, spending the last 20 as Director, Fire Management Education. During this time he wrote and co-wrote several of the courses, editing others. His principal areas of expertise include fire department-municipal government relations, the volunteer fire service, some aspects of personnel management, and theoretical perspectives on emergency management. In addition to course development, he has conducted research and published in the areas of volunteer fire administration, and disaster management. John recently retired and is now examining the effect of rural volunteer fire departments on the local community, and the impact of courageous experience and social capital on local economic development.
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More and more consumers are demanding made-to-order, customized products. The production facilities of tomorrow will need to be efficient and versatile if they hope to meet increasingly stringent requirements and the specific needs of each customer – all while mastering the pressure of rising costs. High-precision machine tools that impart a certain geometrical shape to workpieces remain the solution of choice. Conventional industrial robots have simply been unable, due to their insufficient precision, to supplant such machine tools. Using robots for milling operations remains particularly challenging. Primarily due to the gear units, low robot stiffness deflects the tool – reducing its appeal for use. Indeed, production staff must comply with extremely tight production tolerances every time they machine lightweight materials, such as aluminum or carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), as well as metals, and steels.
Customized production, even for a batch size of one
Researchers working on Fraunhofer’s “Flexmatik 4.1“ joint research project (please see box) are developing an industrial robot designed for the high-precision milling of lightweight materials. The project partners are the Fraunhofer Institutes for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, and for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF. The researchers must overhaul the kinematics if the robot is to prove successful. Sascha Reinkober, department head at Fraunhofer IPK, explains: “We’re engineering a multi-axis kinematic chain that is specially designed for continuous path processes.” The robot proceeds from point A to point B of the component being machined by traversing a linear unit, a type of rail. “The system simulations we conducted during the design phase indicate that we can achieve a precision objective of plus/minus 0.1 millimeters. This will be possible starting from the very first component, despite the process forces acting on it. Manufacturers can therefore customize production, even for a batch size of just one unit,” says Jan Hansmann, project leader at Fraunhofer LBF. “Under the exposure of process forces, the robot will stray far less from its programmed target path. The robot can consequently drill a hole at the intended spot of the component with far greater precision, for instance.”
To ensure high precision, the team of researchers is developing a new drive concept for individual axes. Partially direct drives are used, which are considerably stiffer during operation than today’s high-tech gear units. And a new climate-control strategy minimizes imprecision due to temperature fluctuations. The robot is also equipped with a cnc control for machine tools. Last but not least, the new Flexmatik features an active vibration control system.
The new designed robot offers key benefits compared to machine tools: the cost of acquisition decreases by as much as a factor of 10 and the energy consumption by as much as a factor of 15. Thanks to its linear unit, the Flexmatik exhibits a workspace on par with large portal milling machines – and better accessibility. Compared to a portal milling machine, the Flexmatik does not require a special heavy foundation. This keeps construction costs lower and grants users flexibility in setting it up. Fraunhofer researchers want to complete a functional prototype by the end of 2018.
Their innovative milling robot can handle a broad range of applications – including the machining of large CFRP structures such as fuselages, the milling of components for gas turbines, and the re-contouring of press tools. “The Flexmatik is a suitable choice for many applications in practically all sectors which use machine tools. But it’s not about replacing machine tools. The Flexmatik can instead be a useful addition that shares workloads. The ultimate goal is to make production processes more cost-effective,” emphasizes Sven Philipp von Stürmer, project leader at Fraunhofer IFAM.
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Can you suggest a natural way to de-ice sidewalks and driveways without harming nearby soil and plants?
Salt compounds that are commonly used as de-icers can be highly corrosive to nearby plants and soil. Besides injuring vegetation upon contact, salt leaches into soil and makes vital nutrients and water less accessible to plants. Salt compounds also leach into surface water and groundwater, where they can be toxic to wildlife.
At home, instead of managing ice chemically with salts, take a mechanical approach. Shovel paths early and often, or pay a neighbor to do so if you can’t manage the heavy lifting yourself. To increase traction on slippery surfaces, use sand or gravel. Snow tires on vehicles and cleats on shoes can also help you gain traction. If you must resort to a chemical de-icer, the least harmful products contain calcium magnesium acetate or potassium chloride rather than sodium chloride or rock salt.
For roadside plantings regularly exposed to salt spray from municipal de-icing, choose salt-tolerant species. For a list of salt-tolerant plants, see Purdue University Extension publication ID-412-W.
— Vicki Mattern, Contributing Editor
Right: Shovel the sidewalk early and often to avoid using chemical de-icers.
Photo By Fotolia/Stefan Korber
Vicki Mattern is a contributing editor for MOTHER EARTH NEWS magazine, book editor and freelance magazine writer. She has edited or co-authored seven books on gardening, and lives and works from her home in northwestern Montana. You can find Vicki on Google+.
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Human habituation of wildlife may occur if wild animals are repeatedly exposed to the presence of people. Wild animals can become habituated to humans’ infrastructure (buildings, roads, artefacts) and to humans themselves. The more predictive we are to the animals, the easier it is for them to become habituated. Wildlife is more easily habituated to infrastructure than to people, because people are less predictive.
Habituation of wild animals are undesirable. It reduces the animals’ normal elusiveness and fear responses. Instead of avoiding areas of human activity, and fleeing at the sight of people, the animals choose to approach. While humans appreciate some habituation of many animals, habituation typically also leads to human-wildlife conflicts. More often than not, strong habituation is detrimental to wildlife survival, and may even pose a threat to human safety.
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Glossary of Common Tax Terms
Below is an A to Z list of definitions for a number of common terms and phrases related to income tax.
Adjusted gross income. Gross income minus allowable reductions.
Adjustment to income. An expense that can be deducted even if the taxpayer does not itemize deductions.
Adoption credit. A nonrefundable credit for qualified adoption expenses.
Advance earned income credit. Prepayments of the earned income credit by an employer to an employee.
Audit. When the IRS examines and verifies your return or any other transaction with tax consequences.
Casualty loss. A loss caused by the complete or partial destruction of property that results from an unexpected event, i.e., floods, storms, fires, etc..
Charitable contribution. Money or property donated to a qualified charity.
Child and dependent care credit. A tax credit in the amount of a percentage of the amount expended on child or dependent care by an employed individual.
Child tax credit. A tax credit available to people with children under the age of seventeen.
Compensation. Wages, commissions, tips, fees, or self-employment income from services rendered.
Credits. Reductions of tax liability allowed by Congress for various purposes.
Deduction. A subtraction from taxable income.
Dependent. A person who meets the five tests of dependency and thereby qualifies to be claimed as a dependent for tax purposes.
Depreciation. Deduction for the wear and tear of an item used for business.
Earned income. Income derived from personal services - wages, tips, bonuses, and any other type of compensation.
Earned income credit. A tax credit allowed to employed individuals whose income and modified gross income is less than a certain amount.
Employment expenses. Ordinary and necessary expenses necessary to perform the duties for which an employee was hired.
Entertainment expenses. Employment expenses that have an element of entertainment that is directly related to conducting business.
Estimated tax. What the taxpayer expects to owe in taxes over the course of the year, generally paid quarterly with vouchers.
Exemption. A reduction of income that would otherwise be taxed.
Foster child. A child other than a natural or adopted child who lived with the taxpayer for the entire year and whom the taxpayer treated as his or her own child.
Head of the household. A filing status used by an unmarried taxpayer who pays over half of the cost of maintaining the home of a qualified individual.
Hobby loss. A nondeductible loss from a hobby.
Home office expense. Expenses arising from operating a business in a qualified manner in your home.
Internal Revenue Service. The Treasury Department division responsible for collecting taxes.
Itemized deductions. Expenditures that the tax code deems appropriate for reducing adjusted gross income.
Married filing jointly. A filing status used by a couple that is married at the end of the tax year and uses one tax return.
Married filing separately. The filing status used by a couple that is married at the end of the year and chooses to file separate tax returns.
Modified adjusted gross income. There are different definitions for different purposes. It is usually the adjusted gross income with various items added back in.
Nontaxable income. Income that is not taxed.
Permanent and total disability. A disability that is expected to last at least a year and keeps an individual from any gainful activity.
Proprietorship. A business that is owned and controlled by one person.
Qualifying widow(er). The filing status used by a qualified person for the two years following a spouse's death.
Schedules. IRS forms that are used to report various kinds of income, deductions, and credits.
Self-employed. A person who individually decides when and where to work and pays his or her own expenses. Self-employed individuals must pay self-employment taxes.
Standard deduction. A predetermined amount of income that is not subject to taxes and is claimed when an individual does not itemize deductions.
Taxable income. Adjusted gross income minus deductions and exemptions.
Unearned income. Income that is not derived from services performed, such as interest, dividends, and royalties.
Worksheet. An IRS document that is provided to the taxpayer to compile information and is not usually filed with the return.
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There are federal protections that protect individuals from discrimination in the workplace.
Your employer, or potential employer, has an obligation to prevent and address discrimination against employees. Multiple federal and state protections ensure that if discrimination occurs, victims may file a claim for this treatment.
As a victim of workplace discrimination, understanding the form of discrimination experienced is a crucial element of your legal claim.
What Laws Protect Individuals from Discrimination?
A number of federal and state laws protect people from discrimination in the workplace.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Title VII prohibits an employer from discriminating with regard to any term, condition, or privilege of employment. Common employer practices such as hiring, terminating, disciplining, recruiting, assigning, evaluating, and training fall under Title VII.
Under Title VII, the parties covered include the following:
- All companies and labor unions employing over 15 employees,
- Employment agencies,
- State and local government, and
- Apprenticeship programs.
Independent contractors are not covered under Title VII.
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) protects employees or potential hires 40 years of age or older. The ADEA protections extend to workplace practices involving hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions, or privileges of employment. The ADEA is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
California Fair Employment and Housing Act
In California, the Fair Employment and Housing Act prohibits discrimination against a number of protected classes, including:
- National origin,
- Gender identity/gender expression,
- Sexual orientation,
- Marital status,
- Medical condition,
- Military or veteran status,
- National origin,
- Genetic information,
- Request for family care leave,
- Request for leave for an employee’s own serious health condition,
- Request for pregnancy disability leave, and
- Age (individuals over 40).
California’s FEHA provides even more expansive protection for individuals against discrimination than federal laws.
Disparate Treatment v. Disparate Impact
There are two forms of discrimination in the workplace: disparate treatment and disparate impact. An experienced California employment discrimination attorney can aid in analyzing evidence and building a case for the discrimination you’ve experienced.
Disparate treatment is less favorable treatment of employees in a protected class. A disparate treatment claim argues that the individual suffered less favorable treatment than similarly situated individuals.
The basis for the less favorable treatment may be due to the individual’s race, religion, sex, color, or national origin. In disparate treatment claims, the employer’s intent is the matter at issue.
To support a disparate treatment claim, you need to establish four elements:
- The individual is a member of a protected class;
- The employer knows of the individual’s protected class;
- A harmful act occurred; and
- Other similarly situated individuals were treated more favorably or not subjected to the same treatment.
Disparate treatment examples include providing higher pay to men as opposed to women for the same job, offering overtime hours to white workers over minority workers, and accommodating religious observations of Christian employees but not Muslim or Jewish employees.
Determining whether your employer’s treatment constitutes discrimination requires the assistance of a qualified employment attorney.
Typically, disparate treatment claims concern three types of conduct related to employment and hiring. The three areas commonly associated with disparate treatment claims are failure to hire, termination, and terms and conditions of work.
Failure to Hire
Disparate treatment in failure to hire is evident through employer policies and practices.
Disparate treatment policies and practices purposely eliminate a protected group of individuals from the hiring process. Requiring all minority applicants to take an employment test while not requiring the same of non-minority applicants is an example of disparate treatment in hiring.
Another example is failing to interview individuals with non-white sounding names and continuing to post the vacant position despite applicants possessing the required qualifications for the position.
Termination cases arguing disparate treatment may be more challenging to prove. Certain elements must exist to establish that an individual’s termination was due to discrimination.
First, you must prove you are in a protected class. Second, you must show that you satisfied the expectations of your employer or that your employer set unfair standards for you compared to others. Third, you must have been replaced by an individual who is not a member of the same protected class.
For example, a white employee takes home office supplies and is told to return the items with no disciplinary action. The next week, a non-white employee takes supplies home and is subsequently fired. The non-white employee may have a case for disparate treatment if there is history of the employer’s conduct of treating other employees differently.
Terms and Conditions of Employment
Regarding the terms and conditions of employment, disparate treatment presents in many forms.
For example, a company policy may require the re-screening of employees. But if the company uses the policy to re-screen only Latino employees, then the intent of the policy discriminates on the basis of national origins—a protected class.
Another example would be a woman with years of experience is passed over for a promotion several times for men with substantially less experience.
By contrast with disparate treatment claims, in disparate impact claims, the employer’s intent is not at issue. Instead, the company’s policies and practices have discriminatory results.
Disparate impact discrimination results appear through hiring, promotion, and other employment decisions in a company. Although appearing neutral on their face, the consequences of these company practices negatively affect a protected class.
An example of disparate impact might include a company requiring applicants to answer questions that contain cultural nuances that an immigrant is unlikely to understand.
This requirement possesses the tendency to exclude people based on their national origin. Another example of disparate impact discrimination includes an all-white union’s requirement that new members be sponsored by an existing member.
Disparate impact claims are difficult to substantiate. These policies and practices do not often seem discriminatory against a protected class as they tend to be neutral on their face.
Disparate impact claims require the presentation of sufficient evidence, often time statistical evidence. From the evidence, a court can infer that discrimination occurred. Evidence must show the discriminatory disparate impact resulted from a specific company practice or policy.
The following elements are necessary to build a disparate impact claim:
- The employment policy or practice has a disparate effect on a certain group of individuals who are part of a protected class;
- The individual bringing the claim is a member of the protected class impacted;
- The disparate consequence experienced by the individual directly resulted from the employment policy or practice; and
- An alternative effective employment policy or practice exists that would be non-discriminatory.
There is a defense to a disparate impact claim: the employer must prove that a legitimate and non-discriminatory purpose exists for the contested policy or practice.
You can substantiate a disparate impact claim by proving that a policy has negative consequences for a particular class. For instance, suppose a company institutes a hiring policy requiring a strength test. A female applicant fails the strength test and is subsequently eliminated from the hiring process.
A disparate impact claim would argue that this hiring practice removes a majority of female applicants, who are a protected class.
Do You Need an Employment Lawyer?
Analyzing disparate impact vs. disparate treatment claims is complex. To prove a disparate impact or disparate treatment claim, you must secure evidence that strengthens your claim of discrimination.
If you believe you have been discriminated against in the California workplace, it’s important to document every event.
The attorneys at Workplace Rights Law possess over 75 years of combined experience in employment law. We understand the unique challenges presented by discrimination cases, specifically disparate treatment vs disparate impact cases.
With years of experience representing employers, we know the legal strategies of employers and know how to beat them.
No two cases are the same. We never employ cookie-cutter strategies. Each client’s story represents their own journey and requires different priorities.
We take more of our time and energy creating a strategy catered to the facts of your case because we believe all our clients deserve that attention and treatment.
We offer free consultations for discrimination claims.
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| 0.913153 | 1,772 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Is it possible to take any ordinary adult brain, and turn it into that of a musician?
Here at Brainjo, we think that answer is a resounding yes.
The Brainjo Method for musical instruction is the first teaching system to incorporate the science of learning and neuroplasticity and to target the adult learner.
I’m Dr. Josh Turknett, a neurologist, musician, neuroplastician, and founder of Brainjo. For the past few years, I have written about the principles that underlie the Brainjo Method in a recurring column in the Banjo Newsletter entitled “Your Brain on Banjo”. For a few years, folks have asked if I could one turn this into a formalized methodology. That day is here!
The Brainjo Method is based upon the following core principles and beliefs:
1. That anyone, at any age, can learn to play music well by using these tools and techniques, as they rely on properties of the human brain that we all share. And, given the many benefits of learning to play music, they should!
2. That to learn to do anything new – like playing a musical instrument – we must change our brain. Specifically, we must create neural networks that control whatever skill or new activity it is we are learning. These neural networks are created through proper practice.
The study of neuroplasticity is the study of how the brain changes. By understanding and applying the science of neuroplasticity, then, we can take full advantage of this remarkable property of our brains that we all possess throughout our lives.
3. Success or failure in learning music depends on how well we capitalize on our brain’s innate capacity for change, and has little to nothing to do with innate talent. Success or failure is determined by how we go about learning.
4. Those who have reached the level of mastery have done so because they were masters of the learning process, or masters of changing their brains. They did not reach mastery on account of any special genetic gift, or talent.
Through consistent, focused effort and the right process, anyone who wishes to can also reach this level. Furthermore, studying the learning methods of the masters provides another fertile avenue for exploring the learning process.
If you’re interested in creating your own banjo playing brain, check out the Breakthrough Banjo course, a complete beginner through advanced methodology based entirely on the Brainjo Method of instruction.
Brainjo Method courses for clawhammer banjo, fingerstyle banjo, and old time fiddle are now available. Click below to learn more:
Now Available! The Laws of Brainjo: The Art & Science of Molding a Musical Mind
The bestselling book “The Laws of Brainjo” is a compilation of 35 articles on how to apply the science of learning and neuroplasticity to learn music more effectively and efficiently, outlining the theoretical principles upon which the Brainjo Method of instruction is based. Available in ebook and paperback (from Amazon) format. Click below to check it out on your favorite book retailer:
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This guide is designed to help you complete the research assignment and to locate resources relevant to PWR 215.
Research Assignment for PWR 215
Select an established writer. Find out what that writer has said about his/her own work and/or what advice he/she has given about writing. (Sources might include letters, lectures, interviews, essays & books on writing, biographies.)
Summarize what this writer has to say about writing effectively.
Read a novel by this writer paying attention to what the writer does well.
Write a 3-4 page paper that summarizes what you learned from the author about the writer’s craft and discusses how the novel you read represents the author’s advice and skill. Include a bibliography that cites three or more sources (including the novel).
Give a five minute presentation to the class that delineates what you learned from the writer you selected. Provide your classmates with 10 bullet points of advice on writing.
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Hello, Excellers. Welcome to another #MacroMonday blog post in my Excel series. Today let’s look at breaking up our VBA code by adding a breakpoint to your Excel VBA code. If you’re an Excel user, you know that VBA code can be incredibly useful for automating tasks and customizing your spreadsheets. But what happens when your code isn’t working the way you want it to? One of the best ways to troubleshoot and fix your code is to add breakpoints so that you can see where in the code execution things are going wrong. In this blog post, we’ll show you how to add a pause or breakpoint to your Excel VBA code. Stay tuned!
First Things First – What Is A Breakpoint Or Pause In VBA?.
A breakpoint is a selected line of code that once it has been reached, your macro will be suspended. At this point you use the debugging environment to step through each line of code, halt the codes execution or view the status of your program. It is a great way to step though and debug your code without having to restart your code from the very beginning each time you want to debug.
There is no limit to how many breakpoints you have in your code. You cannot however add breakpoints to the following lines of VBA
- nothing in them (blank lines).
- Only code comments, usually wrtitten in green and begin with an apostrophe.
- Dimensioning statements. (lines starting with DIM).
How To Add Break Points To Your VBA Code.
Let’s get down to adding pauses or breakpoints into our VBA code. First, open the VBA environment by either hitting the Excel keyboard shortcut ALT+F11 or hit the Developer Tab and then select Visual Basic.
To set a breakpoint in your VBA Code, find the line you want to add to break to. Then, follow the instructions below.
- Left-click in the grey bar to the left of the code.
- A red dot should appear, subsequently the line of code will be highlighted in red.
- Your breakpoint will be inserted.
How To Remove Break Points From Your VBA Code.
Once you have finished debugging your VBA code it is really easy to remove the breakpoints you have inserted.
- Left click on the breakpoint you want to remove
- Your breakpoint will automatically be removed
How To Clear Multiple Break Points From Your Excel VBA Code.
If you have a lot of breakpoints in your VBA code as there is no restriction on how many you can use, then it maybe a challenge to individually go through your code and remove them one by one. If you want to remove all of the breakpoints at once then you can use the debugging menu options.
- Select the Debug Menu
- Select Clear All Breakpoints
- Or use the keyboard shortcut CTRL+SHIFT+F9
So there you have it! How to add a break point or pause in your Excel VBA code. This should help you troubleshoot and fix any errors in your code. If you want more tips like this, sign up for my newsletter below and I’ll send them straight to your inbox. Thanks for reading!
If you want to see all of my blog posts in the Macro Mondays Series you can find them all in the link below. Why not bookmark it?, Yes, it is updated EVERY Monday.
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Environmental justice coalition starting up in the Chesapeake Bay
Group seeks to address problems that disproportionately hurt disadvantaged communities
- Comments are closed for this article.
Many advocates around the Chesapeake Bay region have said in the past that environmental justice issues don't get the attention they deserve.
Whether it’s putting in a new incinerator in a disadvantaged part of Baltimore or responding to flooding in poor neighborhoods in Norfolk, environmental justice has always been a component of the envrionmental movement, even if no one called it that. It's not always a front-burner issue in terms of the Bay Program, which deals mostly with nitrogen and phosphorus and sediment. But it's long been a focus of local neighborhood groups, who are often fighting permits or filing lawsuits in hopes of stopping a project that they believe will damage their waterways.
Simply put, environmental justice means looking out for groups of people who are often neglected — people of color, people of little means, people who live in areas that cities have already given up on — and giving them a voice. That may mean reducing emissions at a power plant that is contributing to many children’s asthma or pushing to relocate a project that can harm the environment. Often, it entails suing entities — steel companies, the EPA, the state environmental protection departments — to obtain results.
Law schools all over the country now have environmental justice departments, and attorneys who specialize in that work. Law clinics, including the ones at the University of Maryland and University of Virginia, look for cases with an environmental justice component. Increasingly, it’s becoming part of the work of the Chesapeake Legal Alliance, which matches high-powered Washington-area attorneys with clients who can’t afford their prices but have a case nonetheless.
Now comes the DMV Environmental Justice Coalition. Dr. Sacoby Wilson, of the University of Maryland, has been instrumental in putting together the group, which will be looking at some of the environmental problems in Maryland and how they disproportionately hurt disadvantaged communities. Among the issues Wilson’s group has already examined: the number of low-income state residents who eat fish that may be tainted with toxics, because they have little else to sustain them.
The coalition plans to have meetings around the three-state region (Maryland, DC, Virginia). The first meeting was last month in Washington. This Thursday, Nov. 14, it will be meeting in Dundalk, at the Sollers Point Multi-Purpose Center, 323 Sollers Point Road, Dundalk, MD. The neighborhood is Turner’s Sation, a historically black enclave of eastern Baltimore County, where many immigrants came in the 1900s for jobs at Bethlehem Steel.
For more information, visit.
Comments are now closed for this article. Comments are accepted for 60 days after publication.
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accountant(redirected from Qualified accountants)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial.
A person who has the requisite skill and experience in establishing and maintaining accurate financial records for an individual or a business. The duties of an accountant may include designing and controlling systems of records, auditing books, and preparing financial statements. An accountant may give tax advice and prepare tax returns.
A public accountant renders accounting or auditing services for a number of employees, each of whom pays the accountant a fee for services rendered. He or she does more than just bookkeeping but does not generally have all the qualifications of a certified public accountant.
A certified public accountant is one who has earned a license in his or her state that attests to a high degree of skill, training, and experience. In addition to passing an accounting examination, a candidate must have the proper business experience, education, and moral character in order to qualify for the license. The letters CPA are commonly used and generally recognized to be the abbreviation for the title Certified Public Accountant.
The practice of accounting is a highly skilled and technical profession that affects public welfare. It is entirely appropriate for the state to regulate the profession by means of a licensing system for accountants. Some states do not permit anyone to practice accounting except certified public accountants, but other states use the title to recognize the more distinguished skills of a CPA while permitting others to practice as public accountants. All states limit the use of the title and the initials to those who are licensed as certified public accountants.
All accountants are held to high standards of skill in issuing professional opinions. They can be sued for Malpractice if performance of their duties falls below standards for the profession.
accountantnoun bookkeeper, calculator, certified public accountant, chartered accountant, clerk, reckoner, recorder, registrar, statistician
See also: comptroller
ACCOUNTANT. This word has several significations: 1. One who is versed in accounts; 2. A person or officer appointed to keep the accounts of a public company; 3. He who renders to another or to a court a just and detailed statement of the administration of property which he holds as trustee, executor, administrator or guardian. Vide 16 Vin. Ab. 155.
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A hero of many folk tales in West Africa and the Caribbean is this person who is both spider & man. When things are going well he is a man but in times of danger he becomes a spider. This creature likes to trick the other animals and get the better of those who are much bigger than himself. He may be greedy and selfish but he is also very funny. He is a hero because he bought the gift of telling stories to his people.
In the past and still in rural areas of Ghana today, the tales are told around the fire to entertain and teach the values of the society. Storytelling is an active exchange in which the audience participates with responses and songs.
Many Ghanaians today are born in urban areas and not as likely to hear these stories from their elders. However, such tales have been recorded and published in books and pamphlets for children and adults. Every Ghanaian elementary student reads about this character and may get to act out a story as a way to learn about Ghana’s rich cultural heritage.
Q: Can you name this character?
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Mark French, a mechanical engineering technology professor, drew on his experience as an aeronautical engineer to create a device that blasts the lightweight, 2.3-gram balls through plywood or aluminum, or deeply dent steel. Online video shows the air-powered bazooka destroying pingpong paddles, VHS tapes, and a row of soda cans.
The secret? A pressure chamber connected to the vacuum tube via a convergent-divergent nozzle. “That hourglass-shaped nozzle is similar to what is used in fighter jets,” French said. “When the pressurized air rushes through the bottleneck, it accelerates to supersonic speed as it helps propel the ball through the clear PVC barrel.”
He says the supersonic speeds are surprising because the balls weigh so little, have such poor aerodynamics, and sport a high drag coefficient. The energy delivered is equivalent to a 125 mph fastball or a brick falling several stories.
Enough about the physics, click here to see the bazooka shoot supersonic pingpong balls through stuff.
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| 0.924528 | 226 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Eight years of Obama’s presidency has left lights and shadows. On the one hand, he fostered normalization with Cuba and he played an important role in FARC’s and the Colombian government’s peace agreement.
by Nicola Bilotta
( January 17, 2017, Vienna, Sri Lanka Guardian) Due to Donald Trump’s victory in the Presidential election this November North American foreign policy will experience radical changes. The new government creates hopes and fears. On the one hand, there is hope cooperation with Russia will be improved. On the other hand, peace dialogues with Iran are expected to worsen. However, international geopolitical equilibrium will have a different settlement.
The US has always influenced South American political history due to its geographical proximity and its economic interests. So how will Latin America be affected by Trump’s foreign policy? Hilary Clinton was supposed to continue Obama’s political strategy in the continent. But which heritage did Obama leave in South America?
During the 2008 Presidential campaign, Barack Obama became famous worldwide because of his charm and great oratory skills. In his electoral platform there was a message of cooperation and peace to all Latin American governments. Obama’s victory thus was celebrated by leftist Presidents in the entire continent. Lula – the former Brazilian President from 2002 to 2011 – said that Barack’s election was a historical moment for the world, “In the same way that Brazil elected a metalworker (Lula himself), Bolivia an aboriginal (Evo Morales), Venezuela a (Hugo) Chavez and Paraguay a bishop (Fernando Lugo), I believe it will be an extraordinary thing if in the biggest economy in the world a black person (Barack Obama) is elected president.” Also Chavez was optimistic about improving Venezuelan cooperation with the US.
Obama promised to improve North American partnership with South America based on multilateralism. But the opportunity to repair the relationship between Latin American countries and the US was already lost in 2009. In June 2009, the elected President of Honduras Manuel Zaleya was overthrown by a military coup. The US foreign office considered Zaleya as a dangerous leftist leader. Even though the OAS (Organization of American States) expelled Honduras after their break of constitutional order, Hilary Clinton, secretary state at the time, and President Obama pushed for new elections rather than asking for the return of Zaleya, the democratically elected President. US government immediately recognized the legitimacy of the new Lobio government in Honduras and it pressured other Latin countries to do the same. Clinton, when talking about Honduras coup, said “Now I didn’t like the way it looked or the way they did it, but they had a strong argument that they had followed the constitution and the legal precedents.” However, Hugo Llorens, the US ambassador in Honduras stated “Zelaya may have committed illegalities but there is no doubt that the military, supreme court and National Congress conspired on June 28 in what constituted an illegal and unconstitutional coup against the executive branch.”
Obama’s strategy in Honduras thus worsened the US relationship with Brazil and with all leftist parties in South America. Furthermore, the Colombian and US government signed an agreement on military cooperation in 2009 without consulting any other Latin American countries. American and Colombian economic and military alliance finds its roots since the 1990 with Plan for Colombia establishment. Former President Bill Clinton approved a massive military and economic aid initiative to fund Colombian struggle against drug cartels and left-wing insurgent groups. The aim of the plan was to supply Colombia with military training and military technologies to contrast violence in the country. The flow of money from the US government to Colombia has not stopped since then. Former President G.W. Bush and Obama maintained Plan for Colombia. According to the US Foreign Office, in 2012 the US allocated 644.304.766$ in Colombia. Breaking down the aid, we discover that 446.552.148$ were funds for military and security help. The tight relationship between the two countries is confirmed by the trade deal signed in 2011.
Besides chief architect and broker that of Cuba, Obama was a strong sponsor of the peace dialogue between the FARC and Santos government. He even promised to increase American economic aid to Colombia totalling 450 million of dollars. Even though Obama was not personally involved in the discussion of the peace agreement in Colombia, he has started a process of normalization with Cuba. The US and Cuba has not had diplomatic relations since the 1960s. After the communist revolution in the country, the US imposed a trade embargo against Cuba. Obama’s plan was to improve Cuban and American relations by reviewing Cuba as a state sponsor of terrorism and by ending the economic embargo. After formal talks, American Congress will be called to vote for the official revocation of the embargo. The new course, however, was not just due to Obama’s effort. The role of the former Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis was fundamental to foster peace between the two countries. Regardless the fact that it was a multilateral effort, the improvement of Cuban and American relations has been the most considerable heritage of Obama’s presidency in South America.
Obama has not been able to improve the precarious diplomatic relationship whit Venezuela and Ecuador. Even if the US is the largest trading partner of Venezuela, US governments have not sent Ambassadors to this Latin Am country since 2006. Their diplomatic relations are now extremely tense. Maduro accused US governments of imperialism and of trying to defeat his government in Venezuela, while American diplomacy denounced human rights violations against Maduro’s adversaries. The latter, instead, declared US Ambassador Persona non-grata in 2011 in response to the release of secret documents in which US diplomatists accused Ecuadorian President Correa to be corrupted. In the last months of 2015 Ecuador and the US re-established diplomatic relations. However, there is still a considerable tension between them. Guillaume Long, Ecuadorian foreign minister, said that he wanted to cooperate with the US but American governments needed to not interfere with internal political decisions in South America.
In the last eight years Brazilian and American relations have been problematic. After the disclosure of NSA secret reports on Brazil, former Brazilian President Dilma cancelled her official state visit in 2014. NSA was spying the conversations of top Brazilian managers and politics, even Dilma was recorded during her private calls. It appears, at least, unusual that US secret services were spying the establishment of a country which is a stable democracy and an American ally for the last thirty years. Obama’s presidency had tense diplomatic relations also with Argentina and her former President Kirchner. Specifically, their conflict was about Argentinian default in 2014. American hedge funds, which bought cheap Argentinian bonds in 2001, were asking for a full pay out that Kirchner refused to provide.
Interestingly, both, Dilma and Kirchner, found themselves at the centre of scandals the last year. The former was indirectly involved in Petrobas investigation, the latter was accused to have covered Iranian responsibility on the terroristic attack which killed 84 people in Buenos Aires in 1994. With their defeat, Latin America is going through the end of the leftist season. The new Argentinian President, Mauricio Macri, has already endorsed his priority to mend relations with investors and big foreign groups. The new Brazilian President, Michel Temer, has already approved liberalizations on natural resources exploitation which will attract foreign investors in Brazil. The new courses in Brazil and Argentina seem to find North American support. Actually, Macri and Temer will be aiming to improve Argentinian and Brazilian economic and diplomatic cooperation with the US.
Eight years of Obama’s presidency has left lights and shadows. On the one hand, he fostered normalization with Cuba and he played an important role in FARC’s and the Colombian government’s peace agreement. On the other hand, he was not able to radically change American relations with Latin countries. Obama promised to establish multilateral relations with South American countries failed. It cannot be identified a turning point in how Obama’s governments interfere with internal political affairs of Latin countries.
Trump, uncertainty of US future
Trump has promised to radically change US foreign policy. However, it is unclear how he will do so. During his presidential campaign, he contradicted himself several times. Trump said that he would reduce America’s intervention in the world. First of all, Trump’s disengagement will alter US commitment to international organizations. NATO and the defence agreements with Japan and South Korea could experience a decrease of US military and financial dedication. In addition, the relationships with China and Iran seem to be critical factors in the international equilibrium. Trump criticized Obama’s the Nuclear Deal with Iran, he could run away from the agreement and re-impose sanctions. His proposal to impose a 45% tariff on Chinese import would start an economic conflict with the Chinese government.
The South American continent does not seem to be a priority in the new President’s agenda. Three main topics on Latin America dominated his electoral campaign:
- According to Pew Hispanic Center, in 2014 there were 11. 7 million Mexican immigrants residing in the US and 6.5 million of them would be illegally living in the country. So when he promised that 11 million illegal immigrants would be deported, it was clear whom he was referring to. Trump even claimed that he would force the Mexican government to build a wall on the border between the US and Mexico. His economic plan for “making America great again” claimed to bring back manufacturing factories to the US. Trump said he would overtax North American companies which produce in Mexico. After having described Mexican immigrants as drug dealers, criminals and rapists, in August 2016 Trump officially met Mexican President Nieto. But there were no significant results from their conversation. Actually, while Trump said Niento agreed to pay for a wall on the border, the Mexican President posted a tweet to contradict Trump’s claim.
- Trump is one of the few Republican leaders that support the process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the US. The President-elected is said to agree with the “Cuban Thaw”, however, he argues that the US could have made a better deal. In this case, uncertainty about the future of Cuba-US relations is driven by the fact that the majority of the Republic party does not support the normalization of Cuban and North American relations.
- Even thought Nicholas Maduro, President of Venezuela, recently stated to hope for improving his relations with the US in Trump presidency, few days ago he called Trump a bandit. During his campaign, Trump was not friendly to Maduro, he said that “Venezuelans are good people, but they have been horribly damaged by the socialists in Venezuela and the next president of the United States must show solidarity with all the oppressed people in the hemisphere.” Even if Trump does not believe in “exporting democracy”, it is unclear how he will work to improve US relations with Venezuela.
It is not clear what Trump’s presidency will mean for American and Latin countries relations, Trump is still a mystery. Obama’s presidency instead was an unsuccessful hope that the US would have been able to establish multilateral forms of cooperation with Latin American countries.
Nicola Bilotta has a BA and a MA in History from Università degli Studi di Milano and a MSc in Economic History from the London School of Economics. He works as a Global Finance Research Assistant at The Banker (Financial Times) and collaborates as an external researcher at ISAG (Istituto di Alti Studi di Geopolitica e Scienze Ausiliari). [email protected]
N. Lakhani, Did Hillary Clinton stand by as Honduras coup ushered in era of violence?, The Guardian 31/08/2016
N. Lakhani, Did Hillary Clinton stand by as Honduras coup ushered in era of violence?, The Guardian 31/08/2016
M. E. Jorge, Venezuela expectant as to how Trump will address Chavismo and country’s crisis, Fow New Latino 18/11/2016
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Source: Process and Control Today News
In motor driven applications like cranes, lifts, hoists and conveyors, air cooled resistors are common, but in medium voltage, high power applications liquid cooling wins out. A medium voltage drive running off a 3.3kV supply to turn a 500kW motor will put a severe heating load on the application’s power transistors – hence the need for water cooling, as David Atkins, projects director at Cressall Resistors explains.
In marine applications, for instance, the drive is typically located in the bowels of a vessel, which makes heat dissipation a problem. Because of this, ships and oil rigs usually have chilled water systems with a single heat exchanger – a more efficient way of getting heat out from the vessel, compared to ducting warm air everywhere.
If 1MW or more of heat needs to be dissipated, direct water cooling makes more sense. A typical 1MW fresh water-cooled brake resistor for marine use is basically a 10 foot tube with large heating elements similar to those found in common household kettles. The braking electricity that is being regenerated powers these elements. Most ships have a chilled water system, which circulates cool water throughout the vessel, used for both air conditioning and equipment cooling.
Over the last ten years shaft-driven shipboard mechanical power transmission has been increasingly replaced by electrical power. For example, both the Royal Navy Type 45 destroyer and the Queen Elizabeth carrier are electrically driven. The prime mover is used solely for generating electricity, which is then distributed to various motors, including those driving the propeller shaft(s), and other consumer loads.
All-electric ship design
The logic behind all-electric ship design that is two-fold. Firstly, ship layout – a large motor does not need to be in the middle of the ship, which is better used as prime passenger and cargo space. Secondly – energy efficiency. Traditional ships could have up to four diesel engines located mid-ship running at low power under normal operating circumstances. This often made them inefficient. By using smaller diesel engines together with a couple of gas turbines, the right number of prime movers can be fired up to suit power demand, whether it is a fully-laden oil tanker afloat at sea or stationary at port.
In drilling or cable-laying vessels, where anything up to a mile of cable has to be paid out over the side during passage, the weight of the cable is so massive, that the drive motor has to reverse its function from motor to generator, in order to brake the cable reel. Air cooled resistors have heating elements enclosed within a fan cooled cabinet. This makes them suitable for deck mounting, often on anti-vibration mounts.
When most people think of a resistor, they see little components used in electronic equipment. However, a resistor is essentially a way of turning electric energy into heat energy. The latter can be easily wasted if it is not wanted at the location where it is produced.
This brings us back to the reason why a 500kW drive is typically supplied from a medium voltage 3.3kV supply instead of the usual low voltage 415V. Transmitting power at low voltage increases current – as formulated by Ohm’s law. The thickness of the copper therefore has to be increased to cope with the extra current. This is one of the reasons why power transmission over long distances is typically at high voltage 400kV – to reduce current and consequently, cable thickness.
Cressall’s EV2 advanced water cooled modular resistor range for low and medium voltage applications is especially designed to function in severe environments, like the ones marine systems have to function in. This patented design encapsulates and completely separates the resistor elements from the coolant.
An important benefit from using an electric drive is that reliable systems of regenerative and dynamic braking are available to complement or replace traditional mechanical braking systems. The advantages of electric braking include control, reliability, mechanical simplicity, weight saving and, in certain cases, the opportunity to make use of the regenerated braking energy.
featured image credit: Cressall
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Osiyo TV features Professsor Kirby Brown in a segment on Cherokee playwright and screenwriter Lynn Riggs.
Professor Kirby Brown was recently featured in a segment of Cherokee Almanac, a production of Osiyo TV, the official video publishing arm of the Cherokee Nation. The segment focused on the life, writing, and legacy of Lynn Riggs, a prolific and well-regarded Cherokee poet, playwright, screenwriter, and drama theorist.
While Riggs is best known for Green Grow the Lilacs (1930), the play that inspired the iconic musical Oklahoma, Dr. Brown demonstrates that Riggs was a key player in the American drama scene from the beginning of his career in the mid-1920s until his untimely death in 1954. Riggs was tightly associated with some of the most influential figures of American modernism, drama, and popular culture production, sharing bills with Eugene O'Neill and George Bernard Shaw at the Provincetown Players and Hedgerow Theater, and twice finishing as a runner-up for the Pulitzer Prize in drama.
Equally important, Dr. Brown points out, is that Riggs used plays like The Cherokee Night (1936) to give an "alternate picture of Cherokee nationhood [and] Oklahoma statehood, focusing on the impacts to Cherokee families." In this sense, he "[challenged] audiences to come to terms with their own assumptions about what they project onto the racial dynamics of this period," urging consideration about "what it means to be Cherokee in that moment." Perhaps the greatest part of Riggs's legacy, Dr. Brown argues, is that the Cherokee Nation has a dramatic tradition: "We have a [wider] literary tradition of which he is a part, but we also have a tradition of drama - of stage drama." Riggs's works confront "all of the same issues regarding family and community, all these things that we see in contemporary native drama and with contemporary Cherokee playwrights."
This interview represents just some of Dr. Brown's work on Cherokee literature and culture. His recently published Stoking the Fire: Nationhood in Cherokee Literature, 1907-1970 (2018) examines the complicated ways in which Cherokee artists reimagined and bore witness to Cherokee nationhood in the absence of a functioning Cherokee state. Stoking the Fire features a chapter on the modernist aesthetics of Riggs's The Cherokee Night.
Please click here to open Osiyo TV's wonderful segment on Riggs's artistic legacy in a new tab and to watch other features in the Cherokee Almanac series.
Many thanks go to Osiyo TV for the images of Lynn Riggs featured here and on our homepage.
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LAYER FARM MANAGEMENT
LFM is all about egg-laying poultry birds to produce commercial eggs. Actually, layer chickens are a special breed of hens. These chickens must be raised from the day-1 of their age. As a result, you’ll start getting eggs from their 18-19 weeks of age on a commercial basis.
The table egg production is divided into some steps, such as acquiring chicks, brooding, layer housing, egg collection, cleaning (dry cleaning and wet cleaning), candling, grading, packaging, and labelling.
Layer Farm Management or LFM let users track various important parameters, such as water intake, bird weight, the performance in flock production, mortality, table production forecasting, and post mortem analysis. When you start using Layer Farm Management or LFM, you can compare as well as the pathway of real-time productions.
Prior to selling these eggs, it’s essential to analyse and check their interior as well as exterior quality so that below-standard eggs can be eliminated. Grades AA, A, B or inedible/reject.
If you want to streamline the overall process of table egg production, it’s very important to analyse the performance standard. You can easily do it with the graphic presentation. In LFM, Flock to standards Comparison, Flock to flock production performance analysing is the key data in MIS. Tech Kripa’s MIS helps you in decision making, control, coordination, visualisation, and analysis of information on your poultry farm.
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To circulate blood effectively and efficiently, the heart’s four chambers must beat in a steady coordinated way. Trouble brews when they don’t. Take atrial fibrillation, the most common type of serious irregular heart rhythm. The top chambers (atria) beat fast and erratically. When that happens, the atria look like a pulsating bag of worms.
This inexpensive multitouch iBook from Harvard Health Publications explains atrial fibrillation, and currently runs on the Apple iPhone and the iPad. The book explains not only with words but also with 3D objects that you can move and play with, videos with a voice describing what is happening, interactive tools, and a voice that tells you how certain medical terms are pronounced. The iBook was created in collaboration with Orca Health, Inc. By employing the power of the iPhone and iPad, this iBook explains things in ways that words alone cannot do. Take a look.
If you’re interested in our other iBooks about heart disease, click here.
Paperback: 43 pages
Publisher: Harvard Health Publications (August 26, 2013)
Size: 151 MB
Seller: Orca Health Inc.
Requirements: To view this book, you must have an iPad with iBooks 3 or later, or a Mac with iBooks 1.0 or later and OS X 10.9 or later.
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What Is a Work Instruction?
A Work Instruction is a reference/teaching/training document that clearly and unambiguously communicates a series of steps to complete a task. A Work Instruction can be entirely text, although those which include more graphics have the following benefits:
- Easier to understand
- Less training time
- Less errors
A single Work Instruction may include 10, 20, even a 100 or more steps.
Some examples of Work Instructions:
Animated Work Instructions
Microsoft Excel with Interactive 3D
iPad with Interactive 3D
Types of Work Instructions
2D Work Instructions
2D Work Instructions are what most companies use; they are usually created with general purpose tools like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint with graphics developed using tools from Adobe and Corel. They are static documents contrasted to Interactive 3D Work Instructions. 2D Work Instructions may be deployed on paper or electronically, the most common method for electronic deployment is 2D PDF (in contrast to a 3D PDF, described below). With an electronic deployment, an animation (e.g. a video) of the process can be included in 2D Work Instructions.
Interactive 3D Work Instructions
The use of interactive 3D Work Instructions has been increasing. The development of 3D Work Instructions requires special purpose software applications which are able to directly leverage/translate the 3D models from the 3D CAD system. Interactive 3D Work Instructions enable the user to interact with the 3D assembly while increasing understanding quickly by bringing the product to life. Here are the primary benefits of implementing Interactive 3D Work Instructions.
- Re-positioning the model in order to better understand the task to be performed
- Hyperlinks between the part geometry, parts list and process steps
- Warnings and additional information attached to specific steps
Use Cases for Visual Work Instructions
Work Instructions have a number of uses. For example:
- Manufacturing Work Instructions & Assembly Work Instructions
- Service Work Instructions
Work Instructions from Lattice Technology:
With XVL-based Work Instructions from Lattice Technology, graphics are leveraged directly from the 3D CAD model. The Work Instructions are interactive with hyperlinks from part/assembly geometry to process steps and part lists.
- Creating: Easy-to-use authoring tool that automates much of the process
- Change Management: Product changes are captured and highlighted to streamline updates when engineering changes occur, preserving pre-existing work
- Save Time and Increase Accuracy: Directly leverage models from virtually any 3D CAD systems
- Free Consumption: Many FREE options are available for using and consuming work instructions, including mobile devices
Benefits of Authoring Assembly Work Instructions using Lattice Technology Solutions
- Free to view on any platform
- Faster learning curve using multiple modes of instruction
- Better comprehension from interactive 3D models
- Fewer mistakes; less rework, lower costs
- Lower production costs – author once and publish to many different formats
- Reduce translation costs – can use 3D models and 2D illustrations to minimize text
Features of XVL-Based Work Instructions
- Static or interactive with 3D animations
- Multiple cross-linked views
- Published to different formats for PCs or mobile devices
- 3D models, 2D illustrations and text instructions
- Human mannequins to show positions and assembly techniques
- Tools and equipment used in each task
- Bill of Materials: mBOM and eBOM; with robust capabilities such as manufacturing kits
How to Author a Work Instruction?
Work Instructions from Lattice Technology are created using XVL Studio, which simplifies much of the process through automation.
For example for part movement during assembly or disasembly, XVL Studio automatically predicts the part paths Since XVL models are accurate, when XVL Studio selects the path for a part to travel, potential clashes are avoided.
For proper viewing of the process step, XVL Studio will select an optimal camera position for the best display of the operation.
After these automated actions, the user can begin their documentation of the process. The automated paths and camera positions can easily be edited.
How Are Work Instructions Viewed, Consumed and Used?
Work instructions, can of course, be printed on paper. However there are many advantages for deploying them electronically.
Electronic Work Instructions have many benefits, here are just some of them:
- Go Green - Save money on printing, storage, distribution and destruction
- Access & Security - Control who has access to what information
- Consistency - Ensure the right version is being used by your workforce
- Changes - Rapidly deploy changes when they occur
- Interactivity - Electronic Work Instructions allow you to bring your instructions to life with interactive 3D (more detail below)
Interactive Electronic Work Instructions
Interactive access has several advantages, such as:
- Clarity and ease-of-use: Only the current step is presented, while direct access to all steps is also available. Animations may also be included
- Interactive model viewing: For each step, the model can be re-positioned for optimal viewing and understanding of the step, while annotations remain visible
- Simplified maintenance: When engineering changes occur or procedures are revised, updates to work instructions previously deployed can be done faster
For interactive deployments, many choices for devices and applications are available – all of which are FREE.
Desktop and Laptop Computers
XVL Player: As a standalone application or as a FREE add-on for Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox
Lattice3D Reporter: FREE plug-in for Microsoft Excel
iXVL for Apple iOS for the iPad or iPhone
Interactive Web Pages
Related Blog Posts
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Canada-Ontario Action Plan for addressing algae blooms in Lake Erie needs work
Today the the federal and Ontario governments released their draft action plan for addressing algae blooms in Lake Erie.
While this is a start, and we are encouraged to see there is an opportunity to provide public input before it is finalized, the plan needs to be strengthened to adequately address the increasingly frequent and severe algae blooms afflicting the lake.
Phosphorus pollution from agricultural fields and greenhouses is a key factor in causing algal blooms in the lake. While we are pleased to see that the draft plan addresses pollution from municipal wastewater facilities and greenhouses, including a commitment to ensuring compliance with the rules, it fails to adequately address pollution from agricultural fields. Instead, there is an over-reliance on voluntary actions from the agricultural sector.
The plan needs to be strengthened in key areas including: addressing non-compliance in cases where farms do not follow the pollution prevention laws, doing more to protect critical nutrient-absorbing wetlands from development, and identifying interim targets for addressing pollution in the eastern portion of the lake.
Without amendments, the draft plan will not achieve the governments’ obligations to reduce phosphorus pollution in Lake Erie. Last year, under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Canada and the U.S. agreed to a 40 per cent nutrient reduction target for the lake. This target echoed a commitment that Ontario made with Michigan and Ohio in 2015 to reduce nutrient loading in the western basin of Lake Erie by 40 per cent by 2025. We are disappointed to see the 2025 timeline conspicuously missing from the draft Lake Erie Action Plan. A time-bound goal demonstrates commitment to immediate and comprehensive actions.
Lake Erie is a global treasure – it provides drinking water for millions of people, and supports a vibrant economy and a truly remarkable ecosystem. We need policies that translate into real action to ensure Lake Erie can provide safe drinking water and continue supporting its $12.9 billion dollar recreation and tourism industry.
You can read and comment on the governments' draft action plan here. We will also be facilitating conversations and feedback over the coming two months, including at our first town hall event in Hamilton on March 28th.
Statement prepared by the Canadian Freshwater Alliance, Environmental Defence, and Freshwater Future
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JULY & AUGUST
Summer Camps 2023
Columbus Junior Engineering Camp
Our Columbus Engineering Camp is engaged in the development of children’s creativity through playing and learning with Lego equipment.
Students are grouped according to age and are exposed to a variety of different themes to lead them to our Learning Outcomes throughout the week.
Students take part in group projects as well as individual and small group activities. Students learn new skills and have ample opportunities to implement these new found skills during the course of the week.
Time is also allocated to “free play” each day. This provides students with the opportunity to develop their level of play with their new found skills.
- Using toy construction bricks the young engineer is taught by qualified individuals to construct colourful creations such as buildings, pyramids and towers.
- Children work in groups and get individual attention to ensure their day is filled with fun, as they learn the very basics of construction, balance, engineering and design.
Ages: (5-7) years
- This workshop based summer camp allows children to develop their construction and engineering abilities.
- They will be taught the basics of structural engineering using plastic bricks and construction pieces by a qualified engineer.
- Both individual and group projects are carried out across the week, ensuring a fun-filled, highly educational week.
- Students will leave with a basic knowledge of structural engineering concepts such as the effect of force, balance and suspension.
Columbus Senior Engineering Camp
Ages: (8-12) years
- This is the most advanced of our engineering camps.
- Here the older students are led by a qualified engineer in a week of workshops in structural engineering
- Plastic bricks and connecting pieces are used to create a wide range of constructions, including pyramids, skyscrapers, bridges and wind turbines.
- Students will also work on computer software at Columbus Club to learn about Robotics and its applications.
- Construction: This provides children with the opportunity to work on team building projects, as well as time to explore their own creativity through free building.
- Bridge Construction: Students will learn how “to come up” with their own design and implement it, as well as learning the importance of structural soundness.
- Machines and Mechanisms: Students learn to explore resources for physical science and technology including renewable energy and pneumatics.
- Forces and Energy: Students explore kinetic and potential energy through the construction of mechanisms and vehicles.
- Problem Solving: Students will discover ways to make vehicles go faster downhaill (e.g. change weight). We could ask them to make a bridge to span a certain distance but use the minimum amount of materials.
- Lego Technic: Students experience how to build vehicles with motors and gears (mechanical engineering).
- Measurement: Students learn how to measure distance, gearing down, gear ratios, calibrating scales etc.
- Renewable Energy Add-On Set: These kits allows students to learn all about renewable energy sources, and is compatible with the Machines and Mechanisms modules. These sets feature a solar panel, turbine blades, a motor/generator, LED lights and an extension wire.
- Midstorm: Lego at this level appeals to childrens who are interersted in computers, building and creating, programming and robotics.
Definition of terms
Your child will learn about Potential energy which is the energy of an object or a system due to the position of the body. For example, a Lego vehicle at the top of a slopr.
They will also experience the Kinetic energy of an object which is the energy it possesses due to its motion.
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. For example, the children will be taught why their vehicles come to a stop eventually. They will understand it the theoryas they work through some exercises in a practical way.
Pneumatics is a section of technology that deals with the study and application of pressurised gas to produce mechanical motion. Again students will learn solid knowledge in this section through hands-on approach using the various kits.
We have broadened this Camp to include workshops in Chess and in Science. Both workshops are hands on.
- Week 5: Monday, 3rd July – Friday, 7th July
- Week 6: Monday, 10th July – Friday, 14th July
- Week 7: Monday, 17th July – Friday, 21st July
- Week 8: Monday, 24th July – Friday, 28th July
- Week 9: Monday, 31st July – Friday, 4th August
- Week 10: Tuesday, 8th August – Friday, 11th August
- Week 11: Monday, 14th August – Friday, 18th August
9.00am – 3.00pm
€160 per week
€150 per bank holiday week
Bring Morning Snacks, Packed Lunch, Bottle of Water & Sun Cream
Columbus Club Cancellation Policy:
Columbus Club will make a full refund in the event of a cancellation if an email or text is received two weeks before the start date of the week your child was scheduled to start the camp.
For any cancellations sought within the three-week period please note that refunds will not be made.
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Human, animal, and environmental health are all linked. Learn how the threatened bog turtle is bringing scientists together to promote and protect biodiversity.
This story is a part of a Native American Blog Series in observance of National Native American Heritage Month. During the peak of fall in September, visitors to the Fort River Division of the Silvio O. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge time-traveled to the ancient Native American heritage site of the Norwottuck people (who belong to the Algonquin Native American culture). Travelers stepped back 8,000 years to discover that many Native… Read More
Together, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Service create a memorable day for Tribal students through conservation and hands on learning.
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Is a School Vision Screening “Good Enough” for Your Student?
It’s August! Where did the summer go? In just a few short weeks your kids will be heading back to school in a flurry of photos and emotions as you watch them start the new school year. You want them to learn as much as possible, so consider this: With 80% of learning tied to vision, is your student starting the semester with all the tools necessary to have the best school year ever?
Each year, most schools provide a vision screening for students. The goal of such screenings is to identify students with undetected vision problems. However, according to the American Optometric Association (AOA), these screenings can’t be relied on to provide the high level of results that a comprehensive eye exam by your optometrist does.
Why school vision screenings aren’t enough to safeguard your student’s vision
So, what do school vision screenings test for? While screenings vary from state to state and even from school district to school district, they mainly test visual acuity—that is, whether a student can see and correctly read the middle line of an eye chart. When a student doesn’t meet this criterion, parents receive a note recommending a thorough optometric exam.
While visual acuity is important, it is just one of many hurdles your student must overcome in order to see his or her best and therefore maximize the information absorbed and learned during the school year.
Such cursory screenings can miss up to 60% of vision problems in children. Passing a visual screening does not mean that your child sees optimally to perform his or her best at school and in sports. So, how can you be sure they have the visual skills necessary to excel?
Schedule a comprehensive eye exam with your optometrist
A comprehensive eye exam can be the key to unlocking your student’s potential. When an optometrist examines a child’s eyes, he or she considers a thorough range of information collected by state-of-the-art equipment. With this information, an optometrist can identify a wide range of potential problems that could otherwise prevent your child from being able to learn to his or her maximum ability.
What does a comprehensive eye exam test for?
In addition to taking a family and patient health history, your optometrist will perform a thorough evaluation of overall eye health in addition to evaluating the following critical eye functions that your student needs to succeed in school:
- Visual acuity (how well they see) – both from a distance and up-close
- The presence of nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism
- Peripheral vision
- Depth perception
- Color perception
- Focusing skills – whether the eyes can change focus quickly and effectively, such as when a student looks down at a paper on the desk and then up at the teacher across the room in rapid succession.
- Eye teaming skills – how well the eyes work together, which is critical to reading and comprehending words across a page.
How often should kids see their optometrist?
Remember: Eyes grow and change as your child does. If their vision is good, they should see their optometrist for an eye exam every two years. If there are any risk factors or visual concerns, they should have a comprehensive eye exam annually to monitor their vision for changes.
A typical scenario
We often see students who pass the school’s visual screening but aren’t doing well in school or have poor reading ability, but nobody seems to understand why. By testing their visual acuity, focusing skills and eye teaming skills, an optometrist can provide useful insight into what might be causing your child’s challenges.
Early intervention is key
Many conditions are easily treatable when caught early, ideally by ages 4 to 6; most children will make significant improvements or even a full recovery. However, if conditions such as amblyopia, poor focusing or poor eye teaming go untreated, it becomes increasingly more difficult for the eyes to learn to work together smoothly or for the weaker eye to regain its full range of vision. Without intervention, these easily correctable conditions could give your child a lifetime of trouble and result in your student missing the opportunity to learn and also to perform their best in extra-curricular activities and sports.
It’s easy to prevent potentially lifelong problems by scheduling a comprehensive eye exam with your optometrist. Call us today so we can ensure that your students are seeing their best and have every possible visual tool to make this their best school year yet.
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| 0.952372 | 952 | 2.921875 | 3 |
It has been fantastic to see so much exciting learning happening in classes over the past couple of weeks. The summer holidays already seem like a distant memory! Every year, each class will study three topics, spread across the three terms. Much of the work covered in English will link into this topic work as well as other subject areas.
In Year 1 we spent the morning becoming builders to link to our topic of ‘Homes’. We got ourselves dressed like builders in High Vis jackets, hard hats and boots. We had been looking at Handa’s Surprise and learning about native African homes so we began creating ‘bricks’ from mud as well as resourcing sticks and leaves to use.
Year 2 have begun a topic learning about the Great Fire of London. They have taken part in some drama activities and begun learning all the gory details about The Plague, which happened at the same time!
Year 3 started their topic with a Stone Age day. They had to make Stone Age accessories, including spears and necklaces of teeth, and work as a tribe to hunt and gather their lunch. After tackling a very dangerous cave lion and some vicious rabbits they had a tasty lunch around the campfire with berries, apples, salad leaves and some roasted reindeer (which looked very similar to marshmallows!)
Year 4 'sailed' from Denmark to Britain (across the playground) as Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain. They then worked as Anglo-Saxon craftspeople making jewellery and weaving cloth.
Year 5 started this topic- Shang Dynasty- by walking into a classroom with Chinese lanterns hanging from the ceiling and traditional Chinese music playing in the background- something very different. We spent the day learning about where the Shang Dynasty was located in China by using Atlases and maps to draw and label different features on our own maps.
Year 6 have had a fantastic start to the new school year! We have started a DT project to design and build a model Anderson Shelter in line with our new topic; The World Wars. The children have been very interested to learn about the different aspects of both Wars and how people lived at the time. We are currently completing diary entries about soldiers living in the trenches; the children were enthralled about all of the horrible illnesses and diseases that the soldiers could catch!
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| 0.979763 | 477 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Wreath Making: Preserving Foliage For Wreaths
Using glycerin in wreath making, a variety of evergreens can be permanently preserved for use in holiday decorations and arrangements.
Using glycerin, a variety of foliage types can be preserved for use in crafts, wreaths, arrangments and holiday decorations. Both evergreen and deciduous foliage can be preserved this way. However, when using deciduous foliage, cut the branches in late summer so the newest growth will be well established.
To make the preservative, mix one part of glycerin (available at drug stores with skin care items) with two parts water. Blend the two ingredients together well by putting them in a covered jar and shaking.
To preserve entire branches, such as stems of maple leaves, pour the glycerin mixture into a jar or vase. To prepare the foliage, remove any blemished leaves. Also remove any tender, new growth. Smash the very end of the stem with a hammer to allow it to absorb the glycerin better, and place the stems, smashed end down, in a jar of the solution.
To preserve individual leaves, such as the massive leaves of evergreen magnolias, pour the preserving solution into a pan. Submerse the leaves entirely.
Different types of foliage will absorb the mixture at different rates. A visual cue that they are completely preserved is a darkening of the leaf edges. Experimentation with different lengths of time and different varieties of branches is also helpful.
Preserved leaves can be glued to wreath forms, fashioned into swags and garland, or used with dried flowers in arrangements. They will hold up best in low humidity away from bright sunlight.
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Why, when and what should you stretch? In our busy lives it’s easy to forget to stretch and it is often overlooked as the results are not immediately visible. However, when muscles get tighter they can pull areas of the body away from their intended position causing poor posture and unnecessary tension. For example many of us have tight chest muscles which pull the shoulders and head forward creating a hunched shoulder posture. Stretching can therefore assist correct posture.
Secondly, flexibility is important for increased performance and to decrease the chance of injury. When you improve your flexibility you improve your joints’ range of movement. Greater mobility in the joints allows for better movement and a better swimming technique and stretching can help improve flexibility.
With your hands and arms relaxed, pull your shoulders down and back and encourage your right ear to your right shoulder making sure that you do not lift the left shoulder up whilst doing so. Then tilt the chin down and relax into this stretch. Repeat on the other side.
Mobilise the shoulders and back by creating a big circular movement.
Do this six times each way.
Hold the flannel in front of you, lowering the head, rounding the shoulders and then pull gently at the flannel.
Hold the flannel behind you and feel yourself rotating the shoulders out and lifting the chest up. Use your breath to increase this stretch by breathing into the chest.
Lats part 1
Hold the flannel overhead and pull yourself to one side trying to keep the weight even into the feet and your shoulders away from the ears. To intensify the stretch cross your leg over so you can push your hip further sideways.
Lats part 2
Again holding the flannel overhead, allow the top of the body to tilt slightly forward and then pull gently on the flannel.
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| 0.93083 | 379 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Pregnancy is one exciting journey in a woman`s life. It is filled with mixed emotions but most of all the excitement of meeting the new arrival overrides all else. Due to varying conditions, individual circumstances and sometimes unknown reasons children are born with abnormalities. One such abnormality is Moebius Syndrome.
Signs and symptoms
Moebius Syndrome is a very rare congenital neurological disorder which is caused by the underdevelopment of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves which control eye movement and facial expression respectively. Most people born with this syndrome suffer complete facial paralysis, they cannot move eyes from side to side neither can they make facial expressions. Symptoms in infants usually show up as a combination of the following
- Difficulty in nursing
- Crossed eyes
- Drooling excessively
- Deformity in limbs resulting in clubfeet, missing fingers or toes
- Chest wall abnormalities
- Breathing and swallowing difficulties
- Difficulty in blinking which results in corneal erosion
Because of the paralysis of the lips, children may have difficulties in speaking. Often at times these children are mistakenly labelled as mentally retarded or autistic due to their expressionless faces and frequent drooling.
Care and treatment options
There may be no cure for the syndrome and the arising complications may seem overwhelming but all affected should not despair, there is hope. Doctors come up with a number of options for successfully managing the symptoms and potential complications of the disease allowing a child to live as normal a life as possible
Smile surgery – An operation also known as the smile operation. It involves removing muscle from other areas of the body (especially thighs) and grafting it onto the corners of the mouth to allow the child to smile.
Feeding and nutritional support – because of this syndrome, almost all infants fail to nurse properly. Alternatives to breast feeding can be used and these may include the use of;
- Special feeding bottles
- Feeding using syringe
- Feeding with spoon
- Feeding tubes
- Nipple shields
Vision problems treatment – due to failure to blink properly, dry eyes are with this syndrome. Consistent use of eye drops is quite effective in managing this problem. If the drops are not helping, sometimes an operation to partially open the eyelids is carried out. Corrective treatments for crossed eyes are also available, eye patches or surgery work well too.
Dental problems treatment – many children with Moebius Syndrome have a higher chance of developing crowded or misaligned front teeth. Because of such teeth they usually suffer from dry lips and gums. Orthodontic devices can correct this problem enabling proper closing of the mouth. In severe cases jaw surgery may be an option.
Speech language therapy – due to failure to make facial expressions, it is difficult for children to convey their feelings. They can however learn new ways of communicating. Use of body language, physical posture and tone of voice compensate really well. Specialists in this area can help develop and refine these means of communication as well as control breathing and swallowing.
Counselling support – because of the syndrome, the affected may feel different, discouraged and left out. Counsellors and social workers can be a good source of help so the child can learn to live with the disease.
With the right care and support, children with Moebius Syndrome can live normal lives and grow up without feelings of rejection and low self-esteem.
The author, Maverick Manny is a researcher and writer. He especially enjoys creating awareness about various diseases affecting ordinary people. A subject he has lately been passionate about is Moebius Syndrome.
Photo source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohrab_kabuli/2866035362/
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| 0.946226 | 760 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Watching this resources will notify you when proposed changes or new versions are created so you can keep track of improvements that have been made.
Favoriting this resource allows you to save it in the “My Resources” tab of your account. There, you can easily access this resource later when you’re ready to customize it or assign it to your students.
The midbrain or mesencephalon (from the Greek mesos - middle, and enkephalos - brain) is a portion of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation. Anatomically, it comprises the tectum (or corpora quadrigemina), tegmentum, ventricular mesocoelia (or "iter"), and the cerebral peduncles, as well as several nuclei and fasciculi. Caudally (posteriorly) the mesencephalon adjoins the pons (metencephalon), and rostrally it adjoins the diencephalon (eg., thalamus, hypothalamus). The midbrain is located below the cerebral cortex and above the hindbrain placing it near the center of the brain.
Primary Midbrain Components
The tectum (Latin for "roof") is formed by the
superior and inferior colliculi and comprises the rear portion of the midbrain.
The superior colliculus regulates
preliminary visual processing and eye movement, while the
inferior colliculus is involved in auditory
processing. Collectively, the colliculi is referred to as the corpora
The tegmentum is involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways, and is the motor center that relays inhibitory signals to the
thalamus and basal nuclei to prevent unwanted body movement. It extends from
the substantia nigra to the cerebral
aqueduct (also called the ventricular mesocoeli). The nuclei of cranial nerves III and IV are located in the tegmentum portion of
The substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of the basal ganglia. The human mesencephalon is archipallian in origin, sharing its general architecture with the most ancient of vertebrates. Dopamine produced in the substantia nigra plays a role in motivation and habituation of species from humans to the most elementary animals such as insects. The midbrain is the smallest region in the brain and helps to relay information for vision and hearing.
The cerebral peduncles are located on either side of the midbrain and are its most anterior part, acting as the connectors
between the rest of the midbrain
and the thalamic
nuclei. The cerebral peduncles assist in motor movement refinement,
motor skill learning, and converting proprioceptive information
into balance and posture maintenance.
During embryonic development, the
midbrain arises from the second vesicle, also known as the mesencephalon, of
the neural tube. Unlike the other two vesicles (the prosencephalon and
rhombencephalon), the mesencephalon remains undivided for the remainder of
neural development. It does not split into other brain areas while the prosencephalon,
for example, divides into the telencephalon
and the diencephalon. Throughout embryonic development, the cells within the
midbrain continually multiply and compress the still-forming aqueduct of sylvius
aqueduct. Partial or total obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct
during development can lead to congenitalhydrocephalus.
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| 0.888973 | 765 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Monday - Friday: 10 am - 6 pm
Saturday: 10 am - 6 pm
Sunday: 11 am - 5 pm
Family Owned and Operated Since 1976
Cockatiels are one of the smaller parrot species and the second most popular kept in captivity in the United States. They are part of the Cockatoo group and, like others in that group, have a crest of feathers at the front on the forehead that can be raised and lowered.
Cockatiels or “tiels” originated in Australia but have been bred in captivity for many years, resulting in gray, cinnamon, white (albino) and yellow (lutino) color varieties, as well as various color mixes and feather patterns.
Like other cockatoos, cockatiels lose their downy feathers fairly frequently; their dander may be a problem for people with allergies.
Cockatiels are great beginner birds for kids and adults, and a good choice for people who work outside the home. They are generally more affectionate than budgerigars and enjoy being scratched and petted. Most cockatiels sold in pet stores are hand raised and are already very tame.
Cockatiels are not considered good talkers, but can be excellent whistlers, learning a number of different tunes. Customers who are interested in teaching these birds to talk should attempt that before teaching them to whistle. Males generally are much more vocal than the females, even when young, and more likely to be better talkers and whistlers.
Baby cockatiels usually look fluffier than adults, with a shorter crest and larger looking eyes. Young tiels have barring on their tail feathers, although it may only be visible under strong light for white and yellow birds. At approximately six months, males will lose the barring after molting their feathers, but females will retain this coloration as adults.
Cockatiels typically live from seven to 12 years.
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| 0.952107 | 410 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Super Bowl XLVII in New Orleans was full of twists and turns as the Baltimore Ravens edged the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 34-31. One of the most memorable twists to the game happened to be when the power to half of Mercedes-Benz Superdome, including the scoreboard, went dark with 13:22 left in the third quarter. The game was literally stopped as the players, announcers, and fans where all left scratching their heads.
After nearly 35 minutes of head scratching, wondering what had happened to the power, the game resumed. The San Francisco 49ers, who were down 28-6 just before the blackout, staged a monumental comeback, only to fall short in the very end.
The game will be one of the most memorable in years, primarily because of the power outage. What went wrong?
Could Superdome Pests Have Caused Power Outage?
While weather related reasons cause the majority of power complications, it is not uncommon for small animals and other pests to disrupt transformers and fuses; causing temporary loss of power. We also know that pests can infest sports arenas, like Cowboy’s Stadium. What pests could have caused the Super Bowl power outage?
Rodents are notorious for wrecking havoc on power systems. Could a few squirrels have got tangled in the electrical equipment in a Superdome substation? Could a malevolent rat have chewed through a major power cord?
Rodent caused power outages happen more often than you might think. I was on Arizona State University’s campus a year or so back, when the power went out on half the campus. An apparent rat found its way into one of the substations and shorted out the equipment. It can happen!
Could termites be the culprit of the Super Bowl XLVII power outage? Termites may have weakened the structure of the power line poles that were carrying the electricity to the Superdome.
Bees or wasps love to build their hives in well hidden, concealed areas; like that of a circuit breaker box or parts of a substation. If a hive was large enough and the infestation destructive enough, a bee or wasp infestation could have brought the power down at Super Bowl XLVII.
Bird pests, like pigeons, wreak havoc on the structure of buildings. A well placed nest, or a build-up of droppings, can easily cause a circuit to trip; or spark a short in a power feed to the Superdome.
Since hurricane Katrina, snakes have been an increasing pest problem in New Orleans. Tree snakes, which are non-indigenous to New Orleans, frequently cause power outages by crawling on electrical lines.
Crazy Raspberry Ants, are usually only found in some 20 counties in Texas, but were recently discovered in Port Allen, Louisiana. These destructive and malevolent ants are so small; they can easily get through the plastic casing around the electrical wiring. Raspberry ants have caused street lights in Houston, Texas to malfunction.
As a kudeta, these pesky ants may have been looking to take out one of the city’s biggest icons, the Superdome, and to announce their arrival to New Orleans.
Other Theories Behind The Power Outage
The 49ers Were Responsible- Previous to the blackout, the Ravens had just gone ahead of the 49ers by a score of 28-6 with a 108 yard kickoff return. Someone in the 49ers organization knew something had to be done and quick. That’s when they pulled the plug. With their malicious goal achieved, the 49ers rallied to cut the deficit, but eventually fell three points short. The same strategy is extremely effective when you pull the plug on the XBOX when you’re getting blown out in Madden.
Super Bowl Heist- Picture Ocean’s 13, but instead of robbing a Vegas casino, Danny Ocean and his team of professional thieves set their eyes on the Super Bowl box office where the average price of a ticket is about $3,000.
Another Harbaugh Brother- Jay Harbaugh, the often forgotten about Harbaugh brother, was tired of John and Jim getting all the attention. In an attempt to steal some of the limelight away from the two Super Bowl coaches, Jay cut the power to the Superdome.
More Commercials For CBS- Forbes reports that the price for a single advertisement during Super Bowl XLVII was over $4 Million. The extra 35 minutes caused by the delay would have generated hundreds of millions of extra dollars.
Beyonce Did It- Beyonce forgot to unplug her curling iron before she took the stage for her Super Bowl halftime performance. You know that thing had to have been sucking down a lot of juice; getting her hair to look the way it did.
New Orleans Voodoo- New Orleans is well known for the dark arts like voodoo, and the Superdome is built only a few hundred yards away from a cemetery. There are only so many voodoo commercials you can air before New Orleans will strike back.
Buffalo Wild Wings Got Carried Away- We’ve all seen the Buffalo Wild Wings commercial with the football fans wanting an overtime game. They send the signal into Buffalo Wild Wings, and all sorts of mischief happens. Sprinklers mysteriously turn on, preventing an obvious score. Could someone have sent the signal to BWW during the Super Bowl?
Marketing Campaign by Oreo- A few minutes into the blackout, Oreo sent out a tweet that read, “Power out? No problem. You can still dunk in the dark.†This tweet was retweeted over 15,000 times, giving the cookie company even more exposure.
Bane Did It- This has been one of the most frequent conspiracy theories floating around out there. Bane, of The Dark Knight Rises fame, looked to take over Gotham… I mean New Orleans… by interrupting the big game. Bane has publicly denied any involvement in the Super Bowl blackout.
Statement Issued Regarding Power Outage:
The following statement was issued in regards to the Superdome power outage:
“A piece of equipment that is designed to monitor electrical load sensed an abnormality in the system,” the statement said. “Once the issue was detected, the sensing equipment operated as designed and opened a breaker, causing power to be partially cut to the Superdome in order to isolate the issue. … Entergy and SMG will continue to investigate the root cause of the abnormality.”
Congrats to the Baltimore Ravens
By edging out the San Francisco 49ers, the Baltimore Ravens are your Super Bowl XLVII champions. Congrats on the great season!
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| 0.954786 | 1,386 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Thomas David Morrison
|Thomas David Morrison|
|3rd Mayor of Toronto|
|Preceded by||Robert Baldwin Sullivan|
|Succeeded by||George Gurnett|
|Member of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for 3rd York|
Quebec City, Lower Canada
|Died||March 19, 1856 (aged 59–60)
Toronto, Canada West
He was born in Quebec City around 1796. He served as a clerk in the medical department of the British army during the War of 1812. He studied medicine in the United States and, on his return in 1824, was licensed to practice medicine in Upper Canada. In 1828, he ran unsuccessfully to represent the town of York (Toronto) in the provincial assembly. In 1834, he was elected to the first city council for Toronto. He was elected to the 12th and 13th Parliaments of Upper Canada representing the 3rd riding of York County. In 1836, he served a one-year term as mayor of Toronto.
Although Morrison had been an early supporter of the reform position in Upper Canada and the actions taken by reformers in Lower Canada, he did not support William Lyon Mackenzie's revolt. However, in April 1838, he was charged with treason, but found not guilty. At the end of the trial, he left for the United States, concerned about being charged with a lesser offence. In 1843, when an amnesty was granted, he returned to Toronto from Batavia, New York and resumed his medical practice. He worked at the Toronto School of Medicine upon his return.
He died of palsy at Toronto in 1856.
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| 0.980405 | 345 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Giving ice--the slip.
I'm Bob Karson with the discovery files--new advances in science and engineering from the National Science Foundation.
Things you like frozen: A frosty mug (Sound effect: ice cube), a fruit bar (Sound effect: slurping), a margarita (Sound effect: drink pouring). Things you like not-so-much frozen: Airplane wings (Sound effect: airplane), railings (Sound effect: train), rooftops (Sound effect: wind blowing), refrigeration blades (Sound effect: fan). Researchers at Harvard University have developed a breakthrough coating for metal surfaces that keeps them virtually free from frost and ice.
It's called, "SLIPS," Slippery Liquid-infused Porous Surfaces. Explained as "a molecularly flat liquid interface immobilized by a hidden nanostructured solid," the result is an ultra-smooth, ultra-slippery surface that causes water droplets and solids like ice just to slide right off even in high humidity and high pressure applications. The coating is non-toxic and non-corrosive.
To test the new coating, the team put it in the deep-freeze applying it to refrigerator cooling fins. Prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures showed it to be completely effective in preventing ice formation at temps slightly below 32 degrees, as well as dramatically reducing ice accumulation in deep-freeze and frost-forming conditions.
With possible applications from aviation to refrigeration, I'm thinking how it might work on skis or boards--that could be (Sound effect: skiing) a slippery slope.
"The discovery files" covers projects funded by the government's national science foundation. Federally sponsored research--brought to you, by you! Learn more at nsf.gov or on our podcast.
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Growing fresh vegetables can be less labor intensive than you ever imagined by growing the plants in plastic bags. The advantages of growing vegetables in bags is they can be placed anywhere there is sufficient sunlight. This means vegetables can be grown on a small patio or tabletop. This is good news for city dwellers or people who may have limited physical ability. Nearly all types of vegetables grown in the ground can be grown in a bag if the correct procedures are followed.
Choose small sized or bush varieties of vegetables to plant. For example, green beans and cucumber plants and seeds are available as bush types that take up a small amount of room or large vine varieties. Tomato plants are also available in bush types and are also known as patio tomatoes.
Find a suitable bag for growing your vegetables. Two or three grocery bags placed inside of each other will be suitable for one plant for one growing season. Also, plastic garbage bags can be used for growing vegetables. There are polypropylene bags available for purchase that are specifically for growing and can last for several seasons.
Choose a location for growing vegetables in bags that gets at least six hours of uninterrupted sunshine each day.
Add potting soil to the bags as needed to fill them to the point where they are stabilized. Although the size of the bag depends on what you are growing, a bag the size of a typical grocery plastic bag should support one vegetable plant if it is filled with potting soil.
Use newly purchased potting soil because it is usually sterile and does not contain disease pathogens or insect eggs usually found in garden soil. There are many types of potting soil to choose from. Some potting soil includes fertilizer and some is organic.
Cut several slits into the bottom of the bags with a sharp knife to create drainage. Usually, three or four cuts about an inch long are sufficient. If using a larger bag, create more drainage openings. Don't make them too long or wide or the potting soil will flow out when you water the plant. Moisten the potting soil before adding plants or seed.
Plant the seeds or vegetable plants into the moist potting soil. Keep the roots of the vegetable plants moist by watering the potting soil in the bags around the roots when the top 1 inch of soil dries out.
Fertilize the vegetable plants once a week with a half strength water soluble fertilizer. Fertilize after you have given the vegetable plants a heavy application of water. This will prevent the nitrogen in the fertilizer from damaging the tiny feeder roots of the vegetable plants.
Things You Will Need
- Plastic bags
- Potting soil
- Water soluble fertilizer
- Vegetable seeds
- Sharp knife
- Plant Vegetables in Tires
- Why Are My Vegetable Plants Turning Yellow?
- Grow Vegetables Indoors Year-Round
- Grow Lima Beans in a Plastic Bag
- Find the Best Potting Soil for Vegetables
- Pest Screening for Vegetable Gardens
- About Peas in Grow Bags
- The Best Potting Soils for a Vegetable Garden
- Grow Seeds in a Plastic Bag
- Container Vegetable Gardening for Beginners
- Grow Miniature Vegetables for Restaurants
- Make a Container Garden
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Eleanor of Aquitaine (Aliénor, Éléonore, Alienora; 1122 – 1 April 1204) was a member of the Ramnulfid dynasty of rulers in southwestern France, and one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. She inherited the Duchy of Aquitaine from her father, William X, in 1137, and by successive marriages became queen of France (1137–1152) and then England (1154–1189). She was the patron of literary figures such as Wace, Benoît de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart..
The Ozarks (also referred to as Ozarks Mountain Country, the Ozark Mountains, and the Ozark Plateau) are a physiographic and geologic highland region of the central United States. It covers much of the southern half of Missouri and an extensive portion of northwestern and north central Arkansas. The region also extends westward into northeastern Oklahoma and extreme southeastern Kansas. The Shawnee Hills of southwest Illinois, which lie near the eastern edge of this region, are commonly called the "Illin..
Mississippian copper plates, or plaques, are plain and repousséd plates of beaten copper crafted by peoples of the various regional expressions of the Mississippian culture between 800 to 1600 CE. They have been found as artifacts in in the American Midwest and Southeast. The plates, found as far afield as Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Wisconsin, were instrumental in the development of the archaeological concept known as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Some of the..
BFG Technologies was a privately held U.S.-based supplier of power supplies and 3D based on NVIDIA graphics technology and a manufacturer of high-end gaming/home theater computer systems. BFG Technologies branded products were available in North America and Europe at retailers and e-tailers. The company's main headquarters were located in Lake County, Illinois, near Lake Forest.
The Emirate of Transjordan (إمارة شرق الأردن '), also hyphenated as Trans-Jordan and previously known as Transjordania or Trans-Jordania''', was a British protectorate established in April 1921. There were many urban settlements beyond the Jordan River, one in Al-Salt city and at that time the largest urban settlement east of the Jordan River. There was also a small Circassians community in Amman. ξ1 http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/middle-east/jordan/amman/circassians/
The Bombardment Aircraft Rocket, also known as BOAR, the Bureau of Ordnance Aircraft Rocket, and officially as the 30.5-Inch Rocket, Mark 1, Mod 0, was an unguided air-to-surface rocket developed by the United States Navy's Naval Ordnance Test Station during the 1950s. Intended to provide a standoff nuclear capability for carrier-based aircraft, the rocket entered operational service in 1956, remaining in service until 1963.
Set in the near future, Frank, a retired cat burglar, has two grown children who are concerned he can no longer live alone. Against the old man's wishes his son buys Frank a walking, talking humanoid robot programmed to improve his physical and mental heal..
Still the Enemy Within is an award-winning documentary that gives a unique insight into one of history’s most dramatic events: the 1984-85 British Miners’ Strike. No experts. No politicians. This is the raw emotional and ultimately ins..
Seuss (Author) Binding: Hardcover Publisher: Random House Publish Date: January 22, 1990 Synopsis: A perennial favorite, Dr. Seuss's wonderfully wise graduation speech is the perfect send-off for children starting out in the world, be they nursery school, ..
Failure to Launch Matthew McConaughey is Tripp a 35-year-old who still lives with his parents. And who can blame him? It's free he's got a great room and mom (Kathy Bates) does the laundry. Desperate to get him out of the house his parents hire a gorg..
Fatherless, reckless, and lower middle class in a place that wasn’t, Jamie possessed such an irresistible insouciance and charm that even the teachers called him Drew-licious. Through the high school years of parties and Cub games and girls, of summer ni..
It will delight anyone with a wry sense of humor and a liking for satirical parody. Ms. Leslie, a writer of speculative fantasy and herself a lifelong lover of comic songs – from Tom Lehrer to ‘Weird Al’ Yankovic to British Music Hall &nd..
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.
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Now, broken and confused, four students will try and find out who murdered their best friend. For his sake, and for theirs.
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Heavy duty aluminum extruded legs with toe release mechanism offers a wide stance for maximum stability. Screen height is adjustable to accommodate any ceiling height with self-locking extension tube and high-low case adjustment. 86017
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Loaded with Fishing Points of Interest, extensively researched and validated fishing information, and area specific tips Fishing Hot Spots Pro GL gives you more than just contour maps. The Unparalleled mapping of premier fishing waters contains submerged s..
This high quality LOMM 50 125 patch cable is specifically designed for 40Gb ethernet, multimedia, or communication applications, and provides extended bandwidth over OM3 cable. This patch cable is suited for shorter reach data center LAN's or SAN's, and..
70 pints per day dehumidifier uses standard 115V electrical outlet. Noise Level dB (High): 51
Protects your home from mold and mildew caused by excess moisture
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Wii U Console Black Deluxe
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Wii U Console Black Deluxe Set. Includes: Black Wii U Console, one Black Wii U GamePad controller, Wii U GamePad Stand/Cradle Set, Wi..
The Emirate of Transjordan (إمارة شرق الأردن '), also hyphenated as Trans-Jordan and previously known as Transjordania or Trans-Jordania''', was a British protectorate established in April 1921. There were many urban settlements beyond th
vCard is a file format standard for electronic . vCards are often attached to e-mail messages, but can be exchanged in other ways, such as on the World Wide Web or instant messaging. They can contain name and address information, , e-mail addresses, URLs,
South is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography. It is one of the four cardinal directions or compass points. South the polar opposite of north and is perpendicular to east and west.
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What Did Our Pen Write About Depression?
A word translated in the KJB as Maachah, Maacah. From which comes the Machathite, Maachathi, Maachathites. Then interpreted as personages.
This word is used at least 29 times. The table below is not in any special order. Following the table there is one story written in the original meanings from one single verse.
Lest you think Depression is not important because it is Old Testament. There is no New Testament without the old. Remove all the references to the Old Testament words and the New Testament has no leg to stand on.
1 time in FIRSTGENESIS written 1688BC place unknown
1 time in EXISTENTJOSHUA from OPEN WIDE builder of PerpetuityNUN (1646BC in the place of the skullGilgal.) (more…)
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This blog post was written by Lois Dean, a volunteer at Bolton History Centre.
Men from Bolton and the surrounding districts fought bravely during the First World War and throughout the conflict more than 900 of them were taken prisoner by the Germans.
In October 1915, the local paper, the Bolton Evening News, set up the ‘Prisoners of War Fund’ to send food parcels to men in the prison camps, relying on public subscription to meet the cost of an average 6 shillings per parcel.
Some 5,000 parcels had been distributed via the Red Cross by December 1917, when the Army Council changed the system to operate through a central committee acting through regimental care committees. The Fund then confined its activities to collecting money and forwarding it to the various funds entrusted with the care of local men.
At the Armistice, the Fund had around £300 in hand and it was agreed that this should be spent in a gesture of thanks for the returning PoWs.
Thus on 21st June 1919, a grand tea and entertainment was organised by the Evening News at the Drill Hall in Silverwell Street, Bolton, which was attended by 1,450 people, the former prisoners and their wives, parents or sweethearts.
Bolton History Centre has one of the original programmes from the event that lists the name of more than 860 men, including 18 from Horwich. Also listed are the names of 37 who either died in captivity or since returning home.
The event itself was described in an article that appeared in the Evening News on 27th June, 1919, accompanied by a large photograph depicting the ‘merry throng’ in the hall, which was decorated with coloured streamers and flags of the Allied nations. The guests were welcomed by newspaper proprietor Mr Fred Tillotson and gifts of cash, chocolates and cigarettes were given out. There was a meal of cold beef, ham and tongue with bread and butter, followed by pears and custard, cake, confectionary and of course, tea.
The Bolton Boys’ Brigade Band played during the meal and then from 5 o’clock until 7 o’clock, there was the entertainment, provided by Miss Edith Bailey (soprano), Miss Ruth Barnard (contralto) and Mr Herbert Baron (baritone), accompanied at the piano by Miss Dora E Crossley. Humour was provided by Mr Teddy Whittle. After this, the Boys’ Brigade Band, conducted by Mr Palmer, played for dancing until 10pm.
Earlier, in January 1919, a welcome tea and entertainment had taken place in Edgworth’s Institute Hall for the men of Edgworth, Turton, Entwistle and Quarlton who had returned from the prison camps. They were H Barton, J Parr, H McKeown, E Ball, J Hayward, A Ramsbottom, W Warren, T Gregson, W Duckworth, W Hough and J Ridings. Two others, R Greenwood and A Warhurst, had not yet managed to return to Edgworth.
Major Booth from the local Prisoners of War Committee paid tribute to the former prisoners, speaking of the suffering they had undergone in the camps, and thanked all who had contributed to the fundraising for food parcels which had been sent. He presented each of the men with a £5 War Bond.
An article in the Bolton Journal from October 1915 listed men from the area who were in three German PoW camps, Doeberitz, Sennelager Bei Paderborn and Wittenberg. It quoted from a piece in The Times that described the hardships endured by the British prisoners of war and the need for food parcels and asked Journal readers to give 5 shillings to provide a parcel containing 2lb sugar, half a pound of cocoa, tinned coffee and milk, 2lb syrup, a tin of herrings in tomato, six Oxo cubes, a 1lb tin of dripping, a tin of condensed milk, Lifebuoy soap, a pipe and 2oz tobacco.
In June 1918, another Journal article described parcels that were being sent to the men of the 4th and 5th Battalions of the Loyal North Lancashire who were now prisoners. Items here included tripe and onions, corned beef, baked beans, the inevitable dripping and something described as ‘oval beef’, which must have been tinned meat. Also included was ‘Gong Soup’, a dried commodity the flavours of which included ‘celery cream’, ‘artichoke’, ‘ox tail’ and even ‘mock turtle’!
A healthy diet indeed!
Bolton Prisoners: appeal for public support open letter from Bolton Prisoners of War Fund. Bolton Journal 31/5/1918 Page 3 Column e.
Prisoners of war: what Bolton is doing. Bolton Journal 21/6/1918 page 3 column b.
Tea and entertainment to the returned prisoners of war by the Bolton Evening News Prisoners of War Fund: at the Drill Hall, Silverwell Street, Bolton. June 21st 1919. REF: B940.3 EVE available Bolton History Centre.
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Stanley Wolpert, Professor
Stanley Wolpert, Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles, and author of Jinnah of Pakistan and Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny.
Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammed Ali Jinnah did all three.
Born in Karachi in 1876, eldest son of a wealthy Muslim merchant, young Jinnah was shipped off to London alone at age 16 to study business management. During his next three years in the bustling capital of Victoria's booming Empire, Jinnah's eager mind focused on politics and the law rather than commerce. He was inspired by the "Grand Old Man" of India's National Congress, Dadabhai Naoroji, just elected to Britain's House of Commons, whose maiden speech Jinnah heard from the balcony.
Jinnah was called to London's Bar from Lincoln's Inn in 1896, and returned home to launch his singularly successful legal career in Bombay. At 34, he was elected to serve as the Bombay Presidency's Muslim representative on the Viceroy's Central Legislative Council, whose members then included ex-Congress president Gopal Krishna Gokhale, hailed by Mahatma Gandhi as "my political guru". Gokhale's high regard for Jinnah's integrity, intellect and moderation is reflected in the sobriquet he coined for his junior colleague, "best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity". And in December of 1916 Jinnah managed in Lucknow to bring India's National Congress and the hitherto far more conservative and loyalist Muslim League together in demanding the same set of post-War representative reforms, which Jinnah drafted, the Lucknow Pact.
Before the end of World War I, then, Jinnah was the most prominent young leader of both major political organisations in British India, enjoying the ear of the viceroy and his ICS cabinet on their own council as well. Moreover, his fearless opposition to Bombay's arch-conservative governor, Lord Willingdon, moreover, won him the adulation of Bombay's youth at war's end.
The aftermath of World War I brought only the repressive sword of the Rowlatt "Black" Acts, extending wartime martial "laws" during peacetime. Jinnah was the first member of the Viceroy's Council to resign, protesting against uprooting of "fundamental principles of justice" by government's "overfretful and incompetent bureaucracy".
Jinnah's love of the law was too great, however, to allow him to adopt the revolutionary method of Satyagraha launched by Mahatma Gandhi in protest against those black acts and against Dyer's subsequent brutal massacre of unarmed peasants in Amritsar's Jallianwala Bagh that dark April of 1919. Though Jinnah tried at Nagpur's Congress session in 1920 to argue against Gandhi's revolutionary resolutions, fearing they would lead to more violence, he was outvoted, booed and heckled from the pandal, leaving the Congress to Gandhi's undisputed leadership, soon afterwards leaving India to live in London.
Jinnah initially tried to win British support for a seat in the House of Commons, but failed. He finally accepted fervent appeals from Muslim friends to return home and help them to revitalise the demoralised leaderless Muslim League. He was again reelected to the expanded National Assembly, which met for the first time in Delhi in January of 1924. The Khilafat Movement, embraced by Gandhi when he'd launched his first nationwide Satyagraha in August of 1920, had by then collapsed, as had the planned final phase of Satyagraha in Gujarat in the painful aftermath of Chauri Chaura's arson and mayhem. Most Congress leaders and Pan-Islamic Muslims remained in prison cells, while Jinnah reorganised his Muslim League as its permanent president, and won the respect of most British liberals and future prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. Jinnah advised MacDonald as soon as he became prime minister to convene a Round Table Conference in London to draft a constitution for what Jinnah still hoped would emerge as a single nation-state of independent India, with adequate safeguards and separate electorates for its Muslims and other minorities. Gandhi and the Congress boycotted the first London conference, but after reaching an agreement with Lord Irwin Gandhi did attend the second conference, as sole representative of the Congress.
Elections were held throughout British India under the Government of India Act of 1935 in 1937, and the Congress, thanks in great measure to Jawaharlal Nehru's charismatic campaigning, won a clear victory in most provinces. The League, confronting a number of regional Muslim party competitors, was unable to claim a single province, mustering only 109 seats, compared to Congress' 716. Nehru, therefore, insisted there were only "two forces" left in India, the Congress and the British, urging all others to "line up".
Jinnah refused, however, to accept Nehru's invitation. "There is a third party in this country and that is the Muslims," he said. That December of 1937 the Muslim League met again in Lucknow. President Jinnah addressed his devoted followers, dressed no longer as a British barrister, donning instead the black Persian lamb cap and black sherwani in which he would soon become famous the world over as Quaid-e-Azam of the Muslim nation, soon to be born as Pakistan.
Jinnah hereafter charged Congress' leadership with alienating all Muslims by pursuing an "exclusively Hindu" policy. Mahatma Gandhi's "revolution" and his leadership Jinnah now viewed as anti-Muslim, totally "Hindu". Nor would several prolonged summit meetings with Gandhi in Jinnah's Malabar Hill-top home ever change his mind. Jinnah insisted that unless Gandhi and his Congress admitted their Hindu bias, and recognised his Muslim League as the only political party representative of British India's Muslim population there could be no solution to south Asia's Hindu-Muslim conflict and "civilisational divide", short of Partition.
In 1940 Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah thundered to 1,00,000 cheering Muslim League followers gathered in the Mughal Gardens of Lahore: "The Musalmans are not a minority (but) a nation The problem in India is not of an inter-communal but manifestly of an international character, and it must be treated as such." The next day, March 23, 1940, the League passed its famous "Pakistan" Resolution, insisting that no future British constitutional plan would be "workable" or "acceptable to the Muslims" unless it provided for the demarcation of Muslim majority units in the north-western and eastern zones of India "grouped" to constitute independent "autonomous and sovereign" states.
The word Pakistan was not mentioned, and there is good reason to believe that the committee drafting that resolution, chaired by Bengali Fazlul Haq meant two sovereign Muslim states, Pakistan in the west and what only after 1971 became Bangladesh in the east. But when Jinnah was asked by the press whether his League had one or two states in mind, his firm answer was, "one". Every headline the next day, therefore, called it the "Pakistan Resolution".
Most Congress leaders and many British officials believed that Jinnah was merely bargaining for more power on the Viceroy's Central Council or more separate seats for Muslim League members in every provincial cabinet. He adamantly refused, however, to alter his demands, the first being that any Muslim member chosen to sit on the council be nominated by his League, thereby excluding Congress "National Muslims" like Maulana Azad, and secondly that the Muslim majority regions of the north-west and north-east be turned into a separate dominion of Pakistan as soon as the British agreed to leave.
After World War II ended Attlee's Labour government sent a Cabinet Mission to India, which hammered out a three-tiered confederational plan, whose autonomous groupings of provinces in the north-west and north-east would have granted "Pakistan" in everything but name, without the awful blood-letting of the following year's Partition. Jinnah, whose fatally afflicted lungs were by then fast failing him, reluctantly agreed, as did the Congress.
That July of 1946, Nehru reclaimed the Congress presidency he had abdicated during his wartime years in prison and informed the press at his first interview that India's forthcoming constituent assembly would be a sovereign and completely autonomous body, not committed to any formula or "groupings" of provinces devised by any mission -- Cabinet or otherwise.
In his outraged response to that news, Jinnah bid "good bye to constitutions and constitutional methods". In mid-August, Jinnah called upon his "Muslim Nation" to launch "Direct Action". A full year of murderous "civil war" began in Calcutta, swiftly spreading to East Bengal and Bihar, then on to Punjab and the Frontier, engulfing all of south Asia in its rivers of blood long after the last trickle of troops of the British Raj beat their retreat in mid-August of 1947, with all the media fanfare Louis Mountbatten was so expert at arranging.
When Mountbatten first met with Gandhi in April 1947, asking his advice as to what could be done to help restore order, Gandhi urged him to appoint Jinnah prime minister (the job Nehru then held). The viceroy, unfortunately, never extended that offer, agreeing instead with Nehru, who advised him that poor old Gandhi had been "out of touch" with Delhi much too long to be taken seriously.
Mountbatten decided to opt for Partition, as Krishna Menon and Nehru had advised. Mountbatten, of course, easily convinced Nehru to ask him and Edwina to linger on a bit longer in Delhi as dominion India's first Governor-General, though hard as he tried could not persuade Jinnah to agree to offer him that same job in Pakistan. Jinnah opted instead to serve as his own Governor-General, equal in rank to Mountbatten. An appropriate honour for Pakistan's founding father, but one he could only enjoy for the last single pain-filled year of his life.
India and, in particular, Muslim India cannot afford to lose you. Men of clear vision, independent judgement and strength of character are very few, and when one sees efforts made in non-Muslim Indian quarters not to help genuinely Muslim India with a view to Secure their co-operation but simply to persuade the Muslim community to entrust its future to them, the need for a strong man of independent judgement, integrity and strength of character becomes apparent and overwhelmingly great... At such crisis it is only men of very outstanding ability like yours who can guide the community, and that is why. I was very pleased indeed when I found you had given your consent to reorganize the All India Muslim League under your
Letter from Fazl-i-Husain to Quaid-e-Azam, May 14, 1934.
|"JEE AYA NU"
A trip through the land of Pakistan is a face to face encounter with a fascinating land. Pakistan is rich in landscapes and cultiral traditions. Half a dozen civilizations have flourished here and left their imprints. Historically this is one of the most ancient lands known to man.
See for yourself...
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Guimarães || Portugal Da Editorial Staff - 18/10/2019
The course describes a project that involves a section of the city and entails the regeneration of a building for the arts. The aim of this initiative is to support the arts and artists and encourage entrepreneurship in this field. The course will enable students to understand the design strategies used to create a complex that is seamlessly integrated into the city, adding value to the urban area. Technical drawings, images, sketches and construction details are used to describe all aspects, from the finishings to the load-bearing structure. This provides learners with a comprehensive overview of the technologies and materials used and an in-depth look at the chosen building techniques.
Learning Objectives After reading this article and studying the drawings, you will be able to:
Describe how the complex harmoniously blends into the city, adding value to it.
Explain how design achieves a balanced relationship between modern architecture and the old city.
Explore the choice of materials, shapes and textures.
Analyse how consistence is achieved across the complex and how access points and pathways have been arranged, helping user access and enjoyment.
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Which Format Should I Order?
Whether you have purchased OpenType, PostScript, or TrueType fonts you will be able to install them onto your computer. However, if you need to use your fonts in a specific program, it is a good idea to consult the program's user guide to confirm that it supports all font formats.
The following descriptions provide greater detail on the different font formats and may be helpful in determining which format to purchase.
OpenType, a joint effort from Adobe and Microsoft, is the latest font format to be introduced. Like TrueType, OpenType fonts contain both the screen and printer font data in a single component. However, the OpenType format has several exclusive capabilities including support for multiple platforms and expanded character sets. OpenType fonts can be used on either Macintosh or Windows operating systems. Additionally, the OpenType format permits the storage of up to 65,000 characters. This additional space provides type designers with the freedom to include add-ons such as small caps, old style figures, alternate characters and other extras that previously needed to be distributed as separate fonts. The suffixes Pro, Com and W1G are frequently used by designers and foundries to distinguish OpenType fonts that include these extra features and characters. Learn more about these varieties of OpenType fonts or about OpenType application and system support.
The PostScript or "Type 1" font format was developed by Adobe in the 1980s, several years before the release of TrueType. The format is based on Adobe's PostScript printing technology - a programming language that allows for high-resolution output of resizable graphics. PostScript has long been viewed as a reliable choice, particularly for professional designers, publishers and printers.
PostScript fonts consist of two parts, which are both necessary for the font to be properly printed and displayed on screen. With most operating systems, PostScript fonts can be installed simply by being placed in the system's font folder. However, PC users working on operating systems that predate Windows 2000, need to install the free ATM (Adobe Type Manager) utility in order to use PostScript fonts.
The TrueType format was jointly developed by Apple and Microsoft in the late 80s, several years after the release of the PostScript font format. Many of the fonts included with both the Macintosh and Windows operating systems are TrueType. TrueType fonts contain both the screen and printer font data in a single component, making the fonts easier to install. For this reason, TrueType is a good choice for those who have limited experience working with and installing fonts.
The TrueType format, also allows for "hinting," a process that improves the on-screen legibility of a font. On Fonts.com, fonts that have been hinted are marked as "ESQ" (Enhanced Screen Quality). ESQ fonts are excellent choices for electronic documents and other settings where lengthy blocks of text will be displayed on screen.
For more information you can log onto this website for all the details about TrueType. http://www.microsoft.com/typography
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| 0.916415 | 621 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Many hardy geraniums will grow in a spot that is lightly shaded during the day, but there are a few geranium groups that are happy in a place that gets more shade than sun, such as beneath a canopy of shrubs and trees. All are easy to grow, provided the soil is right for them, and there are lots of different variations to choose from. Being plants for shady spots, these are the earliest hardy geraniums to bloom.
Geranium macrorrhizum is a low growing, carpeting just about evergreen plant with amazingly smelly leaves. These are round, notched at the edges and slightly furry. When crushed the scent hits the back of the throat. It’s not unpleasant, just unusual and difficult to describe. When I say just about evergreen I mean some of the leaves remain over winter, with new ones springing into life during March. The flowers, which can be white, pale pink or magenta appear from May to June. They are held in clusters on short stems above the leaves. This plant really does not mind a dry soil in shade, and will create a dense carpet in a few years. They grow from about 15cm high (G. ‘White-ness’ with white flowers) to 40cm (G. ‘Ingerwersen’s Variety’ with pink flowers).
Geranium phaeum (Dusky cranesbill) is a more upright plant. The round, deeply notched leaves, form a dense, perfectly shaped mound from which upright stems, branched at the top, carry clusters of flat flowers from April until June. In the centre of each flower is a central spindle of stamens. The colours range from translucent white (G. phaeum ‘Album’) to very unusual, very dark maroon (G. phaeum) with shades of purple and lilac in between. One of the best of these is G. phaeum ‘Lily Lovell’. The leaves also vary in colour from soft spring green to mid green, while some are wonderfully patterned, such as G. phaeum ‘Samabor’ and G. phaeum ‘Springtime’. G. phaeums will happily grow with limited light, but they do need a soil that does not dry out.
Geranium sylvaticum (Wood cranesbill) is as its common name suggests fine for growing under the dappled shade along the edges of trees. The deeply cut leaves form handsome mounds and produce upright stems that carry sprays of small flat flowers during May and June. In colour these range from purest white to shades of lilac and purple, and soft pink. I consider Geranium sylvaticum ‘Album’ to be one of the best white varieties as it looks wonderful grown against a dark back ground (such as a tall hedge) - the white flowers positively glow. G. ‘Amy Doncaster’ has lovely purple flowers with white centres and ‘Mayflower’ and ‘Birch Lilac’ has soft lilac flowers. Again G. sylvaticum likes a soil that does not dry out.
There are a few other geraniums worth mentioning for shady places. I remember seeing a carpet of Geranium nodosum under trees at Powis Castle many years ago (it could still be there). Geranium himalayense and its hybrids are okay in part shade, as is the famous Geranium ‘Johnson’s Blue’. All should be divided every three or four years to keep them vigorous, but beware if you want to keep G. phaeum true to colour remove the seed heads before they pop open or you will get a marvelous selection of crosses.
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| 0.954795 | 790 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Daily News Archive
May 16, 2006
Chemicals Show up in National Park Snow
(Beyond Pesticides, May 16, 2006)
(AP) Scientists have found tiny amounts of agricultural pesticides
in the otherwise pristine winter snow at Mount Rainier and other Western
Although the pesticide residue includes some products banned in the
United States, researchers say there is no immediate risk for humans
-- even if they lick the snow. They are still studying the consequences
plants, fish and wildlife in the park.
"We thought these areas were pristine, and they're not," Barbara
Samora, Mount Rainier National Park biologist, told The News Tribune
also found pesticides in winter snow at three national parks in California,
Colorado and Montana. They said the results mostly relate to regional
pesticide use, but they did not rule out the influence of
pollution from other parts of the world.
analysis was based on seasonal snowfall samples collected three years
ago. On Mount Rainier, a team of researchers climbed to Alta Vista,
a viewpoint 5,676 feet above sea level, between Paradise and Camp Muir,
and collected snow samples. Two such treks took place in March 2003.
Snow samples from all the parks showed tiny concentrations of pesticides,
measured in fractions of nanograms. A nanogram equals 1 billionth of
"These may well be the cleanest snows anywhere in the U.S., so
the exposure we receive in urban areas is probably higher," said
Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington atmospheric chemist who read the
The lead scientist,
Kim Hageman, an Oregon State University chemist, analyzed snow samples
from seven parks, including three in Alaska. She tested for 47 organic
compounds. Of those, eight stood out, including
four that are banned but persist in the environment.
To identify the
source of the contaminants, Hageman compared data on agricultural activity
within a radius of about 93 miles of each of the parks. She found the
highest concentrations of pesticides in snow from parks near farmlands.
regional U.S. and Canadian agricultural practices, both past and present,
play a significant role in contributing to the accumulation of pesticides
in the seasonal snowpack," Hageman wrote.
Because there's no farmland near Alaskan parks, scientists concluded
that contamination in snow there originates elsewhere. Hageman detected
the highest concentrations of pesticides in snow from Sequoia National
Park in California, near the Central Valley, which is largely agricultural.
Mount Rainier is affected by both regional and long-range atmospheric
transport of chemical contaminants, Hageman said. "The more cropland,
the more concentration in a nearby national park," she said.
Bridget Moran, a state Department of Agriculture environmental toxicologist,
read Hageman's paper and downplayed the regional influence. "Mount
Rainier tracks closer to background levels in Alaska than it does to
the other national parks," she said.
Besides Hageman, four other scientists contributed to the report, which
appeared in a recent Web edition of Environmental Science & Technology,
a scientific journal.
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| 0.932011 | 657 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC
On March 1, 2003, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite detected widespread fires (red dots) scattered across Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, Belize (to the southeast), Guatemala (to the southwest), El Salvador (center, west coast), Honduras (center, east coast), Nicaragua, and the northern part of Costa Rica (bottom right). At upper right is the Caribbean Sea, and at lower left is the Pacific Ocean.
Fires continued to flare up and die back over the next three months, and were captured in images by the Aqua and Terra MODIS sensors. Several times during the period, smoke stretched all the way across the Gulf of Mexico and into the United States. As the months passed, fires also sprang up in southern Mexico along the western coast.
Note: Often times, due to the size, browsers have a difficult time opening and displaying images. If you experiece an error when clicking on an image link, please try directly downloading the image (using a right click, save as method) to view it locally.
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en
| 0.913538 | 239 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A new actor has emerged on the international stage, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) or Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) are increasingly making their presence felt. A decade ago, NGOs were fairly peripheral to major international diplomacy. Today, however, NGOs participate actively in various political, economical and social matters. NGOs work on their own, in conjunction with individual governments or with international organizations. As former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and other UN officials have noted, the involvement of NGOs in making decisions on the environment, sustainable development, human rights and women have increased the legitimacy and transparency of intergovernmental deliberations.
NGOs come in all sizes, shapes, ideologies, nationalities, organizing structures and styles. Some focus on nothing but local issues. Others, address issues that span whole continents, and some like Amnesty International span the entire globe. Their very diversity reflects the complexity of these organizations. NGOs encompass everything from charities and relief agencies to political parties; think tanks and academic centers to community organizations; cultural associations to continent wide farmers' networks; women's groups to environmental federations; social movements to human rights and religious groups.
NGOs are usually formed among private groups of individuals sharing specialized interests in regards to issues that can be local, national or international. While a few such organizations had existed from the early beginnings of the nation-state, they were to proliferate in the transnational era and increased even more dramatically after World War II. This change can be to attributed to technological developments, industrialization, and urbanization. Further still these factors are likely to continue to make the presence of NGOs felt in global arena.
The industrialized democracies in recent years have accounted for well over half of all memberships in international NGOs, and have been headquarters for almost 90 percent of all these organizations. For example, the term NGOs is used to refer to such organizations as the International Red Cross, Oxfam, Care, Amnesty International, International Chamber of Commerce, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, International Criminal Police Organization, Salvation Army, World Federation of United Nations Associations, etc. Hundreds of NGOs are permitted direct involvement in the activities of several UN agencies. Their tasks involve sharing information and advancing proposals as part of a web of governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental efforts aimed at global problem solving. NGOs, then, are a indispensable organ of international importance.
India has a long tradition of social service, social reform and voluntary agencies. NGOs emerged in India soon after Independence when Mahamata Gandhi made a plea for dissolving the Indian National Congress (the political party which came into power upon Independence), and transforming it into a Lok Sevak Sangh (Public Service Organization). This plea was, however, rejected; nevertheless, it did not halt the formation of non-governmental organizations in India. Many Gandhi followers established voluntary agencies to work closely with the governmental programs on social and economical issues. These agencies organized handicrafts and village industries, rural development programs, credit cooperatives, educational institutions, etc.
The second stage of growth of NGOs in India was around 1960 when many individuals noticed that the governmental programs seemed to be inadequate to deal with the deprived sections of India. These groups formed organizations that worked on behalf of the poor, the landless, the tribals, the bonded labourers, and many other social groups that were being discriminated against by the policies of the state and social structure. These grass roots organizations work at the micro-level and work with limited resources and lack of coordination.
Since Independence in 1947 until around 1980 there was little effort on the part of the Indian Government to define the role of a voluntary agency or to recognize its importance. In 1980, however, with the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), the government identified new areas in which NGOs as new actors could participate in development. These areas included:
This plan, nevertheless, was to become the first of a series. Under the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990) the Indian government envisioned a more active role for voluntary organizations to aid in making communities as self-reliant as possible. These groups were expected to show how village and indigenous resources could be used and how human resources, rural skills and local knowledge, grossly underutilized at present could be used for their own development. NGOs because of their situation and interaction with local people can be very effective in bringing change since they are able to address issues that governments are often not able to comprehend. That is, because these organizations work at the grass roots level they are able to sense the urgency of issues and prioritize into the problem solving mode at a quicker pace.
This advantage has also been noticed by the Indian government. In the Eight Five Year Plan the importance of NGOs is further enhanced, paying particular attention to the role of these agencies as participants in rural appraisal for drawing up development plans at a very low cost and involving the rural community. The plan document states, "A nation-wide network of NGOs will be created. In order to facilitate the working of this network, three schemes relating to the creation, replication, multiplication and consultancy development have been worked out by the Planning Commission."
Today, India has a vigorous NGO sector. Although there has been no complete census of NGOs, it is estimated that about 25,000 to 30,000 are active in India. In fact, as of December 31st, 1989, there were 12,313 NGOs registered with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) 1976; furthermore, 726 NGOs are unregistered but under the prior permission category. One problem with NGOs in India, as with NGOs anywhere else in the world, has been the increasing dependency on governmental funds or donations from external (foreign) donors like the World Bank. This dependent relationship has resulted in a lack of flexibility on the part of NGOs to pick their missions and objectives since many are expected to perform certain tasks in return for funding. But, further still, it has also created structures that have become more bureaucratic in nature and, hence, less effective in development. Nevertheless, NGOs are here to stay and will continue to work in India on political, economical or social issues, the task before before them is how they will manage to produce change will keeping track for governmental documentation.
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| 0.960731 | 1,276 | 2.75 | 3 |
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicariate Apostolic of the Coast of Benin
(Vicariate Apostolic of the Coast of Benin. Also called Oræ Benini).
Includes an extensive negro country and the former kingdom of Western Equatorial Africa, in Upper Guinea, on the Bight of Benin, or Gulf of Guinea. In 1860 a mission was founded in the former Kingdom of Dahomey, but as this name was disliked by the inhabitants the title was changed to "Vicariate of the Coast of Benin". The mission of Dahomey was separated from Benin in 1882 and made a Prefecture Apostolic, in 1901 a Vicariate Apostolic. On 10 May, 1894, the Niger mission was also cut off. Since the latter date the Vicariate of the Coast of Benin has been bounded by Dahomey, the Niger, and the Bight of Benin; it includes the British colony of Lagos (Southern Nigeria), the native Kingdom of Porto Novo (under French protection), and the native kingdoms of Yoruba, Isebou, Ibadan, etc.
The region is rich in vegetable resources. Cotton is indigenous and is woven by the women. Among the pagan blacks human sacrifices are frequent; cruelty in atrocious forms is characteristic of these natives. The coast is indented with estuaries, some of considerable breadth and studded with islands. Behind the flat shores plateaux rise to heights of 2000 and 3000 feet. There is an extensive traffic in salt, palm oil, and other staples. The area is about 55,985 square miles, about one-half of which belongs to Great Britain; the population in 1901 numbered 1,500,000, and there were in the territory about 308 Europeans. The appointment of a vicar Apostolic dates from 1891; the residence is at Lagos, which in 1901 had a population of 41,847, of whom 233 were Europeans. The vicar Apostolic is chosen from the members of the Society for African missions of Lyons to whom the mission has been entrusted. The development of this mission has been greater than that of Dahomey, as the British Government grants the missionaries greater freedom for their spiritual labours and gives subsidies to the mission schools when this course furthers British interests. The first converts among the blacks were ex-slaves returned from Brazil; for a long time they were catechized by one of their own race, known as "Padre Antonio", who kept alive the Faith till the arrival of the Fathers from Lyons (Louvet, 291). The missionaries number 26 regular clergy and 1 lay brother; they have charge of about 15,500 Catholics. The chief stations are: Lagos, situated on an island at the mostly of the Ogun, and known as the "African Liverpool", Titolo, Tocpo, Abeokuta, Oyo, Ibadan, Islluré, lbowon. Less important and more irregularly served are Eboute-Meta, Bada-gri, Iboakté, Awé, Ishwo. The Vicariate has a number of flourishing schools with 2,059 pupils, of whom 800 are in the school at Lagos. There are 25 catechists. Orphanages and hospitals have also been founded, and a promising agricultural school exists at Tocpo. The principal hospital is the one conducted at Abeokuta by Father Coquard, commonly called Dr. Coquard; he is consulted as a physician as far as Lagos, a town where there are English physicians. The King of Aqué, the head of the federation of Abeokuta, grants a subsidy to the hospital and, although a heathen, is present with his followers at the chief festivals of the Catholic mission. The mission territory includes three large cities: Abeokuta, Ilorin, and Ibadan. Constrained to defend themselves against raids from Dahomey, the native blacks have gathered in Abeokuta, on the left bank of the Ogun, in large numbers, variously estimated from 150,000 to 200,000, and have surrounded the city, or collection of 140 villages, with a wall twenty-four miles in circuit. Ibadan has a reputed population of 150,000 and Ilorin 60,000 to 80,000. As yet no Catholic missions have been established in them.
La société des missions africaines de Lyon et ses Missions (Loyns), HEILPRIN Gazetteer (Philadelphia, 1906); Statesman's Year-Book (London, 1907); Missiones Catholicae, (Rome 1900); BINGER, Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée (Paris, 1892) TOUTéE, Dahomé, Niger et Touarez (Paris, 1897); MIELE La Côte d'Ivoire (Paris, 1900); PLANQUE in PIOLLET, Mission franc. cath. au, XIXe siècle (Paris, 1902), Afrique, V, 196-200 LOUVET, Miss. cath. au, XIXe siècle (Paris, 1898), 292.
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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Benin
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| 0.950473 | 1,076 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Group of Eight (G8) refers to the group of eight highly industrialized nations--France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain, Japan, United States, Canada, and Russia--which hold a yearly meeting, the G8 Summit. Meetings are intended to foster consensus on global issues such as economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism. Because the G8 is limited in its membership and unable to force its members to comply with the summit's policies and objectives, some experts question its overall effectiveness.
When the group was originally formed in 1975, it was known as the G6, with France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States participating. The original group was intended to provide major industrial powers of the non-communist world a venue in which to address economic concerns, which at the time included inflation and the recession sparked by the oil crisis of the 1970s. Cold War politics also invariably entered the group's agenda soon after its founding.
Currently, the G8 comprises its six charter members, in addition to Canada, which joined in 1976, and Russia, which became a formal member in 1998. The EU is a "non-enumerated" ninth member. Leaders from other countries are invited to the summit, but they are not participants. This has led to criticism of the G8 from some quarters as an outdated, U.S.-dominated institution which fails to reflect the views or importance of vast economies like those of India, Brazil, China, and Mexico.
While there are no formal criteria for membership, member nations are generally expected to have highly-developed economies and be democracies. The G8, unlike the United Nations, is not an organization or institution, and there is no formal charter or secretariat.
Russia and the G8
Russia joined the group formally in 1998 after years of gradual involvement and steps toward democratization. With the Cold War over, several world leaders--particularly President Bill Clinton--encouraged Russia's inclusion. Experts say it was more of a gesture toward then President of Russia Boris Yeltsin than anything else, since Russia was neither a fully-realized economy nor a Western-style democracy. The G8 nations decided to let Russia have the presidency for the 2006 term.
Russia's membership in the G8 is a contentious issue. Since the G8, however informally, was intended as a forum for industrialized democracies, Russia's drift toward a more authoritarian state in the past few years has raised concerns among foreign governments within the G-20 and NGOs.
Referring to a report on the lack of governmental action taken on racist crimes, Irene Khan, Amnesty International's secretary general, said, "It is time for the Russian authorities to address the country's deteriorating human rights record and live up to their international obligations if they seek to be international players."
The G8's Efficacy and Influence
Opinions vary on the G8's influence. The G8 issues numerous statements, makes various commitments, and draws attention to certain issues, but experts say that most of the group's achievements are on a small scale and made behind the scenes. Joseph Nye, professor of international relations at Harvard University, says the G8 "gets the bureaucracies to focus," and John Kirton, director of the University of Toronto's G8 Research Group (which analyzes each summit), notes that commitments and compliance have increased over the years. This increase, however, coincides with a decrease in the combined economic power of the G8 nations. In 1975, the G8 nations constituted 55 percent of global gross domestic product (GDP); by 2004, this figure had decreased to 44 percent.
Regardless of waning influence, James Goldgeier, CFR's adjunct senior fellow for Europe studies, says the G8 was not designed to have much political impact to begin with; for political change, he says, more countries would need to be involved.
Criticism of the G8
Criticism of the G8 extends well beyond Russia's questionable membership. Summits are often the target of anti-globalization protests. Some critics argue that the exclusivity of the group results in a focus on the needs of industrial rather than developing countries and that if actions are taken for the latter, they are inadequate. But Daniel Tarullo, a professor of law at Georgetown and President Clinton's former representative at several G8 summits, points out that the G8 wasn't intended to decide development policies. Another common criticism is the G8 is all talk and the summit just a photo-op, but, as noted above, the forum has allowed for leading nations to focus and aim for consensus on a variety of issues.
Perhaps most significantly, the G8's relevancy has come into question. Richard Haass, CFR's president and former director of policy planning for the U.S. State Department, writes in a 2005 Financial Times op-ed that while it has an important role, "the G8 is increasingly an anachronism. No one today would propose an annual meeting that includes Canada (population of 31 million, gross domestic product of $870 billion), Italy (58 million and $1,200 billion), and Russia (144 million and $615 billion) but not China (1.3 billion and $1,650 billion) and India (1.1 billion and $650 billion)."
In Global Governance Reform, published in 2007, two Brookings Institution fellows caution that "[w]ithout reconstituting the [G8] summit into a larger, more representative group of leaders, with a new mandate to provide strategic guidance to the system of international institutions, the world will fall further behind in addressing global challenges."
Expanding the G8
China and India, up-and-coming economic powers, are notable omissions from the G8, and some say they should be included. As Haass argues, "the G8 needs to become the G10. Both China and India deserve a seat." Such additions, he says, would be beneficial for all. China's inclusion, of course, would clearly mean the end of the G8 as a forum for leading democracies. As Mark Medish writes in The Globalist in 2006, "If China were one day included, as some advocate in view of its enormous economic weight, then Russia would begin to look downright Western in political terms."
China and India do belong to the G-20, a forum of finance ministers and central bank governors created by the then-G7. The G-20 includes nineteen of the world's largest economies in addition to the European Union. The inaugural meeting of the G-20 took place in December 1999. Since then, G-20 meetings have taken place yearly.
The G-20 Finance Summit
In November 2008, the heads of G-20 states met in Washington for the first time. The summit, dubbed Bretton Woods II by the media, was called to discuss the 2008 global financial crisis. According to the Brookings Institution, the G-20 Summit was a "European initiative, promoted by French President Sarkozy and U.K. Prime Minister Gordon Brown."
The next G-20 Summit in London is scheduled for April 2009. In preparation for the G-20's second heads-of-state meeting, the body created working groups to execute the summit's objectives. The G-20's action plan for reform created by the 2008 Washington summit pledged to implement the following:
- strengthening transparency and accountability;
- enhancing sound regulation;
- promoting integrity in financial markets;
- reinforcing international cooperation;
- and reforming the international financial institutions.
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en
| 0.962152 | 1,561 | 3.046875 | 3 |
...the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.Article II, Section 2, Clause 2
The appointment power has become one of the chief powers of the President. The "by Law" language concerning inferior officers—sometimes known as the Excepting Clause—authorizes the President in certain cases to exercise the appointment power alone, or through the heads of departments who are themselves his appointees. That mechanism greatly expands the scope of the appointment power beyond the restrictions of Senate consent.
The Appointments Clause (Article II, Section 2, Clause 2) divides constitutional officers into two classes: principal officers, who must be appointed through the advice and consent mechanism; and inferior officers, who may be appointed through advice and consent of the Senate, but whose appointment Congress may place instead in any of the "three repositories of the appointment power" in the Excepting Clause. See Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1991); United States v. Germaine (1879). These two methods are the only means of appointing government officers under the Constitution. Most officers are considered inferior officers.
Significantly, Congress itself may not exercise the appointment power; its functions are limited to the Senate's role in advice and consent, and to deciding whether to vest a direct appointment power over a given office in the President, a Head of Department, or the Courts of Law. The Framers were particularly concerned that Congress might seek to exercise the appointment power and fill offices with their supporters, to the derogation of the President's control over the executive branch. The Appointments Clause thus functions as a restraint on Congress and as an important structural element in the separation of powers. Attempts by Congress to circumvent the Appointments Clause, either by making appointments directly, or through devices such as "unilaterally appointing an incumbent to a new and distinct office" under the guise of legislating new duties for an existing office, have been rebuffed by the courts. Buckley v. Valeo (1976); Weiss v. United States (1994).
The final "by Law" language emerged at the end of the Constitutional Convention, as a late addendum to the compromise over the device of presidential nomination and Senate advice and consent for principal officers. The language occasioned little debate. An earlier version of the language would have given the President a broader power to "appoint officers in all cases not otherwise provided for by this Constitution," but some delegates worried that this language would permit the President to create offices as well as to fill them, a classic case of institutional corruption. The requirement that the President can appoint inferior officers only when Congress has "by Law vest[ed]" that power in the President apparently sought to preclude that possibility.
Although separation of powers values lay behind the language of the Appointments Clause, early judicial interpretations struck a more practical note. Chief Justice John Marshall, sitting as a circuit justice, opined that the "by Law" language was the Framers' means to ensure "that they had provided for all cases of offices." United States v. Maurice (1823). The Supreme Court in United States v. Germaine (1879) gave its explanation of the Framers' intent behind the "by Law" language as anticipating that "when offices became numerous, and sudden removals necessary," the advice and consent process might prove too "inconvenient."
Two chief questions recur under the "by Law" language: (1) who are "inferior Officers," not subject to the requirement of advice and consent; and (2) what constitutes a "Department," when Congress seeks to place the appointment power away from the President?
As an initial matter, most government employees are not officers and thus are not subject to the Appointments Clause. In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court held that only those appointees "exercising significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States" are "Officers of the United States," and consequently it is only those who exercise such "significant authority" who must be appointed by a mechanism set forth in the Appointments Clause.
The Framers did not define the line between principal officers and inferior officers, and the Court has been content to approach the analysis on a case-by-case basis rather than through a definitive test. See Morrison v. Olson (1988). In Morrison, the Court listed certain factors as hallmarks of "inferior Officer" status, such as removability by a higher executive branch official other than the President, and limitations on the officer's duties, jurisdiction, and tenure. In Edmond v. United States (1997), the Court, while continuing to deny that it had recognized any definitive test, stated that "‘inferior Officers' are officers whose work is directed and supervised at some level by others who were appointed by Presidential nomination with the advice and consent of the Senate." Among those officers recognized as "inferior" are district court clerks, federal supervisors of elections, the Watergate Special Prosecutor, and an Independent Counsel appointed under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978.
The phrase "Heads of Departments" also has not been precisely defined by the Court. On the one hand, judicial interpretations of the phrase refer to the heads of departments that are within the executive branch, "or at least have some connection with that branch." Buckley v. Valeo. Under this view, the heads of all agencies and departments exercising executive power under the President would seem to qualify as "Heads of Departments." See also Printz v. United States (1997). Similarly, in Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1991), the Court interpreted "Heads of Departments" to refer "to executive divisions like the Cabinet-level departments." The use of the phrase "like the Cabinet-level departments" could mean that, in addition to the Cabinet departments, other entities within the executive branch that are sufficiently analogous to the Cabinet departments may qualify as "Departments" for purposes of the Appointments Clause.
On the other hand, the Freytag Court itself seemed unclear what it meant by the phrase "like the Cabinet-level departments," and certainly stepped back from any bright-line test. The Freytag Court sought to harmonize its analysis with the interpretation given the different term "executive Departments" in the Opinion Clause (which has been interpreted to refer only to Cabinet departments) and with earlier cases that suggested that only the Cabinet Secretaries qualified as "Heads of Departments." Ultimately, the Freytag Court seems to have reserved the question whether the heads of non-Cabinet executive-branch agencies could be deemed to be "Heads of Departments" for purposes of the Appointments Clause. Perhaps the phrase "like the Cabinet-level departments" was included in Freytag as an indication that the Court would not necessarily be inflexible about requiring Cabinet status in future cases. If that is so, then "Heads of Departments" would appear to include (as Justice Antonin Scalia reasons in his concurrence in Freytag) the heads of the Cabinet Departments and also the heads of "all independent executive establishments."
- Douglas Cox
- Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, LLP
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Maringá, city, northwestern Paraná estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies on the Paraná Plateau, at an elevation of 169 feet (52 metres) above sea level. Maringá grew rapidly after its founding in 1947. Many of its residents are of Japanese ancestry. Much of the local economic activity is based on coffee growing. Other important crops include wheat, corn (maize), feijão (beans), rice, and sugarcane. Estadual de Maringá University is located there, as is a sizable football (soccer) stadium. The city is accessible by air, road, and rail from Curitiba, the state capital, and from São Paulo. The larger regional centre of Londrina lies to the east of Maringá. Pop. (2010) 357,077.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Paraná, estado(state) of southern Brazil, bounded to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the state of Santa Catarina, on the southwest by Argentina, on the west by Paraguay, on the northwest by the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, and on the north and northeast…
Brazil, country of South America that occupies half the continent’s landmass. It is the fifth largest country in the world, exceeded in size only by Russia, Canada, China, and the United States, though its area is greater than that of…
Curitiba, city, capital of Paraná estado(state), southern Brazil. It lies about 3,050 feet (930 metres) above sea level near the Atlantic margin of the Brazilian Highlands and the headwaters of the Iguaçu River. It was founded in 1654 as a gold-mining camp,…
São Paulo, city, capital of São Paulo estado(state), southeastern Brazil. It is the foremost industrial centre in Latin America. The city is located on a plateau of the Brazilian Highlands extending inland from the Serra do Mar, which rises as part of the Great Escarpment only a short distance…
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Hydrophobic interface mimics hairs on spider
Engineering researchers have crafted a flat surface that refuses to get wet. Water droplets skitter across it like ball bearings tossed on ice.
University of Florida engineers have achieved what they label in a new paper as a “nearly perfect hydrophobic interface” by reproducing, on small bits of flat plastic, the shape and patterns of the minute hairs that grow on the bodies of spiders, according to ScienceDaily.
“They have short hairs and longer hairs, and they vary a lot. And that is what we mimic,” said Wolfgang Sigmund, a professor of materials science and engineering.
Spiders use their water-repelling hairs to stay dry or avoid drowning, with water spiders capturing air bubbles and toting them underwater to breathe. When water scampers off the surface, it picks up and carries dirt with it, in effect making the surface self-cleaning. As such, it is ideal for some food packaging, or windows, or solar cells that must stay clean to gather sunlight, Sigmund said. Boat designers might coat hulls with it, making boats faster and more efficient.
Sigmund said he began working on the project about five years ago after picking up on the work of a colleague. Sigmund was experimenting with microscopic fibers when he turned to spiders, noted by biologists for at least a century for their water-repelling hairs.
As a scientist and engineer, he said, his natural tendency was to make all his fibers the same size and distance apart. But he learned that spider hairs are both long and short and variously curved and straight, forming a surface that is anything but uniform. He decided to try to mimic this random, chaotic surface using plastic hairs varying in size but averaging about 600 microns, or millionths of a meter.
Water-repelling surfaces or treatments are already common, spanning shoe wax to caulk to car windshield treatments. However, Sigmund said the UF surface may be the most or among the most water phobic. Close-up photographs of water droplets on dime-sized plastic squares show the droplets maintain their spherical shape, whether standing still or moving. Droplets bulge down on most other surfaces, dragging a kind of tail as they move. Sigmund said his surface is the first to shuttle droplets with no tail.
Also, unlike many water-repelling surfaces, the UF one relies entirely on the microscopic shape and patterns of the material—rather than its composition. In other words, physics, not chemistry, is what makes it water repellent.
Sigmund said making the water or oil-repelling surfaces involves applying a hole-filled membrane to a polymer, heating the two, and then peeling off the membrane. Made gooey by the heat, the polymer comes out of the holes in the desired thin, randomly sized fibers. While inexpensive, it is hard to produce successful surfaces with great reliability, and different techniques need to be developed to make the surfaces in commercially available quantities and size, Sigmund said. Also, he said, more research is needed to make the surfaces hardy and resistant to damage.
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Reblog of Fascinating Post ►Greek Mythology: “Andromeda and Perseus” / Poetry: “On The Sonnet”, by John Keats 💫.-
Andromedawas the beautiful daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia of Joppa in Palestine (called Ethiopia).
Since only Andromeda’s sacrifice would appease the gods, she was chained to a rock and left to be devoured by the monster.
In their confrontation, Perseus used Medusa’s head to turn the Titan into stone.
Later on, he came across the beautiful chained Andromeda, and as he did, he approached Cetus while being invisible (because he was wearingHades’s helm, which…
View original post 1,541 more words
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Ideally a person should sleep during the hours of darkness and wake up naturally when the sun rises. The further you move into the Northern hemisphere the more difficult this plan becomes. Many studies have shown that sleeping before midnight is very important – the sleep you have before midnight being twice as important as the hours you get after midnight due to the synchronizing of the meridians of the body and the various organ systems.
Avoid before bed snacks, particularly grains and sugars. They will raise blood sugar and inhibit sleep. Later when blood sugar drops too low you might wake up and be unable to fall back to sleep.
Sleep in complete darkness – or as close as possible. Light in the room can disrupt your circadian rhythm and your pineal gland’s production of melatonin and seratonin. Listen to white noise, nature sounds or relaxation CDs. No TV just before bed. TV is too stimulating to the brain and it will take longer to fall to sleep. It is also disruptive to the pineal gland for the same reason.
Get to bed as early as possible. Our systems, particularly the adrenals, do the majority of their recharging or recovering during the hours of 11pm and 1am. In addition your gallbladder dumps toxins during this same period. If you are awake, the toxins back up into the liver, which then secondarily backs up into your entire system and causes further disruption of your health. Prior to the widespread use of electricity, people would go to bed shortly after sundown, as most animals do and which nature intended humans to do as well. Keep the temperature in the bedroom no higher than 70 degrees.
Have a high protein snack several hours before bed. This can provide the L-tryptophan needed to produce melatonin and serotonin. Also eat a small piece of fruit. This can help the tryptophan cross the blood-brain barrier.
Avoid Caffeine. A recent study showed that caffeine is not metabolized in some people efficiently and therefore the effects can be felt long after drinking it. Also some medications, particularly diet pills and cold remedies contain caffeine.
Avoid Alcohol. Although alcohol will make people drowsy, the effect is short-lived and people will often wake up several hours later, unable to fall back to sleep. Alcohol will prevent you from falling into the deep stages of sleep, where the body does most of its healing and repair work.
Avoid foods that you may be sensitive to. This is particularly true for dairy and wheat products as they may have an effect on sleep such as causing apnoea, excess congestion and gastrointestinal upset. Don’t drink any fluids within 2 hours of going to bed. This will reduce the likelihood of needing to get up to go to the bathroom.
Take a hot bath, shower or sauna before bed. When body temperature is raised in the late evening, it will fall at bedtime, facilitating sleep. Don’t change your bedtime. You should go to bed and get up at the same time every day, including the weekends. This will help your body get into a sleep routine, making it easier to fall asleep and get up in the morning. Too Little Sleep May Accelerate Aging.
Sleep debts (where a pattern of inadequate sleep exists) has a very similar impact to being continually under stress. Both are very damaging to a variety of vital bodily functions. Regularly catching only a few hours of sleep can hinder metabolism and hormone production in a way that is similar to the effects of aging and the early stages of diabetes. Chronic sleep loss may speed up the onset or increase the severity of age-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity and memory loss. Research showed that just one week of sleep deprivation altered the subjects’ hormone levels and their capacity to metabolise carbohydrates.
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Sometimes we assume that students will learn about the nature of science just by doing scientific investigations. This is no more valid than assuming a student will learn about photosynthesis by watching a leaf in the sun. We need to explicitly teach about science (the nature of science) as well as teach science content and do science.
To teach about science, it is useful to constantly highlight tenets of the nature of science. The following five tenets are considered appropriate for primary to secondary school learning because they provide students with a more accurate understanding of scientific enterprise and do not require expertise in science to be understood. They help particularly in making the ‘Understanding about science’ substrand clearer.
The tentative nature of scientific knowledge
Although it is reliable and durable, scientific knowledge is neither set in concrete nor perfect. Rather, it is subject to change in the light of new evidence or new interpretation of existing evidence. Because of its tentative nature, we cannot claim ‘absolute truth’ in science. The tentative nature of scientific knowledge also means that laws and theories may change.
See examples on the Hub
The empirical nature of science
This means that science is based on and derived from observations of the world around us from which interpretations are made. Scientists depend on empirical evidence to produce scientific knowledge. Any scientific explanation must be consistent with empirical evidence, and new evidence brings the revision of scientific knowledge. All our New Zealand research resources on this site will show scientists making observations of some sort, ranging from observations with the naked eye to the use of instruments to make observations.
See examples on the Hub
The inferential, imaginative and creative nature of science
However, science isn’t simply the accumulation of observable evidence and the orderly gathering of knowledge. All observations require interpretation and inference by scientists. To do this, scientists require imagination and creativity to make inferential statements about what they see. In fact, imagination and creativity are needed in every aspect of a scientist’s work – making sense of observations, making the creative leap from data to possible explanation, coming up with new ideas, designing investigations and looking at old data in a new light.
Creativity in research design can be seen in all of the New Zealand research stories. These stories challenge the myth that there is one universal way to do science, commonly referred to as ‘the scientific method’. The history of science shows that no single method can be used. Rather, there are many ways to investigate problems in science.
See examples on the Hub
Creativity in research design:
The subjective and theory-laden nature of science
Different scientists can interpret the same datasets differently. How can this be so? Scientists do strive to be objective, but it is just not possible to make truly objective observations and interpretations without any bias. A scientist’s mind is not a blank slate. Individual scientists have their prior knowledge, theoretical beliefs, experiences, cultural background, training, expectations and biases, each of which will affect their observations and conclusions. All observation is preceded by theory and conceptual knowledge. Science tries to overcome this lack of pure objectivity through the scientific community, which scrutinises scientific work and helps balance individual scientists’ leanings.
Many of the teaching and learning activities could be used to demonstrate to students how much prior knowledge they bring to any science investigation.
The socially and culturally embedded nature of science
All scientific knowledge is produced within a larger society and culture. This means that the social and cultural elements such as politics, economics, power structures, religion and philosophy will affect the science knowledge produced and how it is accepted. This also means that the direction and the products of science will be greatly influenced by the society and the culture in which the science is conducted.
As societies change, so do scientific priorities. For example, during the first half of the 20th century, two World Wars dominated society and so governments made funding available for research with wartime applications. Science moved in that direction and nuclear energy was unlocked. Science changes to reflect shifts in society and its priorities.
All scientific knowledge can also be seen to be embedded in a global scientific community. This community has a particular culture, expectations and accumulated knowledge – all of which are essential to increasing scientific knowledge.
A cautionary note
Students should understand that these tenets are just some of the characteristics of science. They should also see that they are not separate from each other – each is related and interconnected. They are presented in a discrete way here simply as a helpful tool for understanding.
These tenets can’t just be taught as a list to be transmitted by teachers and rote learned by students. They need to be understood within the context of any science topic or investigation and incorporated into all our science teaching. Reframing them as questions (“In what sense is this scientific knowledge tentative and in what sense is it durable?”) will promote more effective teaching of the nature of science and a deeper understanding of nature of science ideas.
- You might like to use these activities to help your students develop their understanding the nature of science. They are engaging activities, without any science knowledge content, to do any time during the school day:
Also find out more about research to improve athletic performance here.
This fascinating website – NASA Home and City – shows how the scientific research for space exploration has impacted so much of our daily lives both in our homes and in our communities.
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History is like a tree—the ancient parts are roots, and as the story progresses the trunk rises and branches expand to encompass every person and event since Adam and Eve. Because history is unified, every element of the story is interconnected, even if that connection is distant. Furthermore, the current parts are all directly the product of the parts that have come before, and to understand the current situation you'll need to understand the past.
Understanding the ancient history roots at the bottom of the tree is essential for a proper perspective of everything that comes after. Some people take this too far and assume that ancient history is all that matters, but those who disregard it or understand it on no more than a cursory level are just as mistaken. Just as a building must have a strong foundation, so a study of history must begin in the right place.
The ancient world was different from ours, and the same. It was different in primarily physical ways: technology was less advanced, there were fewer people, and the general standard of living was far below what we enjoy (at least in the industrialized world). However, human nature never changes, and the same universal conflict that exists today—between God's children and His enemies—raged then.
It's interesting to what extent the dominant theories and philosophies of the modern world reflect those of the ancients. There is truly nothing new under the sun, and the Enlightenment rationalism, faith in human progress, belief in man's innate goodness, evolutionary idealism, and even postmodernism against which Christians fight all have their roots in the ideas of the Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians, and every other early civilization.
That doesn't mean there isn't a clear trajectory from the ancient world to the present. Ideas all run a distinct course, and some reach prominence at different times; while the seeds of every successive philosophy were sown in the ancient world, it took time to grow them into what we recognize how as humanism, modernism, postmodernism, and the ever-illusory post-postmodernism.
The same is true of events. The history of any period is simpy the chronicle of man's attempts to thwart God's will and Yahweh's use of even the most outrageous rebellion to achieve His own ends. In some ways, this is more obvious in ancient history, as the nation of Israel fought the surrounding nations, and too often embraced their paganism.
That story, of God's work among His people and in the world, and of man's continual rebellion, is also our story. The Church fights the same battles our Israelite forefathers did, though on a more ideological rather than physical scale. When we realize how much the story of the ancients is our own story, the significance of studying their world becomes much clearer, and the urgency of such study is made plain.
Review by C. Hollis Crossman
C. Hollis Crossman used to be a child. Now he's a husband and father who loves church, good food, and weird stuff. He might be a mythical creature, but he's definitely not a centaur. Read more of his reviews here
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While also known as Aliao and Maiden of the Southern Forest, the actual name of Yuenü is undocumented. It is known that she served during the reign of King Goujian of Yue at the end of the ’Spring and Autumn era’. Caught in an ongoing war with the Wu state to the north, Goujian sought military specialists to better train his troops. Having already recruited a champion archer from Chu, he was advised of a young woman of the Southern Forest whose skill with the sword was infamous.
Goujian invited the woman to attend his court, where she demonstrated the ability to counter the attacks of several opponents at once. The woman claimed to have developed her own sword-fighting style for protection in her native forest, and was also known to be a skilled archer. Impressed by her skills, Goujian gave her the title of Yuenü and enlisted her to train his best officers and soldiers in her techniques.
Yuenü’s techniques were described as simple but powerful, based around a philosophy of strengthening the spirit while remaining openly calm in combat. She likened the art of the sword to a door, which can be divided in yin and yang. Hers is the earliest known exposition on the art of the sword, which influenced Chinese martial arts for generations, introducing the concept of using agility and fluid speed to counter the advantages of physical strength.
Yuenü is also credited with developing a new form of metallurgy that could create untarnishable bronze swords with flexible cores and extremely sharp edges, which became known as 'Yuenü swords’. In 1965 archeologists discovered one such sword buried alongside the remains of King Goujian.
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Children who are hard of hearing often wear hearing aids to help them hear and understand speech. Children who are hard of hearing and do not wear hearing aids are at risk of developing language delays, resulting from not hearing or understanding clearly.
It is difficult for audiologists to know which children may be at-risk for language delays because current clinical tools may not capture difficulties in hearing and understanding speech, especially in children with mild hearing levels. In addition, there are no clear clinical guidelines for audiologists to follow to know when hearing aids would be helpful for a child with mild hearing levels.
Our goal is to help audiologists determine when a child may benefit from hearing aids. To do that, we plan to develop clinical tools that can tell us when a child is experiencing difficulty and could benefit from a hearing aid. These tools will be very useful for audiologists who evaluate and treat children with mild hearing levels. The three stages of the study are shown below.
We will be partnering with clinical sites at Boston Children's Hospital, Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Iowa, and Washington University at St. Louis.
Sites & Principal Investigators
Who Can Participate?
We are currently seeking children ages 4-8 years old with typical or mild hearing levels in both ears. Wearing hearing aids is not required. Children should be considered typically-developing and speak English as their native language. We are currently recruiting for the experimental phase of the FASTRAK study, which includes the sites at Boys Town National Research Hospital and the University of Iowa. The clinical phase of the FASTRAK study will begin at all sites, including Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Washington University at St. Louis, in 2023.
Sign Up to Participate
To sign up to participate or for more information, please contact the site closest to you:
- Boys Town National Research Hospital (Omaha, NE):
- University of Iowa (Iowa City, IA):
Funding for FASTRAK is provided by the
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Mukta Sachdev, MD, and Ninon Patrao, MD, take a comprehensive look at the diagnosis and treatment options available for hyperpigmentation in skin of colour
Skin of colour represents the non-Caucasian darker shades of skin ranging from black, brown, olive, and tan. It comprises the skin of ethnic descent typically spanning the Asian, African, Mediterranean, Middle-Eastern, Hispanic and Native American racial backgrounds.
There are a number of classifications based on genetic disposition, reaction to sun exposure and cosmetic interventions, and the tanning properties of the skin, these include Fitzpatrick, Robert’s, Obagi, Kawada, and Glogau.
Lately, a new genetico-racial skin classification has been introduced by Fanous et al., which highlights the importance of incorporating the genetic and racial origin of the patient during assessment. The ‘north-to-south’ phenomenon that depicts the change in skin colour and features across the globe forms the base for this classification. The important variables that have been taken into account are the colour of the skin, thickness of the skin, and facial characteristics. Accordingly, six genetico-racial subtypes are described from the three founding races1.
What is responsible for skin colour?
Colour in humans is determined by a group of complex pigments called melanin, which is responsible for the colour imparted to skin hair and eyes.
Melanin comes from the ancient Greek melanos, meaning ‘dark,’ and, according to Borovansky, the term was probably first applied by the Swedish chemist Berzelius in 1840 to call a dark pigment extracted from eye membranes2. The first relatively detailed written description on skin pigmentation in mankind came from Herodotus in Greece, who described the darker skin of Persians, Ethiopians, and Indians in relation to Greeks3.
Chemically, melanins may be classified broadly into eumelanin (eu = good) and pheomelanin (pheo = cloudy or dusky). Eumelanin is prevalent in individuals with black and brown hair and pheomelanin is responsible for red hair and freckles. Studies have shown that darker skin has higher total melanin and eumelanin content, and a higher ratio of eumelanin to pheomelanin than those derived from lighter skin4.
Melanin in animals is produced in melanocytes, which are specialized cells found in the basal layer between the dermis and epidermis. Typically, human skin has between 1000 and 2000 melanocytes per mm2, which comprise around 2–3% of the total number of epidermal cells5. Although all races of human beings possess a similar concentration of melanocytes in their skin, melanocytes in different ethnic groups and among some individuals differ in the level of gene expression related to melanin production, thereby conferring less or greater levels of melanin in the skin and hair, and in the relative amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin produced. This process is under hormonal control, mostly alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH )6.
Melanocytes synthesize melanin in a special organelle called melanosome and move along arm-like structures named dendrites of the melanocyte to be transferred to epidermal keratinocytes. In humans, each melanocyte transfers melanosomes to around 30 surrounding keratinocytes, forming the melano-epidermic unit2.
Tyrosine is the common precursor for both eumelanin and pheomelanin production. The synthesis of melanin takes place inside melanosomes, following transfer of the enzyme tyrosinase, which oxidizes tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and dopaquinone (DQ). Large bioaggregates composed of homo or hetero-units of pheo and eumelanin compounds are formed by oxidation and cyclization of the initial substrate, tyrosine7.
The hyperpigmentation quandary
Human skin contains a mixture of melanin types, the ratio which, in part, determines visible pigmentation. The diversity of skin pigmentation among different ethnic groups is preserved and depends on eumelanin content. The ratio of eumelanin to total melanin is what decides skin colour. Pheomelanin does not correlate with skin pigmentation as a similar amount of this pigment is observed in dark as well as light skin8.
Skin pigmentation is due to the accumulation of melanin granules in keratinocytes, which act as a natural sunscreen that potently absorbs UVR, thereby blocking its ability to penetrate into the deeper skin layers where proliferating cells reside9.
Being the most potent blocker of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the role of melanin in photo-protection is complex. This is because one type of melanin, called eumelanin, is UV absorbent with a higher resistance to degradation and has the ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species; whereas the other, pheomelanin, is photo-unstable10.
Skin hyperpigmentation may be caused by stress or exposure to sunlight, which stimulates the release of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) from damaged keratinocytes. The receptor (MC1R) acts as a signaling molecule on melanocytes that responds to α-MSH by inducing an expression of enzymes responsible for eumelanin (brown/black melanin) synthesis10.
Conditions causing facial hyperpigmentation in skin of colour
They may be categorized as follows:
- Exogenous ochronosis
- Riehl’s melanosis
- Lichen planus pigmentosus
- Periorbital melanoses
- Nevus of Ota
- Dermatosis papulosa nigra
- Addison’s disease
- Neck-involved hyperpigmentation:
- Acanthosis nigricans
- Erythema dyschromicum perstans
- Poikiloderma of civatte
- Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
- Erythromelanosis peribuccale pigmentaire of brocq
- Post-chikungunya pigmentation.
Some of the conditions encountered in clinical practice have been discussed briefly below.
Melasma is an acquired symmetric hypermelanosis most commonly visible over the face.
Melasma is seen in constitutionally darker skin (Fitzpatrick skin types 3 and 4) being most common in people with light brown skins who live in areas with intense solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). It generally starts between the age of 20 and 40 years and at least 90% of those affected are women12.
Melasma is known to have a multifactorial aetiology. Contributing factors include increased UV exposure, pregnancy, cosmetics, genetic factors, endocrine factors, and hormonal therapy13.
It is characterized by development of slowly enlarging tan-brown macules and patches. The most common sites of involvement over the face are the cheeks, forehead, upper lip, nose and chin (sun-exposed areas)14.
On the face, three patterns of melasma are recognized:
- Centrofacial: pigmentation on cheeks, forehead, upper-lip, nose, and chin
- Malar: pigmentation present only on cheeks and nose
- Mandibular: pigmentation on ramus of the mandible.
- Depending on the natural history of the lesions, melasma may also be classified into:
- Transient type: which disappears within a year of withdrawal of hormonal stimulus
- Persistent type: which persists for more than a year after withdrawal of hormonal stimulus and is maintained by UVR and other factors.
- Based on visible light, Wood’s light examination, and skin histology (the location of melanin), melasma is classified into:
- Epidermal: in which the pigment is brown and margins of the lesions are well defined and geographical
- Dermal: in which the pigment is grey-brown and the margins of the lesions are poorly defined
- Mixed or epidermo-dermal: in which melanin is present both in the epidermis and dermis
- Indeterminate: in which it is difficult to classify melasma, even with Wood’s light15.
It is a cutaneous disorder characterized by blue-black pigmentation mainly on the photo-exposed areas.
It occurs when foreign substances cause homogentisic acid to be deposited in the dermis, causing macular and papular hyperpigmentation. It commonly results from the use of topical hydroquinones but has also been associated with the use of phenol, quinine injection, resorcinol, picric acid, mercury, and oral antimalarials16.
It presents as asymptomatic bilaterally symmetrical speckled blue-black macules and several grey-brown macules, typically affecting the malar areas, temples, lower cheeks, and neck16.
Riehl’s melanosis also referred to as pigmented contact dermatitis, is characterized by a brown-grey colour over sites of application of contactants, especially cosmetics17.
Cosmetic allergens include red and yellow pigments, chromium hydroxide, aniline and azo dyes, bactericidal agents (carbanilide, ricinoleic acids), hair dyes, red kumkum15, and fragrances. Textile allergens include optical whiteners, dyes, textile finishes, mercury compounds, formaldehyde, and rubber components18.
Sites of involvement and pigmentation depend on the allergen responsible — lesions due to cosmetics begin on forehead and temples spreading to involve the rest of the face, even the chest, neck, scalp, hands, and forearms, and can be brown or brown-grey, while those due to textiles more often involve the anterior aspect of the thighs and axillae with red and blue hues19.
Lichen planus pigmentosus
Is a condition characterized by persistent and asymptomatic slaty-grey pigmentation, predominantly on the face.
Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is a disease of the middle-aged, with onset in the third to fourth decades of life with female preponderance. It is a variant of lichen planus that favours skin phototypes III–V and has been known to occur more in tropical areas. Incriminating agents include cosmetics, such as fragrances, hair dyes, mustard oil, and amla oil20.
LPP manifests as pigmentation of insidious onset without any features of inflammation or preceding raised lesions.
It presents as oval or irregularly shaped slaty-grey to brownish-black pigmented macules and patches in sun-exposed areas, including the forehead, temples, and neck, or intertriginous areas.
It is typically asymptomatic, although, occasionally can have mild pruritus. The course is variable with some cases showing spontaneous resolution within weeks to months. It may also be persistent over the years in many21.
Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is characterized by light- to dark-coloured, brownish-black pigmentation surrounding the eyelids.
It is a commonly encountered condition and also referred to as idiopathic cutaneous hyperchromia of the orbital region (ICHOR), periorbital melanosis, dark circles or infraorbital pigmentation22.
It is known to have primary or secondary aetiology. The cause of secondary periorbital hyperpigmentation often has a multifactorial pathogenesis, including genetic or constitutional pigmentation, dermal melanocytosis, post‑inflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, periorbital oedema, and excessive subcutaneous vascularity and shadowing due to skin laxity associated with ageing. Excessive sun exposure, drugs, hormonal causes, and an extension of pigmentary demarcation lines have also been considered to be contributory23.
It is an ill-defined entity that presents as bilateral round or semicircular homogenous brown or dark brown pigmented macules in the periocular region24.
Nevus of Ota
It is a dermal nevus characterized by bluish pigmentation in the distribution of the first and the second division of the trigeminal nerve25.
It occurs predominantly in more darkly pigmented individuals, especially in Asian and African-American people. The lesions occur during infancy, with the majority presenting at birth, and also around puberty26.
It is characterized by a blue-grey confluence of individual macules varying from pinhead-sized to several millimetres in diameter. The most common sites of involvement are the periorbital area, temple, forehead, malar area, earlobe, pre- and retroauricular regions, nose and conjunctivae with involvement of the ipsilateral sclera being a typical feature26.
Dermatosis papulosa nigra
A condition where benign epithelial tumours develop on the skin.
They are more commonly seen in darker-skinned persons, including those of African descent, Hispanics, and Asians. They have a familial tendency and become more frequent with advancing age27.
Multiple, small, 1–5 mm diameter, smooth, firm, black or dark brown papules on cheeks, forehead, neck, upper back, and chest28.
It is a dermatosis characterized by thickened, hyperpigmented plaques, typically on the intertriginous surfaces and neck.
It is commonly associated with insulin resistance and obesity and, hence, early diagnosis of conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome is important. It is much more common in people with darker skin pigmentation especially Latinos and African Americans29.
It is characterized by dark, coarse and thickened skin with a velvety texture, being symmetrically distributed on the neck, the axillae, antecubital and popliteal fossae, and groin fold30.
Erythema dyschromicum perstans
Also known as Ashy dermatosis, it is a disorder of pigmentation, characterized by asymptomatic symmetric ashy grey-coloured macules.
It usually presents during the second to third decade of life and appears to be more common in areas of Latin America and Asia. There is no genetic predisposition, and it affects both genders equally. Ingestion of ammonium nitrate, ethambutol, radio-contrast media or chlorothalonil, nematode infestation, and occupational allergy to cobalt have been implicated invariably but its aetiology remains obscure31.
It presents as slate-grey to blue-brown oval, circular or irregularly shaped macules and patches that gradually develop into a symmetric distribution. Lesions typically involve the trunk with spread to the neck, upper extremities, and the face32.
Poikiloderma of civatte
It is a skin condition characterized by erythematous and brownish patches seen mainly on the sides of the neck and peripheral face.
The condition is most common in fair-skinned individuals in the fourth to seventh decade. There is a female predominance. Predisposing factors include exposure to solar radiation, photosensitizing chemicals in cosmetics and perfumes, hormonal changes related to menopause or a low oestrogen state, and genetic susceptibility33.
It presents with a combination of linear telangiectasia, erythema, mottled hyperpigmentation, and superficial atrophy in a reticular pattern, symmetrically affecting the sun-exposed areas, such as the sides of the neck, lateral cheeks, and upper chest. The shaded area under the chin is characteristically spared34.
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is an acquired hypermelanosis occurring after cutaneous inflammation or injury that can arise in all skin types, but more frequently affects skin-of-colour.
A wide range of aetiologies for PIH exists, including infections, such as dermatophytoses or viral exanthems; allergic reactions, such as those from insect bites or a contact dermatitis; papulosquamous diseases like psoriasis or lichen planus; medication-induced PIH from hypersensitivity reactions; or cutaneous injury from irritants, burns, or cosmetic procedures. The hyperpigmentation results from the melanocytes’ response to the cutaneous insult, which causes an increased production and/or redistribution of melanin35.
PIH typically manifests as macules or patches in the same distribution as the initial inflammatory process. The time required for the dyspigmentation to normalize is highly variable and relates to many factors, including the patient’s baseline skin tone, the type and intensity of the injury or inflammation, and the patient’s sun-exposure habits36.
Drug-induced pigmentation represents 10 to 20% of all cases of acquired hyperpigmentation.
The main drugs implicated in causing skin pigmentation are:
- Oral contraceptives
- Cytotoxic drugs
The pathogenesis of drug-induced pigmentation is variable according to the causative medication and can involve an accumulation of melanin, sometimes following a non-specific cutaneous inflammation and often made worse by sun exposure, an accumulation of the triggering drug itself, a synthesis of special pigments under the direct influence of the drug or deposits of iron following damage to the dermal vessels37.
Increasing use of cosmetics has contributed to a rise in the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). It is estimated that 1–5.4% of the population is sensitized to a cosmetic ingredient. Patch testing helps to confirm the presence of an allergy and to identify the actual allergens, which are chemical mixtures of various ingredients38.
Wood’s lamp can be used to determine the depth of melanin in the skin. The variations in epidermal pigmentation become more apparent under Wood’s light, such as in brown hypermelanosis or epidermal melasma. For dermal pigmentation, this contrast is less pronounced, as with dermal melasma.
Dermoscopy is an in vivo method for the diagnosis of pigmented lesions of the skin. Light is either reflected, dispersed, or absorbed by the stratum corneum because of its refraction index and its optical density, which is different from air. Thus, deeper underlying structures cannot be adequately visualized. However, when various immersion liquids are used, they render the skin surface translucent and reduce the reflection, so that underlying structures are readily visible. The application of a glass plate flattens the skin surface and provides an even surface. Optical magnification is used for examination. Taken together, these optical means allow the visualization of certain epidermal, dermo-epidermal, and dermal structures39,40.
Antera 3D® imaging
Antera 3D® relies on multidirectional illumination obtained by LEDs of different wavelengths from different directions followed by a computer-aided reconstruction of the skin surface and using the differences between these images to reconstruct the surface in three dimensions. The skin topography and the chromophores’ concentration are derived from the spatial and spectral analysis of the acquired image data. The acquired spectral data is used to map the distribution and concentration of melanin and haemoglobin (Figure 4).
Unlike traditional imaging techniques, where only three colour channels (red, green, and blue) are used, the Antera 3D® uses reflectance mapping of seven different light wavelengths spanning the entire visible spectrum. This allows for a much more precise analysis of the skin colourimetric properties, which are mostly determined by two dominant chromophores: melanin and haemoglobin. The qualitative evaluation of various aesthetic dermatologic conditions using this technique appears promising.
The principle behind this instrument lies in the fact that it is analogous to the way our eye perceives colour. It uses white light to illuminate the skin and then measures the intensity of the reflected light through three filters of particular wavelength or photodiode arrays42.
The most commonly used tristimulus colourimeter instrument is the chroma meter.
The Chroma Meter® CR-400 (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) device measures the intensity of reflected light and the colour of the skin surface through filters of 450, 560, and 600 nm wavelengths. The skin surface is illuminated with polychromatic light (pulsed xenon arc lamp) and the signal from the skin is reflected into the device and separated into its spectral components using the L*a*b* system of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIELab). Briefly, the components are L* for luminance/brightness, the higher the value, the higher the intensity; a* for red/green components of light, positive values representing the red component and negative values representing the green component; and b* for yellow/blue components of light, positive values representing the yellow component of the light and negative values representing the blue component43.
They consist of light-emitting diodes to illuminate the skin surface and the intensity of reflected light is recorded using a photodetector.
The most widely used narrowband spectrophotometers are:
- DermaSpectrometer (Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark)
- Erythema/Melanin Meter (DiaStron, DiaStron Ltd., Hampshire, UK)
- Mexameter M X16 (Courage Khazaka).
The benefit of these instruments is that they can distinguish between two main pigments of the skin, such as melanin and haemoglobin, using their distinct spectral curves44.
DermaSpectrometer uses two light emitting diodes, green (568 nm) and red (655 nm) to illuminate the skin and the amount of the reflected light is measured using a photodetector.
Mexameter uses 16 light-emitting diodes that emit light at three wavelengths — green (568 nm), red (660 nm), and infrared (880 nm). Results are expressed in terms of ‘melanin index (MI)’, a quantitative measurement of melanin, and ‘erythrema index (E)’, a quantitative measurement of skin redness45.
Facial hyperpigmentation causes a lot of cosmetic concern in patients with a tremendous emotional impact. Treatment is essentially focused on removal of provoking factors, photoprotection, and some form of active pigment reduction either with topical agents or physical modes of treatment. There is no universally effective specific therapy and existing agents possess varying degrees of efficacy with relapses being frequent.
Peak hours of sunlight between 11 am and 4 pm should be avoided in addition to seeking shade and wearing protective clothing (e.g. broad-brimmed hats and long-sleeved shirts). Avoiding provoking triggers and discontinuing drugs that may likely trigger pigmentation is necessary.
Broad-spectrum UVA and UVB protective sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 including a physical block (e.g. titanium dioxide or zinc oxide) should be used for prevention of facial hyperpigmentation.
Individuals with darker skin tones who tan easily and rarely burn may feel they do not need to use sunscreen. However, like sunburn, a tan is the result of DNA damage from exposure to the sun’s harmful UV radiation. Darker-skinned people may also be wary of using physical sunscreens, especially titanium-based products because they can look chalky and white on the skin. Newer preparations, however, tend to be micronized, which means the particles are small enough to allow them to blend in and disappear into the skin. Chemical sunscreens are also an option; look for a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15+46.
Sunscreens containing zinc oxide, 10% and SPF of 30 have dual benefit of camouflaging hyperpigmentation over the face and preventing photo-induced darkening36.
Skin lightening agents
It is an hydroxyphenolic chemical that has been the gold standard for treatment of hyperpigmentation for many years.
The efficacy of hydroquinone (HQ) in facial melanoses (FM) depends on several factors. Epidermal pigmentation responds better than dermal. Higher concentrations give better results (4% being more effective than 2%) as their onset of action is earlier than those with lower concentrations. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C and retinoids, as well as alpha-hydroxy acids, may be used as additives to increase penetration and enhance efficacy47.
Adverse reactions to hydroquinone are dose and duration dependent. Reactions include asymptomatic transient erythema, irritation, confetti-like depigmentation with higher concentrations and exogenous ochronosis48.
Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring non-phenolic, saturated, nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid. It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antikeratinizing effects, which make it useful in a variety of dermatologic conditions. Topical azelaic acid has no depigmentation effect on normally pigmented skin, freckles, senile lentigines, and nevi. This specificity may be attributed to its selective effects on abnormal melanocytes. It also reduces production of free radicals. It is available in 10% and 20% concentrations. To hasten and improve response, azelaic acid has been combined with 0.05% retinoic acid (RA) or 15−20% glycolic acid (GA)49.
Azelaic acid is well tolerated with the most commonly reported side-effects including pruritus, mild erythema, scaling, and burning50.
It acts by chelating the free portion (copper) of tyrosinase. This is brought about by reducing o-phenones to diphenols. In addition, it has antioxidant and photoprotective properties. It is stable and used in concentrations of 1–4%51. It is generally preferred as a second line therapy due to its good safety profile and stability especially when other therapies are not tolerated. It can be used along with other topical medications as well as peels. Adverse effects include contact dermatitis, irritation and erythema52.
This natural plant product acts by inhibiting tyrosinase and decreasing melanin formation. The hydrolyzed product of arbutin acts as a free-radical scavenger and is more effective in inhibiting tyrosinase than arbutin. Its action is dose-dependent and has less severe adverse effects than HQ. Recently, a derivative of arbutin, namely deoxyarbutin, has been developed by removing hydroxyl groups. It produces reversible skin lightening by directly inhibiting tyrosinase53.
Retinoids (retinoic acid, tretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene) have been used to treat melasma and PIH, either as monotherapy or combined with other agents including hydroquinone and topical steroids54.
Used as monotherapy, 0.1% RA is more effective than 0.05% and 0.025%, but is also more irritating. With isotretinoin the response is equivocal but in Indian patients, adapalene is as efficacious as RA but with significantly less irritation. Though RA takes longer than HQ to act, the response when combined with HQ (5%), and lactic acid (7%) or ascorbic acid (10%) is not only more effective but faster as well. Irritation is the most common side-effect and may even cause hyperpigmentation; although, it is more frequent with higher concentrations of RA and less with adapalene. Photosensitivity is also common55.
Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, has been used in a variety of cosmetic preparations as an antioxidant, pH adjuster, anti-ageing and photoprotecting agent. Since it is unstable in aqueous solution, esters with similar properties are used. It can be used alone or in combination therapy. But this molecule is rapidly oxidized, highly unstable and does not work well alone; it is, therefore, usually combined with other agents such as liquorice extracts and soy to increase efficacy. It has a good safety profile56.
It is an important component of many over-the-counter lightening creams. It reduces pigmentation by reversibly preventing transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to the keratinocytes without affecting the tyrosinase activity57.
Glycolic acid acts in hyperpigmentation probably due to its effect on epidermal remodelling and accelerated desquamation. Side-effects include irritation and erythema, which resolves upon withdrawal and moisturization58.
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a safe and promising drug for pigmentary conditions. It is a synthetic lysine amino acid derivative which mainly blocks the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by inhibiting the plasminogen activator. This results in decreased free arachidonic acid production, and, hence, a reduction in the prostaglandin (PG) levels as well. Therefore, by reducing PG production, TXA reduces the melanocyte tyrosinase activity and plays an important role in the treatment of melasma, ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation, and post‑inflammatory hyperpigmentation59.
NAG has been shown to decrease melanin synthesis and downregulate the expression of various pigmentation-related genes. Clinical studies have used either NAG alone or in combination with niacinamide. Overall, NAG has high tolerance, ease of formulation and stability in solution making it a suitable depigmenting agent60.
Mequinol is a derivative of HQ. It acts as a competitive inhibitor reducing formation of melanin precursors. It is available as 2% solution containing 0.01% retinoic acid. Side-effects include irritation, halo-hypopigmentation, and depigmentation61.
Liquorice is a root of the perennial herb. Glabridin and other oil-soluble derivatives of liquorice inhibit tyrosinase. Liquiritin, another derivative, reduces skin pigmentation, but without inhibiting tyrosinase. A 20% liquiritin cream was found effective at 4 weeks in treatment of melasma62.
Soybean trypsin inhibitor reversibly inhibits the protease-activated receptor-2 pathway that is needed for melanosome transfer. Inhibition of this pathway caused a dose-dependent loss of pigmentation by as early as 4 weeks at the highest tested dose63.
It is a prostaglandin E2 inhibitor and is known to have skin brightening properties64.
Methimazole is an oral antithyroid drug which has been recently discovered to have a depigmenting effect if used topically in a 5% preparation65.
It is similar to hydroquinone and is a tyrosinase inhibitor.It is an effective treatment option for topical hyperpigmentation management66.
They are natural polyphenolic chemicals with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant and anticancer properties. Catechins with gallic acid, ellagic acid and aloesin are a few such compounds. Ellagic acid is an antioxidant derived from certain plants like eucalyptus, green tea, and strawberry. It suppresses melanogenesis by blocking tyrosinase and does not cause any damage to the cells67.
It is a new oligosynthetic peptide that inhibits tyrosine. Containing 0.01% oligopeptide cream, 20% glycolic acid lotion, an antioxidant cleanser and physical sunscreen, it is found to accelerate clearance in mild to moderate melasma. A study revealed improvement in facial melasma and clearance in just 6 weeks68.
It is a structural analogue of vitamin A, which acts as an agonist to vitamin A, saturates melanocyte receptors, and reduces melanin production. It requires a prolonged duration of treatment but has few side-effects69.
It is another monounsaturated dicarboxylic acid mainly derived by biofermentation of oleic acid. It interferes with melanin synthesis by binding agonistically to nuclear peroxisome receptors, which thereby regulate tyrosinase transcription and inhibit melanosome transfer. Study results using dioic acid 1% for 12 weeks have been positive70.
They act against tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 at the molecular level by interacting with translation of targeted mRNA69.
Lignin peroxidase is a novel method of skin lightening and acts by targeting, enzymatically oxidizing and breaking down melanin in the skin. The application of lignin peroxidase cream provided a significantly more rapid and observable skin-lightening effect than 2% hydroquinone or placebo. Overall, lignin peroxidase is well tolerated with minimal to no side-effects71.
Mulberry extract, thiotic acid, phenolic-thioether, cinnamic acid, pidobenzone, silymarin, 4-isopropyl-catechol and linoleic acid with lincomycin69.
Topical agents act on different stages of melanogenesis; therefore, when combined, give better therapeutic results. Agents are also combined to reduce untoward effects, such as topical steroids reduce irritation due to both HQ and retinoids and retinoids themselves counter steroid-induced atrophy. Some agents are used as ‘stabilizers’ and hypomelanotic agents are often combined with sunscreens. HQ is the most commonly used agent, often being combined with glycolic acid, azelaic acid, kojic acid and retinoic acid, or corticosteroids.
The most extensively studied and widely used combination with HQ is with RA and corticosteroids; this ‘triple combination’ is also called Kligman’s formula. Its original combination contained 5% HQ, 0.1% tretinoin, and 0.1% dexamethasone. Due to irritation, the combination has been modified to reduce HQ to 2−4% and tretinoin to 0.025−0.05% and the steroid has been variously changed to fluocinolone acetonide or others. It is extensively used as first-line therapy for melasma and other FM34.
Chemical peels are generally effective in darker skin, especially superficial peels. Due to the increased risk of PIH, deep peels should be avoided. Pretreatment with a course of hydroquinone may improve results. Topical retinoids should be stopped before seven days.
Standard options are glycolic acid 10–70%, salicylic acid 20–30%, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 10–25%, and Jessner’s solution. Newer options include tretinoin, pyruvic acid, β-lipo hydroxy acid, mandelic acid, and amino fruit acids72.
When selecting a peeling agent, the benefits of the procedure should always substantially outweigh any associated risks or complications. Superficial peels with appropriate titration of concentrations are generally safe and efficacious for darker skinned patients.
Clinicians should be acutely aware that deeper peels carry substantial risks of inducing scarring and hypopigmentation in darker skinned racial-ethnic groups73.
Laser therapy can be effective for hyperpigmentation with durable improvement. The treatment of hyperpigmentation with laser and light sources is based on multiple observations of the biology of pigmentation properties in the epidermis and dermis. First, melanin has a broad absorption spectrum. Second, melanosomes have a short thermal relaxation time, in the range of 50–500 ns. Lastly, longer wavelengths penetrate deeper and can target dermal pigment, but melanin absorption is better with shorter wavelengths74.
Many reports have pointed out that the safest and most efficient laser for darker skin is the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with its longer wavelength (1064 nm). A recent study has concluded that pulse-in-pulse IPL (PIP-IPL) might be a safe and promising treatment for melasma in darker skin. Fractional photothermolysis laser 1550 nm and fractional CO2 laser are also effective laser options75,76.
A new class of lasers that generate picosecond-domain pulses. Shorter laser pulse durations result in pigment fragmentation that is more a result of photoacoustic than photothermal effects. Therefore, it may be more efficient at pigment removal without inducing thermal damage to the surrounding tissue. Picosecond lasers are currently available with laser outputs of 532 nm, 755 nm, and 1064 nm. However, their efficacy is still to be established77.
Treatment with lasers for facial hyperpigmentation has been associated with an unpredictable response, frequent relapses and high risk of both post-inflammatory hyper- and hypopigmentation. Proper patient counselling in regards to side-effects and expectations along with test patch should always be employed prior to any laser procedure.
Patients with resistant melasma, especially with a prominent dermal component, have been successfully treated with local or full-face dermabrasion to the upper or mid dermis using a 16-mm diameter coarse grit diamond fraise. Side effects may include hypertrophic scars or permanent hypopigmentation but are extremely rare78.
Facial hyperpigmentation in skin of colour can be extremely distressing for a patient. There is a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life; therefore, an accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and patient counselling is imperative. The physician’s judicious choice of procedure with flexible treatment strategy is important, and emphasis on the need for a long-term maintenance therapy needs to be advised.
Declaration of interest None
Figures 2 & 3 © Mukta Sachdev and Ninon Patrao
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- Grimes PE, Arora S, Minus HR, Kenney JA Jr. Dermatosis papulosa nigra. Cutis. Oct 1983;32(4):385-6
- Calcaterra R, Franco G, Valenzano M, Fazio R, Morrone A. Clinical features andtreatment of dermatosis papulosa nigra in migrants to Italy. Skinmed. 2010Jul-Aug;8(4):207-9
- Sinha S, Schwartz RA. Juvenile acanthosis nigricans. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:502–8
- Schwartz RA. Acanthosis nigricans. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:1-19; quiz 20-2
- Berger RS, Hayes TJ, Dixon SL. Erythema dyschromicum perstans and lichen planus: Are they related? J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:438-42
- Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV et al., eds. Dermatology, 3rd edn. St Louis: Mosby, 2012
- Katoulis AC, Stavrianeas NG, Georgala S, Bozi E, Kalogeromitros D, Koumantaki E, Katsambas AD. Poikiloderma of Civatte: a clinical and epidemiological study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005 Jul;19(4):444-8
- Khanna N, Rasool S. Facial melanoses: Indian perspective. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011;77:552-64
- Taylor SC, Grimes PE, Lim J, et al. Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation. J Cutan Med Surg. 2009;13:183–191
- Vashi NA, Kundu RV. Facial hyperpigmentation: causes and treatment. Br JDermatol. 2013 Oct;169 Suppl 3:41-56
- Dereure O. Drug-induced skin pigmentation. Epidemiology,diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001;2(4):253-6
- Kumar P, Paulose R. Patch testing in suspected allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics. Dermatol Res Pract. 2014
- Soyer HP, Argenziano G, Chimenti S, Ruocco V. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions. Eur J Dermatol 2001;11:270-6
- Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, Talamini R, Corona R, Sera F, et al. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:679-93
- Anderson RR, Parrish JA. The optics of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1981 Jul;77(1):13-9
- Clarys P, Alewaeters K, Lambrecht R, Barel AO. Skin color measurements: comparison between three instruments: the Chromameter(R), the DermaSpectrometer(R) and the Mexameter(R). Skin Res Technol. 2000 Nov;6(4):230-238
- Takiwaki H, Miyaoka Y, Skrebova N, Kohno H, Arase S. Skin reflectance-spectra and colour-value dependency on measuring-head aperture area in ordinary reflectance spectrophotometry and tristimulus colourimetry. Skin Res Technol.2002 May;8(2):94-7
- Diffey BL, Oliver RJ, Farr PM. A portable instrument for quantifying erythema induced by ultraviolet radiation. Br J Dermatol. 1984 Dec;111(6):663-72
- Qian CY, Yuan C, Tan YM, Liu XP, Dong YQ, Yang LJ, Wu PL, Wang XM. Comparing performance of Chromameter®, Mexameter® and full-field laser perfusion imaging for measurement of ultraviolet B light-induced erythema. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015 Jun;40(4):438-40
- Pinnell SR, Fairhurst D, Gillies R, et al. Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26(4):309-14.
- Jimbow K, Obata H, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB. Mechanism of depigmentation by hydroquinone. J Invest Dermatol 1974; 62:436–49
- Westerhof W, Kooyers TJ. Hydroquinone and its analogues in dermatology – a potential health risk. J Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:55–9
- Zaumseil RP, Graupe K. Topical azelaic acid in treatmentof melasma-pharmacological and clinical considerations.Melasma- new approaches to therapy. London: Martin Dunitz;1995. p. 19-41
- Sarkar R, Bhalla M, Kanwar AJ. A comparative study of 20% azelaic acid monotherapy vs a sequential therapy in thetreatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients. Dermatology2002;205:249-54
- Kahn V. Effect of kojic acid on the oxidation of DL-DOPA,norepinephrine, and dopamine by mushroom tyrosinase.Pigment Cell Res 1995;8:234-40
- Lim JT. Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatol Surg1999;25:282-4
- Chawla S, deLong MA, Visscher MO, Wickett RR,Manga P, Boissy RE. Mechanism of tyrosinase inhibition bydeoxyArbutin and its second-generation derivatives. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:1267-74
- Kimbrough-Green CK, Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Hamilton TA,Bulengo-Ransby SM, Ellis CN, et al. Topical retinoid acid(tretinoin) for melasma in black patients: A vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:727-33
- Dogra S, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D. Adapalene in the treatment of melasma: A preliminary report. J Dermatol 2002;29:539-40
- Kobayashi S, Takehana M, Itoh S, Ogata E. Protective effectof magnesium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate against skin damageinduced by UVB irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 1996;64:224-8
- Greatens A, Hakozaki T, Koshoffer A, Epstein H, SchwembergerS, Babcock G, et al. Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible. Exp Dermatol 2005;14:498-508
- Guevara IL, Pandya AG. Safety and efficacy of 4% hydroquinone combined with 10% glycolic acid, antioxidants, and sunscreenin the treatment of melasma. Int J Dermatol 2003;42:966–72
- George A. Tranexamic acid: An emerging depigmenting agent. Pigment Int 2016;3:66-71
- Bissett DL, Farmer T, McPhail S et al. Genomic expression change induced by topical N-acetyl glucosamine in skin equivalent cultures in vitro. J Cosmet Dermatol 2007; 6:232–8
- Colby SI, Schwartzel EH, Huber FJ, Highton A, Altman DJ,Epinette WW, et al. A promising new treatment for solar lentigines. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:147-52
- Yokota T, Nishio H, Kubota Y, Mizoguchi M. The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis andinflammation. Pigment Cell Res 1998;11:355-61
- Paine C, Sharlow E, Liebel F et al. An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:587–95
- Makino ET, Mehta RC, Banga A, Jain P, Sigler ML, Sonti S. Evaluation of a hydroquinone-free skin brightening product using in vitro inhibition of melanogenesis and clinical reduction of ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013 Mar;12(3):s16-20
- Kasraee B, Safaee Ardekani GH, Parhizgar A, Handjani F,Omrani GR, Samani M, et al. Safety of topical methimazolefor the treatment of melasma. Transdermal absorption, the effect on thyroid function and cutaneous adverse effects. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008;21:300-5.
- Kolbe L, Mann T, Gerwat W, Batzer J, Ahlheit S, Scherner C, Wenck H, Stäb F.4-n-butylresorcinol, a highly effective tyrosinase inhibitor for the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Jan;27 Suppl 1:19-23
- Shimogaki H, Tanaka Y, Tamai H, Masuda M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ellagic acid on melanogenesis inhibition.Int J Cosmet Sci 2000;22:291-303
- Hantash BM, Jimenez F. Treatment of mild to moderate facial melasma with the Lumixyl topical brightening system.J Drugs Dermatol 2012;11:660-2
- Chatterjee M, Vasudevan B. Recent advances in melasma. Pigment Int 2014;1:70-80
- Wiechers JW, Rawlings AV, Garcia C, Chesné C, Balaguer P, Nicolas JC, et al. A new mechanism of action for skin whitening agents: Binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Int J Cosmet Sci 2005;27:123-32.
- Mauricio T, Karmon Y, Khaiat A. A randomized and placebo-controlled study to compare the skin-lightening efficacy and safety of lignin peroxidase cream vs. 2% hydroquinone cream. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 10:253–9.
- Khunger N; IADVL Task Force. Standard guidelines of care for chemical peels. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008;74Suppl:5-12.
- Salam A, Dadzie OE, Galadari H. Chemical peeling in ethnic skin: an update. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Oct;169 Suppl 3:82-90
- Sheth VM, Pandya AG. Melasma: a comprehensive update: part II.J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:699–714; quiz 715.
- Cho SB, Kim JS, Kim MJ (2009) Melasma treatment in Korean women using a 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low pulse energy. Clin Exp Dermatol 34: 847-850.
- Katz TM, Goldberg LH, Firoz BF, Friedman PM (2009) Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Surg 35: 1844-1848
- M.K. Trivedi, F.C. Yang, B.K. Cho. A review of laser and light therapy in melasma. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2017 Mar; 3(1): 11–20
- Kunachak S, Leelaudomlipi P, Wongwaisayawan S. Dermabrasion: a curative treatment for melasma. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2001;25:114–17
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Information literacy beyond Library 2.0. College: Gould Library: Analyzing Information Literacy in Student Writing. CSI(L) Carleton: Forensic Librarians and Reflective Practices. In the Library with the Lead Pipe is pleased to welcome guest authors Iris Jastram, Danya Leebaw, and Heather Tompkins.
They are reference and instruction librarians at Carleton College, a small liberal arts college in Minnesota. Becoming forensic librarians Image by smwright “Wait, this is information literacy?” A rhetorician at our workshop exclaimed in excited surprise. Just two summers earlier we had pored over some sample papers pulled from Carleton College’s Sophomore Writing Portfolio submissions, debating whether we could see information literacy at work in those papers and if so, exactly what we could see. As the hours ticked by, though, realization began to dawn. Attribution So now when we teach, we help students understand citation as context. Evaluation When we turned to the question of how students evaluate sources, the pattern emerged again. Communication Of course, we aren’t content specialists. Looking toward the future So yes, this is information literacy. Works Cited: Teachingfyws / Bibliography. Know Which Style To Use - Citation Style Guide - The Library's Subject Guides! at American University.
How to Write a Research Paper. Most university courses involve some sort of extended writing assignment, usually in the form of a research paper.
Papers normally require that a student identify a broad area of research related to the course, focus the topic through some general background reading, identify a clear research question, marshal primary and secondary resources to answer the question, and present the argument in a clear and creative manner, with proper citations.
That is the theory, at least. But how do you go about doing it all? This brief guide provides some answers. Teaching Yourself From the outset, keep in mind one important point: Writing a research paper is in part about learning how to teach yourself. The Five Commandments of Writing Research Papers To write first-rate research papers, follow the following simple rules—well, simple to repeat, but too often ignored by most undergraduates. 1. 2. A research question, at least in the social sciences, begins with the word “why” or “how.” 3. 4. 5. Developing a Research Question. Developing a Research Question Developing a Research Question--explanation Developing a Research Question It's absolutely essential to develop a research question that you're interested in or care about in order to focus your research and your paper (unless, of course, your instructor gives you a very specific assignment).
For example, researching a broad topic such as "business management" is difficult since there may be hundreds of sources on all aspects of business management. On the other hand, a focused question such as "What are the pros and cons of Japanese management style? " How do you develop a usable research question? If you know a lot about the topic, you can develop a research question based on your own knowledge. It's a good idea to evaluate your research question before completing the research exercise (Exercise 3) and to Ask the writing tutor for feedback on your research question. Topic/Issue A topic is what the essay or research paper is about. Introduction to the Scientific Method. Introduction to the Scientific Method The scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world.
Recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena, we aim through the use of standard procedures and criteria to minimize those influences when developing a theory. As a famous scientist once said, "Smart people (like smart lawyers) can come up with very good explanations for mistaken points of view. " In summary, the scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experimenter when testing an hypothesis or a theory. I. 1. 2. 3. 4. If the experiments bear out the hypothesis it may come to be regarded as a theory or law of nature (more on the concepts of hypothesis, model, theory and law below).
Essentials of research methods: a guide to social research - Janet M. Ruane.
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Young kids love books like Goodnight Moon and parents love to read it to them. Does it matter whether the toddler thinks of the moon, the rhythms of the day, the rhythm of the words, the magic of transitions and change, and so many other beautifully embedded ideas in the same way adults expect them to? It may be interesting to study what and how a child absorbs through the pictures, the words, the voice, and the reader’s presence during read-along (in fact many people have, including this interesting piece by Anne E. Fernald.), but it is also likely that there are mysteries to a child’s mental process that are far from our understanding. Whatever the case may be, Goodnight Moon is extremely popular, and one reason could be just the way it helps a child and parent to bond around a single moment of shared experience, both ordinary and familiar yet magical and sublime.
Inexplicable gems like Goodnight Moon are rare but what can publishers learn from them? Could there be such a thing as read-along math books for kids? Mathematicians know that appreciating and doing mathematics requires flexibility as well as a structure, imagination as well as logic, but that view of math often does not reach youngsters (or even many adults). As Paul Lockhart asks in his Lament, would children be inspired by music, if they were forced to first learn musical notation and theory? Similarly would we require a child to master spelling and grammar before reading them a story? Aspiring engineers and scientists have examples of useful discoveries and powerful tools to entice them. How can we present mathematics to kids when math’s highest level practitioners work within a language and form that most people don’t have the tools to perceive?
The contents of math books for children has often been governed by what schools decide is appropriate mathematics for each age group to grasp. Being good at math is equated with being faster at learning this material, but there is a benefit to exposing all children to mathematics. For one thing, mathematical talent is not always easy to recognize. There are mathematical leaders whose vast imagination and deep intuition were not recognized at an early age. Who knows which child could, after a glimpse of the possibilities, be catapulted onward to the unlimited reaches of mathematical endeavor. And if people benefit from a broad knowledge of other subjects, and from the arts, they can also be enriched by an exposure to mathematics as a creative and exploratory subject. Even for the average student, such a view of math could give them something more in this world to contemplate and enjoy.
Mathematical ideas are universal, and there is much for a child of any age to respond to: intriguing patterns, surprising structures that appear as if by magic out of seemingly random chaos, puzzles that sound hard but have simple solutions, and puzzles that sound easy but are very very hard. Closely identifying mathematics books for children with a an educational agenda (unlike story books, music and art) can severely limit their range. Mathematically intriguing pictures and ideas, and reading together with an adult or older sibling can lead to pleasant discussions of “why” and “what if”? Some children may still groan or feel blase about the need to learn multiplication tables, rules of algebra, and geometry proofs, but in the back of their minds they may also recognize that mathematics can be kind of cool, sometimes a bit wacky and unexpected, and sometimes rather entertaining and memorable.
Featured Book of the Day
The Infinite Farm by Richard Evan Schwartz
This is Schwartz’s fourth children’s book published with the AMS, and is written in his recognizable and unique style. But while there was a significant instructional component of the first three books, this latest is more suggestive and open-ended. We find ourselves in a world with an unfamiliar geometry that allows infinite objects to live in a bounded space. Whether you know the rigorous mathematical underpinnings of this world, or just want to explore in it, this book is a fun read.
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Why extra space may not prevent swarming
“How can I prevent swarming?” is a common question. An equally common answer is, “Give the bees more space so they are not crowded.” From this we get, “Crowding causes swarming.” Let’s look at that a little more closely.
In his book Honeybee Democracy, Thomas Seeley writes, “To this day, no one knows what specific stimuli the worker bees are sensing and integrating when they make the critical decision to start the swarming process.” To me, that statement makes a whole lot more sense than, “crowding causes swarming.”
Swarming correlates with crowding
Seeley admits that several things correlate with swarming, including “congestion of the adult bees, numerous immature bees, and expanding food reserves.” But causation and correlation are two different things. We don’t know if crowding causes swarming or if swarming causes crowding or if there is a third factor that causes both. All we know is that these conditions often occur at roughly the same time.
I can say for a fact that a colony will often release a secondary or tertiary swarm shortly after the first. The colony at that point has lost perhaps 2/3 of the adult population, so it is no longer overcrowded. Still, the swarms leave anyway. Swarming is complex, and the reasons for things are not at all obvious.
Experimenting with bees
Now, since there is a correlation between crowding and swarming, it makes sense to experiment with crowding to see if we can prevent swarming by alleviating the crowded conditions. What some beekeepers have found is they can delay or sometimes prevent swarming by opening up honey barriers that have been built above the brood nest. There is nothing wrong with trying these methods, even though we can’t say exactly why they sometimes work.
However, these machinations, such as spreading the brood nest or checkerboarding above the brood nest, need to be performed in advance of the colony’s decision to swarm. Once the colony has made the decision, there is little a beekeeper can do—short of splitting—to stop the progression. Like an avalanche tumbling down the mountainside, once it starts it just keeps going.
So if you want to prevent swarming using one or more of the “foolproof” methods that have surfaced over the years, you must be proactive. You cannot wait until bees begin flowing from the hive entrance to drop a super on the hive.
Unfortunately, this is the point when I usually hear from beekeepers. “I thought my bees were going to swarm so I gave them an extra super and they swarmed anyway.” Or worse, “My mentor said my bees were going to swarm, so he added a super and they swarmed anyway.” Mentor? If the bees have already decided to swarm, you can add 17 supers and it won’t change a thing.
Swarming is a process
So when do the bees decide to swarm? Well, it’s hard to say. But the first thing you might notice is the construction of swarm cells, or perhaps backfilling of the brood nest with nectar. Once the queen cups are begun and an egg laid, it takes approximately 16 days for a mature virgin to emerge. That tells you that the decision to swarm must come at least two weeks before the event.
During that time, a lot of changes are made in the colony. Queen rearing goes full throttle. Egg laying by the queen is reduced, and the queen is made skinny so she can fly. Also during this time, the workers’ wax glands are gearing up for production, the workers stuff themselves with honey, and the whole lot of them become lethargic—often hanging around the hive entrance waiting for the signal to leave. In addition, scouts may start looking for real estate.
Too little, too late
With all the preparation that takes place within the colony, and all the physiological changes occurring within the bees themselves, you can see that dropping a super on your hive will make little impression on them. They are simply not going to say, “Oh look, more space! Let’s call this off.” Nope. Not on your life.
The take-home message is clear. There is nothing wrong with playing with your bees and trying to prevent them from swarming. We’ve all done it. But if you’re serious about it, you need to start before they start. Have a plan. Know what you’re trying to do, and don’t be surprised if they end up swarming anyway.
Honey Bee Suite
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Medical Research: Sustainable Funding for Tomorrow's Cures
Medical research is funded by various entities, including the federal government, patient and disease groups, and industry. A primary source of federal funding for tomorrow’s cures comes from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). AAMC-member institutions conduct over 50 percent of the extramural research the NIH funds, which in turn creates hope for millions of Americans affected by serious diseases.
NIH-funded research has contributed to a 60 percent reduction in the death rates for coronary heart disease and stroke, a 40 percent decline in infant mortality over the past 20 years, and a 30 percent decrease in chronic disability among seniors.
In recent years, bipartisan support for medical research and the NIH has helped recapture lost ground, but continued support is needed to fully recover from more than a decade of underfunding. The AAMC and other science, research, and medical organizations have been advocating for increases in NIH funding to grow the U.S. research enterprise and maintain the country’s standing as the world leader in medical research and advancements.
Sustained, predictable growth in funding for NIH is vital to developing the cures and treatments many Americans need.
Learn more on our.
Research Means Hope
Research Means Hope is a campaign to raise public awareness of the critical need for sustained federal funding for medical research through the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Learn about the research being conducted at AAMC-member institutions and share your research breakthrough.
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If one thinks about energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, typical candidates come to mind, like traffic, electricity generation and so on. However, also the information and communication technology is a player in this field.
First, you might only think about charging your mobile phone or the electricity that your computer needs. However, the total energy consumption does not only include the use of electronic devices, but also their production. Additionally, when accessing for example the internet, there is a large infrastructure which also needs electricity. 300 Google searches need about as much electricity as boiling one liter of water.
Currently, approximately 3000 TWh of electricity are used globally per year for communication and information technology. That corresponds approximately to the power of 300 large power plants running day and night. Approximately one third of this electricity is used to charge and operate mobile phones, while a little less is needed for data centers and networks. However, this is expected to increase significantly in the future.
In the worst case, information and communications technology will need up to 50% of the electricity and be responsible for one fourth of the greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. While more likely are 10 to 15% of the greenhouse gas emissions, which is still approximately as much as traffic.
What does that mean for us? We should use wherever possible renewable energies, especially for operating the data centers. Furthermore, we should try to reduce the power consumption, by using new energy-efficient technologies which we are doing research on at the moment, but also by adjusting our very own behavior.
D. MacKay, Sustainable Energy – without the hot air (www.withouthotair.com)
UN Report: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/reports
IPCC Report: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/
Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction by Mark Maslin
More Data: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/
L. Belkhir et al., J. Clean. Prod. 177, 448 (2018)
A. Andrae et al., Challenges 6, 117 (2015)
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The increased interest in these shows has exposed consumers to a variety of design ideals and products. In addition, you can find volumes of information about products and construction science processes on the internet. The instant access to information has opened the door to a variety of options not previously considered.
Unfortunately, many times consumer’s lack of construction knowledge has created significant confusion about the appropriateness and application of these products.
We at Mike Blake Custom Homes have tried to take some of the confusion about home products, construction science and energy efficiency by writing blogs and recording short videos about a variety of construction processes, energy efficiency and design finishes. You can find these listed below.
Not long ago, very little thought was given to the energy efficient construction. But, families today face problems that weren’t even issues when conventional insulation was developed: rising energy costs, unwanted noise, allergies, asthma and mold.
The problem is that too many builders are taking a single instead of hybrid approach to insulation. Hybrid insulation systems combine two or more insulation products, utilizing the products best attributes to provide a cost effective airtight seal around the home. Its not really that different to how we dress for cold weather. We all know a layered approach is more effective and comfortable than a single bulky layered approach. Today’s hybrid insulation system strategy should work in concert to a sustainable high air, thermal and moisture resistance.
In response, Mike Blake Custom Homes has created a program called Engineered Energy Efficiency (EEE) that take a hybrid construction science approach that is more cost effective yet more energy efficient than a the traditional approach. The end result is we are the ONLY 100% Energy Star Builder in East Texas. This means a 15% to 40% utility costs saving over traditional home construction!
Read more about our innovative approach below.
The greatest threat to occupant comfort and health – is air leakage. It has been documented that enough air escapes from a typical house every day to fill two Goodyear blimps(www.Urbanoptions.org).
What is meant by air leakage? The high air permeability of conventional fiber insulation, regardless of R-value, allows air to easily pass through walls where the gaps and seams exist. Temperature difference between the inside and outside of home creates convection air currents within the wall cavities. Air infiltration and convection currents in the walls and ceiling are what reduce the thermal performance of traditional insulation.
In addition to higher energy costs, this can lead to the transfer of airborne pollutants and pollens into your home and when warm outside air meets cool air-conditioned inside air, or when heated inside air meets cold outside air, condensation, moisture build-up, and a host of other problems, such as the growth of mold or mildew within the building cavity can occur.
Uncontrolled air leakage has proven to create the greatest energy loss in almost any home. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reports that up to 40 percent of the energy cost of heating and cooling a home is wasted by uncontrolled air leakage. In addition, uncontrolled air leakage contributes to premature building deterioration, spelling, and ice damming, poor indoor air quality (IAQ) and mold growth. Most homeowners notice the problem through accompanying comfort issues such as chilly drafts, cold floors, or excessively dry or damp conditions.
Building science experts agree that an effective air barrier system is the best way to substantially reduce both air leakage and the passage of moisture through the building envelope.
With this in mind, the first goal of the EEE program approach is to build an airtight building envelope system that simultaneously improves thermal resistance. The major components include;
- Sill Seal,
- Zip System Sheathing,
- Foamed base plate,
- Foamed electrical and plumbing penetrations and
- Optima blown insulation
WEATHERMATE™ SILL SEAL Foam Gasket is a flexible polyethylene foam gasket strip that can help reduce air infiltration between a concrete foundation and sill plate, around windows and doors – and even between floors. The closed-cell polyethylene foam compresses to seal gaps in irregular surfaces, helping reduce air infiltration for a tighter building envelope and enhanced energy savings. It provides excellent and enduring resistance to water and water vapor.
The Huber Zip System wall sheathing is a superior sheathing system. The sheathing’s achieves a multitude of construction objectives. First the sheathing is a built-in water-resistive barrier which keeps bulk water out during and after construction. Once the panels are installed and the seams taped the Zip System creates a code-recognized structural panel, water-resistive barrier and air barrier all in one. In my opinion, this is a much more efficient and effective than OSB and house wrap.
In addition, the ZIP System panels are marked with a pre-printed fastening guide for ease of installation. And just as important, the ZIP System wall panels are backed by a 30-year limited warranty.
Pressurized Foam Sealant
The another component in creating a high performing air-tight building envelope is prevention of air flow through openings in the wall cavity, base plate, and top plate of the frame. I spent many hot summers at my grandmother’s house and I can remember plugging in a radio and actually feeling the hot air coming into the home around the electrical outlets. In those days air would pass between wall cavities through the holes drilled for electrical and plumbing runs. Mike Blake Custom Homes seals each electrical wire and plumbing line that passes through a stud and top plate with expansive foam. MBCH also uses pressurized high expansive foam to fill any voids between exterior doorjambs and the frame as well as around windows. This process is just an additional measure used to ensure there is no transmission of air flow between wall cavities.
Working in concert with the ZIP System is BIBS (Blown-In-Blacket-System) featuring OPTIMA from CertainTeed. With BIBS, the OPTIMA is blown in behind special OTIMA fabric. Both products are specially designed for closed cavity application. OPTIMA provides more thermal resistance (R-15) than open cell foam (R-13) and does so more cost effectively. Another outstanding benefit of Optima is it’s custom fit seamless thermal blanket. Even small gaps and voids can be filled with OPTIMA. Another benefit is its sound deadening quality. OPTIMA significantly reduces unwanted sounds and is ideal for offices and media rooms. Lastly, OPTIMA won’t settle or separate. That means the insulation will maintain its thermal efficiency for the life of your home.
With almost zero air permeability, the insulating air barrier systems increase building energy efficiency, durability, occupant comfort, health and safety.
The second goal to our EEE building system is to improve thermal resistance through the roof, attic and windows. One objective of thermal resistance is to reduce the build up of heat in the attic. Excessive heat in the attic reduces the effectiveness of the attic insulation and if applicable the HVAC ducts. The major components include;
- Radiant barrier roof decking,
- Continuous soffit system,
- Power attic vents,
- Low-E windows
- Attic insulation
Radiant barrier decking consists of a thin, highly polished, Kraft paper-backed layer of aluminum foil laminated onto oriented strand board (OSB). Although an excellent conductor of heat energy, aluminum has very low emissivity. While the sun’s heat travels through unprotected OSB or plywood sheathings, the foil at the bottom of the radiant panel intercepts as much as 97% of this radiation. As a result, attic temperatures are up to 40 degrees cooler, according to independent studies. This can lower the load on the HVAC. Radiant barriers are very cost effective and can cut energy usage up to 20%.
Roof pitches have gotten steeper and attic space larger. Unfortunately as attics got larger the process to remove the build up of heat did not improve. The buildup of heat in the attic can damage personal items stored in the attic, cause shingles to blister and put a strain on HVAC equipment. Heat is removed from the attic through convection. As the attic heats the air rises and exits out of the ridge vents. As it exits cooler fresh air is pulled into the attic through the soffit vents. In the past, there was not enough soffit vents or ridge vents to sufficient remove heat from the attic whack lead to heat building to tremendous temperatures.
Today companies like LP have developed a continuous soffit system that allows for more free airflow into the attic. Although most believe that the static air vents at the roof ridge is adequate. I prefer to use power vents to insure the process works properly.
LP® SmartSide® Trim & Siding products offer multiple advantages over fiber cement. Unlike SmartSide, fiber cement products require special safety training, special gear to protect against airborne silica and specific cutting tools. LP SmartSide products are far less likely to break or crack than fiber cement. And LP SmartSide products are significantly lighter than fiber cement siding, which means quicker, easier installation.
LP SmartSide products work and cut just like traditional wood, taking nails and screws with ease. They’re factory pre-primed to take paint, delivering optimal adhesion and consistent application. LP SmartSide products also deliver the beautiful, authentic look of real wood for unbeatable curb appeal.
And our proprietary SmartGuard® manufacturing process helps protect against termite damage and fungal decay. Speaking of protection, our 5/50-Year Limited Warranty provides a 5-year,100% labor and replacement feature and a 5/50 Year Prorated Limited Warranty on the product. Watch the LP Smart Siding VS Fiber Cement Video.
Its built in thermostat turns on when temperature in the attic reaches a predetermined point. And in Texas with our long summer and warm days the solar power eliminates related utility costs.
Today’s solar powered attic vents are tested to withstand the impact hail and foreign object. The brushless motor requires no maintenance unlike traditional motors.
Premier Vinyl Dual Pane Low-E windows
When you look outside on a sunny day, you’re seeing the visible part of the light spectrum. But only 38 percent of the solar energy that reaches the surface of the earth is visible. The rest of the light that lands in your yard is invisible. 59 percent is infrared and 3 percent is ultraviolet (UV rays). Even though they’re invisible, infrared and UV rays do affect the interior of your home. Infrared rays can pass in through glass windows, which increases your home’s heat load in the winter and cooling load in the summer. As for UV light, the same rays that burn your skin can enter through glazing to fade and degrade your fabrics and furnishings.
Low-remittance (Low-E) coating use microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window or skylight-glazing surface primarily to reduce the U-factor by suppressing radiant heat flow. The principal mechanism of heat transfer in multilayer glazing is thermal radiation from a warm pane of glass to a cooler pane. Coating a glass surface with a low-emittance material and facing that coating into the gap between the glass layers blocks a significant amount of this radiant heat transfer, thus lowering the total heat flow through the window. Designed for use in hot climates, windows with these coatings admit up to 40 percent less solar heat than ones with clear glass panes. As a result, less heat enters through the glass, so the house is easier to cool.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) breaks the country into 3 zones. To meet the standards, windows used in areas like Florida and Southern Texas must have a SHGC rating of .40 or lower and a U-factor of .75 or lower. Mike Blake Custom Homes EEE program meets or exceeds these standards.
The final system that forms the EEE program is the heating and air conditioning system which includes;
- Heating and cooling equipment,
- and Thermostat.
Heating and Cooling Components
The HVAC system components are very important aspect of overall energy efficiency. The air handler pulls the old conditioned air in your home across an evaporator coil in the attic. When the air passes across the evaporator coil the moisture in the air condenses and is pulled out of the air. When the moisture is removed, the air becomes cooled and exits the air handler back to the home through the ducting system. Moisture removal is the most important principle in the function of air-conditioning. A properly sized air conditioning system maintains a delicate balance between moisture removal and airflow back into the home. A system that is undersized will run longer than needed in order to extract the correct amount of moister, while an over sized unit will propel cool air to fast into the home not allowing enough moisture to be taken out of the air. This will result in a cool but clammy feeling home and can promote mold and bacteria growth.
Cooling unit efficiency is expressed as a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating or SEER. The higher the SEER rating the more efficient the system. A higher SEER rating means that the unit is able to extract more BTU’s from the home while using a smaller amount of electricity to complete the task. The less electricity used the greater the energy savings. Many times consumers are lead to believe they must have a high SEER rated equipment. Although SEER is important it has been my experience that if the other permanent components are addressed there is less need for high rated SEER system. Again if we take a layered approach to energy efficient construction no one component needs to be over done especially mechanical components that will wear out eventually.
It is estimated up to 10% of heating and cooling efficiency is lost due to air loss through the system. To prevent air loss and insure an energy efficient closed loop system all ducts are sealed (gray material) to the exchange. The corners of the exchange and ducts are also taped with silver insulation tape to further prevent air loss. By sealing all the return air registers, electrical penetrations in the air handler and insulating and sealing the supply registers the system performs like a closed loop system. Typically the ducts are suspended from the roof rafters to provide straighter more direct runs, reduce risk of crushing the ducts and provide ease of inspection.
Thermostats control the entire HVAC system. The thermostat recognizes when the temperature in the home has reached the set temperature and activates the system. Digital setback thermostats allow the convenience of setting the system to activate in accordance with four preset temperature models. The Honeywell thermostat that Mike Blake Homes utilizes recognizes each and every day the temperature in your home and changes it’s time of activation each day in order to reach the desired temperature by the preset time.
It is estimated that the Honeywell setback thermostat can save up to 33% of your heating and cooling bill, as compared to a standard manual thermostat, assuming of course that all features are properly used.
Better construction and the Mike Blake Homes EEE program creates added benefits of better air quality and sound control. Improving indoor air quality is a goal of many new home buyers, especially for those suffering from allergies, asthma or other respiratory problems. Mike Blake Homes EEE program provides an extremely air tight building envelope by eliminating random air leakage, the penetration of dust, allergens and pollutants can be significantly reduced. It allows you to develop a controlled indoor environment so we can design your heating and cooling equipment to maximize air quality. Fresher air should ensure a better night’s sleep and you won’t have to open your windows to achieve it. Humidity can be better controlled so you can eliminate the health concerns about mold and mildew.
The Mike Blake Homes EEE program is a smart, effective way to insulate walls to absorb sound waves at varying frequencies, making it possible to design cost effective wall and ceilings with a Sound Transmission Class (STC rating) of 50 or more. With a STC rating of 50, noises from outside are not easily heard. Walls absorb sound, not make it. A fairly quiet room has between 30-50dB of background noise. A home theater boasts of up to 100dB, which means your walls need a STC rating of 50 or more to give the rest of your home a little peace and quiet. A 100dB theater system would produce an overwhelming 70dB of sound in a typical wood stud construction room. But a wall built with using EEE wall system under the same conditions would produce a noise level of just 50dB, that’s 75% quieter.
The obvious and immediate impact to a home constructed using the Pinnacle Homes EEE program is a lower utility costs. In fact, all of our homes meet the Energy Star standards for new construction. Energy Star is a government backed program that helps us all save money and protect our environment with energy efficient products and practices. Mike Blake Homes is the only 100% Energy Star Certified custom home builder in East Texas.
As you have read, EEE program goes beyond energy efficiency. It’s about providing energy efficient, healthier, quieter and overall more comfort that makes the EEE program the choice for performance and comfort minded buyers.
End your search for custom homes in Dallas, Pittsburg, Winnsboro, Tyler, Sulphur Springs and in Rockwall with Mike Blake Homes. Contact us today for FREE home estimation.
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In preparation for the opening of the newly created Bayfront Park in 1925, the City of Miami extended SE First Street from SE Second Avenue to South Bayshore Boulevard. The boulevard was later renamed to Biscayne Boulevard.
Prior to the extension of the street, the land being constructed in the photo (Figure 1), was part of Royal Palm Park. The park was privately owned and associated with the Royal Palm Hotel. By the early 1920s, the people of Miami felt the need for a city owned park and began the planning and construction of Bayfront Park. Figure 2 is a Sanborn Map showing the layout of South First Street and Royal Palm Park in 1924.
On the left side of the photograph is the Huntington Building. It is located at 168 SE First Street (southwest corner of SE Second Avenue & SE First Street), and was under construction when this picture was taken. The building opened in the summer of 1926. The Huntington Building is still standing today and used as office condominiums.
On the right side of the photograph was Hotel Urmey. It was located on the northwest corner of SE Second Avenue and SE First Street. The hotel was built in 1916 and opened on January 4, 1917. The hotel was razed in 2005 and the Centro Lofts recently opened at the former location of “The Urmey”.
The featured photograph in this article is part of the Gleason Waite Romer collection at the Miami-Dade Public Library. Romer photographed a lot of Miami and surrounding areas beginning in the 1920s and into the 1960s. He died in 1971 and his collection of negatives were donated to the Miami-Dade Public Library in 1998.Click Here to Subscribe
- Cover: Work on SE First Street in 1925. Courtesy of Miami-Dade Public Library as part of the Romer Collection.
- Figure 1: Same as above (larger).
- Figure 2: Sanborn Map: 1921 – 1924.
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Institute for War and Peace Reporting | Giving Voice, Driving Change
Saving Chechnya's Past
In the centre of Grozny stands a war-damaged five-storey building, with its windows replaced by polythene sheeting where the glass has been blown out. The view may be uninviting, but walk through the metal door standing ajar on the ground floor and you will find yourself in Chechnya’s main museum.
The National Museum is one of just three to survive the ravages of war. It is itself a product of conflict - set up in 1996 at the end of the first Chechen war to amalgamate what was left of the archaeological finds and cultural artefacts from the Chechen State Museum and the Zakharov museum’s collection of Russian and European paintings and sculptures.
Before the war, the State Museum had over 250,000 items in its possession, but the building and much of the collection were destroyed in the 1994-96 conflict, and just 29,000 items, most of them ethnographic, were saved.
Adnan Mazhidov, Chechnya’s deputy culture minister, says many unique exhibits have been lost forever. “Ninety per cent of the [State] Museum’s collection was destroyed,” he said, noting that funds have now been earmarked to replenish the collection.
In recent years, as the second war which began in 1999 subsided in intensity, the Russian government sent in a team of art restorers and curators who scoured the basements of devastated museums and were able to salvage 500 of the 950 paintings once held in Chechnya. Mazhidov says 95 paintings are now undergoing restoration.
It is not just war that has laid waste to Chechnya’s museums. In 1992, well before hostilities began, museum staff recall seeing people dealing openly in plundered exhibits, in the free-for-all of President Jokhar Dudaev’s administration.
“No one was there to stop them,” said one employee who did not want to be named. “Generally, you could get most money for old belts, both men’s and women’s, for tsarist-era decorations and of course kinzhals [long daggers].”
Between the wars, when the late President Aslan Maskhadov was in charge of Chechnya, the thefts continued. Among the important paintings that were spirited away were “The Capture of Shamil” by Franz Roubot – a painter who documented Russia’s 19th century Caucasian wars – which disappeared without trace from the National Museum, and a portrait of Baron Rokossovksy by Vladimir Makovsky, which later turned up in Russia’s Far East.
Just before the second war began, a stock of archaeological items stored at the Chechen Ministry of Culture went missing. As Alvi Mutsaev, deputy director of the National Museum, notes, “it is precisely the archaeological collections that are impossible to replenish”.
Mutsaev said pictures stolen from the museum sometimes resurface, for example at London auctions. “It’s only thanks to the Russian Ministry of Culture that two 19th century portraits of Count and Countess Zubov have been returned,” he said, referring to paintings that disappeared during the first conflict.
But these are rare occurrences, and the National Museum is far from attaining its goal of becoming the main repository of Chechen culture and history. Even though its budget is funded by the Chechen government and a grant from a Russia-wide cultural programme, the money is barely enough to cover staff wages and running costs.
Almost nothing is left for acquisitions or for the new premises which are so badly needed. By and large, it is the Chechen people themselves who are replenishing the museum, with donations of treasured items from family collections.
Before the National Museum can even dream of making new purchases for its collection, it needs a suitable building in which to house them. Mutsaev sees this as a priority, but his hands are tied. The current building, where the museum occupies only the ground floor, is otherwise residential, with old plumbing and waste pipes liable to burst at any moment. There is no mechanism to regulate temperature, a vital element for preserving fragile exhibits.
A few years ago, the plan was to take over a five-storey former department store just across the road from the current premises. But every time the issue was addressed, something came up to stop it happening. Most recently, in November 2004, the Chechen government ruled that there were “pressing reasons” for keeping the building as a shop.
In compensation, the museum was offered a sizeable plot of land on a main thoroughfare in central Grozny.
The problem was that there was a half-built mosque on the site, started when Maskhadov was in power but never completed. “Demolishing the mosque would be sacrilege, and they wouldn’t give us the money to restore it,” said Mutsaev.
Deputy culture minister Mazhidov, told IWPR that Moscow’s Tretyakov Gallery is now developing plans for the construction of a museum complex on the site.
Museum staff employees say that while the plans could well result in a fine building, they foresee many obstacles to it ever becoming a reality.
First and foremost is the financing for the project. According to Roza Yusupova, head of the Chechen culture ministry’s finance department, the building work alone, not counting fitting out the interior, will cost 150 million roubles, over five million dollars.
Mutsaev still hopes he might get the store across the road. It is solid constructed and its central location would bring visitors flocking. “On the first two floors I’d house the permanent ancient collection,” he said. “On the other floors there’d be the archaeological collection and research areas. The basement is ideally equipped for the reserve collection and we’d build studios for restoration work in the courtyard.”
While Mutsaev dreams, Chechnya has seen two new museums open in the past year. In autumn 2004, a brand new museum was opened to commemorate the life and work of Akhmad Kadyrov, the Moscow-backed Chechen president who died in a bomb-attack in May 2004. And this spring saw the opening of another museum to commemorate the Second World War.
The National Museum will just have to wait.
Asya Ramazanova is a correspondent for the Chechenskoe Obshchestvo newspaper in Grozny.
- Europe & Eurasia
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Electric vehicles can solve a lot of problems today. They can reduce urban pollution and ecological damage by eliminating CO2 emissions. They can also help cut down on household fuel expenses and reduce the dependency on foreign oil. Even the silent operation of the vehicles can be a good thing, as it minimizes the noise pollution in urban areas.
However, the sales of EV vehicles aren’t as robust as some may have hoped. To reverse this trend, the Obama White House released a plan in November 2016 to create a country-wide alternative fuel network for EV vehicles.
The network was planned to include 55 interstate highways, and most of them (48, to be exact) will be EV charging stations. All these charging stations cover up to 25,000 total miles of roads. Drivers will find helpful signs along these corridors to help them find the locations where they can charge up their electric batteries and the network plan also hopes to have at least one EV charging station for every area within a 50-mile radius.
Owners of EVs can check the location list already posted by the Federal Highway Administration, and the list also indicates which ones have been approved for the signage. The list also indicates the types of fuel available for each corridor.
Of course, the new Trump administration may prove to be a hindrance. After all, this new administration is hostile the very idea of climate change, and it has offered a warm friendship to the fuel fossil industry. But the idea of more EC charging corridors have taken root, and states may very well act on their own to provide an alternative fuel network even without federal assistance.
It’s Another Important Milestone
This network of charging station corridors is just another initiative from the government. It follows an initial offer of loan guarantees totaling up to $4.5 billion to help create more EV stations all over the country. The Obama administration also formed a partnership with prominent companies in the alternative fuel industry, including car companies such as Daimler, BMW, Nissan, Ford, GM, and Tesla.
The number of EV charging stations has already expanded greatly, but it’s not enough. In 2008, there are just 500 of these charging stations in the country. Within 6 years, that number multiplied by 40, and the number of charging stations grew to more than 16,000.
Other earlier developments are also encouraging for greater EV sales. The price of batteries has gone down significantly, and this has helped greatly. From 2008 to 2014, the price of batteries went down by 70%. In fact, experts predict that by 2030 (or even by 2025), the prices of batteries will be so affordable that EV prices can be similar to the price tags found on cars with traditional internal combustion engines.
Still, 66,000 plug-in electric cars were sold by July of 2016 for the year. Add the 161,000 hybrid electric cars and you have a lot more fuel-efficient cars. A grand total of 773,563 electric cars were sold worldwide in 2016. Yet these numbers pale in comparison with the sales figures of fossil-fuel cars.
The rather lackluster sales of EVs may indicate that the number of charging stations is clearly not enough, which has resulted in the November 2016 plan for EC charging corridors on major highways. Car companies are doing their part by improving the current technology, starting with improved travel ranges that can reach up to 200 miles.
Other Potential Initiatives
So what else can the EV industry do to boost sales for plug-in electronic cars and hybrid models? Here are some suggestions:
· Offer cheaper alternatives to premium EV models. Consumer response the Tesla EVs has been outstanding and encouraging. Tesla first appealed to more well-off buyers with the luxury options available in the Tesla Model S. Tesla even came up with the Roadster, which is a premium Tesla sports car with an electric motor.
But to truly expand the customer base, the prices must still drop. This can be done by lowering the range, which may suit the needs of urban users who only need the cars to get to work and for some odd chores and outings. As it stands, the upfront costs of EVs are much higher than with typical internal combustion cars, and this has to change.
· Clarify the monetary savings. People don’t really realize how much they can save by using EVs. When they see that they can save hundreds of dollars, they may be more convinced.
· Educate the people about the need to make the switch. Buyers have to know exactly what kind of damage is being done with the popular use of internal combustion engines. The health damage should be particularly emphasized.
At least with the new network of charging stations, concerns about getting stranded with no power can be alleviated. But it’s not enough to ensure that more people buy EVs in the future.
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Table of Contents
- 1 How can I improve my sentence skills?
- 2 How can I improve my English writing skills?
- 3 How can I improve my academic writing skills?
- 4 How can I enrich my vocabulary?
- 5 How can I solve my vocabulary problems?
- 6 What are some fun ways to teach vocabulary?
- 7 How do you teach words?
- 8 How do you review vocabulary words in a fun way?
- 9 How can I teach English vocabulary effectively?
- 10 What is vocabulary techniques?
- 11 What are basic ESL teaching skills?
- 12 How can students improve listening skills?
- 13 How do I teach my child to listen skills?
- 14 How can students improve their reading skills?
How can I improve my sentence skills?
How to Improve Your Sentence StructureEnsure the information within the sentence is clear. Make sure to use transitional words. Use care with subordinate clauses. Use active voice. Use active verbs. Follow traditional grammatical rules.
How can I improve my English writing skills?
Here are some tips to help you feel more confident with writing, and improve your English writing skills:Read as much as you can. Keep an English dictionary. Brush up your grammar. Check your spelling before and after writing.Keep a diary in English. Learn how to expand your basic sentences into more elaborate ones.
How can I improve my academic writing skills?
Nine Basic Ways to Improve Your Style in Academic WritingUse ACTIVE VOICE. Don’t say: “The stepmother’s house was cleaned by Cinderella.” (Passive.) Mix it up in terms of PUNCTUATION. Vary your SENTENCE STRUCTURE. Closely related to this, avoid CHOPPINESS. Avoid REPETITION. Be CONCISE. Use the VOCABULARY that you know. But also work on expanding your VOCABULARY.
How can I enrich my vocabulary?
7 Ways to Improve Your VocabularyDevelop a reading habit. Vocabulary building is easiest when you encounter words in context. Use the dictionary and thesaurus. Play word games. Use flashcards. Subscribe to “word of the day” feeds. Use mnemonics. Practice using new words in conversation.
How can I solve my vocabulary problems?
10 Sure-Fire Strategies to Improve Your VocabularyRead Voraciously. It’s undeniable that reading is the most effective way to get new vocabulary. Make Friends with the Dictionary. Use It or Lose It. Learn One New Word a Day. Understand the True Meaning of Words. Maintain a Personal Lexicon. Follow a Process. Play and Have Fun.
What are some fun ways to teach vocabulary?
5 Fun Ways to Teach VocabularyDraw a picture.Make a picture dictionary.Make a sentence.Match a word.Mime it.Pick a synonym or antonym.
How do you teach words?
How to teach:Introduce each new word one at a time. Say the word aloud and have students repeat the word. Reflect. Read the text you’ve chosen. Ask students to repeat the word after you’ve read it in the text. Use a quick, fun activity to reinforce each new word’s meaning. Play word games. Challenge students to use new words.
How do you review vocabulary words in a fun way?
7 Best Ways to Review VocabularyWeave a Web. Use an idea web to review any themed vocabulary your students have studied. Put Your Cards on the Table. Have students create their own set of vocabulary flash cards. Join the Chorus. Fill Everyone In. Get Your Point Across. Get Together. Keeping Order.
How can I teach English vocabulary effectively?
What is the best way to teach ESL vocabulary?Create a context around words you teach. Teach relevant ESL vocabulary. Consider your students’ age. Show images or drawings. Present vocabulary with realia. Introduce new words in the context of a story or article students read.
What is vocabulary techniques?
Vocabulary is the knowledge of words and word meanings. wide or extensive independent reading to expand word knowledge. instruction in specific words to enhance comprehension of texts containing those words. instruction in independent word-learning strategies, and.
What are basic ESL teaching skills?
Successful EFL / ESL teachers have these 5 characteristics in common:Excellent Interpersonal Communication Skills. A successful teacher should enjoy people, show enthusiasm and excitement in the classroom, and be positive. An Attitude of Flexibility. Appropriate Classroom Management. Meaningful Lessons. Cultural Awareness.
How can students improve listening skills?
Improve the active listening skills of both you and your child by following these 5 tips:Maintain eye contact.Don’t interrupt.Ask questions.Repeat back what the speaker says.Listen for total meaning.
How do I teach my child to listen skills?
Get their full attention. Make reading an interactive activity. Play listening games. Play “story chain” Place an emphasis on common speech signals. Help your child to build their vocabulary. Be a good listener too. Remember that most young children have short attention spans.
How can students improve their reading skills?
8 Tips to Help Students Build Better Reading SkillsAnnotate and highlight text. Teach your students to highlight and underline valuable information as they read. Personalize the content. Practice problem solving skills. Incorporate more senses. Understand common themes. Set reading goals. Read in portions. Let students guide their reading.
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://holidaymountainmusic.com/how-can-i-improve-my-sentence-skills/
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en
| 0.885883 | 1,152 | 3.3125 | 3 |
By: Elizabeth Weihmiller
I was facilitating our EQ (Emotional Intelligence) class for a client the other day and they asked me a question I had never thought about in-depth. I felt it was a great distinction and not one that is readily thought of. It is also an important distinction to remember for everyday life. The question was:
What is the difference between your mood and your attitude?
You can’t always control your mood. Mood is “a state or quality of feeling at a particular time”. I know there are people who say otherwise but your mood can come out of nowhere from just about from anything. You can control your attitude. Attitude is how you think about a situation. You can choose the attitude you have in different scenarios even if your mood may be entirely different. Some examples:
1) You wake up in the morning feeling sluggish and wanting to just stay in bed but you have to go to work. You can succumb to your mood and have a “lost day” or you can choose your attitude and recognize that it’s a great day and no matter what you face you have an opportunity to grow and learn and make a contribution.
2) You’re driving to work and someone cuts you off making you angry. You always have the option to hold onto your angry mood but how will that help you. Or, you can choose to let the incident go and have a positive attitude when you walk into work, or wherever it is you are going. Brush the incident off and recognize that you don’t know what was going on in the other person’s life at that moment.
3) You got yelled at by your boss. You may feel frustrated or angry – your mood. You can let it take you down and control you or you can choose to change how you look at the situation – your attitude – and how you can learn something from the situation. Or you can look at what you can change to better meet your boss’s standards.
It is completely possible and happens all the time that your attitude can eventually change your mood.
Start becoming aware of what your mood and attitude are at any given point in time. Do they match? Are they different? Are you choosing to change your attitude to compensate for your mood? Then, take action by really focusing on creating the attitude that will move you forward and help you be successful no matter your mood.
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<urn:uuid:06c6a55d-f926-46ec-ac94-8061c2386730>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://strategicalignmentpartners.com/2017/04/mood-vs-attitude/
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en
| 0.968512 | 503 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Happy Earth Day! Say thanks to mother nature!
Social Media Editor
Today, April 22, is Earth Day; but many people don’t seem to know why we celebrate it. Earth Day marks the anniversary of the beginning of the modern environmental movement in 1970.
At this time, Americans used a lot of gas, the air was polluted, and more times you’d hear “environment” in a spelling bee than on the news. The world was getting more and more polluted by the day and it was all accepted.
Rachel Carson wrote a New York Times bestseller named “Silent Spring” in 1962, and it was beginning to raise public awareness and concern for the conditions that were considered okay and normal. It helped to link pollution and public health. The idea behind celebrating this day, is to open your eyes to your environment and to spend the day trying to help out the environment, even if it means walking to where you want to go for one day.
The day became a national day to focus on the environment after the U.S. Senator from Wisconsin at the time, Gaylord Nelson, witnessed the aftermath of the 1969 massive oil spill in California. He helped to bring awareness to air and water pollution. It’s celebrated on April 22, which conveniently falls between Spring Break and Final Exams.
On April 22, 1970, over 15 million people demonstrated for a healthy environment by partaking in rallies from coast to coast, going in streets, parks, and auditoriums.
Colleges and universities organized protests against the deterioration of the environment, fighting against oil spills, polluting factories and power plants, raw sewage, toxic dumps, pesticides, freeways, the loss of wilderness, and the extinction of wildlife.
Earth Day today tends to focus on global warming and pushing for clean energy. Along with the new focus however, there’s a whole new group of anti-protesters. These are the climate change deniers, well-funded oil lobbyists, some politicians, disinterested people, and a divided community for environmental issues.
So this Earth Day, go out. Plant some trees. Ride that bike. Help your environment because we only have one Earth and we need to take care of it together.
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<urn:uuid:40918c15-cc5b-4103-b3ea-c81ae1141b23>
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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http://myvikingvoice.com/2016/04/22/happy-earth-day-say-thanks-to-mother-nature/
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en
| 0.962933 | 463 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Use Conditional Formatting to apply formatting, such as colored shading, to cells in a column based on their values. For example, in the following worksheet, cells in C1 that contain values greater than 150 have red shading and text.
You can apply more than one rule to a column. For example, for a column of test scores, you can apply one rule that formats cells that contain passing scores as green. You can then apply an additional rule to the same column that formats cells that contain failing scores as red. Conditional formatting rules are reapplied when the worksheet view refreshes.
You can subset a worksheet by rows that contain cell formatting. Click in the worksheet and choose , or .
If you want to apply formatting to adjacent cells manually, regardless of the values, select the cells and choose.
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/18/help-and-how-to/manipulate-data-in-worksheets-columns-and-rows/how-to/apply-conditional-formatting-to-cells/overview/
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en
| 0.909881 | 169 | 3.609375 | 4 |
HIST 1301 April 13, 2013 Summary of Interview with Sarah Garner Mrs. Sarah was a slave in Westmoreland County, and conducted an interview with Archibald Hill. She describes that she did not have an overseer for her labor, in which he expected them to do good work. If they didn’t complete the work, he was at liberty to whip them. She also describes her first time getting whipped as very unpleasant when she didn’t know how to do the labor. Garner was born in Tennessee and her mother, Jula, was born in Virginia. Garner’s husband, Theodore, was born in Blackground, and married him when she was eighteen.
Her master bought him and his mother when he was 8 years old. Garner also had two brothers. Next, she describes planting the farm as a child. She’d have to pick it off wit her feet. They had plows so all the work wasn’t done by hand. She explains that she could do as much work as any man could handle. You had to stake the land crossways and plow the open rows. The master had one plow but was having more made at the shops. They made the plows by hand. She was never a house person, which her mother was. She thought of herself as a farmer. She could do any gung; milked cows and hauled flowers.
She never had to cook, iron, clean, or wash for the white people. She worked from the day she was born until the day she left. Her mother raised her to be strong. Garner worked outside while her mother stayed inside doing housework. Garner never talked about being able to read and write. Her mother cooked them all meals after the white family ate. At night her mother taught life lessons to all of her siblings. Her father usually worked from early mornings to late at night. On of the main reasons masters didn’t want their slaves to become Christians involved the Bible.
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This was one reason why most plantation owners did what they could to stop their slaves from learning to read. In the South, black people were not usually allowed to attend church services. Black people in the North were more likely to attend church services. Drums, which were used in traditional religious ceremonies, where banned because overseers worried that they would be used to send messages. Garner raised 12 children. When her son got old enough to care for himself, she moved away. She had three sons. When her son died, she came back here.
Her 12 children including her daughters all grew up to go elsewhere. Most of them went North. Some went to Philadelphia, New York or Virginia. Her youngest son died shortly after he was married. She believed that they were in God’s hands, and did what God wanted. They all went their own separate ways when the got old enough. They come back to see family sometimes. Garner becomes excited when asked about life up North, until she sees the labor involved, and she thinks about the work she used to do at home. She lived a healthy life and she enjoys being free.
Did you know that we have over 70,000 essays on 3,000 topics in our database?
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https://phdessay.com/slave-narrative-sarah-garner/
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en
| 0.995014 | 675 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Reporting Tick Bites to Public Health Agencies Helps ID Risk Areas for Lyme Disease
The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis)—shown here in adult form (at right) and nymph (on blade of grass at left)—is the primary vector of the bacterial pathogen that causes Lyme disease. A study in Quebec has found that analysis of ticks submitted by citizens to public health agencies can help identify areas of emerging risk for Lyme disease outbreak. (Photo credit: Jim Occi, BugPics, Bugwood.org)
By Andrew Porterfield
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne illness in the United States, amounting to between 20,000 and 35,000 reported cases every year. But not every state reports the disease; instead, nearly all cases come from 14 states, largely in the Northeast or Upper Midwest.
And now, Canada has started to report more cases. In the Province of Quebec alone, human cases have risen from two in 2008 to 174 in 2016. Public health officials are often challenged to find early signs of tick and disease infestation before the number of cases start increasing. The “gold standard” method of surveillance is “active,” which involves collecting tickets through dragging tick habitat with white flannel sampling equipment or capturing rodents and testing for tick presence. This method, however, is expensive, especially if it involves multiple sites and combining drag sampling and rodent capture.
Researchers at the University of Montreal have studied active surveillance as well as two other methods: “passive” methods that involve collecting ticks that are submitted voluntarily by veterinary clinics from pets and documenting reported human cases of Lyme disease that are submitted from medical clinics.
Lyme disease, named after the Connecticut town where it was first discovered, is spread by a bacterial spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried by ticks and some mammals. Typically, a blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) will attach and feed on a mammal, often a rodent or deer. If that mammal is already carrying the pathogen, it can be transmitted to the tick. Or, conversely, an infected tick can transmit it to the host animal, which can then transmit it to other ticks. Then, when an infected tick bites a human, the human can become infected and contract the disease.
Marion Ripoche, a Ph.D. student at the University of Montreal, and her team discovered that passive surveillance was the most accurate method for predicting an emerging risk of Lyme disease. The team published its results today in the Journal of Medical Entomology.
The researchers used data collected in Quebec from 2009 to 2014 on I. scapularis collected through passive surveillance and tick nymphs collected through active methods (nymphs are far more prevalent and active, so make a better active collection target), as well as human disease reports.
For passive surveillance testing, the team used census subdivision data that had at least one passive tick report or human case (totaling 870 cases). To test active surveillance, they looked at census data and density of nymphs or infected nymphs, totaling 217 cases. They also collected human cases and compared active surveillance as a possible predictor of passive tick submissions.
Between 2009 and 2014, 6,261 I. scapularis larvae, nymphs, or adults were gathered through active surveillance. Of those, 13.4 percent were positive for B. burgdorferi. During the same period, passive surveillance data showed 1,702 people submitted a tick, mostly adults. About 12.9 percent were positive for B. burgdorferi. For human cases, 145 diseases were reported, 92 from local sites.
The study found that all three methods could signal some risk of a Lyme disease outbreak but that passive surveillance had the strongest relationship, comparing number of people bitten by a tick and the eventual number of human cases reported. The passive surveillance method could detect areas with at least three human cases and showed its usefulness as an early-detection system for public health officials.
“Public health authorities need an early signal for the timely detection of new at-risk areas,” the authors write. “This finding is significant in that it shows that the volume of passive tick submissions received from a municipality, which is the most geographically continuous signal of risk currently available, is able to successfully predict the emergence of human cases in that municipality.”
The researchers emphasize, however, that passive surveillance is good at early detection, but it should work in concert with the other two methods, not as a replacement. Both dragging and capture (active) and reported humn cases are essential for further determination of the extent of an infection, and successful public health agencies (such as in the Province of Quebec) will employ all three methods.
“Passive Tick Surveillance Provides an Accurate Early Signal of Emerging Lyme Disease Risk and Human Cases in Southern Canada” Journal of Medical Entomology https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjy030/4911759
Andrew Porterfield is a writer, editor, and communications consultant for academic institutions, companies, and nonprofits in the life sciences. He writes frequently about agriculture issues for the Genetic Literacy Project. He is based in Camarillo, California. Follow him on Twitter at @AMPorterfield or visit his Facebook page.
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CC-MAIN-2019-04
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https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/03/17/reporting-tick-bites-to-public-health-agencies-helps-id-risk-areas-for-lyme-disease/
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en
| 0.952412 | 1,120 | 3.484375 | 3 |
There is no difference.
Design is art, art is design.
Any good artist is designing their work. Any good designer has an art to their work.
The artist "designs" the composition of any piece they create, be it a painting, sculpture, furniture, etc. There is design even in a child's drawing. They choose where the sun goes, where the dog is, where the grass stops, etc. That's all design within artwork.
The designer uses "artistic" choices to create appealing images. Colors, line weight, position, proximity, scale, motion, are all artistic choices made by a "designer".
If any possible difference does exist, it could possibly be argued that there is a responsibility difference. But that does not convey to any of the work specifically. Those who self-classify themselves as "designers" may perhaps be more time clock punchers while creating art. And those who self-classify as an "artist" may be slightly more free to create their designs when the mood strikes them.
I see this question as being similar to asking, "Is that a dollar or a buck?", "A quid or a pound?" Same thing.... just different terminology.
Designer: a person who devises or executes designs, especially one who creates forms, structures, and patterns, as for works of art or machines.
1 a person who produces works in any of the arts that are primarily subject to aesthetic criteria.
a person who practices one of the fine arts, especially a painter or sculptor.
a person whose trade or profession requires a knowledge of design, drawing, painting, etc.: a commercial artist.
a person who works in one of the performing arts, as an actor, musician, or singer; a public performer: a mime artist; an artist of the dance.
a person whose work exhibits exceptional skill.
I've crossed out obvious unrelated definitions, but the other three are pretty much the same as the definition of "Designer"
In today's world, many may see a "designer" as a computer operator and sadly many designers may see themselves that way as well. However, design traditionally has required great craftsmanship, steady hands, a good artistic eye, etc. Design hasn't always been as simple as launching an application and them moving some objects around on a digital page. There is art in it, same as there is design in art.
I, personally, don't know any designers who would not also qualify themselves as artists. I do know several artists who would not qualify themselves as designers, but that's more a bigoted stance about money than the actual work.
Were the designers who created the wonderful music posters and album covers of the 60s and 70s not artists?
Was Paul Rand not an artist?
Saul Bass and Milton Glazer merely designers with no "art" in their work?
I think not.
Oh so many down votes.... :) Apparently a great deal of designers think they aren't artists or a great deal of artists think they aren't designers.
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<urn:uuid:86051161-3dd6-483b-8c4d-58b5f0739208>
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/30709/what-is-the-difference-between-a-designer-and-an-artist
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en
| 0.97197 | 634 | 2.90625 | 3 |
|Town/Region||Puerto Nariño, Amazonas|
|Continent||Central and Latin America|
|Categories||Education, Marine, Turtles|
|Date||5 Aug 2008|
The Natutama Foundation built an Interpretation Centre to represent the underwater world and reinforce conservation and education in Colombian Amazon communities in 2005. More than 20 indigenous educators and fishermen/researchers (many of them former hunters of manatees, pirarucus and other species) form a team committed to protecting endangered flora and fauna, while about 1.000 schoolchildren in the Puerto Nariño municipal school system are reached by our environmental education work.
The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) was hunted almost to extinction locally but now appears to be recovering as a result of our work to stop hunting. The side-neck turtles (Podocnemis expansa, P.unifilis, P.sextuberculata) have been drastically reduced due to captures and sacking of nests. The pirarucu fish (Arapaima gigas) has virtually disappeared from some lakes and we are collaborating with local entities to enforce off-seasons and other conservation strategies.
The turtle protection programme includes nightly beach patrols by 14 people from the local community during the laying season, in collaboration with the Aticoya indigenous authority. When a nest “at risk” is found, the eggs are transferred to an artificial beach at the Fundacion Natutama. The hatchlings are released immediately on the beaches from which the nests were taken. Manatees are monitored throughout the year, with counts made by fishermen in the lakes during high water and the river during low water. In particular, we try to prevent nets being set in key habitat areas and we use an extensive fishermen’s network to collect information on captures and mortality of manatees and pirarucu. We also map pirarucu nests and carry out fish counts during the low water period.
We aim to contribute in both a practical way – with specific actions to benefit turtles, manatees and pirarucu fish – and in a long term sense – through education and conservation strategies – to help people conserve and manage their resources. Above all, we try to ensure that the results of our conservation work are fed back into the community by the Ticuna and Yagua indigenous researchers and educators on a daily basis. In order to achieve this, we use story telling, theatre, puppets and games as well as more conventional environmental education methods and the resources of the Interpretation Centre.
For more information contact:
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.rufford.org/rsg/projects/sarita_kendall
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en
| 0.933586 | 548 | 3.171875 | 3 |
- Protection from extremes of heat, cold, dampness, and dryness.
- Protection from dust, vermin, chemicals, and atmospheric impurities. Always be on the lookout for evidence of insects or rodents and, if necessary, take the proper measures for extermination. If books or scrapbook pages look nibbled on, a pest problem may exist.
- Shielding from excessive light, either sunlight or artificial.
- Climate control, at approximately 70 degrees Fahrenheit and 50 percent relative humidity. Aiming at the ideal is a goal. Stable temperature and humidity levels are the keys to long-term storage.
- Boxes placed on sturdy shelving made of either steel, with a baked enamel finish, or sealed wood. Raw wood emits gases that are harmful to photographs and papers.
- Avoidance of metal filing cabinets as a storage mechanism for archival records. Materials stored in filing cabinets tend to slump and are subjected to more physical wear and tear, as well as greater infiltration of air-borne pollutants, than if they were appropriately boxed and shelved.
- Filing and materials used for the storage of original records, including folders and envelopes, should be of acid-free paper stock.
- Careful removal of foreign objects, such as rubber bands, paper clips, and staples. When these items rust and deteriorate, they harm papers, books, and photographs. Papers should be clean and unfolded.
- No use of pressure-sensitive tape on records of enduring value. These tapes (such as Scotch tape) eventually stain papers or photographs.
The archivist should know when a collection is being used and for what purpose. Items being referenced should be used near the archives, not “borrowed.” The archivist is responsible for seeing that a written record of any file or item removed—including the purpose for which it was removed and the name of the person who did so—should be left with the collection.
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<urn:uuid:8a0a917b-cb3c-4c8f-885e-9de833be2416>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://heritage.kappaalphatheta.org/page/preserveandprotectthearchive
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806310.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121021058-20171121041058-00616.warc.gz
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en
| 0.937009 | 399 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A coronal mass ejection and prominence eruption observed in
white light from the SMM (Solar Maximum Mission) spacecraft. The time of each
panel increases from left to right.
The dashed inner circle in each panel is the solar radius, the occulting
radius is at 1.6 solar radii.
Click on image for full size
Image courtesy of the High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado.
The Sun is not a quiet place, but one that exhibits sudden
releases of energy.
One of the most frequently observed events are solar flares:
sudden, localized, transient increases in brightness
that occur in active regions near
sunspots. They are usually
most easily seen in H-alpha and X-rays, but may have effects
in the entire elecromagnetic spectrum. The X-ray brightness
from a large flare often exceeds the X-ray output from the rest of
the Sun. Another type of event, the coronal mass ejection,
typically disrupt helmet streamers
in the solar corona.
As much as 1e13 (10,000,000,000,000) kilograms of material can be
ejected into the solar wind. Coronal mass ejections propagate
out in the solar wind, where they may encounter the Earth
and influence geomagnetic activity. Coronal mass ejections are often
(but not always) accompanied by prominence eruptions, where
the cool, dense prominence material also erupts outward.
All of these forms of solar activity are believed to be driven by
energy release from the solar magnetic field. How this energy release
occurs, and the relationship between different types of solar activity,
is one of the many puzzles facing solar physicists today.
The amount of solar activity on the Sun is not constant, and is closely
related to the typical number of sunspots that are visible.
The number of sunspots and the levels of solar
activity vary with an 11 year period known as the
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Sunspots are dark, planet-sized regions that appear on the "surface" of the Sun. Sunspots are "dark" because they are colder than the areas around them. A large sunspot might have a temperature of about...more
The gas in the solar corona is at very high temperatures (typically 1-2 million kelvins in most regions) so it is almost completely in a plasma state (made up of charged particles, mostly protons and electrons)....more
Rising above the Sun's chromosphere , the temperature jumps sharply from a few tens of thousands of kelvins to as much as a few million kelvins in the Sun's outer atmosphere, the solar corona. Understanding...more
An active region on the Sun is an area with an especially strong magnetic field. Sunspots frequently form in active regions. Active regions appear bright in X-ray and ultraviolet images. Solar activity,...more
The Ulysses space probe has begun to investigate the Sun during solar maximum. Ulysses is now observing the South pole of the Sun. Ulysses has passed this way before, but during solar minimum. "Ulysses...more
The thermosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The thermosphere is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. It extends from about 90 km (56 miles) to between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to...more
The solar wind is formed as the Sun's top layer blows off into space, carrying magnetic fields still attached to the Sun. Gusts form in the solar wind associated with violent events on the Sun. Particles...more
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CC-MAIN-2019-09
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https://www.windows2universe.org/sun/solar_activity.html
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en
| 0.92116 | 831 | 3.328125 | 3 |
TECHNOLOGY CAN ENHANCE LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
I recently attended the H. E. McCracken Middle School and Bluffton High School technology night showcase and was impressed on several levels. As I went through the various exhibits, it was evident the students were very proud of their projects and their enthusiasm was clearly demonstrated in their presentations. Computer technology and how it relates to science, business, math, English, social studies, related arts, SPED/ESOL and JROTC was on display. The JROTC was especially impressive with their well tailored uniforms and inspiring deportment.
When asked, many of the student presenters knew the career path they wanted to follow and had even selected a college they felt would help them achieve success. However, many felt learning would be greatly enhanced if more technology was integrated into the classroom. One student was already using an iPad to complete a portion of his homework. Some suggested the availability of nooks or kindles in the school library would greatly improve interest and access to reading materials. Even at the middle school level, the students showed a keen awareness of the need for more technology integrated curriculum.
The technology on display was clearly a useful tool and learning facilitator. The presentations were a fun experience that could have been enjoyed by all parents and students alike. However, parents and other student attendance was sparse. If students are to reach their full learning potential, technology infused curriculum is important, along with parent, teacher, and community involvement.
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<urn:uuid:9b9b2877-9a0e-4fd9-88b2-297ae8dd6ae6>
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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http://www.blufftontoday.com/bluffton-opinion/2012-02-08/technology-can-enhance-learning-achievement
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en
| 0.98865 | 306 | 2.875 | 3 |
Question: This past summer, we adopted two two-month-old kittens from a farm. They were healthy when we received them, but each had a black accumulation in the corner of each eye and in their noses. Since then they have had all of their vaccinations, have been dewormed and treated for ear mites, and been neutered.
They are active and growing and appear healthy, but still have this discharge. They are strictly indoor cats. Sometimes the left eye in each of them is a little red. They have no cough or other health problems.
Our vet informed us that they must have had a virus infection and as a result they will shed this virus for the rest of their lives. I clean their eyes and noses at least once a day, but because they have white faces, they do not always look their best. Is there nothing we can do? Will they always have this? We hope you can give us some advice and relieve us and the cats from this routine.
Answer: Black or brown accumulation in the corner of the eyes is not unusual in cats and can even be normal in some. One of the functions of tears is to wash dirt and debris from the surface of the eyes. This dirt and debris in the tears can be deposited in the corners of the eyes or the nostrils and produce the black accumulation that you are seeing.
There is also the possibility that your kittens may have an excessive amount of tearing, a condition called epiphora. Tears contain a pigment called porphyrin, which can darken and stain white fur black or brown.
Epiphora is often associated with an irritation and inflammation of the tissues around the eyes, a condition known as conjunctivitis. One of the most common causes of conjunctivitis in kittens is an upper respiratory virus infection (URI), which is quite common on farms.
In most cats (90 per cent of cases), URI is due to either the rhinotracheitis virus (FVR) or the calici virus (FCV). The rhinotracheitis virus is a highly contagious herpes virus. Besides causing discharge and tearing from the eyes, sneezing, a loss of appetite, fever, drooling, breathing difficulty and occasionally coughing can also occur.
It is not unusual for cats with FVR to have chronic runny eyes even though the initial infection has resolved itself. These cats are referred to as “snufflers” or “chronic carriers” because they tend to have chronic rhinitis/sinusitis along with recurrent bouts of runny eyes and sneezing. These cats can remain persistently infected with FVR for years afterward and during that time can pass the infection on to other cats.
Even if your kittens turn out to be “chronic carriers,” they will otherwise do very well and lead healthy lives.
There is not much else you can do besides keeping the eyes and nose clean. In some cases, antibiotic eye drops or ointment may prove helpful if the conjunctivitis is due to bacteria. There is also a relatively new medication called Enisyl-F that can help reduce the severity of the symptoms in cases where the cause is viral. It is a palatable oral paste containing lysine, which can decrease clinical signs and minimize recurrences. It is often administered for one month, but in some cats it may need to be given for life depending on the advice of your veterinarian.
Dr. Bernhard Pukay is an Ottawa veterinarian. Address letters to Pet Care, Ottawa Citizen, P.O. Box 5020, Ottawa K2C 3M4. Email: [email protected]">[email protected]. Due to the volume of mail, not all letters can be answered.
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Uric acid forms when purines break down in the body. Purines come from certain foods such as organ meats, asparagus, spinach, lentils, beer or wine as well as from the breakdown of proteins in the body. Higher than normal uric acid levels can cause gout, an inflammatory arthritis in the large joints, kidney stones Uric acid levels can vary widely from day to day.
Adult men normally have uric acid levels between 2 and 7.5 mg/dL, while adult women normally have levels between 2 and 6.5 mg/dL. Boys between the ages of 10 and 18 have levels of 3.6 to 5.5 mg/dL and girls levels fall between 3.6 and 4 mg/dL. In men older than age 40, levels range between 2 to 8.5 mg/dL and in women older than 40, between 2 and 8 mg/dL, according to RnCeus.com. Women's levels rise after menopause.
Causes of High Levels
High levels of uric acid can occur from a number of causes. Both overproduction of uric acid or decreased excretion through the kidney or stool can cause higher than normal uric acid levels. The kidneys excrete two-thirds of excess uric acid, while one-third passes through the stools, RnCeus.com states. Excess alcohol consumption, use of diuretics, diabetes, lead poisoning, kidney disease, cancer, toxemia of pregnancy or high purine intake can cause high uric acid levels. Some people have a family tendency toward high uric acid levels. Many drugs, including aspirin, caffeine, theophylline or phenothiazides can causes elevated levels.
Causes of Low Levels
Low levels of uric acid are less common than high levels and usually not serious. Diseases such as Fanconi syndrome, syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormone secretion, also called SIADH, or liver diseases such as Wilson’s disease can cause low uric acid levels. Low purine intake can also cause low uric acid levels. Some drugs, such as allopurinol, used to treat gout, corticosteroids, estrogen, glucose and warfarin can also lower serum uric acid levels. Pregnant women may experience a temporary fall in uric acid levels by around 33 percent, but levels return to normal by the end of pregnancy.
High uric acid levels don’t always result in symptoms. If uric acid crystals accumulate in large joints, most often the big toe, they cause pain, redness and swelling called gout. Decreasing purine intake in the diet to 100 to 150 mg per day by reducing high-purine foods can reduce the risk of developing gout and kidney stones from high uric acid levels. Food that contain purine levels of more than 100 mg include all organ meats, anchovies, bacon, goose, veal, venison and fish such as haddock, codfish, mackerel and herring.
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|Westbury on Trym|
Westbury-on-Trym War Memorial
Boundaries of the city council ward
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With a village atmosphere, the place is partly named after the River Trym, which flows through it.
The origins of Westbury on Trym predate those of Bristol itself. At the end of the 8th century, King Offa of Mercia granted land at Westbury to his minister, Aethelmund. Later there was a monastery at Westbury, probably initially a secular one, with married clergy. This changed towards the end of the 10th century when Oswald of Worcester, in whose diocese the monastery lay, sent a party of 12 monks to follow more stringent rules at the Westbury monastery.
The architect Ednoth constructed a new church and other buildings. The monastery became a college with a dean and canons at the end of the 13th century. It was rebuilt in the mid-15th century to resemble a miniature castle with turrets and a gatehouse. The Royalist Prince Rupert of the Rhine used it as his quarters during the English Civil War. When he left, in 1643, he ordered it to be set on fire so that the Parliamentarians could not make use of it. In the 20th century some of the college buildings were restored. Westbury College Gatehouse passed into the hands of the National Trust and the grounds were adapted for housing elderly people.
The current Church of the Holy Trinity dates from 1194 (although there has been a place of worship on the site since 717), with an early 13th century nave and aisles, and 15th century chancel, chapels and tower. It is a grade I listed building.
The ancient parish of Westbury on Trym was a large one. It included Stoke Bishop, Redland, a large exclave comprising Shirehampton and Avonmouth, and several smaller exclaves in the parish of Henbury. When the civil parish was created in 1866, Shirehampton was separated to form its own civil parish, and in 1894 Redland also became a separate civil parish. In 1904 the civil parish was abolished and absorbed into Bristol. Redland remained in the ecclesiastical parish of Westbury until 1942.
Development of the village into a large suburb of Bristol was started in the 1920s and was well underway by the 30s. Many detached and semi-detached villas were built in this period. Apart from during WW2, major house building did not cease until the 60s.
Falcondale Road was constructed during the 1930s to act as a bypass to the narrow twisting streets of the old village. With the opening of the Filton Bypass in the late 30s, Falcondale Road acted as a major conduit for A38 holiday traffic going to and from the South West. However, when the Filton Bypass was split into two by the construction of the Brabazon Runway in the late 40s, A38 traffic had to be directed to the original route through Filton.
Westbury on Trym High Street has three Indian and one Thai restaurants. There is also the Villager Restaurant (Modern English) at the end of College Road, eight pubs and several cafés. The village centre is well-served for shoppers, containing banks and independent stores including book shops, craft stores, hardware shops, florists, and a number of charity shops. Two free car parks are available and a medium-sized supermarket, built on the site of the previous Carlton cinema, above which there is a ladies only gym. During 2001, a large Sainsbury's was proposed, but the opposition to the plan was so strong from local villagers that the supermarket construction was eventually scrapped. In November 2013 a Tesco Metro opened on the site of a closed pub (The Foresters Tavern) just off the central War Memorial in the Village, its coming had been the subject of much discussion in the village and had been strongly opposed by many.
Schools within the area include Elmlea Infant School, Elmlea Junior School, Bristol Free School and Westbury on Trym Church of England Academy. Independent schools include the prestigious girls' schools Badminton, which has taught pupils such as Indira Gandhi, Princess Haya of Jordan and the daughter of the Sultan of Brunei; Red Maids', the oldest surviving girls' school in England.
A new doctors' surgery has been constructed for Westbury near to the Holy Trinity Church and the Westbury Hill Car Park. This replaces the previous surgery which was housed in a building on Falcondale Road.
Canford Cemetery opened in 1903, acquiring a crematorium in 1957.
Transport routes include the A4018, which runs from the city centre to Cribbs Causeway. Westbury is served by bus routes 1, 5, 20, 55, 501, 502, 508, 624, and service X14 also connects Westbury-on-Trym with Chepstow and Newport, South Wales. The nearest railway station is Sea Mills station at Sea Mills.
Bishop John Carpenter (1399–1476) was an English Bishop, Provost and University Chancellor who was baptised and buried in St Peter's Church, now called Holy Trinity Church, Westbury on Trym. The Westbury Harriers club have adapted Bishop John Carpenter's arms to use as their "crest."
John Wedgwood, the horticulturist and eldest son of potter Josiah Wedgwood, lived at the old Cote House on the edge of Durdham Down from 1797 to 1806. The house, which had Gothic turrets and battlements, was demolished in 1925 to make way for retirement accommodation.
The poet Robert Southey, who later in his life became one of the Lake poets and the Poet Laureate, lived in the village for a year in 1798–99, during which he wrote his Eclogues and much other poetry. His social circle at the time included the Wedgwoods of Cote House and chemist Humphry Davy, who was also living in Bristol then. Southey took part in Davy's experiments with laughing gas.
William Pennefather (1816-1873), the Irish-born clergyman noted for his hymns and sermons, went to school here in the late 1820s.
Dolly Tree the actress, illustrator and Hollywood costume designer was born here
Alice Roberts Ex-Resident. Surfer, Anatomist, Osteoarchaeologist, and noted Humanist. T.V. include the Channel 4 series Time Team, and Digging for History, and Neanderthal.
Sunetra Sarker the actress lives in the area.
- "Westbury-on-Trym" (PDF). 2011 Census Ward Information Sheet. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
- Victoria County History of Gloucestershire: The College of Westbury on Trym
- "Church of the Holy Trinity". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2007.
- Vision of Britain: Boundary map
- Vision of Britain website
- Little, Bryan; Sansom, John (1999). The Story of Bristol from the Middle Ages to Today. Bristol: Redcliffe Press. p. 15. ISBN 1-900178-56-7.
- Westbury-on-Trym Parish Church and College. From the information framed at the entrance of the Church and containing the History of the Vicars etc. Info also from "Bishop Carpenters Monument" in the Chancel of the Parish Church and directly over the Sepulchre in the little Chapel beneath the Chancel.
- "'College: Westbury-on-Trym', A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2 (1907), pp. 106–108". British History Online. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- "The Westbury Harriers Crest – Heraldically, our crest is described as "Paly of six gules and azure on a chevron argent three cross crosslet or; on the top of the chevron is a mitre wrought or." Westbury Harriers club crest: http://www.westburyharriers.co.uk/crest.html See also: http://www.westburyharriers.co.uk/index.html
- Kingsley, Nicholas (1992). The Country Houses of Gloucestershire, Vol.2 1660–1830. Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 109–110. ISBN 0-85033-806-9.
- Cottle, Basil (1980). Robert Southey and Bristol. Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association Pamphlets. pp. 12–14.
- Rees, Joan (1998). Amelia Edwards: Traveller, Novelist and Egyptologist. London: Rubicon. pp. 19, 66, 69. ISBN 0-948695-61-7.
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Josef Max Petzval (1807-1891) designed a photographic-lens and invented the first rapid portrait lens. He gained technical advice from the Viennese optician Peter Voigtlander who also made the first of Petzval's portrait lenses. This became the basic design and was in use for many years. The two men later parted company, with Voigtlander producing a lens in competition with Petzval. Following this and also a burglary, he left optics and moved to acoustics.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library
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A role consists of the social expectations associated with a person's position. In sociology, roles explain why people behave as they do, as people often behave to conform to roles (and commonly face disapproval when they do not). For example, gender roles are expectations linked to gender, as when boys are expected to play sports and girls are expected to like dolls. People are born into some roles, such as gender roles, and choose to take on others (for example, roles related to careers). Sometimes roles conflict; when someone must choose between lying to protect a friend and telling civil authorities the truth, for example, that person's role as a friend conflicts with that person's role as a citizen.
Students are asked to combine what they have learned during the first half of the semester (specifically concerning the transition to a service economy, the changing nature of work, the precarious nature of low wage service sector jobs, unions, work-family conflicts, Third World versus First World problems) to critically interrogate the ongoing exploitation of children and women in sweatshops throughout the world. In other words, why do they exist (why are they allowed to exist)? What will it take to put an end to such exploitation? To what extent are we, as members of the First World, implicated? This is to be a 4-5 page paper, properly referenced using CSU-Global APA standards.•
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Popularity is a fickle thing. Styles, products, social movements and people can be bathing in the spotlight one day and languishing in obscurity the next. And according to a new study, things that catch on most quickly are also abandoned most easily – the faster the rise to prominence, the steeper the fall from grace.
Many researchers have looked into the reasons behind the success of cultural tastes, but Jonah Berger and Gael Le Mens were more interested in the factors that drive them to extinction. To examine that, they looked at the changing popularities of first names in France and the USA over the last 100 years. They found that names that suddenly became popular lost their appeal just as quickly, while those that became more steadily used had more sticking power.
Charlene, for example, became slowly more popular from the turn of the 20th century, peaked in 1950 and declined slowly after. Tricia and Kristi experienced faster rises in the 50s and 60s and fell equally sharply in the 70s and 80s. At their peaks, all three names accounted for around one in every 500 female births in the US, but Charlene had a much larger impact over time because of the slower pace of its change.
It seems that parents are (quite rightly) concerned that fad names will eventually be short-lived. As Berger and Le Mens say, “They may avoid such items to avoid doing something that may later be seen as a flash in the pan.” Of course, that very concern ensures that fast-rising items do become short-lived fads in a very self-fulfilling way.
For humans, our culture is a massive part of our identity, from the way we dress, speak and cook, to the social norms that govern how we interact with our peers. Our culture stems from our ability to pick up new behaviours through imitation, and we are so innately good at this that we often take it for granted.
We now know that chimpanzees have a similar ability, and like us, different groups have their own distinct cultures and traditions.
Now, Andrew Whiten from the University of St Andrews has published the first evidence that groups of chimpanzees can pick up new traditions from each other. In an experimental game of Chinese whispers, he seeded new behaviours in one group and saw that they readily spread to others.
Classical ballet is one of the more conservative of art forms. Dancers express emotion and character through the same vocabulary of postures that was originally set in 1760, and often with entire choreographies that have been handed down for centuries.
But even amid this rigorous cascade of tradition, there is room for change. Over the years, successive generations of ballet dancers have subtly tinkered with positions that are ostensibly fixed and limited by the physical constraints of a dancer’s body. The only changes ought to be a result of the dancers’ varying abilities. But that’s not the case – over the last 60 years, the position of a dancer’s has become increasingly vertical, with the moving leg in particular being lifted ever higher.
Elena Daprati from the University of Rome thinks that these tweaks have been driven by social pressures from audiences. When she reduced pictures of dancers to stick-figure drawings, she found that even people who have never seen a ballet prefer the postures of modern dancers to those of dancers 60 years ago. The results suggest that art can change very gradually because of constant interactions between performers and their audiences.
Almost more importantly, they show that the usually unquantifiable world of artistic expression can be studied with a scientific lens. In this case, the formal nature of classical ballet gave Daprati a rare opportunity to do so. Body postures could be objectively analysed, movements are standardised enough to allow for easy comparisons, and most of all, performances have been carefully archived for decades. That provided Daprati’s group with more than enough raw material for studying the evolution of ballet postures over time.
The nice thing about writing features is that they’re often solicited miles in advance so I can write something, totally forget about it and then be surprised when I open my weekly copy of New Scientist to find my name in a byline.
Following the piece I wrote on FOXP2, this is another of those “the media says this, but here’s what’s really going on” pieces. It’s an exploration of the supposed cultural differences between East Asians and Westerners in the ways they see and think about the world. This is a fairly controversial area and my intention was to shed a bit of light on the debate and go beyond the stereotypes that are so often inaccurately presented by the popular media (and rightfully mocked).
I’d encourage you to read the full piece, but for those who want a taster, the thrust is this:
Psychologists have conducted a wealth of experiments that seem to support popular notions that easterners have a holistic world view… while westerners tend to think more analytically. However, the most recent research suggests that these popular stereotypes are far too simplistic. It is becoming apparent that we are all capable of thinking both holistically and analytically – and we are starting to understand what makes individuals flip between the two modes of thought.
A seemingly endless array of psychological experiments have apparently reinforced the idea of the anlaytic westerner who focuses on prominent objects and uses hard logic, and the holistic easterner, who considers the object’s context and pays special attention to its relationships with its environment. This distinction seems to apply to areas as diverse as perception, attentional biases, use of logic, views of causality and more. Some have suggested that these differences are the result of historical cultural factors harkening all the way back to the relatively independent lives of ancient Greeks versus the more connected existences of the ancient Chinese.
But it seems that it’s a little more complicated than that.
Many of these conclusions are based on limited evidence from a small number of countries, particularly the US, Canada, Japan and China. Factor in people from Europe and other parts of the world and you see more of a continuum rather than a two-sided distinction. And you can find the same distinctions between analytic and holistic thought if you look at a local level rather than focusing on broad sweeps of history or geography.
It’s also possible to evoke one mindset or another.
For example, psychologists have “primed” east Asian volunteers to adopt an individualistic mode of thought simply by getting them to imagine playing singles tennis, circling single-person pronouns or unscrambling sentences containing words such as “unique”, “independence” and “solitude”. In many of the experiments volunteers from a single cultural background – be it eastern or western – show differences in behaviour as large as those you normally get when comparing people from traditionally collectivist and individualist cultures…
What is clear is that the minds of east Asians, Americans or any other group are not wired differently. We are all capable of both analytic and holistic thought. “Different societies make one option seem to make the most sense at any given moment,” says Oyserman. But instead of dividing the world along cultural lines, we might be better off recognising and cultivating our cognitive flexibility.
Obviously, this is a controversial area and it was probably the most difficult thing I’ve had to write yet. I’m pleased with the result though, and Vaughan at Mind Hacks rates it, which is pretty much the highest commendation I could hope for with a neuroscience/psychology piece!
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Join James Williamson for an in-depth discussion in this video What is structured data?, part of HTML: Structured Data.
- HTML is often referred to as the foundation of the web. It's the core language of every website and it has a rich set of tags for describing the structure of webpages. However, by design HTML has a limited set of tags that, for the most part, are restricted to defining document structure and specific UI elements. This means that, while there are tags that identify common page elements like headers, footers, and articles, there aren't really any tags that define common content types like people, products, and events.
Now, this is by design as HTML's small element set actually makes the language easier to learn, simpler to parse, and easy to implement across multiple user agents. It does, however, make it a little bit more difficult for search engines and other user agents to correctly identify and understand your site's content. This is where structured data comes in. Structured data is a loose term that encompasses a number of vocabularies and syntaxes that can be combined with HTML to provide a richer level of detail when describing your content.
This will help search engines more accurately index your site, improve search results, and add an additional level of semantics to your content that user agents can take advantage of. Take this listing of a person's contact information. Although it might be easy enough for us to scan the page and find the data that we need, a search engine wouldn't automatically understand how all of this information relates to each other. By supplying it with structured data, we can dramatically improve the semantics of the content and make the information more meaningful to machines that understand this.
You can see this structured data at work whenever you do a search through an engine like Google or Bing. Now, let's say I do a search for a recipe for apple pie, which happens to be my favorite dessert. Notice how some of the results show a little bit more information than others. Some of them have ratings attached to them, photos attached to them, preparation time, while others don't. Now, this is largely the result of structured data that's been added to those sites. It creates better search results, and increases the likelihood that the searcher is gonna click through to your site.
This doesn't mean that you need to use structured data everywhere in your markup. It's actually best suited for highlighting specific pieces of information, usually the subject or the focus of the page, or an important piece of content that needs to be indexed accurately. By taking advantage of structured data, you can create sites that are more meaningful and that have more relevance to search engines and other user agents.
- Choosing a syntax
- Learning microformats
- Structuring contact data
- Adding contact names, titles, photos, and addresses
- Learning RDFa
- Structuring event data
- Providing event dates
- Adding an event URL
- Learning microdata
- Structuring products
- Setting product pricing
- Adding individual product reviews
- Learning JSON-LD
- Creating a knowledge graph
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Gardening has many health and therapeutic benefits for people of all ages. And it’s not only healthy, but it’s also fun! It gives people a purpose and reason to stay active and go outside. Therefore, it’s no surprise that a group that can benefit the most from gardening is elders who’d otherwise probably spend their entire day cooped up indoors with a tv remote and a crossword. We’ve got you covered if you’re elderly reading this and lack the motivation to start gardening. In the rest of this article, we’ll cover how older adults can benefit from gardening!
Gardening Helps Elderly People Stay Active
Some older adults are lucky enough to live near their kids and grandkids, which keeps them active from day to day. However, there are those whose children and grandchildren live far away, so they have less to do to fill their time with physical activity. This is where gardening comes in. Seniors who garden have the chance to work out and burn calories while planting and removing weeds.
Gardening has even been found to be an effective strategy to regain strength and movement after a stroke because it keeps less-used muscles active.
It Improves the Immune System
If you’re having problems with your immune system, starting a garden might help you! When you’re digging in the soil, it can get a little messy! But as it happens, a little dirt won’t hurt you. In fact, it could help you. Mycobacterium vaccae, a microbe found in garden soil, has been demonstrated to strengthen the immune system. This “friendly” bacterium has been shown to reduce the signs and symptoms of psoriasis, depression, allergies, and asthma.
It Reduces the Risk of Dementia
A large number of elderly people have dementia. However, gardening can help with this issue as well. Gardening keeps the mind engaged since it is a physical activity that also involves some cognitive processes. Overall, it is a fantastic natural therapy for seniors! In some studies, everyday gardening has been shown in studies to reduce the incidence of dementia by up to 36%.
Furthermore, gardening can also help lower the risk of Alzheimer’s. Preparing a garden requires careful consideration of what to plant and how to care for plants. Seniors may find it difficult to drive, but frequent gardening can help them keep their motor skills while also increasing their strength and endurance.
Gardening Helps Reduce Stress
Staying connected to nature is crucial for elderly citizens’ psychological health and wellness. Seniors were more likely to view gardening as a sort of therapy and a way to combat the stress of daily life, according to a recent study on how older adults can benefit from gardening. The study’s participants who enjoy gardening reported feeling less stress, falling asleep more quickly, and having boosted self-esteem.
Moreover, gardening also brings peace and reduces anxiety when you’re outside in the sunshine, creating a lovely spot to rest and unwind. For example, those suffering from anxiety or homesickness due to their recent move can find comfort in gardening. Planting and maintaining a small garden is a great way to feel at home in their new house.
It Gives Older Adults a Vitamin D Boost
We share more things in common with our plants than we realize. Like plants, people require frequent amounts of sunshine to promote their general health and happy aging. And, believe it or not, the sun is the best source of vitamin D. Most of the vitamin D your body requires comes from sunlight, which is why having an outside hobby like gardening helps ensure you receive enough of it.
Vitamin D improves bone regrowth and mineralization, enhances the food’s calcium absorption, and helps maintain muscular strength. On the other hand, a senior’s health may suffer from a vitamin D deficiency. Common adverse effects of vitamin D insufficiency include bone loss, impaired muscular function, and a higher risk of falls and fractures. Seniors may have severe consequences from one catastrophic fall and adverse effects on their independence and self-worth.
How much time does gardening require to get these rewards? While factors like age, skin type, and health issues might affect how much vitamin D you need, research suggests you aim for 10 to 20 minutes of sun exposure each day.
It Creates Social Activities
While many older adults start gardening as a way to kill time or bring life and freshness into their homes, some do it to be more social. Many elders enjoy the companionship of friends, family, and other relatives, but they don’t get it as often as they’d like. Loneliness results from isolation, which is unhealthy for elderly people. Seniors who participate in social activities outlive their counterparts who choose to live in solitude and have better health.
Community gardens give elders a place to meet and connect with both new and old acquaintances, fostering social possibilities. Additionally, it contributes to the joy of raising wholesome meals while enhancing the community as a whole.
Safe Gardening Tips for Seniors
While gardening is a beautiful hobby, perfect for older adults, it’s still important to do everything in your power to stay safe and protected. For example, it’s a good idea to use the proper tools and wear protective gloves to avoid hurting yourself. Moreover, as a senior, you should wear protective hats and sunscreen when gardening to shield you from extreme heat and direct sunlight.
There are so many ways older adults can benefit from gardening. To many older people, gardening gives them purpose. It gives them a reason to wake up in the morning, water and weed the plants, and stay active. Moreover, it also helps them get healthier and feel better about themselves. Being outside in the sunlight promotes the development of Vitamin D, which, in turn, helps with immunity and bone strength. Moving around while gardening is a form of exercise that boosts mobility and lowers the risk of heart disease. Finally, it also lowers cholesterol and reduces stress.
Author Bio: Contributing author Christie Hendrix works as a writer and agent for centennialmoving.ca, cross country moving company. In her free time, Christie enjoys spending time in nature, whether that means hiking or gardening in her small backyard.
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Hasse Walum and his colleagues made use of data from The Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden, which includes over 550 twins and their partners or spouses. The gene under study codes for one of the receptors for vasopressin, a hormone found in the brains of most mammals. The team found that men who carry one or two copies of a variant of this gene allele 334 often behave differently in relationships than men who lack this gene variant.The same gene was previously implicated in Creative Dance personality. Gene Expression has more.
The incidence of allele 334 was statistically linked to how strong a bond a man felt he had with his partner. Men who had two copies of allele 334 were also twice as likely to have had a marital or relational crisis in the past year than those who lacked the gene variant. There was also a correlation between the mens gene variant and what their respective partners thought about their relationship.
PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803081105
Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans
Hasse Walum et al.
Pair-bonding has been suggested to be a critical factor in the evolutionary development of the social brain. The brain neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) exerts an important influence on pair-bonding behavior in voles. There is a strong association between a polymorphic repeat sequence in the 5′ flanking region of the gene (avpr1a) encoding one of the AVP receptor subtypes (V1aR), and proneness for monogamous behavior in males of this species. It is not yet known whether similar mechanisms are important also for human pair-bonding. Here, we report an association between one of the human AVPR1A repeat polymorphisms (RS3) and traits reflecting pair-bonding behavior in men, including partner bonding, perceived marital problems, and marital status, and show that the RS3 genotype of the males also affects marital quality as perceived by their spouses. These results suggest an association between a single gene and pair-bonding behavior in humans, and indicate that the well characterized influence of AVP on pair-bonding in voles may be of relevance also for humans.
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God’s Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain by Rosemary Hill (Yale University Press, 2009), an extensive biography of Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812-1852), won the Wolfson Prize for History and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Biography in 2007, when it was published in England. The book is recently published in the U.S. by Yale University Press. Hill, a writer and cultural historian in London, agreed to answer some questions for The Magazine ANTIQUES regarding this extensive and detailed biography:
A.W.N. Pugin seems to be catching a great deal of attention, thanks to you. What was there about him that first led you to launch into a biography of him?
I have always been interested in the connections between art and ideas—why should a particular philosophy or a religion make somebody decide that, say, wallpaper or furniture ought to look a certain way? You find those connections in all sorts of places—with the Shakers, in the work of William Morris and in the writings of Ruskin. Gradually I became aware of Pugin as somebody else in that line who hadn’t been talked about so much.
I wondered at first why you spent so much time on Pugin’s early years, but it really gives the reader an incredible understanding of a difficult and often peculiar man. What was most helpful to you in characterizing the young Pugin? Also have you any idea how his mother was educated except via her brother?
Pugin was a romantic and like all romantics the experiences of his childhood were critical. He lived with his parents for the first half of his short life, and he spent the second half trying to recapture the security and love of those years.
His mother’s letters, which are at Yale and had never been used by anybody, were immensely valuable, an extremely interesting woman in her own right her personality was in many ways the key to the formation of his.
I don’t know anything about her education as a child. She may have gone to school, she was certainly taught to play the piano, but I think like many women of her time and class she was largely self-educated through her reading.
Do you think if you lived back then you would have been attracted or repelled by Pugin? You paint this strong picture of an unkempt, uncontrolled person who is also so very honest and full of integrity. He does come to life even in the maze of economic, political, and religious turmoil.
I’m glad you find he comes to life. I think what I would have felt about him would have depended on how I encountered him. If I’d been an overworked bishop, trying to balance my accounts, I would have been exasperated by him, if I’d been a young woman who caught his attention I would have been completely captivated.
I read that you worked on God’s Architect for almost fifteen years. You give a wealth of background information that shows an amazing depth of knowledge. What area or areas of his life were of most interest to you?
I was interested by all of it. If there is a blank it is the sailing, which was a great enthusiasm of Pugin all his adult life. I never got to grips with square rigging and so forth.
What I found most interesting was the way in which his life, especially his childhood, was a microcosm of an age. I think that is one reason that he touched his contemporaries so much, that he had the typical experience of his generation only on a bigger scale. I also found that his life crossed the boundaries between disciplines, historic periods and subjects—like design history and theology—that we are inclined to keep artificially apart. It makes academic life easier but it distorts history.
The revival of the English Catholic church, the Oxford movement, and the entire economic background in England at this time is extraordinarily well presented. What were some of the discoveries or items of interest you found that kept you going through this entralling pursuit?
This was another area where artificial divisions had been created. I found that Roman Catholic historians had said relatively little-understandably perhaps-about the Oxford Movement, and historians of the Oxford Movement—less forgivably—had ignored the early Catholic revival. Reading the letters of both groups, which was one of the most revealing parts of the research, I realized that they were all in contact with one another and indeed the two movements were completely intertwined for a decade or more. In the end I had to coin a name, Romantic Catholics, for the men and women who believed what Pugin did about England and its Catholic heritage. Their moment, though not long, was significant, yet it had been almost entirely written out of history.
Of all of Pugin’s buildings and projects which ones do you find the most influential and which for you personally are the most aesthetically pleasing?
Pugin’s own house, the Grange, at Ramsgate in Kent, was hugely influential. It really reinvented the family house for the nineteenth century and its legacy is with us still. Otherwise Pugin’s influence came largely through his books and their illustrations which were much better known than most of the buildings.
My own favorite is the Rolle Chantry at Bicton in Devon. It is a tiny building, a perfect miniature in which Pugin got every detail right. The little chapel is set amid the ruins of a medieval church and the tomb inside is beautifully carved in white marble. When the colored sunlight falls on it through Pugin’s stained glass it sums up for me everything that he wanted to achieve.
There are a great many other fascinating people surrounding the life of Pugin, some who are also not very well known. Have you found someone else in this period or milieu you would like to hone in on?
No one person, but the antiquaries like John Britton and Edward Willson who helped to form Pugin’s own vision and whose researches paved the way for him interest me a great deal. They were often eccentric, they collected all sorts of bizarre objects in an effort to try and understand the past, but they were pioneers of almost everything we mean by history today—archaeology, architectural history, oral history, social history. I’m writing about some of them.
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https://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/in-conversation-withrosemary-hill-pugin-biographer/
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In order to produce a quality yearbook, students must first take photographs to be used in the publication. The mini-grant was used to purchase a new camera that students have used to take pictures and edit through our online program. Students are learning photo techniques and photo-composition. They are also developing an appreciation for demonstrating journalistic principles. Project objectives are: develop the concept of the yearbook; understand how a yearbook theme keeps consistency and flow within the yearbook; meet original deadlines and proof deadlines; collect payments and keep records of sales & expenses; participate in fundraising activities; and deliver the yearbook to the staff and students on time.
Grade 10-12, Yearbook
Paintsville High School, Paintsville Independent Project Title: A Picture is worth 2015 Words ARI Innovations Mini Grant Recipient
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
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https://summit.theholler.org/speaker/dawn-kinner-ari-innovations-mini-grant/
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| 0.940414 | 167 | 2.625 | 3 |
A common error that people make when putting together presentations is adding too much text to each slide. Also, reading everything straight off the slide is boring for the audience–you need to interact with them, not the screen!
It’s important that you have enough information to cover your topic thoroughly, but not all of it has to be placed on the slide. Instead, add small pieces of key information on the slide, and expand upon them while you talk. If you can’t remember every word, write down things you want to talk about on index cards and refer to them while you present.
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http://www.easybib.com/guides/students/research-guide/improving-visuals-of-presentations/d-keep-text-to-a-minimum/
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| 0.950658 | 123 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Making AI applications in medicine safer
Landshut University of Applied Sciences starts research project with the Munich based AI company deepc to automate the safety standards for the application of artificial intelligence in medical imaging
Artificial intelligence already facilitates the everyday lives of many doctors in medicine. For example, when X-rays or MRI scans are taken, it detects disease patterns, helps with diagnoses and recommends treatments. However, AI-based solutions require thousands of concrete examples to learn and must be verified (validated) at the same time to be approved as a medical device by the authorities. Data for the implementation of innovative AI products is often not big enough though and also not representative of the general public. In addition, medical image data are highly sensitive patient data which are subject to the strict regulations of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and cannot be used without restriction.
This is exactly where the new “NeuroTest” project at Landshut University of Applied Sciences, overseen by Prof. Dr. Stefanie Remmele, is stepping in. In collaboration with the Munich-based medical technology company deepc, the professor of Medical Technology research is researching how artificial patient data can be developed for use in AI models in medical imaging. At the same time, the project partners are working on an online platform to offer manufacturers of medical devices the opportunity to test their AI-based medical devices before applying for a license. The project is being funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy with more than 400,000 euros.
Call for standardised procedures
National, European and international medical institutions have been calling for a standardised validation option for AI applications in the field of radiology and medical imaging for a long time. In the next two years, the project team at Landshut University of Applied Sciences will be looking at the conditions under which AI models can deliver a consistent and meaningful result in imaging, in order to support doctors in the diagnosis accordingly. Unlike conventional methods, the accuracy of the AI solution not only depends on the data processing logic, but also on the data used to train the technology. „This is particularly challenging when processing MRI data, because contrast and image quality can vary greatly, there is no infinite number of images and the available training images never cover the entire range of possible variations,“ Remmele explains.
Mix of artificial and real data
Landshut University of Applied Sciences is researching the influencing parameters of human brain images using existing MRI images and artificial test images. The patient’s age, gender, pre-existing illnesses or genetic and ethical information play an important role here, as do fluctuations in the recording parameters and the I hardware. „With the help of this generated and analysed data and the model knowledge about technical influences, we want to create artificial data sets which variations can be simulated from depending on the hardware, findings or patient,“ Remmele explains the procedure. „With this, we can then test AI models against all these variations and detect which changes in the data a model does not react sufficiently robustly to,“ says Remmele. The major challenge is to standardise the generated data in such a way that AI models can be evaluated sustainably and do not provide any incorrect information.
Support for manufacturers and doctors
At the same time, deepc’s AI and software specialists are developing software that enables manufacturers, for example PAC systems, to validate their AI-based products online and achieve the specified safety standards. „With the help of the development of methods to create synthetic reference data in combination with real patient data, which are constantly checked, added to and compared at the same time using a standardised software platform, we expect clear progress in the standardisation, application and especially in the approval process for AI solutions in the field of imaging medical technology,“ explains Dr. Franz Pfister, CEO of deepc.
About the project
The „NeuroTest“ project is to run until December 2022. The project manager at Landshut University of Applied Sciences is Prof. Dr. Stefanie Remmele, head of Medical Technology research. The Munich-based medical technology company deepc is an active cooperation partner for the project overseen by CEO Dr. Franz Pfister. The Technische Universität Berlin and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin (PTB) are associated partners. The total project amount is around 630,000 euros. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is funding the project with around 400,000 euros as part of the „Central Innovation Program for SMEs (ZIM)“ programme. deepc is contributing 225,000 euros from its own funds.
About Landshut University of Applied Sciences:
Landshut University of Applied Sciences stands for excellent teaching, further education and applied research. The six faculties of Business Administration, Electrical Engineering and Industrial Engineering and Management, Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Studies, Mechanical Engineering and Social Work offer more than 30 courses of study. The courses on offer clearly focus on the labour market’s current and future requirements. The approximately 5,000 students benefit from the practical relevance of the teaching, individual support and modern technical equipment. The university offers a wide range of project topics for research institutions and companies, which are supervised and implemented by scientific experts with the best know-how. More than 118 professors work in teaching and research.
At WERK1 digital start-up centre in Munich’s Werksviertel district, the founders of deepc (Dr. Franz Pfister, Julia Moosbauer, Dr. Michael Meyerhoff, Paul Mayer) and their team of over 25 experienced medical technology, AI, software and healthcare experts are working on the development of medical devices with the aim of simplifying and improving the workflow in imaging diagnostics with pioneering AI and software technology.
deepc started operating the new AI platform ´deepcOS´ in Europe in March 2021. The CE-marked medical device product, which has been tested in everyday hospital life and in radiological practices, supports and improves radiological diagnostics with various AI applications from leading international partners and is easy to integrate into existing clinical systems in compliance with data protection regulations. deepc was honoured with the Start-up Award and Special Award in the health category by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). More information at www.deepc.ai
Contact for scientific information:
Prof. Dr. Stefanie Remmele
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://news.idw-online.de/2021/06/08/making-ai-applications-in-medicine-safer/?groupcolor=3
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| 0.905326 | 1,324 | 2.640625 | 3 |
As seen in?West Des Moines Living Magazine,?November 2012 issue.
Fatty acids are used to help with?arthritis, allergies, cardiovascular diseases, geriatric health, skin and coat, optimal neurological development, kidney treatment, thyroid disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer therapies in pets and people.
They are part of the barrier function of skin, essential for?neurological?and sight tissues, and maintain the normal inflammatory response.
There are two main types of fatty acids: Omega 6 and Omega 3.? Both types are used within the body, but pets and people naturally consume plenty of omega 6?s on a daily basis. Omega 3s counteract omega 6s.? Ideally we would strive for a balance of these two types, but since omega 6s are plentiful, we need to take in extra omega 3s as they reduce inflammation within the body.? The specific omega 3 fatty acid forms EPA and DHA are the beneficial types as long as they are in an absorbable form.
Where can we get these? Traditionally fatty acids were obtained from fish oil capsules.? Due to multiple reasons fish oil capsules are not the source from which to get the beneficial effects of EPA and DHA listed above.
According to Dr. Kwochka?consideration of the source of fish oil has multiple factors:
1)?? Wild salmon have historically been the primary type of fish used for fatty acids because of their high fat content. However, as they have been over fished, quantities have declined as has the fat content of the fish. Additionally, heavy metal toxicity is more of a concern with larger predator fish further up in the food chain.
2)?? Farm-raised salmon have also become popular to address the dismissing wild population. However, concerns include higher levels of PCBs, higher levels of parasites such as sea lice, chemicals to give the fish color, pellets of chicken feces, corn meal, soy, etc., antibiotics at high levels, less omega 3?s due to lack of wild diet, crowding into small areas inhibiting movement, etc.
3)?? A more satisfactory option for source of fish oil appears to be the use of wild, non-predatory smaller and more easily renewable high fat comment species such as anchovies and sardines.
4)?? To address at least some of the above concerns, fish oils should be fully tested for heavy metals (especially PCBs, mercury and dioxins) and microbial content. Some of these standards have been set by the Council for Responsible Nutrition, World Health Organization, and the FDA. Every batch of fish oil product (diet or supplement) should be tested for EPA and DHA levels. Simply reporting total amount of fish oil or total amount of omega 3?s doesn?t tell one much about the most critical components.
These are real problems for interpreting labels as there is no regulatory requirement to list individual omega 3 components and AAFCO does not recognize them as essential nutrients in their Dog Food Nutrient Profiles. The form of fish oil is also usually not specified. They are usually triglycerides that have been chemically processed for stability, but are less than 30% absorbable.? Thus a product that says it has specific amounts of fatty acids often does not have them in an absorbable form.? Other times people may find flax as a source which is not absorbed well by our pets. Fish oil is also prone to oxidation and loss of activity making testing very important to prove stability.? Another concern is dose. To get the beneficial effects, a 100 pound dog needs 2300-3400mg of JUST the EPA to be absorbed per day!? If the over the counter products are accurate on the absorbable level of EPA or have it even listed specifically, many times the volume to be administered is unrealistic.? Recently a client brought in a bottle for evaluation: the 85 lb pet would have had to have twenty extra large fish oil capsules per day to get close to the same benefits as the purified form. Talk about fish breath!
EPA is just one of the methods to help pets. Please visit us to learn how this piece can work with other therapies to reduce allergy flare ups, manage arthritis and pain, and protect organs. It is great that we have this along with other modalities for a safe alternative to therapies for painful arthritic pets. Pets with other medical problems now have safer options for treatment! For more information, contact Family Pet Veterinary Center at [email protected] or call us: 515-224-9750
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://laird-filth.blogspot.com/2012/11/
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| 0.955599 | 924 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Children’s Rest Page
Seuss, Dr. Bartholomew and the Oobleck. New York: Random House, 1949.
The purpose of this page is to bring peace to children. How can we help them de-stress? How can we foster disciplines of grace and rest in their lives, avoiding the pitfalls of culture and societal pressures? Your input is most welcome! Together we embark on this journey for one common goal – Peace for our kids, grandkids and children we serve.
We often think that “new and exciting” is the best but often the “original” is what we can trust. God is sovereign and in control of not only the seasons of our lives but what happens in those seasons. Teaching children to count on God and His faithfulness – changing seasons faithfully Fall, Winter, Spring and Summer means we can also trust Him with our daily lives. This book has many lessons for little minds. Also, noting the spiritual elements of seeking God versus others is a wonderful lesson as well.
We suggest reading the story of the Passover and Pharaoh’s magicians (Exodus 7) before reading this story and compare the lessons.
As listed on the ABC’s of Literacy webpage.
Use a plastic bowl with a lid on it for storage
2 cups of water
1 cup of corn starch
10 drops of green food coloring
Blend until you reach the desired consistency.
This must set for one half hour before playing with it.
Jackson (our resident fun scientist) says, ” If oobleck is hit with hard pressure, your hand will bounce off of it but if touched gently then your hand will sink into it.” My brother and I like how it feels rubbery when you hit it but feels soft and slimy when you sink your hand into it. We make it with green coloring so it is like the book but you could also put in red food coloring for Valentines day or yellow for Easter. *
- Parents note: When this activity is done be sure to confiscate the food coloring or it will become another science experiment such as zombie making or scare the mama when I sneeze in a tissue trick.
*This is not safe for babies. Make at your own risk.
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http://homeplateadvantage.com/grace-for-children/
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| 0.935231 | 470 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Ponca City, We Love You writes "The BBC reports that scientists have discovered the 36-million-year-old fossil of a penguin nearly five feet tall and almost twice the weight of an Emperor Penguin, the largest living species. 'The heavier the penguin, the deeper it dives,' says Julia Clarke, a palaeontologist at the University of Texas. 'If that holds true for any penguins, then the dive depths achieved by these giant forms would've been very different.' The bird, named Inkayacu paracasensis, or water king, lived during the late Eocene period and had a long, straight beak, much longer than that of its modern relatives. But, most surprisingly, the giant penguin's feathers were brown and gray, distinct from the black 'tuxedo'" Reader SpuriousLogic notes that it's also getting easier to keep an eye on modern penguins, since Google has extended Street View to Antarctica.
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<urn:uuid:66775dc8-5139-4022-a9a9-eb3b56247e2b>
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CC-MAIN-2017-09
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https://science.slashdot.org/story/10/10/02/0220210/Paleontologists-Unearth-Giant-Fossilized-Penguin
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en
| 0.959005 | 197 | 3 | 3 |
Bacillary dysentery also known as shigellosis is a bacterial disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella spp. Other bacterial cause of dysentery are, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC), Enterohemrorrhagic E.coli (EHEC), Campylobacter spps, and Salmonella sps.
Amoebic dysentery (also known as amoebiasis) is caused by a invasive protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica.
|Character||Amoebic dysentery||Bacillary dysentery|
|Number||6-8 motions a day||Over 10 motions a day|
|Amount (Volume)||Relatively copious||Small amount|
|Appearance and Amount||Blood mucus, semi formed||
Blood mucus, mainly watery
|Odour||Offensive (fishy odour)||Odourless|
|Colour||Dark red (altered blood)||Bright red (fresh blood)|
|Consistency||Not adherent to the container||Adherent to the container|
|RBCs||In clumps||Discrete, sometimes in clumps due to rouleaux formation|
|Macrophages||Few||Numerous, many of them contain RBCs hence may be mistaken for E. histolytica|
|Charcot-Leyden (C-L) crystals*||Present||Absent|
|Parasites Seen||Trophozoites of E. histolytica||Absent|
|Bacteria Seen||Many motile bacteria||Scanty, nonmotile (Shigella is non motile bacteria)|
|Growth on MacConkey Agar||Various intestinal flora may grow||Pure growth of Shigella spp. may be seen|
- *Charcot-Leyden crystals are are hexagonal bipyramidal structures, formed from the breakdown of eosinophils and may be seen in the stool or sputum of patients with parasitic diseases.
- **Pyknotic bodies are the nuclear remains of tissue cells and leukocytes, they pay present in the stools of person suffering from amoebiasis.
- ***Ghost cell is a swollen/enlarged epithelial cell with only cytoplasmic outline, but without a nucleus.
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<urn:uuid:14a834aa-8f17-4197-b49c-30810eb08781>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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https://microbeonline.com/difference-amoebic-dysentry-bacillary-dysentery/
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en
| 0.761486 | 522 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Mixed-Race Family Looks to Brighter Future in S. Africa
Years of bitter discrimination fail to blunt hope for reform
CAPE TOWN — THE De Beers, who have survived the humiliation of eviction under apartheid laws, have begun to imagine that their grandchildren may grow up in a shared society. ``I have hope - but not expectations - about the future,'' says Peter de Beer, a slight, energetic man who has refused to compromise on his principles.
But he fears that what he considers to be the unrealistic expectations harbored by militant black youth could thwart the creation of a just and democratic society.
``We will need a lot of love in the new South Africa,'' says Mr. de Beer. ``We have lost a lot of love in the past and - if that can be brought back - I see a lot of hope.''
The De Beers are counted among South Africa's 3 million inhabitants of mixed race, known here as the ``coloreds,'' a term they reject. They owe their origins to intermarriage between Dutch settlers and 17th century slaves from West and East Africa, India, and what is now Malaysia. Their rich, idiomatic language and love of rhythmic music has helped to define the culture of the Cape.
They are caught in the middle of a power struggle between an anxious white minority and a restive black majority. Their large presence in Cape Town - they outnumber whites and blacks combined - acts as a kind of buffer that makes this the least racially tense city in South Africa.
Although the ``coloreds'' broadly share the culture and language of white Afrikaners, they have been subjected to the same repression and humiliation under apartheid as the black majority. The National Party moved in 1956 to manipulate the Constitution (by packing the Senate and the Appeal Court) to deprive people of mixed race of the right to vote. That sowed a legacy of bitterness and persuaded most ``coloreds'' to identify with the black liberation struggle.
De Beer and his wife sympathize with the black cause, but have not joined the African National Congress (ANC) as many people of mixed race have done. But he says that is still an option.
A legacy of discrimination
Pamela de Beer's anger is closer to the surface than Peter's. ``As `coloreds,' we are in the middle,'' she says. ``The younger blacks want to turn things against the whites. They don't want to forget. Just as the Jews will never let the world forget about the Nazis, so they [black radicals] will never let the world forget what was done to them under apartheid.''
Their daughters Natalie and Heidi are both married and live nearby with their husbands and children. The grandchildren have given Peter de Beer a second wind.
He has always been very much his own person, striving for a balance between his own needs and service to the community. For the past 15 years, he has been a volunteer counselor for the National Institute of Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of Offenders, and he currently serves in the organization's Cape Town leadership. For the past five years he has also run a store where recently released prisoners can get free clothing. Helping them readjust to society has advanced Peter's quest for fulfillment.
``I enjoyed that because I consider myself to be a people's person,'' he says. ``I had very humble beginnings. I know what poverty is, and I wanted to give something back to the community.''
De Beer has owned two second-hand automobiles in his life and recently acquired a used company car that he will keep for his retirement.
As the manager of the mailing department in the head office of a major retail chain in Cape Town, he still has reservations about the slow pace of promotion during his career. His daughters work at the same offices - one as a distributor and one as a merchandise assistant.
In the past year, De Beer has begun to reap the rewards of a lifetime of hard work. He and Pamela went on their first vacation to a resort in 30 years of marriage. Now they are planning a second one.
``I have settled down,'' says De Beer, recalling how angry and defensive he was in his middle years. ``I don't get so emotional about things now.''
He spent much of his earlier years in active politics with the multiracial Progressive Party.
``It was dangerous to be in politics in those days,'' he says.
When the government outlawed multiracial parties in 1968, the Progressives decided to continue without their black and mixed-race members. It was a milestone in De Beer's own chronicle of disillusionment.
``Policies were changed to suit the white electorate,'' he says.
Resisting radical solutions
De Beer later boycotted attempts by the ruling National Party to create a separate ``colored'' parliament. As a sports administrator, De Beer campaigned for multiracial sporting events, but was cast out by radicals for his moderate views.
``I was lobbied out because I was not militant enough,'' he says. ``Black athletes who competed with whites in those days were seen as sellouts.''
When the government introduced parallel houses of parliament for the ``coloreds'' and Asians in 1983, a more sophisticated attempt at coopting those groups, De Beer was disappointed when whites he respected tried to persuade him to take part.
The De Beers have been encouraged by President Frederik de Klerk's reforms. Mr. De Klerk's landmark February 1990 speech was the first time that the De Beers had switched on the television to hear a speech by a South African head of state.
``He has built up some credit with us,'' conceded De Beer. ``By announcing [Feb. 1] that he will repeal race classification during this parliamentary session, he has proved to us that he is for real.''
De Beer says that the hurt and humiliation of apartheid will not easily go away. ``I am still reluctant to go to desegregated facilities for fear that I should be confronted and told I should not be there,'' he says.
The forced removal of some 40,000 people from the mixed-race heartland of District 6, adjoining Cape Town, began in 1966. It took 13 years of demolitions to make the area ``white'' and has left wounds that have not yet healed. Peter never lived in the ``district'' but he spent a large part of his teenage years there. The people of District 6 were moved to bleak housing estates on the windswept sandy wastes known as the Cape Flats. Today those areas are hothouses of social decay that have given Cape Town one of the highest murder rates of any city in the world.
De Beer's most vivid and unpleasant memory was that of government officials arriving at his small subsidized home in Diepriver 16 years ago and announcing that the neighborhood had been declared ``For White Occupation Only.''
``At first we pretended it was not real,'' he says.
De Beer recalls that he was corresponding with a network of foreign pen pals at the time. ``My letters to them became laced with the pain we were going through,'' he said. ``I stopped all correspondence, because I did not want to burden them with my problems.''
``Now that we appear to be on the road to normality, I am thinking of picking up where I left off 15 years ago.''
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Merge the Human brain with a computer, integrating the potential of both to create a system that can be as precise as possible: this is the goal of the Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System,sponsored by DARPA, in the United States. The experiments conducted to date have provided answers more than positive: according to the U.S. agency, in fact, the merger of brain activity with vision systems make possible the MPLEMENTATION system can detect threats and dangers with an accuracy of 100 % .
The project in question is primarily a military background, but the potential applications are numerous. The basic idea is to allow a vision system to have the electrical impulses produced by the brain, so it can be processed to highlight variations in scenes from a video camera. These changes, in fact, often only unconsciously perceived by man, with changes in brain activity that does not correspond to a real understanding of the situation that has before.
Then fusing the stimuli measured by brain un’elettroencefalogramma with the capabilities of today’s computer vision systems , in the laboratories of DARPA was developed an instrument capable of achieving an accuracy of 91%, while also reducing the errors to 0.2% in terms of false positives. This is results that go well beyond what is possible using separately a human user and a computer, thus demonstrating the huge potential in the collaboration between man and machine.
One such technology may therefore be particularly useful in the military, allowing the guards to dramatically improve its efficiency, but it could be used also in other areas. Before being adopted on a large scale, however, this system still requires a long period of improvement and optimization, leaving indefinite the date of a possible landing field.
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Why Study Latin?
Studying Latin helps you understand a main source for English, as well as terminology in both medicine and law. Studying Latin provides firsthand access to texts from Ancient Rome, the Early Church, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Studying Latin develops the brain to more easily acquire and assimilate information.
All these points are summed up nicely by this quote from Dorothy Sayers:
Who should pursue a Minor in Latin?
Latin makes a great addition to almost any major. Latin is an integral part of the study of history, political science, philosophy, literature and Christianity. Furthermore, it provides practical skills and valuable training for those pursuing careers in the medical and legal professions. Whatever degree you are pursuing, Latin can help.
Our Classics and Biblical Languages faculty are very strong teachers who strive to help you, not just learn the languages, but also to understand the world in which they originated. The goal in all of this is not a dry academic exercise, but rather to help you develop as a whole person and to prepare for your chosen vocation.
Many of our graduates pursue careers in teaching or further degrees in law, education, medicine, creative writing and business.
Also read what our faculty are thinking about on the School of Christian Thought blog.
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| 0.958466 | 270 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A German government research program – dubbed 3F – running on test grounds in Renningen and Aachen reports that automated shuttles can move around safely, even if a technical malfunction occurs or obstacles appear suddenly. However, expensive, redundant systems are involved in keeping an autonomous vehicle running. That’s the conclusion thus far of what €4.3 million euros in grants from the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs bought taxpayers.
With the auto industry in full collapse given the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting and still emerging Global Depression, it is unknown if automakers will continue to rush into developing and producing autonomous vehicles – always a dubious business proposition, which is now likely at some makers a survival issue. Invest in the unknown future, or use resources to keep the existing business alive?
The German study used Bosch as a consortium leader with three other companies, a university and a research institute: StreetScooter GmbH, RA Consulting GmbH, the FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Finepower GmbH, and RWTH Aachen University, respectively.
“Driverless shuttle buses need to meet different requirements than, say, highly automated passenger cars,” explains Bosch project coordinator Thomas Schamm. “To operate without (safety) drivers, shuttles must be able to monitor their system autonomously – in other words, perform diagnostic tasks – and cope with any technical faults detected so that they can continue driving.
“At the same time, they must be able to secure the system in the event of critical faults, for example by bringing themselves to a stop. Project 3F has been working on what the requirements look like in detail, how the systems must be designed on that basis, and how to optimize the way the individual components interact,” Schamm said.
Redundancy to duplicate safety-relevant functions is complex and expensive. Consider that the researchers developed redundant systems for the power supply so that the electrical powertrain and vehicle electrical system are reliably protected. They also adapted and refined the sensor technology to suit the vehicle design. In order to reliably detect obstacles, they installed several lidar and radar sensors at various points around the vehicle, giving it the ability to observe its surroundings from different positions. By delivering a 360-degree birds-eye view and avoiding blind spots, this creates a kind of 3D protection zone. This setup not only detects obstacles on the road, such as barriers, it also spots things like hanging branches.
Then there’s the driver, err, control computer. Another solution is to integrate fault tolerance, whereby the failure of a subsystem is at least partly compensated for by other functions. This is similar to how the people (remember them?) who are being replaced work. If the lights suddenly go out in a room, say, people use other senses and feel their way around instead of becoming paralyzed. Imagine that. A new adaptable invention – Homo Sapiens.
Therefore, a shuttle needs to behave in a similar way: if it is blind in a certain area with, say, leaves stuck to a sensor or a large object such as a dumpster or American SUV that is completely blocking the view in one direction, it slows down or omits the parts of the route that can no longer be detected. People, of course, detour all the time.
The project worked to ensure that shuttle buses can also react to altered circumstances along their defined route. The vehicles are programmed to slow down when any moving objects approach or, in case of doubt, to give unknown objects a wide berth. When they identify familiar landmarks such as streetlights, on the other hand, they resume their journey at full speed. If there is any imminent danger, the shuttle will come to a precautionary stop. The objective is for the vehicle to adapt its driving behavior to the circumstances in real time while also continuing on its journey automatically whenever possible, even in the event of system malfunctions or obstacles in its path.
Telemetry ain’t cheap. Data on the route being undertaken and the current technical status can be transmitted from the vehicle and back to it. Information on three different functions is transmitted back and forth: diagnostics, monitoring, and control. So that is three times the telemetry, which is why Bosch calls it “teletrimetry.” (Ah, give me some more or is that less German humor?) This is vital for an entire fleet of automated shuttle buses to be remotely monitored, as well as repaired or even controlled, for instance to open the doors. It means the vehicles will get help if they do ever reach their fault-detection and compensation limits, or if they simply require scheduled maintenance.
Seems to AutoInformed that UPS has a top-secret solution to these challenges: They hire and train drivers…
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| 0.943842 | 987 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Many media streaming services will only allow certain content in specific countries. The most common way to enforce those restrictions is to examine the viewer’s IP address and attempt to geo-locate it to a region. VPNs are a common way to circumvent these geo-location tactics, but VPNs can slow down traffic. That’s fine for normal web use, but it makes streaming difficult. SmartDNS has another method of handling this.
What is a smart DNS proxy?
Smart DNS is a combination of Domain Name Server (DNS) servers and tactically located proxies. The DNS system resolves human-readable domain names to computer-readable Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Using Netflix as an example: your Netflix app makes a DNS query to find out the IP address of the Netflix server it should connect to. The app then uses that information to request content from that IP address. Under normal operations, this allows the Netflix server to see your real IP address. This is a necessary piece of information that the server needs in order to send the stream back to your app. If the Netflix server sees a Canadian IP requesting United States content, it will not allow that.
How does a smart DNS proxy work?
Smart DNS servers reply with different IP addresses for specific queries. For example, a device running a Netflix app starts by requesting the IP address for the Netfilx service from your DNS servers. When using smart DNS, the DNS servers will return the IP address of a smart proxy server rather than a Netflix IP. That smart DNS proxy IP will exist in the same country as the service you want to access; in my case – the United States, allowing access to the restricted content.
That means the flow of traffic is from my device -> to a smart DNS proxy that is allowed to access the Netflix content -> to the Netflix servers. The video stream comes back in reverse order; it is sent from Netflix -> to the smart DNS proxy -> to my device. Since the Netflix server can only see the proxy’s IP address, it doesn’t know to restrict the content. Note that only sites the smart DNS service is configured for use the proxies. For example, queries to a search engine like Google would cause the smart DNS servers to respond with Google’s real IP and your subsequent visit to Google would not go through the smart DNS proxies. I’ve tried to illustrate that concept in the diagram below.
Are smart dns proxies better than a VPN?
Security and anonymity have many layers. There is no silver bullet and different technologies address different problems. A VPN is not inherently better or worse than a proxy, it’s just different.
VPNs provide superior privacy over proxies because VPNs encrypt traffic and hide your real IP address. Proxies, on the other hand, allow for much higher speeds but the downside is that speed comes by sacrificing privacy. Your ISP will know that you’re streaming from a smart DNS proxy whereas it is much harder for your ISP to see what you’re doing inside an encrypted VPN tunnel.
How private is a smart DNS proxy service?
Once you switch to a smart DNS set of nameservers, all of your DNS queries will be sent to those DNS servers. Even when you’re not intending to stream and just carrying on with your day-to-day business, the smart DNS service can see all your DNS queries. Privacy conscious people will naturally need to trust services that have access to this much information about their browsing habits.
In order to use most smart DNS proxy services, your current IP address has to be registered in the system. This is how you are authorized to use its nameservers in lieu of the fact that DNS servers don’t support authentication.
You can infer from this that at least your current IP address is recorded in the system. Some smart DNS providers seem to keep previous IPs, at least for a while. When I changed my IP address in the SmartDNSProxy service, this message was displayed:
Please note: We have detected that you were previously using a VPN service/Data Center IP, please disconnect from the VPN/Data Center and use your own IP address to activate our services.
It does not explicitly say what my previous IP was, but it’s definitely tracking the fact that it changed. However, since your current IP address will be included in any DNS query to its system, there’s no obvious additional downside to this.
How to configure your DD-WRT router to use a smart DNS proxy
The advantage to configuring your router to use smart DNS is you will no longer need to configure each individual device on your internal network. As long as all those devices are connected to the same router, configuring it to send DNS queries to the smart DNS servers will cover you.
The first step is to get the IP address of the smart proxy DNS servers that you want to use. Each service provides DNS server IP addresses somewhere on their site, although you may have to be logged in to your account to see them. Some providers, like SmartDNSProxy, have DNS servers all around the world that can improve DNS query speeds. In general, you’ll want to choose a DNS server as close to your physical location as possible. My DD-WRT router supports up to three static DNS entries, but most smart DNS services provide only two DNS servers.
Access your DD-WRT administrator interface and log in. This is usually at http://192.168.0.1 but you may have changed that during setup. Navigate to the Setup -> Basic Setup tab.
Scroll down to find the Network Address Server Settings (DHCP) and enter your chosen smart DNS IP address(es) into the Static DNS 1/2/3 fields.
Click the Apply Settings button at the bottom of the page. At this point you should be using the new DNS servers. If you’re still blocked, you may find that you have to reboot the router. To do this, navigate to the Administration tab and click the Reboot Router button at the bottom of the page.
Test your new settings to ensure it is working
The definitive test would be to access the content that was previously unavailable. If it loads, then it’s working. If you’d like some hard data on it, you can use the Comparitech DNS leak test to check which nameservers your system is using. It should report the smart DNS servers.
Smart dns is an innovative service that makes use of DNS poisoning. Typically, DNS poisoning is an attack mechanism to reroute people from legitimate sites to malicious sites. But, in this case the same techniques are used to provide a service useful to many people.
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| 0.932989 | 1,386 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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