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Asthma remains a baffling disease that impacts a growing number of individuals, especially children. Asthma is characterized by a constriction and swelling of the airways. The symptoms include the production of mucus and more importantly coughing, wheezing and a shortness of breath. Currently there is no cure for this condition but medications can be used to control it. The severity of this disease varies widely; it can be vary from a nuisance to a life threatening condition.
Recent evidence suggests that there is a strong connection between asthma and the kinds of bacteria that the body ordinarily harbors. Some years ago, Dr. Gary Huffnagle, an immunologist from the University of Michigan, subjected experimental mice to yeast introduced into their intestines; mold spores placed in their noses and an antibiotic drug. These animals began showing signs of asthma and blood tests indicated immune system dysfunction.
In addition, studies have indicated that children raised on farms are much less prone to suffer from diseases of the lung, including asthma, and Dr. William Cookson, a respiratory physician from the Imperial College of London, suggests that exposure to a diverse bacterial environment in childhood may play a protective role. Additionally, children born via the sterile environment of a cesarean section are more prone to suffering from asthma than those that have passed through the birth canal, and children that have had multiple courses of antibiotics are more likely to have asthma than their counterparts.
The relationship between asthma and the bacteria that ordinarily reside within the body is an exceedingly complex one. Yet, it has become clear that children who are stricken by asthma have different bacteria within their bodies and often a less diverse population than non-asthmatic children. The findings of these studies reinforce what has long been suspected regarding asthma,
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The sentinel use of the cubic maze was for comparing rats vs. hummingbirds in their ability to navigate both the horizontal vs. vertical planes based on the modality of transportation. This interesting apparatus allows for interrogation of rodents in the horizontal and vertical axis and can be baited with sucrose reward throughout multiple locations.
Sizing for mice, rats and hummingbirds available. Customization possible upon request. Multiple colors available.
Price & Dimensions
$ 1890one maze
- 1 unit Arm Length: 5 cm
- 1 unit Arm Width: 5 cm
- 1 unit Arm Height: 5 cm
- Number of units: 125 (5 x 5 x 5)
$ 1990one maze
- 1 unit Arm Length: 10 cm
- 1 unit Arm Width: 10 cm
- 1 unit Arm Height: 10 cm
- Number of units: 125 (5 x 5 x 5)
The cubic maze is used to compare the spatial cognitive ability of hummingbirds and rodents in a three-dimensional space. The maze is designed to replicate the complex topography of the real world where animals move in three dimensions rather than two dimensions. As opposed to the two-dimensional mazes, such as the Y-Maze and the Radial Arm Maze, the cubic maze extends the understanding of locomotion in all dimensions of exploration.
Unlike landbound animals such as rats and mice that are mostly limited to horizontal planes, swimming and flying animals can move in all three dimensions. This difference in locomotory modes often results in species having more experience foraging in one spatial dimension over the other. Further, energy expenditure may also be a contributing factor for the choice of navigational plane. The cubic maze offers the opportunity to observe the difference in encoding and navigation between flying and terrestrial species in similar three-dimensional set-ups.
The cubic maze has a simple construction using rods to form a three-dimensional maze with multiple junction points. These junctions allow the positioning of rewards and goals. Since bright colors often attract birds, the goals are surrounded by colored disks to motivate the birds to explore the maze. Other apparatuses used in the evaluation of learning and memory include the Bee Radial Arm, the Drosophila Maze Array, the T-Maze and the Barnes Maze.
Apparatus and Equipment
The cubic maze is made up of rods connected together to form 27 units whose sides are 25 cm each. The maze also has sixty-four, 200 µl vials on each junction point each surrounded by a colored disk of diameter 1 cm. The vertical component of the reward’s location consists of 9 units whereas the horizontal component consists of 16 units; 4 units per level. The maze is raised off the ground by approximately 30 cm.
Clean the device before and after usage. Observation and recording of the movements of the subjects can be done using a tracking device such as the Noldus EthoVision XT.
Cubic Maze Training
Place sucrose solution in one of the vials while filling the remaining vials with water. Allow the bird to explore the maze and consume the reward. Ensure that the rewarded vial is refilled after the subject has consumed it. Continue training until the subject visits the array in which it consumed the reward for three consecutive trials. Vary the rewarded location for each bird. Ensure that the position of the reward is not varied during the training session of the subject.
Cubic Maze Test Trial
Following the training session, evaluate the subject in a probe trial. For this trial, do not place rewards in any of the vials. Allow the bird to explore the maze and observe its performance throughout the trial.
Evaluation of memory differences between rats and hummingbirds
Flores-Abreu, Hurly, Ainge, and Healy (2014) studied how different locomotory styles affected memory accuracy using naïve male Lister hooded rats and free-living male rufous hummingbirds. The investigation was carried out using cubic mazes designed for birds and rats, respectively. Following the training process wherein the subjects were tasked with visiting a rewarded location satisfying the experimental criteria, they were evaluated in a non-rewarded test trial. The performances of both the species improved with experience in the cubic maze. Further, it was observed that during the training period rats moved in the z-direction more frequently while the hummingbirds moved in all the three dimensions. After removing the rewards, the rats were observed to search more in the vertical plane while hummingbirds searched horizontally.
The following data can be analyzed using the cubic maze:
- Number of crossings within the maze in the horizontal and vertical direction.
- Number of times one unit was crossed.
- Number of times the rewarded location was visited.
- Time to reach each endpoint at the start of the maze.
- Time for total trips.
- Number of correct choices.
A crossing was considered to have occurred if the hummingbirds moved from one unit to the other.
Strengths and Limitations
The cubic maze has a simple construction and replicates the complex three-dimensional space of locomotion. The three-dimensional aspect of the maze allows observation of navigation and encoding of all locomotion planes as opposed to conventional two-dimensional apparatus. The simplicity of the maze also makes it easy to modify and adapt it for the different investigatory requirements. The maze can be easily modified by adding more arrays. The use of colored disc motivates the birds to explore the maze and seek reward. The cubic maze can also be adapted for evaluation of navigation strategies and learning and memory in different animals such as rats and bats.
Performances in the cubic maze can vary depending on the foraging techniques of the species and their preference of locomotion plane. Further, the exploratory drive and the reward-seeking enthusiasm of the subject are also crucial for obtaining accurate results. Factors such as gender, appetite and the test environment may also influence the task performances. Presence of lingering stimuli and any external auditory, visual or olfactory cues can also greatly impact the results. The complex design of the cubic maze, though advantageous, may not be fully explored by the subject. Subjects may choose not to utilize all paths of the maze due to the difference in patterns within the gird.
- The cubic maze is used to compare the spatial cognitive ability of hummingbirds and rodents in a three-dimensional space.
- The cubic maze design replicates the complex topography of the real world; thus providing an ethologically relevant maze.
- The maze allows observation of locomotion strategies and navigational encoding in hummingbirds and rodents.
- The maze has a simple construction that allows modifications such as increasing or decreasing the array size.
- The use of colored disc motivates the birds to explore the maze and seek reward.
- Flores-Abreu, I. N., Hurly, T. A., Ainge, J. A. and Healy, S. D. (2014). Three-dimensional space: locomotory style explains memory differences in rats and hummingbirds. Proc. R. Soc. B. 281 (1784). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0301
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The amount of undocumented immigrants living in the United States illegally has leveled off in the last few years; however, those who decide to stay in the country on a permanent basis are likely to have much deeper ties than was the case ten years ago, a report released on Wednesday reveals.
The Pew Research Center study discovered that around 50% of the 11 million undocumented immigrants currently living in the United States have been doing so for 13 years or more, and up to four million have children who were born in the country. The findings give the most detailed picture yet of America’s undocumented populace and have been released at a time when President Obama continues to contemplate making use of his executive powers to change the current deportation policy of his administration.
“These new estimates show that today’s unauthorized immigrants have lengthier ties to the US than those in the past,” says Pew Research Center’s director of Hispanic research, Mark Hugo Lopez. Researchers found that the amount of undocumented immigrants in the United States has leveled off following the economic recession in 2008.
Over 60% of the country’s undocumented population have been living in the US for at least ten years, which is an increase from around 35% back in 2000. Children born in the United States are automatically granted citizenship, even when their parents continue to be seen as illegal immigrants.
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Decades of Growth in the Bakken Shale
U.S. natural-gas production will accelerate over the next three decades, new research indicates, providing the strongest evidence yet that the energy boom remaking America will last for a generation.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) calls the Bakken Formation the largest continuous oil accumulation it has ever assessed. It stretches down from Saskatchewan into North Dakota and Montana. In 1995, the USGS surveyed the Bakken area in which they found roughly 151 million barrels of recoverable oil. Since then, drilling technology has improved causing reserve estimates to spike between 10-12 billion barrels of recoverable oil. The largest current oil field, which is located at the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska (ANWAR), could potentially hold up to 10 billion barrels of oil. However, the ANWAR presently has a drilling ban on it due to environmental issues. This would make the Bakken formation the largest oil discovery in the U.S. next to the oil fields in Alaska.
The Bakken shale oil field is one of the most active oil fields in the U.S., and drilling in the Bakken Formation has caused a huge economic boom to North Dakota and Montana. In North Dakota alone, oil production has now reached over 800,000 barrels per day (BPD) ending 2012. Daily production will go over 1 million BPD heading into early 2013.
Just a few years ago in 2007, the Bakken was considered a marginal to sub-marginal resource because the oil and natural gas are locked in a rock formation with a low permeability. However, advances in drilling and recovery technology such as horizontal drilling and hydrofracturing have transformed the Bakken into a prolific oil and natural gas producer. Since then, the Bakken has propelled North Dakota oil production to record levels, moving the state to the position of #2 oil producer in the United States. The only state that produces more crude oil is Texas.
The Bakken Formation, in addition to giving a major boost to the North Dakota economy, has reduced unemployment in the state to less than 2%, some of the lowest rates in the nation. The Bakken resources are expected to be productive for decades and make a major contribution to the future energy independence of the United States.
Contact the Global Power Supply Oil & Gas Team
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Allergic rhinitis, hayfever and nasal allergy treatment
Many patients contact our clinic to discuss allergic rhinitis treatment. Allergic rhinitis is an allergic condition caused by environmental allergens coming into contact with the nose and eyes. This triggers an immune or allergic reaction resulting in inflammation of the nasal passages and the upper airway.
Sufferers are likely to experience clear nasal discharge and nasal congestion, in addition to sneezing, itchy nose, eyes and throat. Allergy and Anaphylaxis Australia states that 1 in 5 Australians have allergic rhinitis. In fact, it is one of the most common allergic conditions in Melbourne and Victoria.
Hayfever and allergic rhinitis triggers
The most common form of allergic rhinitis is hayfever where the allergy is to pollen. This typically occurs around Spring (October to December) and frequently causes symptoms of sneezing, itchiness and watery eyes. This is considered to be a seasonal type of allergic rhinitis. Other allergies are perennial which means they can occur anytime throughout the year, for instance a dust mite allergy.
Common allergens triggering allergic rhinitis include:
- Seasonal pollens
- Dust mites
- Animal dander
- Cockroach droppings
Allergic rhinitis symptoms
People with allergic rhinitis typically experience symptoms after breathing in an allergen such as dust or pollen. The immune system recognises and overreacts to the allergen, resulting in a stuffy, congested nose, post nasal drainage, itching on the nose, eyes, throat and mouth, red and watery eyes, puffy eyelids, sneezing and cough.
The most common allergic rhinitis symptoms are:
- Stuffy nose
- Runny nose or post nasal drip
- Red, watery, puffy eyes
Allergic rhinitis diagnosis
Patients should discuss symptoms with their GP in the first instance. Diagnosis is based on analysis of symptoms and physical examination of the nose. Specific tests can confirm a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, these include skin prick testing and blood tests.
- Skin prick test – the skin is pricked and exposed to small amounts of common allergens to determine if there is a reaction
- Blood test – this measures the immune system’s response to common allergens by testing sensitivity
Non allergic rhinitis
It’s important to consider that not all rhinitis is allergic. This condition may also be caused by non-allergic factors. The symptoms are similar and result from inflammation inside of the nose although non-allergic rhinitis typically excludes the symptom of itchiness.
Non allergic rhinitis may be triggered by perfume, smoke, fumes, weather changes, infections, alcoholic beverages, foods, medications and hormonal changes. Overuse of nasal decongestants may also be a contributing factor.
Nonallergic rhinitis may also be linked to:
- Sinusitis – inflammation or infection of the sinus membranes
- Medical conditions such as a deviated septum, which is a curvature of the cartilage that separates the nostrils
- Nasal polyps – soft benign growths on the lining of the nose or sinus
In this case, diagnosis may include nasal endoscopy or CT scan.
- During a nasal endoscopy an ENT specialist will examine inside the nasal passages using an endoscope.
- A CT scan can provide detailed images of the sinuses for analysis.
Allergic Rhinitis and Hayfever treatment
There are many long-term and short-term treatments for allergic rhinitis. The most common treatments of rhinitis involve nasal sprays, but other treatments such as desensitisation can also be considered.
Desensitisation is a process where the allergen (the thing the patient is allergic to) is gradually introduced to the patient in extremely small doses to decrease the immune reaction. A new treatment is a tablet under the tongue which can be administered at home without any need for injections
Allergen avoidance – Mould and dust mite allergies can be reduced by making adjustments to the home environment. Animal dander allergy can be reduced by avoiding touching cats and dogs for instance.
Saline rinses – rinsing the nose with a specially formulated saline solution
Antihistamine medications – these are commonly prescribed to treat allergies and stop your body from making histamine. These can be taken as tablets or as nasal sprays and eye drops.
Intra-nasal steroid sprays – these are considered very effective for treating allergic rhinitis and can significantly reduce nasal congestion and other symptoms
Sublingual immunotherapy – this involves placing a tablet with a mixture of several allergens under the tongue. It may be effective for allergies caused by cat dander, dust mites, grass and some pollens.
Allergy shots – another type of immunotherapy which involves regular injections
Surgery – while surgery is not a specific treatment for allergic rhinitis it can help to improve breathing in many cases. It creates additional space within the nose to help with delivery of medication as well minimise the effect of swelling of lining. Surgery to the inferior turbinates and to the septum may be an option for some patients who cannot resolve symptoms by other more conservative approaches.
What happens if allergic rhinitis is not treated?
Allergic rhinitis can have severe impacts on quality of life. It may be associated with negative outcomes such as:
- Behavioural issues in children
- Sleep disorders and fatigue
- Decreased ability to focus and concentrate on school or work
- Impaired coordination
- Missed days of school or work
- Increased motor vehicle accidents
If you, your child or someone in your family is suffering from the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, we suggest to make an appointment with your GP in the first instance. You can ask for a referral to our ENT Specialists if your diagnosis is unclear or your symptoms do not resolve.
Our ENT Specialist team
Our team is highly regarded in the field of allergic rhinitis and nasal allergies.
Mr Yi Chen Zhao (nose specialist)
- Nasal allergy and immunotherapy specialist
- The nose specialist and current head of nasal and sinus surgery at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital.
- Specialist at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and St Vincent’s Hospital with the neurosurgeons that perform operations from the nose to the brain
Mr. Nathan Hayward
- ENT surgeon in Melbourne
- Unique expertise in sleep and snoring surgery
- Works with respiratory physicians to specialise in sleep studies and sleep apnoea
Mr. Sam Flatman
- ENT surgeon in Melbourne and visit Gippsland.
- Works at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre treating head and neck cancers.
Mr. Tim Baker
- Experienced head, neck and rhinoplasty surgeon
- 20 years’ experience in all aspects of ENT specialising in rhinoplasty and head and neck cancers
What to expect from your allergic rhinitis consultation
Before progressing with any treatments at ENT Specialist Group, we want you to have all the information you need to make an informed decision and know exactly what to expect.
There is no single treatment for allergic rhinitis as every case is different. Some patients may experience relief from non-surgical options while others may require nasal polyp removal, septorhinoplasty or other surgery to help control the symptoms.
Fast appointments for allergic rhinitis
While you might feel ready to start treatment for allergic rhinitis, long waiting lists often mean life can get in the way. At ENT Specialist Group, we’re HotDoc integrated which means you can book and schedule an appointment online or via mobile any time of night or day. We aim to accommodate urgent GP referrals within 24 hours.
What happens next?
If you’re in Melbourne or regional areas of Victoria and you’re concerned about allergic rhinitis, we invite you to contact us for a consultation. We will discuss all your options and help you feel empowered to take the next step.
Where can I make an appointment for allergic rhinitis diagnosis and treatment
To help ensure our nasal allergy services are accessible for all Victorians, We consult at various locations across metropolitan Melbourne and regional Victoria.
Visit us at:
If you’d like to understand more about treatment and surgical options, contact us today or make an online booking.
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Keeping your garden and landscape in pristine condition requires work and dedication. Beyond what you plant where,it is about how to best keep those plants vibrant and healthy. While many homeowners know that pruning is essential to maintaining optimum plant health, unfortunately, many homeowners misunderstand the whys, the whens and the hows of pruning. Proper pruning promotes healthy growth, improves the form of poorly shaped plants, showcases the beauty of your landscape, and encourages more and better blooms and fruits. Waiting too long, pruning at the wrong time, or not realizing when a plant is diseased can all seriously jeopardize your landscaping investment.
What is Pruning?
Simply put, pruning is the selectively removing parts of a plant, such as branches, buds, or roots. Various cuts and techniques are used depending on the type of plant, the season, and the desired result. Light pruning can be as simple as removing dead flowers from a plant, while heavy pruning can involve topping off trees, thinning out tree branches and shaping shrubs.
Why Should You Prune?
Perhaps the biggest reason to prune, beyond beautification, is to eliminate the spread of insects, disease and decay in your plants. A dying branch or stub can be the gateway for insects or diseases which will spread to other parts of the plant. Making pruning part of your landscaping routine can also help plants recover from weather damage, transplant shock, or other trauma. Both light and heavy pruning help stimulate flowering and fruiting, maintain or reduce plant size, remove undesirable growth, allow more sunlight to reach other plants, prevent property damage, shape plants, and rejuvenate old plants.
When Should You Prune?
Many homeowners dread the job of pruning, and often put it off. Heavy pruning in particular can be daunting to gardeners who lack the proper tools, skills and manpower; however, it is a year-round job with specific tasks for specific plants. Too often, homeowners wait until a plant has completely outgrown its space, or until a tree is dying, before they realize it is time to prune. Other gardeners think pruning is strictly a springtime ritual that should be applied to all plants regardless of the plant’s needs. Based on when the plant flowers, light pruning can be done throughout of the year. Heavy pruning should be undertaken in late winter to early spring for maximum spring and summer results.
How Should You Prune?
Each plant has its own season and needs to be pruned accordingly. Your pruning technique, the frequency, the aggressiveness and timing will all depend on the plant’s distinct growth form and habit. Improper pruning can lead to a host of problems for your plants, including less flowers/fruit, insect damage, diseases and winter freeze. You’ll need to do your research and make sure you’re familiar with the various types of cuts, where to cut, and how much to cut per plant.
To help all of their plantings achieve the healthiest growth, the most blooms and the best shapes, homeowners should think of pruning as a large part of their regular outdoor maintenance routine. Not all gardeners are equipped, or have the knowledge and time, to adequately do the job. For your heavy pruning needs, and even for your light pruning, consider a consultation with a professional landscaper. A professional will be sure to have the right tools, knowledge, techniques and manpower to protect your investment while improving the beauty of all the plants.
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By Allison Ashley
As high school seniors approach the highly anticipated age of 18, they receive new freedoms. Now considered adults by the state, they obtain the right to vote and are able to buy cough syrup and spray paint.
Along with this new freedom comes the responsibility of having to register for the Selective Service System…but only if you are a boy.
Selective Service System is a database that the government has in case we have a national emergency and people are needed to fight for our country. All United States male citizens and male immigrants ages 18 through 25 who are currently living in the US are required by the government to register.
The registry is just a precaution and does not mean that these men will be forced to go into the military. In the rare circumstance that a draft is required, the men would be picked randomly by year of birth or a lottery system. If chosen, the men would need to be physically and mentally examined and have a necessary fitness test. From there, the government would decide if he should be inducted or exempted from the Armed Forces. This system is put in place to ensure that if a draft is necessary in the future, it will be a fair and organized process so the government and its people are prepared.
During World War II about 350,000 women served either at home or on base in many different roles, including Army Nurse Corps, Women’s Air Force Service Pilots, and replacing many other jobs that men previously held before the war.
In 1979, qualifications for enlisting in the military became the same for both genders. Though women were now allowed to enlist, they were still prohibited from assignments that included direct combat roles. Department of Defense officially banned women from serving in combat in 1994.
This past year, on January 24, 2013, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta removed the military’s ban and women are officially now able to serve in combat. He justified this by saying, “If members of our military can meet the qualifications for a job, then they should have the right to serve, regardless of creed, color, gender or sexual orientation.”
This opened up 237,000 positions to women in the military. Panetta stated, “This milestone reflects the courageous and patriotic service of women through more than two centuries of American history and the indispensable role of women in today’s military.”
Nearly every job in the military is open to women. America is a country striving to eliminate any type of gender discrimination. The Selective Service was knowingly discriminatory, requiring men to do something not required of women, but this was originally justified because until 2013 women were not allowed in combat.
Now it is up to Congress to decide if this law is still constitutional. If women in America are given equal opportunities, then they should also be given equal responsibilities, requiring all men and women to register for the draft when they turn 18.
President Barack Obama said, “If you’re walking down the right path and you’re willing to keep walking, eventually you’ll make progress.” The United States continues to take steps down the right path towards equality; the progress we make will be a reflection of the gender integration in all programs and services that this country offers.
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Skidding on the road can be a hazardous situation. Skidding takes place when a loss of traction occurs when a vehicle’s wheels slip on the road surface. As you can imagine, it can be a scary scenario and can lead to you losing control of the vehicle. What can cause a vehicle to skid? Several factors can cause a vehicle to skid on the roads. As a driver, you should be aware of the factors to prevent skidding and keep you safe on Irish roads.
Wet or Icy Conditions
Wet or Icy conditions are the most common cause of road skidding. After rainfall, the roads are left wet. The water can then build up on the road surface, making it very difficult for the tires to grip. The same goes for icy conditions. The lack of friction can lead to tires slipping on the road. You need to take extra caution when driving in wet or icy conditions. Slow down more and increase the distance between you and the vehicle in front.
Worn or Bald Tires
Another cause of skidding is worn or bald tires. Tires that have worn treads or are worn down to the point where the treads are no longer visible are less able to grip the road. These tire conditions can make it easier for the vehicle to skid. Drivers should regularly check their tires for wear and replace them when necessary.
Speeding on the roads is also a significant cause of skidding. When a vehicle travels at higher speeds than is legally allowed, it can be more difficult for the driver to control it. It can be particularly hazardous in wet or icy conditions. Drivers should always obey posted speed limits and reduce their speed in adverse weather conditions.
Another cause of skidding is sudden braking. When a driver brakes suddenly or harshly, the wheels can lock up, which can cause the vehicle to skid. Drivers should always brake gently and smoothly. You should avoid sudden braking whenever possible. Never break harshly in icy conditions, or you will skid off and lose control of the vehicle.
Lastly, a mechanical problem with the vehicle’s braking system, steering system, or suspension can also cause skidding. If you notice any unusual noises or vibrations while driving, you should get your vehicle inspected by a mechanic as soon as possible.
In newer car models, there is modern technology installed to prevent skidding from happening. Some of these features include the following:
- ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System) helps to reduce the risk of skidding, which is caused by harsh or excessive braking.
- Traction control also helps to reduce skidding caused by excessive acceleration.
Not all cars will have these features. These safety features are worth looking at if you’re in the market for a new car.
In conclusion, skidding can be caused by various factors, including wet or icy road conditions, worn or bald tires, speeding, sudden braking and mechanical problems. By understanding these factors and taking steps to prevent skidding, drivers can stay safe on the road and reduce the risk of accidents.
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Get free worksheets plus activities, articles, and science projects.
This double-whammy of an activity will have kids eager to add! This twisty-turny maze may look like a challenge, but once your kid solves some simple addition problems, he'll have found his way to the end in no time.
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| 0.94854 | 149 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Temporal range: 36–27Ma Late Eocene - Early Oligocene
Arsinoitherium is an extinct genus of paenungulate mammal related to elephants, sirenians, hyraxes and the extinct desmostylians, as well as to other extinct embrithopods. These species were elephant-like herbivores that lived during the late Eocene and the early Oligocene of northern Africa from 36 to 30 million years ago, in areas of tropical rainforest and at the margin of mangrove swamps. A newly discovered species, Arsinoitherium giganteum, lived in Ethiopia ~27 million years ago.
The generic name Arsinoitherium comes from Queen Arsinoe after whom the Fayum, the region in which the fossils were found, was called during Ptolemaic times, and the Greek: θηρίον (therion), "beast". The species epithet of the type species, A. zitteli, was given to it in honor of the eminent german paleontologist Karl Alfred von Zittel, regarded by some as the pioneer of paleontology in Egypt.
Discovery and fossil relatives
While the Fayum Oasis is the only site where complete skeletons of Arsinoitherium fossils were recovered, remnants of earlier relatives have been found in south-eastern Europe and Mongolia, in the form of jaw fragments. These earlier arsinoitheres have yet to be formally described. The best known (and first described) species is A. zitteli. A second species, A. giganteum, was discovered in the Ethiopian highlands of Chilga in 2003. The fossil teeth, far larger than those of A. zitteli, date back to around 28-27 million years ago The Mongolian material has been named Radinskya yupingae, while the European material has been given the nomen dubium of Crivadiatherium iliescui, and the Turkish material has been named Palaeoamasia kansui (also nomen dubium).
When alive, they would have superficially resembled a rhinoceros and adults of the species A. zitteli stood around 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) tall at the shoulders and 3 m (9 ft 10 in) in length. The most noticeable feature of Arsinoitherium were a pair of enormous horns above the nose and a second pair of tiny knob-like horns over the eyes. The skeleton is robust and the limbs were columnar similar to those of elephants, the hips were also elephant-like. Arsinoitherium had a full complement of 44 teeth, which is the primitive state of placental mammalian dentition, with characteristics suggesting that it was a selective browser.
- Beadnell, H.G.C. (1902). "A preliminary note on Arsinoitherium zitteli, Beadnell, from the Upper Eocene strata of Egypt". Public Works Ministry, National Printing Department (Cairo): 1–4.
- Sanders, W.J., Kappelman, J., and Rasmussen, D.T. 2004. New large−bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (3): 365–392.
- Andrews, C.W. A descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayûm. British Museum, London. Taylor and Francis. p. 324.
- Mondéjar-Fernández et al. (2008). "El género Arsinoitherium: catálogo de la colección inédita del Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de París y el problema del número de especies". Palaeontologica Nova (in Spanish). SEPAZ (8): 292–304.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arsinoitherium.|
- New fossils from Ethiopia open a window on Africa's 'missing years'
- Arsinoitherium fact file on BBC Science & Nature: Prehistoric Life
- Vincent L. Morgan and Spencer G. Lucas (2002). "Notes From Diary––Fayum Trip, 1907" (PDF). Bulletin 22. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. 148 pages, public domain. ISSN 1524-4156.
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| 0.829048 | 930 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The language we use about disability is an important way of influencing our own and society’s attitudes. The list below is intended to help you and it reflects the views of disabled people themselves and in particular young wheelchair users.
Instead of using words that are passive 'victim' words (handicapped, for example, has its roots in the idea of asking for charity, “cap in hand”), we would recommend using the suggested words below, which respect disabled people as active individuals with control over their own lives.
- Instead of handicapped person / child, use disabled person / child.
- Instead of able bodied, non disabled.
- Instead of the disabled, use disabled person / children.
- Instead of using affected by, suffers from, a victim of or has a disease, use has the condition, has an impairment, has cerebral palsy / spina bifida.
- Instead of using cripple, invalid or sufferer, use disabled person / child.
- Instead of using confined to a wheelchair, wheelchair bound, use a wheelchair user.
- Instead of spastic, use has cerebral palsy.
- Instead of special needs, use specific needs.
- Instead of integration, use inclusion.
- Instead of disabled toilets, use accessible toilets.
Whizz-Kidz specific terms
- Instead of children with disabilities, use disabled children.
- Instead of mobility aids, use wheelchairs, tricycles or mobility equipment.
- Instead of chair, use wheelchair.
- Instead of electric chair, use powered wheelchair.
Correct spellings for the following (please note capitals, hyphens, number of zs and so on):
Disabled children or children with disabilities?
'Disabled children' (or people) is preferred because it acknowledges that the biggest difficulty for disabled people lies in society’s attitudes i.e. that it is society that is disabling the person or child, whereas 'children with disabilities' can be seen to place the problem solely with the individual.
Specific Needs or Special Needs
We all have the same needs – to eat, to drink etc. Disabled people are disadvantaged if their needs are not met, the same as you would be. There is nothing ‘special’ about needing Braille, or needing to use a wheelchair to get around. 'Special needs' is still widely used and considered acceptable. However, an alternative is 'specific needs' (or more formally 'access requirements').
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| 0.914803 | 512 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Classical Music of India
Indian Classical Music
The Indian culture not only comprises of numerous traditions or rituals, but it is also comprised of several types of music. While music is divided into many categories like Classical music, Folk music, Filmi music etc. Hence, tourists and travelers visiting India not only get to spend time at historic landmarks but also at cultural events that are host to several artsy performances.
1. Classical music:
The classical music in India is classified into two main categories namely Hindustani and Carnatic. Both the musical forms have seven notes. However, the musical forms are known to differ in compositions. When it comes to raga, Carnatic music is based on Janaka and Janya raga. While in Hindustani music that there are 32 different types. In concerts, Carnatic music is performed by a group of artist with a violin, mridangam, or kanjira. However, the Hindustani music is performed with harmonium and tabla. Overall, both the musical forms are known for their exquisite vocals. Hence, travellers at any part of the country can visit a musical event and enjoy the melody.
2. Folk music:
The India folk music is mainly developed in India to represent all cultural diversities across the country. The folk music can be divided into various sub-categories such as bhangra, dandiya, Rajasthani , lavani, and Sufi folk rock. The music is also known to originate amongst daily labourers to pass the time as well. The folk music is also associated in numerous festival celebrations and events too. Some pieces of evidence show that the folk music was founded around the 1500 BC. So, it could be that the musical form is older than all other music forms as well.
This type of music is pretty standard and widespread in India. This type of music is found in Indian cinema. They are made by a team of composers, artists, and background musicians lead by a music director. This type of music is not restricted to a particular state. It is spread across the entire country. The music mainly focuses on the lyrics, background music, and instruments used. The best music is usually the highest box office hits. This music can be pop, melody, blues, or any other style of music as well. Some of the hit songs are performed by the artists live which can be viewed by several people. However, the song is usually recorded in a studio.
4. Indian rock:
This music is a fusion of Indian music and rock music. So, it can be considered a combination of two different types of music into one. This music can have elements of folk music, Hindustani music, Carnatic music, and other music as well. The music is usually performed by bands and artists. It is rare that these bands and artists perform in Indian films. This music also has many sub-categories which include the Raga rock, Indian fusion, Indian funk, rock and roll, hard rock and heavy metal. There is also Vedic metal as well.
5. Indian pop:
The Indian pop music is also called the “I-pop” or “Hindi pop”. This type of music is mainly incorporated in Bollywood music. It is just like the pop music culture in the western countries and is sung by numerous musicians. This music is similar to Filmi music as it focuses on lyrics, meaning, background music, playback singers, instruments, and vocals. This music is widely performed on stages and live concerts as well. So, tourists visiting Indian can enjoy a fun melody of Indian pop.
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This documentary couples reenactments of combat with observations from historians to create a picture of this 18th-century war. Though THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR covers many different elements of history, it pays particular attention to the war's most famous clash: the Battle of Quebec.
The last of the wars for the control of North America! The French & Indian War was an epic struggle between France and Great Britain and her colonial allies. Both sides were fighting for control of the North American continent. The long-standing and deeply rooted animosity between France and Britain made this final decisive conflict all but inevitable. The war represented the first large-scale mobilization of the colonial militias and would prove to be a critical factor in the war for American Independence that would follow less than a generation later. The war is best remembered for the Battle of Quebec, where British General Wolfe surprised French forces on the Plains of Abraham outside the city of Quebec and decisively routed them. Wolfe himself was shot and killed, and did not see the French surrender on September 18th or the takeover of French Canada by the British.
This DVD features commentary and analysis by Dr. Scott Lucas of the University of Birmingham, author and historian Stuart Reid, Director of the Old Fort Niagara Brian Dunnigan, and military experts Kenneth A. Hamilton and George A. Bray III. It also features atmospheric battle re-enactments and period images. Narrated by Ian Brooker.
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| 0.952911 | 289 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Frequent forgetting of important tasks, lack of concentration, distraction, feeling of tiredness - these are difficulties at school and at work, which result from unhealthy lifestyle and inadequate preparation for daily mental activity. How to fight it? Konrad Gaca, a nutrition specialist, presents 6 principles that will help you improve your memory and stimulate your brain to function effectively.
The fast pace of life causes our mind to get breathless. Especially in the autumn, when we still remember the blissful holiday sloth. How to return to the game and improve your efficiency in a natural way?
1) First of all, eat regularly
Many of us happen to disregard this principle, and this is one of the most important points of everyday health care - regularity.
- Thanks to this, we stimulate the metabolism, provide our body with nutritional values at fixed times, and the feeling of hunger does not distract us and does not distract us from important tasks - says Konrad Gaca, author of the GACA SYSTEM weight loss method. It is best to bet on 4-5 small meals a day, consumed on average every 3-4 hours. This will prevent blood glucose drops," he adds.
2) Drink water
Do you happen not to drink even a glass of water all day? Error!
- Water is crucial for the functioning of the whole organism, it has a positive effect on concentration and learning processes, improves metabolism - says Gaca. The feeling of thirst already indicates dehydration, which is why it is so important to prevent it. Always have a bottle of still mineral water with you! - adds the expert.
3) Remember vitamins and minerals
Especially B vitamins have a positive effect on memory and concentration. You will find them in fish, poultry, eggs, green vegetables and sprouts. - In the case of memory improvement, products rich in vitamin B6, from which serotonin - a compound supporting the nervous system, often referred to as the hormone of happiness - is produced, says Konrad Gaca. You will find Vitamin B6 in buckwheat groats, red peppers, spinach, cabbage, cereal products, avocado and nuts, among others.
The minerals magnesium, iron and zinc should also be kept in mind. Magnesium is involved in the process of conduction of nerve impulses in brain tissue. You'll find it in nuts and bitter chocolate. Iron provides adequate oxygenation for the brain, its deficiency can cause learning and concentration difficulties. Soya, chickpeas and cocoa are excellent sources of iron. Zinc, on the other hand, is responsible for the correct concentration and memory processes - you will find it in broccoli and tomatoes, among others.
4) Eat unsaturated fatty acids
You'll find them in nuts and sea fish, like salmon.
- Omega-3 acids are extremely important for the health and performance of the body - convinces nutrition expert Konrad Gaca. They prevent nervous system diseases, improve circulation and support brain function," he adds.
You will also find them in linseed oil or olive oil, which is worth adding to homemade salads.
5) Be active
Physical activity will oxygenate the brain, allow you to break away from your duties and focus on getting your body moving. It is essential and crucial for every body! Find the time 2-4 times a week to train according to your abilities. To achieve the best possible effect, it is best to consult a specialist. Movement is essential - especially when you do office work every day.
6) Take care of the rest
It is also very important to have enough sleep and time to rest. Depending on the age, we should sleep an average of 6 to 10 hours a day.
- Lack of sleep destroys the brain, hinders concentration and causes memory problems - says Gaca. That's why it's so important to give yourself time to rest and regenerate your brain. Without rest there is no efficiency - both at school and at work - convinces the expert.
Excellent memory and concentration are essential for effective work and learning at school. Applying these 6 principles to your daily life will allow you to say goodbye once and for all to the constant distraction and feeling of tiredness. Take care of your diet, physical activity and regeneration today - not only will you stop feeling tired, but you will also gain satisfaction from learning and working again.
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| 0.938967 | 889 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This article should probably be titled ‘Reflux and Lack of Sleep’, as many refluxers experience both day and night time sleeping problems. Indeed lack of sleep is one of the main causes of distress for parents of refluxers and can put immense strain on your relationship with your child, partner, family and friends. It is helpful to start by clarifying what is ‘normal’ sleep behaviour and I use that term quite loosely, as every child is very different.
General Practitioner Dr Renee Shilkin details in her book Crying Babies & Beyond (2010), that it is common for healthy babies to wake every three or four hours in their first few months and then from four months to have a five to six hour stretch of sleep at some part of the night. She also states that day time sleeping is variable in healthy babies and the sign of enough sleep, is if the baby wakes happy (Shilkin 2010). If your baby wakes happy from a day time nap or night sleep, then the length of sleep they had was adequate (Shilkin 2010).
Anne Gethin and Psychologist Beth Macgregor detail in their book (Helping Your Baby to Sleep, 2007) the sleep habits of healthy infants, and the below table shows how the average hours of sleep can vary significantly! The range of sleep for babies in their first month differs dramatically, with some infants sleeping as little as 9 hours over a 24 hour period and some as much as 19 hours (Gethin & Macgregor 2007).
|Average hours of sleep||50% of babies||Range of nearly all babies|
Figure 1 Sleep hours by age: 24-hour period (including naps) (Gethin & Macgregor, 2007, p. 6)
It is important to know that night time sleeping problems are very common in refluxing infants. Research shows that 13 percent of infants over 3 months of age wake their parents three or more times a night, however a study completed on infants with Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) found that 50 to 60 percent of infants over 3 months of age suffering from GORD woke their parents frequently at night (Ghaem, et al. 1998).
Dr Shilkin advises that adults need a four to five hour period of uninterrupted sleep. This four to five hour period of uninterrupted sleep is so important as it is a deep sleep phase, and without it you are tired, forgetful, unmotivated and over a longer period of time will show many signs of depression (Shilkin 2010).
Sleep issues that can be due to reflux include:
- waking in the middle of the night with a burst of crying (Pantley 2002);
- waking frequently overnight (Blanch 2010), your child may initially sleep for three or four hours, but then will wake every one or two hours for the rest of the night and be difficult to resettle (Shilkin 2010);
- infants and children may be more comfortable in a fully upright position and may object or cry when you go to lie them down (Blanch 2010);
- trouble self-settling and they can be restless sleepers who are easily disturbed from sleep (Blanch 2010);
- day time sleeping tends to be for short periods and usually are cat naps for 10 to 40 minutes with the child waking distressed (Shilkin 2010);
- older children with reflux can be restless during sleep and may cry, moan or swallow even when asleep (Blanch 2010);
- older children with reflux may ask for drinks of water overnight and/or want water immediately upon waking (Blanch 2010).
Tips for coping with lack of sleep and a child or infant who is overtired include:
- sleep or rest if possible when your baby sleeps, even if it is just for 20 minutes. Make sure you switch off the phone and ask friends/family to ring before coming over (Blanch 2010);
- consider baby wearing, it may help you to get things done around the house while your baby sleeps upright (Blanch 2010), even if it means your baby gets an extra 10 or 15 minutes sleep, this can make a significant difference to their mood;
- organise family or friends to babysit for an hour or two so you can have a break (Blanch 2010);
- recognise that you are tired and don’t feel guilty to spend at least one day a week in your PJ’s (I like to call them pyjama days) where you don’t do any housework, buy takeaway for lunch and dinner and just give yourself some time-out;
- put a day bed or mattress in your child’s room and lie down near their cot/bed so you both can get some sleep;
- have a small mattress or sleeping bag next to your bed that your older child can get into if they wake in the early hours of the morning;
- Pinky McKay suggests making a list of five-minute breaks for you and putting it on the fridge (McKay 2002) and making a promise to yourself to do one each day. She suggests breaks such as
- reading an article;
- calling a friend;
- putting on a CD;
- sending an email.
- Pinky McKay also suggests trying to simplify your life by hiring help. Her advice is that even if money is tight, just one thorough house-clean or one basket of ironing outsourced could relieve some pressure (McKay 2002);
- Another suggestion is online shopping, by having groceries, fruit and vegetables and even pharmacy products home delivered, reduces the need for shopping excursions (McKay 2002). We all know how difficult it can be with a reflux baby that hates traveling in the car and also being out at the shops with an upset baby is not enjoyable for anyone!
Download printable version Reflux and Sleep
Written by Bianca Willis RISA Inc member/volunteer
Additional information on gastro-oesophageal reflux and sleep are provided in RISA Inc’s book “Reflux Reality: A Guide for Families” by Glenda Blanch.
1. Shilkin, R 2010, Crying Babies & Beyond – the ins and outs & ups and downs. KHL Printing Co Pte Ltd Printers, Singapore.
2. Ghaem, M, Armstrong, KL, Trocki, O, Cleghorn, GJ, Patrick, MK, & Shepherd, RW (1998), ‘The sleep patterns of infants and young children with gastro-oesophageal reflux’. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 160-163.
3. Pantley, E (2002), The No-cry Sleep Solution. McGraw Hill, Sydney.
4. Gethin, A & Macgregor, B (2007), Helping Your Baby to Sleep: Why gentle techniques work best. Finch Publishing, Sydney.
5. Blanch, G, 2010, Reflux Reality: A Guide For Families. Michelle Anderson Publishing, Melbourne.
6. McKay, P, 2002, 100 Ways to Calm the Crying, Griffin Press, Melbourne.
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June is National Safety Month, which offers an additional opportunity to focus on the year-round priority of staying safe at the job site.
Did you know that the third leading cause of accidental injury-related deaths is falls? According the National Safety Council (NSC), nearly 32,000 people died in falls at home and at work in 2014. Within the workplace, construction poses the greatest risk for fatal falls, with 302 deaths reported in 2013, far more than any other industry.
That’s why fall safety is a key focus of the NSC’s National Safety Month, and why it should be a top priority for anyone in the workplace. Training is key, though not consistently applied throughout the job site. According to OSHA, Fall Protection Training ranked number 9 on its 2017 Top 10 list of violations with 1,523. The reality is that slips, trips and falls are 100% preventable. Here are a few tips from the NSC that everyone should be aware of to help prevent a serious or even deadly fall, particularly if you’re working from a ladder, roof or scaffolding:
- Determine what safety equipment is needed for the task
- Scan the work area for potential hazards before starting the job
- Make sure you have level ground to set up the equipment
- Ensure stepladders have a locking device to hold the front and back open
- Always keep two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand on the ladder
- Place the ladder on a solid surface and never lean it against an unstable surface
- A straight or extension ladder should be 1 foot away from the surface it rests on for every 4 feet of height and extend at least 3 feet over the top edge
- Securely fasten straight and extension ladders to an upper support
- Wear slip-resistant shoes and don’t stand higher than the third rung from the top
- Don’t lean or reach while on a ladder, and have someone support the bottom
- Never use old or damaged equipment; check thoroughly before use
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| 0.943084 | 422 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Battle of Ongjin
The Battle of Ongjin was a part of the Operation Pokpoong that marked the beginning of the Korean War. The ROK 17th Infantry Regiment fought against the DPRK 14th Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Guard Brigade supported by a tank company at Ongjin.
Order of battle
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- 14th Infantry Regiment - Senior Colonel Han Il-rae
- 3rd Guard Brigade - Brigadier General Choe Hyun
Republic of Korea
- 17th Infantry Regiment - Colonel Paik In-yup
- 1st Infantry Battalion - Major Kim Hee-tae
- 2nd Infantry Battalion - Major Song Ho-rim
- 3rd Infantry Battalion - Major Oh Ik-kyung
- 7th Artillery Battalion - Major Park Yeon-ho
Ongjin Peninsula is located at the westernmost of the 38th parallel. It is surrounded by the sea, and its only land route was blocked by the 38th parallel. There are strategic mountains at the center of the peninsula that can observe the entire peninsula easily. Prior to the Battle of Ongjin, the two opposing forces already had three clashes near these mountains in 1949.
The DPRK had built supply bases nearby, and supplies could be transported by railroad. On the other hand, ROK forces received support from Port Bupho located at the southeast of the peninsula. Due to the wide range between tidelines, large vessels were only able to come up alongside the Port Bupho pier twice per day.
From 20 June 1950, ROK 17th Infantry Regiment began witnessing suspicious and unusual movements on North Korea side of the 38th parallel. The regiment spotted many high-ranking North Korean officers in North Korean bases and on the hills, but no North Korean civilians were seen. When the regiment received an order to call off its alert, regimental commander Paik In-yup ignored the order and kept his regiment on high alert for any possible attacks from North Korea. Eventually, Paik lowered the alert except on the front lines. However, when United Nations personnel visited the regiment they urged Paik to cancel the alert saying that the it would cause the very issue it was in place to prevent. However, the day before the battle Paik ordered every troop to be stationed in their defense positions, giving the regiment a fortunate battle-ready stance for the upcoming attack.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Taking over Kangryong as fast as possible was the main goal for North Korean forces. The 3rd Guard Brigade prepared in the west, and the 14th Infantry Regiment with an armored battalion from the 203th Armored Regiment was tasked with capturing Kangryong.
Republic of Korea
Ongjin Peninsula is an isolated area where only ground access was to go through North Korean soil. Therefore, 17th Infantry Regiment had to defend a 45 km line with limited troops. The 1st Infantry Battalion covered the west and the 3rd Infantry Battalion covered the east while the 2nd Infantry Battalion was stationed at the rear to act as relief. The regiment focused its strength at the Kangry'ŏng, protected by the 3rd Infantry Battalion, because it was most likely to be the primary object for North Korea. If Kangry'ŏng was taken, the regiment would lose its combat strength by half along with its path of retreat.
At 04:00 of 25 June a red flare was shot in the air and DPRK forces began shelling ROK defenses for 30 minutes. After the artillery attack, a battalion-sized force of DPRK soldiers thrusted into the ROK 1st Battalion. Two companies of the battalion fought hand-to-hand, but were forced to retreat due to DPRK reinforcement.
With the destruction of both wire and wireless communications, 1st Battalion commander Major Kim learned of the situation from retreating forces. He sent a reserve company forward as backup but this effort failed. Major Kim was later killed by DPRK artillery.
Meantime, the DPRK 14th Regiment continued shelling on the ROK 3rd Battalion until 05:30. However, ROK forces was not allowed to return artillery fire until hours later because the U.S. advisors had full control over the battalion's 105mm artillery.
When DPRK forces rushed over the ROK defenses with tanks and armored vehicles, ROK forces employed M18 recoilless rifle in defense. These failed to destroy any tanks. The ROK 3rd Battalion then retreated and set up new defensive lines at Chimasan and Seokgyeri which left Kangryong and Yangwon vulnerable to DPRK attack. Nevertheless, Colonel Paik ordered the 2nd Battalion to aid the 1st Battalion to maintain defense line on the left.
The 2nd Battalion ambushed and annihilated a DPRK battalion then recovered the left of the line in a counterattack. The battalion then retreat orders but refused and maintained the defensive line until the battalion learned the regiment had withdrawn to Kangryong. The battalion commander Major Song led both the 1st and 2nd Battalions to Buldangsan. When the troops arrived at Buldangsan, the DPRK forces had already taken over Yangwon and Kangryong. Major Song abandon plans to move to Port Bupho. Instead, he moved his forces to Sagot and retreated from there.
After retreating from Kangryong, the 3rd Battalion made its final defensive line and engineers blasted bridges to halt DPRK tanks. However, the DPRK forces did not chase down the ROK troops. Later it was learned that the DPRK 14th Regiment transferred the operation to the DPRK 3rd Guard Brigade after taking over Kangryong and moved to a different area to join larger battles.
Colonel Paik ordered LST-801 to set sail. He remained with the 7th Artillery Battalion, where he worked with its commander, Major Park, and other officers till the last round was fired. They successfully fled the zone in a small wooden boat.
About 90% of the South Korean forces and equipment in Ongjin Peninsula returned to the mainland. The 17th Infantry Regiment moved to Daejeon and recovered all losses. The regiment returned to the front line at Osan and participated in later battles including the Battle of Inchon.
- "옹진지구 전투". Korean History Information Center.
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Paul Ekman, a retired psychologist, 71, is known around the world for his research on facial expressions and for his ability to carefully monitor expressions, body language, gestures and voice.
He has analyzed 42 facial muscles that can produce more than 10,000 expressions. He has found that seven basic emotions — anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise — have clear facial signals. He has coined the term “micro-expressions” to describe ultra-quick facial movements that signal underlying emotions. Though barely noticeable, these expressions are key to determining whether someone is lying.
That ability to detect deception — whether in a cheating spouse or a suspected terrorist — has Ekman in demand these days. As security becomes an everyday concern in American society, Ekman, who spent more than 40 years at the University of California Medical School in San Francisco, is teaching his skills to security professionals, including those at federal agencies in Washington, D.C.
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You can read the comments or leave your own thoughts.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Jul 2005
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
Grohol, J. (2005). Face expert’s ability to see deception has him in demand. Psych Central. Retrieved on March 12, 2014, from http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2005/07/21/face-experts-ability-to-see-deception-has-him-in-demand/
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As if the Akiba Pulse Box (the Twitter heart beat posting device) or the Bowlingual (the iPhone Twitter app for dogs) weren’t enough: Japan now boasts the world’s first tweeting satellite, the CubeSat XI-V. Developed by the Nakasuka Lab at the University of Tokyo, the pico satellite (four inches) is currently orbiting Earth and keeps posting [JP] various data to its followers on Twitter.
It’s mostly relatively cryptic stuff like the satellite’s position in outer space, the current temperature, etc., but you also get the occasional image of mother Earth, for example this or this one (too bad these are so small). It’s been posting its status to Twitter for ten days, and it has well over 2,500 followers already.
The XI-V, which weighs 1kg and was developed in twelve months, has been orbiting in outer space for about five years. You can find more technical info on the satellite here.
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11/13/2017 9:06:29 AM Jessica Qatawi
With cloudy weather comes rain. Driving in the rain is undoubtedly more risky than driving in dry conditions. In fact, the safest way to drive in the rain is to wait for the rain to pass. However, that isn't always possible so we have a few invaluable tips to help you drive in the rain.
Keep Your Car Equipped
The most important parts of your car while driving in the rain are your lights, wipers, and tires. Staying visible in the rain will not only help you, but it will also help other drivers from crashing into you. Having your taillights and headlights working is the best way to stand out in rainy weather, even if it is only misting. Fresh tires keep better traction on the road which means safer driving. Old tires wear down and lose the rubber that helps you stick to the road. Windshield wipers need replacement every six months. If you are not able to see out of your windshield, you are a danger to yourself and others on the road.
Driving in the Rain
Once you are behind the wheel, it is time to hit the road. Driving in the rain requires you to keep extra distance between you and the car ahead of you. This will help you slow down and avoid hard braking. Slamming the brakes in the rain can have devastating effects on slippery roads.
Hydroplaning occurs when you drive over larger pools of water. Your car will slide along the road due to a loss of traction on the road. If this happens to you, pull your foot off the gas and steer into the direction you want to go. Braking while hydroplaning can worsen the problem so it is important to decelerate first.
The Most Dangerous Time to Drive
Wet roads are worst after a long dry spell. During dry weather, oil, rubber, and dirt settle into the asphalt. When it rains, these materials rise to the surface. This makes the road slicker and harder to drive on.
Even with all these tips and tools to help you drive in the rain, the key to it all is the driver. Metro Nissan of Montclair wants every driver to stay vigilant and safe on the roads this season.
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Data about <i>Proxenetes tenuispinosus</i>
About Data on EOL
TraitBank gathers data and metadata from multiple sources into a single, fully-referenced and semantically accessible taxon-centric view.
Contact us for more information on sharing data sets with EOL or to recommend a data set for inclusion into TraitBank.
Funding for the development of EOL computable data functionality provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and from EOL users around the world. Contact the EOL Secretariat for more information on TraitBank.
Glossary for Proxenetes tenuispinosus
- The general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first major change in terrain features.
- A plane angle unit which is equal to 1/360 of a full rotation or 1.7453310^[-2] rad.
- A semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
- A category or description of the habitat in which the Event occurred.
- high tide zone
- The tide zone that is flooded during high tide only, and is a highly saline environment.
- intertidal zone
- The area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e., the area between tide marks.
- The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive.
- The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive.
- A liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay.
- Natural freshwater surface streams of considerable volume and a permanent or seasonal flow, moving in a definite channel toward a sea, lake, or another river; any large streams, or ones larger than brooks or creeks, such as the trunk stream and larger branches of a drainage system.
- A naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
- The part of an elevation or depression between the relatively flat surrounding area and the peak of a mount or the bottom of a depression.
To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!
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In this tutorial, we're going to use the Path Tools in Photoshop to draw a shield-like shape. Then using some gradients, we're going to give it a metallic edge and shiny center. I actually made this tutorial when making the default icons for some posts here on PSDtuts, so if you go to the main listing on the site you'll see them in action.
We begin with a dark grey to black gradient. I drew this with the Radial Gradient, which long-time PSDtuts readers will know is my favorite gradient tool. Anyhow don't worry too much about these colors, because midway through the tutorial, I decided they were too dark and changed them!
Now press Ctrl-R to switch on your rulers and drag some guides out. You do this by clicking on the ruler and then keeping your mouse down and dragging out to where you want them to be. I set up my guides as shown below. Because I'm drawing a triangle, I want to make sure that it's symmetric and not wonky - hence the guides.
Note that at any time you can press Ctrl+' and the guides will switch on and off. This is useful because otherwise they get in the way of what you're trying to do sometimes.
Also with the rulers you can right-click on the rulers and you'll see the different measurements they work in. For Web graphics it's probably easiest to work in pixels (though for print you'd want something larger probably). Anyhow because my canvas is 500x500, I put the guides at 100px, 250px, and 400px and then 100px and 250px downwards.
Next grab the Pen Tool (P) and draw a triangle as shown. You can do this with three dots (yes all the high school math is worthwhile after all!). Note that if you hold the mouse down when you place dots you'll get into the curvy pen thing (it's technical name is bezier curves) and we're not interested in those today, so just click once to get nice angled points.
Also if you hold down Shift you'll find you get the Pen Tool snapping to lines which are in multiples of 45 degrees. This can be good particularly if you want to draw the dead straight line at the top (and not accidentally place a mark a few pixels off). Alternately I suppose you could make sure you have snapping on which is under View > Snap To > Guides. Either way should get you the right result. As always Photoshop gives you a zillion ways to do everything.
Now we want a variant of the Pen Tool called the Add Anchor Point tool. You can see it in the picture below.
With the Add Anchor Tool selected and your guides still up, go through and add extra points in the positions shown below (note that I've switched off the guides with CTRL+' so that I could screenshot it properly).
You may be wondering why we didn't just add all these points in the beginning rather than after we'd drawn the triangle. The answer is simply that it's hard to get everything looking nice and symmetrical. This is just an easier way.
Now we are going to change to the Direct Selection Tool (A) which is the arrow shown. There are actually three Arrow tools in Photoshop, this one, it's alternate which is called the Path Selection Tool and our regular arrow also called the Move Tool. What's the difference?
Well basically the Move Tool (the regular one) is for moving objects around as you do normally. These other two are for paths. The Direct Selection tool is for selecting either points or edges (the lines between the points). While the Path Selection tool is for moving the entire path around all together (without it losing shape).
The best way to understand them, of course, is to click on each one in turn and see what it does! But for now we just want the Direct Selection Tool.
So using the Direct Selection Tool, first click on the top middle point to select it. Now hold down Shift and press the Up arrow a couple of times and you'll see the point move up. Next do the same with the left and right midpoints to make them move about.
We hold down Shift because it makes movement faster (I think SHIFT+Arrow is the same as 10xArrow with no Shift).
Anyhow, move the points about until you have something like shown...
It's up to you how you make your final path turn out, I made mine kinda quirky by just moving points about until they kinda looked like a shield. I saved the path in the PSD file for download in case you want that exact path. You can find it by clicking on the Paths tab and then you'll see a path marked Shield Path.
Any time you have a path you think you might want later, click to the Paths tab and then click on that little arrow pointing to the right and choose Save Path. This is particularly handy if you've spent a long time deep-etching a person out of a photograph and you want to make sure you don't accidentally lose your path work.
Next create a New Layer. Click on the Pen Tool and then right click anywhere on the canvas and choose Make Selection. You'll get a little dialog box asking if you want to feather your selection, make sure it's set to 0 (the default) and press OK.
Next get a light grey to dark grey and draw a gradient in your new layer as shown.
Now with that layer still selected, create a New Layer and go to Select > Modify > Contract and put in 10 pixels.
Next draw a gradient going the OTHER way with the same two light grey and dark grey colors. So the first one should be from top-left to bottom-right. This new layer should be bottom-right to top-left. You can see the effect of the two gradients in the picture for the next step.
Next while your second layer is still selected, go to Select > Modify > Contract again and use 10pixels again. Then create a new layer, and this time with a Radial Gradient, draw in a nice orange gradient with the lighter part in the top left as shown.
Now go back to the middle layer and press Ctrl and click on the layer to select its pixels as shown. Create a New Layer above that one and fill it with white.
Then go to Select > Modify > Contract and use a value of 1 pixel and then hit Delete. This will leave a one pixel thin white line between the two metallic gradients. It will look like the top of a ridge of metal (sort of ...)
Ok, so here's what we have so far. You can see that by using the two gradients going in opposite directions, we've created a sort of 3D effect which looks like light is coming from the top left and creating a highlight and shadow on the "metal."
Now we add a simple Drop Shadow and Inner Shadow to the orange layer. You can see these in the sample PSD file for download, but basically it's just an inner shadow with distance of 0 so that the shadow is even around the edges, and similarly with a drop shadow. We want the inner shadow as it makes it look a little more three dimensional because the edges are curving away from the viewer's perspective. The drop shadow is just to make the orange layer react a little more with the metal frame.
Here's what we have now... It's starting to look pretty cool. At this point I've also lightened the background (though it's hard to tell now that I look at it). So here it's a very dark grey, as opposed to black. Also I've added a drop shadow to the very first grey metal layer, though it's pretty faint.
Now in a new layer at the very top, draw an ellipse with the Elliptical Marquee Tool (M) and fill it with white as shown.
Now the only reason we've actually filled this with white is so that we can now press Ctrl-T and rotate the ellipse as shown.
Once you've rotated the ellipse hold down Ctrl and click on that layer to select the ellipse and then delete the layer itself so you are left with just a selection shaped as an ellipse on an angle.
Then create a new layer and draw a Radial Gradient going from white to transparent as shown.
Now hold down Ctrl and click on the orange layer to select its pixels and then press Ctrl+Shift+I to invert the selection (i.e. you'll be selecting everything except the orange layer's pixels) and then click on the very top layer, which has that white-transparent radial gradient from the last step, and press Delete. You should now have a highlight as shown.
Now set that highlight layer to a blending mode of Overlay and an Opacity of 60%. It should give a nice golden yellow as shown.
Now in create a new layer and then again hold down Ctrl and click on the orange layer to select its pixels. Then in the new layer draw a Linear Gradient downwards from black to transparent as shown.
Set this new black layer to a blending mode of Soft Light and then hold down Ctrl and click on the orange layer yet again then hold down Shift and press the down arrow a few times to move the selection down. Next go back to that black layer and hit Delete to leave just a bar running along the top as shown.
At this point, I decided to brush the metal up a bit. To do this, click on either of the two grey layers and with the Burn Tool (O) selected and a soft brush, just darken the parts that are darker and lighten the parts that are lighter as you see fit. I did this just to get a bit more contrast as shown. Don't forget if you hold down Alt while using the Burn Tool it changes to the Dodge Tool (which lightens instead of darkening) so you don't need to keep switching between them.
OK now for the radial burst in the background. Choose the Custom Shape Tool (U) and select the shape shown below.
Create a new layer just above the dark grey background and, using white as your foreground color, draw a very large version of that shape as shown. This makes a kind of vector starburst effect.
Now set that layer to Overlay and 30% opacity so it's much fainter. Finally in a layer at the very top, I added a giant S in a darkish red color and set it to Multiply at 20%. Then I wrote a word over the top and we're finished! A bit of a strange effect, but a fun one nonetheless!
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Research & Tools
Research, Reports, and Data
This report by McKinsey & Company has been widely acknowledged as providing a "common, neutral fact base" on the gaps that exist between students who are White or Black, rich or poor, and looks at the dramatic difference in student performance in students from similar backgrounds across school systems and classrooms. The report also highlights the impact of the gaps on our economy and on individual life outcomes, and the information will be useful in discussions on addressing the achievement gaps.
At this web site view and download a number of briefs developed by Thedocumenting the connection between poverty and the achievement gaps, looking at the impact of the gaps on our national economy.
- The Economic Benefits of Reducing High School Dropout Rates in America's Fifty Largest Cities
- The High Cost of High School Dropouts: What the Nation Pays for Inadequate High Schools
- Facts For Education Advocates: The Economic Impacts of Education (co-published with the College Board)
- Dropouts, Diplomas, and Dollars: U.S. High Schools and the Nation’s Economy
- Potential Economic Impacts of Improved Education
- Hidden Benefits: The Impact of High School Graduation on Household Wealth
- Healthier and Wealthier: Decreasing Health Care Costs by Increasing Educational Attainment
- Saving Futures, Saving Dollars: The Impact of Education on Crime Reduction and Earnings
This report was prepared for America's Promise Alliance one of NEA’s partners in addressing the dropout crisis. It examines the economic and employment picture for individuals with varied educational levels, including dropouts, looking at income levels, employment rates, and poverty rates.
- Focus On What Works: What Educators Need to Know to Move from Issues to Action
- Are They Really Ready to Work? Employers' Perspectives
- Poverty and Potential: Out-of-School Factors and School Success
- The Crisis in the Education of Latino Students
- Resources for Breaking Down Barriers To Learning
- Students Affected by Achievement Gaps
- NEA Research, Tools, & Talking Points on Achievement Gaps
- Effective Practices in Closing Achievement Gaps
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| 0.921758 | 446 | 3.71875 | 4 |
When there is a divorce between married couples, an important issue pertaining to the custody of a child arises. Child custody is a delicate and sensitive issue. The Court has to look into various factors prior to granting custody of the child to one of the parents. Factors like financial status, lifestyle, understanding with the child and the ability to fulfill the educational, social and other needs of the child play an important role. However, the primary importance has been given to the ‘welfare of the child’.
There are various types of child custody: -
Physical Custody: In such cases, the custody of the child is granted to a parent. The parent to whom custody is given is the custodial parent. The other parent may be given visitation rights
Joint Physical Custody: In such cases, both parents are granted custody rights. The child lives with both parents for an equal or decided amount of time
Sole Custody: In such cases, only one parent has custody rights. The other parent is declared unfit for the custody of the child and hence barred
Third-Party Custody: In such cases, the custody rights are not given to either of the parents. Rather, a third party is granted custody rights of the child
LAWS GOVERNING ‘CHILD CUSTODY’ IN INDIA
In India, there are various laws that govern the domain of the ‘Child Custody’. The reason being, diverse religious and secular laws are in operation. Following are the legislations relating to the ‘Child Custody’: -
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890(1)
It is the secular law governing child custody. The Act is applicable irrespective of the religion of the child or parents of the child. The Act provides for appointing a guardian for the person and property of the minor child. There is also a provision contained for the joint guardians. As per Section 17 of the Act, the court must be guided by the welfare of the minor.
Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956(2)
The Act is applicable only to the Hindus. Under the Act, classes of natural guardians of a Hindu minor are enumerated. Mother is the natural guardian of a child till he is of 5 years. After that, the guardian of a son and unmarried daughter is father and mother. The guardian is in respect to the person and the property of the minor. But the guardian requires the permission of the court for certain acts like sale, gift, mortgage, etc. of the property in the name of a minor.
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955(3)
Section 26 of the Act empowers the court to pass interim orders, judgments for the custody, maintenance and education of the child during the proceedings under the Act.
The Muslim law grants custody of the child to the mother only. The custody can be taken away if she is found guilty of misconduct. Father is given custody only in the absence of the mother.
The provisions relating to the custody are governed as per the Indian Divorce Act, 1869. Section 41, 42 and 43 are relevant, you can apply for divorce and they grant power to the court for passing an order in relation to maintenance, custody, and education of the child.
WHAT ARE THE LANDMARK JUDGMENTS ON CHILD CUSTODY UNDER HINDU LAW?
The custody of children being a delicate issue to deal with depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case. The court has to ensure the welfare of the child while determining the custody rights of the parents. Following are cases in relation to the custody of the children: -
1. Case - Rosy Jacob vs. Jacob Achakramakka, (1973) 1 SCC 840(4)
It was held in this case by the Supreme Court that the children are not chattels or playthings of their parents. The parents of the children do not have an absolute right over their lives in modern society. The guardian court of the child must ensure there is a balance between the welfare of the child and the rights of the parents over their children.
2. Case - Mausami Moitra Ganguli vs. Jayant Ganguli, 2008 (4) RCR (Civil) 551 (SC)
It was held in this case by the Supreme Court that the paramount consideration is the welfare of the child. The question involved in the case was regarding the custody of the 10-year-old minor child. The court remarked that the welfare of the child is more important than the statutory provisions.
3. Case - Vikram Vir Bohra vs. Shalini Bhalla, 2010 SC 1675
In this case, the court held that the orders in regard to custody are not final in nature. They are interlocutory in nature. The court may modify the order in accordance with to change in the needs of the child.
4. Case -Rajendra Kumar Mishra vs. Richa, AIR 2005 All 379
In this case, the husband was unemployed and the wife was employed and drew a salary of Rs. 19600/- each month. Mother was in a better position to make arrangements for the education, upbringing, and health of the child. Thus, the court awarded custody of the child in favour of the mother.
5. Case – Roxann Sharma vs. Arun Sharma, (2015) 8 SCC 318
It was held in the case that as per Section 6 of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, the custody of the child below five years of age must be given to the mother. The custody may be given to the father if he discloses certain reasons which indicate that the welfare of the child will be undermined if custody is given to the mother. In the instant case, the High Court had granted custody to the father of the child. In Appeal, the Supreme Court set aside the order and awarded custody to the mother as no reasons were shown to indicate she was unfit.
6. Case – Keshav R. Thakur vs. Suchhibai, (2005) 9 SCC 424
In this case, the father of the boy had died when he was 6 years old. Mother of boy appealed before the court for custody of the boy. The boy had been living for 10 years with his grandparents. Court held that custody cannot be granted to the mother at this stage because the boy had been living for a long time with the grandparents. The court granted visitation rights to the mother.
7. Case - Gyatri Bajaj vs. Jiten Bhalla, (2012) 12 SCC 471
In this case, the children did not want to go with their mother; they even refused to meet her. The court held that desire and welfare of the child were of supreme importance and hence denial of rights to the mother was justified.
8. Case - Sheila B. Das Vs P. R. Sugasree, 2006 (1) RCR (Civil) 758 (SC)
In the case, sec. 6, Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, the custody of minor girl child was in question. The court found that after obtaining the custody of the minor child, the father does not appear to have neglected the minor and have looked after all her needs. Court also found that the girl was happy in his company and performed well in the school. Father was financially stable and not disqualified in any manner and hence, to ensure the best interest of the child the court awarded custody in favour of the father.
9. Case- Shaleen Kabra vs. Shiwani Kabra, 2012 (2) RCR (Civil) 974 (SC)(5)
In this case, the question involved was the custody of two brothers. The lower court had granted the custody of elder son to the father and that of the younger son to the mother. The Supreme Court observed that it was not proper to separate the brothers. Since the brothers were close to each other, the court decided that custody of both will be given to the father and visitation rights were given to the mother.
WHAT WAS THE DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA IN THE MATTER OF 'MEENAKSHI KHANDELWAL V. SHAILESH KHANDELWAL WITH REGARD TO CUSTODY OF A MINOR CHILD?
Case - Meenakshi Khandelwal v. Shailesh Khandelwal
Special Leave Petition (C) No. 8160 of 2011
Judges - P. Sathasivam & J. Chelameswar,
Date. of decision: - 04.05.2012
Facts of the Case
The petitioner and the respondent-husband and wife divorced each other. The family court granted custody in favour of the mother of the child. Thereafter in appeal, High Court granted visitation rights to the mother and the rights of custody to the father. Then, Appeal has been filed by the mother before the Supreme Court.
In order to determine, the Court called all the parties i.e. father, mother and the child to the chambers. Upon asking, the child wished to stay with the father. The court directed parents to bring the child on various dates to the mediation center. The mediation center was directed to observe the behavior of the child with her parents and submit a report to the court.
WHAT WAS HELD IN THE CASE OF 'NITHYA ANAND RAGHAVAN V. STATE OF DELHI & ANR, SUPREME COURT, 2017?
Case - Nithya Anand Raghavan vs. State of NCT of Delhi and Anr.
Appeal No. 972 of 2017
Judges: - Dipak Misra, A.M. Khanwilkar and Mohan M. Shantanagoudar.
Date of decision: 03.07.2017
Facts of the Case
Husband and wife lived in the U.K. Due to a matrimonial dispute, the wife returned to India along with the child. The husband obtained an ex- parte order from the foreign court for the return of the child to U.K. Thereafter writ of habeas corpus was filed by the father, terming the custody of the child with the mother illegal.
The court held that the order of the foreign court is not binding. Welfare of the child is of supreme importance and granted custody to the mother. The court held that it can decline the return of the child if:
Child settled in the new environment
The child wishes not to return
Return of the child would cause him harm
Further, the court observed that the order given by the foreign court cannot be the sole factor for consideration. Welfare of the child was of utmost importance.
WHAT WAS OBSERVED BY THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA IN THE CASE OF 'PREETAM A. EKLASPUR V. SMT. VANISHREE IN DECIDING THE FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED AT THE TIME OF SELECTING A PROPER GUARDIAN?
Case - Mr. Preetam A. Eklaspur v. Smt. Vanishree
Writ Petition No. 52377/2018
The case of Mr. Preetam A. Eklaspur v. Smt. Vanishree is an important decision of the Karnataka High Court in regard to the custody of the child. In this case, the question involved was regarding the custody of a 10-year old minor girl. The Court opined that the welfare and wishes of the child were of supreme importance. The court awarded custody in favour of the father for the reason that the child wished to be with her father. The court observed that a 10-year child was capable of determining that with whom she wished to live.
The court determined that the following factors must be considered before selecting the proper guardian for the child:
Welfare and well- being of the child.
Comfort of the Child
The court further stated that in custody cases, it is not bound by statutes, strict rules of evidence or previous decisions. During divorce procedure, Child custody is a delicate issue and thus, the court should deal with love, affection and human touch to the same.
1. Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 - A sitemap of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
2. Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 - A detailed view on the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
3. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 - A sitemap of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
4. Rosy Jacob vs. Jacob Achakramakka, (1973) 1 SCC 840 - A detailed view on the Rosy Jacob vs. Jacob Achakramakka, (1973) 1 SCC 840
5. Shaleen Kabra vs. Shiwani Kabra, 2012 (2) RCR (Civil) 974 (SC) - A breif read of the Shaleen Kabra vs. Shiwani Kabra, 2012 (2) RCR (Civil) 974 (SC)
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| Fiction over fact|
|How it didn't happen|
National mysticism is a form of pseudohistory in which religious or supernatural claims are incorporated in the national history of an ethnic group. It can be considered a mix of religion and nationalism. National mysticism is popular because it serves as a divine justification for ethnic bigotry.
National mysticism goes further than just nationalist myths. Beliefs such as "the United States has always been the ally of free peoples worldwide," "China is the center of the world," and "Russia never wanted a war; it has only fought wars when forced to out of self-defence," while both myths and national in their character, are not national mysticism. For these types of claims to rise to the level of national mysticism, a divine element, such as the fulfillment of a God-given mandate, needs to be a central element in the discourse.
National mysticism is often associated with ancient civilizations, as many later civilizations had monotheistic religions that prevented national mysticism from taking on too much of a religious character. The foundational myths of the Aztecs and the Romans are obvious examples of national histories that are more mythological than factual while the imperial dynasties of Egypt and the Inca empire, for example, claimed descendance from the gods. In ancient China, the Zhou dynasty invented the "mandate of heaven," claiming that heaven gave a ruling dynasty a mandate because they were good. If the dynasty was overthrown, it was because the ruler had become wicked and a new mandate was given to the over-throwers (this was used primarily as a justification to overthrow a dynasty). The origin of the Chinese state, therefore, was attributed, beginning with the Zhou, to an original mandate of heaven. The Old Testament is an example of Jewish national mysticism, while the sun language theory, which claims that all of the world's languages descend from proto-Turkish, was defended by the Turkish state into the 1920s and 1930s.
Other notable examples include the occultist beliefs of several high-ranking Nazi leaders, and neo-Nazis tossing around asinine references to ancient origins of "Aryan" people in Ultima Thule, Atlantis, seeing themselves as being descendants of Odin or the real descendants of Abraham, or ascribing prophet or demigod status to Hitler.
Anthropological Marxism in part utilizes national mysticism in its theory to explain societal evolution. To Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the theory's founders, the ruling class of a society creates and maintains the ideology of the society in order to control the lower classes, maintain power, and resist change (this is not surprising given that Marxism was formulated in the heyday of romantic nationalism). Part of an ideology, especially in more ancient societies, would be the the origins of the state, which the upper stratum of society mystifies to maintain a false consciousness in the lower classes, according to the theory.
National mysticism still plays a role in contemporary politics.
- The Serbian cultus around the Battle of Kosovo Polje of 1389, in which a Serb-led Christian coalition was defeated by the Ottoman Army.
- Similarly, Croatians perceives themselves as the historical Antemurale Christianitatis, often skillfully indulging in quote mining to prove it.
- The Hindutva movement in India. Hindutva advocates propagate the pseudoarcheological and pseudohistorical Indigenous Aryans theory.
- The Romanian nationalist ideology of Protochronism. Some Protochronists take their obsession with Romania's past to such an extent that they worship the Dacian god Zalmolxes.
- Thracomania, a Bulgarian alternative to Protochronism.
- The Aztec founding myth, while not usually accepted as an actual event, still holds an important position in Mexico's national symbolism.
- The personality cult around the Kim family in North Korea falls into this, especially with its claims of supernatural occurrences surrounding Kim il-Sung during his rise to power. Some of their woo also lionizes Koreans as "the cleanest race" and other such rhetoric, inherently superior to all others. This is allegedly to the point that women who become pregnant by Chinese men have been forced into having abortions, as otherwise this pollutes the "pure" Korean gene pool.
- In the United States, claims that the United States Constitution is a God-ordained document, and that the nation's expansion from "sea to shining sea" was the will of the Lord, persist despite the United States never being mentioned in the Bible.
- Some of the crankier forms of Asatru dip into this, especially in Scandinavia, the homeland of Norse mythology. Such national mysticism was heavily influential upon the black metal scene in the '90s, and often painted Christianity as a foreign invader that had oppressed the "true" religion of the Nordic people.
- Some nationalist English organizations, such as the Anglo-Saxon Foundation and Woden's Folk, are quite obsessed with Germanic paganism.
- American exceptionalism
- Civil religion
- Historical determinism
- Manifest destiny
- Pagan survivals
- Polytheistic reconstructionism
- Marxist Anthropology The University of Alabama Department of Anthropology
- Hubbes Laszlo-Attila (December 19, 2011) "A Comparative Investigation of Romanian and Hungarian Ethno-Pagan Blogs"
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We’ve all seen them. One medical research study says something is bad for you. Then another comes along that says it’s actually good for you.
Now, a review of all the latest evidence on coffee gives the drink a clean bill of health – as long as you don’t drink it scaldingly hot.
The news from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) marks an important change. That group works under the World Health Organization umbrella. Back in 1991, IARC looked at the evidence that seemed to link coffee to bladder cancer but the most recent review changes that. IARC took advantage of what has grown to 1,000 studies in humans and animals. It determined that many of the old cancer studies failed to consider the smoking habits of people. The newer research not only corrected the old information, it included studies showing that coffee may actually reduce the risk of developing some cancers, such as liver cancer.
The work of IARC is matched by the wave of other research showing that coffee is linked to a reduced risk of Parkinson’s Disease, liver disease and Type 2 diabetes. Indications that coffee may help to prevent multiple sclerosis, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are more good news, just like the decreased risk of depression that coffee drinkers enjoy.
The key for the researchers is moderation, especially when it comes to how hot your coffee is. As part of the IARC review, they looked at all hot drinks. The evidence suggested that drinking very hot beverages has a link to cancer of the esophagus. However, the issue has to do with the impacts of hot liquids on tissues in the throat more than anything else. If it feels like you’re burning your tongue or throat, it’s too hot. As long as you let your freshly-brewed single serve cool down to no more than 149 degrees Fahrenheit/65 degrees Celsius – some milk or cream will help – you’ll be fine.
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Osteoarthritis is the most commonly diagnosed type of joint arthritis disease, which can affect hands, knees and hips. Knee arthritis is known to affect joint functionality causing knee pain and even leading to disability as it progresses.
How to Know What Stage Is Your Arthritis?
Osteoarthritis is divided into 4 stages which signify the progress of the disease in our body. Stage 0 is a normal healthy knee and the highest stage 4 causes severe pain andhampers the joint movement significantly, as it is the most advanced stage in osteoarthritis.
What Is Stage 0 – 1 of Arthritis and How to Treat Each Stage?
Stage 0 – Normal
This stage in osteoarthritis is classified as Normal since there is no sign of the disease or pain in the joints.
No treatment is needed in this stage.
Stage 1 – Minor
In this stage a person shows very minor bone spur growth. Bone spurs are bony growths that develop in the joint where bones meet. A person will usually not have any pain or discomfort in this stage as it is very minor and does not effect the joint.
No outward symptoms so doctors will not recommend any osteoarthritis treatment. However, if the doctor sees a risk because of genetics or your health, you may be recommended to start an exercise routine and some supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin to relieve any minor symptoms and slow the progress of osteoarthritis.
What Is Stage 2 of Arthritis and How to Treat This Stage?
Stage 2 – Mild
This is knownas the mild stage in osteoarthritis. X-ray shows a lot of bone spur growth in the joints but the cartilage is still healthy with no sign of damage. Synovial fluid is still present at sufficient levels for normal joint movement. Normally in this stage people start experiencing symptoms like pain after walking, running, stiffness in joints when not used for a long time or tenderness while kneeling and bending.
If your doctor can detect the disease at this early stage you may be able to stop the progress of Osteoarthritis. There are several therapies to help with the pain and discomfort and none of them require you to take medicines. If you are overweight, then diet and exercises will help in losing weight and giving relief in the symptoms. Low impact aerobics strengthens the muscles around the joint, increases stability and prevents additional joint damage. Never exert your joints avoid kneeling, jumping and squatting. Braces, wraps, shoe inserts help relieve some of the pressure on the joints. Some people could require medication for mild pain. These are usually used along with exercise therapies like NSAIDs, acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain relief. Exercises, weight loss and keeping the stress away from the joints will always help in any stage of osteoarthritis. Long term use of medicines may cause other health problems like NSAIDs cause stomach ulcers, cardiovascular problems, kidney and liver damage. Acetaminophen causes liver damage.
What Is Stage 3 of Arthritis and How to Treat This Stage?
Stage 3 – Moderate
This is known as moderate osteoarthritis. Cartilage between bones show obvious damage and the space between the bones begins to narrow. People in this stage experience pain while walking, running, bending and kneeling, stiff joints when you have been in one position for a long time and joint swelling after extended periods of motion.
If non-medical therapy does not provide relief anymore then your doctor may recommend cortisone injections. These are steroids which are naturally produced in our body and help relieve the pain in the impacted joint. The injections work in the same wayby giving relief to the joint from the pain caused by osteoarthritis. Effects of cortisone injection wears off after two months. Long term use of cortisone steroid can worsen the joint causing damage to the cartilage. If NSAIDs and acetaminophen are not effective for pain relief anymore then prescription medication like codeine and oxycodone can help with the treatment of moderate to severe pain that occurs in stage 3 of osteoarthritis. Conservative treatments for osteoarthritis like physical therapy, weight loss, use of NSAIDs and analgesics are not effective anymore then you can try Viscosupplementation. These are intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid. A typical treatment requires one to five injections given one week apart. Even single dose injections are available. Results of viscosupplementation injections are not immediate as they take several weeks for the full effect to be felt. Relief from this medication lasts for a few months. Everyone does not respond to viscosupplementation.
What Is Stage 4 of Arthritis and How to Treat This Stage?
Stage 4 – Severe
This is considered as the most severe stage of osteoarthritis as there is great pain and discomfort while walking or any movement of the joint. This is due to the dramatically reduced joint space between bones, cartilage is almost or completely gone leaving the joint stiff and immobile, the synovial fluid present in the joint between the bones to cushion the friction between the moving parts of the joint is nearly gone.
Osteotomy – bone realignment surgery where the doctor cuts the bone above and below the knee to shorten, lengthen or change the alignment. This is an option for cases with severe osteoarthritis as surgery shifts the body weight away from the joint that is severely damage. This operation is usually done on younger patients. The last option is total knee replacement – arthoplasty for patients suffering from severe osteoarthritis pain. The doctor removes the damaged joint totally and replaces it with a plastic or metal device. The side effects include infections and blood clots. Recovery takes several weeks or months and requires extensive physical and occupational therapy. The main possibility is of this operation is this may not be the end to osteoarthritis pain, you may require more surgery in other joints or even a knee replacement again depending on your lifetime.
- Consult your doctor first before starting anything new, either Supplements or Exercises
- Make quick decisions as the more you delay it will only worsen the situation
- Eat healthy and Be healthy
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"Marshall takes his time to come to schools and present interesting ideas and has since 2005", Kramer told one of his classes, 'and today he's going to talk about time and space and the possibilities for time travel and do an experiment".
For each class, Marshall called for two volunteers to assist in presenting his Verdrehung Fan(TM) demonstration, using a strobe light, the equipment used to produce and amplify the STDTS(TM) signal which produces the field, and the Verdrehung Fan(TM). As he has done before, the strobe light was used to optically lock the Verdrehung Fan(TM) into a certain behavior while it's running. The blades would appear to moving in a certain direction or oscillate or even seem motionless. Once a particular behavior was established, the fan would be switched off by one volunteer and then turned on again, once it came to a complete stop, to start the process over. Once the behavior had been reestablished, the other volunteer would switch on the STDTS(TM) equipment and the fan's behavior would soon change - indicating a difference in speed. This difference is caused by the STDTS(TM) field which contracts (or distorts) space as it moves through space. Marshall showed how nothing is going to the motor. In a radio interview, when someone has suggested that he's creating a magnetic field to cause the acceleration, Marshall was quick to point out that in control experiments, other signals don't create acceleration and that the STDTS(TM) signal has already been shown to cause acceleration in other moving objects, including pop cans doing gravity drops, for over ten years now.
The students were particularly impressed when Marshall explained that the what they were witnessing was accomplished with less than a 50 watt output and he knows that he can scale that up to at least 14,000 watts, indicating that the ability to warp time, as well as space, is within reach.
Before the demonstrations, Marshall lectured on the nature of time, showing a video experiment that he made with a high school class in Grandview Heights, OH that showed how time can be detected as a physical dimension attached to every dimension of space. He also covered special and general relativity, the Copenhagen and Everett/Wheeler interpretations of quantum physics and a mistake that Stephen Hawking made on the Discovery Channel in regards to a multiple connected spaces issue of using a wormhole for time travel. He quizzed the students on the Hawking error and for each student, who got the correct answer, he's giving a mint condition, hard cover copy of The Trouble With Physics by Lee Smolin, a donation of over $180 worth of books. The donation was made possible by the book publisher, Houghton Mifflin http://www.thetroublewithphysics.com .
Marshall is planning a tour of schools, malls, universities, colleges, sci-fi conventions, special interest meetings and conferences and science museums in at least 16 states, so far. One of his tour dates is already set for All-Con sci-fi convention in Dallas, Texas the first week of March, where he will appear along with Dr. Who actor, Sylvester McCoy http://www.all-
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Smoking Study Suggests Tobacco Tax Could Fund Texas Preschools
Results of a new study by Gallup suggest smoking causes U.S. employers to lose $278 billion annually. That's due to smokers missing work for smoke breaks and because of additional health care costs compared to employees who don't smoke.
The data comes a day after another study, "Raising Smart, Healthy Kids in Every State" was released. It argues states would benefit from a 94-cent tax hike on cigarettes, as proposed by President Barack Obama.
That's because of the benefits to children from going to preschool, says Helen Blank, director of childcare and early learning at the National Women's Law Center.
"It's a very sensible idea, because if you have a good, strong early start, you're likely to be more successful in school, be more productive adults, and make more healthy choices and you may choose to not smoke," Blank says. "So [President Obama] put two good causes together – reducing smoking. This proposal would mean that 1.7 million kids alive today would not become adult smokers. And on the other end, all those children … close to 38,000 in Texas would have access to good, high-quality preschool."
Nine organizations worked on the report, including the National Women's Law Center, the American Heart Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Action Network.
Caner Action Network president Chris Hansen says although Texas politicians don’t usually embrace tax increases, this hike would only affect smokers.
"I think it would be incredibly unfair for somebody to do something where they know they’re creating that kind of health risk, knowing that other people will have to pay for it," Hansen says. "I have to say if this Congress can’t pass something that makes this much sense, they can’t do anything."
President Obama proposed a federal budget plan including a tobacco tax increase, earlier this year. Blank of the National Women's Law Center says that according to the Obama administration, it would raise roughly $75 billion over 10 years to fund preschools in the U.S.
Currently, the tobacco tax is $1.01. This would bring the tax on cigarettes to $1.95.
According to the study:
- More than 37,500 children from low and moderate-income families in Texas would enroll in preschool in the first year of the tax increase
- Texas would get about $308 million to expand early education from the federal government
- Smoking costs Texas $5.83 billion in health care expenditures
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Trafficking Victims Protection Act
The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) is arguably the most important anti-trafficking law ever passed. The TVPA, and its reauthorizations in 2003, 2005, and 2008 define a human trafficking victim as a person induced to perform labor or a commercial sex act through force, fraud, or coercion. Any person under age 18 who performs a commercial sex act is considered a victim of human trafficking, regardless of whether force, fraud, or coercion was present. The TVPA enhances pre-existing criminal penalties in other related laws, affords new protections to trafficking victims and makes available certain benefits and services to victims of severe forms of trafficking once they become certified by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Under this law, one option that has become available to some victims who assist in the prosecution of their traffickers is the “T-Visa” that allows the victim to remain in the United States.
One important feature of the TVPA’s conceptualization of trafficking is that physical transport from one locale to another is not a requirement. Another is that the law addresses the subtle means of coercion used by traffickers to control victims, including: psychological coercion, trickery, and the seizure of documents, activities which were difficult to prosecute under preexisting involuntary servitude statutes and case law.
The TVPA seeks to combat trafficking by promoting a policy of “3 Ps”: prosecution, protection, and prevention:
- Prosecution involves passing the appropriate laws that criminalize trafficking, and jailing the abusers who exploit other humans for profit.
- Protection involves identifying victims, providing them with medical care and shelter (and if necessary witness protection), and, when appropriate, repatriating them.
- Prevention involves raising awareness of the inhumane practices involved in the trafficking trade and promoting a paradigm shift that seeks to reduce the demand for the “fruits” of human trafficking.
The United States government reports that since 2001 only 1,168 foreign nationals have been granted a T-visa available to victims of a severe form of trafficking in persons. In contrast, the United States government estimates that between 14,500-17,500 foreign nationals are trafficked into the United States each year. This discrepancy clearly indicates a U.S. failure to implement the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) effectively enough to identify and protect all those who are trafficked into the United States. The low numbers of victims identified can be attributed to many different obstacles in implementation. One important obstacle is a lack of access to necessary legal services.
The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Acts of 2005 and 2008 required the Department of Labor to compile and publish a list of products produced by child labor or forced labor, and the countries where these abuses were prevalent. The first report was finally released in 2009: The Department of Labor’s List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.
The State Department is tasked with evaluating the efforts of foreign governments to combat human trafficking by ranking them every year and placing countries in one of four categories. Tier 1 countries are those that meet the TVPA’s minimum standards of fighting human trafficking. Tier 2 countries are those states that, while not fully complying with the TVPA’s minimum standards, are making significant efforts to comply. Tier 2 Watch List countries are Tier 2 countries with significant trafficking problems and/or a slippage in their most recent efforts. Tier 3 countries are those that not only do not meet TVPA minimum standards, but also are failing to do much to combat trafficking. In the latest report, out of the 173 states assessed, only 28 merited Tier 1 status. Most countries (76) earned a Tier 2 rating. The remaining 69 nations were placed either on the Tier 2 Watch List (52) or Tier 3 (17).
Additional information on Human Trafficking under federal law…
Peonage, 18 U.S.C. § 1581. Section 1581 of Title 18 makes it unlawful to hold a person in “debt servitude,” or peonage, which is closely related to involuntary servitude. Section 1581 prohibits using force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion to compel a person to work against his/her will. In addition, the victim’s involuntary servitude must be tied to the payment of a debt.
Involuntary Servitude, 18 U.S.C. § 1584. Section 1584 of Title 18 makes it unlawful to hold a person in a condition of slavery, that is, a condition of compulsory service or labor against his/her will. A Section 1584 conviction requires that the victim be held against his/her will by actual force, threats of force, or threats of legal coercion. Section 1584 also prohibits compelling a person to work against his/her will by creating a “climate of fear” through the use of force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion [i.e., If you don’t work, I’ll call the immigration officials.] which is sufficient to compel service against a person’s will.
Forced Labor, 18 U.S.C. § 1589. Section 1589 of Title 18, which was passed as part of the TVPA, makes it unlawful to provide or obtain the labor or services of a person through one of three prohibited means. Congress enacted § 1589 in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Kozminski, 487 U.S. 931 (1988), which interpreted § 1584 to require the use or threatened use of physical or legal coercion. Section 1589 broadens the definition of the kinds of coercion that might result in forced labor.
Trafficking with Respect to Peonage, Slavery, Involuntary Servitude, or Forced Labor, 18 U.S.C. § 1590. Section 1590 makes it unlawful to recruit, harbor, transport, or broker persons for labor or services under conditions which violate any of the offenses contained in Chapter 77 of Title 18.
Sex Trafficking of Children or by Force, Fraud, or Coercion, 18 U.S.C. § 1591. Section 1591 criminalizes sex trafficking, which is defined as causing a person to engage in a commercial sex act under certain statutorily enumerated conditions. A commercial sex act means any sex act, on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person. The specific conditions are the use of force, fraud, or coercion, or conduct involving persons under the age of 18. The punishment for conduct that either involves a victim who is under the age of 14 or involves force, fraud, or coercion is any term of years or life. The punishment for conduct that involves a victim between the ages of 14 and 18 is 40 years.
Unlawful Conduct with Respect to Documents in Furtherance of Trafficking, Peonage, Slavery, Involuntary Servitude, or Forced Labor , 18 U.S.C. § 1592. Section 1592 makes it illegal to seize documents in order to force others to work. By expanding its coverage to false documents as well as official documents, § 1592 recognizes that victims are often immobilized by the withholding of whatever documents they possess, even if the documents are forged or fraudulent. Section 1592 expands the scope of federal trafficking statutes to reach those who prey on the vulnerabilities of immigrant victims by controlling their papers.
Return to Top
Additional Provisions Under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act
Mandatory Restitution, 18 U.S.C. § 1593
Attempt and Forfeiture, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1594(a) and
(b) Private Right of Action, 18 U.S.C. § 1595
Visa Fraud,18 U.S.C. § 1546
Journal of Gender, Social Policy & The Law [Vol,19:4]
To join us in action and discussion, please visit
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Mayo Clinic researchers think they might be on the road to finding an AIDS vaccine by injecting monkey genes into cat genomes. The plan is to treat cats with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV — the HIV for cats) and then use what they learn to treat HIV in humans.
Medical breakthroughs usually happen very slowly. It takes years of research to make a discovery, and any advance, no matter how small it may be right now, could lead to something incredible down the line.
According to MayoClinic, this what its researchers have worked on with:
The technique is called gamete-targeted lentiviral transgenesis -- essentially, inserting genes into feline oocytes (eggs) before sperm fertilization. Succeeding with it for the first time in a carnivore, the team inserted a gene for a rhesus macaque restriction factor known to block cell infection by FIV, as well as a jellyfish gene for tracking purposes. The latter makes the offspring cats glow green.
The macaque restriction factor, TRIMCyp, blocks FIV by attacking and disabling the virus's outer shield as it tries to invade a cell. The researchers know that works well in a culture dish and want to determine how it will work in vivo. This specific transgenesis (genome modification) approach will not be used directly for treating people with HIV or cats with FIV, but it will help medical and veterinary researchers understand how restriction factors can be used to advance gene therapy for AIDS caused by either virus.
Rats. It would appear the glowing-in-the-dark part is merely a side effect from the jellyfish gene. No superpowers there. Still, a new path that could lead to an AIDS vaccine is way more useful for the world's population than simply looking radioactive in the dark.
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Buy Organic and Fair Trade Chocolate online
Aaahh, chocolate! Loved the world over as a dessert, a treat, a gift for lovers, and a pick-me-up at any time of the day. The anti-depressant benefits of chocolate are well known. There is even research that shows chocolate is actually good for your health. Chocolate contains a type of antioxidant called flavonoids that are good for your heart’s health. These same studies have shown that, contrary to popular opinion, chocolate does not cause or aggravate acne or tooth decay, making chocolate not just a tasty treat, but a beneficial addition to your diet.
child labor abuse
Unfortunately, the farming and harvesting of the cocoa used to make chocolate is not so good for the health of the many children in Africa and Central America who are forced to work in the cocoa field, often as slave labor. This is because the farmers who grow cocoa see the barest amount of profit from the sale of the raw cocoa. This has led to the growing use of children and slave labor to harvest and prepare the raw cocoa.
It takes 400 cocoa pods to make one pound of chocolate and these pods must be hand picked. Child and slave labor is used to pick and slice open the pods from dawn to dusk. The harvesters use machetes to cut the pods from the cocoa plants, working around dangerous insecticides and pesticides. The children are often beaten.
In addition to the damage done to the children who are forced to work in the cocoa fields, damage is done to the environment. Vast tracts of rain forest have been wiped out in order to clear land for more cocoa cultivation in order to meet the market’s demand for more and more cocoa. These huge tracts of cocoa fields are not grown in the traditional manner, under cover of large trees, in order to increase the number of cocoa plants that can be grown per acre. This creates problems with insects and necessitates the use of massive amounts of insecticides and pesticides, which are a hazard to the water supply and even the air of the communities close to the cocoa fields. The fields are not rotated, which drains the nutrients out of the soil and destroys the biodiversity of plant and animal life.
fair trade and chocolate
The Fair Trade Association was established in an effort to bring about changes in the way cocoa is currently being grown and sold on the market. The farmers who sell cocoa to the Fair Trade Association are guaranteed a fair price for the cocoa they grow. In return, the farmers who work with the Fair Trade Association are not allowed to use child or slave labor to cultivate their crops. The farmers also make enough of a profit to be able to rotate their crops and are able to revert to the traditional method of growing cocoa plants under the protection of large trees in order to protect the plants from insects. In fact, farmers working with the Fair Trade system are required to use an integrated crop management system that, among other things, bans the use of several pesticides. Farmers are not required to grow organically certified cocoa crops but they are paid extra for certified organically grown crops, which encourages the use of organic techniques.
But who really makes money from fair trade chocolate? There are over 42,000 cocoa farmers working to bring Fair Trade Chocolate to the market. However, some major chocolate manufacturers still refuse to work with the Fair Trade Associate in the purchase of cocoa for the manufacture of their products. Consumers can encourage these manufactures to work with the Fair Trade Association by making a concerted effort to purchase Fair Trade. Retail listings for organic dark chocolate fair trade products can be found on many Internet web sites.
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National Cholesterol Education Month
National Cholesterol Education Month: Know What to Do to Prevent Heart Disease
Did you know that almost one-third of the adult population in the United States has high cholesterol? That figure translates to more than 102 million Americans! It’s no wonder that heart disease has been named as the No. 1 killer in our nation.
If you’re not aware yet, September is National Cholesterol Education Month. It’s the time of the year when we need to be reminded of getting our cholesterol levels checked. The occasion also encourages us to learn more about the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and what we can do to prevent our cholesterol from rising to dangerous levels.
What’s the Deal with Cholesterol?
So, why should we make a big fuss of this fatty substance? To name a few of its crucial roles, cholesterol produces Vitamin D and hormones, helps digest fats in our bodies, and improves metabolism.
Too much of it, however, can lead to obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes, which is why we must maintain a moderate level of cholesterol in our body at all times.
Adults aren’t the only ones to fall victim to the dangers of high cholesterol. In fact, it’s also pretty common for kids to have elevated levels of cholesterol. If this is not checked, there’s a good chance they’ll encounter heart problems and even suffer from stroke as they grow older.
Your Cholesterol Level
We hate to break it to you, but our body is unable to show early indicators of high cholesterol levels. While some health indicators may be easier to see, this is unfortunately not the case with our cholesterol level.
The only way to find this out is through a simple blood test, medically known as a lipoprotein profile. The examination measures both LDL (bad) and HDL (good) cholesterol, as well as our triglycerides. If you still haven’t had yourself checked, this month would be a perfect time!
‘Can I Get My Cholesterol Checked Every Month?’
Nope. Ideally, people aged 20 years and older should have their checkup every five years, as recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP).
Medical experts strongly suggest cholesterol screenings for young adults with risk factors for coronary heart disease. These include high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, smoking habits, and their family history.
As for kids and teens, they too, are advised to have their cholesterol checked. These are children who are overweight or have a family history of high cholesterol or heart diseases. Apart from our lifestyle and diet, genetics can also play a huge role.
‘What Can I Do to Lower My Cholesterol Level?’
If you’re among the hundreds of millions with high cholesterol level, your doctor might have already prescribed you certain medications. While these medications may check the rise of your cholesterol level, making lifestyle changes is also advisable. The healthier our habits are, the less likely are we to suffer from having a high cholesterol level.
Here are four tips to prevent your cholesterol level from rising:
- Change your diet or at least some of it.
As much as possible, reduce your intake of foods rich in saturated and trans fats. These would include dairy products, red meat, cookies, cakes, and ice cream. Focus more on foods with high omega-3 fatty acids such as walnuts, salmon, tuna, and sardines.
- Maintain an active lifestyle.
If you haven’t been exercising lately, it’s time you get back on track! It doesn’t have to be a long and strenuous one – at least 2.5 hours of sweating out in a week is already enough. Whether it’s jogging around in your neighborhood, hitting the gym or simply doing a home workout, keeping yourself physically active will greatly help in lowering your cholesterol level.
- Quit smoking.
While smoking is mostly known for its contribution to lung cancer, it can also lead to an elevated cholesterol level. Within a year of being nicotine-free, risks of developing a heart disease tend to drop by 50 percent. So, start throwing your cigarette packs now before it’s too late!
- Shed off some pounds.
Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer from heart problems. If you happen to have put on a few pounds, try to include more activities in your routine and, more importantly, eat more healthy foods. Take the stairs instead of the elevator, bike or walk your way to nearby places, replace sugary foods with fruits, and keep a daily track of your calories.
Help Fight Another Life-Threatening Disease: Breast Cancer
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. You know what’s next? Cancer.
More than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States yearly. The victims are everywhere. You must have known people close to you or in your community who have been stricken by this devastating disease.
You are not powerless to help these people. You can actually help save their lives. How? Donate your old and unwanted vehicle to us at Breast Cancer Car Donations. We sell at auction all vehicles donated to us and use the proceeds to support the fight against breast cancer and provide vital assistance to its victims.
Your charitable contribution will even enable you to receive rewards including a hefty tax deduction.
To know more about Breast Cancer Car Donations, our donation process, how you can earn tax deductions and other benefits from your donation, the types of vehicles you can donate, and other related matters, feel free to call our toll-free 24/7 hotline 866-540-5069. You can also visit our FAQ’s page or contact us online.
To mark this year’s National Cholesterol Education Month, give us a call at 866-540-5069 and get started with your car donation for the benefit of breast cancer sufferers.
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Meet the originators of SANITY, a collaboration dedicated to getting students out of the classroom and into nature.
With the pressure to memorize scientific formulas, theories, and terms, it's easy for students to lose sight of how those concepts were discovered in the first place -- through hands-on scientific research, in the field or in the laboratory.
Taking science out of textbooks and back into nature is the fundamental concept behind SANITY, which stands for "Science and Nature in Tandem for Youth". It was co-founded in 2006 by Margaret Wilch, a biology teacher at Tucson High Magnet School, and Katrina Mangin, the director of Science Education Outreach at the University of Arizona.
Tucson High science students are immersed in independent research projects that take them across the street to work in University of Arizona science laboratories. In coordination with a research methods course, students also have the opportunity to attend a two-week summer field research experience in the Chiricahua Mountains.
Margaret and Katrina also discuss how empowering young inquisitive high school students with scientific research tools and concepts can be the catalyst for future academic success.
To hear more stories, visit the Teachers' Voices archive.
(Funding for the production of Teachers' Voices is provided by Wells Fargo and the University of Arizona College of Education. The series is produced by Matt Felix for Arizona Spotlight.)
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I’ve heard many people say they look forward to school starting so the family can get back into their routine. Does it ever feel like you are more organized and schedules go more smoothly in the beginning of the year? I often think that is because the summer gives us time to “reset.” Don’t you wish you and your children could press more reset buttons during the school year?
Well, maybe you can.
As the year progresses, family calendars can easily become filled. Many days include activities of our choosing, such as sports, music lessons, dance, or other worthwhile interests. Finding ways to help your child manage time after school can be challenging. But, with some planning, parents and children can both schedule time for a “reset,” and that can be very beneficial.
So, what can families do when the extra-curricular activities begin to take up the calendar, and how can those activities be balanced with the required homework? Although there is no recipe for each family to follow, there are some things parents can keep in mind as the school year progresses.
Time Management Tips for Busy Families
Create a visible family calendar. Simple idea, but extremely helpful for the entire family to see the daily/weekly/monthly schedule.
Schedule time to “reset.” Look at your family calendar and schedule time to do nothing. If weekend after weekend is filled with activities, you and your children may begin to feel like hamsters on run away wheels! If you do not purposefully schedule “nothing,” it’s very easy to fill in empty space on the calendar.
Identify priorities. Adopt a family philosophy that learning and faith are the top priorities and be sure your choices reflect that philosophy. Minimally, if homework does not come first and the family does not attend church every Sunday, learning and faith are not the top priorities.
Set limits on electronic entertainment. Set guidelines that will help you manage your child’s electronic use. Examples of family rules could be: no electronic use before school or at meal time, one hour a day on weekdays, and cell phones turned off and put in the kitchen at bedtime.
Get a good sleep and eat a healthy breakfast. Don’t forget the importance of a sleep and breakfast. Another simple reminder, yet sometimes neglected as calendars fill up. Sleep is a big deal, and students have become weak, sick, and even passed out in school because they did not eat enough breakfast. Both require scheduling – a consistent bed time and a morning schedule that allows enough time for breakfast.
The faculty and staff at St. Cecelia School wants you and your children to experience a great school year. Do you have any ideas that can help our school families make the most of their time? Submit your ideas in the comments section and we will feature your ideas in a follow-up article!
St. Cecelia Interparochial Catholic School (SCS) offers an academically challenging and globally minded interdisciplinary education to children in PreK-3 through 8th grade.
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I am a parent who identifies more with the term "special needs" than the more inclusive "disability or disease".
Special seems like the perfect word to sum Isla up. As long as its not used in a derogatory way I have no problem with it. Personally I have always associated "disability" with a physical impairment and "disease" as a type of illness.
Why it matters?
On an almost daily basis I need to describe or explain a behaviour, an exception that needs to be made or a justification. I will just say she has "special needs" which (to me) encompasses it all....the autism the chromosome disorder, the epilepsy, the dyspraxia and the learning difficulties.
To me "special" is a positive, uplifting word that makes Isla unique.
Her specialness should be celebrated, admired and cherished. Her special needs are a positive thing that sets her apart from everyone else.
She doesn't need to conform to fit in and should be proud of who she is. BUT apparently according to the world of disability this is not the correct terminology to be using.
There are some adults living with disability, including those with autism, that feel that the term "special needs" is outdated and disrespectful.
They do not identify with being special at all and they see themselves as no different. They just want to be accepted as having a disability and have opportunities just like everybody else.
They feel that the word "special needs" is a euphemism created because the original word has negative connotations. A bit like you might say you are going to "powder your nose" instead of going to the toilet or someone has "passed away" instead of saying they have died.
Special needs is considered as offensive as the word retarded or handicapped (which are in fact offensive just to confuse things!).
However, when I look "disability" up it doesn't say "has an ability to do something in another way".
In the Oxford Dictionary it says "A physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities" and "a disadvantage or handicap, especially one imposed or recognised by the law"
I think every family or individual should use the terminology that feels right to them.
When Isla is an adult she may identify with having a disability instead of referring to herself having special needs and that is fine too. For now even if we are sugar coating the dictionary definition above to make ourselves feel better that's okay too.
Our approach of making Isla feel "special" growing up has worked so far, raises her self esteem and helps lower her anxiety.
It provides a positive explanation to her of why she is different to others. Long may to continue.
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The first satellite transmissions were 100% free.
When Telstar, the first communications satellite to carry television signals, went live in 1962, there was nothing else like it. All it took was a very large antenna and anyone could get TV signals from space. Of course, it was a little harder than that at first — you would have to build your own dish, your own receiver, wire your own house… but who couldn’t do that?
In fact, the cost and complexity of satellite reception equipment meant that there was no need to put any sort of copy protection or encryption on satellite services. For over a decade, satellite delivery was left to television networks and cable companies who could afford the high price of the equipment and maintenance.
By the 1980s, there were several companies selling satellite dishes like the one pictured above. Kits were available from Radio Shack and had everything you would need to get free HBO, ESPN, or any other channel that distributed over satellite. Needless to say the idea of giving away their programming didn’t sit well with the large companies that owned these channels, and they began to encrypt their signals. Any unencrypted signals that were left were referred to as “Free to Air,” or FTA.
Around the same time, the US government began to set standards for completely encrypted satellite transmissions that were intended for consumer use. The technology became known as Direct Broadcast Satellite, or DBS, and the goal was to create a satellite dish small enough to be easily mounted on the roof and a receiver that was as easy to use as a cable box. Oh, and of course being able to charge for the service was a nice touch.
FTA hobbyists thumbed their noses at DBS, preferring to take their chances with their large, expensive dishes and criticizing anyone who chose to pay for satellite services. By 2000, two groups of FTA hobbyists had formed: those who simply used their dishes to legitimately get free signals, and an underground group dedicated to hacking encrypted signals.
Throughout the 2000s, however, the C-Band FTA dish became less common, and it became known as a “BUD” or “big ugly dish” to those who chose to use the smaller DBS dishes that became much more popular. FTA satellite reached a low point, as better encryption systems combined with the rise of internet video made FTA less appealing.
Enter IKS… the mix of internet and satellite.
IKS stands for Internet Key Sharing and is a technology that uses the internet and a legitimate decryption system to provide satellite service for more than one receiver. It is not illegal by its nature but it can be used to circumvent the copy protection policies established by satellite providers. In an IKS system, a smart card reader reads the decryption key that would normally be used for a single satellite receiver. This reader feeds its information to a server, which sends the smart card information throughout the internet. The smart card information can then be used by multiple receivers to get access to encrypted satellite.
That sounds like a complex system but the internet makes it simple if you have the right hardware. While IKS can be used to provide backup services for commercial TV accounts like bars and restaurants, it can also be used by people who want to get satellite programming without paying for it.
It’s important to know that most of the equipment needed for FTA reception, with or without IKS, is not illegal to buy and not illegal to operate. However like any other technology it can be used for good or evil. Using an FTA receiver is a fun way to get extra HD channels or get television service where it’s otherwise impossible to do. There are also very legitimate uses for IKS systems. Those who choose to use these systems to break the law or steal service do so at their own risk, of course.
Hobbyists continue to use FTA to find new sources of entertainment and there’s absolutely nothing wrong with that.
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A mathematician goes into a supermarket and buys four items. Using
a calculator she multiplies the cost instead of adding them. How
can her answer be the same as the total at the till?
Find the smallest whole number which, when mutiplied by 7, gives a
product consisting entirely of ones.
Play the divisibility game to create numbers in which the first two digits make a number divisible by 2, the first three digits make a number divisible by 3...
Ben passed a third of his counters to Jack, Jack passed a quarter
of his counters to Emma and Emma passed a fifth of her counters to
Ben. After this they all had the same number of counters.
This package contains a collection of problems from the NRICH
website that could be suitable for students who have a good
understanding of Factors and Multiples and who feel ready to take
on some. . . .
A student in a maths class was trying to get some information from
her teacher. She was given some clues and then the teacher ended by
saying, "Well, how old are they?"
Given the products of adjacent cells, can you complete this Sudoku?
Five numbers added together in pairs produce: 0, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15 What are the five numbers?
Whenever a monkey has peaches, he always keeps a fraction of them each day, gives the rest away, and then eats one. How long could he make his peaches last for?
Mr McGregor has a magic potting shed. Overnight, the number of
plants in it doubles. He'd like to put the same number of plants in
each of three gardens, planting one garden each day. Can he do it?
If you take a three by three square on a 1-10 addition square and
multiply the diagonally opposite numbers together, what is the
difference between these products. Why?
Each clue number in this sudoku is the product of the two numbers in adjacent cells.
The letters in the following addition sum represent the digits 1
... 9. If A=3 and D=2, what number is represented by "CAYLEY"?
A few extra challenges set by some young NRICH members.
Four friends must cross a bridge. How can they all cross it in just 17 minutes?
Given the products of diagonally opposite cells - can you complete this Sudoku?
Make your own double-sided magic square. But can you complete both
sides once you've made the pieces?
Special clue numbers related to the difference between numbers in
two adjacent cells and values of the stars in the "constellation"
make this a doubly interesting problem.
An extra constraint means this Sudoku requires you to think in
diagonals as well as horizontal and vertical lines and boxes of
The letters of the word ABACUS have been arranged in the shape of a
triangle. How many different ways can you find to read the word
ABACUS from this triangular pattern?
This Sudoku, based on differences. Using the one clue number can you find the solution?
Can you find six numbers to go in the Daisy from which you can make all the numbers from 1 to a number bigger than 25?
A man has 5 coins in his pocket. Given the clues, can you work out
what the coins are?
This Sudoku puzzle can be solved with the help of small clue-numbers on the border lines between pairs of neighbouring squares of the grid.
There is a long tradition of creating mazes throughout history and across the world. This article gives details of mazes you can visit and those that you can tackle on paper.
This tricky challenge asks you to find ways of going across rectangles, going through exactly ten squares.
Rather than using the numbers 1-9, this sudoku uses the nine
different letters used to make the words "Advent Calendar".
First Connect Three game for an adult and child. Use the dice numbers and either addition or subtraction to get three numbers in a straight line.
This cube has ink on each face which leaves marks on paper as it is rolled. Can you work out what is on each face and the route it has taken?
Move your counters through this snake of cards and see how far you
can go. Are you surprised by where you end up?
A package contains a set of resources designed to develop
students’ mathematical thinking. This package places a
particular emphasis on “being systematic” and is
designed to meet. . . .
Find the values of the nine letters in the sum: FOOT + BALL = GAME
The idea of this game is to add or subtract the two numbers on the dice and cover the result on the grid, trying to get a line of three. Are there some numbers that are good to aim for?
Bellringers have a special way to write down the patterns they
ring. Learn about these patterns and draw some of your own.
Countries from across the world competed in a sports tournament. Can you devise an efficient strategy to work out the order in which they finished?
Four small numbers give the clue to the contents of the four
A pair of Sudokus with lots in common. In fact they are the same problem but rearranged. Can you find how they relate to solve them both?
You need to find the values of the stars before you can apply normal Sudoku rules.
This pair of linked Sudokus matches letters with numbers and hides a seasonal greeting. Can you find it?
An irregular tetrahedron is composed of four different triangles.
Can such a tetrahedron be constructed where the side lengths are 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 units of length?
The puzzle can be solved with the help of small clue-numbers which
are either placed on the border lines between selected pairs of
neighbouring squares of the grid or placed after slash marks on. . . .
If you are given the mean, median and mode of five positive whole numbers, can you find the numbers?
Use the clues about the shaded areas to help solve this sudoku
Each of the main diagonals of this sudoku must contain the numbers
1 to 9 and each rectangle width the numbers 1 to 4.
Can you arrange the numbers 1 to 17 in a row so that each adjacent
pair adds up to a square number?
This challenge extends the Plants investigation so now four or more children are involved.
A challenging activity focusing on finding all possible ways of stacking rods.
This challenging activity involves finding different ways to distribute fifteen items among four sets, when the sets must include three, four, five and six items.
Two sudokus in one. Challenge yourself to make the necessary
In this Sudoku, there are three coloured "islands" in the 9x9 grid. Within each "island" EVERY group of nine cells that form a 3x3 square must contain the numbers 1 through 9.
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Congenital Heart Disease Patients Have Much Higher PH Rate, Study Shows
People with congenital heart disease are seven times more likely to develop pulmonary hypertension than the general population, a long-term Danish study indicates.
In addition, congenital heart disease patients with PH are four times more likely to die than those without PH, the researchers reported.
Their article, “Incidence and Mortality of Adults With Pulmonary Hypertension and Congenital Heart Disease,” appeared in the American Journal of Cardiology.
Congenital heart disease affects nearly 1 percent of newborns, making it one of the most common birth defects. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have led to those with the disease living longer.
One of the complications of congenital heart disease is PH. It can lead to a person having less function, an increased risk of an irregular heartbeat, heart and kidney failure, liver problems, and premature death.
Few studies have been done on PH in those who are living longer with congenital heart disease. The ones that have been done have focused on pulmonary arterial hypertension and patients with shunts — surgical connections between a trunk artery and a lung artery that can help ease patients’ symptoms.
The Danish study was the first to evaluate the incidence of PH in congenital heart disease patients, and their death rates, in an entire country.
Researchers used medical registries to identify 14,860 Danes with a congenital heart disease between 1963 and 1974 and between 1977 and 2012. They dropped patients who were under 18 years old from the study, then examined the patients’ PH rates and death rates
A key finding was that 7.2 percent of congenital heart disease patients developed PH by the age of 70, versus 0.4 percent of the population as a whole.
In addition, 24 percent of people with both conditions died within one year of a PH diagnosis, 44 percent within five years, and 52 percent within 10 years. The increasing trend represented a four-fold increase in death compared with congenital hearth disease patients without PH.
“This nationwide study demonstrates that PH in the aging CHD [congenital heart disease] population is a common and morbid long-term complication,” the researchers wrote. “Our study indicates that the risk for PH in adults with CHD is broadly distributed across the entire population, and that the risk is not isolated to those with systemic-to-pulmonary shunts or severe CHD type.”
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Firefighters and volunteers battle a blaze near Loutraki in southern Greece.
From Greece, to the UK, to Japan and even Sweden, a slew of places in the Northern Hemisphere are suffering extreme heat. And the chances of extreme heat records tumbling are growing all the time.
The refurbished radio telescope in Kutunse, Ghana paves the way for astronomy in Africa.
Astronomy on the continent has been given a much needed boost with Ghana's converted radio telescope between it and South Africa, to conduct scientific observations.
What is the origin of Easter eggs?
A scholar explains the rich historical roots of Easter and how it has evolved over the centuries.
Britain’s industrial pioneers couldn’t have known how they would affect the climate.
The first signs that humans were warming the climate appeared much earlier in the northern hemisphere - way back in the 1830s. But now the trend is emerging all over the globe.
South Africa was hit by an unprecedented wave of student protests against fee hikes, racism and for the decolonisation of curriculum.
Many works published on decolonisation originate from Ngugi wa Thiongo's idea of decolonising the African mind. Imperialism, he writes, has left its mark on the minds of the previously colonised.
There is an abundance of baby fur seals on the west coast of South Africa, but true seals, which inhabited the area five million years ago, no longer do so.
Climate and sea level changes over time have led to the disappearance of the true seals, although these mammals still exist in the Antarctic.
It’s a good job they come with built-in jumpers.
If you are one of the many people with a larger than normal heating bill for recent months, you would probably be under the impression that it has been exceptionally cold in the northern hemisphere. We’ve…
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https://theconversation.com/us/topics/northern-hemisphere-5526
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This video is narrated by climate scientist Richard Alley. It examines studies US Air Force conducted over 50 years ago on the warming effects of CO2 in the atmosphere and how that could impact missile warfare. The video then focuses on the Franz Josef glacier in New Zealand; the glacier is used to demonstrate glaciers formation, depth of snow fall in the past, and understand atmospheric gases and composition during the last Ice Age. Supplemental resources are available through the website.
This NASA animation of the Five-Year Average Global Temperature Anomalies from 1881 to 2009 shows how temperature anomalies have varied in the last 130 years. The color-coded map displays a long-term progression of changing global surface temperatures from 1881 to 2009. Dark red indicates the greatest warming and dark blue indicates the greatest cooling.
This video, along with a background essay, focuses on impacts of climate change on the lives of Native Alaskans around Barrow, Alaska. Specific changes include the timing of the changes in the formation and breakout of sea ice and the impacts on subsistence living.
This video segment, from the 'Earth: The Operators' Manual' featuring climate expert Richard Alley, shows how ice cores stored at the National Ice Core Lab provide evidence that ancient ice contains records of Earth's past climate - specifically carbon dioxide and temperature.
This video features changes in the land, sea, and animals that are being observed by the residents of Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories, Canada â many of whom hunt, trap, and fishâbecause of their long-standing and intimate connection with their ecosystem. Scientists interview the residents and record their observations in order to deepen our understanding of climate change in the polar region. Background essay and discussion questions are included.
This NASA animation presents the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 400,000 years, last 1000 years and last 25 years at different time scales. The data come from the Lake Vostok ice cores (400,000 BC to about 4000 BC), Law Dome ice cores (1010 AD to 1975 AD) and Mauna Loa observations (1980 to 2005).
This short video examines the recent melting ice shelves in the Antarctica Peninsula; the potential collapse of West Antarctic ice shelf; and how global sea levels, coastal cities, and beaches would be affected.
This interactive shows the extent of the killing of lodgepole pine trees in western Canada. The spread of pine beetle throughout British Columbia has devastated the lodgepole pine forests there. This animation shows the spread of the beetle and the increasing numbers of trees affected from 1999-2008 and predicts the spread up until 2015.
The video addresses impact of warming temperatures on major lakes of the world with specific focus on Lake Superior and Lake Tanganyika. It discusses the science of water stratification and its impact on lake ecosystems and on human populations whose livelihoods depend on the lakes.
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A logic result of the current urban farming trend is making the good old farm fit with the urban structure. Different architects and city planners around the world are playing with the idea of so-called vertical farming. For instance, take a look at the website of the ‘Vertical Farm Project’, which aims to give a brief overview of utopian ideas and architectural practices related to this topic.
New York is one of the cities trying to fill the gap between nice idea and reality. In January we already wrote about NYC’s temporary public farm designed by the architects of WORK. Recently, Inhabitat blogged about the design for the ‘Dragonfly’, an incredible farm skyscraper for Rochester Island spanning 132 floors and 600 (!) vertical meters. “In a densely packed borough like Manhattan, growth must come vertically”, the idea makers argue. The tower, which is designed by Belgian architect Vincent Callebaut, intends to ease the problems of food mileage and shortage and reconnect consumers with producers.
The Dragonfly can accommodate 28 different agricultural fields for the production of fruit, vegetables, grains, meat and dairy.
“A combination of solar and wind power make the concept 100% self sufficient. In this utopian superstructure offices, research labs, housing, and communal areas are interspersed between orchards, farms, and production rooms. Plant and animal farming is arranged throughout the Dragonfly’s steel and glass set of wings so as to maintain proper soil nutrient levels and reuse of biowaste.”
The makers do not only address the issue of modern food production, but also managed to design a building that can be the next very big landmark for a city like New York.
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Concerns over urban blight, environmental degradation, climate change, inner-city unemployment, and a host of other socio-economic and environmental problems have forced policy makers, planners, and others interested in the future of our planet to take a closer look at ways to foster more sustainable urban development.Drawing on the author's extensive research, this book examines the role that brownfields redevelopment is playing and can play in our quest for sustainability, focusing primarily on efforts in the US and Canada to build better places for urban dwellers to live, work, and play. It commences by reviewing the nature and scope of the brownfields problem and puts it into a sustainability context, both theoretically and in terms of real costs and benefits. The book then looks at how brownfields are being used as spaces for developing an array of residential, recreational, and employment-oriented projects that have breathed new life into the urban environment. For a more sustainable future, however, the author argues that more still needs to be done to connect sustainability objectives and processes to redevelopment efforts.This is a study of the nature of urban brownfields redevelopment in North America over the last two decades.It outlines the reasons behind the emerging success of recent brownfields redevelopment. It critically examines how affected stakeholders have overcome the numerous challenges facing brownfields redevelopment.
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In a nutshell, by bringing artificial intelligence and around-the-clock activity, the robots will help optimize the yield of the farms far beyond what could humanly be possible. Maximizing the production while minimizing the costs in energy, water, time.
"The robot saves at least five hours in transport time a week, and the working day is quieter and calmer," Broberg said. "I already take 15,000 to 17,000 steps a day in my job, so I definitely don't miss the walk to the pallet stacker."
Robotics startup with deep roots in plant science aims to feed the world through intelligent farming
The Spraybot delivered inch-accurate positioning and instantaneous heading. Its autonomous navigation had built-in obstacle selection and avoidance. It was designed to both detect and identify plants and rows and deliver spot spraying.
Its not a stretch to imagine solo and small farm owners keeping up with the major organizations in the business thanks to improved efficiency, maximized output and faster harvest and care times.
The two "fingers" of the robot gripper have built-in intelligence and advanced technology that mimics the way humans instinctively use our sense of touch when we grab things to move them.
David K. Williams for Forbes: The result: production has moved from one machine every 4-6 weeks to an average of 5 machines per month for a total of 130 worldwide and predominance in its sector, with pre-orders booked through June 2018.
FoodTank: From seed to table, a revolution in technology that prioritizes robotics and automation is on the cusp of transforming the work required to produce, transport, sell, and serve food.
Matt Simon for Wired: The company is developing machine learning algorithms that will automatically detect diseased plants and kick them out of the system before the sickness spreads. Underdeveloped plants would also get the boot.
Geoffrey Mohan for LA Times: Now, the $47-billion agriculture industry is trying to bring technological innovation up to warp speed before it runs out of low-wage immigrant workers.
Advanced robotics will make jobs such as harvesting easier for farmers. In time, when robots finally learn how to harvest each individual crop, farms will be able to produce more yields for human consumption.
American Robotics, a drone developer specializing in agricultural automation, today announced it has raised $1.1 million in seed funding.
B©r©nice Magistretti for VentureBeat: Picking apples may seem like a fun weekend activity, but its actually backbreaking manual labor. Abundant Robotics wants to help agricultural growers shoulder this task and today announced funding of $10 million, led by GV, to commercialize its apple-picking robot.
A trio of industry groups hosted federal officials for a field day of demonstrations on seed treatments, planting practices, and equipment innovations that are bringing continuous improvement to sustainable farming practices.
The AgTech group snags a coveted Utah Innovation Award for its advances in agricultural technology.
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Vert-X 05E Series of dual angle/speed sensors. The series features easy mounting in small and narrow spaces with a 5 mm body depth and mounting flanges with metal inserts. The sensors make measurements only 6 mm from edge of product for close-to-wall measurement applications. Vert-X 05E Series sensors measure angles from 0 to 360°, rotational speed and direction with repeatability to 0.1°.
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Free essay example:
Prior to the Liberal Reforms between 1906 and 1914 British people in and out of poverty had had to take care of themselves, the government believed in a system of laissez faire, which is to allow things as they are not making any type of intervention. The Conservatives had been running the country for almost 20 years and many people were in desperate need of change. In 1906 the liberals were elected and a short while later Asquith became prime minister and with his appointments David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, they began to battle against poverty and introduce effective reforms. At the time the five most vulnerable groups in society which suffered form poverty were: the young, the old, the sick, the employed and the unemployed of Britain at the time. Liberal Reforms were introduced to help solve the problems facing these five different groups. The acts were successful to a certain extent as they helped to solve some problems for the British public.
There were three important acts introduced to aid children through recession and British poverty among the lower and working classes. Children suffered at school as they had very poor diets and were extremely unclean some didn’t even attend school. The first act was the Education Provision of Meals Act of 1906. This act saw the government providing hundreds of British school’s with free school meals to try and improve children’s diets and ensure they got at least one hot meal a day. A big supporter in the introduction of this act was Margaret Bradford who one stated ‘feed the stomach, then the mind.’ Studies showed that children who ate properly and had good diets, learned better and achieved a higher success rate, than those who suffered from poor hygiene and poor diets. The act therefore was rather successful, as children’s success rates increased, and children didn’t feel forced as the act was compulsory. However it showed flaws as 50% of local authorities didn’t supply school meals for free and many children still died of malnutrition. The second act introduced to benefit children was the Education Act of 1907 which provided free medical inspections to schools. Compared to America British children were much shorter and much lighter. Between 80 and 90% of children in British society suffered from rotting teeth and many contracted lice. Diseases and illnesses could now be identified on children, however it was flawed as the problems would be identified but were not treated or attended to. This was until a grant was given in 1912 to set up school clinics. However the liberals took almost 3 years to fully establish them. The third act introduced was the Children’s Act of 1908 also known as the children’s charter. This act prevented children from smoking and drinking, as well as buying cigarettes and alcohol under the age of 16, also abuse to children was forbidden and parents, now by law weren’t allowed to neglect their children. Juvenile courts were set up, so that young offenders weren’t abused in adult prisons. Young offenders were sent to borstals were they would receive a proper education in a corrective school. Once young offenders had completed their jail or borstal sentence they would be given a probation officer to help them change their ways. The act was successful as children would be safe, and free from abuse from adult prisons and could grasp a better idea of a better and more fulfilling life from their detention centres and borstals. However the act was unsuccessful as the children lost their begging income and slipped further into poverty.
The second large group that was vulnerable to British society were the old. Prior to the reforms the old had been one of the worst suffering groups in the British society. They had next to nothing in the way of money, and often had to rely on their families for money, but they were often of a lower class as well and struggled greatly. The act introduced to ease the stress and anxiety of the old was the 1908 old age pensions act. The act was based on the German pension’s scheme, which David Lloyd George had been impressed by on a visit to Germany. The act had several conditions: the individual had to have lived in Britain for over 20 years, not been arrested for 20 years, not been drunk and convicted within the last 10 years, they weren’t granted any money if they had been fired from their work either, and they had to be over the age of 70. If they qualified for the pensions act then they would receive 5 shillings a week, but according to the poverty reports compiled by Booth and Rowntree people needed a minimum of 7 shillings a week to remain above the poverty line. It was estimated that around 500,000 people would apply to the pension’s scheme, but in fact a massive 650,000 applied in 1909 and 1 million in 1914. Overall we can see that the reform introduced to aid the old though poverty was very beneficial as older people now had a longer life expectancy as they were now able to afford more of their basic necessities and were more fulfilled because of it. However, the act showed some weakness as the scheme was only granted to over 70’s and terms and conditions applied, which were very harsh. So the act helped ease stress and anxiety but wasn’t very successful in the long run.
The third vulnerable group which suffered the effects of poverty were the sick. The sick were viewed as perhaps the most vulnerable group in society during the times of the poverty crisis. They were affected greatly as the biggest cases of illness and disease occurred within the working classes, which meant they couldn’t afford proper health care or medicine to try and help them get better, as they were sick they couldn’t get well paying jobs as employers weren’t willing to hire a sick person and risk the rest of his employees getting sick as well. The act introduced to aid the sick from the poverty crisis was the National Insurance Act part I of 1911. This act saw the sick receive free medical inspections and receive free treatment. The act was very flawed and Lloyd George admitted this himself by saying that he thought the act needed more work, but this was all the liberals could do at that time. The insurance from the sick had to be taxed from their small wages and minimal income. Overall one can see that the act was successful as the free medical inspections and treatment insured that they received good and accurate prescriptions and were nursed back to full health, which meant they could find jobs and earn a decent income. However the act was very flawed as the orphan and widow benefits were dropped as the government couldn’t afford the insurance scheme without this extra money.
The fourth large group that was vulnerable to was the unemployed. There were two important acts introduced to aid the unemployed through recession and British poverty among the lower and working classes. Prior to these reforms the unemployed had suffered greatly. Middle classes blamed poverty among the unemployed on their inability to find work on laziness and reluctance. Two acts were introduced to try and aid the unemployed from the poverty crisis. The first of these acts was the National Insurance act part II of 1911. This act made sure that the unemployed received unemployment insurance. This insurance scheme was aimed mostly at shipbuilders and construction workers. The unemployed only received 15 weeks of payment a year at 7 shillings a week, but this wasn’t enough to keep them out of poverty. More and more people found themselves being sacked which meant they wouldn’t be eligible to receive the insurance scheme money. By 1915 around 2.3 million people were insured under this scheme. Hundreds of unemployed people now received and were introduced into the insurance scheme despite the fact they were unemployed, which insured that had at least some cover which they could easily afford. However the act showed flaw, as they didn’t receive enough to cover the basic necessities, the scheme didn’t accommodate family cover which meant that if another family member was injured or needed money for something then they would have to pay the full price, which would often be very expensive, and some couldn’t afford it. The second act introduced to aid the unemployed from the poverty crisis was the 1909 Labour Exchanges act. It provided a more efficient method of finding jobs. Almost 3000 jobs were now available a day. In 1910 there were around 83 labours and by 1913 it had increased to a massive 430. There was also a wider range of jobs which meant that people could find jobs more suited to the skills they had. There were many more jobs available for the unemployed meant they could earn decent wages to afford the basic necessities. One can see that the reforms helped to a certain extent. People now had more help and a large push to find a job and earn wages, the unemployed received and were introduced into an insurance scheme which paid them money for 15 weeks in the year. However, the insurance scheme didn’t accommodate family cover and it only paid 15 weeks a year at 7 shillings of money which wasn’t enough to cover the basic necessities. Also the Labour Exchanges act only opened up jobs for some trades which were very limiting for people who didn’t have many skills.
Even people who were employed still suffered at the hands of poverty. There were four important acts introduced to aid the employed through recession and British poverty among the lower and working classes. The employed had suffered largely due to the conditions that they had to endure at work. The first act to be introduced to aid the employed from the poverty crisis was the Workmen’s Compensation act of 1906. This act provided compensation for injuries sustained at work. There were other acts like this introduced in 1897 and 1900 which failed, which led to people believing that this act would fail as well however, they were proved wrong. The act was very successful as employers took a giant step to improve the conditions of the workplace so that they wouldn’t have to pay out compensation to injured workers. The second act introduced to aid the employed from the poverty crisis was the Coal Mines act of 1908 which granted coal mine workers an 8 hour day. This was very beneficial as before coal mine workers had had to work for long hours in very poor and enclosed conditions. Many workers often died from toxic fumes and diseases contracted within such a close proximity. The act benefited millions of workers. The third act to be introduced to aid the employed from the poverty crisis was the Trades Board act of 1908. This act hoped to define a minimum wage for those who worked in the ‘sweated industry’. This act involved over 200,000 people. However the act only affected some trades. Also, it concluded that no decision was actually made to define a minimum wage, therefore proving the act was very unsuccessful. The final act to be introduced to aid the employed from the poverty crisis was the Shops Act of 1911. This act insured that shop workers received a half day off from work. This act also gave shop workers a lunch break so that they could eat food and try to maintain a proper diet. The reforms introduced to aid the employed from the poverty crisis were quite successful with the exception of the Trades Board act, as they insured that workers were granted compensation for injuries they sustained at work which meant that employers would have to improve their companies so that they wouldn’t have to pay up. Also, the reforms meant that coal miners would be granted fewer working hours and wouldn’t catch terrible diseases and suffer from toxic fumes. Also shop workers didn’t have to work for long hours and even got a lunch break. However, the reforms showed flaws as the acts didn’t apply to all trades and the Trades Board act was completely unsuccessful at defining a minimum wage.
In conclusion it can be stated that the reforms helped combat poverty in Britain to a certain extent it did not make Britain into the welfare state it is today but it certainly paved the way doing as much as was possible at the time to improve the lives of the British public
This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our AS and A Level British History: Monarchy & Politics section.
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September 30 is Orange Shirt Day.
Orange Shirt Day acknowledges the harm that Canada’s residential school system has done to generations of indigenous families and their communities. It affirms our commitment to ensure that everyone around us matters.
Orange Shirt Day opens a conversation about the legacies of the residential schools — a conversation all Canadians must have. It is a day for survivors to know that they matter. It is a day to acknowledge the past and commit to a more inclusive future.
Orange Shirt Day grew out of Phyllis Webstad’s own experience at residential school. On the first day of school, her shiny new orange shirt, given to her by her grandmother, was taken away from her. Phyllis organized the first Orange Shirt Day in 2013.
The Aboriginal Council of CUPE Ontario urges CUPE members to show support and encourage participation in Orange Shirt Day this September 30. Participation is very easy: wear an orange shirt, and tell people why.
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Conflict and violence, slow and sudden-onset disasters and food insecurity have all played a significant part in past and current displacement in Somalia. Most conflict displacement is linked to the activities of the jihadist group al-Shabaab. Disaster displacement is mainly triggered by pervasive drought and riverine and flash flooding.
Conflict and violence triggered 188,000 new displacements in 2019, mainly in the south-east where al-Shabaab, which is affiliated to al-Qaeda, has its stronghold. More than 264,000 IDPs were evicted during the year, making forced evictions one of the main triggers of secondary displacement in the country. Disasters triggered 479,000 new displacements. In common with other countries in East Africa, Somalia was affected by widespread flooding in the second half of 2019 during an unusually wet rainy season influenced by El Niño.
Average expected number of displacements per year – for sudden-onset hazards:
New and protracted displacement in Somalia has many interlinked drivers, including recurrent and persistent exposure to internal conflict and climate-related hazards, chronic and acute food and livelihood insecurity, human rights violations and the state’s limited ability and political will to protect and assist IDPs and support them in pursuing durable solutions.
The country is severely fragile and impoverished, with half of the population living below the poverty line. Domestic revenue is insufficient for the government to deliver basic services, and the country is dependent on international assistance. More than a third of the population, or 5.2 million people, were in need of humanitarian assistance as of October 2019, of whom nearly half were acutely food insecure.
Following the collapse of its authoritarian socialist government in January 1991, Somalia descended into cycles of clan-based internal conflict and displacement that has fragmented the country for almost three decades. Its governance structure, economic infrastructure and institutions have crumbled. An internationally backed federal government was installed in 2012 and a compact agreed with the international community.
Fighting between armed groups has continued, however, and between the militant group al-Shabaab and the country’s armed forces backed by troops from the African Union Mission in Somalia. In only the second smooth transfer of power since the country’s first direct elections in 1960, parliament elected a new president in February 2017 as concerns in central government and the international community grew about al-Shabaab violence in southern Somalia.
Large-scale displacement has repeatedly been driven by people’s need for safe shelter, a lack of secure tenure in places of settlement and the search for food, water and pasture for livestock. In addition to its violence, al-Shabaab’s imposition of taxes on households, farms and livestock has also caused displacements.
The cumulative impacts of severe and recurrent drought and other natural hazards on food and livelihood security have led to two periods of famine in some areas of the country, the first from 1991 to 1992 and the second in 2011. As a result of al-Shabaab’s restrictions on trade and freedom of movement, access constraints and limited humanitarian funding and response, the 2011 famine spread across all southern regions in 2011 and around 260,000 people died.
Two consecutive years of severe drought culminated in rapidly deteriorating food security and declining levels of nutrition and health again towards the end of 2016. With more than half of the population facing acute food security, the UN warned of a potential new famine in February 2017. Nearly a million people who depend largely on livestock and agriculture for survival were forced to abandon their homes and normal migration patterns during the year to seek grazing land, water, work or life-saving assistance elsewhere.
Exposed and vulnerable populations are also affected by floods and storms almost every year. Recurrent flooding affects communities living near rivers whose embankments have not been maintained. Somalia’s precarious reliance on rainfall also makes it highly vulnerable to climate change impacts.
Internal displacement is fuelling Somalia’s rapid urbanisation as people who struggle to survive and make a living in the countryside seek opportunities in urban areas. Many, however, establish themselves in informal settlements where they are at high risk of eviction. More than 264,000 IDPs were evicted during the year, making forced evictions one of the main triggers of secondary displacement in the country.
Displacement patterns are determined by recurring shocks associated with conflict, natural hazards and human rights violations. They are also influenced by livelihood mobility needs - around half of the population are nomadic pastoralists - rapid urbanisation and access to information and external assistance.
The majority of IDPs settle in informal and unplanned settlements where conditions are very poor and forced eviction is a common threat. The newly displaced join those whose displacement has become protracted, and many are displaced more than once. IDPs are often marginalised and discriminated against, particularly if they belong to a minority or are separated from the protection of their clans.
Displacement tends to be urban in nature, including rural to urban movements, intra-urban displacement when IDPs are evicted and move to another part of a city and inter-urban, when they move between cities. As many as 80 per cent of IDPs recorded in 2019 were living in urban centres.
Their settlements transform over time into urban informal settlements such as the one in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, where 14 of such settlements are home to economic migrants and IDPs, mainly from parts of the region affected by drought and conflict, as well as returnees and refugees. IDPs in Puntland are also concentrated in the region’s main cities. Many come from southern and central Somalia, though some have been displaced more locally by drought.
Large-scale drought displacement began in late 2016, as food security and access to basic services began to deteriorate in affected areas. The central area of rural eastern Somaliland had become largely deserted by late November of the same year. Displacements have continued since, and 60,000 were recorded in 2019.
In common with other countries in East Africa, Somalia was affected by widespread flooding in the second half of 2019 during an unusually wet rainy season influenced by El Niño. Around 407,000 new displacements were recorded, about a quarter of them in Belet Weyn city in Hiraan state.
Conflict and violence in Somalia triggered 188,000 new displacements in 2019, mainly in the south-east where al-Shabaab, which is affiliated to al-Qaeda, has its stronghold. More than half were recorded in Lower Shabelle region as a result of clashes between the group and the Somali army supported by African Union forces.
Persistent insecurity in rural areas impeded the provision of humanitarian aid, leading many people to flee to overcrowded camps in urban areas, mainly in Mogadishu, in search of refuge and assistance.1 Tens of thousands of IDPs returned home during the year, but many only temporarily to work their land during the sowing and harvest seasons.
The highest poverty levels in Somalia, 71 per cent, are found in IDPs’ settlements. Those displaced under near-famine conditions are in acute need of humanitarian assistance and protection, including access to food, water and sanitation, life-saving health services, shelter and education; mitigation of further exposure to violence and the impacts of natural hazards; and support for livelihood recovery. Women and girls are more likely to experience rape, sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, including sex in exchange for food, shelter and non-food items.
Over 45 per cent of IDPs report having been displaced for three or more years, indicating the protracted nature of displacement in Somalia. The achievement of durable solutions will require robust, strategic and collective approaches, whether IDPs choose to return, integrate locally or settle elsewhere. Even in areas of origin where conflict has subsided, IDPs report not wanting to return out of fear of reprisal or because of the lack of social services and livelihood opportunities. For example, 47 per cent of those surveyed in Mogadishu in 2016 said they intended to stay in the city, while 37 per cent said they would prefer to return to their areas of origin.
In response to the new and protracted displacement across the country, the government launched a durable solutions initiative (DSI) with UN support in 2016. In 2019 it established an inter-ministerial durable solutions secretariat, ratified the Kampala Convention and approved a national policy on IDPs and returning refugees. The DSI has been a significant catalyst for these and other developments, leading the government to fully own the country’s response to internal displacement, and setting an example for others to follow.
Sustainable solutions will require security in terms of human-made and natural hazards, climate-resilient livelihoods and secure tenure. Most forced evictions of IDPs take place without warning, and alternative land or housing is rarely provided, pushing those affected toward peripheral districts where establishing a livelihood is even more of a struggle.
Supporting mobility is key to both immediate coping mechanisms and longer-term solutions. Some displaced farmers move between urban and rural locations to combine access to assistance with livelihood activities in their areas of origin, and pastoralists’ livelihoods depend on both internal and cross-border movements to access grazing land.
Several organisations, notably UNHCR, REACH and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), collect data on internal displacement in Somalia. The UNHCR-led Protection and Return Monitoring Network gathers information on both voluntary and forced displacement and returns. There are, however, numerous methodological and conceptual challenges with the dataset and we are engaged with our partners to tackle some of them. IOM began monitoring in Somalia in 2017 and is assessing displaced populations in around half of the country. REACH focuses on assessments of IDPs in urban centres.
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Individual variation in feeding rate in the absence of competitors (absolute feeding rate) and decline in feeding rate in the presence of competitors (susceptibility to interference) are frequently used as measures of competitive ability or fitness in short-term foraging studies. They are also crucial parameters of individual-based population models that predict the distribution of animals across patches. There are, however, few data on whether absolute feeding rate and susceptibility to interference competition remain constant for individuals between years. The hypothesis that absolute feeding rate and susceptibility to interference were similar between years was tested by observing 25 European blackbirds Turdus merula feeding in seminatural experimental patches, during January to March over a 2-4-year period 1995-98. Absolute feeding rate was measured as the feeding rates of solitary blackbirds. Susceptibility to interference was measured as the change in feeding rate of a focal bird when it fed in the presence of different numbers of competitors. Individuals changed significantly in their feeding rate between years, but most individuals did not change in their feeding rate relative to others in the population. The absolute feeding rate of an individual was significantly positively correlated with its feeding rate in the subsequent year. There was no significant variation in susceptibility to interference for individuals between years. Only two of 27 blackbirds showed a significant change in susceptibility to interference between years. Relative absolute foraging rate and susceptibility to interference competition were reasonably similar between years in blackbirds. Relative fitness measures derived from short-term measures of foraging ability may therefore be valid over long periods. In ideal free models that incorporate individual competitive ability, rather than population averages, temporal changes in competitive ability can possibly be ignored.
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Language schools use many resources and tools to teach a new language. Most Portuguese language schools use Portuguese music, movies and games as resources for learning Portuguese, and students enjoy this methodology, they say that is very interesting to listen to Portuguese songs or watch Portuguese movies, because they will able to improve their Portuguese vocabulary and grammar while they have fun.
Portuguese learners prefer to use an educational technique for their learning process and they say that traditional methodologies are boring. Studies show that students can learn faster by using interesting tools than attending a class where they only listen to teacher talking about Portuguese grammar. If Portuguese teachers use Portuguese language resources, students will enjoy their classes and they will show interest to understand by themselves Portuguese language.
Portuguese culture has many resources to teach Portuguese language, e.g. Portuguese fairy tales or Portuguese folk stories which are good tools to help students to improve their Portuguese reading skill. Some Portuguese schools use online resources such as vocabulary games, these games are used to learn new words or to improve Portuguese grammar. Most students spend a lot of time on the computer playing these games, because they are learning Portuguese while they are playing an interesting game.
Portuguese is one of the most taught languages around the world, even when some people can attend a Portuguese language school, internet offers a good solution. There are many Portuguese language websites and these virtual Portuguese language schools have a wide range of resources such as videoconferences, virtual books, chats, and forums. These tools are very popular among distance learning students.
Students think that to read a book in order to learn something new is boring and they prefer to use interactive tools to get it.
The modification of a verb to show different aspects or conditions of the action is called verb conjugation. Learning how to conjugate verbs is essential for learning Portuguese. In this page you can find the most common Portuguese verbs; you also can find a conjugator tool and a list for any verb that you want to conjugate.
Some schools around the world include Portuguese lessons in their educational curriculums, because many Portuguese-speaking countries offer career and job opportunities. Portugal has become a popular educational destiny among foreign students, programs like "Erasmus" offer scholarships to continue studying in this country, but Portuguese universities require foreign students handle Portuguese language as their first language. Students must consider that learning Portuguese language as their second tongue.
Portuguese is a wonderful language and you can choose the best Portuguese language school to learn it. Most language schools have many resources to make your learning experience the best. Internet also has interesting tools to strengthen Portuguese language skills. Do not miss this opportunity to learn Portuguese.
Portuguese is one of the most taught languages around the world; there are more and more Portuguese language schools that offer many resources for learning Portuguese. Then, there are no excuses to avoid attending Portuguese courses.
Here you can find a lot of Portuguese resources from Portuguese universities, Portuguese schools, Portuguese art, Portuguese culture to travel and tourism. Just select the category you want to search:
If you want to work as a Portuguese translator, on this page you will find useful information and requirements that you must meet.
Portugal is a great travel destination, but also a good place to live, find some information on moving and living in Portugal here
Portuguese Cities such as Lisbon offers many opportunities in different fields and it is excellent place for visiting.
All you need to know about portuguese media broadcast. Find out Digital and Creative jobs opportunities for Portuguese Speaking Professionals
This website presents information about Portuguese lessons and prestigious schools to study portuguese language abroad whatever the destination you want.
Arts and culture jobs require a specific credentials and academic qualifications. Resume Builder tool shows you how to write the ideal resume online
Finding jobs and work experience in Portugal. If you're looking to work in Portugal, here's a guide on how to find a job you deserve.
This Portuguese dictionaries will help you to improve your knowledge about Portuguese language. Great dictionary links for Portuguese learners.
Many people require a professional language Teaching. Fortunately, there are many freelance Teachers and agencies that offer this service.
The importance of having good command of languages, especially Portuguese grammar in the writing jobs. In addition, show us some advantages working in literature field.
All you need to know about Portuguese Online. Read about language skills people need to have in order to work abroad: International jobs and IT jobs.
Looking for Portuguese Translations? Searching for portuguese translation jobs? Then you have to contact professional companies that do this work and offer new jobs every day.
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Lesson 1 (from Chapters 1 through 8)
Chapters 1 through 8
"A Deepness in the Sky" is science fiction novel by Vernor Vinge which was published in 1999. The story acts as a prequel to Vinge's 1992 novel, "A Fire Upon the Deep", although only one character, Pham Nuwen, appears in both narratives. "A Deepness in the Sky" won the 2000 Hugo Award for Best Novel. In this lesson, students are introduced to the book and will research and discuss author Vernor Vinge and "A Fire Upon the Deep".
1) Teacher Lecture: Introduce the students to the book and author. "A Deepness in the Sky" is a science fiction novel by American Author Vernor Vinge and has received numerous awards, including the 2000 Hugo Award for Best Novel.
2) Research Activity: Allow students time in the beginning of class to conduct independent research on the author Vernor Vinge, including his biography, career, other works, criticism and commentary. What previous novel...
This section contains 9,154 words
(approx. 31 pages at 300 words per page)
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History of Church Bells
Since their introduction in our culture some 3 to 4 thousand years ago, bells managed to become important part of religion and religious ceremonies all
around the world. Their ability to carry information across large distances was viewed as an excellent tool of communication between religious priest and
their congregations. For that purposes, many types of bells were crated over the millennia, from small and private religious bells to the large bells that
were hung in the highest church towers of our history.
After the creation of first metal bells in Ancient China, they become more and more used in religious ceremonies. That tradition was passed on to Hindu and
Buddhist religions where bells were accepted and tightly integrated into their ceremonies. In Hindu temples bells were placed at the entrance of the
building, or above the doors into inner sanctum. Devotees rung those bells as a part of their prayers that they wanted to reach their deity. In Buddhism,
bells were perceived as representation of the offering to the Buddha’s and bodhisattvas that had purpose of accumulation positive karma. Sounds of the
bells were also viewed as the representation of wisdom, peace, patience and cure of confusion. In Japan, Buddhist bells were integral part of all their
temples, sometimes requiring strength of 20 monks to be operated (one enormous bronze bell reached weight of 30 tons and could be heart from the distance
of 48 kilometers. Japanese Shinto temples also used bells (usually shaped as zodiac animals), but they were rung by visitors who prayed for good fortune.
Christianity came in contact with the bells during the last stages of life in Ancient Egypt. Their bells were used in ceremonies that celebrated god
Osiris, but were usually made to be flat gong. Judging by the writings in bible, Moses studied priesthood in Egypt and introduced bells into Jewish
After Roman Empire fell, tradition of bell use in religion resurfaced in European Christianity. There, knowledge of Bell founding was created in Italy.
Under the leadership of bishop of Nola, Palanius, creation of bells and their infusion into Christian ceremonies started to spread across the lands and
receive popularity not only because of their ability to gather faithful to religious ceremonies, but also as an excellent alarm in times of danger. During
the next few centuries, Christian monks from Italy brought the knowledge of bells across continental Europe. Official acknowledgment of bells in Christian
ceremonies happened in 604 by Pope Sabinian who later established ceremony of blessing.
Bells reached England from 650 to 750, until they were eventually extremely popularized by the ceremony of Saint Bede. He introduced ringing of bells at
funerals. During following centuries, metallurgy and architecture suddenly went through large transformation, and under the centuries of Renaissance, bells
in Christian churches all across Europe started to become larger and louder. By the height of Gothic architectural period, churches received massive bell
towers and bells that were decorated with intricate designs.
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Dental checkups and good oral hygiene are important for maintaining the health of your teeth, but these steps aren’t always enough to prevent a dental emergency. The following are common problems treated by emergency dentists in Belmont:
If you lose a filling see a dentist as soon as possible. If a crown comes loose, then try to put it back in place and use denture adhesive or toothpaste to hold it in place until you can get to a dentist.
When a permanent tooth is knocked out, you should handle it only by the crown and not touch or remove the root or any tissues attached. Then, gently rinse the tooth in a cup of water to dislodge any debris. Next, try to place the tooth back in the socket or keep it tucked between your cheek and gums. If the tooth belonged to a child, then store it in a container of water, milk, or saliva to prevent choking. Finally, see a dentist immediately.
For a toothache, start by rinsing your mouth with warm water. Next, use dental floss around the painful tooth to dislodge any food particles that may be the source of your pain. If there is any swelling in the area, then apply a cold pack to the outside of your cheek or mouth. You should never put painkillers on a painful tooth because this can damage your gums. If your pain persists, then you should see a dentist as soon as possible.
If you have a broken or chipped tooth, start by collecting any pieces, rinsing them off, and placing them in a container to take with you to the dentist. Next, rinse your mouth with warm water and place gauze on the area if there is any bleeding. If your mouth, lip, or cheek is injured, then apply a cold pack outside of your mouth and then see your dentist right away.
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Hops at the heart of every beer
Craft beers are enjoying a renaissance somewhat similar to B.C. wines, and all this production has actually led to a chronic hops shortage – which is ironic because when I was growing up in Chilliwack, there were massive hops farms everywhere.
But most of these went broke for a lack of a decent market price. It seems that the demand for this humble plant has come full circle, so much so that many home gardeners have taken to growing their own.
I came across one such ingenious planting while doing a Coquitlam landscape consultation recently. The homeowner was growing four different varieties of hops on the southwest side of his house, using stringers tied up to his fascia and countersunk boards to control the suckering root systems.
He harvests the hops for use in his own craft beers and each variety has distinct flavouring characteristics.
Hops are the unfertilized seed cones of female Humulus lupulus vines and are originally native to many regions of Europe, North America and southwestern Asia.
The only other species in this genus is Humulus japonicus, or scandens, which has become a noxious weed in many parts of the United States and is not useful for flavouring beer.
There was a time when European beers were flavoured with many different herbal concoctions called ‘gruit’ – some of the plants used included Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Scotch heather (Calluna vulgaris), Sweet Gale (Myrica gale), Juniper berries, Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) and Horehound (Marrubium vulgare).
Then along came the Reinheitsgebot, or German Beer Purity Law, which standardized beer production across the Holy Roman Empire and was officially adopted in 1516. This strictly limited the ingredients to water, malted barley and hops, which is why German beers are among my favourites.
Hops were first used for brewing beer in 822 AD in Germany and were mainly adopted due to the antibacterial properties that preserved the brew, allowing it to be shipped.
Of course, if you want to try growing your own, you are going to need some sort of support system or wire for this herbaceous vine to twine around.
Start by purchasing only female cultivars (‘Centennial’, ‘Nugget’, ‘Willamette’, ‘Fuggle H’, ‘Hallertauer’, ‘Northern Brewer’, ‘Cascade – all available from Richters Herbs of Ontario), as these are the source of hops cones and the males would only pollinate them, which makes seed and ruins them for brewing.
Humulus lupulus needs six to eight hours of sun, rich well-drained soils, daily watering in the heat and extensive root pruning in spring to keep them from taking over your garden.
You can also find complete instructions on harvesting and curing hops at www.brewersfriend.com, under ‘Fall Hop Harvest Guidelines’.
Mike Lascelle is a local nursery manager and gardening author.
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Obesity is linked to a heightened risk of dementia in later life, reveals an observational study published online in Postgraduate Medical Journal.
The antibiotic clarithromycin—widely used for treating common bacterial infections—is associated with an increased risk of heart deaths, finds a study published in the BMJ today.
Links between a number of common respiratory diseases and an increased risk of developing lung cancer have been found in a large pooled analysis of seven studies involving more than 25,000 individuals.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a substantially increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in older people, according to the most robust study of its kind ever conducted.
Children, teenagers and young adults living near Sellafield or Dounreay since the 1990s are not at an increased risk of developing cancer according to research published in the British Journal of Cancer.
Babies born into families in which someone has cerebral palsy are at an increased risk of having the condition, suggests a paper published in the BMJ today.
Vasectomy was associated with a small increased risk of prostate cancer, and a stronger risk for advanced or lethal prostate cancer according to a new study from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). The researchers found ...
Obesity, especially excessive belly fat, is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to an article in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal)
Previous research has established a link between lower socioeconomic status and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In a new study led by Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), researchers have found ...
Major surgery associated with increased risk of death or impairment in very-low-birth-weight infants
Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) babies who undergo major surgery appear to have an increased risk of death or subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI).
Air pollution is linked to an increased risk of developing an irregular heartbeat—a risk factor for stroke—and blood clots in the lung, finds a large study published online in the journal Heart.
New research presented at this year's Euroanaesthesia show that on weekends, in the afternoons and in February are the times when the risk of death following surgery is the highest. The research is by Dr Felix Kork and Professor ...
(Medical Xpress)—The risk of developing the most deadly form of skin cancer, melanoma, was more closely related to sun exposure in early life than in adulthood in young Caucasian women, according to a study ...
Exposure to organic solvents before first childbirth may increase hormone-related breast cancer risk
Among women with a family history of breast cancer, those who worked with organic solvents prior to their first full-term birth had an increased risk for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, according to data published ...
Mothers of daughters with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a significantly increased risk of death, particularly if they also have diabetes, when compared to the general population, according to new research.
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Critical decolonisation means accepting the risk of error; it means considering whether indigenous knowledge systems might contain truths that Western science hasn’t accessed.
It has become unfashionable to admit that one doesn’t really understand what phrases like “decolonising knowledge” or “a decolonised curriculum” mean. This is unfortunate. The process of coming to understand what decolonisation of knowledge might be is essential to achieving it – and that process is definitely not yet complete.
Decolonisation is not always a welcome concept in some quarters of academia. If curricula and ideas and knowledge are colonised, that means they have been shaped in part by considerations that are political, economic, social, cultural or otherwise tangential to the ideals of academic inquiry.
Admitting a need to decolonise any part of one’s discipline means admitting that it was formerly colonised to some degree. This, in turn, means admitting that what one previously touted as objective and untainted by the fleeting considerations of worldly affairs was, in fact, mired in them. Academics are much happier asserting that knowledge is power than they are conceding that power is knowledge.
Seen in this light, the decolonisation of knowledge is primarily an intellectual rather than a political project. It attempts to “disinfect” academic activities: to rid teaching, research, and institutional behaviour of influences that have little to do with the fair-minded pursuit of knowledge and truth.
But this is not the only approach. Decolonisation of knowledge is a contested concept. This “disinfecting” or critical model of decolonisation stands in contrast to a line of thought that sees knowledge as relative to a perspective, a cultural context, or something else again.
Decolonisation as cultural relativism
Decolonisation is sometimes presented, not as an attempt to resurrect the dispassionate search for knowledge, but as a rejection of the idea of objectivity, which is seen as a sort of heritage of colonial thinking.
Sometimes the idea is that notions like truth, fact or what “works” are fundamentally western and are imposed on other cultures. At other times, the idea seems to me that facts and truths are local. So what is discovered or expressed in one time or place will necessarily be inapplicable in another.
This line of thinking takes its cue from the fact that if you have sufficient power over someone you can enforce your views on them – or simply kill them if they disagree. Totalitarian states typically adopt policies that involve both silencing and killing dissenters.
Karl Marx famously maintained that
The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas.
Michel Foucault thought that power and truth are closely related, or even the same thing, which he sometimes called “power/knowledge”.
On this line of thought, the attempt to critically evaluate the opinion of another person or group looks like an exercise in power politics. It’s a short step from there to the idea that, in order to rid ourselves of the effects of a colonial past, we must all desist from asserting our beliefs over others’ beliefs. There is African belief, and European belief, and your belief, and mine – but none of us have the right to assert that something is true, is a fact, or works, contrary to anyone else’s belief.
On this view, to decolonise knowledge is to understand this and so to adopt a certain very broad kind of relativism.
I prefer the first understanding of decolonisation over the second: critical decolonisation over relativistic decolonisation.
One very simple reason is that the kind of relativism I have described is associated with traditions of thought that are European in origin: Marxism and postmodernism. I am sceptical of assertions that these views are of universal application. I worry that some of these assertions may themselves express a colonial heritage.
But I have more substantive concerns, too. One of these is a point made by Ghanaian-British author and philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah in his book Cosmopolitanism. Appiah values conversation very highly and rejects relativism in part because it doesn’t motivate conversation. As he puts it:
If we cannot learn from one another what is right to think and feel and do, then conversation between us will be pointless. Relativism of that sort isn’t a way to encourage conversation; it’s just a reason to fall silent.
The great attraction of uncritical decolonisation is that it appears to prevent us coming into conflict with each other. We simply accept that everyone is entitled to their views. But a moment’s thought shows there’s no protection against possible conflict. I might believe I can do things you don’t want me to do. I might even have views about your views.
The trouble is that ideas can conflict by themselves. They can logically contradict each other. They can mandate actions that are mutually exclusive. We might think very differently – but we share the same world.
The risk of being wrong
Critical decolonisation means accepting risk of error. It means considering whether indigenous knowledge systems might contain truths that Western science has not accessed. But it also means accepting that in some cases indigenous knowledge systems might be wrong.
Critical decolonisation also means considering whether what we find in the canon of an academic discipline whose history has been dominated by Europe and America is really up to much. This is a very scary and painful question for academics who have devoted their lives to the study of what they have been told are works of genius.
Critical decolonisation leaves room for local knowledge. A policy to improve infant nutrition may work in Tamil Nadu and fail in Bangladesh. The relativist stance says that whether it works depends on your point of view. But this is a poor analysis of this case: it works in one and not the other, whichever place you are looking from.
The better approach is to seek an explanation for the difference: in this case, that the role of mothers in buying and distributing food differs between the two places. One can reject universal truths without endorsing relativism.
If done properly and critically a lot of what we count as great will fall in the process of decolonising knowledge. A lot of formerly unvoiced and unheard ideas will come to light. The process of critical scrutiny is essential to the success of this project – and nobody gets a free pass.
Alex Broadbent is co-director at the African Centre for Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, and executive dean of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Johannesburg.
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Each year, six million adult patients in the U.S. see their doctor because of chest pain. This pain may be caused by a variety of factors that may include diseases such as coronary artery disease, gastro-intestinal pain such as acid reflux (“Hiatal Hernia”), pain from your lungs (pneumonia, or a collapsed lung), “costochondritis” or physical injuries or a host of other factors.
Coronary artery disease
If your coronary arteries are unable to do their job properly because of blockages or other causes, you may experience chest pain known as angina pectoris. In severe cases, where the blood supply to the heart muscle is significantly disrupted, a heart attack may occur.
Heart Disease is the number one cause of death in the U.S. for both men and women. The symptoms of the various kinds of heart disease depend on the seriousness of the problem. Silent Ischemia refers to a form of heart disease with mild or unnoticeable symptoms.
Angina Pectoris is a sensation of tightness or pressure in the chest area that is experienced during periods of physical exertion or emotional stress. The pain may cease when the exertion stops or the distress is relieved. If it does not, then it should be seen as an indication of more serious heart disease and the increased risk of heart attack. The pain of a heart attack lasts longer than that of Angina, though it may be less severe. It is often described as a “crushing” pain in the center of the chest. The pain may also spread to the neck, shoulders, or arms and be associated with perspiration, a feeling of dizziness or lightheadedness, and shortness of breath.
Chest pain that persists for more than a few minutes or that recurs frequently should be taken seriously as a potential sign of a heart attack.
In all, a heart attack may last for hours, during which the heart sustains progressive damage. However, only about 10-15% of patients who enter hospitals in the U.S. complaining of chest pain turn out to have a form of heart disease.
Gastro-intestinal pain such as acid reflux (“Hiatal Hernia”)
Symptoms of acid reflux and spasm of the esophagus can be uncomfortable and are often misdiagnosed as angina type of pain and vice versa. Usually, it is relatively easy to relate GI pains to food intake or the acid or bile taste in your mouth. Most everybody has episodes of acid reflux on occasion, and about 50% of us have a Hiatal Hernia that never causes any trouble. Once diagnosed however, it becomes easy to get labeled as such and often all symptoms. Angina is occasionally misinterpreted as acid reflux, especially in women, who have often atypical symptoms. Esophageal spasms are more easily confused with angina type of pains, and occasionally are only diagnosed after coronary artery disease has been excluded.
Pain from your lungs
If there is a problem with your lungs, it is usually associated with other complaints such as shortness of breath, cough or pain on deep breathing. A pulmonary embolism (blood clot to the lungs) can mimic an angina or heart attack and should therefore be part of any evaluation in someone with acute pain. It can be diagnosed if there is a history of thrombosis elsewhere or a major operation (Hip replacement or pelvic operation) has been performed recently.
The other possibilities, musculoskeletal, costochondritis or physical injuries can be diagnosed by local examination and are usually easily differentiated from the more serious problems I mentioned above.
Hope this helps,
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Last week, updated research on ‘planetary boundaries’ was published, with new analysis of what humanity is doing to various natural processes and the risks we face as a species.
Reading the paper, I was struck by the prominence, alongside the various statistics and methodology, of something quite different: the authors spend some effort to define what boundaries are (and are not), their origins, why they are called boundaries, and how they might inform people’s responses to environmental threats.
What’s striking about the word ‘boundary’ is how much work it does.
The authors start with a brief historical note:
“early industrial societies often used local waterways and airsheds as dumping grounds for their waste and effluent from industrial processes. This eroded local and regional environmental quality and stability, threatening to undermine the progress made through industrialization by damaging human health and degrading ecosystems. Eventually this led to the introduction of local or regional boundaries or constraints on what could be emitted to and extracted from the environment…”
The modern use of ‘planetary boundaries’ has important variations on this practice. The authors identify Earth systems thinking, and indeed thinking of anything as ‘planetary’, as relatively recent developments. In contrast, boundaries (linked to constraints about resources & pollution) are rooted in history – they’re just being applied here in a slightly different way. But how?
A planetary boundary is global and defined by experts rather than by local landowners or authorities. It’s not the same as a ‘threshold’ – nothing dramatic will immediately happen when it is reached. Rather, it is designed to act as a sort of pre-threshold to provoke action to stop pollution or environmental degradation going too far. It allows space to turn round.
This all takes some getting used to. New terms are like people you meet at a wedding. You want to make a connection with them. You’re delighted if you find a common friend. It might remind you of a story about them, or shed new light on a familiar personality trait.
So it is when we are introduced to ‘planetary boundaries’. As we discover its technical definition in relation to terms like ‘thresholds’, a ‘safe operating space’, ‘limits’ and ‘turning points’, the picture becomes clearer and a set of associations are built up.
We can’t help linking it to what we already know. Using a physical, visual metaphor helps us to make these connections.
A Washington Post article by Joel Achenbach includes a set of vivid analogies from an Earth systems expert, Ray Pierrehumbert: planetary boundaries are “not like the edge of the cliff”, but like “avalanche warning tape on a ski slope”, or “like high-temperature gauges on your car”. Achenbach himself says they are a kind of report card.
Elsewhere in the article, Katherine Richardson (one of the new paper’s authors) reflects on the links between boundaries and limits and how that might play with an American audience: ”If you think about it, the American ethic is, The sky’s the limit. And here you have people coming on and saying, no it isn’t, the Earth’s the limit.” This neatly sums up the kind of political problems that environmentalists might have in selling these ideas to mainstream culture in the USA (and indeed many other countries).
For the idea of planetary boundaries in particular, these associations are not accidental, nor a fluffy add-on to the statistics or the systems analysis – they are all intrinsic parts of a whole. They will shape any policy responses, and may even influence decisions on scientific funding, steering the shape of research into the future. They also have a kind of moral effect as we might decide to take certain steps not to ‘transgress’ them – a word that, whether intentionally or not, has legal and spiritual connotations. (Who the word ‘we’ refers to in that sentence, and how decisions are made, are also important.)
For all the calculations about biodiversity loss and carbon dioxide levels, a crucial task of the paper is to fix this complex of ideas in our mind, helped by the colourful diagrams with concentric circles that are featured in most media coverage. In the mind’s eye these boundaries might take on a physical form. The concentric circles happen to be round, but they also look like the Earth viewed from space. Since the Earth was first photographed from space in the 1950s, that view has become entangled with ideas about environmental protection and responsibility.
What action will be taken in response may be informed by the technical data. But it will also be shaped by people’s views about how far they want to go towards the edge of the cliff – framed by a compelling metaphor that will challenge many people to think differently about their relationship to the environment.
’Thousands of models’: planetary boundaries, politics and power by Adrian Smith
Photo: London Zoo – Do not cross the safety barrier – sign by Elliott Brown on Flickr (cc-by-2.0)
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Saint Anthony of Padua; Fire and Light -- ESS #1
by Margaret Charles Kerry FSP
This very popular saint was born in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1195. When he was old enough he joined the Augustinian friars. At the age of twenty-five, Fernando's life took an exciting turn. He heard about some Franciscans who had been martyred by the Moors in Morocco. Ferdinand was so impressed with the courage of the martyrs that he got permission to transfer from the Augustinian Order to the Franciscan Order. He went off to Africa to preach about Jesus to the Moors. But he soon became so sick that his superiors called him back to Portugal. No one in his new religious order realized how brilliant and talented Anthony was. He never spoke about himself or how much he knew. One day Anthony was unexpectedly asked to preach in front of a crowd of priests and important people. Everyone was surprised at the wonderful things he said about God. From then on, until he died nine years later, Anthony was sent to preach all over Italy. He was so popular that people even closed their stores to go to hear him. Anthony died at Arcella, near Padua, Italy, on June 13, 1231. He was only thirty-six years old. Pope Gregory IX proclaimed him a saint just one year later.
Saint Anthony of Padua: Fire and Light is the story of someone who put God first in life. When kids suffer because they are less popular, not as smart, or seemingly unimportant when compared to others, St. Anthony's story teaches a powerful lesson of how important we all are in God's plan for the world.
Ages 8 – 12
SERIES DESCRIPTION: The Encounter the Saints series offers intermediate readers relatable portrayals of the saints. Each story, in a handy format, vividly recreates the saint's place of origin, family life, and corresponding historical events.
100 Activities Based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd Edition
New and updated second edition! Sometimes when teaching children an aspect of our Catholic Faith, it is helpful to have a special activity to reinforce the lesson. They need exercises...
22 Ready-Made Prayer Services
by Maryann Hakowski 22 Ready-Made Prayer Services is a rich resource that invites both the novice and veteran youth minister to create and foster prayer experiences that challenge teens to...
31 Days to Becoming a Better Religious Educator
by Jared Dees Creator of the popular website The Religion Teacher, Jared Dees shares practical, easy-to-use teaching strategies and exercises for spiritual growth in his book 31 Days to Becoming...
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While all tubers are root crops, not all root crops are tubers. Tubers share some traits with root crops, but they differ physiologically. Nutritionists and governments consider both groups vegetables and important components of a balanced diet. Root crops and tubers provide carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and micronutrients.
Similarites between Root Crops and Tubers
Roots perform two primary functions. They absorb minerals and water from the soil to sustain plant growth. They also anchor the plant in place by providing a structural foundation. Root crops and tubers accomplish both these functions.
Differences Between Tubers and Root Crops
Tubers differ from root crops in three ways. Tubers are enlarged stems rather than enlarged roots. Cut up a tuber, and each section will grow a plant; root crops cannot do this. Tubers contain more starch than root crops.
Tubers and root crops form from different types of plant tissues. Even though a tuber grows underground, it is a type of specialised stem tissue that stores nutrients for the plant. A potato is actually an enlarged stem. Root crops derive from root tissue. Carrots are an enlarged tap root.
Root crops and tubers have a different kind of root structure. Root crops are tap roots. They are a single root that bores down into the soil like a carrot or parsnip. They can be a single rounded modified root like a beet. The key point being, root crops form one vegetable per stem. With tubers, a single plant can produce several tubers. A carrot plant will have one carrot, while a potato plant can produce several potatoes.
Root crops and tubers vary in their carbohydrate composition. Root crops contain more simple carbohydrates such as glucose. Tubers contain long chains of glucose called starch. Potatoes are an important food crop around the world because they contain large amounts of starch, a good source of energy for people's metabolisms.
Plants store the energy in tubers for propagation. A cut up radish provides a snack; a cut up potato can grow more plants. Many ornamental plants can be propagated by cutting a portion of stem and sticking it in water. The stem will eventually grow roots. Potatoes are the same way. Slice a potato into several sections containing an eye. A new plant will grow from each section. Root crops cannot do this.
Both root crops and tubers offer abundant nutrition. Tubers offer loads of energy and vitamins. Root crops offer vitamins, minerals and micronutrients. Carrots contain beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A which, according to the Mayo Clinic, is good for the eyes. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention lists the tubers yucca and jicama, as well as root crops horseradish and rutabaga, as high in vitamin C.
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| 0.92338 | 584 | 4 | 4 |
Has your preschooler refused to eat anything other than chicken nuggets for the past two days? Or would your toddler rather play than eat anything at all? There are so many possible reasons for picky eating, but whatever the reason; finding ways to deal with it is a good place to focus your energy and attention. Remember…celebrate every little accomplishment…one bite leads to more! Check out our simple solutions to help transform your picky eater!
Get Them Involved
Although your first instinct may be to shoo your toddler from the kitchen, studies show that kids who do some mealtime prep are more enthusiastic about trying the fruits (and veggies) of their labor. So let your toddler sprinkle cheese onto the pasta, toss the blueberries into the oatmeal, or spin the salad spinner. Chances are they will be more willing to try something they helped make.
Be Patient With New Foods
Young children often touch or smell new foods, and may even put tiny bits in their mouths and then take them back out again. Your child might need repeated exposure to a new food before he or she takes the first bite. Encourage your child by talking about a food’s color, shape, aroma and texture — not whether it tastes good. Serve new foods along with your child’s favorite foods.
Eat Together When You Can
Sure, it’s hard to get everyone to the table, but try to eat together a few times a week. After all, toddler see, toddler do: Your child’s more likely to want a bite of something if he sees the rest of the family enjoying it.
Be Creative and Make it Fun
Little tricks can sometimes encourage better eating. For instance, you could cut foods into fun shapes using cookie cutters. Turn mealtime into a game to see who can “eat all their colors.” Or try an at-home picnic for a change of scenery.
Get creative with presentation too! Your child’s plate doesn’t always have to look the same. You can string beans or noodles around the edge of the plate. Try alternating veggies, meat and grain in mini-piles or stripes all over the plate, or combine them to make a design. Use anything other than a kitchen plate to serve up food. It’s so easy to use colorful containers, toy dishes, an ice cube tray, or a muffin tin as dishes. These platters often make a meal or snack more interesting to a child.
How do you make mealtime fun for your child? – Cute Beltz
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| 0.948114 | 532 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The coldest temperatures of the season are expected overnight from the teens to the 20’s across the state, but by the end of the week we’ll be back in the 60’s. But the seesawing temperatures are not good for the trees.
Right now many flowering trees are covered with buds and look more like its early spring than winter, especially those in urban environments. It hasn’t been cold enough for concrete to cool down and many lack enough topsoil to be protected from temperature swings.
Arborist Odis Sisk says trees establish buds in the fall and some could open early and be damaged by cold.
“When springtime comes around and you’ve thought, ‘well, my beautiful Cherry the past 12 years has always bloomed really nice. I can’t wait to see the flowers.’ It may have significant loss in the amount of active buds that are still left on the tree.”
Sisk says many urban trees are not native to Georgia and don’t adapt well to the changing environment. They’re chosen because they grow fast and look good.
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http://www.gpb.org/news/2012/01/02/seesaw-weather-impacts-trees
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| 0.959119 | 239 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Robots, probes and other tech could help astronauts explore destinations beyond our moon.
New robotic probes meant to aid space exploration could fly in four years.
The expeditions would pave the way for astronauts landing on asteroid.
The missions would characterize the radiation risks for future human travelers and scout for resources.
The road to Mars begins with robots practicing landings on an asteroid, tests of new rocket engines and prototype orbital fueling depots, among other technologies.
So says NASA, which has put out a call to industry, academic and other potential partners to flesh out its new exploration blueprints, released last week in response to President Barack Obama's decision to nip the moon-centered Constellation program.
"If all we wanted to do was send some humans to the moon, have them walk around and return them safely to Earth, then the previous program may have been enough," Robert Braun, NASA's new chief technologist, told Discovery News.
"That's not enough for me. I want to send humans beyond Earth. I want a NASA that tries things that have never been done before," he said.
Rather than focusing on science objectives, the new robots, probes and technology prototypes NASA envisions under its new programs would pave the way for astronauts to visit an asteroid in 2025 and fly to Mars a decade later.
If approved by Congress, NASA aims to launch its first set of probes to the moon and a near-Earth asteroid in 2014. The missions would characterize the radiation risks for future human travelers, scout for resources that could be used for fuel, air, water and other life-support systems, and test equipment and sensors for future landings.
Additional probes, including a proposed tele-operated lunar lander, would follow about every 18 months.
"Our current missions are handicapped by our technology choices," said Braun, who is overseeing an effort to revive research and development at NASA after a decade of near-dormancy.
NASA also wants to fly a prototype 30-kilowatt solar electric propulsion system, an in-orbit refueling station and an inflatable space habitat that would be tested at the International Space Station.
"It's really time to open it up to a much broader community to get input," said Laurie Leshin, NASA's deputy director for science and technology.
The first proposals from industry are due Friday. NASA won't be moving ahead with any contracts until Congress approves its plans for human spaceflight beyond the shuttle and International Space Station, which is scheduled to be completed after two more missions. The shuttles are due to be retired later this year.
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| 0.957153 | 533 | 3.5 | 4 |
Two of the most prominent health risks that reside in our society are diabetes and heart disease. And no wonder – simply take a look around at the abundance of fast-food restaurants and pre-packaged meals and you’ll see the multiple health risks that our country currently faces.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, diabetes affects 29.1 million people, while heart disease affects 26.6 million people in the United States alone.
To help combat these major health issues, the federal government appointed a panel of nutritional experts known as the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee to provide a list of new dietary suggestions to help lower the risks of diabetes and heart disease.
A Beneficial Breakfast
Perhaps one of the most forefront ideas to emerge from the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee is one that has been debated for several years now: a cup or two of coffee in the morning is not bad for your health. In fact, drinking your daily cup of coffee may actually lower the risks of diabetes and heart disease. The risk for type 2 diabetes, in particular, is significantly reduced by drinking a moderate amount of coffee (moderate meaning 3 to 5 cups or less than 400 milligrams a day), but be aware of the calories sugar, milk and cream add to the coffee as they can offset the benefits.
Also contrary to popular belief, eating an egg a day will not increase your risk of heart disease or increase the amount of unhealthy cholesterol in your bloodstream. As they are very high in protein, eggs also come with a variety of other benefits, such as promoting a healthy brain, eyesight, and appearance.
However, it should be noted that these health benefits are typically seen among healthy adults, so it is best to consult your doctor to learn if these simple breakfast choices could lower your risks of these two diseases.
A Plant-Based Diet
Another heavily stressed idea discussed by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee concerns the diet of most Americans. A large majority of the population consistently eats too much sugar, processed meat, and red meat, while a diet containing a wide variety of foods is the optimal diet according to their guidelines.
Unfortunately, sugar oftentimes finds its way into our foods without our knowledge and increases calories and the risks of the diseases listed above. The committee warns against the hidden sugars that are added to sweetened yogurts and processed foods, and they encourage the limitation of added sugars to 10 percent of daily calories.
Along with sugars, limiting the consumption of processed and red meats is also important for a healthy diet. According to committee member Frank Hu, a Harvard School of Public Health professor of nutrition and epidemiology, finding the balance is essential: “We’re not talking about excluding red meat completely, but we are recommending reducing red meat intake.”
To cut down on these three unhealthy patterns of eating, the committee suggests a plant-based diet, which simply means consuming more fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, whole grains, fish and low-fat dairy – similar to the Mediterranean diet. Not only is this type of diet better for our health, but it is actually more environmentally sustainable.
After the committee provided these dietary guidelines, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture will use these recommendations to create updated dietary guidelines that will be released around the end of the year.
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CC-MAIN-2019-43
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https://www.medicalguardian.com/medical-alert-blog/nutrition-recipes/diet-choices-that-lower-risks-of-diabetes-and-heart-disease
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| 0.953578 | 681 | 3.078125 | 3 |
image by Kelsey Shipman
Coconut palms are common in the lush landscapes of tropical regions. Traditionally, they provided food, water and shelter to Pacific Islanders. Malayan dwarf coconut palm trees are popular in warm climates. The name can be misleading because a dwarf can reach up to 60 feet in height with a canopy of 20 feet across. They often grow well in pots but eventually grow too large to be kept indoors and should be planted in the ground.
Choose a site in your yard. A dwarf coconut palm tree needs at least 8 hours of sun a day and plenty of room to grow. Find a fairly large area that is at least twice the height and width of your palm, with well-drained soil.
Purchase a young dwarf coconut tree. Local nurseries carry many varieties and can provide you with planting advice. You can also grow a tree from a coconut by soaking the coconut (with husk) in water for three days and planting it in a container.
Dig a hole. It should be at least 6 inches larger than the width of the container and deep enough to cover the root ball with 2 to 3 inches of soil.
Fill the bottom of the hole with sand. About 2 to 4 inches of sand in the bottom of the hole will ensure proper drainage. If planting multiple trees, leave at least 20 feet between each.
Firmly stamp on the soil. Use your foot to flatten the soil and eliminate any air pockets.
Cover the surface with mulch. Spread mulch around the base of the plant the same width as the canopy. This will keep the soil moist and prevent an onslaught of weeds.
Water your tree immediately after planting. During hot summers, water your palm three times per week to keep its leaves green. Water at least twice a week for the first six months of growth.
Fertilize your dwarf coconut palm regularly. The most common problems with coconut trees are deficiencies of vitamins and minerals. An ounce of slow-release palm fertilizer per 3 inches of trunk is sufficient after initial planting.
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| 0.938882 | 419 | 3.234375 | 3 |
This Demonstration models the leg and torso motion of a walking or trotting horse, based upon measured fore and hind limb joint rotation angles. These joint rotations are used to locomote an anthropomorphically scaled segmented linked motion model. The frame of reference in this Demonstration moves with the horse. You can select the type of gait and the time instant in the cycle.
A walk or trot cycle of four steps begins at time 0 and concludes at time 1. The color red is used to indicate the right rear and fore legs and blue is used to indicate the left rear and fore legs. Red is also used for the spine. The equine motion model is an extension of the approach to modeling human locomotion in . The joint rotation models are based on . Anthropomorphic data for the horse is adapted from .
R. Boulic, N. Thalman, and D. Thalman, "A Global Human Walking Model with Real-Time Kinematic Personification," Visual Computer, 6, 1990 pp. 344–358.
W. Back and H. Clayton, Equine Locomotion, New York: W. B. Saunders, 2001.
H. H. F. Buchner, H. H. C. M. Savelberg, H. C. Schamhardt, and A. Barneveld, "Inertial Properties of Dutch Warmblooded Horses," Journal of Biomechanics, 30(6), 1997 pp. 653–658.
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CC-MAIN-2021-17
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https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/EquineMotion/
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en
| 0.876605 | 309 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The current Mathematics GCSE is quite a difficult subject to learn and a very difficult subject to teach, but I often feel that people don’t quite appreciate the subtleties of why this is.
The subject is broken up into lots of different, discrete skills (sometimes these skills are related to other skills, sometimes they’re not) and each individual skill needs quite a few approaches in order to target as many people as possible.
I can’t think of another subject that works like this.
Most other subjects, let’s take English as an example, have a few main skills which are constantly refined with new knowledge and applied to new situations. In English Literature it might be critiquing a text. Students do this their whole school career, moving onto different texts, but still using the same base processes on each one. Hopefully after doing this numerous times, their ability to critique a text becomes better and better.
This isn’t how the Maths GCSE works. Each lesson, or series of lessons, students are introduced to a new concept that they have to understand and apply to new problems. These concepts can link back to earlier concepts (which can create a chain of misunderstanding if you’re not careful) or they could be entirely new concepts unrelated to other things for students to get their head around.
This creates a problem, which I think why ‘I don’t get it’ can be so prevalent in maths. In other subjects students usually go into the lesson with an understanding that they are working on skills they’ve been using their entire school careers. In mathematics students come in and it’s likely they’ll be immediately hit with something they’ve never done before.
This difference between maths and other subjects also crops up in something that I’ve been thinking about recently.
In most subjects, a single question can be answered at many different ‘levels’, but in mathematics, it’s very rare that this is the case. This creates a big problem for maths teachers to think about when it comes to hitting the objectives, or at least heavily signposting hitting the objectives, in lesson observations in regard to differentiation and personalised learning.
Often we want to teach a skill, or have a student discover a skill, and then apply that skill. In maths each skill tends to have it’s own level assigned so it’s not really possible to teach that skill at numerous levels. Differentiation becomes harder.
I’d love to hear other people’s comments below, on how they get around this. Or if people think this is something that needs to be taken into consideration more on observations.
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| 0.96592 | 560 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Today's wallchart celebrates the apple, although readers will have to search to find some of the tasty Victorian-era varieties featured - such as the Egremont Russet or the Worcester Pearman - on their retailers' shelves. Britain's orchards have been in steep decline in recent years: the hectares in use for growing eating apples and pears has slumped from around 13,000 in 1987 to only 5,800 this year. There are many causes, including competition from the southern hemisphere leading to a fall in prices, supermarkets' buying habits, and a local climate that favours flavour over longevity. But supply and demand are now in happier accord thanks to an international trend for uprooting trees - France alone has reduced its orchards by 8%. The trade association, English Apples and Pears, reports "fantastic demand" for its members' produce this year, and claims a revival is under way, in part because retailers are responding to concerns about the polluting effects of food miles. This is good news for varieties such as Cox's Orange Pippin, which accounts for half of the British eating apple market (although many of them are imported), and the Bramley, which dominates the cooking market. The trade association calls the Bramley "iconic" - the apple being a dedicated cooking apple only grown in Britain, and said to be the only variety whose tangy taste is undiminished by cooking. The first tree to produce Bramleys, planted in the early 1800s, is still producing today. Long may it continue.
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https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/oct/16/lifeandhealth.ruralaffairs
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| 0.968673 | 314 | 2.875 | 3 |
Implantation of a stent-like flow diverter can offer one option for less invasive treatment of brain aneurysms – bulges in blood vessels – but the procedure requires frequent monitoring while the vessels heal. Now, a multi-university research team has demonstrated proof-of-concept for a highly flexible and stretchable sensor that could be integrated with the flow diverter to monitor hemodynamics in a blood vessel without costly diagnostic procedures.
The sensor, which uses capacitance changes to measure blood flow, could reduce the need for testing to monitor the flow through the diverter. Researchers, led by Georgia Tech, have shown that the sensor accurately measures fluid flow in animal blood vessels in vitro, and are working on the next challenge: wireless operation that could allow in vivo testing.
The research was reported in the journal ACS Nano and was supported by multiple grants from Georgia Tech’s Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, the University of Pittsburgh and the Korea Institute of Materials Science.
“The nanostructured sensor system could provide advantages for patients, including a less invasive aneurysm treatment and an active monitoring capability,” said Woon-Hong Yeo, an assistant professor in Georgia Tech’s George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University.
“The integrated system could provide active monitoring of hemodynamics after surgery, allowing the doctor to follow up with quantitative measurement of how well the flow diverter is working in the treatment.”
Cerebral aneurysms occur in up to 5% of the population, with each aneurysm carrying a 1% risk per year of rupturing, noted Youngjae Chun, an associate professor in the Swanson School of Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. Aneurysm rupture will cause death in up to half of affected patients.
Endovascular therapy using platinum coils to fill the aneurysm sac has become the standard of care for most aneurysms, but recently a new endovascular approach – a flow diverter – has been developed to treat cerebral aneurysms.
Flow diversion involves placing a porous stent across the neck of an aneurysm to redirect flow away from the sac, generating local blood clots within the sac.
“We have developed a highly stretchable, hyper-elastic flow diverter using a highly-porous thin film nitinol,” Chun explained. “None of the existing flow diverters, however, provide quantitative, real-time monitoring of hemodynamics within the sac of cerebral aneurysm".
"Through the collaboration with Dr. Yeo's group at Georgia Tech, we have developed a smart flow-diverter system that can actively monitor the flow alterations during and after surgery.”
Repairing the damaged artery takes months or even years, during which the flow diverter must be monitored using MRI and angiogram technology, which is costly and involves injection of a magnetic dye into the blood stream.
Yeo and his colleagues hope their sensor could provide simpler monitoring in a doctor’s office using a wireless inductive coil to send electromagnetic energy through the sensor. By measuring how the energy’s resonant frequency changes as it passes through the sensor, the system could measure blood flow changes into the sac.
“We are trying to develop a batteryless, wireless device that is extremely stretchable and flexible that can be miniaturised enough to be routed through the tiny and complex blood vessels of the brain and then deployed without damage,” said Yeo. “It’s a very challenging to insert such electronic system into the brain’s narrow and contoured blood vessels.”
The sensor uses a micro-membrane made of two metal layers surrounding a dielectric material, and wraps around the flow diverter. The device is just a few hundred nanometers thick, and is produced using nanofabrication and material transfer printing techniques, encapsulated in a soft elastomeric material.
“The membrane is deflected by the flow through the diverter, and depending on the strength of the flow, the velocity difference, the amount of deflection changes,” Yeo explained. “We measure the amount of deflection based on the capacitance change, because the capacitance is inversely proportional to the distance between two metal layers.”
Because the brain’s blood vessels are so small, the flow diverters can be no more than five to ten millimeters long and a few millimeters in diameter. That rules out the use of conventional sensors with rigid and bulky electronic circuits.
“Putting functional materials and circuits into something that size is pretty much impossible right now,” Yeo said. “What we are doing is very challenging based on conventional materials and design strategies.”
The researchers tested three materials for their sensors: gold, magnesium and the nickel-titanium alloy known as nitinol. All can be safely used in the body, but magnesium offers the potential to be dissolved into the bloodstream after it is no longer needed.
The proof-of-principle sensor was connected to a guide wire in the in vitro testing, but Yeo and his colleagues are now working on a wireless version that could be implanted in a living animal model. While implantable sensors are being used clinically to monitor abdominal blood vessels, application in the brain creates significant challenges.
“The sensor has to be completely compressed for placement, so it must be capable of stretching 300 or 400%,” said Yeo. “The sensor structure has to be able to endure that kind of handling while being conformable and bending to fit inside the blood vessel.”
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CC-MAIN-2019-04
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https://medical.electronicspecifier.com/sensors-1/integrated-sensor-could-monitor-brain-aneurysm-treatment
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en
| 0.932498 | 1,197 | 2.625 | 3 |
The insured is the person or entity who is covered by an insurance policy. The insurer is the entity (insurance company)that pays to, or on behalf of the insured for a covered loss. That which is covered by the policy is set forth in the insurance policy. Something that’s insured is protected by an insurance policy — in other words, its loss or damage will be compensated by an insurance company. If your laptop is insured, you’ll get enough money to replace it if it’s stolen. If an insured house burns down or is damaged in a storm, an insurance company will pay to repair or replace it. In exchange, the homeowner pays monthly (or annual) fees. If you have a life insurance policy or insurance that covers your health care, you are also insured. Insured, by way of the verb insure, comes from the original ensure, which has the roots en-, “make,” and sure, “safe, strong, or resolute.”
An insurer is a party who agrees to compensate people, companies, or other organizations for specific financial losses. This service is typically provided for an exchange of payments called premiums. The exact perils that are covered and the exact cost of the premiums are laid out in the contractual agreement between the insurer and the insured. Insurers are often large companies who insure many different parties. The more premiums that an insurer has come in, the more money it has available to pay out claims if there is a need to do so. Because typically not every policyholder files claims at the same time, insurers are commonly able to meet their claims obligations with the money they receive from premiums. Insurers often use actuaries and other professionals to help them do the mathematical calculations necessary to make sure they price their premiums correctly to cover all of their risks. Insurers commonly cover perils associated with automobiles, homes, health, businesses, liabilities, and more.
3. Insurance Agency:
An insurance agency, sometimes called an insurance brokerage or independent agency, solicits, writes and binds policies through many different insurance companies. They are not directly employed by the anyone insurance carrier. An example would be Smart Move Insurance, this is an independent insurance agency in Scottsdale, AZ that employs insurance agents or brokers to sell products of different insurance companies that they are appointed with. A Smart Move Insurance agent doesn’t work for any individual insurance carrier, unlike a State Farm, Farmers, or American Family agent that is employed by those companies to only offer their products. These agents are often called captive agents. Agencies can decide which insurance carriers they would like to represent and which personal and business products they would like to offer. This allows their clients to find them the best coverage and price that is available.
An agent is a person who represents an insurance firm and sells insurance policies on its behalf. Generally, there are two types of such agents who reach prospective parties that may be interested in buying insurance. These are independent agents and captive or exclusive agents. Independent agents may represent many insurance firms and receive a commission for their services accordingly. On the other hand, there are captive agents who are exclusively employed by a particular insurance firm and sell policies of the same. Their services can be rewarded in the form of salary or commission.
An insurance broker is a specialist in insurance and risk management. Brokers act on behalf of their clients and provide advice in the interests of their clients. Sometimes an insurance broker will act as agent of an insurer, but where this occurs the situation should be fully explained to you. A broker will help you identify your individual and/or business risks to help you decide what to insure, and how to manage those risks in other ways. An insurance broker might specialise in one specific type of insurance or industry, or they might deal with many different types. Insurance brokers can give you technical advice that can be very useful if you need to make a claim.
An insurance producer is someone who has the proper licensing to sell insurance within a particular state. The term “insurance producer” is interchangeable with “insurance agent” and “insurance representative.” Insurance producers sell insurance products on behalf of insurance companies. Because of this, they must possess a significant amount of knowledge in their particular insurance sub-field. To become an insurance producer, a person must complete the necessary training, pass relevant exams, and obtain a license. After they have done all that, they will be authorized to sell insurance products on behalf of insurance companies. Licenses for insurance producers have to be renewed periodically. Insurance producers often are not actual employees of insurance companies. Instead, they work on a commission basis and sell insurance for multiple insurers.
A managing general agent (MGA) or a managing general underwriter (MGU) is a specialised type of insurance agent or broker that has been granted underwriting authority by an insurer, according to the International Risk Management Institute (IRMA), and can administer programs and negotiate contracts for an insurer. An MGA’s functions can include binding coverage, underwriting and pricing, settling claims, and appointing retail agents in a certain region, all of which are typically carried out by insurers. At its core, the MGA manages all or part of the insurance business of an insurer and acts as an insurance agent or broker for the insurer, while working as the intermediary between insurers and agents, and/or insureds.
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<urn:uuid:496442af-e724-4cee-b828-fcd97efa1544>
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https://winsurtech.com/blog/define-and-differentiate-some-insurance-terms/
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| 0.965517 | 1,105 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Baking powder is considered nontoxic when it is used in cooking and baking. However, serious complications can occur from overdoses or allergic reactions. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual overdose.
Why is baking powder not healthy?
It is not good for you because it has sodium bicarbonate that belongs to a group of drugs known as antacids. Likewise, it is a generic drug to treat upset stomachs caused by acid reflux irritation. In addition to that, sodium bicarbonate is safe enough to consume for most people as an antacid a couple of times.
Which is healthier baking soda or baking powder?
Numerous baked dishes incorporated baking soda or baking powder as a leavening agent. … In the end, baking soda is healthier than baking powder. It is a neutralising agent. This non-toxic substance is used to reduce the effect of acid and inflammation in the body and treat most ailments.
How much baking powder is considered toxic?
10-20 grams per pound of body weight ) a toxic amount of baking powder or soda then it can it! Body, the excess sodium can cause things to rise uncontrollably, and much more than!
Is baking powder good for the body?
In addition, baking soda has a variety of health benefits. For example, it can help treat heartburn, soothe canker sores, and even whiten your teeth.
What are the disadvantages of baking soda?
Long-term and overuse of baking soda can increase your risk for:
- hypokalemia, or potassium blood deficiency.
- hypochloremia, or chloride blood deficiency.
- hypernatremia, or rise in sodium levels.
- worsening kidney disease.
- worsening heart failure.
- muscle weakness and cramps.
- increased stomach acid production.
What is better baking powder or yeast?
In baked goods, you can replace yeast with an equal amount of baking powder. Just keep in mind that the leavening effects of baking powder will not be as distinct as those of yeast. Baking powder causes baked goods to rise rapidly, but not to the same extent as yeast.
What happens if you use baking soda instead of baking powder?
If you swap in an equal amount of baking soda for baking powder in your baked goods, they won’t have any lift to them, and your pancakes will be flatter than, well, pancakes. You can, however, make a baking powder substitute by using baking soda.
What happens if you don’t use baking powder?
It is possible to make cookies without baking soda or baking powder, but the resulting cookie will be dense. This is because carbon dioxide is not being produced by a chemical reaction that typically occurs when baking soda or powder is present in the cookie batter.
What can you use instead of baking powder?
Here are 10 great substitutes for baking powder.
- Buttermilk. Buttermilk is a fermented dairy product with a sour, slightly tangy taste that is often compared to plain yogurt. …
- Plain Yogurt. …
- Molasses. …
- Cream of Tartar. …
- Sour Milk. …
- Vinegar. …
- Lemon Juice. …
- Club Soda.
Can I use baking soda instead of baking powder for pancakes?
Can I make pancakes without baking powder? Yes, absolutely. To use baking soda instead of baking powder, you will need to swap the milk for sour milk or buttermilk and use 3/4 teaspoon of baking soda.
What happens if I eat too much baking powder?
The symptoms of a baking powder overdose include: Thirst. Abdominal pain. Nausea.
What happens if you have too much baking powder?
Too much baking powder can cause the batter to be bitter tasting. It can also cause the batter to rise rapidly and then collapse. (i.e. The air bubbles in the batter grow too large and break causing the batter to fall.) Cakes will have a coarse, fragile crumb with a fallen center.
Can baking powder help you lose weight?
Adding baking soda to the mix appears to offer few additional benefits. There’s little to no scientific suggesting that baking soda can help you lose body fat. Mixing baking soda with water, lemon water, or apple cider vinegar may indirectly help you lose weight, but baking soda appears to have little to do with this.
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https://mainesource.net/to-bake/is-baking-powder-unhealthy.html
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| 0.914355 | 926 | 3.359375 | 3 |
More Lessons for Science Projects and Experiments
Science projects, videos and experiments for various grades and topics.
Science Projects or Science Experiments: Grades 4 & 5
Reproduction in Plants and Pollination
B058 Reproduction in plants
B059 Self and cross pollination
Self and cross pollination in plants
Methods of Pollination
Reproduction - pollination of apple trees
Reproduction: pollen tubes in plants
Try the free Mathway calculator and
problem solver below to practice various math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own
problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page.
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
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https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/reproduction-pollination.html
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| 0.725105 | 162 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Earl WarrenCivil Rights Figure / Jurist / U.S. Supreme Court Justice
Born: 19 March 1891
Died: 9 July 1974
Birthplace: Los Angeles, California
Best known as: Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1953-69
Earl Warren was a Republican attorney and politician who served as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court during a period of expanding civil rights and civil liberties. Warren was raised in central California and earned his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of California at Berkeley. During his career he served as the district attorney for California's Alameda County (1925-39), California's attorney general (1939-43) and governor of California (1943-53) before running as a candidate for vice president in Thomas Dewey's 1948 bid to unseat Harry S. Truman
. Warren sought the presidential nomination in 1952, but lost out to Dwight D. Eisenhower
. Within a year of the election, President Eisenhower nominated Warren for the Supreme Court and Warren, who had no prior judicial experience, was sworn in as Chief Justice on 5 October 1953. During his tenure, the Supreme Court ruled on a number of cases involving civil rights, including 1954's Brown v. Board of Education
and 1966's Miranda v. Arizona
. The Warren Court ruled against segregated public schools, ensured the rights of suspected criminals and determined a constitutional "right of privacy." Some people celebrate the Warren Court for expanding rights and liberties, others condemn its "judicial activism" and accuse it of overreaching.
After the death of John F. Kennedy, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed a reluctant Warren to chair a commission investigating the assassination. Called the Warren Commission, the panel concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone when he killed Kennedy… Warren retired from the court in 1969.
Copyright © 1998-2016 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.
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http://www.factmonster.com/biography/var/earlwarren.html
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en
| 0.966054 | 386 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Since the smartphone is the hub of the Internet of Things at least for the foreseeable future, keeping that phone turned on is rather critical.
A phone may occasionally fail due to an accident, as anyone who has mistakenly dropped their phone into water is well aware.
A more likely cause of failure is for the battery to die, which they do on a regular basis for a lot of people, based on a new study.
The smartphone battery for more than a third (38%) of consumers dies at least once per day, based on the survey of 500 millennials conducted by goCharge, which makes charging stations for conferences and trade shows.
The good news for most (80%) is that they carry a charger with them at least sometimes if not always, and 43% have asked someone to borrow a phone charger.
As a central control and information point for the Internet of Things, the screen can be expected to be viewed quite frequently, and it is. Here’s how many times on average consumers say they look at their phones in the course of a day:
With almost half (44%) of consumers checking their phone more than 25 times a day, those phone batteries are getting a workout.
Sometimes when the Internet of Thing comes, batteries are not included.
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<urn:uuid:febdbd00-427f-4ee4-ba60-07462c2b4798>
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
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https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/306126/smartphone-batteries-the-weak-link-in-iot.html
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en
| 0.971447 | 257 | 2.8125 | 3 |
After the First World War, the Catholic Church was forced on the defensive by totalitarian mass-movements in both Italy and Germany. Fascism and National Socialism challenged Catholicism's traditional position in society. This volume is the first to bring together contributions by leading German and Italian historians and theologians and thus to present a graphic account of the Catholic Church's strategies for asserting itself between 1918 and 1943/45.
Wolfram Pyta, Carsten Kretschmann, Universität Stuttgart; Giuseppe Ignesti, Tiziana Di Maio, Universität LUMSA, Rom, Italien.
Kaufen Sie hier:
Weitere E-Books zum Thema: Extremismus - Fundamentalismus
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<urn:uuid:f87470c7-07a3-47f3-b1df-a93d9cf8d04e>
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CC-MAIN-2020-45
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https://www.fachzeitungen.de/ebook-die-herausforderung-der-diktaturen
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en
| 0.775053 | 154 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the lipid signalling molecule Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). They are divided into five subtypes: S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4 and S1PR5.
An Overview of Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor (S1PR)
Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) is a biologically active sphingolipid medium. Most of the S1P in the blood exists in the form of binding to high-density lipoprotein and plasma proteins. Sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor (S1PR) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, which is mainly coupled with the G protein α subtype. Structural features of the S1PR include a small extracellular N-terminus (30 to 50 residues), 7 helical transmembrane domains, and an intracellular C-terminus. S1PRs are a class of receptors that are selectively activated by active lipids in GPCRs, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, endogenous cannabinoids, free fatty acids, and phospholipids. S1PR exerts different biological functions by activating multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Its functions include regulation of cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis and intracellular calcium mobilization, expression of inflammatory and adhesion molecules, and regulation of angiogenesis, vascular tone, and permeability.
Major types of S1PR
S1PR can be divided into five subtypes of specific transmembrane GPCRs receptor: S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4 and S1PR5.
Inhibition of S1PR
Numerous studies in recent years have yielded a variety of drugs that are capable of selectively inhibiting or stimulating S1PR to vary degrees. In 2010, the US FDA approved the drug Gilenya (FTY720) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This sphingolipid analog, as a prodrug, is rapidly phosphorylated into a biologically active form by the action of the enzyme. Phosphorylated Gilenya is a potential agonist of S1PR. The structural modification of Gilenya resulted in a new selective S1PR prodrug agonist SYL978, which showed significant agonistic activity on the S1PR in vitro.
S1PR and diseases
S1PRs play an important role in the proliferation and metastasis of various malignant tumor cells. The expression of S1PR and changes in the expression levels of related enzymes will lead to changes in S1P levels, which play an important role in the development of tumors. S1P1 promotes multiple types of cancer migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. S1PR can be used as a new target for tumor therapy.
Brinkmann, V. (2007). Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in health and disease: mechanistic insights from gene deletion studies and reverse pharmacology.Pharmacology & therapeutics,115(1), 84-105.
Products for Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor
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<urn:uuid:b62cfdaa-8943-4705-9b26-a62e4baafb5e>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://www.musechem.com/tags.php?tagid=154
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en
| 0.87544 | 701 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- Blog & Media
District heating schemes comprise of a network of insulated pipes which are used to deliver heat, in the form of hot water or steam from the point of generation to the end user. They are becoming increasingly popular and can now be found in hotels, leisure centres, blocks of flats and council buildings, even towns and villages.
These schemes can deliver heat over several miles of pipe work via underground insulated pipes. District heating networks provide the means to transport heat efficiently. Currently they can deliver heat up to approximately 20miles from the central generating plant; although the smaller pipes branching off the main pipes, can be hundreds of miles long.
District heating using biomass comprises of a central boiler system which is then linked to each property or room in the scheme using insulated pipes laid into trenches.
Take a look at the video below to learn more about our 2.4mW Portmeirion District Heating Scheme.
"Thank you for the prompt installation which seemed to go very well. The timing could not have been better with the ensuing days of continuous clear sun giving a good...
We are next exhibiting at:More
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CC-MAIN-2018-34
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http://www.espenergy.co.uk/products/district-heating-systems/
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en
| 0.943514 | 229 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Fun With Numbers (compare, skip count, missing number)
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
BodhaGuru Learning proudly presents a colorful, amazing app for small children aged 4 to 6 years. This app teaches how to compare the two numbers. The child would learn to use “greater than”, “less than” and “is equal to” sign in appropriate places while comparing the two numbers. The child can play the missing number game to test her counting skills. The child can also test her skip counting skills while playing this game.
This app would also teach the child how solve these problems in an animated way, if she asks for help. The child can make a collection of beautiful fishes by giving right answer. It’s part of “BodhaGuru Fun and Learn” series.
- Category: Education
- Released: Apr 30, 2014
- Version: 1.0
- Size: 9.2 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: BodhaGuru Learning Private Limited
- © 2012 BodhaGuru Learning Private Limited
Compatibility: Requires iOS 5.1 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/fun-with-numbers-compare-skip-count-missing-number/id869851969?mt=8
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en
| 0.905292 | 256 | 2.984375 | 3 |
China’s Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Future Trajectories and Mitigation Options and Potential
Forecasts indicate that China’s non-carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will increase rapidly from the 2014 baseline of 2 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2e). Previous studies of the potential for mitigating non-CO2 GHG emissions in China have focused on timeframes through only 2030, or only on certain sectors or gases. This study uses a novel bottom-up end-use model to estimate mitigation of China’s non-CO2 GHGs under a Mitigation Scenario whereby today’s cost-effective and technologically feasible CO2 and non-CO2 mitigation measures are deployed through 2050. The study determines that future non-CO2 GHG emissions are driven largely by industrial and agricultural sources and that China could reduce those emissions by 47% by 2050 while enabling total GHG emissions to peak by 2023. Except for F-gas mitigation, few national or sectoral policies have focused on reducing non-CO2 GHGs. Policy, market, and other institutional support are needed to realize the cost-effective mitigation potentials identified in this study.
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<urn:uuid:0866b646-be06-48e7-b027-83edda8ef980>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://energy.lbl.gov/publications/china-s-non-co2-greenhouse-gas
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en
| 0.873932 | 266 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Have you heard of Edo-kiriko? When brainstorming traditional Japanese tableware, it is usually lacquerware or pottery, both porcelain and earthenware, that comes to mind and known to subtly yet luxuriously compliment Japanese cuisine. Difficult to imagine as it seems, glassware is also a pre-modern signature tableware; Edo -kiriko is a representative glass tableware.
Shining light on Edo-kiriko, its translucent colored labyrinthine-cut design reflects on the tabletop through its transparent body as though a beautiful shadow is following the Edo-kiriko. Edo-kiriko is a type of cut glass that developed in the Edo area (now Tokyo) in the Edo Era (1603-1867).
It is well known that Arita porcelain (called Imari porcelain in those days) was exported from Japan in early Edo Era and was copied in the Western world which eventually became known as Meissen. On the contrary, Edo-kiriko started by copying intricate cut glass from England but developed in Japan as craftsmen refined the design and passed down techniques to later generations. Now, Edo-kiriko is designated as Japanese Traditional Craft by the Ministery of Economy, Trade and Industry. It is interesting to know that what is considered Traditional Japanese Craft did not derive from Japan. Ages and ages of disciplined work of craftsmen improved the art of Japanese cut glass.
In the process of cutting glass, only bold lines are pre-marked on the glass. Detailed and thin lines can only be drawn from years of experience since craftsmen can barely see what they are cutting through translucent colored glass. Darker the color of the glass, the more skill is needed.
Please enjoy Edo-kiriko offered by Japan Marche; it is glass art made from tradition and true craftsmanship.
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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http://japan-marche.jp/edo-kiriko.html
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en
| 0.968341 | 398 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Power strips are lengths of flexible cable with a block of electrical sockets that supply power to multiple devices at the same time from one power outlet. Also known as outlet strips, they are typically used to provide additional outlets in areas that don't have enough wall receptacles for the number of devices. They are portable and can be unplugged and moved to another location as needed. Power strips are ideal for homes, offices, medical facilities, and industrial environments where power distribution to several electrical devices is a priority. Select an outlet strip to match the total amperage draw of the connected devices to help prevent circuit overload.
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://www.grainger.com/category/electrical/extension-cords-power-strips-cord-reels/power-strips-surge-protectors/power-strips?attrs=Length%7C11+in&filters=attrs
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| 0.956147 | 132 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Top Sources Of Pollution Inhalation
A new London study has demonstrated that "taxi cabins expose drivers and riders to more air pollution than any other form of transportation."
"Public buses came in second with around 95,000 particles per cubic centimeter, followed by cycling at 84,000 particles/cubic centimeter and walking at around 46,000 particles/cubic centimeter."
However, "A personal car..provided the most protection, exposing its passengers to an average of just under 37,000 particles/cubic centimeter." But, "when the team compared exposure to all forms of measured air pollution -- including larger particles and carbon monoxide -- walking proved the best mode of transportation."
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<urn:uuid:94c4dc8c-9e22-4af5-aa3b-48aa76e62d25>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.planetizen.com/node/18543
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en
| 0.887774 | 149 | 3 | 3 |
This assignment about science skills is basically a way to learn and remember the skills a scientist uses when solving a problem. It is a way to remember the scientific method.
Your poem should include something about asking a question. Scientists are always trying to solve questions in their research.
Next, your poem should include a line about generating a hypothesis. This is a possible answer to a question or problem.
The next skill is testing the hypothesis by doing an experiment. An experiment can generate data which can be used to see if the hypothesis is correct or not.
The next skill is analysis of data. This is where a scientist looks carefully at the research to see what, if anything was learned. They carefully analyze data tables, graphs, charts, etc. to see if the hypothesis is valid or not.
After going through the scientific method steps, a scientist will formulate a conclusion.
Finally, a scientist will share his or her results with others. In this way, other scientists can verify and build upon what you have learned.
Since poetry can be written as words that go together in a particular pattern, by putting these skills into poetry form, you will easily remember them if you are asked to recall them. Good luck.
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
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en
| 0.967912 | 248 | 3.09375 | 3 |
An anonymous reader writes "One moment you're conscious, the next you're not. For the first time, researchers have switched off consciousness by electrically stimulating a single brain area. Although only tested in one person, the discovery suggests that a single area – the claustrum – might be integral to combining disparate brain activity into a seamless package of thoughts, sensations and emotions. It takes us a step closer to answering a problem that has confounded scientists and philosophers for millennia – namely how our conscious awareness arises. When the team zapped the area with high frequency electrical impulses, the woman lost consciousness. She stopped reading and stared blankly into space, she didn't respond to auditory or visual commands and her breathing slowed. As soon as the stimulation stopped, she immediately regained consciousness with no memory of the event. The same thing happened every time the area was stimulated during two days of experiments.
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<urn:uuid:9cb39a44-e86e-4865-8bdb-ffcf47021bbb>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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https://science.slashdot.org/story/14/07/06/1724258/consciousness-on-off-switch-discovered-deep-in-brain?sdsrc=prev
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en
| 0.952037 | 178 | 2.703125 | 3 |
- A recent study revealed how HIV spread throughout the Western world
- North America provided constant flow of the virus into Europe
- Europe absorbed the infection from multiple regions, including North America
(CNN)In the 1980s, HIV took the world by surprise.
The infection feigned a role as new and unknown but had established itself as a pandemic in other parts of the world, without anyone realizing.
Though the roots of the virus were soon discovered to lie in Africa, where a range of subtypes exist, one in particular -- subtype B -- was spreading rapidly around the globe, particularly in the West, and just how it spread was largely unknown -- until now.
Scientists at the University of Oxford recently solved part of this mystery by analyzing thousands of genome sequences from viruses isolated in different parts of the world. Their study revealed North America to play an influential role in the pandemic and Europe to have been influenced, with the virus arriving in droves from other regions.
"Europe was absorbing the virus," said Gkikas Magiorkinis, a medical virologist at the University of Oxford who led the study. "North America was actively letting the virus out."
Creating a flow
North America was seen to be spreading the virus much more than importing it by transmitting it out of the continent and into Western Europe on multiple occasions.
"It wasn't just a random transition or single point of introduction; it was happening constantly," Magiorkinis said. He stressed that these are movements of the virus, not migrants. "It's not immigrants causing this, as people going on holiday can get infected."
This continuous flow is, in part, thought to be due to certain countries being more influential than others, such as those in North America. A country is considered influential by having many connections to other parts of the world, as once any virus enters, it can then easily spread.
"It was only when it entered the USA that it became a pandemic," Magiorkinis said.
In contrast, Europe was found to have absorbed constant flows of the virus from multiple regions of the world, including the United States.
"Within Europe, three countries had higher connections: the UK, France and Switzerland," Magiorkinis said. These connections saw these countries both releasing and absorbing the virus, but with greater numbers coming in, including from the United States.
"The critical issue is population-mixing and the fact people acquire, or spread, viruses associated with travel," said Chris Beyrer, professor of public health and human rights at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. "There's a long history of blame for the spread of the epidemic ... but you have to improve control and treatment."
Multiple studies have shown the benefits of antiretroviral treatment in preventing transmission of HIV as levels of the virus can become undetectable once on treatment.
After arriving in Europe, the virus soon spread within the continent but with a clear segregation between Eastern and Western Europe as each side evolved its own pockets of the epidemic. In Western Europe (as well as North America), HIV mainly affects gay communities, causing concentrated epidemics. In the UK, more than half of new HIV infections occurred among gay men in 2014, despite them making up an estimated 2% to 3% of the male population. But in Eastern Europe, the virus mainly infects injecting drug users, and transmission dynamics are quite different, as the virus is not spread sexually.
This segregation of epidemics occurred until the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, when movement -- and transmission --promptly changed.
"When the Soviet Union fell, we can see the virus in that area spilled over into Western Europe, probably due to migration," Magiorkinis said.
What it means
The study was hypothetical and based on genetic analysis, so they cannot be proved. Beyrer also stresses that the Oxford team's findings have their limitations: "It's a huge pandemic, and huge numbers are not provided in these samples. You couldn't infer much about the rest of the world from this study."
But the burden in Eastern Europe today has public health teams concerned, as this is one of only two regions in the world today where numbers infected with HIV are rising, and any insight into transmission can be used to better target resources.
"The future of HIV transmission in Europe is the East," Beyrer said.
The study also reveals the ease with which HIV and other viruses can spread across the world, calling for more global solutions to the problem.
"Public health responses to HIV must be thought of as a global response, because you cannot stop movement between countries," Magiorkinis said. "It's crucial to build health systems that provide access to treatment faster and reduce transmission."
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/07/health/global-spread-of-hiv/index.html
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en
| 0.968576 | 983 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The Oxford English Dictionary defines stigma as, “[a] mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality or person,” and provides as synonyms “shame,” “dishonor,” and “humiliation.” Unlike outright discrimination, however, which is defined by and compensable in law, public shaming can be equally or more dangerous to the public well-being, yet remains largely unmeasured, unmonetized and, therefore, non-compensable.
There can be no real debate that HIV, despite its now being a manageable chronic illness and no longer a certain death sentence, still carries a stubborn, burdensome stigma. Some individuals with HIV also endure stigmas related to mental health status, homelessness, poverty, physical disability, drug and alcohol overuse, sex work, being formerly incarcerated, belonging to a marginalized community based on race, ethnicity, “lgbttqqipnb” (for those who favor a different set of consonants, please direct all complaints to the alphabet commission), immigration status, or religion.
These “stackable stigmas,” as I call them, provide significant barriers to ensuring not just the individual’s but also the public’s health. For example, a person who is transgender and believes (often rightfully) that when she seeks medical attention or counseling, she will be scorned, shamed, or simply face dangerous cultural incompetence, she is far less likely to have been tested for HIV and to access ongoing medical management that would allow her to remain HIV free (or to remain healthy if she has already acquired the virus), and therefore more likely to transmit the virus to others inadvertently.
Or imagine a teen-aged, gay African American living in a small town in the American South, in need of counseling for drug or alcohol overuse. Even if that young man could find public health services on his own (rather than use his parents’ insurance), he must still overcome real, justified, and paralyzing fear of being identified as gay in his home community. Being outed could lead to being disowned by family, friends, and faith community on the one hand, and even to violence, on the other. So, he continues to overuse drugs, which leads to his engaging in behaviors that place him at higher risk for acquiring HIV.
Imagine now a late-middle-aged, heterosexual white woman who is a wheelchair user. She repeatedly visits her doctor to seek treatment for a rash, sore throat, night sweats, and general flu-like symptoms. But, because she is a wheelchair user, the doctor assumes she is not sexually active and never tests her for HIV. Her HIV infection therefore may never be diagnosed, or diagnosed so late that the medical treatment that could have given her a normal, healthy life span, will now only be of marginal benefit.
These are but three examples of the hundreds of ways in which stigmas can negatively impact public health. Now that we finally have the medical tools to bring HIV to a close domestically, it is imperative to reduce and eventually eliminate stigma surrounding this medical condition as well as the stackable stigmas that often go with it.
I have called for a “re-branding” of HIV as a critical component of HIV stigma reduction. Unless we update the public’s understanding of the modern science of transmission reduction and elimination, and what it means to be a person living with HIV today, HIV stigma will remain unchallenged and unchanged. I therefore propose that a nationwide campaign be developed to re-brand HIV as “HIV 3.0” – the manageable chronic health condition that it is.
This re-branding is a critical first step, but it must be coupled with the development of a method for measuring and monetizing HIV stigma. We have made strides in reducing discrimination against those with HIV because we have the legal tools to measure, combat, and compensate for it. The same cannot be said of stigma. Building a legal construct for addressing stigma requires us to first define it, measure it, and monetize it.
One methodology for measuring HIV stigma is set out in the most recent update to the “National HIV/AIDS Strategy: Update to 2020 Indicator Supplement” (December 2016). The Update sets the goal of decreasing stigma among those diagnosed with HIV by at least 25% between 2015 and 2020. The Medical Monitoring Project survey (“stigma survey”) will be used to measure four areas:personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image and perceived public attitudes about people with HIV. The survey also takes into account co-occurring conditions such as drug and alcohol over use and mental illness, among others, and the impact (stacking stigmas) that can accompany race, ethnicity, sexual orientation and gender identity. The results will be released by the CDC on an annual basis.
Having a scientifically accepted measure for HIV stigma is a critical first step is constructing a system where stigma itself, like its close cousin, discrimination, can become a compensable harm. It may also provide a template that can be used to measure other stigmas — especially those that, like HIV, involve a population of people attached on a regular basis to a medical or social service system. Such populations more readily generate enough data to have an impact.
Whether the legal system would support adding stigma as a compensable harm remains to be seen. In the meantime, the information that will be generated by the stigma survey over three years can be used to sculpt existing systems to reduce stigma by, for instance, making cultural competency a mandatory part of medical and social service education or a part of mandatory continuing education; providing increased online access to medical treatment and counseling for those concerned about confidentially in their home town; and ensuring confidentiality for young people accessing care through their parents insurance plans beginning at an agreed age.
On the cusp of bringing new HIV diagnoses to a close domestically, we cannot afford to take one step back. Not one. Re-branding this virus and eliminating the stigma surrounding it would be forceful and meaningful steps forward on this path to an AIDS-free generation.
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| 0.955852 | 1,267 | 2.625 | 3 |
The 24th April 1916 is the actual date of the Easter Rising in Dublin. There is no shortage of commemorative material for The Rising in Tinteán magazine and on the internet! We would like to draw your attention to just a few other sources available here for your perusal.
Two YouTube presentations which present a modern view of Ireland in the 21st century
The following ‘Timeline’ is courtesy of the website: 1916 Rebellion Walking Tour.
Timeline of Events Leading up to The Easter Rising
There are many different reasons why some organisations felt the need for an armed insurrection in 1916. The Famine, or Great Hunger of the 1840’s, when a milllion people died of starvation in a country where there was plenty of food, followed by massive emigration suggests that the British Government were pursuing a policy of land clearance. This of course resulted in the decline of the Irish language, the decline of the Irish spirit and would later mainfest itself in a move towards independence.
The phrase, Forgive but Don’t Forget, is often used regarding The Great Hunger. Remember that the men and women of ’16 were only a generation or so removed from the 1840’s, so without doubt, The Famine had a bearing on the “build-up” to the Rising. One thing we also discuss on the 1916 Rebellion Walking Tour, is the intricacies surround the formation of the various organisations that sprung up at the turn of the 20th Century. The following is a fairly brief account of the Timeline to the Easter Rising, and is a handy guide for students of Irish History.
- November 1st 1884 The Gaelic Athletic Association founded to promote Irish sport and games. The association denies membership to the police and army and was immediately infiltrated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB).
- April 8th 1886 First Home Rule Bill for Ireland presented by Gladstone, the Liberal Prime Minister of Britain, to the House of Commons.
- June 8th 1886 First Home Rule Bill defeated by 343 votes to 313.
- July 31st 1893 Gaelic League founded by Douglas Hyde and Eoin MacNeill in order to encourage Irish people to speak the language and take a greater interest in their culture.
- September 1st 1893 Gladstones’ Second Home Rule Bill passed by House of Commons but vetoed by The House of Lords by 419 votes to 41.
- September 1900 Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish Council) founded by Arthur Griffith in order to promote a buy Irish campaign.
- 1903 National Council formed by Griffith to protest the proposed visit of Edward VII to Ireland. The Council attracts members such as W B Yeats and Maude Gonne.
- 1905 Dungannon Clubs founded in Ulster to promote separatism from Britain. Bulmer Hobson and Denis McCullogh, IRB revivalists, were the main organisers of these societies.
- 1905-07 Cumann na Gaedheal, the National Council and The Dungannon Clubs are amalgamated to form Sinn Féin (We Ourselves)
- August 1909 Countess Markievicz and Bulmer Hobson organise nationalist youths into Na Fianna Éireann (Warriors of Ireland) a kind of Boy Scout brigade. The emphasis was on the Irish Language and establishing independence. Many members were later to join the IRB.
- April 1912 Asquith introduces the Third Home Rule Bill to the British Parliament. Passed by the Commons and rejected by the Lords the Bill would have to become law thanks to the Parliament Act. Home Rule expected to be introduced for Ireland by autumn 1914.
- January 1913 Sir Edward Carson and James Craig set up Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) with the intention of defending Ulster against Home Rule.1913 Jim Larkin founder of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU) calls for a workers strike for better pay and conditions.
- August 31st 1913 Massive protest rally on Sackville Street attacked by the Dublin Metropolitan Police. Two strikers killed by the police.
- November 23rd 1913 Larkin and James Connolly establish the Irish Citizens Army in order to protect strikers.
- November 25th 1913 The Irish Volunteers founded in Dublin to “secure the rights and liberties common to all the people of Ireland”. By 1914 their ranks swell to 100,000. In line with the Volunteers, a womens league, (Cumann Na mBan) is founded and organised by Countess Markievicz, Agnes O’Farrelly and Mary MacSwiney.
- April 24th 1914 A shipment of 35,000 rifles and 5 million rounds of ammunition are landed at Larne for the UVF
- July 26th 1914 Irish Volunteers unload a shipment of 1,500 rifles and 45,000 rounds of ammunition freshly arrived from Germany aboard Erskine Childers’ yacht the Asgard. British troops fire on jeering crowd on Bachelors Walk, Dublin, killing three citizens.
- August 4th 1914 First World War declared. Home Rule for Ireland shelved for the duration of the war with Germany.
- September 9th 1914 Meeting held at Gaelic League headquarters between IRB and other extreme republicans. Initial decision made to stage an uprising while Britain is at war.
- September 20th 1914 John Redmond urges Irish Volunteers to enlist in the British Army. A split occurs in the movement as 170,000 leave the Volunteers and form the National Volunteers or Redmondites. Only 11,000 remain as the Irish volunteers under Eóin MacNeill.
- May-September 1915 Military Council of the IRB is formed consisting of Pearse, Plunkett, MacDiarmada, Ceantt and Clarke. These men take effective control of the plans for the Rising.
- August 1915 Pearse gives fiery oration at the funeral of Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa warning Britain that “Ireland unfree shall never be at peace”.
- December 1915 Military Council manipulation ensures Denis McCullough becomes president of the IRB. McCullough has no knowledge of the Military Council or their plans.
- January 1916 James Connolly encouraged to join the IRB and is voted onto the Military Council thus ensuring that the Irish Citizens Army shall be involved in the Rising. Thomas MacDonagh becomes the seventh member of the Military Council several weeks later. Rising date confirmed for Easter Sunday.
- April 9th 1916 The Libau sets sail from Lubeck in Germany. Captain Karl Spindler changes the name of the vessel to the Aud to avoid detection by the British who would be very interested in her cargo of 20,000 rifles bound for Tralee Bay on the south west coast of Ireland.
- April 12th 1916 Sir Roger Casement boards submarine U-19 at Wilmshaven, Germany, bound for a rendezvous with the Aud at Tralee. With him are Robert Monteith an IRB man and Sergeant Daniel Bailey a former prisoner of war who had joined Casements Irish Brigade. Casement tired and ill after many months in Germany seeking military assistance for the Rising.
- April 19th 1916 Alderman Kelly reads the Castle Order to a meeting of Dublin Corporation. This forged document supposedly from Dublin Castle, indicated that there was to be mass arrests of Irish Volunteers to prevent “trouble”.
- April 20th 4.15pm The Aud arrives at Tralee Bay. As the local Volunteers expect the ship to arrive on Easter Saturday, the arms are not landed. Spindler waits in vain for a signal from shore.
- April 21st2.15am Roger Casement and his two companions go ashore from U-19 and land on Banna Strand. Bailey and Monteith go to seek the local Volunteers. Hour’s later Casement is discovered at McKenna’s Fort and is arrested by the Royal Irish Constabulary.
- 6.30pmThe Aud is captured by the British Navy and forced to sail towards Cork Harbour.
- April 22nd1am Karl Spindler and his crew scuttle The Aud to prevent her precious cargo falling into enemy hands. The weapons for the Rising are lost to the sea off Daunt’s Rock.
- 10pm Eóin MacNeill as Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers issues the Countermanding order in Dublin to try to stop the Rising. The O’Rahilly embarks on a journey to the South with these orders.
- April 23rd 9am The Military Council meet to discuss the situation considering MacNeill has placed an advertisement in a Sunday newspaper halting all Volunteer operations. The Rising is put on hold for 24 hours. Hundreds of copies of The Proclamation of the Republic are printed in Liberty Hall.
- April 24th 12 Noon The 1916 Rising begins in Dublin.
Miss Éire by Padraig Pearse
Sine mé ná an Chailleach Bhéarra.
Mór mo ghlóir:
Mé a rug Cú Chulainn cróga.
Mór mo náire:
Mo chlann féin a dhíol a máthair.
Mór mo phian:
Bithnaimhde do mo shíorchiapadh.
Mór mo bhrón:
D’éag an dream inar chuireas dóchas.
Uaigní mé ná an Chailleach Bhéarra.
I am Ireland:
I am older than the Old Woman of Beare.
Great my glory:
I that bore Cuchulainn the valiant.
Great my shame:
My own children that sold their mother.
I am Ireland:
I am lonelier than the Old Woman of Beare.
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://tintean.org.au/2016/04/24/14643/
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| 0.935684 | 2,027 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Age estimation of rescued female commercial sex workers
and male child laborers in South India
AUTHORS : Sudha R* DOI No. : DOI Link. : Introduction: Children around the world are engaged in forms
of work and were forced into prostitution every year. Material
and methods: Physical examination, radiographs depicting
skeletal and dental parameters have been used to estimate the
biological age of 85 male child laborers and 19 female
commercial sex workers. The radiographs analyzed by two
separate forensic experts using skeletal and dental assessment
methods. A statistical analysis was performed to analyze
differences between reported and assessed ages. Result:
33(39%) out of 85 individuals had reported ages lower than
the estimated biological ages. In 24 cases, the reported age
was less than 14 years, but only 20 individuals were confirmed.
It was observed that the 8 out of 19 individuals were identified
minors (below 18 years).
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CC-MAIN-2018-22
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http://ijhrmlp.org/show_pdf.php?id=222
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en
| 0.948981 | 195 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Klinedinst History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
- Origins Available:
The name Klinedinst comes from the German province known as the Rhineland. In pre-medieval times, the German people used only one name, but as the population increased, hereditary surnames became necessary for people to maintain unique identities. Klinedinst is a nickname surname, a style of name based on an eke-name, or added name, that described a characteristic of its original bearer. Klinedinst is a name for a small or short person deriving its origin from the German word "klien," which means "small."
Early Origins of the Klinedinst family
The surname Klinedinst was first found in the Rhineland, where the name came from humble beginnings but gained a significant reputation for its contribution to the emerging mediaeval society. It later became more prominent as many branches of the same house acquired distant estates and branches, some in foreign countries, always elevating their social status by their great contributions to society.
Important Dates for the Klinedinst family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Klinedinst research. Another 246 words (18 lines of text) covering the years 1708, 1745, 1761, 1790, 1818, 1777, 1609, 1666, 1849, 1925, 1590 and 1658 are included under the topic Early Klinedinst History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Klinedinst Spelling Variations
Many cultural groups lived in the German states in medieval times. Each had its own dialect and traditions, and unique variations of popular names. Low German, which is similar to contemporary Dutch, was spoken in Westphalia. German names are characterized by additions such as regional suffixes and phrases that tell something about the origin or background of its original bearer. Further contributing to the variation in German names was the fact that there were no spelling rules in medieval times: scribes recorded names according to their sound. The recorded spelling variations of Klinedinst include Klein, Kleinn, Kleine, Kleinne, Kleyn, Kleynn, Kline, Clein, Clein, Cline, Kleiner, Klinertz and many more.
Early Notables of the Klinedinst family (pre 1700)
Notables with the name Klinedinst during this period were Daniel Klein (1609-1666), Lutheran pastor and scholar from Tilsit, Duchy of Prussia; and Felix Klein (1849-1925), who was an important German mathematician, founder of the institute of mathematics in Goettingen, and very influential...
Another 41 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Klinedinst Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Klinedinst migration to the United States
Between the 17th and 20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Europeans came to North America, and many Rhinelanders were among them. They had many various reasons for making the choice: to escape poverty and persecution, for adventure, and for the opportunity to own their own land. Ellis Island, one of the main American immigration centers, saw many settlers as they moved on to the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Texas, Illinois, California, and New York. In Canada, they found homes in Ontario, and on the great plains of the Midwestern provinces. The Klinedinst were among of the early German families that came to North America:
Klinedinst Settlers in United States in the 20th Century
- Bertha Klinedinst, aged 42, who landed in America from Philadelphia, in 1924
Contemporary Notables of the name Klinedinst (post 1700)
- Nathaniel B. Klinedinst, American Republican politician, Postmaster at York, Pennsylvania, 1930-34 (acting, 1930-31)
- David P. Klinedinst, American Democrat politician, Member of Pennsylvania State Senate 28th District, 1907-10
You May Also Like
- ^ The Political Graveyard: Alphabetical Name Index. (Retrieved 2015, October 6) . Retrieved from http://politicalgraveyard.com/alpha/index.html
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| 0.945021 | 872 | 2.9375 | 3 |
If we are given the answer to a calculation, we can use this to find the answer to a related calculation in which the numbers have been multiplied or divided by a power of ten.
We can also use the fact that division is the inverse of multiplication.
e.g. If we know that 52.3 x 4.8 = 251.04 then we can find the answer to many related calculations such as:
a) 523 x 48 - Both numbers in the original calculation have been multiplied by 10, therefore, the answer must be multiplied by 100.
So the answer is 25104.
b) 0.523 x 480 - One number has been divided by 100 and the other multiplied by 100 which cancel each other out.
So the answer remains unchanged as 251.04.
c) 251.04 ÷ 48 - The first number is the same as the answer of the original and the second has been multiplied by 10.
Since this is division, the answer will have the inverse operation applied, which is divide by 10.
So the answer is 5.23.
Note that when answering questions like this, estimation is also a useful technique.
You can round the numbers to 1 or 2 significant figure and then estimate the answer, remembering that the digits will be the same as in the original calculation.
e.g. For c) above: 251.04 ÷ 48 ≈ 250 ÷ 50 = 5
So the answer must be 5.23 as it is close to our estimated guess of 5.
In this activity, you will use the information given in a calculation to enable you to work out related calculations by applying your knowledge of place value.
Good luck, place value superstar!
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en
| 0.936131 | 353 | 3.96875 | 4 |
We are bombarded with “healthy” food products at the grocery store, in restaurants, and in advertisements. Low-fat, low-carb, and low-calorie options are touted as healthy choices in comparison to the sugar and fat laden junk food on the neighboring shelf. While these products claim to promote health and wellbeing, a closer look at the label would prove otherwise. Processed foods contain little to no nutritional value and they are packed with addictive ingredients like salt, sugar,and artificial ingredients.. These ingredients create a type of addiction which increases cravings and leads to chronic overeating. They activate a part of the brain that stimulates the production of your “feel good” hormones.
In order to enhance flavor lost in the process of removing fat, carbs, or calories, companies will often add additional sugar or artificial sweeteners, fats, salt, or even worse… artificial flavors. Also, in the process of creating a “health food product”, vital nutrients are lost along with the carbs and fat. What used to be a healthy food is unfortunately not the case any more. Most grains are stripped of the bran or germ (this is the difference between whole grain and white bread) which leads to the loss of dietary fiber and vital nutrients. This not only dilutes the nutrient profile of the food but also increases the speed at which the carbohydrates are broken down and leads to a sharper spike in blood sugar. Over time, these severe fluctuations can lead to insulin resistance and many other serious health problems.
Lastly, additives like nitrites, phosphates, and potassium bromate commonly appear in processed foods yet very few people know what they are or the risk they pose. These compounds are typically used to improve food quality such as preserving shelf life, changing texture, increasing moisture, etc. However, in exchange for softer white bread and bacon that keeps its color, you increase your risk of heart disease and cancer.
Some key offenders to avoid:
Sucralose & aspartame
Artificial coloring (ex. Red 40)
High Fructose Corn Syrup
Nitrites and Nitrates
So what options does this leave you with? Opt for whole foods – choose individual foods, not packaged, processed meals. You would be shocked to see what is all added to bread these days!
It is critical that you learn to read food labels, both for the nutrition information as well as the ingredients list which is where many preservatives, additives, and artificial flavors hide. A good rule of thumb is to limit the ingredients list to be 5 items or less and recognize all of the ingredients as whole foods, not chemical names. Our bodies do not know how to properly metabolize and excrete chemicals and toxins, therefore they are stored in our fat. This process is a significant contributing factor to weight gain and presents even more problems for weight loss.
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<urn:uuid:a5733bc6-c5d1-4019-8a28-4590741c3451>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.weighlessmd.com/processed-foods-and-weight-gain/
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en
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Guide to School Examinations for Parents and Students
Whether you are thinking of pursuing higher studies or planning for your future career, it is likely that you will be competing in a global market. This intense competition means universities and employers expect candidates to have a solid educational foundation, demonstrated by recognizable and renowned qualifications. UK qualifications provide this recognition.
With more than 50 years of experience in administering school exams worldwide, the British Council works in partnership with UK awarding bodies, Cambridge International Examinations & Edexcel International to deliver UK qualifications on their behalf in Pakistan.
We create opportunity for nearly a half a million people every year worldwide to achieve their life goals by obtaining UK qualifications. British Council offers its services from offices in Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi and has a network of over 500 associated schools. It conducts exams at more than 100 venues throughout Pakistan.
UK school qualifications are split into two levels. General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), International GCSE (IGCSE) or Ordinary Level (O Level) qualifications are taken at around the age of 16. The General Certificate of Education Advanced Level (A Level) or International A Level qualifications are typically taken at 18.
If you want to know more about the Schools Examination, please download the Guide to School Examination for Parents and Students.
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There are many stereotypes of Jewish people. Some stereotypes are good and some are bad. The pervading characteristics that always seem to stand out in Jewish people are their intelligence and creativity. One measure of the success of the Jews is the fame that some members of this ethnic group have acquired in religion, finances, science, and the arts. "Fame" is a widespread popular recognition of the achievements of a person that transcend cultural barriers.
Who is a Jew? Jews originated in the Land of Israel, where they developed a monotheistic religion called Judaism. Traditionally, Jewishness passes from mother to child, but it can also be based on the practice of Judaism as a faith, or by the practice of Jewish customs and traditions. Sometimes the term "Hebrews" is used to distinguish the Jews that lived before the birth of Jesus from Jews that lived afterward. Several times in the history of the world, it has been mortally dangerous to be Jewish, and many Jews hid their faith and ancestry to survive persecution. Two such periods were from the 15th to the 18th century during the Spanish Inquisition, and in 1938-1945 during the Nazi Holocaust of World War II. People who speak semitic languages, such as Arabic or Hebrew, are classified as Semites. The term "antisemitism" is used principally to characterize hostility or prejudice against Jews. The modern Hebrew language spoken in Israel today is an adaptation of the ancient language of the Torah with many neologisms of European and Arabic origin.
These are the most well-known Jewish holidays:
Abraham (Prophet Ibrahim)
Abraham is thought to have lived around 1500 BC. He is considered the father of monotheism and a role model for his rejection of idol worship. Abraham is regarded as the founding patriarch of the Israelites whom God chose to bless. He was the principal Biblical patriarch, and he is a central figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which are sometimes referred to as the "Abrahamic religions" because Abraham is in their holy books and plays a role in their beliefs. In Islam, Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) is the friend of Allah and the father of the Prophets Ismail (Ishmael) and Ishaq (Isaac); he is also one of the ancestors of the Prophet Muhammad. Each year, about three million Muslims journey to Mecca in a spiritual pilgrimage known as the Hajj to perform religious rituals around the Kaaba which is said to be the site where Abraham built a shrine.
The children of Abraham mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible are: Ishmael whose mother Hagar was an Egyptian handmaid (Genesis 16:15), Isaac from Abraham's first wife Sarah (Genesis 21:3), and another six children: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah from Abraham's second wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2). Muslims trace their lineage through Abraham's firstborn son Ishmael. Jews trace their ancestry to Abraham through the line of his son Isaac. Genesis 22:1-19 tells the story of how God asked Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac on a mountain in the land of Moriah. When Abraham went to the mountain and took a knife to slay his son, an angel called out to him from heaven, and told him not to harm the boy. The angel then told Abraham that because of his obedience to God he would be blessed and have many descendants.
Moses was born approximately in 1391 BC and he died in 1271 BC. He is recognized as the leader who brought the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and provided them with a code of conduct known as the Ten Commandments. The commandments are a list of religious and moral rules which, according to religious tradition, were written by God and given to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of two stone tablets. They feature prominently in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Ten Commandments are listed in two books of the Bible: Exodus 20:2-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21.
Moses asked the Israelites to celebrate their freedom from Egypt every year during Passover by eating unleavened bread (Exodus 12:17-19).
Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus was a Jewish teacher who used parables to illustrate important ethical ideas. The main sources of information regarding Jesus' life are the Gospels of the New Testament by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Jesus is the central figure of Christianity. He is commonly referred to as Jesus Christ, where "Christ" is a Greek title meaning "Anointed One" corresponding to the Hebrew "Messiah". Our modern calendar is based on the date of birth of Jesus. "AD" or Anno Domini defines an epoch starting with the birth of Jesus, whereas "BC" refers to the era Before Christ. Christmas is the Christian holiday commemorating the birth of Jesus.
Churches founded on the belief that Jesus is the Messiah promised in the Old Testament include the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Protestant, Pentecostal, Episcopalian, Anglican, and Mormon churches. There are hundreds of different Christian denominations.
Baruch Spinoza (November 24, 1632 - February 21, 1677)
Baruch Spinoza was born in Amsterdam, Holland in a community of Portuguese Jews of Sephardic Jewish descent. He worked as a lens grinder and produced lenses for telescopes that were some of the most important scientific instruments of that era. His writings on rationalism, many of which were published posthumously, reveal substantial mathematical training. Spinoza's most influential work was his Ethics, a work that established him as one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. He is recognized as a founder of modern biblical criticism, and as having laid the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment. Spinoza was critical of the Talmud and took positions contrary to normative Jewish belief. In 1656 he was excommunicated from the Jewish community for his unorthodox conception of God.
Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955)
Albert Einstein was a German-born scientist who made significant advances in theoretical physics, quantum theory, and statistical mechanics. Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity challenged the concepts about space and time that had been established over two centuries earlier by Isaac Newton. He is most famous for his formulation of the special and general theories of relativity, specifically for his formula of the relationship between mass and energy:
Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905 where he showed that light behaves like particles. These units of electromagnetic radiation are now called photons.
Marc Chagall (July 7, 1887 - March 28, 1985) was a Jewish painter born in Vitebsk, Belarus. He was the oldest of nine children. Chagal started studying painting in 1906 and moved to St. Petersburg one year later. He lived for a few years in Paris in order to be near the art community of the Montparnasse district, but returned to Vitebsk in 1914. After the Russian revolution, he moved to Moscow in 1920 and back to Paris in 1923 where he became a French citizen. The memories of his Jewish upbringing and Biblical themes reflecting his Jewish heritage are portrayed in many of his paintings. He is associated with the modern movements after impressionism. Chagall died at the age of 97 in Saint-Paul de Vence, France.
Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918 - October 14, 1990)
Leonard Bernstein was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1918 from Russian Jewish parents. After graduation from Boston Latin School in 1934, Bernstein studied music at Harvard University. He had a very distinguished career as a conductor, composer, music lecturer and pianist. In 1957, Bernstein was named Music Director of the New York Philharmonic and he gained notoriety for conducting concerts with many of the world's leading orchestras. Bernstein received several Emmy awards, including one for his 1971 performance of Beethoven's Birthday: A Celebration in Vienna which was televised on CBS. He wrote three symphonies, two operas, and five musicals, including West Side Story. The original 1957 Broadway production of West Side Story ran for 732 performances and was made into a movie. West Side Story is a 1950s musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet where Americans and Puerto Ricans living in Manhattan's West Side take the place of the Montagues and Capulets of the Shakespearean tragedy.
Alan Greenspan (March 6, 1926 -)
Alan Greenspan was born in New York City from Hungarian Jewish parents. He studied clarinet at The Juilliard School and later played the saxophone with Stan Getz. Greenspan then studied economics at New York University (NYU) and eventually became the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006.
As chief economist, Greenspan was famous for giving speeches that had complex sentence structures and were hard to understand due to their technical content. Greenspan's views on the economy were highly regarded by Wall Street, and the markets often reacted to his speeches. In 1996, Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan asked "Clearly, sustained low inflation implies less uncertainty about the future, and lower risk premiums imply higher prices of stocks and other earning assets. We can see that in the inverse relationship exhibited by price/earnings ratios and the rate of inflation in the past. But how do we know when irrational exuberance has unduly escalated asset values, which then become subject to unexpected and prolonged contractions as they have in Japan over the past decade?". The Internet bubble which had sparked Greenspan's concern finally burst in January 2000 and Internet and tech stocks prices continued to drop for over two years.
Elizabeth Taylor (February 27, 1932 - March 23, 2011)
Elizabeth Taylor started her movie career as a child star. She won national attention at the age of 12 for her role in the movie National Velvet where she played a young girl who trains her horse to win the Grand National. Elizabeth had leading roles in many movies that received great popular acclaim. Some of her more memorable movies are Giant with Rock Hudson and James Dean, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Paul Newman, and Cleopatra with Richard Burton. Elizabeth Taylor received two Best Actress awards for her role in BUtterfield 8 with Eddie Fisher, and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? also with Richard Burton.
Outside of the movie sets, Elizabeth was always in the public eye. Tabloids publicized her eight marriages, several serious illnesses, her friendship with Michael Jackson, and she also appeared on television commercials promoting her line of perfumes. Elizabeth was raised as a Christian Scientist, but converted to Judaism at age 27 in April 1959. Elizabeth Taylor spent a lot of time on humanitarian efforts, including the funding of HIV and AIDS-related projects and charities.
Woody Allen (December 1, 1935 - )
Allen Stewart Konigsberg, aka Woody Allen, got his nickname "Woody" because he played the clarinet which is a woodwind instrument. He has won many awards as a film director, writer, actor, musician, and comedian. Allen has directed and has acted in the majority of his movies. Allen derives his inspiration from literature, philosophy, psychology, and New York City, where he has lived all his life.
His initial film was "What's New, Pussycat?", starring Peter Sellers in 1965. Woody Allen has had 14 Academy Award nominations for best screenplay and six nominations for best director. He won the Academy Award in 1977 for "Annie Hall", and in 1986 for "Hannah and Her Sisters".
Julio Iglesias (September 23, 1943 - )
Julio Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain. His father was a prominent gynecologist, and his mother, María del Rosario de la Cueva y Perignat, was of Jewish origin. As a young man, Julio Iglesias was very athletic and earned a position as goalkeeper in the Real Madrid soccer team while he studied law. At the age of 20, Julio was involved in a traffic accident that left him partially paralyzed for about two years. Julio started writing poetry during his rehabilitation and he accompanied his poems by playing a guitar that he received as a gift.
After his recovery, Julio brought one of his compositions to a music publisher who convinced him to sing the song himself. Julio won the international competition in Benidorm and his success led to a contract with Columbia Records. As Julio's notoriety increased, he started singing in other languages. He was honored by the Guinness Book of World Records for selling the most records in different languages than any other music artist in history. Those languages include Spanish, German, French, Portuguese, Italian and Japanese.
|Rank||Country||Jews||% of World Jewish Population|
Brief Glossary of Jewish terms:
The title of the traditional Hebrew folk song Hava Nagila means "Let us rejoice". This song is the international stereotype of Jewish music and is played at Jewish weddings, parties, and festive occasions.
World War 2 Jewish Holocaust
It is estimated that 5,933,900 Jews perished during World War 2 as a consequence of Hitler's final solution. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland lost 90 percent of their Jewish population or about 3,228,000 people. The following table lists the approximate number of Jews who died during World War 2 by country.
Jewish Actors and Actresses:
Alicia Silverstone -- Actress - Clueless, The Crush, The Babysitter, Batman
Barbara Streisand -- Singer and actress winner of two Oscars, four Emmys, nine Golden Globes, and other awards.
Mandy Patinkin -- Emmy & Tony award-winning actor, 'Dr Jeffrey Geiger' on TV's Chicago Hope
Harrison Ford -- Actor: 'Raiders of the Lost Ark', 'Star Wars', ' American Graffiti', 'Witness', 'The Fugitive'
Gwyneth Paltrow -- Oscar winner
William Shatner -- Captain James T. Kirk on the original 'Star Trek'
Natalie Portman -- Actress, Queen Amidala in Star Wars: The Phantom Menace
Al Jolson -- famous entertainer. Starred in the first talking movie
Winona Ryder -- Star of films like Heathers, Girl Interrupted, Little Women, Beetlejuice
Noah Wyle -- Actor, 'Dr John Carter' on TV's ER
Michael Landon -- Little Joe Cartwright on Bonanza
Mark Frankel -- Actor in 'Sisters' and 'Fortune Hunter'
Sarah Jessica Parker -- Acress in 'Sex and the City', 'LA Story'
Seth Green -- television actor, Buffy, the Vampire Slayer, Family Guy.
Robert Downey, Jr. -- actor in 'Less Than Zero,' 'Chaplin,' 'Short Cuts.'
Paul Newman -- Academy Award winning actor and philanthropist
Cary Grant -- (maybe Jewish, maybe not) Classical good looks and humor
Bob Dylan (nee Robert Allen Zimmerman) -- American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist who has been influential in popular music and culture.
Itzhak Perlman -- Grammy-winning Violin soloist
Max Weinberg -- Drummer for Springstein and musical director for Conan O'Brien
Isaac Stern -- Violin virtuoso
George Gershwin -- American composer of many vocal and theatrical works written in collaboration with his older brother, lyricist Ira Gershwin.
Jascha Heifetz -- Violinist
Yehudi Menuhin -- Violinist
Herb Alpert -- Leader and trumpeter of Tijuana Brass
Stan Getz -- Jazz Tenor Sax player most famous for The Girl from Ipanema
Julio Iglesias -- Internationally famous Spanish singer. Holds Guinness world record for the most albums sold in the most languages.
Albert Einstein -- One of the most famous and influential scientists since Isaac Newton
Carl Sagan -- astronomer and popular science author; made book and TV series 'Cosmos'
Niels Bohr -- Nobel prize-winning Physicist: atomic structure
Roald Hoffmann -- Nobel prize winner in Chemistry: field of electronic structures
Fritz Haber -- winner of the Nobel Prize of Chemistry in 1918, for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements
Edward Teller -- Physicist, father of the hydrogen bomb
Leo Szilard -- Physicist, proved the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction in 1933.
Jonas Salk -- Developed the first polio vaccine.
Milton Hershey -- Hershey's Chocolate founder
Michael Dell -- Founder of Dell Computer
Larry Ellison -- Founder and CEO of Oracle
Alan Greenspan -- Federal Reserve Chairman under Reagan, Bush, Clinton, Bush
Steve Ballmer -- CEO of Microsoft and the richest Jew in the world
Sir James Goldsmith -- financier and banker who amongst others has taken over Goodyear.
George Soros -- millionaire philanthropist who has donated millions to aid Eastern Europe.
Bernard Madoff -- American financier convicted of operating a Ponzi scheme that resulted in the largest investor fraud ever committed by a single person.
Calvin Klein -- Famous Clothes Designer
Ralph Lauren -- (Ralph Lipshitz) world famous fashion designer
Levi Strauss -- Inventor of Blue Jeans
Kenneth Cole -- Fashion Designer who's married to Mario Cuomo's daughter
Jerry Lewis -- A comedian who teamed up with Dean Martin
Marcel Marceau -- The most famous mime in history
Jerry Seinfeld -- Stand up comedian, TV show Seinfeld, American Express commercials
Sarah Silverman -- American comedienne whose satirical comedy addresses social taboos and controversial topics.
The Marx Brothers -- An American family comedy act with Chico, Harpo, and Groucho.
Milton Berle -- Comedian who pioneered comedy/variety on television
Jack Benny -- Reknowned radio and TV comic
Directors and producers:
Steven Spielberg -- Director of films such as Saving Private Ryan & Schindler's List, Jurassic Park, E.T.,
Stanley Kubrick -- Director of 2001: A Space Odyssey, Clockwork Orange, The Shining, Full Metal Jacket, Spartacus
Mel Brooks -- Film director, producer, actor: Blazing Saddles, Young Frankenstein
Woody Allen -- Film Maker/Actor: Annie Hall, Bullets Over Broadway, Mighty Aphrodite, Antz
Roman Polanski -- Director, screenwriter, actor: Rosemary's Baby, Macbeth, Chinatown, Tess
Ben Stiller -- Director/Actor: Seinfeld, SNL, Reality Bites, Something About Mary, The Cable Guy
Aaron Spelling -- Produced Beverly Hills 90210, Melrose Place...
Oliver Stone -- Popular Director: The Doors, J.F.K., Heaven And Earth, Natural Born Killers
Frida Kahlo -- Mexican artist famous for vivid, surrealist self-portraits. Married to Diego Rivera.
Marc Chagall -- Painter, designer and graphic artist
Modigliani -- Artist whose elongated faces are reminiscent of African masks
Camille Pissarro -- Father of Impressionism
Golda Mabovitch (Golda Myerson, Golda Meir) - the fourth prime minister of the State of Israel.
Words and word clusters related to Famous Jewish People:
Jewish Actors, Jewish Scientists, Land of Israel, Jewish People, Chosen People, Jewish History, Jewish Heritage, Jewish Holidays, Jewish Recipes, Kosher Food, Judaica Collection,
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17th September 2019Back
Author: Valeria Valkova, Business Manager
Insect protein flour has been on the horizon for a while now.
Only a few years ago the prospect of insect-based food products was viewed in the West with at best concern and at worst with derision. Fast forward to 2019 and now we see them as a very valuable and sustainable source of protein and carbohydrates. There have been several significant financial investments reported by start-up companies and with the global market for edible insects expected to reach $1.53 billion by 2021, it is easy to see why.
With over 2,000 types of edible insects to choose from it is no surprise to see a number of protein products made from insects already on the market. Insect companies, EXO, Chapul, Entis and Finnish company Fazer have all produced products containing cricket flour. This uptake in insect-based foods is also reflected in the retail industry with grocery chains including Sainsbury’s in the UK, Loblaw in Canada, and Whole Foods stocking bug-based items.
What I envisage coming next is a hydrolysed insect protein produced using a blend of protease enzymes. As discussed in a recent Pea protein technical paper: Enzymatic hydrolysis of plant proteins by proteases breaks down the large protein molecules into peptides exposing the functional amino acids to produce novel proteins with greater functionality and digestibility increasing their suitability to a wider range of products and applications. The same approach can be applied to insects to achieve a very specific protein flavour profile, degree of hydrolysis, and /or produce bioactive peptides. I’m quite interested to see when these types of products will be made available from insects.
But is it just protein everyone is looking at?
No, of course not. The exoskeleton of insects contains a substance known as chitin. Chitin is a polysaccharide which naturally boosts the immune system, thus eliminating the need for antibiotics. The extraction and purification of chitin is quite complicated due to the nature of the polysaccharide; however, insect chitin has been identified as a very valuable source for use in nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. Several companies are accessing this valuable source of chitin via an enzymatic approach to produce high quality chitin. This is just another example of how enzymes can help valorised the myriad of opportunities insects can give us. I believe we have only just scratched the surface of the value that can be obtained from insects and I am excited to see what comes next.
Some interesting facts:
- Crickets have 69% protein while beef only 29%.
- 80% of the world’s population already eats bugs
- Insect protein is high-quality; crickets contain nine essential amino acids, along with B12, iron, zinc, magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium.
- Cricket flour contains more calcium than milk and more iron than spinach.
- The Copenhagen Bugfest on 21-22 September is dedicated to insects
- There is an insect cookbook published from a Finnish chef
- 100 gallons of water creates 6g of beef, 18g of chicken and 238g of cricket protein. A family eating food made with crickets just once a week for a year would save 650,000 litres of water.
- A single hectare of land could produce 150 tons of insect protein per year. As crickets produce less methane gas than cows, this could also have an enormous impact on reducing greenhouse gasses and slowing global warming.
Eating insects set to become an $8 billion business by 2030: Barclays – Business Insiderwww.businessinsider.com
finnish insect company entis ynsects – Google Searchwww.google.com
ynsects entis finland – Google Searchwww.google.com insects protein – Google Searchwww.google.com Crické | Tasty, High-Protein Snacks made with Edible Insects! crickefood.com
The Explosion of Insect Proteininterestingengineering.com
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Protein is the foundation of Rex's nutrition, providing him with the 10 essential amino acids he can't live without. Though his protein needs will change as he ages, there's very little reason to feed him a low-protein diet. If he has too little protein, the effects will be apparent.
Don't Go Too Low
The amount of protein a dog needs depends on his age and some other factors. An adult dog's protein needs are different from a puppy's requirements; a lactating dog's nutritional requirements are not the same as those of a geriatric dog. A healthy adult dog requires that at least 18 percent of his daily caloric intake be protein. A puppy or lactating dog's diet should be at least 22 percent protein. Anything below those levels is a "low protein" diet.
Effects of Low Protein
The effects of a low protein diet depend on how low you go. If Rex's minimum requirements aren't being met, you'll see the impact. His coat won't be healthy -- his fur will be brittle or dry, perhaps even showing patches of hair loss. His skin may be darker in spots, or his fur may lose some pigmentation. As his body robs his protein to provide him energy for daily living, he'll feel the effects in other ways, perhaps losing weight and strength. Wounds may take longer to heal. A growing puppy, or an active or working dog, will have compromised bone and muscle development if his steady diet is low in protein.
About Those Kidneys
Traditionally it was believed a dog suffering from kidney failure should eat a low protein diet. The premise was that the already stressed kidneys wouldn't have to work harder to process the extra waste created by protein. However, that has been debunked; when your pup eats protein, it's digested and metabolized, releasing nitrogen that's excreted by the kidneys into the urine. Phosphorus is actually more difficult for the kidneys to process. Unless Rex has a blood urine nitrogen level above 75, you don't have to worry about cutting back his protein; in fact, he won't be harmed by a diet higher in protein.
Animal Proteins Are More Digestible
There's no agreement on how much is too much protein for a dog; but Dr. T. J. Dunn Jr. says dogs do fine eating a diet with protein levels of more than 30 percent on a dry weight basis. Dr. Dunn advocates focusing on animal protein, which is more digestible for your pup than plant-based protein, such as corn and soy. If Rex is getting on in years, you don't have to worry about feeding him a diet low in protein -- unless his BUN is above 75 or your vet recommends a different approach for something such as a liver disease.
- Animal Planet: How Important Is Protein in a Dog's Diet?
- PetMD: Focusing on Protein in the Diet
- InfoPet.UK: Essentials of Pet Nutrition in Dogs and Cats With Gastrointestinal Disease
- Nutrient Requirements of Dogs; National Research Council
- Dog Food Advisor: Suggested Low Protein Dog Foods
- PetMD: The Special Nutritional Needs of Puppies
- Jupiterimages/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images
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A special needs trust can allow individuals?with special needs?to preserve?assets that will?enhance their?quality of life...Read more
A special needs trust is set up for a person with special needs to supplement any benefits the person with special needs may receive from government programs. A properly drafted special needs trust will allow the beneficiary to receive government benefits while still receiving funds from the trust. There are three main types of special needs trusts, but first it is important to understand how a typical trust works.
A trust is really a relationship between three parties -- a donor, who supplies the funds for the trust; a trustee, who agrees to hold and administer the funds according to the donor's wishes; and a beneficiary or beneficiaries who receive the benefit of the funds. Often, but not always, the donor's wishes are spelled out in a document that gives the trustee instructions about how she should use the trust assets. Trusts have been used for estate planning for a long time, and are highly useful tools for ensuring that a donor's property is administered as he sees fit. One of the reasons trusts are so popular is that they usually survive the death of the donor, providing a low-cost way to manage the donor's assets for others when the donor is gone.
A special needs trust is a trust tailored to a person with special needs that is designed to manage assets for that person's benefit while not compromising access to important government benefits. There are three main types of special needs trusts: the first-party trust, the third-party trust, and the pooled trust. All three name the person with special needs as the beneficiary. A "first-party" special needs trust holds assets that belong to the person with special needs, such as an inheritance or an accident settlement. A "third-party" special needs trust holds funds belonging to other people who want to help the person with special needs. A pooled trust holds funds from many different beneficiaries with special needs.
The reason there are several different types of trusts has to do with regulations regarding Supplemental Security Income (SSI). SSI is a government program that assists people with low incomes who have special needs. In order to qualify for SSI, an applicant or beneficiary can have only $2,000 in his own name. If the person has more than $2,000 in his own name, (typically because of excess savings, an inheritance or an accident settlement), the government allows him to qualify for SSI so long as he places his assets into a first-party special needs trust. While the beneficiary is living, the funds in the trust are used for his benefit, and when he dies, any assets remaining in the trust are used to reimburse the government for the cost of his medical care. These trusts are especially useful for beneficiaries who are receiving SSI and come into large amounts of money, because the trust allows the beneficiary to retain his benefits while still being able to use his own funds when necessary.
The third-party special needs trust is most often used by parents and other family members to assist a person with special needs. These trusts can hold any kind of asset imaginable belonging to the family member or other individual, including a house, stocks and bonds, and other types of investments. The third-party trust functions like a first-party special needs trust in that the assets held in the trust do not affect an SSI beneficiary's access to benefits and the funds can be used to pay for the beneficiary's supplemental needs beyond those covered by government benefits. But a third-party special needs trust does not contain the "payback" provision found in first-party trusts. This means that when the beneficiary with special needs dies, any funds remaining in her trust can pass to other family members, or to charity, without having to be used to reimburse the government.
A pooled trust is an alternative to the first-party special needs trust, and is discussed in greater detail here. Essentially, a charity sets up these trusts that allow beneficiaries to pool their resources for investment purposes, while still maintaining separate accounts for each beneficiary's needs. When the beneficiary dies, the funds remaining in her account reimburse the government for her care, but a portion also goes towards the non-profit organization responsible for managing the trust.
Anyone can establish a special needs trust and, if the trust is properly drafted to account for tax planning, in certain situations gifts into the trust could very well reduce the size of the donor's taxable estate. As if these are not enough reasons to create a trust, elderly people who are attempting to qualify for long-term care coverage through Medicaid can transfer their assets into a properly drafted third-party special needs trust for the sole benefit of a person with disabilities without incurring a transfer-of-assets penalty, allowing the elder to qualify for Medicaid and making sure that the person with disabilities is taken care of in the future.
Of course, every person with special needs is different, which means that every special needs trust is going to be different as well. The only way to determine which special needs trust is right for your family is to meet with a qualified special needs planner to discuss your needs.
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Short, unpleasant, dreamlike mental activity occurs during sleepwalking and sleep terrors episodes, says a study in the Dec.1 issue of the journal Sleep. These findings suggest that people with these sleep disorders may be acting out dreamlike thoughts.
Results show that 71 percent of participants reported at least one incident of dreamlike mental content associated with an episode of sleepwalking or sleep terrors, and the action in the dreamlike thoughts corresponded with the observed behavior. A total of 106 reports of dreamlike mental activity were collected; the mental content was brief, with 95 percent of the reports involving a single visual scene. These dreamlike thoughts were frequently unpleasant, with 84 percent involving apprehension, fear or terror; 54 percent involving misfortune, in which injury, mishap or adversity occurred through chance or environmental circumstances; and 24 percent involving aggression, with the dreamer always being the victim. Compared with healthy controls, patients with sleepwalking and sleep terrors reported more severe daytime sleepiness and had four times as many arousals from slow-wave sleep.
Principal investigator Isabelle Arnulf, MD, PhD, neurologist and head of the sleep disorders unit at Unité des Pathologies du Sommeil at Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière in Paris, France, said that it has been widely believed that dreams do not occur during sleepwalking and sleep terrors events. However, previous studies focused mostly on children rather than adults.
"The results are surprising, as it is commonly reported that sleepwalkers and patients with sleep terrors do not remember dreaming," said Arnulf. "Adults involved in the study who experienced sleepwalking and sleep terrors were less confused during the episode than children, making it easier to express their dream mentations."
According to the AASM, sleepwalking and sleep terrors typically occur during arousals from slow-wave sleep and are classified as "parasomnias," which are undesirable events or experiences that occur during entry into sleep, within sleep or during arousals from sleep. Sleepwalking occurs when a person gets out of bed and walks around with an altered state of consciousness and impaired judgment. An episode of sleep terrors occurs when a person sits up in bed with a look of intense fear, often making a cry or piercing scream.
Forty-three patients with severe, frequent, dangerous or disturbing episodes of sleepwalking or sleep terrors participated in the study and were matched with 25 healthy control subjects. The mean age of patients was 26 years with a range from 11 to 72 years, and 46 percent were male. Five patients suffered exclusively from sleep terrors, eight subjects suffered from sleepwalking only and 30 experienced both sleepwalking and sleep terrors.
Data were gathered retrospectively by interview, so that the dreamlike thoughts that were collected covered a lifetime span for each patient. Thirty-eight patients (88 percent) were able to reliably answer questions about their mental content during the sleepwalking and sleep terrors episodes. Sleep also was monitored during one night in a laboratory.
For a long time rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been considered to be the neurobiological basis of dreaming, the authors noted. Although complex mental activity has been reported in non-REM sleep during slow-wave sleep, the extent to which the reported dreamlike thoughts may be described as "dreaming" is still debated.
The authors suggested that the brief, dreamlike activity occurring during sleepwalking and sleep terrors could be either the terminal part of a longer dream that is forgotten at the time of arousal, or a short mental creation elicited before or just at the time of arousal.
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Product: Why Christmas Trees Aren't Perfect
Category: Religious Christian Christmas Books for Teachers
Student Level: toddler, preschool, kindergarten, elementary
Why Christmas Trees Aren't Perfect by Dick Schneider, Richard H. Schneider, Elizabeth J. Miles (Illustrator)
Even though its kind sacrifices for the animals of the forest have marred the perfection of its shape, Small Pine is selected to be the Christmas tree in the Queen's castle, demonstrating that living for the sake of others makes us most beautiful in the eyes of God.
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| 0.873235 | 107 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We started our Preschool Program in March with ten students and two Teachers. These students were recruited from the surrounding community, and are classified as Level One and Level Two Poor. During the first week, there were second thoughts about whether our staff and Association had the ability to run a program for the three – five year olds, however as the weeks passed, the ability of Teachers Samen and Chhalin grew immensely.
The initial idea was to have a structured one month curriculum as a trial, which included Khmer, play time, movies, art, story time and morality. After about two weeks, we realised this wasn’t going to work, and Samen and Chhalin started working on a flexible daily schedule. Nowadays, the students arrive by 8am, and start the day off with role call. They then head outside and wash their hands and brush their teeth, using the correct technique we learnt from JWOC’s Hygiene Workshops. It is then time to learn Khmer – the students have been learning so well that they are now tackling the vowels! – followed by some toy time. They then learn more Khmer, and watch a cartoon in English for fifteen minutes. This is followed by a story or a Morality lesson, where they learn about topics such as road safety, how to be a good student, and hygiene. On Fridays they receive a snack of soy milk. The class finishes at 10am, when the students parents or older siblings come and take them home.
The transformation we have seen in our students has been incredible. Chhalin and Samen often proudly talk about the day when the students learnt to use chalk for the first time with their individual chalkboards, and when they learnt to sing a song in Khmer, and when the youngest student managed to follow instructions after two months of trying. The Teachers have been proactive in thinking of ways to improve the program, and their compassion for each of the students really shines through in their teaching.
One reason behind starting this program was to get the students actively engaged in activities. Unfortunately many children in our community are neglected by their parents who have to work very hard all day just to make ends meet, so young children either have to go to work with their parents, stay at home unsupervised, or work themselves. By putting these students into Preschool every day, they are under the supervision of good role models and are less likely to form bad habits or attitudes. Another purpose was to show the students, but especially their parents, the importance of education. Three of our students are due to start Primary School in October, so our Community Liaison will be working closely with the students parents to ensure they are enrolled. We will then be looking to recruit more students, however we are unsure how to deal with this logistically, as the new students would be months behind our current students in their behaviour and knowledge.
We would like to thank our donors who fund this program, as well as our friend, Karen, who provides us with much wisdom, advice and resources to ensure we run this program as effectively as possible!
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| 0.983378 | 634 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Yelling “I hate you” when TV time is up, playing a bit too rough with his sister, targeting a classmate during a dodge ball game. Any parent wonders what behaviors are normal for their 7-year-old, and wants to address those that aren’t. According to Michael Bloomquist, director of the Attention and Behavior Problems Clinic at the University of Minnesota, a well-functioning 7-year-old child most often thinks before he acts, and may get upset but can calm down. While feeling angry is normal, untamed anger routinely resulting in hurt body parts or feelings, requires intervention to avoid larger emotional and behavioral problems.
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Find Underlying Cause
Bloomquist notes that if anger occurs only in certain situations or with certain family members, it may result from problems in disobedience or family functioning. Resolving these problems require different strategies from anger management. For disobedience, give effective commands and warnings, offer choices, allow the child to say no respectfully, use agreed-upon single words or signals for direction, withdraw privileges, focus on win-win solutions and find useful ways for the child to feel influential. To improve family functioning, strengthen the parent-child bond, improve family interactions, and develop family routines and rituals. If the child has angry outbursts that seem out of proportion to the situation in many settings, then the problem is truly anger.
Assess Readiness for Anger Management
Boomquist notes that children younger than age 8 will benefit first from learning to identify and express feelings. Increasing the child’s feelings vocabulary through discussion, role play and role modeling help him better understand and articulate those he experiences. Build discussion of feelings into daily activities using a feelings chart. If the child denies having an anger problem and resists, retracting and enlisting the cooperation of all family members to work on their anger promotes cooperation and progress.
Defining anger helps the child understand it. According to Bloomquist, anger is “a feeling of discomfort or pain that occurs in response to something not going as one would like it to.” Defining and discussing the range of anger--from mild frustration and irritation to rage—enables the child to identify and describe it when it occurs.
Teach Anger Signals And Relaxation
Body, thought and action cues warn the child that she needs to practice an anger-management strategy. Bloomquist suggests helping children identify physiological signals, such as flushing, clenched fists or sweating, thoughts such as "You're stupid," and actions like crying, threatening or fidgeting, that occur when angry. Deep breathing and visualizing a relaxing scene reduces physical tension associated with anger. Bloomquist also suggests the "robot/rag doll technique" for younger children: Instruct the child to tense up all muscles, visualizing himself as a robot, then after 15 seconds, releasing all the tension, becoming a rag doll. Effectively using these skills when angry requires extensive practice of them during non-stressful times.
Teach Helpful Self-Talk
Helpful self-talk involves developing thoughts that will help the child calm down when noticing body, thought or action signals. Examples include: “Take it easy,” “Stay cool,” “I’ll just try my hardest,” “Don’t let him bug me.” Bloomquist suggests role-playing situations using ineffective behaviors in response to the anger, then contrasting them with using helpful self-talk. Developing an individualized list of examples helps the child use them when needed.
Encourage Problem Solving
Help the child solve the original problem that caused the anger. Problem solving includes identifying the problem, determining its cause, speculating about the feelings and thoughts of those involved, and determining a plan of action. Examples include expressing feelings or needs, relaxing, distracting or asking for a hug. A 7-year-old may have difficulty with this step due to developmental limitations in abstract thinking, and may require more help or direct suggestions from an adult.
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| 0.940168 | 826 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Affect and effect are easily confused because they look alike. Further, although affect is normally a verb, effect can be either a verb or a noun, adding to the confusion. You can distinguish the two words by taking a closer look at their definitions.
Affect is a verb that most commonly means “to influence.” When used as a verb, effect means “to bring about” or “to accomplish.” When used as a noun, effect means “result” or “consequence.”
Therefore, to choose between affect and effect, you must first consider whether you are using the word as a verb or a noun. If you are using it as a verb, select affect if you mean “to influence” and effect if you mean “to bring about.” As a noun, effect will normally be the correct choice.
- The new law affects voters in several swing states. (affect used as a verb meaning “to influence”)
- The new law will effect a change in the way states recount votes in close elections. (effect used as a verb meaning “to bring about”)
- It is difficult to gauge the effect of the new law. (effect used as a noun meaning “result”)
For more information, see Anne Enquist & Laurel Currie Oates, Just Writing 160-61, 307-08 (3d ed. 2009) and Laurel Currie Oates & Anne Enquist, The Legal Writing Handbook 772 (5th ed. 2010).
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| 0.941088 | 328 | 3.71875 | 4 |
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