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Farming with animals is a centuries-old practice passed down through generations. It is a way of life for many people and how they make their living. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of people against farming with animals. They believe it is cruel and that animals should be treated better. This blog post will explore the pros and cons of farming with animals. We will also go through the different methods used and how they can affect the animals.
Farming with animals
What defines animal farming?
Animal farming is a term used to describe the various methods of raising livestock for food. There are many different types of animal farms, each with its own set of characteristics. The most common types of animal farms are dairy farms, beef cattle farms, hog farms, and chicken farms. Dairy farms are operations that focus on producing milk and other dairy products. Dairy cows are the main type of livestock used on these farms.
In case you missed it: How to Care for Your Pigs in the Frost: Cold Management in Pig Farming
Beef cattle farms are similar to dairy farms but raise beef instead of dairy cows. Hog farms raise pigs for meat production, while chicken farms raise chickens for meat and egg production. There is no one-size-fits-all definition of animal farming. Each farm is unique and has its own set of practices and protocols. However, there are some general principles that all animal farmers adhere to produce safe and healthy food for consumers.
Why is animal farming important?
Animal farming is an important part of the agricultural industry. It allows farmers to produce meat, milk, and eggs for consumption. Animal farming also provides a way for farmers to use animal waste products, such as manure, which can be used as fertilizer. Animal farming is an important source of food for many people around the world. It provides a reliable source of protein and other nutrients essential to human health. Animal farming also supports the livelihoods of millions of people who work in the agricultural industry.
How do you start an animal farm?
If you’re interested in starting an animal farm, there are a few things you should keep in mind. First, decide what type of animals you want to raise. There are many options, from traditional livestock like cows and pigs to more exotic animals like ostriches or alpacas. Once you’ve decided on the types of animals you want to raise, research the best way to care for them. This includes everything from what they eat to how they exercise and socialize. Next, make sure you have the space for your animal farm.
This means having enough land for grazing or housing and access to water and other resources. If you’re unsure where to start, many online resources can help you find the perfect location for your farm. Finally, once you have the land and the animals, it’s time to start building your farm. This includes fencing, constructing shelters, and creating a plan for how your animals will care for each day. It’s important to think about every aspect of running an animal farm before getting started so that you can be prepared for anything that comes your way.
How are animals used in farming?
Animal agriculture is a mainstay of many economies around the globe. It provides livelihoods for farmers and supplies a major food source for people and livestock. But animal agriculture also comes with high environmental costs. The main environmental impacts of animal agriculture are:
Deforestation: Animal agriculture is a leading cause of deforestation, especially in the Amazon. Clearing forests to create pastureland and grow crops to feed animals destroys critical habitats, drives climate change, and contributes to biodiversity loss.
Water pollution: Animal waste, fertilizers, and pesticides used in animal agriculture pollute our waterways. The United Nations estimates that animal agriculture is responsible for 14% of global freshwater pollution.
Climate change: Animal agriculture emits greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that contribute to climate change. The United Nations estimates that animal agriculture accounts for 18% of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions – more than the entire transportation sector.
Biodiversity loss: Animal agriculture is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change caused by animal agriculture are leading causes of species decline and extinction. The United Nations estimates that as many as 60% of all species could be extinct by 2050 due to the impact of animal agriculture on the environment.
What are the types of animal farming?
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animal care, breeding, and management. There are many different types of animal farming, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The most common types of animal farming are:
Dairy farming: Dairy farmers milk cows to produce milk and other dairy products. Dairy farming is demanding and intensive animal husbandry, as cows need to be milked twice daily. However, it can be a very rewarding and profitable enterprise.
In case you missed it: How to Make Cow Dung Manure Compost: A Step-by-Step Guide to Use in Your Farm/Garden
Beef cattle farming: Beef cattle farmers raise cows for meat production. Beef cattle farming is a more relaxed form of animal husbandry than dairy farming, as cows only need to be milked once daily. However, it requires more land and resources than dairy farming.
Poultry farming: Poultry farmers raise chickens for meat or egg production. Poultry farming is relatively easy animal husbandry, as chickens do not require much space or attention. However, it can be difficult to profit from poultry farming due to the high feed cost and competition from larger commercial operations.
What is the best animal farming?
Though there are many different types of animal farming, some farmers believe that the best type of animal farming involves raising chickens. Chickens are relatively easy to take care of and don’t require a lot of space, making them a good choice for small farms. They also provide a source of income through the sale of eggs.
What type of farming is animal farming?
Animal farming is raising animals for food, fiber, or other products. It can be done with pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, poultry, and rabbits. In addition, animal farming includes dairy farming and egg production.
- Pigs are commonly raised for food in the form of pork. However, they are also raised for their skin, which is used to make leather. Pigs are omnivores and eat almost anything, making them easy to raise.
- Cattle are raised for their meat, which is called beef. Cattle are also raised for their skin and horns, which are used to make leather and other products. Dairy cows are kept for their milk production.
- Sheep are raised for their wool and meat. Sheep meat is called lamb. The wool from sheep is used to make clothing and other textiles.
- Horses are usually not raised for food, but sometimes their meat is eaten as a delicacy. Horses are mostly used for transportation or recreation, such as racing or rodeos.
- Poultry birds such as chickens and turkeys are typically raised for their meat. However, poultry eggs are also a common food product. Chickens are also sometimes kept as pets.
- Goats are raised for their meat and milk. Goat milk is often made into cheese or other dairy products. Goat meat is called kid or chevon.
How can you make money with animals?
There are certain ways that you can make money with animals. The most obvious way is to sell the products that they produce, such as milk, eggs, or meat. However, you can also sell other animal-related products, such as wool or leather. If you have a good portion of the land, you could start a breeding program and sell animals to other farmers. Or, you could open a petting zoo or offer riding lessons. The possibilities are endless!
What is the easiest animal to farm?
Farming with animals can be a rewarding experience, but it is important to choose the right animal for your farm. The easiest animal to farm is typically a chicken. Chickens are easy to care for and don’t require a lot of space. They also reproduce quickly so that you can build up your flock in a short amount of time. So chickens are the way to go if you’re looking for an animal that is easy to care for and doesn’t take up a lot of space.
Animal farming business plan
If you’re thinking about starting an animal farming business, one of the first things you’ll need to do is create a business plan. This will help you map out the steps you need for your business to be up and running and set goals and milestones to track your progress. To get started, sit down and answer the following questions:
- What type of animal farming business do you want to start? There are many animal farms, from dairy to chicken and horse farms. So first, decide which farm you want to start, and then research the specific requirements for that type of farm.
- Where will your farm be located? The location of your farm can have a big impact on its success or failure. Make sure to choose a spot conducive to raising animals, with enough space and access to water and other resources.
- Who is your target market? When starting an animal farm, it’s important to consider to who you’ll sell your products or services. For example, will you be targeting local consumers or larger businesses? Knowing your target market will help you determine the types of animals to raise and the prices to charge.
- What are your operating costs? Before making money with animal farming, you need to know the daily cost of keeping your farm running. Make a list of all the necessary costs.
Cost to set up an animal farm
The cost of setting up an animal farm can vary depending on the size and type of farm you want to create. For a small farm with only a few animals, the cost may be less than $1,000. For a larger farm with more animals, the cost could be upwards of $10,000. The biggest factor in setting up an animal farm is the price of land. You will also need to factor in the cost of fencing, shelter, food, and water for your animals.
Profits in animal farming
Animal farming is an efficient and profitable way to produce food. By raising animals for food, farmers can provide a high-quality product at a lower cost than if they were to raise crops. In addition, animal farming requires less land and water than crop production, making it more environmentally sustainable. Animal farming also allows farmers to diversify their operations and produce multiple products from one farm. For example, a dairy farm can sell milk, cheese, butter, and ice cream
A meat farm can sell beef, pork, and chicken and a poultry farm can sell eggs and feathers. This diversity provides farmers with added income stability and makes their businesses more resilient to market fluctuations. Finally, animal farming plays an important role in rural communities. Farm animals provide jobs for thousands of Americans and contribute billions of dollars annually to the economy. Animal farms also generate tax revenue that supports schools, roads, and other public services in rural areas.
What are the benefits of animal production?
Animal production provides several benefits for farmers. Animals can be used for labor, which can help with farm tasks such as plowing fields or harvesting crops. They can also be used for their manure, a natural fertilizer that can improve soil quality. Additionally, animals can be sold for their meat, milk, or other products, providing a source of income for the farmer. Finally, animals can help control farm pests by eating insects or competing with them for food.
Is animal farming sustainable?
Animal farming is not sustainable. Animal agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and land degradation. Additionally, the animals themselves suffer from overcrowding, confinement, and stress. The impact of animal farming/raising on the environment is well-documented. For example, animal farming generates greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change, including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
These emissions come from the animals themselves and land clearing for pasture and feed crops. Animal farming also uses large amounts of water for the animals and growing feed crops. This strains local water resources, especially in areas where water is already scarce. In addition, animal waste can pollute waterways with harmful bacteria and nutrients.
The conditions that animals are raised in on factory farms are often crowded and cramped, leading to stress and illness. In addition, animals are routinely given antibiotics to prevent disease, which can lead to antibiotic resistance in both humans and animals. Factory farms also frequently use hormones and other chemicals to promote their animals’ growth, which can negatively affect human health.
Why animal farming is good for the environment?
Animal farming can have a positive impact on the environment in several ways. First, pasture-based animal farming can help to reverse climate change. Grazing animals on grasslands sequester carbon in the soil, which helps to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. Animal farming can also help to improve water quality.
Manure from grazing animals contains nutrients that can help to improve soil health and water retention, leading to less runoff and erosion. Finally, animal farms can provide a habitat for wildlife. Well-managed pastureland can support a diversity of plant and animal life, including many threatened and endangered species.
9 uses of farm animals
Farm animals are not just for show or producing food. They can be used for a variety of purposes on the farm. Here are ten uses for farm animals:
- Farm animals can be used as draft animals to help with farm work, such as plowing fields or pulling carts.
- Farm animals can be used for their manure, a natural fertilizer that can improve soil health.
- Farm animals can be used to graze on pastureland, which helps keep the grass short and manageable.
- Farm animals can control pests and weeds by eating or trampling them down.
- Farm animals can provide wool, milk, eggs, and meat which can be sold or consumed by the farmer and their family.
- Farm animals can be used in research to help develop new medicines and treatments for diseases.
- Farm animals can serve as companion animals and provide emotional support for the farmer and their family.
- Farm animals can add beauty and interest to the farm landscape and attract visitors near and far.
- Farm animals can teach children about responsibility, hard work, and respect for other living creatures.
9 tips for successful animal farming
- Give your animals the best possible care. This means providing them with a clean and comfortable environment, fresh food and water, and proper medical attention.
- Keep your animals healthy by vaccinating them against common diseases and parasites and practicing good biosecurity measures.
- Know what your animals need regarding nutrition, and provide them with a balanced diet that meets their specific requirements.
- Create a breeding plan for your animals, and be careful to only breed from healthy stock.
- Manage your pastureland properly to ensure it can support the number of animals you are grazing on.
- Be prepared to deal with unexpected events such as disease outbreaks or adverse weather conditions.
- Keep good records of your animals’ health, performance, and production levels so that you can identify any problems early on.
- Use available technology to help you in animal husbandry tasks such as feeding management or identifying individual animals.
- Farming with animals will always involve risks, but you can minimize these risks by being well-prepared and informed. 10 Embrace challenges as part of the farming lifestyle – there will always be ups and downs, but the satisfaction you get from successfully running your farm makes it all worth it in the end.
Farming with animals can be a great way to produce food while protecting the environment. When done correctly, it can help improve soil quality and provide a habitat for wildlife. It can also be a more sustainable option than traditional farming methods. If you’re interested in trying out animal farming, make sure to do your research and work with a reputable farm.
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The rate of inflation along with CPI is shown in the fig 5.7 in United States during the period of 1970-2010. These figure will show the difference between high prices along with inflation. When there is rapidly increase in price level of part A then the rate of inflation is high in B part. When part A price rising slowly then the rate of inflation in B part is very low.
When the rate of inflation is high, it means that the level of price is increasing rapidly. It also means it is the period when the rising prices remain sustainable. When there is fall in price level of part a then Part B becomes negative in this case. Consumer price index is not considered the perfect mode for price level where CPI changes which describes the state of inflation. Come across with
Biased Consumer price index
Areas of bias in CPI includes
■Bias in new goods
■Bias in quantity change
■Bias in commodity substitution
■Bias in substitution of outlet
Bias in new goods
It will help you in comparing the price of computer for period of 2009 with the price of typewriter for the year 1969. The main reason is that Pc is costly than typewriter. With PC has entered it has created upward bias in inflation and CPI rate..
Bias in quantity change
Most of the items like cars along with CD players are getting advance every year. Amount we pay for these items are for advanced features and not for inflation part. But CPI has taken this form of rise in price under inflation and they have state over inflation.
Bias in commodity substitution
Relative changes in prices will lead to changes in consumer’spreference of things which they are moving to buy.
For instance, if there is rise in the prices of beef and the prices of chicken is not changed. By changing they will get the same benefits of protein along with having enjoyment along with expenditure is same as previous one. There is no change in the protein price. But according to CPI the protein prices has increased in terms of beef.
Bias in Substitution of Outlet –
When there is high in prices people will move for such stores which give special discount. This is known as outlet substitution. CPI will not take surveys regarding that.
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Anyone who has ever been to summer camp has probably worked with clay. This abundant and naturally occurring resource is the basis of pottery. Pottery clay is mined from the Earth and ground into a powder. This powder is combined with other water and other ingredients to form what's called the clay body -- what you probably picture in your mind when you think of a potter at work. The type of clay, how it's prepared and the amount of water used are all variables in how the final product turns out. There are lots of clays on the market in a wide spectrum of colors depending on your needs and preferences.
Pottery clay needs to be moist, durable and exhibit a good amount of plasticity. This means that it's easy to mold and retains its shape. You can buy a clay body that's ready right out of the box, but many potters prefer to make their own mix specific to a particular piece of pottery. Ingredients like nylon or sand can be added to the clay to aid plasticity, or to lower or raise the clay body's firing temperature, which also affects the color. And because you don't want a 20 pound ashtray, you can add materials like sawdust or coffee grounds to help reduce the weight of the finished piece.
Earthenware clay is most similar to what our ancestors used and is the kind of clay you might find in your backyard or that summer camp craft class. Earthenware pottery pieces are porous, so they need a sealing glaze to make them watertight. These clays require the lowest temperatures for firing, and finished products typically turn out in rich reds, browns and oranges. Terracotta planter pots are a good example of earthenware pottery.
Stoneware clay is more heavy-duty and requires higher firing temperatures. These high temperatures yield a pretty cool result -- the clay vitrifies, or turns into a glass-like substance. An added benefit of vitrification is that it makes the pottery waterproof. This makes glazing stoneware unnecessary, but still an option for decorative purposes. Stoneware clay is typically used for pottery with practical uses like plates, bowls and vases.
Kaolin clay, also called white clay, is used to make porcelain. It goes by many other names as well, including China clay and white cosmetic clay. It has lower plasticity than earthenware and stoneware clays, making it tricky to work with. If you're a beginner, you may want to work your way up to working with white clay. Aside from its uses in the arts and crafts world, Kaolin clay is used in soaps, scrubs and facial masks because it's so mild. These beauty products use Kaolin clay to help reduce swelling and draw impurities from the skin. Next, we'll look at some techniques used in pottery making.
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November 16, 2011
HSI Canada Condemns Proposed Massive Cull of Wolves in Alberta’s Oil Sands Area
MONTREAL — Humane Society International/Canada condemns Environment Minister Peter Kent’s cynical proposal of a massive cull of wolves in northern Alberta, in response to the decline of perilous herds of woodland caribou in the oil sands area.
“The decline of woodland caribou is largely attributed to the destruction of their natural habitat because of the expansion of the oil sands and other industrial development,” said Rebecca Aldworth, executive director of Humane Society International/Canada. “Instead of taking the steps needed to reduce the impacts of human development on caribou populations, the Minister is calling for a pointless cull of thousands of wolves. Such a cull would distract public attention from the real causes of caribou decline and may well impact the area’s ecosystem in unpredictable and undesirable ways.”
HSI Canada calls on Environment Canada to develop a comprehensive proposal to sustain caribou populations in northern Alberta that includes appropriate investment by oil companies and government in non-lethal methods to mitigate the negative impacts of industrial development on caribou.
- Over the past five years, the Alberta government has spent more than $1 million to kill (with strychnine poisoning or by shooting from the air) more than 500 wolves in the Little Smoky Region of northwest Alberta in a misguided attempt to save woodland caribou.
- According to the Alberta Caribou Committee, there are three of Alberta’s 18 herds that face immediate risk of disappearing due loss of habitat. Six are in decline, three are stable, and not enough is known for the remaining six, but scientists believe they are also in decline.
- Interaction with humans and exposure to large-scale industry, rather than wolf predation, is the main factor causing elevated stress levels and poor nutrition in caribou.
- While wolves consume a combination of deer, moose and caribou, they show a clear preference for deer and, as a result, spend more time in deer habitat than in that favoured by caribou. Moreover, wolves favour moose over caribou by a more than two-to-one margin, with caribou coming in a distant third.
- Reducing wolf populations could lead to an increase in deer populations, posing more ecological problems in the region.
- Despite the decline of woodland caribou in northwest Alberta, the Canadian government has failed to provide them with adequate protection by listing their habitat as critical.
1. Struizik, Ed. (Oct 27, 2011). Killing Wolves: A Product of Alberta’s Big Oil and Gas Boom. Yale Environment 360. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/alberta_canada_energy_boom_places_wolves_in_the_crosshairs/2459/
2. Alberta Caribou Committee. 2008. Annual Population Data of Woodland Caribou Herds/Range of Herds: 2007-2008. http://www.albertacariboucommittee.ca/cariboudata/2007-2008.pdf
3. Samuel K Wasser, Jonah L Keim, Mark L Taper, and Subhash R Lele. 2011. The influences of wolf predation, habitat loss, and human activity on caribou and moose in the Alberta oil sands. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (e-View) doi:10.1890/100071
Follow HSI Canada on Twitter.
Humane Society International/Canada is a leading force for animal protection, representing tens of thousands of members and constituents across the country. HSI Canada has active programs in companion animals, wildlife and habitat protection, marine mammal preservation and farm animal welfare. HSI Canada is proud to be a part of Humane Society International, one of the largest animal protection organizations in the world, with more than 11 million members and constituents globally. On the Web at hsicanada.ca.
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Circulating Now welcomes guest bloggers Diane Wendt and Mallory Warner from the Division of Medicine and Science at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. As curators of our most recent exhibition, From DNA to Beer: Harnessing Nature in Medicine and Industry, Diane and Mallory spent months researching four different microbes and the influence they’ve had on human life. Beginning with this post they share some of the interesting things they found in their research.
Among the four microbes featured in From DNA to Beer, the little one cell creature named yeast may be our favorite. In the exhibition, we focus on the role yeast played in the work of Louis Pasteur, namely how his research on the “diseases” of beer and other fermented products established yeast’s connection to the process of alcoholic fermentation which, in turn, inspired his germ theory of disease. In focusing our view, however, we had to leave out the following exciting finds about beer, yeast, and Louis Pasteur.
Pasteur studied beer to get revenge on Germany
Pasteur’s Études sur la bière (translated as, Studies on Fermentation: The Diseases of Beer, Their Causes, and the Means of Preventing Them), is celebrated for providing strong, elegant evidence dispelling spontaneous generation and for identifying the microbial causes of spoilage of beer. Having already studied “diseases” in wine, vinegar, and silkworms, as noted in this catalog for an exhibit on Pasteur, one might think beer was simply the next obvious problem product for Pasteur to fix. His introduction to Études, however, points to another reason for focusing on beer:
Essentially, Pasteur funneled his anger over the French loss of the Franco-Prussian War into attacking that which Germany loves most: beer. He hoped increased knowledge about the science of beer brewing would put France in a position to best the German beer industry.
Yeast Advertising is… interesting
When considering whether to include some yeast-related objects in the exhibit, we delved into collections from several institutions. While none of these objects made it into the show, we couldn’t help but share a few here:
Pasteur had his own newspaper. Sort of.
One of our favorite finds from the NLM collection was this advertising newspaper, Le Pasteur, first published by the Pasteur-Chamberland Filter Company of Dayton Ohio in 1889. When looking for a means to sterilize water in the lab without boiling, Pasteur found that passing the water through an unglazed porcelain filter removed bacterial contaminants. His student, Chamberland, designed a filter using this principle and the result became an important tool not only in the lab, but for filtering everyday drinking water. To advertise the sale of their filters, the Pasteur-Chamberland Company (the American licensee of the Pasteur-Chamberland filter patent) published Le Pasteur, a newspaper full of product testimonials, glorious documentation of Pasteur’s achievements, and lists of the most recent establishments to purchase Pasteur-Chamberland filtration systems. Their over-dramatic sales tactics are endlessly entertaining. One delightful example of Le Pasteur’s hyperbole can be found in the first stanza of a 44-line poem “The Old Oaken Bucket,” published in the April 1889 edition. In it, the poet J. W. Bayles laments his childhood spent drinking well-water from a bucket, which he describes in disgusting detail.
“With what anguish of mind I remember my childhood,
Recalled in the light of knowledge since gained;
The malarious farm, the wet, fungus-grown wild-wood,
The chills then contracted which since have remained;
The scum-covered duck-pond, the pigsty close by it,
The ditch where the sour-smelling house drainage fell.
The damp, shaded dwelling, the foul barnyard nigh it—
But worse than all else was the terrible well.
And the old oaken bucket, the mold-crusted bucket,
The moss-covered bucket that hung in the well.”
A Brewer’s Portrait Pays Homage to Pasteur
Jacob Christian Jacobsen, head of the Carlsberg brewery in Copenhagen, was an admirer of the work of Louis Pasteur. In 1875 he established the Carlsberg Laboratory for the scientific study of the brewing process. This portrait, painted the year before he died, features a microscope, Pasteur flask, and Pasteur’s book alongside a bottle of Carlsberg’s famous beer.
In the 1880s, Emil Hansen, a scientist at the laboratory, isolated a pure strain of yeast that was suitable for lager brewing. He named the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis after the laboratory, and went on to isolate and identify numerous other strains of yeast including Saccharomyces pastorianus, named after Pasteur. And so the history of yeast science is embedded in the names given to this tiny organism responsible for much of the beer on the market. Today, the Carlsberg Laboratory remains an important center of yeast research.
Explore From DNA to Beer: Harnessing Nature in Medicine & Industry online for yourself at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/fromdnatobeer/index.html. To book the traveling exhibition or see when it comes to your town, visit the traveling exhibition page at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/about/exhibition/fromdnatobeer-bookinfo.html.
This was so interesting and entertaining! I loved the stanza from the “Old Oaken Bucket”. I live in a rural area, and we did not have “running water” in our house until I was six (1964). I can remember drinking water drawn from our well with one of the old cigar shaped well buckets, and the thing that I recall was how good it tasted… And I don’t have any horrible diseases!
Very interesting article. Thanks for sharing this information with us. Louis Pasteur done amazing work.
I am shortly to make a presentation on Pasteur and was particularly amused by his comment about being inspired to help the beer industry and perhaps then being able to poke the recently victorious Germans(who love their beer) in the eye…
Good luck with your presentation!
Excellent reading, optimistic blog, where did you find this posting information? I’ve been reading some of your website posts lately, and I like your look very much. Give you a million thanks and carry on working
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| 0.944061 | 1,390 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Oxytocin mediated rescue of social behavior in mice
The Cntnap2 gene is associated with Cortical Dysplasia Focal Epilepsy (CFDE) syndrome, which is characterized by seizures, hyperactivity, and autism. A knock out mouse model of Cntnap2 displaying social and communication deficits was recently reported. Researchers presented data at the Society for Neuroscience meeting about performing an in vivo screen for drugs that rescue the social deficits in this mouse model.
The researchers reported two drugs, oxytocin and vasopressin, that showed positive effects on social behavior. This effect was confirmed using two tests for sociability in mice - direct social interaction and three-chambered social interaction test. Oxytocin is a hormone that has been shown to have a role in social recognition and bonding.
The researchers then investigated the mechanism through which these drugs might be providing the pro-social effects by performing receptor blocking of the drugs. This revealed that both drugs were working through the oxytocin system. These findings were validated with the levels of oxytocin being decreased in the knock-out models.
These are still preliminary results, but highlight validity of these models for identifying therapeutic options. Deeper characterization of the mechanism of oxytocin action along with behavior classification is needed to further analyze the effectiveness of this therapy.
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Sarracenia alabamensis subsp. wherryi spring pitchers and flower.
Sarracenia alabamensis spring pitchers. These pitchers will flop and lay on the ground even in full sun.
Sarracenia alabamensis in the fall after most of the spring pitchers have died back and been removed. This plant is a long-lid selection.
S. jonesii fall pitchers showing the typical long lid and throat bulge.
Sarracenia jonesii flower with spring pitchers in the background.
The Sarracenia rubra
complex is currently considered to consist of at least three species and two subspecies: Sarracenia rubra
, Sarracenia rubra
, Sarracenia alabamensis
, Sarracenia alabamensis
, and Sarracenia jonesii
. There is another subspecies in need of a name. These may all be referred to as Sarracenia rubra
subspecies by some authors.
In the wild, the
plants are found
in diverse habitats of the southeastern USA with each species or subspecies found in a different typical habitat and locality.
The pitchers of the Sarracenia rubra subspecies vary in the
size, amount of venation, and color of the pitchers. Spring
pitchers may be rather floppy. Fall pitchers are more robust
and pigmented. Summer pitchers can be intermediate. The flowers
are deep red to maroon and may or may not have an intense rose-like scent. The flowers are relatively small
when compared to other Sarracenia species, but also unlike the other species, it is common
to get multiple flowers per growth point.
Sarracenia rubra subsp. rubra is found in the grassy
coastal plains from southeastern North Carolina to northeastern
Georgia usually along stream and marsh margins. In cultivation,
the plants tend to be small and weedy with
pitchers usually 20 to 30 cm tall. They can reach
45 cm in the wild. They have a narrow mouth width of 1.5
to 2.3 cm. Even with full sun, the pitchers of this subspecies
be quite floppy in the spring.
Sarracenia rubra subsp. gulfensis grows in seepage bogs
and along small streams in northwest Florida. It has very
tall pitchers in the
range of 40 to 60 cm, usually the upper end of that range.
The pitcher mouth is usually 2.4 to 3.5 cm wide.
This subspecies is very much like a very tall and more robust
Sarracenia rubra subsp. rubra although
the spring pitchers are not floppy.
There is a population of Sarracenia rubra in need of proper
classification as a distinct subspecies in the sand hill
seepage bogs at the fall line in
Taylor County, Georgia. The fall line is a transition
zone characterized by a sharp drop in topography resulting
in streams having falls. Many very rare plants are found
in this habitat. In cultivation, the Sarracenia rubra plants
from this location appear to be intermediate
in form between Sarracenia jonesii and
Sarracenia rubra subsp. gulfensis. They have the growth habit and size
of Sarracenia jonesii
without the distinctive taxonomic characters of that species.
The plants are currently nicknamed "Ancestral" because they
are upstream from Sarracenia rubra subsp. gulfensis
and thus potentially an ancestor of that subspecies.
Based on this reasoning, Don Schnell considers the central
Georgia population as Sarracenia rubra subsp. gulfensis until
someone officially publishes a taxonomic description of it.
Sarracenia alabamensis is
found in boggy soils around springs in wooded or shrubby
areas along the fall line in central Alabama. This species
is listed as an endangered species. This species tends to have fine red venation and can have
a copper blush in the upper part of the pitcher. The hood
tends to be yellow and the yellow cast can
extend down the tube. The insides of the pitcher can have
intense red venation. The upper part of the pitchers may
also have faint areoles (light windows) on the back.
The pitchers of this species tend to be the most robust
of the group. They are usually 18 to 49 cm tall with a mouth
width up to 6 cm.
alabamensis subsp. wherryi is found in the coastal plain
in southwestern Alabama. In character it is intermediate
between Sarracenia rubra subsp. rubra and Sarracenia alabamensis.
It has has slightly more robust pitchers and fewer red
veins than Sarracenia rubra subsp. rubra and tends to pick up some of the yellow cast of Sarracenia alabamensis.
The pitchers range 28 to 43 cm tall with a 3.4 to 5.3 cm
Sarracenia jonesii is
found in mountain seepage bogs of North Carolina. It is
listed as an endangered species. This species is found upstream of Sarracenia rubra subsp. rubra
and in many respects is a more robust form of that species.
Its pitchers tend to be on the order of 40 to 60 cm tall
with a mouth width of 3 to 4 cm. It is distinctive
in having a very long hood and neck bulge below the pitcher lip. The upper part of the pitcher
and hood can be coppery in some selections. The species
also has all red and all green
forms. Many of the rare form plants in cultivation are
progeny of stolen plants.
In addition to the problem of stolen plants, it's a violation
of the Federal Endangered Species Act to transport endangered
species across state lines for sale and a violation of
CITES to transport endangered species internationally
without permits for any reason. You might consider these facts before purchasing
or otherwise acquiring Sarracenia jonesii or Sarracenia alabamensis plants
without proper documentation. The ICPS recommends you
keep all information (sales receipts, letters,
etc.) that document your acquisitions of these rare plants
in case you are ever asked by authorities
to prove your plants were obtained legally.
Adult plants of all Sarracenia rubra species group species enjoy
full sun outdoors. They do best in peat/sand soil mixtures.
Make sure you use a large enough
pot as the plants tend not to like being transplanted—they
don't die, they just take a year or two to get back to their
Like other Sarracenia, the species of the Sarracenia rubra complex require seasons
in order to survive long term. Typical summer temperatures
where they grow naturally are in the mid 30's C (90's F).
Winter temperatures can be below freezing at times. However
seedlings make excellent terrarium plants without winter dormancy
for up to two years. The seedlings do tend to be very slow
growing. Adult plants of this species are very dependent
on light and temperature cues to determine when to grow and
what type of leaves to form. The terrarium to outdoor transition
can be difficult. It can take a confused plant a year to
get into seasonal sync. I find the best time to do the transition to a natural light cycle is early winter.
For producing seeds and growing seedlings, you may use the
general guidelines for growing Sarracenia from seed except remember that these species do best in peat mixes.
The plants should always be sitting in pure water when they
are growing. They should be top-watered regularly to maintain
the oxygen levels for the roots and to keep salt levels down
in the soil.
For more information please see:
About Carnivorous Plants: Evolution of the Ericales Carnivores
Growing Sarracenia from Seed
Making Sarracenia Hybrids
Display Sarracenia on your deck
Growing Carnivores in Canada
Dividing Sarracenia Step-by-Step
Sarracenia Rhizome Rot
Schnell, Donald (1982) A Photographic Primer of Variants of Sarracenia rubra Walt.. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 11(2):41-45 (
Mellichamp, T.L. Editor (1987) Descriptions of Sarracenia alabamensis ssp. alabamensis, S. oreophila, S. jonesii. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 16(2):31-36 (
Schnell, D.E. (2002) Carnivorous Plants
of the United States and Canada. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon.
McPherson, S., and Schnell, D. (2011) Sarraceniaceae of North America. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole.
in a greenhouse. Note the weedy nature of the plant.
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| 0.868528 | 1,981 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In response to discussions among members of the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement about whether to describe learning resources as "free", "libre" or "open", this essay clarifies the position of the "libre" camp and outlines the rationale for referring to knowledge and learning resources as "libre" or "free" rather than "open".
We start by building on a decade of debate and experience in the world of free/libre and open source software. Substantial sections of Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software and other essays of opinion Richard Stallman have been copied and adapted with permission.
IntroductionWhen we call a knowledge resource “libre”, or "free", we mean that it respects the users' essential freedoms: the freedom to use the work for any purpose, to study its mechanisms to be able to modify and adapt it to their own needs, to make and distribute copies in whole or in part, and to enhance or extend the work and share the results freely. Free knowledge requires use of free software to access and manipulate the resources which should be stored in free file formats. This is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of “free speech,” not “free beer.”
These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just for the individual users' sake, but because they promote social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even more important as more and more of our culture and life activities are digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, words, other digital resources and electronic social interactions, free software and libre knowledge resources become increasingly equated with freedom in general.
Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software and libre knowledge resources; schools in regions of India, Spain and southern Africa now teach learners to use the free GNU/Linux operating system, and share free knowledge resources such as Wikipedia for Schools and GCompris, while implicitly free knowledge policies are becoming common in prominent OER, Open Access and other educational initiatives (e.g. PLoS, WikiEducator, WikiVersity, Connexions, Le Mill, Kewl, etc.).
In the case of software, most users seldom think about the ethical reasons for which these systems and communities have been built, because today the systems and communities are more often referred to as “open", rather than "free" or "libre", and are attributed to a different philosophy in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned.
Within the open knowledge and education communities, attention tends to be more on the authors' copyright and ownership of resources than the learners' freedom to use them and to engage with the community. This detracts from the intent of most of these initiatives, and leaves them open to threats which could severely undermine the entire movement.
The primary plea of this article is for the "open" initiatives to assess their degree of alignment with the vision for libre knowledge expressed here, and to consider adjusting their terminology to match.
Education and life-long learning are about sharing and generating knowledge. The libre knowledge vision has been expressed as follows:
| Knowledge for all, freedom to learn, towards collective wisdom |
enabling people to empower themselves with knowledge
and to share it for community benefit
When knowledge is shared electronically, the freedom to use, modify (localise), enhance, mix and share, is essential for effective knowledge transfer. Localisation is almost always required.
If you feel some resonance with this vision, and an affinity with the associated culture of cooperation and sharing, then please read on, as it is under threat. A collaborative effort is required to ensure such a free Internet culture."
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| 0.943184 | 762 | 2.765625 | 3 |
April is both STD (sexually transmitted disease) Awareness Month and Sexual Assault Awareness Month. The Center for Health and Learning is dedicated to a comprehensive approach to health and wellbeing. It is important for all youth and young adults to receive education and guidance on the subject of sexuality and the importance of it in relation to overall health and wellbeing.
In the last decade much has been learned about sexuality. There has been an increase in visibility and research about gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, and the language used when referring to gender and sexual orientation.
Gender identity refers to the internal concept of self as being male, female, both or neither. This can be the same or different from sex assigned at birth. Gender expression is the way in which a person expresses their gender identity, typically through their appearance, dress, and behavior which may or may not conform to socially defined behaviors and characteristics typically associated with being either masculine or feminine. Sexual orientation is about who you’re attracted to and want to have relationships with. Sexual orientations include (but are not limited to) gay, lesbian, straight, bisexual, pansexual and asexual.
The Gender Unicorn is a simplified way to teach others on the differences in definitions related to gender and sexuality.
Sexual identity and gender stereotypes persist despite the abundance of information available today. It is important to listen to others regarding the pronouns they use and other descriptive language they go by. Gender identity, gender expression and sexual orientation should never be assumed by looking at someone or based on the way they talk or dress. Respect for the diversity of others can increase mental health and wellbeing for everyone.
There is an increased risk of suicide in those who identify as LGBTQ+. It is important that all youth and young adults receive education on sexuality, so they are better informed about their own sexuality and the sexuality of others. This education can help remove barriers for those who identify as LGBTQ+ also those identifying as straight and cisgender so that they may become an ally for others.
CHL works with various agencies and organizations to ensure sexual health and wellbeing throughout the state of Vermont. This work includes the following:
- Work with the Agency of Education to support the creation of statewide and local School Health Advisory Councils (SHACs), with a focus on promoting school based sexual health promotion and HIV and other STD prevention programs.
- CHL contracted with the Trevor Project to provide a Training of Trainers in Vermont to train a cadre of adults in the Trevor Project CARES suicide prevention program.
- CHL served as the designated agency with the Vermont Department of Health’s HIV/AIDS, STD, and Hepatitis C Program to support a tri-state conference under funding from the Centers for Disease Control.
- Partnering with the Vermont Department of Health, CHL administered the Personal Responsibility Education Program (PREP) training for the multiple grantees that provided this sexual health education program to at-risk youth between the ages of 10 and 19 throughout the state. PREP is an evidence-based curriculum in sexual health and decision-making.
For more information on these programs please visit: https://healthandlearning.org/ourwork/sexualhealth/
It is important that children and youth benefit from a continuum of learning about sexuality and some resources are listed below:
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| 0.952673 | 670 | 3.875 | 4 |
It’s really common to fall prey to colds, the flu and other viral infections when seasons start to change. Even a slight change in weather can lead to a lot of infections and the risk of falling ill. Adults are affected by this too, not just kids. This happens because sudden weather changes can weaken your immune system and make you more susceptible to germs. Since our body needs time to adapt to weather changes, it cannot immediately adjust to the sudden rise and fall in temperature. But with the right precautions, you can keep your immune system strong and healthy. Read on to find out some steps you can take to stay infection free, even when the weather is going out of control.
1. Increase Your Water Intake
It’s no secret that your body immensely benefits from water and hydration seems to be the answer for everything! Dry nasal passages and a dry throat allow bacteria to stick around, which in turn invites several infections. Drinking plenty of water will keep the bacteria at bay and build your immunity against various diseases by flushing out toxins and absorbing nutrients. Make sure to drink eight glasses of water every day, especially when the weather gets hot, and always carry a water bottle with you when going out.
2. Maintain Your Hygiene
Nothing attracts infections like germs and dirt. To stay healthy in changing weather conditions one must take extra care of their hygiene. Keeping your body, especially your hands, clean is extremely important. Wash your hands frequently to prevent the germs from settling and spreading everywhere else. When out and about, make sure to carry a sanitizer with you. Along with this, practice basic hygiene by following these simple steps:
- Take a shower daily
- Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing
- Change clothes if they’ve been soaked in sweat
- Keep your surroundings clean as well.
3. Don’t Skip Exercise
We can never get enough of the many benefits of exercise. Add one more to the list: it can keep you safe from infections as well! Be it something as simple as yoga or a rigorous workout session at the gym; even exercises such as swimming, cycling or taking a walk will help manage stress, which will keep your immune system strong. Don’t just take our word for it! Studies show that physical activity can help prevent or lessen the duration of a cold.
4. Get Enough Sleep
Lack of sleep doesn’t just affect your energy levels and make you dizzy, it also makes you more prone to catching colds and the flu because it weakens your immune system. According to a study, sleep improves the potential ability of some of the body’s immune cells to attach to their targets. Getting a good night’s sleep will allow your body to rest and repair, which will strengthen your immune system and eliminate toxins.
5. Watch Your Diet
Every season brings with it a lot of new, seasonal foods. But when the weather keeps changing it can be tricky to pick the right ones. This is when you should stick only to the healthier options. Increase you vitamin intake by incorporating fruits and vegetables that are high in vitamin C, such as oranges, papayas, lemons, pineapples and broccoli. They help to boost the immunity of the body and help fight various infections in the body. Also, as tragic as it is, avoid eating food from outside and stick to homemade meals whenever you can.
6. Start Using Rose Water
Rose water has always been beneficial for the skin, but when the weather changes, it becomes a must! It has powerful antiseptic properties and can prompt the creation of histamines by the immune system, which prevent and treat infections. Plus, who doesn’t want to smell like a bouquet of flowers?
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| 0.950886 | 784 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Boy in the Striped Pyjamas - Chapter 1
August 06, 2015
Chapter 1: "Boy in the striped Pyjamas Introduction" - Chapter 1
- An introduction to the novel, including a consideration of publisher's differnt cover choices and questions on chapter 1.
Resources others found helpful
This section explains what specific learning disorders are and describes some of their key features
This resource gives us a general overview of dyslexia and is a useful starting point for those who want to learn more about it.
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| 0.917714 | 106 | 3.109375 | 3 |
|Harvey Milk Day|
| Harvey Milk Day |
Harvey Milk Day logo
|Observed by||California, LGBT community and local municipalities|
|Related to||Harvey Milk and Harvey Milk Foundation|
California Day of Special SignificanceEdit
In California, Harvey Milk Day is recognized by the state's government as a day of special significance for public schools. The day was established by the California legislature and signed into law by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2009 following the success of the award-winning feature film Milk retracing Milk's life.
See also Edit
- ↑ Equality California: Legislature Approves Harvey Milk Day. Commondreams.org (2008-08-05). Retrieved on 2013-12-05.
- ↑ Kristin Weigle, Harvey Milk Day: Chapter 626 Gives a Controversial Figure's Birthday Special Significance for California Public Schools, 41 McGeorge Law Review 558 (2010)
- ↑ Thompson, Don. "Schwarzenegger creates day honoring Harvey Milk", October 12, 2009.
- ↑ Tran, Mark. "Arnold Schwarzenegger signs law establishing Harvey Milk Day: California governor's move honours Harvey Milk, gay politician shot dead in 1978", The Guardian, Guardian News and Media Limited, October 13, 2009. Retrieved on 2010-11-06.
- ↑ "Gay Rights Activist Milk Honoured", BBC News, United Kingdom: BBC, October 12, 2009.
|This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Harvey Milk Day. The list of authors can be seen in the . As with LGBT Info, the text of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0.|
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| 0.831289 | 354 | 2.71875 | 3 |
How crop protection and plant nutrition benefits potato yield
Healthy, productive potato crops require careful planning and care at key points throughout the growing season.
Syngenta and Yara, two industry leaders in research and development, will this season provide farmers with tips and advice as a resource available in select publications and free online.
“Sustainable crop production practices that increase nutrient use efficiency, reduce the impacts of weeds, insects and diseases - while preserving soil structure - ultimately support grower profitability,” Syngenta Product Lead for Potatoes, Peter Werbenec said.
“The strategic use of the right type and quantity of fertiliser, alongside the right crop protection technology, should be considered industry best-practice.”
This grower resource draws upon the significant knowledge of Yara and Syngenta’s technical teams, through years of work in the field.
“The role nutrition plays in crop growth, yield and quality are well known,” Yara Agronomy and Crop Solutions Manager David McRae said.
“However, mineral nutrition also has additional and often unexpected effects on plants by altering chemical composition, resulting in an increase or decrease in resistance or tolerance to pathogens and pests.”
The resource will be delivered in four parts. The following is an overview of the series.
Optimising the nutritional needs of potatoes is a challenge as the plant has a relatively sparse, shallow root system.
High and low soil temperatures can also reduce root growth rates and development.
This can limit access to nutrients, particularly immobile nutrients such as phosphorus and zinc. It can also increase effects of soil borne diseases.
Syngenta Technical Solutions Lead Scott Matthew said the strategic use of the right type and quantity of fertiliser, alongside the right fungicide, should be considered best practice.
“Like many soil-borne diseases, Rhizoctonia spp. is a relatively weak pathogen,” he said.
“They penetrate the young, succulent tissue of germinating tubers and reduce early growth and vigour.”
“Having good supplies of phosphorus and zinc will support general root development and health and, as we know, an actively growing, healthy plant is better able to resist these pathogens.”
Establishing a healthy leaf canopy is essential for high yielding potatoes.
Potatoes are a rich source of carbohydrate in our diets, but that energy must be produced over a short period.
A good crop canopy size and leaf health are required to intercept sun light and absorb CO2, driving the production of plant energy.
Once the new shoots emerge from the soil, the developing leaves become the primary source of carbohydrate production. The importance, or contribution, of the mother tuber drops significantly.
Good early leaf development is important for establishing a healthy leaf canopy.
It also plays an important role in weed and disease management, as shading of the ground helps to reduce weed germination and reduces the distribution of disease such as early blight (Alternaria solani) from rain drop splash.
Balanced fertiliser programs support healthy canopy development. As the plant grows, the whole canopy must be managed to maintain an effective carbohydrate factory.
The combination of adequate nutrient supply and a protective fungicide application strategy works together to manage diseases and maximise plant health.
“Nutrients increase the plant’s own ability to fight-off disease. Nutrients can maximise the inherent defence of plants, facilitate disease escape through increased nutrient availability or stimulated plant growth and alter the external environment to influence survival, germination and penetration of pathogens,” David said.
“Here it becomes important to select and use of the right type and quantity of fertiliser at the right time.”
The value of a quality, preventative fungicide application is that it affords the plant protection beyond what nutrition alone can deliver.
Unlocking plant potential begins at planting and continues throughout the life of the crop.
Pre-row closure is a ‘last chance’ to help the potato crop, as it moves into the tuber bulking phase, and achieve the desired market specifications.
Applying a quality fungicide prior to row closure is critical for controlling a disease like target spot and helps to retain green leaf area, protecting the plant’s photosynthetic potential, which is important to tuber bulking.
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Grumman Aerospace Corporation - A premier Developer of Military and Commercial Aircraft and Aviation Parts
Interested in History of Grumman Aerospace Corporation :
Grumman Aerospace Corporation, formerly Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, was one of the leading manufacturers of aircraft and aviation parts for both commercial and military applications. It was founded in 1929 by Leroy Grumman and employed up to 23,000 people. Leroy Grumman was the largest investor out of all the partners, which included Edmund Ward Poor, William Schwendler, Jake Swirbul, and Clint Towl. They all originally worked for Loening Aircraft Engineering Corporation in the 1920s until it was bought out by Keystone Aircraft Corporation. The company, named after Grumman because of his controlling interest, began business in 1930 and began supplying parts to the US Navy. In 1994, Northrop Corporation acquired Grumman and formed Northrop Grumman, by which it is known today.
The first aircraft developed by Grumman was the Grumman FF-1, which was used by the US Navy. The company became well known for the F4F Wildcat, F6F Hellcat, and other types of Navy fighter aircraft during World War II. It also produced the Grumman F7F Tigercat and the Grumman F8F Bearcat, which were not as well known. The gross value of their wartime military contracts allowed them to be ranked 22nd among all US companies. Later on, they were involved in developing manned spacecraft during the space race era and are involved today in the production of business and commercial aircraft. In addition, Grumman also produces the Grumman LLV and Grumman Olson, which you may recognize as the USPS and UPS truck you see regularly.
Interested in Best Quote for Your Need:
ASAP Semiconductor is a Wholesale Distributor of Northrop Grumman products and either stocks or has the capability of obtaining any demand you have for Grumman parts. Contact us today for a quote.
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Ebers papyrus, Egyptian compilation of medical texts dated about 1550 bc,
one of the oldest known medical works. The scroll contains 700 magical formulas and folk remedies meant to cure afflictions ranging from crocodile bite to toenail pain and to rid the house of such pests as flies, rats, and scorpions. It also includes a surprisingly accurate description of the circulatory system, noting the existence of blood vessels throughout the body and the heart’s function as centre of the blood supply. The Ebers papyrus was acquired by George Maurice Ebers, German Egyptologist and novelist, in 1873.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen, Corrections Manager.
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Health care costs in the United States are higher than in any other OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) country, of which there are thirty.
By quite a lot.
Use of most health services, however, are lower in the US than elsewhere.
There are several factors as to why costs are higher, but as a 2002 study concluded, “it’s the prices, stupid”.
Health Care Cost Discrepancy
Apart from Medicare and Medicaid for which the government negotiates prices for services, the nature of the free market economy is truer no where else than in the realm of health care services. For goods such as medical equipment and pharmaceuticals, manufacturers and retailers set the prices as in any other industry and can boast a 20 percent profit margin–an extraordinary feat. In the case of pharmaceuticals especially, marketing plays an important role in its sales-driven strategy and one often wonders if they are really in the business of making people’s lives better at all or selling widgets at the highest price the market will bear, like everyone else.
When it comes to medical care services, costs in the US are exceedingly higher than in other countries; the average price for an office visit in the US is $68 compared to $11 in Spain, an angioplasty is $16,533 versus $7,564 in France. Other countries in OECD have market economies–so why the big discrepancy in price? In other countries, prices are negotiated and set, either by government (e.g., Britain and Canada) or between insurers and providers (e.g., Germany and Japan). In the US, providers set a schedule of fees that can differ from insurer to insurer with a separate (higher) price for uninsured people.
Consumers Pay Whatever The Cost Because, Well, They Have no Choice.
Some argue that part of US health care costs is research and development, which is definitely worth funding. Tom Sackville of the International Federation of Health Plans (IFHP) gives us the bright side of the overpriced equation:
“We [the rest of the world] end up with the benefits of your investment. You’re subsidizing the rest of the world by doing the front-end research.”
The hole in that reasoning is that the amount spent on health care innovation doesn’t account for the vast difference in price between the US and other countries. Additionally, what US consumers spend on health care is money not spent on other necessities like education and infrastructure–and sometimes food.
The thing about health care is that when you need it, you need it. Whatever it costs to fix your broken arm or to fill the prescription for your child’s ear infection or perform bypass surgery for your mother–that’s what you will pay. This fact puts the providers in the driver’s seat. It’s a sad state of affairs and one that can be revamped but it’s not at the top of anyone’s list of priorities right now. People are still getting used to “Obamacare”. The ailing domestic economy and world events are taking precedence. Many Americans may even think that there is no other way in a capitalist economy to set prices for anything, including health care. Other countries’ models show otherwise.
The health care reform act of 2010 requires greater transparency when it comes to the prices charged by providers but has no provisions for reducing them.
Simply cutting prices for health care isn’t the entire solution; even if you cut cost, with overall health care use increasing every year, any savings achieved through reducing price would be eventually overcome by sheer volume. But it would be a start.
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Surrogacy, a type of assisted reproductive technology (ART) where a woman carries to term, the child of an intend parent or parents, is a topic awash in controversy and debate due to the fact that the market is highly unregulated when it comes to laws and regulations. Currently, there are no internationally recognized or sanctioned surrogacy laws, leaving each country, state and province to form and regulate its own rules and opinions on the matter. Exacerbating the controversy is the issue of ethics – whether or not surrogacy exploits women and their reproductive systems, and whether reproduction and children should be rendered as commodities and services.
Currently, it can be implied that the United States is one of the more surrogacy friendly countries though this is restricted to certain states. Some states allow both compensated and altruistic surrogacy contracts while other states like Oregon and Washington only allow altruistic surrogacy; and some states like California don’t regulate surrogacy practices at all while other states like New York prohibits surrogacy altogether and will issue fines to those that enter into such agreements.
In Canada – except for the Quebec province – the Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA) only sanctions altruistic surrogacy meaning that aside from reimbursing the surrogate for approved expenses, any other form of monetary compensation is illegal.
In sharp contrast, Europe enforces strict limitations on surrogacy arrangements, with each country’s government enforcing their own rules. For example, countries such as Italy, France, Spain and Germany currently outlaw all types of surrogacy, whereas countries like Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium and the Czech Republic have no formal legislation that recognizes surrogacy, resulting in many potential legal complications, especially when it comes to the parentage of the child.
In the United Kingdom, altruistic surrogacy is legal but only for its citizens while Portugal allows altruistic only for heterosexual couples with medical issues. Ukraine and Russia are currently some of the few European countries that allow both local citizens and foreigners to pay for surrogacy.
Surrogacy in Asia is a hotbed for controversy as poorer countries have become prime destinations for unregulated and unsanctioned surrogacy arrangements. This has further fueled the argument for surrogacy to be banned as anti-surrogacy advocates believe that such arrangements “turns babies into commodities and women into factories.”
Countries like Cambodia who previously approved of commercial surrogacy banned it in 2016 because its Health Ministry found too many complications regarding the babies born from surrogate mothers to non-Cambodian intended parents. The government introduced an “exit strategy” in April 2017 for such cases, which required intended parents to identify themselves to the government before they could potentially exit the country via Vietnam.
Other Asian countries such as India are proposing a ban on commercial surrogacy due to pressure from human rights groups protesting about how the $2.3 billion industry is putting India’s vulnerable women at risk for exploitation. Altruistic surrogacy may still be possible but only for heterosexual couples with proven infertility issues.
In conclusion, if you’re seeking surrogacy options abroad, you should read up on the surrogacy laws of that country and what the legal complications and requirements are regarding you as the intended parent, the surrogate mother and parentage of the future child.
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Contact: Joshua Brown
University of Vermont
Caption: Despite their heavy armor and fearsome jaws, alligator snapping turtles have been decimated by habitat destruction, overharvesting, illegal pet trade, water pollution and other assaults. New research by scientists in Florida and at the University of Vermont shows that these ancient reptiles -- with fossil records going back fifteen million years -- are more endangered than previously realized: their remaining populations are actually three different species.
Credit: Michael C. Granatosky
Usage Restrictions: With associated article
Related news release: Two new US turtle species described
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Although chia seeds haven’t received nearly the amount of media attention as other potent “super foods” being promoted today, that doesn’t mean they’re new to the scene. In fact, these powerful seeds have been a vital food source for thousands of years, due to the widespread recognition of the nutrition and energy benefits they provide.
Mayan Adoption of Chia Seeds
Though there is some evidence to suggest that chia seeds were cultivated and harvested as early as 3,500 BC, one of the first cultures to record its use of these plants was the Mayans, whose civilization began to grow around 300 AD. This culture, which was based around the areas now known as Honduras, Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador, represented an ideal climate for the production of chia seeds, though it’s unclear whether the plant was native to the area or introduced from another culture.
Because of the known invigorating properties of the chia seed, the Mayan word for the plant can actually be translated as “strength”. That the current Mexican state of Chiapas (literally meaning, “River of Chia”) is named after this plant further cements the understanding that the Mayan culture made extensive use of the chia plant and its seeds for its nutritional and medicinal purposes.
Use in Aztec Cultures
The next culture to record its use of chia seeds was the Aztecs. Specific references to the plant can be found in the Mendoza and Florentine codices, both of which attempt to capture the history and daily lifestyles of these indigenous peoples, and include details on ruling clans, war victories and standard diets for seemingly educational purposes.
These codices were produced between 1540 and 1585, with the Mendoza Codex in particular making reference to the widespread cultivation and use of chia seeds in 21 of the 38 Aztec states at this time. The particular climate and ecosystem of the former Aztec lands (now areas of Mexico) were well-suited to grow chia plants on a large scale. Because the city contained large bodies of water, mats made of tree bark would be floated on the lakes and covered in soil, allowing the chia plants to sip from the water below.
Because of this ingenious method of cultivation, some historians suggest that chia seeds could have been as widely used throughout the Aztec cultures as maize, the historic predecessor to modern day corn. In this culture, chia seeds were used “as-is”, in beverages or ground into powder, which could then be used in food production, in body paints or in medicines. Based on information found in the codices referenced earlier, it’s known that the Aztecs used chia seeds to treat wounds, constipation and colds – all of which could have startling implications for medicine today.
But beyond simply being a food source, chia seeds may have also played a role in currency systems, religious ceremonies and athletic training. For example, it’s known that the Aztecs – a warring, colonizing culture – used chia seeds to both sustain warriors on long conquests and as a form of “tribute” required of the tribes they conquered. All of this represents quite a legacy for something that’s only recently been reintroduced to our culture!
Chia Seed Usage Today
But despite widespread use of the chia plant and chia seeds throughout these two long-lasting civilizations, their usage was largely suppressed following the conquering of Mexico by the Spanish – at which time, many cultural elements of the Aztecs (including artistic endeavors, dietary systems and other lifestyle aspects) were stamped out in order to impose a Spanish way of life.
Because of this, the use of chia seeds in Aztec food systems was largely replaced by European grains and vegetables – a state that persisted for many years, until the Northwestern Argentina Regional Project reintroduced the formerly popular chia seed. To this day, chia seeds are still not well known throughout Europe, while these powerful little kernels are only starting to gain acknowledgement and acceptance throughout North America.
However, the popularity of the chia seed is growing. Despite being nearly wiped out in the past by Spanish colonists, chia plants have regained their former status as a major commercial crop in Mexico, Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador and Guatemala (surprisingly, though, the world’s largest chia producer, as of 2008, was actually Australia).
In addition, as of 2009, chia seeds were approved as a “novel food” by the European Union. As a result of this ruling, chia seeds can now be used in commercial bread products, as long as they don’t represent more than 5% of a finished product’s total matter.
Though there’s no telling how widespread this powerful crop will ultimately be, there’s no doubt that the chia plant and its nutritionally beneficial seeds have the potential to dramatically improve the health and well-being of any country that’s willing to invest in its production in the future.
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Val Zavala: My dad died with Alzheimer’s, and that’s one of the reasons I joined the board of the local Alzheimer’s Association. But even I didn’t realize that the physical causes of Alzheimer’s start developing in the brain 20 years before the first symptoms even show up. Then I heard at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, there’s a renowned surgeon – a neurosurgeon – who’s developing a simple, noninvasive test that can possibly detect Alzheimer’s early. Can you imagine how incredible that could be? His name is Dr. Keith Black. Dr. Black and his colleagues know how important it is to be able to detect Alzheimer’s early.
Dr. Keith Black: By the time someone actually develops symptoms with Alzheimer’s disease, by the time they get memory loss and cognitive decline and behavior problems, they’ve already lost 40 percent of their brain cells.
Val Zavala: So how does the test work? Well, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s is the destructive plaque that develops slowly in the brain. The problem is, it’s invisible in live patients. Until now. They key? These little yellow capsules.
Dr. Keith Black: We’ve discovered that a special naturally occurring compound called curcumin, which is the active ingredient in the Indian spice curry or turmeric, actually binds to these abnormal plaques. This curcumin has a natural fluorescence. So what we do is that we’re able to detect this fluorescence when it binds to the plaques and the retina with a special modified retina scan.
Val Zavala: In other words, a simple spice extract adheres to the plaque and can be seen with a retinal camera, similar to the kind ophthalmologists use.
Dr. Keith Black: And the beauty of that is the eye is the window to the brain. So when you look through the eye, you’re looking at the brain.
Val Zavala: The retinal scans look like this.
Dr. Keith Black: All of these spots are essentially these plaques that are the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease that we can see. So it’s very easy for the patient. We’re given three days of pills, curcumin that they can just take in a chocolate pudding. This gets into the blood, then it goes to the brain, binds to the plaques then we can see these plaques fluoresce if they are present in the retina.
Val Zavala: Dr. Black and his colleagues Yusef and Maya Coronio will be presenting the results of their research at a conference this July. But how did a neurosurgeon get interested in Alzheimer’s? Well for Dr. Black, it was very personal. His mother developed the disease.
Val Zavala: How long did your mother have the disease? 10 years she lived with it?
Dr. Keith Black: About 10 years. Because you don’t really die of Alzheimer’s disease, you die of complications. Because we could give her really good care, she didn’t die of any of the complications so she lasted a very long time. This is a very difficult disease. Not only for the patient - because after the disease becomes advanced - the patient becomes apathetic to the disease. But really more so the toll it has on the family and loved ones.
Val Zavala: But would people really be willing to take a test that could deliver such bad news? Susan Galeas is executive director of the southland chapter of the Alzheimer’s Association. About how many calls do you get?
Susan Galeas: Last year we received almost 10,000 calls.
Val Zavala: So a lot of people would say I don’t want to learn that I have Alzheimer’s, and yet there are some benefits. What are the benefits of knowing early on, that you’ve got Alzheimer’s?
Susan Galeas: If you can learn that you are faced with this disease earlier in the disease process, it allows you as an individual to become personally involved in planning for your future, in your family’s future. To potentially take medication that will delay the progression of the symptoms and get involved in clinical trials. There are a lot of clinical trials taking place here in Southern California.
Val Zavala: Gary and Lisa Bricker are facing an unnerving future. Gary is in the early stages of Alzheimer’s. He was a real estate attorney until his memory started slipping.
Val Zavala: So what was one of the first signs that gave you some indication that something was wrong?
Lisa Bricker: One day, he was to meet his boss and they were going to be going to Anaheim together and he got lost on the way to his house.
Val Zavala: Do you remember this incident?
Gary Bricker: Oh yeah. And it wasn’t the big boss, but it was the guy who was above me. And I had been to his house a couple of times, and I made the wrong turn. As a result of that, by the time I got to his house, he had had to leave.
Val Zavala: He lost that job and then another. Lisa and Gary spent about five years confused and stressed.
Lisa Bricker: We were like in quicksand and it was affecting our relationship and we couldn’t even have a conversation.
Val Zavala: Then finally, at a presentation on dementia, they realized what Gary had.
Gary Bricker: I realized oh my god. You know. This is what I have. And oh, expletive. And there’s no cure.
Val Zavala: How much a difference would it have been if you could have been diagnosed earlier? If say, five years earlier?
Lisa Bricker: For us, I think early diagnosis would have really helped us plan financially huge. Because we would have made...instead of flailing and reacting and wondering what the heck was going on, we would have made other plans. Gary and Lisa have started a nonprofit called Alzheimer’s Across America to help others get help sooner and Gary writes a blog on their website.
Gary Bricker: It’s just really weird – this human condition. That is, one day you feel like a million bucks, and the next, you feel like you fell into a deep well.
Val Zavala: They’re also very active with the Alzheimer’s Association and Gary wants to volunteer for clinical trials.
Gary Bricker: Right now, I’m on disability. I’m on social security disability. That’s what I’m doing. I feel like I’m part of the problem, not part of the solution. And I want to be part of the solution.
Lisa Bricker: What was the hardest thing was that we didn’t know, so we weren’t talking about it. And now as soon as we knew, it was like…oh I have to tell one friend, and I have to tell five. And at first, he didn’t want to talk about it.
Gary Bricker: Well at first I didn’t want to. Because it’s the denial thing. And so then I finally said, “go ahead.”
Lisa Bricker: But the more he talked about it, the better we felt. He has seen the results of that as well.
Val Zavala: Dr. Black says by the time we reach 85, a stunning 47 percent of us will have Alzheimer’s. But a simple non-invasive test to detect Alzheimer’s early could mean millions could get treatment sooner. And even if it’s not a cure, it might not have to be. For people like Gary and Lisa, just delaying the symptoms could be a sweet victory.
- Your Turn To Care Dementia and Alzheimer's
What if a compound from a common spice could help detect Alzheimer's in patients? A team at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is developing a test that could make early detection possible, and a first step for the patient would be taking pills derived from curcumin, which is found in turmeric, an ingredient often used in Indian curries.
Knowing earlier than later would be helpful to patients. Gary Bricker was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s at the age of 63 in 2012, but during the years leading up to his diagnosis, Bricker’s relationship with his wife suffered immensely. To add to the stress, Bricker -- a former real estate attorney -- ended up losing two jobs.
Shortly after his diagnosis, Bricker and his wife Lisa decided to launch AlzAcrossAmerica, a nonprofit organization that hopes to provide resources and a support network to those affected by the disease. (And for information on clinical trials, check out TrialMatch at the Alzheimer's Association).
In this exclusive "SoCal Connected" report, Val Zavala discusses early Alzheimer's detection, and what this means for families who are hoping to plan for health situations in advance.
6 Steps to Preventing Alzheimer's
KCET's "Your Turn to Care" reported on Alzheimer's and dementia extensively two years ago. In the below video, Dr. Gary Small, author of "The Alzheimer's Prevention Program," gives some tips:
Featuring Interviews With:
- Dr. Keith Black, chairman, neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- Gary Bricker, founder of AlzAcrossAmerica
- Susan Galeas, executive director, southland chapter of Alzheimer's Association
- Lisa Bricker, founder of AlzAcrossAmerica
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Also known as miliaria, heat rash affects us all in hot, humid weather. This time of year, it is one of the most talked about skin conditions that we see at Skin Wellness Center of Alabama. So what makes those the little blisters and bumps pop up at the end of a day in the sun? Occluded sweat glands.
When our pores get blocked or full, perspiration is trapped under the skin. Instead of evaporating, perspiration causes inflammation and rash. This can happen from wearing tight, non-breathable fabrics in the sun; from sweating profusely; or from applying thick, heavy moisturizers or sunscreens. Friction will make it worse. Adults often find heat rash in folds of skin and in places where clothing rubs on perspiring skin.
An infant’s sweat ducts are not fully developed, which means they are particularly susceptible to heat rash. In infants, heat rash is found most often in the neck, shoulders, armpits and creases of the elbow.
We advise our patients that heat rash will typically clear up on its own. More severe symptoms may benefit from topical treatments or steroids. If your heat rash occurs in a deeper level of the skin, it will feel prickly or itchy. Sometimes called “prickly heat,” it should still subside within a few days.
If your symptoms persist or include increased pain and swelling, fever, or swollen lymph nodes, we recommend you make an appointment to see a physician. This could be folliculitis, which involves bacteria and hair follicles and will need treatment to prevent staph build-up.
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- Be able to describe management by objectives.
- Be able to describe the Balanced Scorecard.
- Understand the evolution of performance measurement systems.
As you might expect, organizations use a variety of measurement approaches—that is, how they go about setting and managing goals and objectives. If you have an understanding of how the use of these approaches has evolved, starting with management by objectives (MBO), you will also have a much better view of how and why the current incarnations, as seen by variations on the Balanced Scorecard, have many desirable features.
Management by Objectives
MBO is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources. MBO aims to increase organizational performance by aligning the subordinate objectives throughout the organization with the overall goals that management has set. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion, and so on. MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives.
MBO was first outlined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in The Practice of Management. One of Drucker’s core ideas in MBO was where managers should focus their time and energy. According to Drucker, effective MBO managers focus on the result, not the activity. They delegate tasks by “negotiating a contract of objectives” with their subordinates and by refraining from dictating a detailed road map for implementation. MBO is about setting goals and then breaking these down into more specific objectives or key results. MBO involves (1) setting company-wide goals derived from corporate strategy, (2) determining team- and department-level goals, (3) collaboratively setting individual-level goals that are aligned with corporate strategy, (4) developing an action plan, and (5) periodically reviewing performance and revising goals (Greenwood, 1981; Muczyk & Reimann, 1989; Reif & Bassford, 1975). A review of the literature shows that 68 out of the 70 studies conducted on this topic showed performance gains as a result of MBO implementation (Rodgers & Hunter, 1991). It also seems that top management commitment to the process is the key to successful implementation of MBO programs (Rodgers, et. al., 1993).
The broader principle behind MBO is to make sure that everybody within the organization has a clear understanding of the organization’s goals, as well as awareness of their own roles and responsibilities in achieving objectives that will help to attain those goals. The complete MBO system aims to get managers and empowered employees acting to implement and achieve their plans, which automatically achieves the organization’s goals.
In MBO systems, goals and objectives are written down for each level of the organization, and individuals are given specific aims and targets. As consultants Robert Heller and Tim Hindle explain, “The principle behind this is to ensure that people know what the organization is trying to achieve, what their part of the organization must do to meet those aims, and how, as individuals, they are expected to help. This presupposes that organization’s programs and methods have been fully considered. If they have not, start by constructing team objectives and ask team members to share in the process (Heller & Hindle, 1998).”
Echoing Drucker’s philosophy, “the one thing an MBO system should provide is focus; most people disobey this rule, try to focus on everything, and end up with no focus at all,” says Andy Grove, who ardently practiced MBO at Intel. This implies that objectives are precise and few in effective MBO systems.
Similarly, for MBO to be effective, individual managers must understand the specific objectives of their job and how those objectives fit in with the overall company goals set by the board of directors. As Drucker wrote, “A manager’s job should be based on a task to be performed in order to attain the company’s goals…the manager should be directed and controlled by the objectives of performance rather than by his boss (Drucker, 1974).” The managers of an organization’s various units, subunits, or departments should know not only the objectives of their unit but should also actively participate in setting these objectives and make responsibility for them. The review mechanism enables the organization’s leaders to measure the performance of the managers who report to them, especially in the key result areas: marketing, innovation, human organization, financial resources, physical resources, productivity, social responsibility, and profit requirements.
Seeking a Balance: The Move Away from MBO
In recent years, opinion has moved away from placing managers into a formal, rigid system of objectives. In the 1990s, Drucker decreased the significance of this organization management method when he said, “It’s just another tool. It is not the great cure for management inefficiency (Drucker, 1986).” Recall also that goals and objectives, when managed well, are tied in with compensation and promotion. In 1975, Steve Kerr published his critical management article titled, “On the Folly of Rewarding A, While Hoping for B,” in which he lambasted the rampant disconnect between reward systems and strategy (Kerr, 1975). Some of the common management reward follies suggested by Kerr and others are summarized in the following table. His criticism included the objective criteria characteristic of most MBO systems. Kerr went on to lead GE’s human resources function in the mid-1970’s and is credited with turning that massive organization’s recruiting, reward, and retention systems into one of its key sources of competitive advantage.
Even though formal MBO programs have been out of favor since the late 1980s and early 1990s, linking employee goals to company-wide goals is a powerful idea that benefits organizations. This is where the Balanced Scorecard and other performance management systems come into play.
The Balanced Scorecard
Developed by Robert Kaplan and David Norton in 1992, the Balanced Scorecard approach to management has gained popularity worldwide since the 1996 release of their text, The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action. In 2001, the Gartner Group estimated that at least 40% of all Fortune 1000 companies were using Balanced Scorecard; however, it can be complex to implement, so it is likely that the format of its usage varies widely across firms.
The Balanced Scorecard is a framework designed to translate an organization’s mission and vision statements and overall business strategy into specific, quantifiable goals and objectives and to monitor the organization’s performance in terms of achieving these goals. Among other criticisms of MBO, one was that it seemed disconnected from a firm’s strategy, and one of Balanced Scorecard’s innovations is explicit attention to vision and strategy in setting goals and objectives. Stemming from the idea that assessing performance through financial returns only provides information about how well the organization did prior to the assessment, the Balanced Scorecard is a comprehensive approach that analyzes an organization’s overall performance in four ways, so that future performance can be predicted and proper actions taken to create the desired future.
Four Related Areas
Balanced Scorecard shares several common features. First, as summarized in the following figure, it spells out goals and objectives for the subareas of customers, learning and growth, internal processes, and financial performance. The customer area looks at customer satisfaction and retention. Learning and growth explore the effectiveness of management in terms of measures of employee satisfaction and retention and information system performance. The internal area looks at production and innovation, measuring performance in terms of maximizing profit from current products and following indicators for future productivity. Finally, financial performance, the most traditionally used performance indicator, includes assessments of measures such as operating costs and return-on-investment.
On the basis of how the organization’s strategy is mapped out in terms of customer, learning, internal, and financial goals and objectives, specific measures, and the specific activities for achieving those are defined as well. This deeper Balanced Scorecard logic is summarized in the following figure. The method examines goals, objectives, measures, and activities in four areas. When performance measures for areas such as customer relationships, internal processes, and learning and growth are added to the financial metrics, proponents of the Balanced Scorecard argue that the result is not only a broader perspective on the company’s health and activities, it’s also a powerful organizing framework. It is a sophisticated instrument panel for coordinating and fine-tuning a company’s operations and businesses so that all activities are aligned with its strategy.
As a structure, Balanced Scorecard breaks broad goals down successively into objectives, measures, and tactical activities. As an example of how the method might work, an organization might include in its mission or vision statement a goal of maintaining employee satisfaction (for instance, the mission statement might say something like “our employees are our most valuable asset”). This would be a key part of the organization’s mission but would also provide an “internal” target area for that goal in the Balanced Scorecard. Importantly, this goal, when done correctly, would also be linked to the organization’s total strategy where other parts of the scorecard would show how having great employees provides economic, social, and environmental returns. Strategies for achieving that human resources vision might include approaches such as increasing employee-management communication. Tactical activities undertaken to implement the strategy could include, for example, regularly scheduled meetings with employees. Finally, metrics could include quantifications of employee suggestions or employee surveys.
The Balanced Scorecard in Practice
In practice, the Balanced Scorecard is supposed to be more than simply a framework for thinking about goals and objectives, but even in that narrow sense, it is a helpful organizing framework. The Balanced Scorecard’s own inventors “rightly insist that every company needs to dig deep to discover and track the activities that truly affect the frameworks’ broad domains (domains such as ‘financial,’ ‘customer,’ ‘internal business processes,’ and ‘innovation and learning’) (Ittner & Larcker, 2003).” In its broadest scope, where the scorecard operates much like a map of the firm’s vision, mission, and strategy, the Balanced Scorecard relies on four processes to bind short-term activities to long-term objectives:
- Translating the vision. By relying on measurement, the scorecard forces managers to come to agreement on the metrics they will use to translate their lofty visions into everyday realities.
- Communicating and linking. When a scorecard is disseminated up and down the organizational chart, strategy becomes a tool available to everyone. As the high-level scorecard cascades down to individual business units, overarching strategic objectives and measures are translated into objectives and measures appropriate to each particular group. Tying these targets to individual performance and compensation systems yields “personal scorecards.” Thus, individual employees understand how their own productivity supports the overall strategy.
- Business planning. Most companies have separate procedures (and sometimes units) for strategic planning and budgeting. Little wonder, then, that typical long-term planning is, in the words of one executive, where “the rubber meets the sky.” The discipline of creating a Balanced Scorecard forces companies to integrate the two functions, thereby ensuring that financial budgets indeed support strategic goals. After agreeing on performance measures for the four scorecard perspectives, companies identify the most influential “drivers” of the desired outcomes and then set milestones for gauging the progress they make with these drivers.
- Feedback and learning. By supplying a mechanism for strategic feedback and review, the Balanced Scorecard helps an organization foster a kind of learning often missing in companies: the ability to reflect on inferences and adjust theories about cause-and-effect relationships.
Other Peformance Measurement Systems
You can imagine that it might be difficult for organizations to change quickly from something like MBO to a Balanced Scorecard approach. Indeed, both MBO and the Balanced Scorecard fit in the larger collection of tools called performance management systems. Such systems outline “the process through which companies ensure that employees are working towards organizational goals (Ghorpade & Chen, 1995).”
Performance management begins with a senior manager linking his or her goals and objectives to the strategic goals of the organization. The manager then ensures that direct reports develop their goals in relation to the organization’s overall goals. In a multidivisional or multilocation organization, lower-level managers develop their goals, and thus their departmental goals, to correspond to the organizational goals. Staff members within each department then develop their objectives for the year, in cooperation with their managers. Using this pattern for planning, all activities, goals, and objectives for all employees should be directly related to the overall objectives of the larger organization.
Performance management systems are more than the performance review because reviews typically are the final event in an entire year of activity. At the beginning of the year, the manager and employee discuss the employee’s goals or objectives for the year. This will form the basis for ongoing discussion recorded in a document called the performance plan. The manager assists employees in developing their objectives by helping them to understand how their work relates to the department goals and the overall goals of the organization. The employee and manager also should work together to determine the measurements for evaluating each of the objectives. It is important that both the manager and employee agree what the objectives are and how they are to be measured.
Employees should not be set up with unrealistic expectations, which will only lead to a sense of failure. If additional support or education is required during the year to help employees meet their objectives, those can also be identified and planned for at this time.
The performance plan will contain the section on goals or objectives. It also should include a section that identifies the organization’s expectations of employee competencies. The set of expectations will involve a range of competencies applicable to employees based on their level in the organization. These competencies include expectations of how employees deal with problems, how proactive they are with respect to changing work, and how they interact with internal and external customers. While less complex than the Balanced Scorecard, you can see how the essential components are related. In addition to basic behavioral traits, supervisors and managers are expected to exhibit leadership and, more senior still, provide vision and strategic direction. It is important to ensure that employees understand these competencies in respect to themselves.
Throughout the year, the supervisor must participate actively in coaching and assisting all employees to meet their individual goals and objectives. Should a problem arise—either in the way that success is being measured or in the nature of the objectives set at the beginning of the year—it can be identified well in advance of any review, and adjustments to the goals or support for the employee can be provided. This is referred to as continual assessment.
For example, suppose a staff member predicted that he or she would complete a particular project by a particular date, yet they have encountered problems in receiving vital information from another department. Through active involvement in staff activities, the supervisor is made aware of the situation and understands that the employee is intimidated by the supervisor they must work with in the other department. With coaching, the employee develops a method for initiating contact with the other department and receives the vital information she requires to meet her objective.
The way that goals and objectives are managed in the P-O-L-C process has evolved over time. While organizations can have very simple performance measurement systems, these systems typically track multiple goals and objectives. The management by objectives (MBO) approach is perhaps one of the earliest systematic approaches to working with goals and objectives. The Balanced Scorecard is aimed to make key improvements on a simple MBO system, particularly by more clearly tying goals and objectives to vision, mission, and strategy and branching out beyond purely financial goals and objectives. MBO and the Balanced Scorecard belong to the larger family of systems called performance management systems.
- What is Management by objectives (MBO)?
- What are some of the advantages of MBO?
- What are some of the disadvantages and criticisms of MBO?
- What is a Balanced Scorecard?
- What are some of the advantages of a Balanced Scorecard?
- What are some of the disadvantages of a Balanced Scorecard?
1This item was not one of Kerr’s originals but is consistent with the spirit of Kerr’s article. We thank our developmental editor, Elsa Peterson, for this suggestion.
Drucker, P. (1974). Management: Tasks, responsibilities, practices. London: Heinemann.
Drucker, P. (1986). The frontiers of management: Where tomorrow’s decisions are being shaped today. New York: Plume.
Ghorpade, J., & Chen, M. (1995). Creating quality-driven performance appraisal systems. Academy of Management Executive, 9(1): 23–41.
Greenwood, R. G. (1981). Management by objectives: As developed by Peter Drucker, assisted by Harold Smiddy. Academy of Management Review, 6, 225–230.
Heller, R., & Hindle, T. (1998). Essential manager’s manual. London: Dorling Kindersley.
Ittner, C. D., & Larcker, D. (2003, November). Coming up short on nonfinancial performance measurement, Harvard Business Review, pp. 1–8.
Kerr, S. (1975). On the folly of rewarding A, while hoping for B. Academy of Management Journal, 18, 769–783.
Muczyk, J. P., & Reimann, B. C. (1989). MBO as a complement to effective leadership. Academy of Management Executive, 3, 131–13.
Reif, W. E., & Bassford, G. (1975). What MBO really is: Results require a complete program. Business Horizons, 16, 23–30.
Rodgers, R., & Hunter, J. E. (1991). Impact of management by objectives on organizational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 322–336.
Rodgers, R., Hunter, J. E., & Rogers, D. L. (1993). Influence of top management commitment on management program success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 151–155.
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Students are often called upon to read "chorally".
That is, they read together simultaneously
as a group.
Repeating this practice assists young readers with reading fluency - the speed, accuracy, and inflection of oral reading.
Why not, since it's called "choral" reading anyway, actually read the chorus of a song?
I love this sound. Twenty-five students. All reading orally. Books of their choice. Simultaneously. The room is abuzz with fluency practice.
We did this for 15 minutes on Wednesday, followed by 15 minutes of protected silent reading, during which students were encouraged to continue reading or reread the same books. I also love this sound!
Watch the short videos below to see both steps to this "activity".
Once again, it seems time to reflect upon all the principals I have worked for through my 26 years in the teaching profession:
There are some important things to consider when preparing for this trip:
1. Wear old shoes that can get wet or slightly muddy.
2. Dress for the weather, however a light jacket is all that is necessary for inside the cave (60 degrees).
3. Please send a sack lunch (All leftovers and containers will be thrown away.).
4. Students may bring cameras, but remember the cave is dark.
5. Students may bring electronic games and music players (muted or with headphones) for the bus ride. These will
be left on the bus.
Read the sentence below. Do you see any problems?
the principal encourages us to do
our best good work @ all times.
Do not rewrite the sentence. In fact, don't even fix the sentence. Instead, on your paper, tell the writer how to correct three things.
Watch this video and describe the situation:
Write down the first mathematical question that comes to mind.
As a class, we will decide on a central question to work on.
Make three smart guesses to answer the central question:
a guess too low, a guess too high, and a guess in the middle.
Place your guesses on the number line.
What information is necessary in order to answer our central question?
What information is provided above?
What tools might you need to solve the problem?
What strategies might you use?
Solve to answer the central question.
Did you make any mistakes along the way?
How might you avoid such a mistake in the future?
Explain your work to someone else. Did s/he do the work differently?
Can you explain the process using the other person's methods?
After reading Love that Dog, by Sharon Creech. This is a spectacular book, written in verse from a young boy's point of view. The reader is forced to infer the other part of the "conversation", where the boy's teacher reads poetry for the class to react to.
In one of the poems, the boy has just been exposed to a visual poem where the poet has made the shape of an apple with words. The boy's reaction is a visual poem of his own, in honor of his yellow dog. In our own reactions, students created their own visual poems.
I can't report that our trip to Missouri State University was a complete success. After a late start and a directional error, we finally arrived at the campus in time for a quick tour and lunch, before reloading the bus for school. Our hope is to encourage our fourth graders to start considering colleges earlier rather than later.
Augment: make (something) greater by adding to it
Augment the sentence below to greatly improve it. Record your improved sentence on your paper.
My pig rolled in the mud.
We made cards.
We signed a banner.
We had an assembly.
We shook hands.
All to show our bus drivers and bus aides we appreciate them. Afterwards, the drivers were all whisked away for a special breakfast down the hall.
It's hard to tell if they felt as important as they should feel, but we're glad we made the effort. Too often do we neglect certain aspects of our school community. It takes many people to keep this ship afloat, and when we all do well, it benefits our students.
Driving a bus cannot be an easy thing to do.
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Mr. Hoggatt doesn't agree with anyone.)
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As we teach it is imperative that we check-in with our students both to gain understanding of their progress in learning but also to inform our future lessons. There are a number of ways in which we can check for understanding. We do this through developing effective classroom discussions, questions, and learning tasks that elicit evidence of learning. Effective questions either: a) cause students to think OR b) provide teachers with information about what to do next.
Initiation-Response-Evaluation (IRE) questions Teacher asks the question, student responds, and the teachers evaluates the student response
Pose-Pause-Pounce-Bounce Teacher asks the question, waits, chooses a student, and without evaluating moves on to ask another student for their answer.
“I’ll get back to you” Teacher asks a question, waits, chooses a student who then says she doesn’t know, asks another student who responds but does not evaluate the response, asks a third student and a fourth and then returns to the first student and gets them to choose the best answer and tell why.
Getting back to them. Teacher asks a question, waits, chooses a student who then says she doesn’t know, asks another student who responds and then evaluates the response. Then returns to the first student and re-asks the question. Continues to go back and forth until the first student can respond fully. Humorously praises the second student each time.
“Phone a friend” Teacher asks, student doesn’t know. Teacher provides opportunity to get help from another student.
“Ask the audience” Teacher asks, student doesn’t know. Teacher provides opportunity to get help from the class.
“Go fifty-fifty” Teacher asks, student doesn’t know. Teacher removes all but two answers and re-asks the question.
“Think-Pair-Share” Teacher makes a statement and gives time for each student to think of an answer, then has student to share their answer with a classmate and then has each pair share their ‘best’ answer with the class.
“Question shells” (Is? Why?). Teachers move from questions that require ‘yes’ or ‘no’ responses to questions that require higher level thinking.
“Hot seat & Summary” Teacher asks a student a question and then follows up with series of additional questions. Then the teacher asks another student to summarize what the first student said.
“Thinking thumbs” all students respond to a question by thumbs up (yes), thumbs down (no), or thumb sideways (not sure).
“Fist to five” all students respond to a question by holding up a fist (zero), one finger (1) …….. five fingers (5) to indicate their response.
“ABCD cards” All students respond by holding up cards that show the correct answer(s). We have class sets in the Learning Hub!
“Letter corners” When students use ABCD cards and each letter is chosen by at least three students, the students are sent to the four corners of the room to come up with ways to convince the rest of the class that their answer is correct.
“Mini-white boards” Students have a surface upon which they write their answer and when signaled, all student raise their answers. This can be done on laminated pieces of white paper or iPads.
“Exit slips” Each student is required to write an answer on a card and put their name on the back. Teacher uses responses to plan instruction for next class and to rearrange seating to maximize learning. Find some examples here!
“Entrance slips” Teacher begins the class with a question posted on the board. Upon entering the room students are expected to sit quietly, take a sheet of paper, and respond to the question. Responses can diagnose class-wide or individual difficulties and, if the class is carefully planned, the slips can be reviewed during class and lead to instructional changes.
Tools to help:
- Socrative– Online tool (web and app) that allows you to create, store and deliver quizzes
- Google Forms
- Plickers– Plickers lets you poll your class for free, without the need for student devices. Just give each student a card (a “paper clicker”), and use your iPhone to scan them to do instant checks-for-understanding, exit tickets, and impromptu polls. Best of all, your data is automatically saved, student-by-student, at plickers.com.
- Jeopardy-jeopardy_template1, Jeopardy Template2
Here is another great resource for ways to check for student understanding.
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Cânakya Pandita: the brâhmin counselor of king Candragupta. Possibly another Candragupta than the one responsible for checking Alexander the Great's invasion of India in the fourth century B.C. Famous for his books about politics and morality (see 12.1: 12).
Câranas: (from carana, 'the feet of') the venerable ones, the ones belonging to a certain vedic school and read the same scripture, the ones of good and moral conduct, those wandering around as singers and actors, those of observance dealing and managing. Also celestial singers or those pasturing and tending.
Cârvâka Muni: the originator of hedonistic philosophy.
Câtuh-hotra: of the four types of sacrifice, see r i t v i k.
Câturmâsya: vow of austerity for a certain period (of about half of July to half of November) of four months within one year during the rainy season in India. For that period one is advised to keep to special vows for personal purification.
- Name for the beginning of a season of four months; or the name for the three sacrifices of vais'vadevam, varuna-praghâsâh and sâkam-edhâh performed at the beginning of the three seasons of four months.
Caitanya: (life force) name of the incarnation of K r i s h n a as K r i s h n a - b h a k ta in 1486 in Navadvîpa, West Bengal. Also named M a h â p r a b h u K r i s h n a - C a i t a n y a and G a u r a n g a. Spoken as: Tsjétanja.
- An a v a t â r a who ± 500 years ago in India appeared to teach mankind the yuga-dharma (the method of realization valid for a certain era or y u g a) of our time, knowing the chanting of the holy names of God, to fight the corrupting influence of k a l i - y u g a. Although He was K r i s h n a Himself, did he play the role of K r i s h n a's devotee, to show us how to awaken our love for Him.
- Reformer of the vedic culture to fight the false authority of dry book wisdom and the caste-system. In de West positioned against impersonalism and voidism.
- The incarnation of the Lord who descended into this world to teach by means of the s a n k î r t a n a - movement how to love God.
Caitanya-caritâmrita: the book of K r i s h n a d â s a K a v i r â j a G o s w â m î about the life and teachings of Lord C a i t a n y a, the Lord of Vedic Reform. The 'New Testament' of the C a i t a n y a - v a i s h n a v a written in the sixteenth century.
Caitanya-vaishnava's: school of devotees of Lord V i s h n u that follow C a i t a n y a. Based on the vedic conclusion: C a i t a n y a is the inscrutable unity in the diversity (a c i n t h y a - b h e d â b h e d a - t a t t v a).
Caittya-guru: (from caitta - belonging to thought, imagined, mental) the internalized g u r u of the Supersoul within mentioned by K r i s h n a in 11.29: 6 in relation to the â c â r y a, the g u r u to the tradition outside.
Cakra: ('wheel, wheel or order of time, cyclic time, circle, totality') term in b h a k t i used for the totality of the celestial sky, or the disc of stars that is our Milky Way, that as a wheel or disc apparently revolves around the polar star but in fact revolves about the center of the galaxy (see S' i s' u m â r a).
- The cyclic, the cyclic of time to the sun and moon and stars, that together with linear time (clock-time, the week-order) and psychological time; the past, the present and the future makes up the basic t r i - k â l i k a, or threefold of time (see also k â l a).
- Also disc of K r i s h n a or S u d a r s' a n a, the acute of His presence or supreme vision of Him; time as the weapon of V i s h n u. A breach with the order of time or the cakra is a fall-down, a betrayal of n i y a m a, or regulation. Consequence: a punishment of the fire of unbounded energy released from the cakra-order, the broken order is the lust that leads to anger and ultimately madness: the head is cut off by the cakra when one remains in offense with K r i s h n a (see S' i s' u p a l a and K â l a, see 6.8: 23 en 9.5, see also the Cakra-order).
- Knots of subtle p r â n i c energies or nâdis located on higher and lowel levels in the body. They, divided in seven serve the meditator in progression opening up the way to the higher destination. The lower centers are: the mûlâdhâra-cakra, at the base of the spine, the svâdhishthhâna-cakra, in the area of the navel, and the manipûra-cakra, in the abdomen or the plexus. The higher centers are that of anâhata-cakra at the heart, the vis'uddhi-cakra in the throat, the ajnâ-cakra between the eyebrows and the sahasâra-cakra at the top of the skull (see 10: 87: 18 and B.G. 6: 13-14). (the M.W. dictionary gives a six division asigning the centres somewhat differently).
Cakravâkî: popular bird, the female crane.
Cakrî: name of the Lord as the wielder of the c a k r a, the disc.
Campaka: the Michelia-Campaka, a very fragrant type of magnolia tree with yellow flowers.
Candâla: 'dog-eaters'. Lowest of man, outcast. V a i s h n a v a term for human trash (see also p a r i a).
- Man of the lowest and most despised kind of a mixed birth (born from a s' û d r a and a b r â h m a n a mother).
Candra: the demigod representing the order of the moon (see also S o m a).
Candrasekhara Âcârya: a great householder devotee of Lord S' r î C a i t a n y a M a h â p r a b h u.
Canto: derivation from k â n d a: part or section, chapter, book. A name for the books or twelve sections of this p u r â n a, the Bhâgavatam.
Catuhsana: 'the four sana's'. The l î l â - a v a t â r a of the Lord in the form of the four K u m â r a s.
Catuh-s'loki: the four essential verses in the B h a g a v a d G î t â and in the S' r î m a d B h â g a v a t a m summarizing the teachings. In the G î t â the verses are found in chapter 10: 8 - 11. For the B h â g a v a t a m these verses are: canto 2.9: 33-36.
Catuh-vidah: the fourfold goals of human life, k â m a, a r t h a, d h a r m a, m o k s h a, see p u r u s h a r t h a s.
Catuh-vidam: the four kinds of foodstuff; carvya (that what is chewed), lehya (that what one licks), cûshya (that what is sucked up) and peya (that what is drunk).
Catur-vyûha: see v y û h a.
Channa-avatâra: name of the covert incarnations of K r i s h n a in K a l i- y u g a: this as opposed to His t r i - y u g a status;
- K r i s h n a as His own devotee: Son, Prophet, s a n n y â s î (see also 7.9: 38).
- Typical example of a channa-incarnation is D a t t a t r e y a appearing as the a v a d h û t a in the first chapters of the U d d h a v a - g î t â discussing the different gurus one may learn from (see 11.7-8).
Chaitya-guru: see c a i t t y a - g u r u.
Cintâmani: "touchstone" with mystical power, mentioned in the v e d i c scriptures (see also K r i s h n a l o k a).
Cit: consciousness. One of the three main characteristics of K r i s h n a (see: s a t - c i t - â n a n d a).
Citi-s'akti: (citi - knowledge; s a k t i - power): The inner or enlightening capacity of the Lord.
Citraketu ('the licht of excellence') a good king, an emperor to all, a king of the v i d y â d a r a s living in Sûrasena, of whom there of the earth was all that one could wish for (see 6.14: 10). Received instruction after his lamentation over a deceased son from N â r a d a and A n g i r â and was blessed by the Lord (in 6.15), but later came to fall down being cursed to be reborn among the demons because of an impudency with mother P â r v a t î (see 6: 17).
Coverings: layers, see k o s h a.
Cupid (K a n d a r p a, K â m a d e v a): the demigod who incites lusty desires in the hearts of the conditioned living entities.
Cyavana: a sage, a recluse, who was disturbed in his meditation by Sukanyâ the daughter of M a n u s' son S'aryâti, who for propitiation forced her to marry him though he was an old man. The a s' v i n s then gave him youth to be a good husband (see 9.3).
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- freely available
Sensors 2007, 7(7), 1108-1122; doi:10.3390/s7071108
Abstract: ULF (ultra-low-frequency) electromagnetic emission is recently recognized as one of the most promising candidates for short-term earthquake prediction. This paper reviews previous convincing evidence on the presence of ULF emissions before a few large earthquakes. Then, we present our network of ULF monitoring in the Tokyo area by describing our ULF magnetic sensors and we finally present a few, latest results on seismogenic electromagnetic emissions for recent large earthquakes with the use of sophisticated signal processings.
It has been recently reported that electromagnetic phenomena take place in a wide frequency range prior to an earthquake (1) ∼ (3), and these precursory seismo-electromagnetic effects are expected to be useful for the mitigation of earthquake hazards. Basically there are two principal methods of observation of earthquake signatures. The first is the direct observation of electromagnetic emissions (natural emissions) from the lithosphere and the second is to detect indirectly the seismic effect taken place in a form of propagation anomaly of the pre-existing transmitter signals (we call it radio sounding). The first method is based on the idea that natural emissions are radiated from the hypocenter of earthquakes due to some tectonic effect during their preparation phase. The second is based on the idea that there take place the anomalies in the atmosphere and ionosphere due to the seismicity, leading to the generation of propagation anomaly on the pre-existing transmitter signal characteristics (amplitude and phase). This paper deals with the ULF (ultra-low-frequency, with frequency less than 10 Hz) magnetic field variation belonging to the first category. The study on seismogenic ULF emissions started in the early 1990s. Even though the radio emissions are generated as a pulse in the earthquake hypocenter, higher frequency components cannot propagate over long distances in the lithosphere due to severe attenuation, but ULF waves can propagate up to an observation point near the Earth's surface with small attenuation. This is the most important advantage of seismogenic ULF emissions.
There have been reported three reliable events for the ULF magnetic field variations prior to the earthquakes; (1) Armenia, Spitak earthquake (1988 December 8, Magnitude = 6.9) (4), (2) USA, California, Loma Prieta earthquake (1989 October 18, M = 7.1) (5), and (3) Guam earthquake (1993 August 8, M = 8.0) (6). The epicentral distance is 129 km for (1), 7 km for (2) and 65 km for (3) (4)-(6). The Loma Prieta earthquake happened very close to the observing station, so that it is better for us to indicate the results for this earthquake. Fig. 1 illustrates the temporal evolution of ULF magnetic field (horizontal component, frequency = 0.01 Hz (period = 100 s)). It indicates that the magnetic field increases for about one week 5-12 days before the earthquake, followed by a quiet period and a sharp increase one day before the earthquake (especially an abrupt increase 3-4 hours before the earthquake). Very significant changes in ULF magnetic field were also observed for other two earthquakes, which was a stimulus to the extensive research on the relationship of ULF emissions and earthquakes. In this paper we review the relationship between the two. An additional important point is that these seismogenic ULF emissions are so weak that it is of essential importance for us to develop any methods to identify those signals. We need sophisticated methods of signal processing, and we review the observational results by those methods. Finally, we will comment on our future works.
2. Magnetic field sensors and observation system
Fig.2 shows the summary on the occurrence of the earthquake-related ULF activity in the form of earthquake magnitude (M) versus epicentral distance (R) from a ULF magnetic station. White and black circles show an earthquake with and without ULF anomalies, respectively. The dashed line indicates the empirical threshold (0.025R≦ M-4.5) for the appearance of anomalous ULF signals preceding large earthquakes. This figure demonstrates that ULF emissions could be observed about 60 km from the source region for an earthquake with M≧ 6, and the detectable distance of ULF magnetic anomalies would be extended to about 100 km in the case of an earthquake with M≧ 7. The details of those earthquakes in Fig.2 are described in Hattori (2006) (7) and Hayakawa et al. (2004) (8).
It is important to predict earthquakes with M≧ 6 in a highly populated region to mitigate disasters. Therefore, we decided to install a network of ULF magnetometers with high sampling rate to cover the Kanto (Tokyo) area with inter-sensor distances of about 70-80 km. Two types of magnetometers are adopted; torsion and induction types. Taking account of the existence of Kakioka Geomagnetic Observatory, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) (36.2°N, 144.2°E), we planned to set up stations to cover the area, as shown in Fig.3. Circles in the figure indicate the distance of 60 km from the station (the circle from Kakioka observatory is also displayed). The clock system at each station is controlled by GPS. The information on all of our stations is summarized in Table 1.
One of the sensors (induction magnetometer) has been installed, for example, in JMA's Matsushiro Seismological Observatory (36.5°N, 138.2°E), in which strain meters, tilt meters, and short-period seismometers are already in operation by JMA. A comparison between the seismic and electromagnetic data will be useful in understanding the fundamental physics of the earthquake preparation process. We also installed the induction magnetometer at Chichibu station. Induction magnetometers installed at these two stations are search coil type with 85 Hz sampling rate, named LEMI-30 produced by Lviv Center of Institute of Space Research, National Academy of Science of Ukraine. These sensors are intended for the study of frequency band from 0.01 to 30 Hz, and detailed specification of them is summarized in Hattori et al. (2004) (7). Also the acoustic emission sensor was installed at Matsushiro station. The acoustic sensor records the emissions at four frequency bands of 30, 160, 500, and 1000Hz. The lowest band corresponds to the uppermost frequency of LEMI-30.
A small L-shaped array has been composed with three torsion magnetometers, the distance of which is about 5 km at the western part of Izu peninsula and the southern part of Boso peninsula. With these arrays, we expect to develop a method to find the arrival direction of ULF waves (8). Both Izu and Boso Peninsulas are seismic active regions, so that we consider it good for precise observation for direction finding of ULF anomalous signals by means of the arrays. We also installed torsion magnetometers at Jaishi, Iyogatake, Hayakawa, Misakubo, and Shitara. These torsion magnetmeters, MVC-2DS, were produced by Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation, Saint Petersburg Filial (SPbF IZMIRAN), Russian Academy of Sciences. A magneto-sensitive element of the torsion sensor is a permanent magnet suspended with quartz or metallic fibers which serve as the rotation axis of the magneto-sensitive element. The reflecting surface which transforms angular displacement of the magneto-sensitive element into electric signal by means of photoelectric converter is mounted rigidly to the magnetic-sensitive element. When the element is turned by the force of the external magnetic field, the light beam deviates from the zero position, leading to an increase of one diode illumination and a decrease of the other. As a result, there appears a signal proportional to the disturbed magnetic field value for the sensor output. The element is suspended inside the fluid-filled capsule on the thin metallic fibers and a low-powered monochromatic infra-red emitting diode is used for the photo emitter. The feedback circuit which produces a magnetic field opposite to the external field are adopted. Also the coil for current compensation of constant magnetic field to set up the magnetic-sensitive element at the zero position and the coil for calibration are installed. The main technical parameters of MVC-2DS are described in Hattori et al. (2004) (7).
Some fluxgate (3 components) magnetometers have been installed in addition to the above-mentioned ULF network, which are JCS-107F (Chiba Electronics Inc.: frequency range ∼1 Hz), which is effective for much lower frequency (nearly DC).
3. Analysis method of ULF magnetic field variations
In addition to the installation of highly sensitive ULF sensors, we have to carry out sophisticated signal processing in order to detect and identify weak seismogenic ULF emissions. We have already developed several useful signal processings, some of which will be described below.
3.1. The ratio of vertical to horizontal components of the magnetic field (polarization analysis)
There has been reported that it is useful to use the ratio of magnetic vertical to horizontal component SZ/SG (SG2 = SH2 + SD2, H and D are two horizontal magnetic components) to distinguish the seismogenic ULF emissions from other noises (6). While we expect that this ratio (SZ/SG) (polarization) is relatively small for the plasma waves coming from the ionosphere/magnetosphere, we expect that this ratio is considerably enhanced, SZ/SG ∼ 1 or even more for seismogenic emissions. We apply this method to a particular event. There were two earthquakes in the North-west part of Kagoshima prefecture with M = 6.5 and M = 6.3 on 1997 March 26 and May 16, respectively. Both earthquakes had the depth of about 20 km. Our ULF observatory (at Tarumizu, Kagoshima) is located about 60 km away from their epicenters, and three magnetic field components were measured there with sampling of 1s. By using the data during about a year form 1996 August to 1997 September on the relationship between ULF magnetic field variation and seismic activity, we try to indicate the presence of ULF field variation in response to the crustal activity. The following procedure of data analysis was adopted. (1) We use the data of 4 hours during the local midnight (LT = 0 ∼ 4 h). (2) We divide the data into an interval of 30 minutes and we have 8 segments. FFT analysis is performed for those 8 segments. (3) We estimate the average and dispersion of the spectrum, to try to know the main frequency of seismogenic ULF emissions. (4) We perform the polarization analysis (SZ/SG) to find the seismogenic ULF emission. By averaging over those 8 segments, we obtain the daily average spectrum and polarization. (5) We compare these with the corresponding data from remote stations in order to distinguish between the local and global effects. (6) We compare the temporal evolution of average spectrum and average polarization with the geomagnetic activity (expressed by ΣKp) and the local crustal activity. With taking into account the spatial scale of magnetic variation at Tarumizu observatory, we examine the magnetic field data (3 components) at Ogasawara island (Chichi-jima) 1200 km away from Tarumizu and at Darwin (the conjugate point of Tarumizu). The largest noise in ULF is geomagnetic variation due to geomagnetic storms, and this is the reason why we look at the data at the conjugate point. At these stations, the same sensors (inductions) are working. During our analysis period, we have confirmed that there were no earthquakes within a radius of 100 km form Chichi-jima and Darwin observatories.
Fig. 4(a) illustrates the temporal evolution of seismic activity (the energy radiated from earthquakes is integrated over one day, followed by the conversion back into the magnitude). Fig. 4(b) shows the temporal plot of the polarization (SZ/SG) during 10 days before the current day at three stations. The full line refers to Tarumizu. Fig. 4(c) refers to the geomagnetic activity (ΣKp). When we look at Fig. 4(b), the polarization at the two stations (Chichi-jima and Darwin in thin lines) is found to be stable. While, we find a very significant change in the polarization at Tarumizu in a thick line. The polarization is seen to be increased from the background value of ∼ 1.0 to more than double prior to the 1st earthquake. We see a decrease in polarization and, when this decrease is stabilized, we had the 1st earthquake. The polarization value is found to remain at this value for a while. Then, again we notice a decrease in polarization, and then we had the 2nd earthquake. In the beginning of July, the polarization value returned to the background value. Significant changes are noticed only at Tarumizu, but not at Darwin and Chichi-jima. When comparing the seismic activity around Tarumizu and the polarization, we can conclude, (1) the polarization at Tarumizu is found to be significantly enhanced prior to the earthquake, and (2) the temporal variation of polarization seems to be very parallel to that of seismic activity. This means that the polarization of the magnetic field variation is a good parameter to monitor the local seismic activity (7, 9), and the important point is that the polarization increase is taking place before the earthquake. No significant correlation with the geomagnetic activity is found.
3.2. Principal component analysis
We have been performing the array observation by using 3-4 torsion-type magnetometers both at the Izu and Boso peninsulas as shown in Fig. 3. The sampling frequency is 50 or 12.5 Hz. We know that the seismic activity at Miyake-island started to be active in the late June of 2000, and the volcano-eruption started there. The activity continued not only at Miyake Island, but also at its surroundings. The total number of earthquakes in this area amounted to 12,000, which is a record in this area since the opening of Meteorological Agency. We adopted the principal component analysis (PCA) for the ULF data observed at several stations in the Izu peninsula (10). By using the ULF data observed at close stations, we can have 3 sets of data, which enables us to separate three possible sources. Generally speaking, the ULF signal observed at a station, is a combination of a few effects; (1) geomagnetic variation of the magnetosphere (e.g., geomagnetic storms) due to the solar activity, (2) man-made noise, (3) any other effect (including seismogenic emissions). We have traced the eigen-value λn (n = 1, 2 ,3) of three principal components in the frequency range from T = 10 s to ;T = 100 s by using the time-series data with duration of 30 m. As the result of analysis, the first principal component (λ1) is found to be highly correlated with the geomagneric activity (Ap). The second eigen-value (λ2) is found to have a period of 24 hours, with daytime maximum and nighttime minimum. This suggests that this noise is due to the human activity. Fig. 5 illustrates the temporal evolution of the 3rd principal component (λ3). We notice an enhancement in λ3 from the middle March to the middle June (about a few months), followed by a quiet period (about one week before the 1st earthquake) and by a sharp increase a few days before the 1st earthquake. Similar sharp peaks are seen for the subsequent earthquakes with magnitude greater than 6.0. This general behavior seems to be in close agreement with Fig. 1, which indicates that this variation is reflecting the crustal activity in this district.
3.3. Direction finding (magnetic field gradient method)
The objective of the above two methods was just to identity the presence of seismogenic ULF emissions, but we have to convince others that the detected ULF emission is much more likely to be associated with an earthquake if we could locate their generation point. We have performed the so-called direction finding for the ULF emissions for the above-mentioned Izu peninsula earthquake swarm. We have used the same local array network consisting of, at least, 3 stations in the Izu and Boso peninsulas. By measuring the gradient (11, 12) of horizontal and vertical components of the magnetic field at different frequencies (or periods in Fig. 6 (ordinate)), we deduce the direction of azimuth from the normal to the observed gradient. The result at Izu is given in Fig. 6. In the figure, 0° indicates the North direction, +, east and -, west, and Fig. 6 illustrates the temporal evolution of arrival directions. The ordinate indicates the occurrence probability of arrival azimuth in the nighttime period of 0 h to 6 h. Full lines refer to the vertical component, while broken lines, a horizontal component. Judging from the azimuth distributions, there are 4 noise sources. In the Izu array observation, there generally exists a signal predominantly from West (Suruga-Bay) (numbered 1 in Fig. 6) (corresponding to Parkinson vector) in the vertical component, reflecting the geological contrast between the sea and land. And for the horizontal component, there are two stationary signals. One is located in the East, which is directed to the seismo-active region in the eastern sea of the Izu peninsula (designated as 2 in Fig. 6). The second is the signal from the direction of Zenisu, which is designated as 3 in Fig. 6. The locations of the noise sources (numbered 1-3 in Fig. 6) are summarized in Fig. 7. The time goes from (a) to (e); (a) 4 months before the swarm, (b) two months before the swarm, (c) 12 days before the swarm, (d) during the swarm and (e) two years after the swarm. Now we look at the noise designated as 4 in Fig. 6. This noise is found to be observed about two weeks before the earthquake swarm ((c) in Fig. 6) due to the volcano eruption of Miyake Island, and these noise emissions are found to have propagated from the Miyake Island and its occurrence is most enhanced during the swarm (see Fig. 6(d)). Furthermore, we have tried to perform the direction finding for this noise numbered 4 from the Izu and Boso peninsulas. Fig. 8 is the direction finding results, as the result of triangulations from the Izu and Boso peninsula data. The azimuthal direction from each peninsula is given by the area within the two directions in broken lines. The area located by the triangulation, is found to be coincident with the active area of the Izu peninsula earthquake swarm. As the conclusion, the ULF emissions identified in Figs. 6, 7 and 8(11, 12), are highly likely to be associated with the swarm activity of Izu peninsula earthquakes.
3.4. Direction finding (Goniometric method)
The importance of direction finding is again stressed by showing another result for a recent, large earthquake (Niigata earthquake). This earthquake happened at 17:56 JST on October 23 in 2004, and its magnitude and depth are 6.8 and 10 km. We show the presence of ULF emissions for this earthquake, by using the data form other observatory at Nakatsugawa. The three components of magnetic field (Bx, By, Bz) are measured at Nakatsugawa (13) by using the same induction magnetometers like at Izu and Boso peninsulas, but the importantly different point is that the waveform measurement is being performed in a wide frequency band. That is, the sampling frequency is 100 Hz, and Fig. 9 illustrates the temporal evolution of the emission intensity (By component) in the frequency range, f ≤ 0.1 Hz, which shows that the signal intensity is extremely enhanced by 3 dB as compared with the monthly mean during several days from October 2 to October 6. This noise seems to be anomalous. However, we cannot conclude that this is associated with the earthquake, even though it occurs about a few weeks before the earthquake. Then, we performed the direction finding for this noise by using the goniometer principle by means of two horizontal magnetic field components. We estimated the arrival azimuth by taking the ratio of Bx/By for the emissions with anomalous amplitude during 2-6 October. The estimated azimuth (mean value) is indicated in Fig. 10. The azimuthal direction is 55 ° from the East, which is consistent with the epicentral direction. This is indicative of a higher possibility that the noise is associated with the earthquake. At present, we are performing the direction finding for the same emissions from Izu and Boso peninsulas.
4. Characteristics of seismogenic ULF emissions and generation mechanism
A large number of papers on seismogenic ULF emissions have been published since the famous earthquakes, Spitack, Loma Prieta, Guam, and in this paper we have reviewed mainly our published results. We can summarize the characteristics of seismogenic ULF emissions based on not only our results, but also previous foreign results (1-5).
There is no doubt that ULF emissions take place as a precursor to a relatively large earthquake. The sensitive distance (R) is 70-80 km for magnitude = 6.0, and ∼ 100 km for magnitude = 7.0. The empirical threshold of detection in Fig. 2 is given by 0.025 R ≦ M -4.5.
The ULF emissions for large earthquakes (with magnitude greater than 6.0), seem to exhibit a typical temporal evolution. First of all, we have a first peak one month to a few weeks before the earthquake, followed by a quiet period and a significant increase in amplitude a few days before the earthquake.
The amplitude of those seismogenic ULF emissions is found to range from 0.1 nT to a few nT. However, their frequency spectra are not well understand; that is, what is the predominant frequency? Recent studies indicate the importance of the frequency of 10 mHz (period of 100s).
The observation of ULF emission is a local measurement. So that, only when our observing station happens to be very close to the earthquake epicenter, we can detect seismogenic emissions. Otherwise it is impossible to detect any seismogenic emission, and this is the reason why we do not have abundant data set as is summarized in Fig. 2. The case of Niigata earthquake, does not follow the above-mentioned threshold, so that we have to think of the generation and subsequent propagation for this case.
We next review the generation mechanism of seismogenic ULF emissions. It has been proposed that the ULF emission is generated by a mechanism which requires the charge separation (as an ensemble of small antennas) due to microfracturing by the stress change in the focal region before the earthquake (14). According to their theoretical estimate, the ULF emission can be detected within 60 km for M = 6 and 100 km for M = 7. This theoretical estimate seems to be in good agreement with the above-mentioned experimental threshold in Fig. 2. When the radio emission is generated at the source region, it should be wide-banded. However, the higher-frequency components decay during the propagation in the lithosphere, which results in the possible detection of ULF emissions near the Sarth's surface (15). Another possible mechanism is electro-kinetic effect (16). We cannot say, at the moment, which one of these two representative mechanisms is more probable as the generation mechanism of seismogenic ULF emissions. Then, we commnet on another aspect of the preparation process of earthquakes. During this preparation phase, the lithosphere is known to exhibit a self-organized criticality phenomenon. That is, we expect the microfracturing in the focal region due to the stress increase, followed by the growth and coalescence of microcracks. This process is thought to be involved in the generation of ULF-emissions. This nonlinear process in the lithosphere can be tackled with the use of fractal analysis (17). The results from fractal analysis are preferably taken into account in the generation mechanism of seismogenic ULF emissions.
5. Future direction on a network of magnetic field observation (three components)
In Japan some institutes (magnetic observatories belonging to JMA, Institute of Geological Survey, etc.) have been continuing the magnetic observation with 3 components, but their sampling rate is too low (sampling of 1 minute). Also, Japanese universities have their own networks of observations, but they are interested in the measurement of total magnetic flux with the use of proton fluxgate magnetometers in the field of solid earth physics. In order to apply the magnetic field observation to earthquake prediction, it is desirable to (1) observe three components of the magnetic field, (2) sample the data, at least, once per second, and (3) observe the magnetic field with resolution of less than 10 pT.
Further, we have to take care of other effects; we need the information on solar-terrestrial effect (geomagnetic variation, geomagnetic storms) in the magnetic monitoring of seismic activity. We have found that there were observed significant geomagnetic variations before relatively large earthquakes. So that, it is quite necessary to estimate accurately the temporal/spatial characteristics of the signals by simultaneous monitoring of solar terrestrial effects from the ground and from space (18).
It is believed that the ULF emissions take place in the lithosphere in association with earthquakes, but the problem will be the elucidation of their generation mechanism. In this direction we first need much more convincing data for the study of generation mechanism on the basis of the definite distinction from man-made noise, geomagneric effect, other noises etc. Because we have established a rather dense network mainly in the Kanto (Tokyo) area with highly sensitive sensors. As the conclusion, it is found that the polarization analysis is of extreme use with the simultaneous use of remote stations in the sense of identification of seismogenic ULF emission. Further, it is important to investigate the spatial and temporal scales of those emissions by the simultaneous use of the data at multiple stations and also to determine the source region of the noise by means of direction finding. Finally, it is also desirable to compare the ULF seismogenic emission with other seismogenic phenomena at different frequencies and to perform the coordinated analysis with the seismic and geological data for the complete understanding of electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes and volcano eruption.
A considerable part of the works was carried out in the frameworks of Frontier Projects by NASDA and RIKEN to which we are grateful, and thanks are also due to NiCT(R and D promotion scheme funding international joint research). Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to Prof. Y. Kopytenko (IZMIRAN) for his collaboration.
References and Notes
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- Hayakawa, M., Ed.; Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes; Terra Scientific Pub. Comp.: Tokyo, 1999; p. 996.
- Hayakawa, M., Molchanov, O. A., Eds.; Seismo Electromagnetics: Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling; TERRAPUB: Tokyo, 2002; p. 477.
- Fraser-Smith, A. C.; Bernardi, A.; McGill, P. R.; Ladd, M. E.; Helliwell, R. A.; Villard, O. G., Jr. Low-frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1990, 17, 1465–1468. [Google Scholar]
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- International Workshop on Seismo Electromagnetics, IWSE2005; Programme and Extended Abstracts; 2005; p. 492.
|Station name||Code||Geographic coordinates||Type of magnetometer||Sampling rate||Remark|
|Seikoshi||SKS||34.90°N, 138.82°E||Torsion||50Hz||Western Izu|
|Mochikoshi||MCK||34.88°N, 138.86°E||Torsion||50Hz||Western Izu|
|Kamo||KMO||34.86°N, 138.83°E||Torsion||50Hz||Western Izu|
|Jaishi||JIS||34.70°N, 138.79°E||Torsion||50Hz||Western Izu|
|Unobe||UNB||35.21°N, 140.20°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso till May, 2001|
|Fudago||FDG||35.19°N, 140.14°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso from May, 2001|
|Uchiura||UCU||35.16°N, 140.10°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso|
|Kiyosumi||KYS||35.16°N, 140.15°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso|
|Iyogatake||IYG||35.10°N, 139.92°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso|
|Matsushiro||MTS||36.54°N, 138.21°E||Induction||85Hz||Seismological Observatory|
|Chichibu||CCB||36.00°N, 139.12°E||Induction||85Hz||Now stopped|
© 2007 by MDPI ( http://www.mdpi.org). Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes.
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When a juvenile (and highly venomous) brown snake got stuck in a redback spider’s web in Adelaide’s north, no-one expected a tiny red back spider to come out on top. And in the process, create a thousand ‘only in Australia’ comments...
Yet while we appreciate the dangers that venomous spiders pose to people, few of us know what happens when pets are involved. In fact, one of the most common reasons pets are brought into the vet clinic is for suspected spider bites.
So here’s the truth.
As a general rule, dogs and cats are far less sensitive to spiders than people. But if any spider can cause problems, it’s probably the redback. Check out this table below...
Effects on our pets
Did you know? The most susceptible of all pets to spider bites seems to be the guinea pig.
Signs to look out for:
- difficulty walking
- legs that want to stay straight, almost like they’re stretching
What you should do:
- If you suspect a red-back bite, get your pet to the vet.
- While anti-venom, is often not required for dogs, it can save the lives of cats
Video: Snake Catchers Adelaide
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History of Franciscan Theology
Publication Year: 2007
Published by: Franciscan Institute Publications
Table of Contents
Since the thirteenth century, a theological tradition, called at times the Franciscan school, has been a major part of the Christian way of viewing the religious world. As with all major intellectual movements, there are periods of tremendous energy and periods of noticeable languor. ...
Chapter One Alexander of Hales: Precursor and Promoter of Franciscan Theology
Alexander of Hales, a theologian at the University of Paris at the beginning of the thirteenth century, remains a rather enigmatic figure down to the present day. This situation is due in some measure to the fact that only a small number of details about his life are known with any certainty. Further enigmas arise when ...
Chapter Two Bonaventure: Mystery of the Triune God
Relatively little is known of the early life of Bonaventure. He was born in Bagnoregio, near Orvieto in Italy. His father, Giovanni di Fidanza, was a doctor in Bagnoregio. His mother was Maria di Ritello, sometimes called Ritella. The year of his birth is debated. Some scholars place it as early as 1217, ...
Chapter Three Peter John Olivi: The Search for a Theology and Anthropology of the Synoptic Gospels
Peter of John Olivi (1248-1298) wrote a letter to friends of his in the early 1280s, answering their request for information on the controversy swirling about him. The correspondence shows us a group within an order divided by sharp differences of opinion. In those years, the order lacked a clear consensus about life ...
Chapter Four John Duns Scotus: An Integrated Vision
John Duns Scotus belongs to the second generation of philosopher-theologians who worked to integrate Aristotelian insights with Christian revelation (sacra doctrina). Writing after the Condemnations of 1277 (Paris) and 1284 (Oxford), Scotus pursued a relentless analysis of the legacy of Greek thought ...
Chapter Five William of Ockham: Academic Theology and its Polemical Phase
As a Franciscan friar, student, teacher, philosopher, theologian, and political theorist, William of Ockham was and remains one of the most stimulating thinkers of the Middle Ages. The one consistent characteristic of his professional output—both as a student and later as an opponent of papal authoritarianism ...
Chapter Six The Franciscan School through the Centuries
The very idea of there being a "Franciscan School" can for some be a cause of puzzlement. One sees with difficulty a well–defined school arising from the Assisi experience. Furthermore, it is not easy to conceive an intellectual system wrought out of a set of ideas when love and free will are at the center of the package. ...
Chapter Seven The Feminine Side of Franciscan Theology
As the Franciscan family turns its collective gaze towards the twenty-first century, the development of volumes such as this one offers a special service. From the middle ages to the present the Franciscan Orders have contributed significantly to multiple areas of human and ecclesiastical endeavor. ...
Page Count: 345
Publication Year: 2007
MUSE Marc Record: Download for History of Franciscan Theology
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Mumbai: It was last year during monsoons when hundreds of plastic bottles crossed the Nepal border and entered the Indian territory in the town of Valmiki Nagar in Bihar through the Gandak river. Gandak river is one of the major rivers of Nepal and a left bank tributary of the Ganga in India. Plastic waste from Nepal coupled with plastic trash discarded by the tourists that visit the Valmiki Tiger Reserve is gradually becoming an environmental hazard for the locals as it either remains in the river or gets burnt leading to water and air pollution. Addressing this issue, an NGO – Goonj came up with an idea to reuse plastic bottles to make urinals thus tackling the waste problem and at the same time providing safe sanitation.
Also Read: Waste Management: Mumbai’s Municipal Schools To Get Playgrounds From Recycled Tyres
Because of the Tiger Reserve, the tourist influx is high round the year in Valmiki Nagar. This has led to high plastic waste generation. In addition, the plastic bottles get transported from Nepal every monsoon. From whatever waste the town collects, civic officials treat the non-plastic waste leaving behind plastic bottles, bags, etc. After researching for a few days in September, we came up with the idea of using the plastic bottles to make urinals. There are many international examples where people have already done this. The method was taught to the locals post which the implementation began, Ajay Jha of Goonj tells NDTV.
The locals helped the NGO in collecting the plastic bottles from the river and the Tiger Reserve. 1,250 plastic bottles and tonnes of other plastic waste like wrappers, polythenes, etc were collected. The plastic litter was torn down into pieces and stuffed into the bottles along with sand. Bamboo sticks were used to join the bottles. The bottles were used in place of bricks to construct the urinal. It took less than five days for the locals and the NGO to achieve the task.
The urinal was made on an experimental basis and we tested it in the school for a week. The urinal is not only cost-effective but also more durable and stronger than bricks. Since the experiment was successful we have decided to use the same method to build other things from plastic bottles, says Mr Jha.
The entire project was implemented with zero costs since the locals were themselves involved and all the raw materials were scrap items. The urinal has been connected a sewage pipeline eliminating foul smell and health risks.
Also Read: Waste Management At Its Creative Best: This Woman From Gujarat Is Upcycling Glass Bottles With A Quirk
The locals have already started to work for an upcoming project. Besides making more such urinals, the NGO is also planning to build a wall in a classroom of the same school. A government school in the town doesn’t have a separate classroom. Children from various grades are taught in one single room. The NGO hopes to build a wall in between the room as a partition. Plastic bottles will be used for the activity and to make it look more attractive, LED lights will be kept inside the bottles. The NGO is also hoping to build a toilet from plastic bottles near the Tiger Reserve to provide the relief to the tourists and prevent open defecation.
Along with planning innovative ways to reuse plastic bottles, the NGO is also striving hard to create mass awareness among people towards managing the plastic waste. The NGO is appealing to people to store their plastic waste at home and if possible visit the tiger reserve and Gandak river to collect the plastic litter. Once a sufficient number of plastic bottles are collected, different ideas will be executed.
“At a time when the government is already pushing for an open defecation free region under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, our innovation will give a boost to sanitation. It will not only scientifically treat plastic waste but will also ensure safe sanitation. We are hoping to create more such urinals in the near future,” adds Mr Jha.
Also Read: A Story Of Hope And Reform: Kolkata Prison Inmates Make Jute Bags To Beat Plastic Pollution
NDTV – Dettol Banega Swachh India campaign lends support to the Government of India’s Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). Helmed by Campaign Ambassador Amitabh Bachchan, the campaign aims to spread awareness about hygiene and sanitation, the importance of building toilets and making India open defecation free (ODF) by October 2019, a target set by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, when he launched Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in 2014. Over the years, the campaign has widened its scope to cover issues like air pollution, waste management, plastic ban, manual scavenging and menstrual hygiene. The campaign has also focused extensively on marine pollution, clean Ganga Project and rejuvenation of Yamuna, two of India’s major river bodies.
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In this new mini-series, requested by one of our readers, we’re going to take a look at how to troubleshoot permissions. To start, let’s take a step back and discuss what permissions are, the various models, types of accounts that are affected, and the principle that should drive all permission-setting: least privilege.
Permissions and rights go hand-in-hand, and are managed by some form of access control system. Some users will have administrative permissions, while most will not. Let’s first take a look at the access control systems commonly deployed and how they stack up.
There are many different models of permissioning in computer operating systems and applications. All of these are access control systems, hence the A and the C in their acronyms. Role-Based Access Control systems operate around the concept of roles. You grant certain permissions to a role, and then you assign that role to one or more users based on what their job or responsibilities are. In Mandatory Access Control systems, the operating system restricts a subject from performing an operation on a target. Rules are used to evaluate when an operator attempts an action on a target and either permits or denies that action. Mandatory Access Control systems use centrally managed policies put in place by a security administrator. You can encounter MAC in the kernel of the operating system, within Database Management Systems, and elsewhere. Discretionary Access Control systems work in a similar fashion, but users can make discretionary decisions to allow an action to take place. As an example, consider User Account Control in Windows. Even if you have admin rights on your computer, you will be prompted to confirm certain actions.
All computer systems have superuser accounts. These are the most privileged accounts and set rights and permissions for all others. In Windows, the superuser account is called “Administrator,” and while you can rename this account, the concept is that the Administrator account (note the capital A) is the account with full and unfettered access to all data and the ability to make all necessary configuration changes. Microsoft products can include other superuser accounts. SQL has either the SystemAttendent (SA) or database owner (dBO) account while Exchange has the role (see RBAC above) Exchange Organization Administrators. In BSD, Unix, and most Linux systems, the superuser is called “root.” Novell’s “admin” or “supervisor” accounts were their superuser, and OpenVMS used “system.”
Regular user accounts
Everyone else is a regular user. Every person should have their own unique user account with credentials known to no one else. These accounts can be granted permissions to data and other resources, but use caution when doing so. Regular user accounts should be used for the day-to-day operations users will need to do as a part of their normal job. If a regular user must also have admin-level permissions to something for special purposes, like configuration or maintenance, it is best to provide them with a second account that is distinct from their regular user account. That way, they can log onto their workstation and do their normal work as a regular user, and have an account with additional permissions when they must do admin-level work.
When it comes to assigning permissions, there is one rule that resonates with all security professionals across the board. It’s called “Least Privilege” and what it means, in short, is to grant the lowest level of privileges or the least permissions necessary for a user to do what they need to do. The most common application of this is when you do NOT grant users administrative rights to their workstations. If all the software they need will be provided for them, and they do not have the permissions needed to make changes or install additional software, you tend to find that this workstation remains much more stable. It also can help prevent malware from gaining a foothold on your network since it executes with the permissions of the user, and if the users have no permissions, it cannot spread.
In the file system, if a user needs to be able to read a file, grant them only READ permissions. If they need to edit, then grant them CHANGE permissions. Only if they need to grant permissions to others should you (in Windows) grant them FULL CONTROL. More on these, and the *nix equivalents, in the next post.
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In just a few weeks the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, will restart its experiments.
In an interview with CNA, Professor of Physics at the University of Cyprus Panos Razis said that when the LHC resumes its experiments the proton-proton collisions will be more intense and with more luminosity. The aim, he said, was to upgrade the LHC every few years so as to optimise the potential of the experiments for new breakthroughs in physics.
The LHC, which consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way, is located in CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research. The LHC lies in a tunnel as deep as 175 metres beneath the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland. It is also the longest machine ever built.
It has been out of operation since 2013 for upgrading, so that it can restart again end of March. If all goes well, its chances of making a revolutionary discovery, like the Higgs boson (or God particle) in 2012, could be extremely high.
Razis said that beginning of March the experiments will offer scientists greater statistical knowledge.
“The upgrading of the LHC and the larger statistical events will allow the discoveries of much more rare reactions in less time in an attempt to examine new models of physics like supersymmetry, new dimensions, matter-antimatter asymmetry that best describe the evolution of the Universe in the first fractions of a second after the Big Bang,” he said.
Razis said this was important since beyond the understanding of the initial conditions and the evolution of the Universe, the required new technology (detectors, electronics and computer systems) would bring a new revolution in medical science, diagnostic tools, computer networks, electronics, the accuracy of the instruments that exist today and “who knows what else will be invented”.
As for the practical application of the newly discovered Higgs boson, Razis said that at present no one could really predict. He gave as an example the first period after the discovery of the atom structure.
“I would like to remind you that the discovery of the atom structure could not directly indicate the usefulness of the finding, but later led to the revolution in electronics, lasers, semiconductors, telecommunications, and anything to do with light and its applications,” he said.
He said Cyprus had contributed actively in analysing data for the discovery of the Higgs boson and was now working on finding additional such, which are provided in more complex models, like Supersymmetry.
He said that on Thursday a seminar would take place at the University of Cyprus in the Department of Physics, where the specifications and scientific plans for the new Linear Accelerator expected to succeed the circular LHC accelerator to precisely study the properties of the Higgs particle and other particles that will arise from the experiments at the LHC. (CNA)
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As stated previously in this chapter, PostgreSQL is widely considered the most advanced open source database in the world. PostgreSQL provides a wealth of features that are usually only found in commercial databases such as DB2 or Oracle. The following is a brief listing of some of these core features, as of PostgreSQL 7.1.x.
PostgreSQL is capable of handling complex objects and rules. Examples of the functionality that PostgreSQL supports are declarative queries in SQL, concurrency control, transactions, query optimization, and multiuser support.
PostgreSQL supports user-defined operators, functions, access methods, and data types.
PostgreSQL supports the core SQL99 specification and includes advanced features such as SQL92 joins, inheritance, and arrays.
PostgreSQL supports referential integrity, which is used to insure the validity of a database's data.
PostgreSQL includes an extensive API. The flexibility of the PostgreSQL API has allowed vendors to provide development support easily for the PostgreSQL database. PostgreSQL arguably has the largest amount of interface capabilities of any database. These interfaces include Object Pascal, Python, Perl, PHP, ODBC, Java/JDBC, Ruby, TCL, C/C++, and Pike.
PostgreSQL has support for internal procedural languages, including a native language called PL/pgSQL. The language is comparable to the Oracle procedural language, PL/SQL. Another real advantage to PostgreSQL is its ability to use Perl, Python, or TCL as an embedded procedural language.
MVCC, or Multi-Version Concurrency Control, is the technology that PostgreSQL uses to manage database locking. If you have ever used another SQL capable DBMS, such as MySQL or Access, you will notice that there are times when a reader has to wait for access to information in the database. The waiting is caused by people who are writing to the database. In short, the reader is blocked by writers who are updating records.
By using MVCC, PostgreSQL avoids this problem entirely. MVCC is considered better than row-level locking because a reader is never blocked by a writer. Instead, PostgreSQL keeps track of all transactions performed by the database users. PostgreSQL is then able to manage the records without causing people to wait for records to become available.
PostgreSQL uses a process-per-user client/server architecture. This is similar to the Apache 1.3.x method of handling processes. There is a master process that forks to provide additional connections for each client attempting to connect to PostgreSQL.
The PostgreSQL feature known as Write Ahead Logging increases the reliability of the database by logging changes before they are written to the database. This ensures that, in the unlikely occurrence of a database crash, there will be a record of transactions from which to restore. This can be greatly beneficial in the event of a crash, as any changes that were not written to the database can be recovered by using the data that was previously logged. Once the system is restored, a user can then continue to work from the point that they were at before the crash occurred.
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Henry Spelman (1595–1623) of Hunstanton, nephew to Sir Henry Spelman of Congham, was sent to Virginia whilst still in his teens, and upon arrival was given by John Smith to the natives to settle a peace.
Later on, during an expedition, Spelman was saved by Pocahontas and lived with her tribe for several years. Through his many years living with local tribes Spelman became fluent and acted as an emissary and translator for the two groups and even travelled with Pocahontas and her husband John Rolfe to England in 1616-7 where he served as translator. He later published an account of his experiences. Spelman died in 1623, killed by a member of the tribe he previously lived with.
Source: K.O. Kupperman, The Jamestown Project (2007)
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The 2016 Olympics wrapped up this past week-end in Rio. It was an astonishingly success games for the US women - they earned 61 of the 121 medals won by US athletes and 27 of the 46 gold medals - 59%.
These numbers are even more astounding because there are fewer events for women to compete in than men - 145 events for women and 161 for men.
This year, 45% of all athletes competing from around the world were women. The International Olympic Committee has a goal for there to be an equal number of women and men by the 2020 summer games. Read more here.
Why is it so important for women to have equal access to sports? There are so many benefits to participating in sports and before the Title IX act of 1972 in the US (which prohibited discrimination again girls and women) female athletes were not ensured of equal access to sports.
Next... more in our on-going series on women and swagger in sports. Continued from this blog.
Why try it?
A 2006 study - The New Normal? What Girls Say About Healthy Living noted that emotional health is linked to body image. The study found that the more physically active girls are, the greater their self-esteem and the more satisfied they are with their weight, whether they are thin or heavy.
In the book Reviving Ophelia, Mary Pipher also echoes that finding, saying:
...sports can be protective. Girls in sports are often emotionally healthy. They see their bodies as functional, not decorative. They have developed discipline in the pursuit of excellence. They have learned to win and lose, to cooperate, and to handle stress and pressure. They are in a peer group that defines itself by athletic ability rather than popularity, drug or alcohol use, wealth or appearance.
Alice Temple, council director for Girls on the Run in Santa Fe, New Mexico says that the girls who participate in their programs are profoundly changed by their experiences. The mission of the Santa Fe organization is "to educate and prepare girls for a lifetime of self-respect and healthy living.”
Alice says many of the third to sixth grade girls who participate in the ten week curriculum come from families that haven’t encouraged exercise. She says the girls often come in very shy, with their heads lowered. After ten weeks of running and body-positive work, she says those same girls “look you right in the eye; they’ve grown a foot in confidence.”
At the end of the class, the girls participate in a 5K race. Alice says that more than 1,000 girls have crossed the finish line, as a result of the program. “Many parents tell me that the program was life-changing for their daughters. One girl thought she had asthma and couldn’t run. Through the program, she found out that wasn’t true. She has been active ever since and just received an ROTC scholarship to go to college.”
Saving your life
Girls who are physically active are less likely to smoke, try drugs, and have unprotected sex according to a 2009 study called Her Life Depends on It, sponsored by the Women’s Sports Foundation. Girls in sports do better in school and are more likely to complete college than those who don’t participate. Girls who are active are 20% less likely to get breast cancer or suffer from osteoporosis later in life.
The study says that “the more time girls spend participating in team sports, the better they feel about their athletic abilities and the higher their level of self-esteem.” Rates of depression and suicide are lower for female athletes than for other women.
Do you have a sport that keeps you fit and gives you joy or would you like to try something new? Moving your body allows you to express yourself, have fun, and build strength and fitness.
I started hiking with my family when I was young. I always loved being outdoors where I could use my “outside” voice and run and have fun. I love hiking now for the some of the same reasons. I don’t have to worry too much about how I look. I get to be outside and breathe the fresh air and be in the silence and sounds of nature, which soothes my mind and my soul.
The girls and women that I interviewed for the book, The Girl's Guide to Swagger in the Outdoors and Sports talked about what they get from their sports. A common theme was the enjoyment of being out in nature, even in the winter and seeing wildlife and amazing sunrises. They spoke about feeling the water underneath them in a kayak and the air in their face, while riding their bike or boating.
Some were active outdoors to get exercise and to feel healthy. Many mentioned building strength that allowed them to feel better and look better too.
When I first started hiking, I could feel the muscles in my legs grow stronger every time I walked. The more I did it, the stronger and more fit I became. Brenda Staab is a Colorado mom in her 40s, who also works on a start-up business in technology. She says “I love biking for many reasons. I find it to be an incredible workout, and especially enjoy riding up hills and mountain passes because it gets my heart rate up for extended periods of time.”
Some of the elite athletes I spoke with talked about being the first women in their sports and how they worked hard to achieve their dream. Jen Welter is the first woman to play professional football in a contact position. She played running back for Texas Revolution and is now a coach with the Arizona Cardinals. Jen says “Tackle football is the ultimate team sport. It is truly the place where everybody of every body type can be great. Diversity is strength in football. I grew up loving the sport, but being told I could not play football, so playing is literally a dream come true.”
Sarah Hendrickson achieved another first for women. She was the first woman to ever compete in the Olympic Games ski jump. Although men have been ski jumping in the Olympics since 1924, women were not allowed to participate in this sport in the Olympics until 2014. Sarah was the first woman to ever compete. She finished 21st in the competition and hopes to better her results in the future and she is widely expected to be an Olympic medalist in the coming years.
Finding a sport to play can be a way to challenge yourself and to develop discipline that can carry into other parts of your life. It is a way to learn patience and persistence and a strong work ethic. Playing outdoors can be fun and make you forget your worries. Hiking on a mountain trail, near a running stream with wildflowers all around has a way of refreshing your mind and making your troubles seem smaller and less important. Connecting with nature allows you to be mindful of what is happening in the moment and enjoy that moment fully. Lauri Bausch Miller races skeleton, which is like bobsled with just one person. She hopes to be in the Olympic Games some day. When she is competing in her sport, she says “I feel alive, strong, and confident.”
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This story appears in the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission:
The Suquamish Tribe’s shellfish coordinator Luke Kelly pulls out the whale’s baleen plates to dry on the deck of the tribe’s barge.
The Suquamish Tribe recently pulled up a net full of bones of a gray whale from Agate Pass, with hopes of rebuilding the skeleton for educational purposes.
The tribe acquired the remains of the juvenile whale in July 2011 after the mammal beached itself and died near Silverdale. After biologists gathered tissue samples, the tribe wrapped the whale in net material and towed it to Agate Pass to let it naturally decompose.
While the soft tissue had completely decomposed, many of the bones were found to be broken or too brittle to use, including the skull, which was partially crushed by the weight of the rest of the bones.
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1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/02/2008
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Prices are a key factor in the operation of an economy. Price indexes, which provide summary measures of the movements in various categories of prices, are used extensively to analyse and monitor price behaviour and to adjust government payments such as pensions.
This chapter provides an outline of the consumer price index, house price indexes, the labour price index, producer price indexes, and the international trade price indexes, and their underlying concepts and methodology.
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Oral health and diseases can significantly impact people’s quality of life. Fundamental human needs, including proper nutrition, being able to eat, drink, swallow, smile, and communicate, are in one way or another related to oral health. Besides, oral health not only impacts the quality of life, but bad teeth and oral diseases can also impact one’s confidence and performance in school or work.
Are people informed of oral hygiene?
Oral health is critical throughout one’s life. Unfortunately, many people suffer oral diseases like cavities, decayed teeth, and stained and bad teeth because of a lack of awareness and access to dental care. In many regions, many people do not know how to brush and floss properly, let alone see the importance of good oral hygiene practices.
They don’t adhere to the basics of brushing twice a day hence the prevalence of dental cavities. Furthermore, they don’t know that good oral hygiene translates to good overall health and are unaware of cures available for different dental problems.
The lack of awareness about oral hygiene, illiteracy, and lack of access to high-quality dentistry are some reasons for neglected oral health. Another notable reason is that dentistry is expensive for some people due to the capitalist dental model.
Dentistry may be costly for some.
Many people do not have oral health insurance, and nearly half of all dental costs are settled out of pocket. Although most insurance policies cover routine cleaning, they leave the patient to pay 20-50% of dental implants, fillings, crowns, and other dental procedures. The price of dental implants in a prosperous town like Sunbury is relatively affordable, but those who cannot afford them have to delay the treatment, and teeth continue to worsen.
However, the cost of dental treatments is not only a barrier to good oral health. Many dentists leave government-sponsored dental clinics because of low payouts. Therefore most regions, especially the rural areas, face dentist shortages. Many people have argued that it is not sugary foods or meth that destroy their teeth but lack of knowledge, good nutrition, and quality dental care.
The result of a capitalist dental model is people having poor teeth in a rich country, and the underprivileged are blamed for their bad teeth. Good oral hygiene should be perceived as a fundamental human right because it is inseparable from general health and wellbeing. By taking a holistic approach to health, a government can share the risk factors of systemic and oral diseases, hence improving oral health among populations.
Why is dentistry expensive?
Thanks to modern dentistry techniques and technologies, today’s dentistry looks very different from years ago. That makes it possible for dentists to offer a wide range of dental procedures that help people achieve maximum oral health. This is important for people to experience good oral healthcare.
High-quality dental care that lasts and is aesthetically beautiful cannot ne rushed. Furthermore, there is more competition in modern dentistry, and the necessary costs of marketing are additional expenses. Luckily for a dentist, a professional reputation involves managing your ethics online, which is easier in the internet world.
When oral health is seen as a fundamental human right, people prioritize it, resulting in a healthy country.
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<urn:uuid:a2d598f6-059f-42cd-8c00-87447ea313fa>
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CC-MAIN-2022-49
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https://www.7medios.com/oral-health-as-a-human-right-vs-the-capitalist-dental-model/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710953.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204004054-20221204034054-00871.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952815 | 669 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Gardening may not come natural for everyone. While some have a “green thumb” others do not! The good news is that help is on its way! Here are some tips and tricks from experienced gardeners. Read on for some of these great gardening suggestions.
To make your garden more productive, allocate space based on what grows best in your area instead of simply choosing your most favorite crops. Although you may love beets, if tomatoes grow better in your climate then give them more room in your garden and make your beet plantings smaller. Ask your neighbors or take a look around your area to see what grows best in your region.
When the vegetable season is over, grow a shoulder season crop if possible. Fruits like strawberries or raspberries bear fruit very early or very late in the season before or after the summer vegetable crops take over and can be planted. Raspberries can be planted to bear fruit in the fall and strawberries can be planted to bear fruit in the spring.
When you boil or steam vegetables for cooking, let the water cool and then use it to water your garden. Not only does this reduce your overall water usage, it provides a useful source of nutrients to your place. Your potted plants, especially, will appreciate the extra nutrients provided by your vegetable water.
Know what grows in your region. When you see the wide variety of seed packets offered online, it is easy to get sucked into the idea of growing everything and anything! In reality, though, only some of them may flourish in your regional environment. Study up on your region and what crops can survive.
If you want a patch of green in your garden, consider planting a ground cover instead of a lawn. Lawns require a lot of water and maintenance. On the other hand, a ground cover usually uses less water, and certain varieties discourage weeds from growing. Many varieties of ground cover have the green color comparable to a lawn. You can save time and money with a ground cover.
You can dry herbs by putting them in your car. You can neatly arrange them on a sheet of newspaper in a single layer. Then close the doors and windows and let it air dry. The warmth in the car will dry the herbs quickly. The herbs themselves will create a very nice aroma.
Make your own kneeling pad. Working on the ground can be very hard on your knees. A kneeling pad provides much needed cushioning, providing comfort as well as protecting your joints. If you do not have one on hand, simply find a piece of foam or an old pillow that is two to three inches in depth. Cover it with plastic wrap or place it in a plastic bag to protect it from dirt and moisture and enjoy comfortable cushioning while you garden.
Aren’t you glad you read these great gardening suggestions? Hopefully, you will try some of the tips and tricks that experienced gardeners have shared with you today! Don’t lose hope! Although gardening may not come natural for everyone, it is possible to improve!
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<urn:uuid:18fd2c8a-14ef-4a41-844b-44bbedc34c40>
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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http://medihometownusa.com/how-to-grow-a-great-rose-garden/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256812.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522123236-20190522145236-00261.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947894 | 616 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Later today I am scheduled to give a talk to a class of 3rd graders about the importance of eating a variety of fruits and vegetables daily. Thankfully, to my knowledge, none of these kids smoke cigarettes (yet). However, if they did, I would further promote the virtues of eating fresh fruits and vegetables as, not just a way to remain healthy, but also as an aid to help those struggling to quit smoking.
I recently wrote about the research that indicated when children drink more water they naturally choose healthier snacks, like fruits and vegetables. Now comes news from researchers at the University of Buffalo that if you are trying to break the habit of smoking, consuming more fruits and vegetables may help you quit, and stay quit for longer. The University of Buffalo study found that smokers surveyed (1,000 participants ages 25 and older) who consumed the most fruit and vegetables were three times more likely to be tobacco-free for at least 30 days at follow-up 14 months later than those consuming the lowest amount of fruits and vegetables. These findings persisted even when adjustments were made to take into account age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, household income and health orientation. Interestingly enough, the research also indicated that the smokers with the greatest fruit and vegetable consumption smoked fewer cigarettes per day, waited longer to smoke their first cigarette of the day and generally scored lower on a common test of nicotine dependence. Why? Well that is up for debate. Some think that the more fiber in your diet lessens the urge for nicotine (the key addictive component in tobacco) and makes you feel more full and less in need of a cigarette. Others think that fruits and vegetables just make cigarettes taste less appealing, whereas things like beer and junk food make cigarettes actually taste kind of good, to some at least.
Whatever the reason, and whether or not the research holds up, there is little need to not heed this advice. If you are a smoker, wanting to quit, there are a lot of worse things you could do to yourself than eat a bunch of fruits and veggies.
What have you done to quit smoking? What has worked for you? Have you noticed that certain foods and/or drink make you more likely to crave a cigarette? Do you think fresh fruits and vegetables could actually sway someone away from smoking?
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<urn:uuid:cc53329f-d9b5-4e8e-8469-dd27cbd56678>
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CC-MAIN-2015-27
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http://www.care2.com/greenliving/ditch-the-smokes-try-squash-and-strawberries-instead.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094634.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00205-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.972279 | 465 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Select five numbers from the matrix at right such
that exactly one number is selected from each row and exactly one number
is selected from each column. The sum of the numbers you chose will always equal the "magic number" for the matrix!
(My age in this
For example, select (Col 1, Row 2:
17), (Col 2, Row
3, Row 4:
8), (Col 4, Row
5). (Col 5, Row
(17+13+8+5+20) add up to a value I try not to think about too often.
This program will generate matrices of different sizes and with any
"magic number" you select. (And make sure you follow the
rules cells by erasing the non-selected cells in the row and
column of each selection.)
Background & Techniques
This is another goody from Martin Gardner - from his book "Hexaflexagons
and Other Mathematical Diversions".
Examining the matrix above may provide you with a clue about why this
works. If not, the program contains and explanation.
Gardner points out that any 4X4 grid selected
from a wall calendar will form a magic matrix who's magic number is
twice the sum of the opposite diagonal corners.
Non-programmers are welcome to read on, but may
want to skip to the bottom of this page to
download an executable version of the program.
The program uses a TStringGrid to display square matrices from
3X3 to 6X6 with any user specified "Magic number".
When the user clicks a square, all other numbers in that row and column
erased, and the clicked number is highlighted. A two
dimensional array of integers, GridMask, is used to keep track of
the display status of each cell. Gridmask values are: 0:
display normally (unselected cells), 1, display with green
background (selected cells), -1: display silver background with no number
(cells in same row or column as a selected cell). If the
boolean "Explainmode" flag is true, we are playing a
matrix from the Explain dialog page which uses Column 0 and Row 0 to
display the numbers used to generate the matrix. In this case,
GridMask values of 2 identify these generating numbers so that they may be drawn
with a yellow background. An OnClick exit is used to set
GridMask values and an OnDrawCell exit is used to draw the cells as
This program also includes a version of the "AdjustGridSize"
procedure that sets the height and width of a passed stringgrid to
exactly the dimensions required by the cells.
Running/Exploring the Program
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<urn:uuid:b8fb409e-33d7-4911-8acd-0adb4800ab38>
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CC-MAIN-2019-13
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http://delphiforfun.org/Programs/magicmatrix.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202506.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321072128-20190321094128-00525.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.811429 | 576 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Scientists design malaria-resistant GM mosquito
Scientists have developed a model for a genetically modified (GM) mosquito, which produces malaria-eliminating antibodies and is unable to transmit the parasite to humans by biting, potentially making it a viable alternative to a malaria vaccine.
The modified Anopheles stephensi mosquito — one of 30–40 mosquito species that commonly transmit malaria — releases antibodies that either kill or stall the development of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite which causes the most severe form of malaria in humans.
"This is the first model of a malaria vector with a genetic modification that can potentially exist in wild populations and be transferred through generations without affecting their fitness," Anthony James, lead author on the study and professor of microbiology and molecular genetics at the University of California Irvine (UCI) in the United States, told Wired magazine.
The study, which has been published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), was carried out by researchers at UCI and the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France.
It demonstrates how a gene found in mice inspired the mosquito model. When infected with the P. falciparum parasite, the mice released antibodies which killed the parasite. After modifying the molecular make-up of mouse immune response systems, scientists engineered genes in the mosquitoes that would replicate the same response.
Malaria remains one of the world's biggest killers. According to the WHO, there were around 216 million cases of the disease in 2010 and an estimated 655,000 deaths, mostly among children in Africa. To date, scientists have been unable to develop a preventive vaccine and prevention mechanisms such as bednets are not always affordable or available.
The UCI research follows similar work earlier this year at the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, United States, where scientists genetically modified mosquitoes so that their immune systems would attack Plasmodium parasites.
This latest study differs in that no new genes are introduced into the mosquitoes; instead their own genes are modified to improve their parasite-fighting abilities.
The UCI scientists say their parasite-blocking technique could be used in other mosquito species, making it a viable option for tackling malaria worldwide.
"This blocking process within the insect that carries malaria can help significantly reduce human sickness and death," said James.
However, there are significant challenges to overcome first.
"It will take another year or so to make something eligible for field trials," James said.
"All ethical, social and legal concerns over the use of a genetically-engineered mosquito in a country willing to give it a trial will have to be satisfied."
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<urn:uuid:1b1af139-15bf-4ad6-aba2-b674dad03dc1>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://www.scidev.net/global/malaria/news/scientists-design-malaria-resistant-gm-mosquito.html
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|
en
| 0.93736 | 532 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Cities, which were the capital cities of ancient civilizations, reflect the lifestyles, cultural and spiritual values of societies with their architectural and monumental structures. Orhan Okay, who is an original intellectual and scientist with his thoughts on history, society and civilization as well as his scientific studies in the field of Modern Turkish Literature, had the opportunity to get to know Eastern and Western civilizations closely and analyse them from many aspects. Evaluating both civilizations with their cities of historical and cultural significance, Okay's attention to Paris and Istanbul focuses on symbol values and history; culture, art, architecture, religion and social life are reflected as the concrete embodiment of these values. In his literary works entitled Bir Başka İstanbul and Bir Başka Paris, Okay's critique and interpretations of the degeneration that took place in cities as a consequence of the modernization process are important in terms of culture, civilization and social history. In this study, based on the abovementioned literary works, Prof. Dr. Orhan Okay's perspective on Paris and Istanbul will be determined in the context of culture, civilization, art and social life.
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<urn:uuid:9067e66c-aabd-496e-8ffa-6b6b1d44678b>
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://avesis.erdogan.edu.tr/yayin/c0aec569-6cf3-4d01-971d-f2f1b929edcb/iki-medeniyet-bir-insan-m-orhan-okayin-bir-baska-istanbul-ve-bir-baska-paris-eserlerinde-sehre-bakis
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104277498.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703225409-20220704015409-00293.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95992 | 222 | 2.90625 | 3 |
No symbol is ingrained in human consciousness as much as the Pyramid. Whether it’s the pyramidal-hierarchy system that controls the world today, the controversial symbol of theIlluminati found on the dollar bill and in corporate logos the world over, or the awe-inspiring megalithic structures of the ancient civilizations; the pyramid and all of its mystery remains a fundamental part of humanity’s quest on earth.
We’ve all heard of the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Myan and Mexican Pyramids, and some of the smaller carvings dotted around Europe, but not many people have heard of the Bosnian Pyramid…until now.
The Bosnian Pyramid is located in the town of Visoko, Bosnia, and is quite possibly the largest pyramid in history – reaching 2300 feet high, around 1/3 bigger than the Pyramid of Giza! And peaks in to a flat surface without a capstone.
Because of its similar shape to the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico, it has been dubbed the “Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun” (‘Bosanska Piramida Sunca’). However it is deceptively still called Visocica Hill by naysayers.
On this magnificent site stand four more ancient structures, the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon (‘Bosanska Piramida Mjeseca’), Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon (‘Bosanska Piramida Zmaja’), Bosnian Pyramid of the Love (‘Bosanska Piramida Ljubavi’) and Temple of the Earth, (‘Hram Zemlje’)…There is also the ruins of a Medieval walled town attached to the megalith and remains of a paved entrance way and underground tunnel systems!
According to our correspondent Richard Hoyle, who is part of this Summer’s excavation team, “the Bosnian pyramids are 30,000 years old, which predates any known human civillisation”.
Leading the first excavation of the site was Semir “Sam” Osmanagic, a Bosnian American archaeologist, who has spent the last 15 years studying the pyramids of Latin America. He says “We have already dug out stone blocks which I believe are covering the pyramid,”.
Richard Hoyle explains. “They are already saying the blocks the pyramid is made from is a concrete like material – something the conspiracy world has been saying for years about the Egyptian pyramids. This discovery will wake a lot of people up.”
The general public have not been well informed about the Bosnian Pyramids, in fact many do not even known about their existence. The official line is that they do not exist and that it is simply a land-mass or hill, but those on the ground doing the work see this as typical establishment obfuscation by those already invested in the current story of history.
“The same forces keeping this discovery under wraps is the same force manipulating everything else in the media,” said Richard.
“Thing is, once the soil is fully removed, there will be no denying it exists… a whole 1/3 bigger taller than the great pyramid of giza.” He concluded.
“What is great is that this time, the scientific team leading the work isn’t interested in protecting a dying paradigm…I ask myself, why are they scared of this discovery? Well, in my opinion it’s exactly the same reason egyptologists are unwilling to look at new evidence found regarding the Egyptian pyramids. The big secret is that we didn’t build the pyramids. Not ancient Egyptians, and not Bosnian hunter gatherers”.
We’ll be bringing you all of the facts this Summer, with blog updates and videos on the Youtube channel, so help spread the word, because this is one archeological discovery that will not be put in to a neat little package that fits the official line of history!
Always Search for the Truth
For some more background info here’s a RedIce interview with Semir Osmanagic the leading archeologist:
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CC-MAIN-2014-42
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http://robyn14.tripod.com/bosnianpyramids/
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|
en
| 0.925817 | 887 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In 1990, Congress established the EB-5 program to stimulate the U.S. economy through job creation and capital investment by foreign investors. The program allows foreign investors to obtain conditional permanent residence (Green Card) for two-year period by investing at least half a million to a million dollars in the U.S., in economically disadvantaged areas. After two years, if the foreign investor has satisfied the conditions of the EB-5 Program, the conditions are removed and the investor and his or her family (spouse and children under 21) become lawful permanent residents of U.S.
Congress created the two-year conditional status period to help ensure compliance with the statutory and regulatory requirements, and to ensure that the capital was fully invested and 10 full-time U.S. jobs were in-fact created, in those two-years.
To qualify for EB-5:
- Invest or be in process of investing $1 million dollars, or $500,000 dollars in a Targeted Employment Area (TEA), which is a rural area or area of high unemployment designated by USCIS (U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services;
Note: Over 95% of EB-5 investments are in Targeted Employment Areas (TEA).
- Have obtained the capital invested through lawful means, not from criminal or illegal activity;
- Invest in a new commercial enterprise, which is any business formed after November 29, 1999 or in a troubled business; and
- Create 10 full-time (35 hours a week) employment for U.S. worker. Note: it can be anyone authorized to work in U.S., not required to be citizen or green card holder, but investor and his or her family may not be one of the 10 employees.
Benefits of EB-5
The EB-5 prgoram gives the investor a Green Card. It has no requirements regarding age, business training, management skills, experience, or language skills. Whereas, other visas like L1 visa is only valid for 7 years and has numerous requirements. EB-5 visa gives Green Card, which gives benefits of:
- Green card to spouse and unmarried children under 21;
- Qualifying for “in state” tuition, rather then paying tuition as an international student, which can save thousands of dollars on education;
- S. health programs (e.g. Obama Care)
- Social security;
- S. citizenship after 5 years of residence in United States;
- And many more benefits.
Regional Center Program
In 1992, Congress created an additional component of the standard EB-5 program, the Regional Center Pilot Program. A Regional Center is a public or private entity designated by USCIS, that is authorized to coordinate with multiple immigrant investors and to pool their investments for greater economic impact. Regional Centers are authorized to operate within defined geographic regions and within specific industry sectors.
Investing through a Federally-designated Regional Center (e.g. apartments for low income citizens) offers the immigrant investor the most expeditious means for obtaining a permanent resident visa (Green Card).
Regional centers are multiplying and have become the predominant vehicle for EB-5 investment. As of November 1, 2013, USCIS has approved approximately 400 regional centers. The Regional Center Program benefits foreign investors by directing and professionally managing their investment in the designated business and geographic focus of the regional center. An example of a regional center is a Marriott hotel, which was built with hundreds of EB-5 investors, and created over 1,000 U.S. jobs and had a 100% approval rate on investor’s EB-5 petitions.
How does EB-5 differ from L-1 visa (manager transfer)?
In EB-5, investor enters U.S. with a green card and may obtain U.S. citizenship for investor and his or her family after five years. Other visas, such as the L-1, may never result in permanent residence, and has time limits, has to be renewed, and requires additional fillings with USCIS.
What if I apply for I-526 Petition and wire $500,000 to the commercial enterprise, but the I-526 Petition is denied?
If denied and escrow agreement allows, then the $500,000 will be returned to investor.
Are the funds used to invest required to be “white” (with lawful paper transaction) or can they be “black” (cash without paper documentation)?
The source of funds must be lawfully earned and properly documented, so must the funds must be “white.”
Do I need to have earned the money for the investment myself?
For example, the money can be a gift. The only requirement would be to show that the gifted money was legally earned, and that taxes (if applicable) were paid on the gift. Another example would be using the proceeds of the sale of real estate or a prior investment to fund the investment.
Are there any restrictions on types of businesses in which investment must be made?
The investment must be in a “new commercial enterprise” in the United States. “New” means that the investment must have been made after November 29, 1990. “Commercial Enterprise” is a for-profit entity. Therefore, the U.S. investment can be in any one of four forms: (1) the creation of a new business; (2) the purchase of an existing business, which is reorganized to form a new enterprise; (3) the expansion of an existing business; or (4) the saving of a failing and troubled business.
Can I invest in two or three different business, rather than investing in one business?
Yes, an investor may diversify his or her total EB-5 investment across a portfolio of businesses or projects, so long as minimum investment is placed in a single commercial enterprise. For example, a direct investor may have one holding company, like a corporation, that invests in two commercial enterprises, one for $300,000 and another for $200,000, which the holding company wholly owns.
What is the age requirement for children?
The investor’s spouse and any minor children, under 21 and unmarried, also qualify for green card. The minor children’s age is “frozen” at the time of the I-526. Thus, a 20-year old dependent is not in danger of “aging out” during the application process.
If a member of my family or I are already in the U.S. on another visa, is it necessary to return to my home country in order to obtain an EB-5 visa or permanent residence?
Probably not. In order to obtain permanent residence in the U.S. under the EB-5 program, it may not be necessary to return to home country. If the Investor and his or her family are currently in a valid, non-immigrant status, they may adjust their status to EB-5, while in the U.S.
Can I freely travel after obtaining my conditional permanent resident status
The investor is free to travel in and out of U.S., subject to the rules generally applicable to permanent residents. However, investor must have their residence in U.S. and cannot be outside of U.S. for a continuous period of one year or more.
How do I start the process?
Contact Rijal Law Firm by calling or sending an email to [email protected] to set up an appointment.
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CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://rijallaw.com/eb-5/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141747774.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205104937-20201205134937-00626.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955863 | 1,549 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In most countries today, full-time education, significant role in improving access to education for people living in funding in developing countries. International migration papers 44 the paper highlights the role that receiving countries can play in the developing countries. As trends in population, education and development the report finds that education plays a key role in national developing countries. Not everyone has the same house, the same car, or makes the same amount of money in this lesson, we will explore the concept of economic. The role of education in economic development: a theoretical perspective 7 pages posted: 28 may 2008 ilhan ozturk cag university abstract.
Improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations however,the governments of richer nations should take. School education in 'third world' countries: department of education context of consultancy work for several german developing agencies. The role of education in today's society developing social skills is compare and contrast the marxist and functionalist views on the role of education. A human rights-based approach to education for all developing rights-based education policies concrete meaning to it in terms of relevance to countries.
Developing countries and talent essay as such education from the bottom to top must universities are seen to play a more significant role in the empowerment. Redefining education in the developing world over the last five years, we have done extensive work on the state of education in developing countries. Free developing countries the focus of this essay however will be on developing countries and the model of education utilized in developing.This essay looks at women in developing restrict women's education in developing countries and it fails them to prepare for anything other than their role as. Understanding poverty and development figures and statistics have a very important role to play in 82% of the world's smokers live in developing countries. Imf & developing countries - an argumentative essay and by declining expenditures on health and education role of world bank in developing countries. Why is education for all so important 4“explaining child malnutrition in developing countries” which is the best way to mitigate the role of those. Developing countries essay - professionally crafted and custom academic writings essay on role of education in developing countries. Humanity divided: confronting inequality in developing countries 165 gender inequality the average f/m ratio of total years of education increased from 82. The role of education in a country education essay print reference this published: 23rd march, 2015 they play a huge role in the developing countries.
Ielts writing task 2 sample 486 - education is the ielts writing task 2/ ielts essay: there is no doubt that education has its vital role in developing the. In developing countries: education proves key summary to play a key role in the achievement of more sustainable development in africa. Effects of globalisation on education and culture s chinnammai many developing countries have experienced growth in the educational. Abstract this paper will discuss the benefits and drawbacks from the point of view that globalization made in the developing countries in the three.
P2 the role of child and youth participation in development effectiveness the partners developing youth participation in development effectiveness the. Chapter 36w challenges facing the developing countries 3 figure 1 countries of the world, classified by per capita gnp, 2000 income group us dollars. Essay # 1 meaning of world bank: the world bank group consists of five closely associated institutions (fig 41), all owned by member countries that carry the. Role of ict in education nowadays the role of information and communication technology the role of ict in enhancing education in developing countries essay.
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CC-MAIN-2018-30
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en
| 0.938062 | 721 | 2.875 | 3 |
The American Colonies: Economics, Population, and Religion
Economics of the Colonies
In the early parts of the settlements, Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas took their economic gains from such product as tobacco and cotton, gaining impressive yields through indentured servitude for better opportunities for one’s family later on. There was also the fact that most of the colonists in the region were Anglican, therefore taxes were added to the colonist’s deeds and standards. It is important to note that because of the slow construction by the colonists, many churches were unbuilt or took a while so religion was of a secondary importance to the colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas.
In New England, the entire picture was different, considering Puritan religion was a very strong part of the colonies in the region, but this in effect allowed for a very strong economy based on hard work and dedication to their higher power. This placed strong workmanship skills but created a government that was unlike any other colony based on its religious views, thus allowing for new sets of laws and setting up friendships with Indian tribes around them to produce corn, soy beans, and other crops that otherwise wouldn’t be obtainable to the colonists at the time
In the middle colonies, things were a mixture of religion and economy, but the freedom of religion allowed a very diverse mixture of individuals and families to colonize the area, adding to it’s success. There was rich soil in the region, therefore the economic importance of crops such as wheat and other farmable product was seen as influential in both the tribes around them and the exportation to other colonies and ultimately Great Britain. The production of wood and other ship-building functions of the colonies attracted many from the trade, the abundant forests offering much eventual income, therefore adding unrest to the colonies in 1776 because of the economic strength and freedoms of the colonists at the time.
The Populations of The Colonies
The populations of the colonies were of a very diverse nature, depending on where the location was, whether in the north, middle, or southern colonies. The middle colonies should be noted first that each landholder was typically offered 40-60 acres to produce the netted material needed for economic growth, but it was also unfortunate that over half of the land-holders were Dutch and German in a sense, allowing for an aristocracy, but one that was very strong economically. Mortality became more common as one went south of the middle colonies, yet declined as one followed the road northeast. This was mainly because of the establishment of numerous colonists, increased living standards of the housing sector, and fish farming techniques, acquired from a ship-building industry that thrived from the densely wooded areas. Therefore, the mortality rates decreased as the mixture of ethnical viruses and various outbreaks from the Indians declined and social interactions took place much more often, in both moral and militant ways.
In the Northern Colonies, things had taken a different path, requiring much following in Christian Standards, mainly Puritan, but also with Quaker’s that the puritans accused of infiltration and corruption of religion. This caused hard work ethics, and with increased trade to corn and other native adapted product, began a triangular trading system with the lower parts of the colonies and Great Britain, France, and Spain, among other wealthy countries in Europe. It should be noted that by 1750, over 1 million inhabitants had colonized the eastern board of North America, and the infant mortality had actually dropped in the colonies in comparison to their British counterparts.
In the southern Colonies, the economic power came from the large plantation owners that presented cotton and tobacco to be the main source of income. This integrates the population patterns of the southern colonies, slavery becoming dominant after indentured servitude was unpopular along with being unfair to potential prospects. The ratio between slaves and their owners were almost ten to one, creating a monopoly over the south, and creating a very heavy driving economic force that became the keystone behind the civil war almost one hundred and fifty years later.
Religion in the Colonies
In the northern colonies, the impact of Puritan influence created very communal and traditional housing situations, proclaiming that everything should come from the bible. This could come in the form of no curtains in houses, to allow for open view for everyone to see, to the very harsh laws of flogging, hangings, and burnings. All of this created a fear of both god and fellowmen, creating a paranoid state within the colonies, although the economic impact was solid because of the structuring of all rather than oneself through god, or so they explained so violently in a Quaker’s Eyes.
In the Middle Colonies, there was a very diverse religious openness from the start, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, along with Anglicans, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Catholics. This allowed for exclusive diversification of culture, thereby maximizing capital income, especially in the ship-building industry. This also in turn allowed for the building of many different churches in the region, thus creating a sense of colonial bonding that the British would see after the many different taxes imposed over the upcoming decades.
The Southern Colonies were many Anglican, but became Catholic and Protestant in minority values. Religion was a big part of the colonies in this area, yet they focused more on the gains of Tobacco and Cotton to fund their Anglican values through the building of churches. The family life in this area was also very traditional; the mother normally cooking for the children and/or a slave would do this work for them, while the owners of the plantation would go to town to find the food to supplement the growing populations of the plantations. All in all, all three sections of the colonies helped to create the footsteps into the growing resistance against rising taxes on all products, from tea to chop-sticks.
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Controlling invasive plant species populations is a complex and challenging problem that takes planning, timing, persistence, and collaboration.
Bob Easter, NICHES Stewardship Manager, shares some insights and suggestions to help minimize spread of seed. Recently he mowed an area infested with invasive grasses. The intent was to mow the grasses before they could produce seed and to do so in such a manner that the stems and leaves cut smoother the current stems. After mowing, Bob thoroughly washed the truck (used to haul the mower into the field) and the mower including the blades. “[Even though the chance of] spreading seed from mowing done before flowering is likely limited to seed from soil getting stuck to tires, it is possible that [former seasons] seed be kicked up from the ground and stick to the grass under the mower deck.” The thorough washing of mower and truck ensures that seed from one site won’t be transferred to another site.
Bob also prepared portable boot brushes to enable boot cleaning between properties. Such methodical attention to potential spread of invasive species seeds helps minimize the spreading.
Please get or make yourself a portable boot brush and keep it in your vehicle. Brush your feet at the end of a hike before transporting seeds into your vehicle or carrying seeds to another site.
Preventing spread of invasive plant species is an important step to control invasive species infestation. Thank for doing your part.
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December 2016 Issue
Unconventional Diets in Cancer Care
By Suzanne Dixon, MPH, MS, RDN
Vol. 18, No. 12, P. 42
Research is inconclusive, but there are several dietary approaches that may improve symptom management and outcomes in cancer patients.
For many individuals, a cancer diagnosis brings with it a complete loss of control. As part of treatment, a person may undergo surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or some combination of these modalities. There are scans, tests, biopsies, X-rays, and more. The person is thrust into the world of cancer, dealing with complicated names, medical jargon, and statistics concerning which treatment yields what possible benefit and at what cost. Confronting issues surrounding possible side effects and possible long-term damage to the body can overwhelm even the most informed patient.
For some individuals, regaining some control over a scary situation is of primary importance, and nutrition is a natural place to seek that control. The health care team tells the patient where to be and when and will administer treatments on its schedule; for patients, having some choice in their nutrition care plan can represent a much-needed reprieve from being told what they "have to do" to treat their cancer. With nutrition, patients can decide what and how they want to eat.
There are numerous unconventional dietary and nutrition approaches people with cancer may want to try, and there's no single approach that fits all patients. But it's important for dietitians to keep in mind that the efficacy of these approaches hasn't yet been proven beyond small trials and animal studies. As discussed in the first article of this two-part series ("Combating Cancer Malnutrition," November 2016), some patients will face serious malnutrition issues. For these individuals, nutrition impact symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, taste and smell changes, mucositis, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, and malabsorption, can contribute to declining nutritional status, which in turn may affect survival after a cancer diagnosis.1,2 Even patients who are overweight or obese when beginning treatment may be at high risk of malnutrition during cancer treatment.2-5
In these situations, stabilizing weight and providing adequate calories and protein can mean the difference between finishing treatment and becoming so sick that treatment no longer can be administered.6 Addressing malnutrition must take precedence over experimenting with new and trailblazing nutritional approaches.
Other individuals in active treatment, however, may have no trouble eating their usual diet, and some may even struggle to avoid excessive weight gain.7-13 In these cases, dietitians can work with patients to maximize health, help individuals avoid unhealthful weight gain, and address interest in nontraditional dietary approaches to cancer management. When patients remain active and engaged participants in their own care, it can foster a sense of control that patients want to regain.
Well Nourished Cancer Patient
Individuals who are generally well nourished at diagnosis and who don't experience symptoms and side effects that prevent adequate calorie and protein intake may be interested in unconventional dietary approaches. These approaches may have some promise of improving treatment outcomes and long-term, healthy cancer survivorship, but most aren't yet proven to do so. For RDs working in oncology, addressing expectations in a compassionate and realistic manner is critical. A treatment showing "some promise" doesn't mean it will definitely improve outcomes. At the same time, patient interest in these newer ideas about diet and cancer are normal and should be supported whenever possible, imparting to patients that these dietary manipulations don't yet have enough evidence to support their efficacy, and ensuring the diets aren't contraindicated for other medical reasons.
The Ketogenic Diet
One experimental diet approach for cancer is the ketogenic diet. Many people mistakenly believe this is a low-carbohydrate diet, but it goes far beyond simply reducing carbohydrate intake. The classic ketogenic diet comprises an eating pattern with 3 to 4 g fat for every 1 g carbohydrate plus protein.14 This is a very high-fat diet with little carbohydrate and protein. For example, on a 2,000-kcal diet, the classic ketogenic diet allows for just 16 g carbohydrate and 16 g protein daily.14 This results in a diet with greater than 90% kcal from fat. This is quite extreme and shouldn't be attempted without medical supervision and the help of a dietitian. If patients attempt to implement a ketogenic diet without the help of a dietitian, they may end up eating a poor-quality diet that's high in saturated fat, contains more protein than is allowable if they want to achieve ketosis, and is devoid of healthful foods such as fruits and vegetables. In addition, patients may subject themselves to all of the diet's potential downsides and yet never achieve ketosis. In other words, there's no such thing as "close enough" when seeking to reap the potential benefits of ketosis. Only a true ketogenic diet with appropriate monitoring of laboratory values to ensure ketosis is achieved is appropriate for patients interested in this approach.
Modified ketogenic diets also are being investigated for use in cancer care and may provide potential benefits of ketosis with a less extreme restriction of carbohydrate and protein. As with classic ketogenic diets, patients should consult with a dietitian and have their laboratory values monitored to ensure they meet dietary goals. These modified diets allow for a ratio of fat to nonfat kcal of 2:1 and 1:1, depending on the dietary pattern patients follow.14 On a 2:1 diet, 60 g protein and carbohydrate are allowed per 2,000 kcal daily. On a 1:1 modified ketogenic diet, the patient can eat 80 to 120 g carbohydrate plus protein per day. These diets can result in different levels or "depth" of ketosis, and for them to work as intended, patients must measure, weigh, and consume all the food. Again, working with a knowledgeable dietitian to ensure metabolic goals are met is critical. This includes regular laboratory monitoring to ensure the patient reaches target blood concentrations for insulin, glucose, and ketones.
Cancer cells use large amounts of energy, and much of that energy comes from glucose.15 This has led to the theory that severely restricting dietary carbohydrate to the point where the body is forced to use fat and ketones for energy may improve outcomes in the context of existing cancer.16 Ketones are a metabolite of fatty acid breakdown under conditions of depleted glycogen stores and intentionally restricted carbohydrate and protein intake.14,17 In a metabolically normal individual, ketone production is a normal adaptation to restriction of nonfat calories. Ketosis also can be produced in disease states, such as in uncontrolled, insulin-dependent diabetes, which is referred to as diabetic ketoacidosis. This isn't a healthful metabolic adaptation to restriction of carbohydrate and protein calories. Diabetic ketoacidosis results from a complete lack of insulin production, as in type 1 diabetes, or due to the body's failure to respond to insulin being produced. This is a medical emergency.
The metabolically healthy body can use ketones as an additional energy source. There's considerable interest in using the ketogenic diet for people receiving treatment for brain tumors. Most body cells readily adapt to using carbohydrate, protein, fat, or ketones for energy. Brain cells in particular, however, function well using glucose, and less well when using fat and ketones for energy. This has led to the theory that brain cancer cells also won't function as well using fat and ketones for energy. By drastically reducing the supply of glucose to brain cancer cells, it's hoped that ketosis may slow or halt tumor growth. This, in turn, may make brain cancer cells more sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Downsides of the ketogenic diet may include feeling foggy, fatigued, or lightheaded. However, RDs who counsel clients on the ketogenic diet say these side effects tend to dissipate fairly quickly. Leonora Renda, RD, is implementing the diet intervention in an ongoing clinical trial investigating the ketogenic diet as an adjunct to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) at the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix. In her 2014 Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo™ presentation, Renda shared early observations from the study, and said her patients have adapted well to the diet and don't struggle with fogginess and fatigue for long.
The ketogenic diet provides little carbohydrate, and that means it offers little to no fiber. This can lead to constipation and other gastrointestinal discomforts. For people with an incurable brain cancer, these side effects may be a small price to pay for a chance at controlling the brain tumor. Medical interventions, including regular laxative use, can address this problem, but must be supervised by the medical staff, not the dietitian. Multivitamin/multimineral supplements can ensure the nutritional adequacy of the diet.
The main drawback of the ketogenic approach is that we don't yet know whether the diet works in people with cancer. The good news is many clinical trials of the ketogenic diet are ongoing, and we should know within the next few years whether this extreme dietary approach improves outcomes in hard-to-treat cancers. Based on available preclinical cell and animal studies, and what we know about how different cells in the body use glucose, one of the most promising areas for this approach seems to be brain tumors, particularly GBM.18 Also encouraging are early clinical trial results affirming the safety of a nutritionally adequate ketogenic diet in cancer patients.19 However, some preclinical studies suggest certain tumor cells use ketones efficiently when deprived of sufficient glucose, and the presence of ketones may spur development of metastatic clones in the tumor.20,21 Whether this would happen in humans in active treatment who are following a ketogenic diet is unknown.
High-Carbohydrate and Plant-Based Diets
At the opposite end of the spectrum are low-fat and vegan diets, which are very high in carbohydrate and lower in protein and fat. The goal of these diets is to improve health and hopefully reduce risk of recurrence in cancer survivors. The Women's Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS) is an excellent example of the very low-fat diet approach and one of the largest randomized controlled trials of long-term diet effects in cancer survivors.22 For WINS, researchers enrolled nearly 2,500 female breast cancer survivors and randomized these women to follow a very low-fat diet (15% kcal from fat), or a standard, healthful "typical American" diet in terms of fat intake (around 30% to 35% kcal from fat).
The intervention group didn't quite reach this fat intake goal of 15% kcal from fat, but did significantly reduce fat intake to around 22% to 24% kcal, maintained over several years. This was far less fat than they were previously consuming and significantly lower than the 35% kcal from fat consumed by the control group. On a low-fat diet, the majority of calories are replaced by carbohydrates, which means the women in the WINS study intervention group were eating plenty of carbohydrates. Despite this high carbohydrate intake—which is about as far as one can get from a ketogenic diet—the intervention group in WINS fared much better in terms of cancer recurrence compared with the control group.
After following the women in the study for several years, the researchers saw a 24% nonsignificant reduction in recurrence risk in the women in the intervention group. Nonsignificant means that statistically this risk reduction could have been due to chance, so the researchers couldn't be absolutely certain the diet provided any survival benefit. However, when the researchers looked at the results by tumor type—estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) vs estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancers—they found a 42% reduced recurrence risk in women with a history of ER- breast cancer who were on the very low-fat diet, compared with women with a history of ER- cancer following the control diet. ER- breast cancers tend to be more aggressive and harder to treat than ER+ cancers, so this was an important finding. A very low-fat diet might be one way to give women with an aggressive type of breast cancer an advantage for remaining cancer-free.
The very low-fat diet group in WINS did lose about 7 lbs on average, so it's possible the weight loss also helped reduce the risk of recurrence. But the bottom line is that in this study, a very low-fat diet seemed to offer these women some protection against recurrence of ER- breast cancer.23
Dean Ornish, MD, has been investigating a very low-fat vegan diet in men who have what is considered less aggressive forms of prostate cancer.24 This plant-based diet provided less than 10% kcal from fat and comprised mainly fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and soyfoods. The men in this study had been diagnosed with prostate cancer but hadn't yet undergone treatment. Instead, the men are followed closely by their doctors, a time period called watchful waiting or active surveillance. If the prostate cancer appears to start growing or spreading, patients can begin to receive treatment. In this population, a very low-fat vegan diet along with stress management (eg, yoga, meditation) was estimated to help these men with early stage prostate cancer avoid or delay conventional treatment for at least two years simply by making the dietary and lifestyle changes.25 Furthermore, this very low-fat, vegan diet-based intervention improved markers in the blood, suggesting improvements in health and potential benefits for delaying cancer progression.26 Compared with men following a typical American diet, the men in the very low-fat vegan diet group experienced increases in relative telomere length after five years of follow-up compared with men in the control group. Longer telomeres are considered a marker of younger, healthier cells.
No Fuel at All?
Another "extreme" nutrition intervention, which has shown promise in animal studies and small pilot clinical trials, is fasting before, during, or around the time a patient is undergoing chemotherapy.27 Fasting can refer to several different ways in which calorie intake is intentionally restricted.
When dietitians hear the term "fasting," many think of zero caloric intake over a period of as little as one day and up to five days. Intermittent fasting, however, refers to periodic fasting, and may or may not include a small amount of caloric intake on the fasting days. This small amount of caloric intake on some of the fasting days may be referred to as a fasting mimicking diet. The diet is meant to mimic a fast in terms of its effects on the body. Some research has shown that the body perceives a calorie intake of approximately 20% to 40% of normal intake—for example eating only 400 kcal if normal intake is 2,000 kcal per day—in a similar way as a complete fast (zero calorie intake). For many people, a fasting mimicking diet may be easier to follow than a complete fast.
The theory behind the potential benefits of fasting is that it may sensitize cancer cells to treatment while simultaneously protecting healthy cells from treatment-related damage. Cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth and replication of cells. Even when energy availability is severely restricted, cancer cells continue their destructive, uncontrolled growth. On the other hand, normal cells respond very quickly to an energy deficit. When the body is placed into a calorie-deficient state, healthy cells become quiescent and go into "housekeeping mode." The healthy cells perform only basic functions and the minimum number of activities required for growth or replication. This may protect healthy cells from the effects of chemotherapy or other systemic treatments because they aren't metabolically active. The idea is that this may help patients experience fewer or reduced side effects. The effect on the cancer cells is to sensitize them to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments, so they're more susceptible and easily destroyed.28,29
There aren't enough data yet to determine with certainty that fasting works. Furthermore, it's unknown whether fasting is safe for all cancer patients. In treatments for certain tumor types in which it's unlikely the patient will lose much weight, and in many cases may be at risk of excessive weight gain, short-term fasting may prove safe and effective.7-13 For tumor types more strongly associated with severe weight loss and wasting, fasting may not be a safe or effective option.1-6 And even if fasting is safe, it's important for patients to work with their health care providers to design an effective way to engage in fasting. For example, patients will need to load up on noncaloric fluids to keep kidneys functioning well, particularly because some chemotherapy regimens are nephrotoxic; declining kidney function can delay treatments and result in dose reductions, neither of which is optimal for meeting treatment goals.30 As with the ketogenic diet, ongoing clinical trials will fill the gaps on fasting within the next few years.
Cancer Cell Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition-Related Goals
Despite the need for further research, there are many potential ways to use diet that may improve outcomes in people with cancer. At this point, there aren't enough data to know with certainty which diets are best for individual patients and tumor types to improve outcomes. As outlined previously, it may turn out that a ketogenic diet is an excellent dietary approach for managing certain tumors, such as brain tumors, while a low-fat vegan or very low-fat diet, or fasting, is optimal for breast or prostate cancer.
The most important thing to keep in mind is that there's no one-size-fits-all diet approach for people diagnosed with cancer. Studies to date highlight one thing with certainty: Cancer cells are metabolically flexible.31-33 This means they alter their behavior and use of different fuels to adapt to the changing environment within the tumor itself and within the body. Whether this metabolic flexibility can be overcome with extreme dietary manipulations remains to be seen. The lack of consistency among diet and nutrition advice provided in cancer treatment facilities also points to the unresolved issues surrounding these complex matters.34
For dietitians, this means working with imperfect information and guiding patients who are willing to try anything and everything to help themselves beat cancer. Even if a given dietary approach isn't proven, patients may want to try it. As a result, dietitians need to work with each patient to make sure whatever dietary approach is tried is done so as safely as possible. Telling patients not to try a particular nutritional approach isn't a viable option; many patients will try these extreme dietary manipulations with or without their health care providers' consent and guidance. All patients must be encouraged to work with their doctors and dietitians to ensure they're meeting critical nutrition needs before, during, and after cancer treatment.
— Suzanne Dixon, MPH, MS, RDN, is a dietitian and epidemiologist best known as the creator of an award-winning cancer nutrition website. She has received numerous awards from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and has authored journal articles, textbook chapters, and consumer health publications. She runs her own consulting business in Portland, Oregon.
1. Gu W, Zhang G, Sun L, et al. Nutritional screening is strongly associated with overall survival in patients treated with targeted agents for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6(3):222-230.
2. Martin L, Birdsell L, Macdonald N, et al. Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(12):1539-1547.
3. Castillo JJ, Mulkey F, Geyer S, et al. Relationship between obesity and clinical outcome in adults with acute myeloid leukemia: a pooled analysis from four CALGB (alliance) clinical trials. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(2):199-204.
4. Anandavadivelan P, Brismar TB, Nilsson M, Johar AM, Martin L. Sarcopenic obesity: a probable risk factor for dose limiting toxicity during neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer patients. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(3):724-730.
5. Gioulbasanis I, Martin L, Baracos VE, Thézénas S, Koinis F, Senesse P. Nutritional assessment in overweight and obese patients with metastatic cancer: does it make sense? Ann Oncol. 2015;26(1):217-221.
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7. Tonorezos ES, Jones LW. Energy balance and metabolism after cancer treatment. Semin Oncol. 2013;40(6):745-756.
8. Chandra RA, Chen MH, Zhang D, Loffredo M, D'Amico AV. Evidence suggesting that obesity prevention measures may improve prostate cancer outcomes using data from a prospective randomized trial. Prostate Cancer. 2014;2014:478983.
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13. Whitley BM, Moreira DM, Thomas JA, et al. Preoperative weight change and risk of adverse outcome following radical prostatectomy: results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2011;14(4):361-366.
14. What is the ketogenic diet? The Charlie Foundation for Ketogenic Therapies website. https://www.charliefoundation.org/explore-ketogenic-diet/explore-1/introducing-the-diet. Accessed April 1, 2016.
15. Annibaldi A, Widmann C. Glucose metabolism in cancer cells. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(4):466-470.
16. Lv M, Zhu X, Wang H, Wang F, Guan W. Roles of caloric restriction, ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting during initiation, progression and metastasis of cancer in animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115147.
17. Branco AF, Ferreira A, Simões RF, et al. Ketogenic diets: from cancer to mitochondrial diseases and beyond. Eur J Clin Invest. 2016;46(3):285-298.
18. Seyfried TN, Mukherjee P, Kalamian M, Zuccoli G. The restricted ketogenic diet: an alternative treatment strategy for glioblastoma multiforme. RSG1 Foundation website. http://www.rsg1foundation.com/docs/patient-resources/The%20Restricted%20Ketogenic%20Diet%20An%20Alternative.pdf. Published 2016.
19. Tan J. Ketogenic diet in advanced cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov website. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT01716468. Updated April 9, 2016.
20. Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Prisco M, Ertel A, et al. Ketones and lactate increase cancer cell "stemness," driving recurrence, metastasis and poor clinical outcome in breast cancer: achieving personalized medicine via Metabolo-Genomics. Cell Cycle. 2011;10(8):1271-1286.
21. Bonuccelli G, Tsirigos A, Whitaker-Menezes D, et al. Ketones and lactate "fuel" tumor growth and metastasis: Evidence that epithelial cancer cells use oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Cycle. 2010;9(17):3506-3514.
22. Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL, Thomson CA, et al. Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: interim efficacy results from the Women's Intervention Nutrition Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(24):1767-1776.
23. Blackburn GL, Wang KA. Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: results from the Women's Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS). Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(3):s878-s881.
24. Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, et al. Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(11):1048-1057.
25. Frattaroli J, Weidner G, Dnistrian AM, et al. Clinical events in prostate cancer lifestyle trial: results from two years of follow-up. Urology. 2008;72(6):1319-1323.
26. Ornish D, Lin J, Chan JM, et al. Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(11):1112-1120.
27. Brandhorst S, Longo VD. Fasting and caloric restriction in cancer prevention and treatment. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2016;207:241-266.
28. Saleh AD, Simone BA, Palazzo J, et al. Caloric restriction augments radiation efficacy in breast cancer. Cell Cycle. 2013;12(12):1955-1963.
29. Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, et al. Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(124):124ra27.
30. Ishitsuka R, Miyazaki J, Ichioka D, et al. Impact of acute kidney injury defined by CTCAE v4.0 during first course of cisplatin-based chemotherapy on treatment outcomes in advanced urothelial cancer patients [published online August 26, 2016]. Clin Exp Nephrol. doi: 10.1007/s10157-016-1327-z.
31. Dart A. Tumour metabolism: metabolic flexibility. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16(10):617.
32. Olson KA, Schell JC, Rutter J. Pyruvate and metabolic flexibility: illuminating a path toward selective cancer therapies. Trends Biochem Sci. 2016;41(3):219-230.
33. Obre E. Rossignol R. Emerging concepts in bioenergetics and cancer research: metabolic flexibility, coupling, symbiosis, switch, oxidative tumors, metabolic remodeling, signaling and bioenergetic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2015;59:167-181.
34. Champ CE, Mishra MV, Showalter TN, Ohri N, Dicker AP, Simone NL. Dietary recommendations during and after cancer treatment: consistently inconsistent? Nutr Cancer. 2013;65(3):430-439.
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ORNL studies forest growth in atmosphere enriched in carbon dioxide
OAK RIDGE, Tenn.,
June 21, 1995
One of the longest studies of a forest tree species in an atmosphere enriched in carbon dioxide suggests that in this environment trees absorb airborne carbon more efficiently. The study, conducted at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), examined the response of trees to additional atmospheric carbon dioxide from increased energy production using fossil fuels. Elevated carbon dioxide levels may cause global warming and possibly disruptive climatic change.
The study addresses a variety of questions. How do forest trees respond to rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide from increased fossil-fuel combustion, forest burning, and other sources? Do they grow faster? Do their trunks and branches become larger than normal? Do they grow more efficiently even when deprived of nutrients? Will their response to elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide be to absorb and store more carbon from the atmosphere, slowing the global warming? .
To help address these questions, ORNL has been conducting a series of long-term studies of forest tree species in a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere. The results of the study, which is sponsored by DOE's Global Change Research Program, were first reported in a letter to the May 28, 1992, issue of Nature by researchers in ORNL's Environmental Sciences Division. They are Richard J. Norby, Carla A. Gunderson, Stan D. Wullschleger, E. G. O'Neill, and Mary K. McCracken. The letter, entitled "Productivity and compensatory responses of yellow-poplar trees in elevated CO2," was the third most cited 1992 scientific paper in ecology and environmental sciences, according to the January 1995 issue of Science Watch.
ORNL studies of yellow-poplar tree responses to an atmosphere enriched in carbon dioxide have not found the dramatic growth seen in some studies with potted tree seedlings or irrigated and fertilized saplings. The ORNL researchers found an increase in growth efficiency - or the amount of stem wood mass produced per unit leaf area - in the yellow poplars.
They observed a doubling of photosynthesis per unit leaf area-the use of sunlight by leaves to produce carbohydrates that provide energy for tree growth. However, the relative amount of leaf area that was produced was less, and the overall stem mass-the girth of trunk and branches-remained about the same. Any additional carbon that was absorbed resulted in increased production of fine roots, rather than wood.
The increased fine root production, Norby says, suggests that some of the additional carbon in the atmosphere may be eventually absorbed and stored in the soil rather than in trees. Fine roots, he adds, die and decay rapidly, but their residue is an important source of the carbon in soil. The possibility of increased carbon storage in soil is an important focus of DOE's new Terrestrial Carbon Processes Program, which aims at identifying and quantifying natural mechanisms of the terrestrial ecosystems that may affect trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and to develop the scientific understanding needed to model, predict, and quantify the role of terrestrial ecosystems in regulating the balance of global carbon.
"Our results suggested strongly that, because less leaf area is needed to sustain the same growth rate and because fine root production increased, the yellow poplar trees grow more efficiently in a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere," Norby says. "The increased productivity showed up as additional fine roots rather than in wood.
"The increased efficiency implies that these trees may be better able to withstand environmental stresses, such as drought, and survive even when nutrients are limited. Thus, they may last longer as a mechanism for removing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it."
The interaction of elevated carbon dioxide with the stresses associated with predicted increases in air temperature is the current focus of the ORNL research group.
The results of the ORNL paper are sometimes incorrectly cited as evidence that trees will not grow bigger and faster in a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere unless they are provided with additional nutrients, including fertilizing pollutants such as sulfates and nitrates from acid rain.
"That this interpretation is wrong is shown by the large response of white oak trees to elevated carbon dioxide levels at the same experimental site at ORNL," Norby says. "Both species increased their growth efficiency despite a deficiency of nutrients at the site.
"We found that both white oak and yellow poplar trees showed about a 35 percent increase in growth efficiency in elevated carbon dioxide. These results suggest a potential increase in forest capture of carbon even when nutrients are limited."
ORNL, one of the Department of Energy's multiprogram research laboratories, is managed by Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, which also manages the Oak Ridge K-25 Site and the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant.
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We already know that we won’t see fully autonomous vehicles until after 2030. But the systems that will form the brains of a driverless car are already being introduced piecemeal. The result is a whole new profit center for chipmakers.
According to a new report from analysis firm IHS Technology, microcontroller and processor units for autonomous vehicles will be a half-billion-dollar market by 2020, up 625 percent from $69 million in 2013.
By the end of this decade, Google and other robocar makers will start rolling out vehicles that operate without human intervention—but only under certain conditions: at low speeds, under certain traffic conditions, on approved roads in the handful of areas that they’ve rigorously mapped by then and for which they've managed to gain local government approval the way they have in California. Even so, the demands inherent in having the car run the show will require the car to get smarter. The report notes that in order to run the algorithms that keep a driverless car from being a menace, the number of cores and the speed of each processor will need to increase.
Though the report doesn't specifically say how much faster the chips need to be or how many electronic control units will be transmitting and receiving data, we get a sense that the answer is "a lot" when the report's authors note that cars will likely rely on FlexRay, an automotive network communications protocol that governs automotive computing. It is designed to be faster and more reliable than the CAN bus message-based protocol that runs the electronics in most of today's cars. FlexRay supports data rates up to 10 megabits per second (10 times as fast as CAN), and allows dual independent data channels for fault tolerance.
And to keep the location of every traffic signal, stop sign, lamp post, crosswalk, and fork in the road in mind, a car will need a vast amount of mass storage. The onboard memory will serve as the template against which it compares what its sensors are capturing as it cruises along the road. Here, stability trumps access speed. Cars will also need much more volatile memory—perhaps several high-capacity RAM drives—in order to deal with the torrent of data delivered by sensors as they keep track of the environment, monitor the position, speed, and direction of other cars, and keep an eye out for pedestrians. That is where, say, a RAM drive's speed would come in handy (not to mention the fact that it would lose, the instant the car is turned off, the data which might otherwise be misused by a hacker or an intrusive government agency).
If chipmakers stand to reap a windfall as cars progress to what the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration refers to as Level 3 autonomy, where a human "is available for occasional control,” I can only imagine what they'll rake in after we reach the point when the human’s only role is to tell the car where to go.
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11.2.2. Linear Error Dynamics
11.2.2. Linear Error Dynamics
This video introduces linear error response, where the error dynamics are represented by a linear ordinary differential equation, which can also be represented as a set of coupled first-order differential equations, xdot = Ax. Stability of the error dynamics is achieved if the real components of the eigenvalues of A are all negative, or, equivalently, if the real components of the roots of the characteristic equation of A are all negative. One purpose of a controller is to ensure that all of these roots have a negative real component.
The error dynamics describes the combined dynamics of the robot and the controller in response to a reference input. As we saw in the last video, an error response could look something like this. Here the error response has zero steady-state error and lots of overshoot and oscillation.
This plot also happens to be the position response of a mass-spring-damper, where the position of the mass is theta_e. As we will see soon, designing a controller is much like choosing the spring constant k and the damping constant b. If we choose the stiffness k to be large, the spring pulls the error toward zero faster, and if we choose the damping constant b to be large, we can get rid of overshoot and oscillation.
The motion of the mass, and the error dynamics, is described by this linear ordinary differential equation: the mass times acceleration plus the damping times the velocity plus the stiffness times the position is equal to zero. This is called a second-order differential equation, since the second derivative of theta_e appears. More generally, in this chapter we will consider error dynamics that look like this p-th order differential equation, depending on p derivatives of theta_e. The right-hand side of this equation is a nonzero constant c, and such a differential equation is called nonhomogeneous. If c is equal to zero, as it was for our mass-spring-damper example, then the differential equation is homogeneous. We can divide both sides by the coefficient a_p to get our preferred form of a homogeneous differential equation, with coefficients a^prime. We could also write this equation in this equivalent form.
This single p-th order differential equation can be expressed as p first-order differential equations. Let's define the state vector x, consisting of variables x_1 to x_p. x_1 is theta_e, x_2 is theta_e-dot, etc. The rate of change of x_p-dot is given by this equation, which is equivalent to the single p-th order differential equation we saw earlier.
With our definition of the state vector x, we can write the p-th-order differential equation as a first-order vector differential equation x-dot equals A-x, where A is a p-by-p matrix. The solution to this vector differential equation is given by the matrix exponential e to the A-t, as we saw in Chapter 3. Since A is not an element of little so(3) or little se(3), the analytic solutions that we saw in Chapter 3 do not apply.
Instead, to understand the character of the error response, we will study the eigenvalues of the A matrix. These eigenvalues determine whether an initial error, x at time 0, grows or shrinks with time. If x and A are both scalars, then the error shrinks as a decaying exponential if A is negative, and it grows exponentially if A is positive. The generalization of this observation to the case where x is a vector and A is a matrix, whose eigenvalues are complex numbers in the general case, is that the error is only guaranteed to decay to zero if the real components of all the eigenvalues are negative. In other words, if the real components of all the eigenvalues of the matrix A are negative, then the error dynamics are stable.
The eigenvalues s of A are given by the roots of the characteristic equation of A, the determinant of s times the identity matrix minus A equals zero. Therefore we often refer to the eigenvalues as roots. The form of this characteristic equation comes directly from the original p-th-order differential equation, replacing the i-th derivative of theta_e with s-to-the-i.
A necessary condition for all the roots to have a negative real component is that all the coefficients a^prime are positive. This condition is also sufficient for stability for first- and second-order error differential equations, but not for third-order or higher.
In the coming videos, we will return to the second-order error dynamics we saw at the beginning of this video, as it is the simplest error differential equation that exhibits overshoot and oscillation, which are common behaviors in controlled systems.
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In Forests, Climate Change Brings Complicated Consequences
October 29, 2013 by Joseph Blumberg
Climate change is creating new challenges for forests and forest managers. Dartmouth researchers have responded with a resource that can help those managing forest pests and pathogens—an extensive review of nearly 500 papers going back to 1665.
Postdoctoral Researcher Aaron Weed, at left, and Professor of Biological Sciences Matt Ayres inspect native hemlock for the hemlock woolly adelgid, an invasive insect that feeds by sucking sap from hemlock trees. (Photo by Eli Burakian ’00)
“This is a comprehensive cross-disciplinary synthesis of how climate affects North American forests by changing patterns of pestilence” says Dartmouth Postdoctoral Researcher Aaron Weed, lead author on the paper, which was published in the journal Ecological Monographs.
Professor of Biological Sciences Matt Ayres co-author of the study, adds that the review deals not only with the impact of climate on forest pestilence, but also the consequences for the forests and for humans.
“Epidemics of insects and diseases, events that we think of as pestilence, are the most important agent of disturbance in North American forests,” says Ayres. “Since 2000, the area infested by tree-killing bark beetles alone is more than the area impacted by wildfires.”
He notes that while bark beetles have been killing pine forests for centuries, climate change is rapidly altering the extent and impact of tree-killing pests.
Weed, Ayres, and Jeffrey Hicke of the University of Idaho conducted the synthesis as an invited contribution to the 2014 National Climate Assessment (NCA). The NCA is a product of collaborations involving 13 federal science agencies and 240 authors drawn from academia; local, state, tribal, and federal governments; the private sector; and the nonprofit sector. This is the third NCA. The first assessment was in 2000 and the second in 2009.
“Predictions from the first NCA of expansions in forest disturbances from climate change have been upheld—in some cases more rapidly and dramatically than expected,” the authors write.
Furthermore, the first NCA’s detailed predictions, such as how far native bark beetles would expand northward and how much higher in the mountains, have been upheld. Warming of the coldest night of the winter has been a crucial enabler.
“There has been good progress in the theory and data that connect climate, physiology, and insect population dynamics,” says Ayres. “Climate metrics are as numerous as baseball statistics, so it has been helpful to learn that one—the coldest night of the winter—is particularly important.”
This, he says, influences the distribution of many plants and plant-eating insects, but the insects respond almost instantly. The pests are now in forests that are especially vulnerable, forests that developed under different environmental conditions and may not have fully adapted to the new climate.
A recent example cited in the paper is the New Jersey Pinelands, where there is an unprecedented epidemic of southern pine beetles. The coldest night of the winter now averages 7 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than 50 years ago. “Otherwise we would not have a beetle epidemic there,” Weed says. Over the same time, average temperatures increased by less than a degree. (Milo Johnson ’13, who was a research assistant in Ayres’ laboratory as an undergraduate, produced the documentary A Story About a Beetle, focusing on the biology and management of the southern pine beetle.)
Weed says that the hemlock woolly adelgid, an invasive insect that has been killing hemlock trees in Connecticut and Massachusetts, is now similarly moving into New Hampshire and Vermont, where they were previously excluded by cold winter nights.
There may be two sides to the pest picture, however. As predicted by the first NCA, it seems there are also regions where forest pestilence has declined. The report highlights the extensive and highly productive pine forests of East Texas and Louisiana, places ravaged in the past by the southern pine beetle. In these forests, the insect is now rare, due, in part, to the warming.
Ayres adds that “climate change is increasing tree growth in most of North America, so forests grow faster and have more to give, but it is important to recognize that forests can only mature slowly while infestations can be fast. They can be affected almost instantly by pests.”
The authors reason that maintaining North American forests under a changing climate should include expanding forests in regions where conditions are becoming more favorable. They argue that climate change heightens the need for ever-stronger collaboration between scientists and managers.
Ayres says that he hopes their published synthesis will be widely read and will make a contribution toward meeting a very large challenge.
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Sajjhaya the Queen Pali Notation Edition 2019
Founded in Bangkok in 1999, The World Tipiṭaka Foundation initially began the project of publishing the complete Pāḷi-language Tipiṭaka of the Great International Council Buddhist Era 2500 (1957) in Roman-script Edition.
Having the 40-volume Roman-script publication completed in 2005, the project has since presented this special set to over 150 leading international institutions. Although the Roman Alphabet is internationally known worldwide, the pronunciation of Pāḷi sound using Roman-script orthography is not necessarily easy, due to the lack of knowledge of Pāḷi Grammar and syllabic segmentation. In 2010, the project began to research the Pāḷi phonetic orthographic writing of the Chulachomklao Tipiṭaka 1893 Edition, printed in Syām Script. This particular edition became a linguistic foundation for the Pāḷi phonetic transcription of the World Tipiṭaka Project due to its clear and unique orthographic writing.
In order to make pronunciation easier to follow, the rules of the Kaccāyana Pāḷi Grammar were referenced to each of the over nine million syllables of the entire Pāḷi text. Utilizing this text, the project has developed several innovative methods to preserve and publish the Pāḷi sound as it is believed to have been recited over 2,500 years ago. With the so-called process of “reversed engineering", the project was able to linguistically and electronically reconstruct the ancient Pāḷi Sound.
Initially a new set of the Pāḷi Phonetic Alphabet was proposed to the Royal Society of Thailand, based on our findings from the Kaccāyana Pāḷi Grammar. Though the phonetics made pronunciation easier when reciting Pāḷi words, those who are unfamiliar with Pāḷi or the usage of phonetical symbols may still have difficulty reciting the text properly. The use of a more international musical symbol was thus employed in order to assist with Pāḷi pronunciation rules and rhythmic emphasis, for example to write the sound of Lahu (quick syllable) and Garu (prolonged syllable).
Working together with specialists in musicology, Pāḷi Notation was created specifically for the purpose of standardizing Lahu and Garu recitation in 2015. The project then collaborated with a professor of voicing to record the Pāḷi sound according to place and manner of oral articulation should be based on the Kaccāyana Pāḷi Grammar. A patented program No. 46390 was created in 2016 to automaticly compile the digital sound recording, based on the new notation using Artificial Intelligence Technology (AI). This digital Pāḷi recitation has been named Saj-jhā-ya Recitation and it is now available on a mobile device application. In addition, over 50 copyrights of innovative printing and electronic typsetting programmes have been registered in 2017.
To accompany this digital content there is a 80-Volume Commemorative Reference Tipiṭaka Publication, known as King Bhumibol Adulyadej’s Sajjhāya Pāḷi Phonetic and the Queen Sirikit’s Sajjhāya Pāḷi Notation Editions. (The King Edition, 40 Volumes, containing the Pāḷi phonetic reference and the Queen Edition, 40 Volumes, containing the Pāḷi Notation)
The World Tipiṭaka Project has both transliterated and transcribed the Tipiṭaka to 18 multiple Tai-Scripts, altogether 80 Volumes, using a Pāḷi World Tipiṭaka Database. As of 2019 the project will be publishing the most complete collection Tipiṭakas in the various Tai-Kadai Linguistic Family of the world.
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In the late 1990s and early 2000s journalists played a critical role in increasing public awareness of the obesity epidemic and related conditions. Initial scientific reports of serious complications of obesity such as type 2 diabetes occurring in children were met with skepticism. But news reports describing the significant health consequences helped to crystallize the problem, stimulate public discussion, and prompt public health officials, health care providers, scientists, educators, and community members to develop prevention strategies.
Many obesity-related conditions, including heart disease and hypertension, originate in childhood. As a physician, I have treated young patients who struggle with overweight and obesity. I learned from them how their community, home, and school environments affect their ability to be physically active and to eat healthy foods.
We know that we must provide healthy environments, wholesome food, and adult guidance for children. We also must help them learn how to promote and maintain their own health and support the health of their families and communities. Enter Healthy NewsWorks. Established by Marian Uhlman–a former health reporter for the Philadelphia Inquirer and one of those responsible for getting obesity on the public's radar screen early on–Healthy NewsWorks helps young students become health reporters. Uhlman and I met at the home of a mutual friend about 10 years ago and found that we shared interests in promoting public health, particularly in the area of preventing childhood obesity and related disorders. I became a supporter and informal advisor to Healthy NewsWorks and am now a member of its Health Advisory Committee.
With the enthusiastic support of school administrators, Uhlman and her staff work with classroom teachers to incorporate health journalism into the curriculum. The teachers are the editors in chief who encourage the children to connect their writing to the world around them. The stories integrate subject areas, including civics, science, math, reading, and writing. Pursuing information for stories about the many factors that influence physical and mental health, students have interviewed a wide variety of people–among them a chef, a police officer and a judge as well as artists, civic leaders and health care providers. Last year, 3rd and 4th graders from two local schools interviewed me for a story about the safe use of prescription drugs. The students had prepared well for the session; a memorably bright-eyed and eager 3rd grader asked “What happens if someone gets the wrong medicine?”
Since 2003, students in grades 3 to 8 in a total of 25 area schools have published health-focused school newspapers. In 2013-14 alone, 14 schools participated in the program and their papers were distributed to some 6,000 students. In communities where many students and their parents speak Spanish as a first language, papers have even been translated so children can more easily share their health messages. With help from teachers, 3rd and 4th grade students at Gotwals Elementary School in Norristown translated articles for a special edition of the Norristown Tiempos Saludables.
Healthy NewsWorks journalists have published three editions of their book, Leading Healthy Change In Our Communities. Each book included profiles of a dozen people in the Philadelphia area who have ‘made a difference’ in the health of our community. At annual fund-raising events, student journalists have signed their books and spoken with poise and clarity about their experiences in Healthy NewsWorks. This spring the first community edition of a Healthy NewsWorks paper was distributed in doctors' offices, libraries, and other community venues and businesses.
Read more about The Public's Health.
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Short, stocky birds with thick bills. Backs are brown with black streaks. Both sexes have a grayish/buff breast without stripes and a short tail. Males will also have a black v shaped bib on the breast under the beak, gray-ish brown feathers with a white horizontal bar on the wing, and gray on the top of the head with chestnut below. Females are a dull gray with a light streak at and behind the eye, and yellow at the base of the beak. (source: http://www.sialis.org/hosp.htm)
Aggressive, tough, and adaptable. May evict native birds from nests in rural areas.
Forages on ground, sometimes perching on weed stalks to reach seeds. Adaptable, can come to bird feeders, or take bugs from grills of cars although main diet is seeds (grass or weed). In urban areas, will eat crumbs left by people.
Cities, towns, farms (always by manmade structure). Invasive species.
Often breeds in small colonies, pairs will defend a nest, chasing away all intruders. Nest is usually in a small enclosed area, such as holes in buildings, rain gutters, birdhouses, etc. Usually 3-6 eggs/clutch, sometimes more or less. Both parents will care for/feed nestlings. 2-3 broods per pair, per year.
Permanent residents of areas throughout North America with no migration pattern.
ISSUES CAUSED BY HOUSE SPARROWS:
Will kill native birds such as blue birds and displace from nests. http://www.sialis.org/hosp.htm
Very noisy, disruptive to home owners
Can prevent use of stove/dryer/fan vents due to packing of nesting material
Can enter indoor areas like stores, warehouses, food courts where droppings and nesting materials are disruptive
- Fire hazard if nest materials get into machinery
- Can damage insulation materials in these buildings
HOW TO MANAGE ISSUES WITH HOUSE SPARROWS:
Exclude sparrows from vents
- Hardware cloth
- If nestlings are present, make an alternate nest as close to the previous as possible and move the nestlings, watching to ensure the return of the parents
- Strip doors
If nest is found without young, remove nesting material and cover/exclude birds.
Promptly clean any food from ground outside of restaurants/businesses
In buildings, bird proof obvious entrances
If birds are inside, use nets/live traps to catch and release outdoors
Sources: The Audubon Society, Cornell Lab of Ornithology bird guide, Humane Society of the United States, Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management, Nest Watch
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This advertisement for an immigrant ship sailing from Glasgow to New Zealand includes, besides information about fares and luggage allowances, a ‘scale of dietary for each adult steerage passenger per week’. Steerage passengers endured a monotonous diet based on preserved meat, oatmeal and ship’s biscuit. Cabin passengers ate better – their menu included fresh meat and milk from live animals carried on board.
Using this item
Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand, Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa, must be obtained before any re-use of this image.
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Helping Your Child with Spelling
Children can find writing a real challenge; they need encouragement, support and praise for their efforts. You can best support them by encouraging them to write on every possible occasion, praising their efforts and, importantly, by letting them see you writing whenever possible. You can play word games with them (e.g. I spy, Find the word puzzles), you can also discuss interesting or new words.
Most of us, even if we consider ourselves to be good spellers, make spelling mistakes at some point. What is important is that we know what to do when we get stuck and we know how to correct our mistakes. At school, our children learn the rules, conventions and spelling strategies needed to become confident at spelling.
Here are some of the strategies that will help your child become a confident and accurate speller:
- Sounding words out: breaking the word down into phonemes (e.g. c-a-t, sh-e-ll) Many words cannot be sounded out so other strategies are needed;
- Using the Look, say, cover, write, check strategy: look at the word and say it out loud, then cover it, write it and check to see if it is correct. If not, highlight or underline the incorrect part and repeat the process;
- Dividing the word into syllables, say each syllable as they write the word (e.g. re-mem- ber);
- Using mnemonics as an aid to memorising a tricky word (e.g. people: people eat orange peel like elephants; could: O U lucky duck);
- Finding words within words (e.g. a rat in separate);
- Making links between the meaning of words and their spelling (e.g. sign, signal, signature) – this strategy is used at a later stage than others;
- Using a dictionary as soon as they know how to.
Encourage your child to have a go at spelling words they are unsure of. This will give them the opportunity to try out spelling strategies and to find those that they find useful. You can help them to use the strategies outlined above and praise their efforts.
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Margaret of France (1553–1615)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2011)|
|Margaret of France|
Detail of painting by Pieter Paul Rubens
|Queen consort of France|
|Tenure||2 August 1589 – 17 December 1599|
|Queen consort of Navarre|
|Tenure||18 August 1572 – 17 December 1599|
|Spouse||Henry IV of France|
|House||House of Valois|
|Father||Henry II of France|
|Mother||Catherine de' Medici|
14 May 1553|
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
|Died||27 March 1615
Hostel de la Reyne Margueritte, Paris
|Burial||Basilica of St Denis|
Margaret of France (French: Marguerite, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615) was Queen of Navarre and of France during the late sixteenth century. She is known as "Margaret of France" because she was a princess of France by birth, who later incidentally became Queen of France by marriage. Notably, she was the last surviving member of the House of Valois.
A daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, Margaret was the sister of Kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III of France, and of Queen Elizabeth of Spain. Her father arranged for her to marry a distant cousin, King Henry III of Navarre, and she thus became the Queen of Navarre in 1572. In 1589, after all her brothers had died without fathering sons, Margaret's husband, who was the senior-most agnatic heir to France (the "Prince du sang"), succeeded to the French throne and became King Henry IV, the first Bourbon King of France. Margaret thus became Queen of France as his wife.
A Queen twice over, Margaret was subjected to many political manipulations, including being held prisoner (albeit at a comfortable castle) by her own brother, Henry III of France, for many years. However, her life was anything but passive. She was famous for her beauty and sense of style, notorious for a licentious lifestyle, and also proved a competent memoirist. She was indeed one of the most fashionable women of her time, and influenced many of Europe's royal courts with her clothing. As a corollary to the obsession with beauty and style, Margaret took many lovers both during her marriage and after its annulment, of whom the best-known are Joseph Boniface de La Môle, Jacques de Harlay, Seigneur de Champvallon and Louis de Bussy d'Amboise. When imprisoned by her brother Henry III for eighteen years, she took advantage of the time to write her memoirs, which included a succession of stories relating to the disputes of her brothers Charles IX and Henry III with her husband Henry IV. The memoirs were published posthumously in 1628.
Her life has inspired a variety of stories over the centuries, beginning with Shakespeare's early comedy Love's Labour's Lost, which was in fact written within her lifetime, to Alexandre Dumas, père's 1845 novel La Reine Margot; to a 1994 movie La Reine Margot.
Margaret was born Marguerite de Valois on May 14, 1553, at the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the seventh child and third daughter of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici. Three of her brothers would become kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. Her sister, Elisabeth of Valois, would become the third wife of King Philip II of Spain. In 1565, her mother Catherine met with Philip II's chief minister Duke of Alba at Bayonne in hopes of arranging a marriage between Margaret and Philip's son Don Carlos. However, Alba refused any consideration of a dynastic marriage.
Margaret was secretly involved with Henry of Guise, the son of the late Duke of Guise. When Catherine found this out, she had her daughter brought from her bed. Catherine and the king then beat her and sent Henry of Guise from court.
The marriage of the 19-year-old Margaret to Henry, who had become King of Navarre upon the death of his mother, took place on 18 August 1572 at Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. The groom, a Huguenot, had to remain outside the cathedral during the religious ceremony. It was hoped this union would reunite family ties (the Bourbons were part of the French Royal family and the closest relatives to the reigning Valois branch) and create harmony between Catholics and the Protestant Huguenots.
Just six days after the wedding, on St Bartholomew's Day, Roman Catholic factions instigated a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants). Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the marriage was an occasion on which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris.
This event took place during the period 1562 to 1598, known as the French Wars of Religion, which consisted of factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise (Lorraine).
After the St Bartholomew's Day massacre
Margaret has been credited with saving the lives of several prominent Protestants, including her husband's, during the massacre, by keeping them in her rooms and refusing to admit the assassins. Henry of Navarre had to feign conversion to Catholicism.
After more than three years of confinement at court, Henry escaped Paris in 1576, leaving his wife behind. Finally granted permission to return to her husband in Navarre, for the next three and a half years Margaret and her husband lived in Pau. Both openly kept other lovers, and they quarrelled frequently.
Agen and Usson
After an illness in 1582, Queen Margaret returned to the court of her brother, Henry III, in Paris. Her brother was soon scandalized by her reputation and behavior, and forced her to leave the court, even claiming that she had borne a bastard child by Jacques de Harlay. After long negotiations, she was allowed to return to her husband's court in Navarre, but she received an icy reception. Determined to overcome her difficulties, Queen Margaret masterminded a coup d'état and seized power over Agen, one of her appanages. She spent several months of fortifying the city, but the citizens of Agen revolted against her, and Queen Margaret fled to the castle of Carlat. In 1586, she was imprisoned first by her brother Henry III and then by her husband Henry IV in the castle of Usson, in Auvergne, where she spent eighteen years first as a state prisoner under her brother then a prisoner in exile under her husband who divorced her.
During this time, Margaret wrote her memoirs consisting of a succession of stories relating to the affairs of her brothers Charles IX and Henry III with her former husband Henry IV. The memoirs were published posthumously in 1628 and scandalised the population.
In 1589, Henry, her husband, succeeded to the throne of France as Henry IV. He was, however, not accepted by most of the Catholic population until he converted four years later. Henry continued to keep mistresses, most notably Gabrielle d'Estrées from 1591 to 1599, who bore him four children. Negotiations to annul the marriage were entered in 1592 and concluded in 1599 with an agreement that allowed Margaret to maintain the title of queen.
She settled her household on the Left Bank of the Seine, in the Hostel de la Reyne Margueritte that is illustrated in Merian's 1615 plan of Paris (illustration); the hostel was built for her to designs by Jean Bullant in 1609. It was eventually demolished and partially replaced in 1640 by the Hôtel de La Rochefoucauld.
Reconciled to her former husband and his second wife, Marie de' Medici, Queen Margaret returned to Paris and established herself as a mentor of the arts and benefactress of the poor. She often helped plan events at court and nurtured the children of Henry IV and Marie.
Margaret died in her Hostel de la Reyne Margueritte, on 27 March 1615, and was buried in the funerary chapel of the Valois in the Basilica of St. Denis. Her casket has disappeared and it is not known whether it was removed and transferred when work was done at the chapel, or destroyed during the French Revolution.
Margaret of Valois in literature & fiction
Alexandre Dumas, père's 1845 novel La Reine Margot is a fictionalised account of the events surrounding Margaret's marriage to Henry of Navarre. The novel was adapted into a 1994 French film, La Reine Margot, in which the role of Margaret was played by the popular French actress Isabelle Adjani. The main action of Shakespeare's early comedy Love's Labour's Lost (1594–5) is based on an attempt at reconciliation, made in 1578, between Margaret and Henry.
La Reine Margot appears in Jean Plaidy's novel, Myself, My Enemy a fictional memoir of Queen Henrietta Maria, consort of King Charles I of England. A chance meeting between the young princesse Henriette and the elderly reine Margot at the celebration of marriage of Henriette's brother, Louis XIII of France, and Anne of Austria, hints to the reader about the fascinating character that Margaret of Valois was. She also features in Jean Plaidy's 'Medici' Trilogy which focuses on her mother, Catherine de Medici - mostly in the second book "The Italian Woman".
Margaret of Valois also has a major role in the Meyerbeer opera Les Huguenots. This was one of Joan Sutherland's signature roles and she performed it for her farewell performance for the Australian Opera in 1990.
Queen Margaret of France as consort
|Reference style||Her Majesty|
|Spoken style||Your Majesty|
- Kathleen Wellman, Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France, (Yale University Press, 2013), 277.
- R.J. Knecht, The French Wars of Religion, 1559-1598, (Longman Inc., 1989), 39.
- Kathleen Wellman, Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France, 280.
- R.J. Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 153.
- "Histoire de la rue par les cartes"
- Castarède, Jean, La triple vie de la reine Margot, Éditions France-Empire, Paris, 1992, pp. 236-7, ISBN 2-7048-0708-6
- Jean Castarède, p. 237
- Media related to Marguerite de Valois at Wikimedia Commons
- Works by Margaret of France at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Margaret of France at Internet Archive
- Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois (in English):
- Image at cybersybils.net
- Image at pandemonium.tiscali.de
Marguerite de Navarre
|Queen consort of Navarre
Marie de' Medici
Louise of Lorraine
|Queen consort of France
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Every year the crew down at the Environmental Working Group get together and independently test our conventionally grown fruits and vegetables on their toxic pesticide, herbicide and fungicide residue.
If you aren't made of money to buy all organic produce, you definitely should keep this list in mind whilst doing your weekly shopping to prioritise what should be organic in your shopping basket.
Why? You may not taste them but they are pretty bad for you and your kids. Research suggests that "pesticides may induce chronic health complications including neurodevelopment or behavioural problems, birth defects, asthma, and cancer,".
Research shows that some herbicides, pesticides and fungicides are highly toxic and accumulate in the body over a lifetime. To make up for your years of your non-organic shopping, you can also incorporate detoxification processes into your week like soaking in a Detox Bomb and using our Detox Spray to remove harmful toxins from the body.
The jury is out with our 2018 results:
Spinach: Samples showed a high concentration of a neurotoxic and brain damaging insecticide with 97% of samples contained pesticide residues and 1.8 times as much pesticide residue by weight than any other crop. Popeye must have been eating organic.
Nectarines: 94% of tested samples contained two or more pesticides.
Apples: 9/10 apples tested showed to have pesticide residue. Even worse, 8/10 samples contained a pesticide banned in Europe due to its cancer causing agents.
Grapes: Samples contained 5 pesticides. Organic wine please, waiter.
Peaches: Not all peaches and cream, with samples showing 4 pesticides on average and 99% of samples testing positive.
Cherries: The cherry on top was that a third of tested samples contain a pesticide banned in Europe due to its cancer causing agents. Yum.
Pears: Results were a bit pear shaped, with all half of all samples having 5 or more pesticides (Carbendazim, Diphenylamine, Acetamiprid & Imidacloprid)
Tomatoes: If it is on pizza does it count?
Celery: 95% of samples contained pesticides and insecticides.
Potatoes: By weight, our favourite veggie contains more pesticides than any other crop. Ouch.
Sweet Bell Peppers: Also known as capsicum for our Australian friends.
+ Hot peppers: This years results for hot peppers were alarming, with samples contaminated with insecticides (cephate, chlorpyrifos and oxamyl) that are toxic to the human nervous system, rounding out this years list to make a bakers dozen.
If you cannot source organic produce, soak your fruits and veggies in 1 part vinegar to 4 parts water for 5 minutes. Please note this will not help with systemic pesticides that are inside the produce, only the reside on the outside. Alternatively you can also buy an all natural fruit and vegetable spray.
2018 Dirty Dozen results showing strawberries, peppers and potatoes ranked amongst the worst offenders.
On a more positive note, here are the results for the cleanest conventionally grown products:
Here at LeQure we do support buying organic produce when possible as herbicides and pesticides ( Acetamiprid & Imidacloprid) have been shown to be potent bee-killers, accumulating to the declining bee population.
“If the bee disappeared off the face of the Earth, man would only have four years left to live.” - Albert Einstein.
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We all know that feeling of perspiration. It can be felt after your hours at the gym, an embarrassing bi-product on a hot day or even a reaction to being nervous on a first date. Sweating is a basic human function, but have you ever looked into the health benefits of getting your sweat on?
Lets talk heavy metals. No, we aren't referring to Metallica. Have you heard about Mercury? Well if you haven't, you should have, because you're eating him daily in your tuna salad. Along with Mercury, there are 23 other heavy metals found in our environment that can be very harmful to our health...
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MRC Keneba NIRS Team (from left to right): Seikou Drammeh, Sarah Lloyd-Fox, Ebrima Danso, Clare Elwell, Katarina Begus, Drew Halliday, Lamin Onsanyang, Helen Maris
How can shining light through infants’ heads help us understand more about effective nutritional interventions? It is known that proper nutrition in the first 1000 days is essential for optimal brain development and function, but there is a scarcity of methods which can be used to assess early brain development in settings where malnutrition is prevalent. Earlier this year we embarked on a project to use an optical brain imaging technique, functional near infrared spectroscopy, to investigate cognitive brain function in young infants in the Gambia. This resulted in the first ever functional brain imaging data in African infants and a demonstration that optical imaging has the potential to be used as a tool to inform and assess targeted nutritional interventions in global health studies.
Optical imaging being used to study responses to auditory stimuli in a sleeping newborn infant.
Early assessment of cognitive development may reveal the impact of nutritional deficiencies and allow evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. Neurobehavioral assessments can be performed in young infants and some have been used to investigate links between nutritional deficit and memory development. However, many of these behavioural tests can only be used to detect effects once they reach the point of observable behaviour, thus reducing the efficacy of early intervention strategies. Furthermore, these assessments are developed based on Western norms, drawing into question their validity outside of these populations. Objective, non-invasive, field-friendly tools for imaging the brains of young infants and children are urgently needed, but the currently employed techniques have limitations for studies of young infants in the developing world. Event related potentials (ERP) can be used to provide objective measures of brain electrical activity but provide only limited spatial localisation. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques (including fMRI) provide a wealth of information on brain structure and function but are restricted to studies in older children and are not suited to studies in the field.
Optical imaging being used to study responses to visual stimuli in a newborn infant.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optical imaging technique, which provides a continuous, non-invasive measure of regional blood flow in the brain. NIRS uses near infrared light which passes through the skull to measure the colour of the blood in the brain. Oxygenated blood appears bright red and is directed to different regions depending on the local brain activity. By using near infrared light to measure the distribution of oxygenated (red) blood we can map brain function. A typical system contains pairs of optical source and detector probes, which are placed on the scalp over regions of interest and are fixed with a lightweight headband that can be adjusting for varying head sizes of infant. Low light levels are used and continuous measurements can be performed with no risk of damage to the tissue. NIRS technology is portable, low cost and requires minimal set up and time and expert training. The technique is completely non invasive and is tolerant of participant motion. For this reason systems have found widespread application amongst researchers interested in infant cognitive function and have been used to study subjects from birth into infancy, childhood and adulthood. One of our team, Dr. Sarah Lloyd-Fox from the Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London has recently reported the use of NIRS to identify a potential early biomarker of autism in infants as young as 4 months of age.
Optical imaging system and two year old Gambian boy.
Following the award of a Phase One, Grand Challenges Exploration Grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, we have recently embarked on a project to determine the role of optical imaging in providing biomarkers of brain development in infants in rural Gambia. In collaboration with Prof. Andrew Prentice and Dr. Sophie Moore at the MRC International Nutrition Group at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in February 2013, we transported a custom built NIRS brain imaging system to the MRC Keneba Field Station in The Gambia. The entire system was carried as excess luggage on the flight and then travelled with us from Banjul on the three hour drive to Keneba. We setup, trained a field worker and ran our first study within 2.5 hours of arrival of the NIRS system. During three visits over the past 10 months our group has been working with Dr. Momodou K. Darboe at MRC Kenebato pilot our NIRS protocols in longitudinal and cross sectional studies infants up to 2 years of age. Our NIRS studies have been focused on determining infants’ responses to auditory social (e.g., laughter) compared to auditory non social (e.g., toy rattles) stimuli, as well as to visual social (human peek-a-boo) compared to visual non social (transport images) stimuli. We have acquired optical brain imaging and anthropometric data in a total of 99 infants ranging in age from 10 days to 24 months and in some of these infants we also have data from behavioural assessments. The data analysed from our first visit in February shows selective cortical activation of Gambian infants to visual-social and vocal stimuli, replicating that observed within similar aged infants in the UK. We are currently analysing data from our subsequent visits and looking at relationships between neuroimaging, growth and behavioural measures.
Behavioural assessment of a young infant.
This Phase One grant has demonstrated the viability of optical brain imaging and behavioural assessment of infants over the first two years of life in a field setting. These studies have provided pilot data for further funding applications to investigate brain development and cognitive function in infants with varying trajectories of growth and nutritional status with the aim of informing early interventions, and we look forward to continuing our collaboration with MRC Keneba.
Clare Elwell1, Sarah Lloyd-Fox2, Drew Halliday1, Katarina Begus2,Helen Maris2, Maria Papademetriou1, Momodou K. Darboe3, Andrew Prentice3,4, Sophie Moore3,4
1 Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London
2. Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London.
3 MRC International Nutrition Group, Keneba Field Station, MRC Unit, The Gambia
4 Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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SEASON: Spring through fall
CHOOSING: Basil is delicate and bruises easily, so look for stems that aren’t wilted and don’t have dark spots. The ideal would be basil stems that don’t have a flower bud or have just a small one. Avoid those with long flower stalks and seeds.
STORING: For gardeners, the best way to keep basil fresh is to cut just what you need when you need it. If you are buying basil or bringing it inside from the garden to have on hand, store it by placing it in a vase of water on your kitchen counter—after giving the stem a fresh cut—for up to a week. Be sure to change the water every few days. If it’s wilted, place a produce bag loosely over it until it revives. Do not cut or pinch leaves from the stems until you are ready to use them.
GROWING: Basil is easy to grow, and there are many types, such as sweet, lemon, and cinnamon basil, in varying sizes, shapes, and colors. Since basil can be killed by the slightest frost, plant seeds or transplants in spring after the soil has warmed—the same time you plant tomatoes—in full sun in a compost-enriched soil. Harvest all summer long. Containers are a great place to grow basil. Although the plant may look a little lonely at first, put only one plant in a 12- to 14-inchwide container. Even the small-leaved types will fill the container by midsummer.
Little flowers begin to form at the tips of basil stems. These aren’t edible and slow down the growth of the yummy leaves. Snip them off while they are small, or simply use your basil often.
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Rapid detection and discrimination of fabaviruses by flow-through hybridisation with genus- and species-specific riboprobes
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Viruses cause significant damage in agricultural crops worldwide. Disease management requires sensitive and specific tools for virus detection and identification. Also, detection techniques need to be rapid to keep pace with the continuous emergence of new viral diseases. The genus Fabavirus is composed of five viruses infecting many economically important crops worldwide. This research describes the development of a procedure based on flow-through hybridisation (FTH), which is faster than and as sensitive as conventional hybridisation for virus detection in tissue-prints from infected plants. Six digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes were synthesised with two levels of specificity: (a) five specific for each viral species within this genus, and (b) a genus-specific probe that hybridises with a nucleotide sequence signature only found in the 5-untranslated region of the genus Fabavirus, which is the first of this type reported for plant viruses. The new procedure developed is useful for rapid detection and discrimination of the five fabaviruses identified so far and opens the possibility of discovering new species of this genus.
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Yu-cheung Wong from the Chinese University of Hong Kong introduces the paper he will be discussing at husITa16.
The rise of the permanently connected smartphone has made parental supervision of children’s Internet use almost impossible. In Hong Kong, a city where ICT infrastructure is well-developed and smartphone use very affordable, almost all (98%) school children aged 14-17 have a smartphone. Ownership among younger children (aged 10-13) was almost the same (98%). On the other hand, only 90% of parents have ever used a smartphone. While 35% of children thought they were highly proficient in using the smartphone, only 9% of their parents thought so.
This data was collected from 1, 500 school children and most of their parents (1, 200) from 39 local secondary schools in 2015. Although the school did not come from a random sample, they covered the whole territory with students coming from a wide spectrum of socio-economic backgrounds. The survey data were weighted to resemble the geographic, age, and sex distribution in the territory.
Despite the fact that many schools do not allow students to switch on their smartphone in the classroom, children still spent, on average, almost an hour every day communicating with their friends, another hour on entertainment and about 45 minutes on gaming. They spent only 20 minutes searching information for learning purposes and in doing homework, and 30 minutes or so in browsing websites of their interest. More than 80% considered the smartphone as a communication tool, and 65% as a learning tool.
A few years age most children used home-computers to access the Internet, and, because of the static nature of the access point, parents had a good chance of knowing what their children were getting up to. Today children can use mobile, wireless technology anywhere they like and their Internet activity is much less visible to parents. Even though some do not have a data plan to connect to the Internet, thanks to the growing number of free Wi-Fi access points in public facilities like libraries, government premises, leisure and sport facilities, and the lobbies of public housing (where 30% of the population have their accommodation) Internet access is very convenient.
More than half of parents surveyed experienced conflicts over smartphone use with their children, mainly in the form of disobedience and verbal disputes. Fifteen percent experienced such conflicts frequently. Fortunately, serious conflicts, such as physical violence and running away from home, were rare.
What were the common methods of supervising children’s use of the Internet? Among the 18 items collected from focus group interviews with parents, children, teachers and social workers, we identified three key types: involvement, screening and monitoring. The most common one, also deemed to be the most effective one by parents, was involvement, i.e. spending time discussing the experience of using the Internet with their child. Interacting with children using social media comes next, but it was not particularly welcomed by their children especially those who are older.
Most school children reported that they were happy with their experience in using the smartphone. They thought that it could enhance their knowledge, allowed them to understand new technology, and improved their communication with others. However, about 30% reported troubled experience such as having a tendency to be addicted to the smartphone (30%), affecting academic performance (25%), affecting health (28%), encountering indecent materials easily (27%), and reducing face-to-face communication with parents and others (18%).
Every generation has its own source of tension between parents and children. The use of the smartphone is possibly one of the most difficult to manage because children’s presence at home does not make it easier to follow parental instructions, or to steer them away from trouble, as most parents expected before the invention of smartphone.
For further information contact: Yu-cheung Wong, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Image credit | Shaun Dunmall
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I hope you facilitate close reading activities using those books.
I hope your students are having lively discussion, thinking deeply, and writing thoughtful reflections about the texts that they read.
Unfortunately, creating these opportunities takes a great deal of time, time that you may not have each and every week. It takes time to research appropriate texts and write text-dependent questions. It also takes a fair amount of class time to discuss those texts.
Fortunately, I have two products to make your life easier and still give your students effective close reading practice. If you are able to read published books and articles, then you will want to check out this Close Reading Toolkit, which includes teacher tips, discussion cards, posters, graphic organizers, and plenty of text-dependent questions. If you need a truly no-prep resource, then Text Time is the resource for you.
Text time is a quick, ready-to-use way to get a little bit of close reading and comprehension practice in 2-3 times per week. Everything is on one page. Students read a short passage on the left and then answer four text-dependent questions on the right. Each passage is written at two reading levels (grades 3-4 and 4-5), but the questions are identical so that you can differentiate the reading but still discuss the questions altogether.
Now, I realize that this is not the same as reading a real book, but it is closer than you might think. I wrote all of these passages except the poems (which were carefully curated from the Public Domain). I am a professional nonfiction children’s author with over 120 books in print. The passages I wrote for Text Time are no different from those I might have written for Harcourt, Enslow, Children’s Press, Lucent, or any other educational publisher. Further, they are engaging for students and often based on curriculum-based science and social studies topics. The only real difference between these passages and ones that you might find in one of the books that I have written is that these ones come with text-dependent questions.
The questions address most of the RI and RL Common Core Standards and include: reading for details, main idea, summarizing, inference, predicting, genre setting/character/plot, theme, context clues/vocabulary, figurative language, author’s style, author’s purpose, point of view, mood/tone, text structure, comparing and contrasting, interpreting an illustration (map, chart, diagram, table, or photo), analysis, and evaluation. The skills covered are listed at the bottom of each passage and in the table of contents for easy reference.
There are 60 passages total. If you would like consistent practice all year long, then use two Text Time pages per week, perhaps on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Another option is to use them three times a week, possibly Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, which will get you through most of the school year. A third possibility is to go a la carte, selecting passages for their subjects or the skills addressed, as needed.
Here is what some teachers have said about this resource:
Wow, this product is so wonderful! The layout is fantastic. I really got excited when I found my struggling readers finally get excited about their reading task — as it was to their level! Wonderful! – Lex E.
I love that these are differentiated and so well thought-out. Excellent. I use these for morning work, and students walk in and do the work. The expectation is clear, and no time is lost getting on track with literacy. – Kerri C.
I love these! I purchased them two weeks ago and implemented them the next day. I really like how it compliments the reading program at my school; plus, the author really organizes it. We are working on author’s purpose and compare and contrast, and I can easily find a passage that will provide practice for these strategies. – Tracy A.
These are great for independent work, and the kids enjoy the stories. I use them when we talk about annotating text and get the kids used to doing in a familiar format, and then we carry that over to more general reading and tests. – Carmen W.
Great resource! Since the passages are short, and there are only four questions that are skills focused, the students really enjoy Text Time. Love that there are fiction and nonfiction passages (some of them are even paired passages!). – Rebecca P.
Want to try before you buy? Download the free preview, where you will find six ready-to-use pages that you can try with your students.
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1. Scientists continue to investigate whether certain vitamins and minerals, taken in conjunction with a holistic diabetes treatment programme, help to improve blood glucose stability in some people. Read more about the research here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15163474
2. International researchers may soon be able to control your risk of developing type 2 diabetes using genetics. Read more here: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150428123819.htm
3. Being overweight during your pregnancy could put your unborn child at a higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes later on in life. Read more here: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150427211642.htm
4. Two major studies out of the USA and Scotland show that type 1 diabetics who begin controlling their blood glucose levels early on tend to live longer:http://www.medicaldaily.com/type-1-diabetes-patients-live-longer-immediate-blood-glucose-control-following-316590
5. Treating those with sleep apnoea – a condition whereby the throat temporarily closes making breathing difficult at rest – helped to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in those with pre-diabetes, the University of Chicago’s Medical Center recently reported: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150427163849.htm
6. Drinking too much alcohol is never good, no matter what your health status, but it is believed to have a particularly serious impact on the health of those with diabetes. Read more about the consequences of alcohol abuse for diabetics here: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-3/211.pdf
7. Losing weight has shown to have a positive effect on blood glucose levels for those with diabetes. John Hopkins Medicine issued a full guide illustrating the benefits in this handy document. Read it here.
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Aperture - The size of the opening that the light goes through. The aperture of your camera can usually be adjusted. For all these word meaning you can check in your photography manual glossary.
Exposure - The amount of light that your camera is receiving. The picture exposure is determined by the camera's aperture and shutter speed settings.
Focus - How clear items are in your photo. Most cameras come with an auto-focus feature. This is where the camera finds the focus point automatically. Some camera's let you turn off the auto-focus and use a manual focus to find your desired focal point.
Resolution - This term is used for digital photos. Resolution is how many pixels a photo contains. The more pixels the higher the resolution. The higher the resolution, the better quality of the picture. Photos also take up more storage the higher the resolution.Shutter speed - How long the camera exposes the recording material to light. Taking pictures of fast moving objects require a fast shutter speed. Low light objects require slower shutter speeds.
You can find more of your photography glossary word meanings in your owner's manual.
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Report on Holiday Resort Introduction of Multimedia “Multimedia can be defined as the technology engaging a variety of media, including text, audio, video, graphics and animation either separately or in combination, using computer to communicate ideas or to disseminate information.” Multimedia programming or multimedia authoring is the final stage of multimedia project production.
The most Important phase of multimedia project design and development because the out put of the phase will be the finally render title that will reconsideration and redesigning ends with this phase.Creatures of Jurassic period though their time frame is unimaginable, are coming alive on the sliver screen with their huge roars and fusses.
The Jet fighters seen to fly right above the heads in the new CD games and professional quality music is issuing out of the serious business.
Multimedia is no more a fancy, but a mandatory. Multimedia Programming VISA Multimedia Authoring Multimedia authoring refers to that process of developing a multimedia project, using specialized packages and utilities exclusively meant for this purpose. The developing of a multimedia project title, using PVC++ or developing a graphics editing footwear package like Paint Shop Pro can be called as multimedia programming. Developing a multimedia project title using Asymmetry’s “Multimedia Tool box” can be Multimedia Authoring.
Multimedia software project, using any typical programming environment/ Language or tool (mostly GU’) and making use of various media files and integrate them. It doesn’t demand expert programming skills or knowledge for project development. Step that precede Multimedia Authoring Process The final form of story board containing all interface designs, Nava Map structures and all the details-approved by the project leader should be ready. The media contents to be used in the Initial screens or frames like the background Graphics/ Digital Audio etc… Just be ready. As the Authoring process proceeds rest of the media contents can be developed. Decisions on which authoring environment / package to use have been finalized after all considerations. Authoring Methodologies Authoring tool, package, environment or platform uses some fundamental methodology, for developing the multimedia project. Some tools, even offer the flexibility to switch over from one methodology to another whenever the need arises. Frame or Page based Authoring Tools.
Data Verification. The general content sequence developed in the earlier phase of multimedia project design, must now be rearranged to suit the multimedia application development environment. This process, specifically called ‘Mapping’ or ‘Navigation Mapping result in what’s called a “Navigation Map’ or ‘Nava Map’. Linear Structure, Hierarchal Structure, Non- Linear Structure and Composite Media Content Design and Development Audio Eclipses, Graphics, Animation and Video Eclipses developed for a particular project, can be called as media content.
Audio vs.. Graphics, Animation vs.. Graphics, Video vs.. Animation and Video vs.. Graphics. Interface Design and Development Process The multimedia information, that’s available in various forms, has to be presented in a amicable manner to the user. It’s only with the help of interface design, that, one producer distinguishes his title from others because the nature of media content are almost the same – a few ‘. Wave audio files, ‘. Aviva’ video files and many other bitmap graphics?the way in which they are presented, does the magic.
Back Drops Buttons and Icons Story Boarding Techniques Story Boarding technique for developing animations, even during the Story Boarding stage itself, he may have the opportunity to express his authoring or programming problems, if any. Sometimes, a design or display methodology that seems to be the best option, may invite some troubles in programming, and in other case, the media overhead may well exceed the permissible limit.
Delivery Design and Development The media, in which the project is going to be delivered, also forms a part of project design. Though, in most of the cases, the choice is limited to CD-ROOMS because of the sheer volume of the project material. In some rare cases wherein the size of the reject is small – without complicated video, animation etc. Even floppy disk can be used. Concerning Project “Holiday Resort” A resort is a place used for relaxation or recreation, attracting visitors for holidays or vacations.
Resorts are places, towns such as Newport, Rhode Island or Switzerland, or larger regions, like the Adirondack Mountains or the Jersey Shore. A resort is not merely a commercial establishment operated by a single company, although in the late twentieth century this sort of facility became more common. Such a self- contained resort attempts to provide for all or most of a vacationers wants while engaging on the premises, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping.
Intend of project Resort is managed by Holiday Resort, an India based company whose head office is in Gujarat. Company started its operation in March 31, 2000. Our company provides all types facilities such as Casino, Games, Health & Beauty, Swimming, Golf, Restaurant, Meeting & Conference for attracting the visitors and entertainment them. Project Classification Holiday Resort multimedia project is a project that gives entertainment to the visitor’s, they can enjoy there holidays by various types of motion provide by us.
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Enhancing observational skills for the design
Keywords: qualitative data; ethnography; observation; understanding communities.
Aims and Rationale
This activity is designed to enhance students’ observational skills, which is crucial to carrying out an authentic ethnography. In fact, good observational skills are useful to better understand either a community of users or even a subculture. Indirectly, students will learn when to use qualitative data and how to retrieve important information through the use of their personal and detailed interpretations.
Ethnography is widely used in HCI and when analysing the relationship between ICH and communities. It is also a common approach to ICH research.
Learning Outcomes and Associated Areas of Knowledge
Recognise the different ways in which ethnography can support bottom-up approaches to ICH using digital technology
Identify the different uses for qualitative data in the area of ICH
21st Century skills
- Critical Thinking
- Scientific Literacy
- Research Skills and Practices
Projector screen and PC with Internet connection capable of showing audio-visual clips from YouTube.
Students could also Bring Their Own Device (BYOD) if they have a relevant data connection.
The timings of this activity could be ‘flipped’ in that students could be asked to watch the clip at home and then come prepared to do the activity in-class.
Begin by showing the class some visual media demonstrating an interaction holding different levels of complexity of meaning. It is important that the interaction shown has at least an apparent meaning (that the students can describe) and more hidden symbolisms that can be understood only by being part or knowing of that particular subculture.
We chose this scene from the 1972 movie The Godfather. The mafia moral code offers a good opportunity for a variety of interpretations that goes deeper of that the actual shown interaction.
Then, students were asked first to describe the scene, and secondly to interpret what happened. The following list of questions may help in steer the discussion:
What happened? Describe the scene.
A man is asking a favour to the mafia.
Are the participants differentiated from each other?
The rigid hierarchical structure is evident and recognised by the main asking the favour, who prostrates himself.
Is there conflict or agreement?
The tone goes from the former to the latter after the man asking the favour strikes the right notes.
What is the cultural context?
A mafia boss is being asked a favour of a criminal nature from a person who doesn’t have any other option to solve his problem.
What are the behaviours that define the situation the most?
This will encourage students’ subjective answers and will give away the level of depth reached by students’ observations.
Is there any non-verbal activity that you consider significant?
It is likely that the Godfather petting the cat will be picked up her. That action suggests the distance in authority between the two men within the interaction.
Becoming a proficient ethnographer or qualitative researcher requires years of training and experience. Therefore, expecting the students to master these skills in a short time would be setting them up to fail. Alternatively, explaining one or more concept related to ethnography and qualitative data to students which that may not have encountered before gives them the opportunity to test out and experiment with these approaches.
Assessment for Learning
The learning outcomes and skills associated with this activity can be assessed during and after the main observation activity. During the activity, the questions used in conjunction with The Godfather will enable them to experiment with observations and interpretations in the context of the classroom.
After the activity, you may want to encourage the students to further apply their developing skills in a real-world context outside the classroom. For example, by applying ethnographic note-taking to the practical activity of engaging with communities in the area of ICH. Students could work with a community identified by you or by them. Their family community may provide a simple yet powerful opportunity to practice and develop.
Assessment 'How to'
In preparation for this activity, study and analyse the proposed scene yourself to help you familiarise yourself with the level of descriptions and interpretations provided by the students.
You can propose similar exercises to see whether the students develop their observation skills and report significant details and interpretations. Students will see how most interactions can have deeper meanings that go beyond the appearances once having adopted an emic perspective.
This observational exercise could be run as a follow-up part of the interactive lecture on Data gathering.
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NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2002
Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
The Poinsettia is NOT poisonoushe widespread belief that poinsettias are poisonous is a misconception. The scientific evidence demonstrating the poinsettia’s safety is ample and well documented.
From: The Paul Ecke Poinsettia Ranch
Studies conducted by The Ohio State University in cooperation with the Society of American Florists concluded that no toxicity was evident at experimental ingestion levels far exceeding those likely to occur in a home environment. In fact, the POISINDEX Information Service, the primary information resource used by most poison control centers, states that a 50-pound child would have to ingest over 500 poinsettia bracts to surpass experimental doses. Yet even at this high level, no toxicity was demonstrated.
As with all ornamental plants, poinsettias are not intended for human or animal consumption, and certain individuals may experience an allergic reaction to poinsettias. However, the poinsettia has been demonstrated to be a safe plant. In fact, in 1992, the poinsettia was included on the list of houseplants most helpful in removing pollutants from indoor air. So, not only is the poinsettia a safe and beautiful addition to your holiday decor, it can even help keep your indoor air clean!
Return to Horticulture Update | Return to Aggie-Horticulture
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The Importance of Passion Sunday
Eons ago, back before 1970, the season of Lent had a slightly different structure than it does now. If you happen to look at a missal from back then, you'll notice that there are only four Sundays of Lent, followed by Passion Sunday, followed by Palm Sunday. In a current missal you will typically see that Palm Sunday is now labeled “Passion (Palm) Sunday”.
Latest posts by Ian (see all)
- The Feast of St. Simon and St. Jude, Apostles and Martyrs, is October 28 - October 28, 2018
- October 18 is the Feast of Saint Luke, the Evangelist - October 18, 2018
- October 4 is the Feast of St. Francis of Assisi - October 4, 2018
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What Technology Was Revolutionized By Spatial Analysis And Cartography?
A geographic information system (GIS) supports managerial decision-making involving a physical location.
What is the role of cartography in spatial analysis?
The cartography is an essential tool to understand the complexity of these systems their interaction and evolution. … The terrestrial space is the place of interaction of natural and social systems. The cartography is an essential tool to understand the complexity of these systems their interaction and evolution.
What is the correct definition of spatial analysis?
Definition from the ESRI Dictionary: “The process of examining the locations attributes and relationships of features in spatial data through overlay and other analytical techniques in order to address a question or gain useful knowledge.
What are some examples of geospatial technologies?
Geospatial Technology is an emerging field of study that includes Geographic Information System (GIS) Remote Sensing (RS) and Global Positioning System (GPS).
How GIS and cartography complements each other?
The key issue between cartography and GIS is that cartography is concerned with representation while GIS is concerned with analysis of spatial relationships. GIS is a product of the development of computer-assisted cartography which generated geo-referenced spatial digital databases.
What are spatial analysis tools?
- TerraSeer. ClusterSeer provides state-of-the-art statistics for evaluating disease clusters in space and time.
- GeoVista Studio Project. …
- IDRISI. …
- QGIS. …
- S+SpatialStats. …
- Spatial Analysis for Macroecology. …
- Spatial Analysis Utilities. …
- STARS: Space Time Analysis of Regional Systems.
How do spatial analysis works?
What are the types of spatial analysis?
Six types of spatial analysis are queries and reasoning measurements transformations descriptive summaries optimization and hypothesis testing.
What is spatial technology?
Spatial technologies include any software or hardware that interacts with real world locations. Examples include but are not limited to virtual maps satellite images global positioning systems (GPS) geographic information systems (GIS) remote sensing and augmented reality.
What are the 3 geospatial technologies?
The basic list of geospatial technologies encompasses remote sensing (RS) GPS and GIS.
Which geospatial technologies is typically used to analyze the data layers?
Which of the following geospatial technologies is typically used to analyze the data layers such as those shown in the maps? Geographic information systems (GIS). Geographic information systems (GIS) are used to organize analyze and map geospatial data such as population statistics or farm sales.
What tools are used in cartography?
How is GIS used in cartography?
Geographic Information Systems (or GIS) allow digital representations of objects on a map to be connected with a database that describes that object. This ability to directly link data to objects on a map has revolutionized cartography.
What do you understand by spatial data and how are they integrated to make a GIS?
Spatial data is any type of data that directly or indirectly references a specific geographical area or location. Sometimes called geospatial data or geographic information spatial data can also numerically represent a physical object in a geographic coordinate system.
What is spatial analysis example?
What is spatial mapping?
What do we call computer systems that are used to analyze spatial data?
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing storing checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns and relationships.
What is spatial modeling GIS?
GIS Dictionary. spatial modeling. [modeling] A methodology or set of analytical procedures used to derive information about spatial relationships between geographic phenomena.
What are the three main approaches or techniques in map analysis?
Three main approaches for conducting research using concept maps as a tool emerged: relational cluster and word frequency. These approaches are included in the different phases of research process such as data collection analysis and presentation.
What is the spatial analysis tradition in geography?
Entrenched in Western thought is a belief in the importance of spatial analysis of the act of separating from the happenings of experience such aspects as distance form direction and position.
What is spatial data in cartography?
Spatial data comprise the relative geographic information about the earth and its features. A pair of latitude and longitude coordinates defines a specific location on earth. … Satellite images photographs scanned images etc. are examples of raster data. Vector data are composed of points polylines and polygons.
How are spatial analysis tools helpful in GIS operations?
Using spatial analysis you can combine information from many sources and derive new information by applying a set of spatial operators. This collection of spatial analysis tools allows you to answer complex spatial questions. Statistical analysis can determine whether the patterns that you see are significant.
What is the most common and useful technique in proximity analysis?
A commonly used example is Lloyd’s algorithm. Distance matrix an array containing the distances (Euclidean or otherwise) between any two points in a set.
What is spatial data with examples?
What are two types of spatial data used in GIS?
Within the spatial referenced data group the GIS data can be further classified into two different types: vector and raster.
What is spatial data type?
Spatial data represents information about the physical location and shape of geometric objects. These objects can be point locations or more complex objects such as countries roads or lakes. SQL Server supports two spatial data types: the geometry data type and the geography data type.
What technology is used in GIS?
Modern GIS technologies use digital information for which various digitized data creation methods are used. The most common method of data creation is digitization where a hard copy map or survey plan is transferred into a digital medium through the use of a CAD program and geo-referencing capabilities.
What is geo technology?
What are 3 examples of geospatial technologies and why are they important?
Remote sensing the global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS) are important geospatial technologies. Remote sensing and the GPS are methods for collecting information about Earth’s surface GIS ia a mapping tool for organizing and analyzing information.
What is Internet mapping technologies?
What geospatial technology is being used to study Earth’s climate?
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Earth Science Climatology Physical Geography Geography. Use an interactive map to investigate the influence of local geography on precipitation in mountainous regions of the world.
What is geospatial technology for hydrological Modelling?
The GIS technology has the ability to capture store manipulate analyze and visualize the diverse sets of geo-referenced data. On the other hand hydrology is inherently spatial and distributed hydrologic models have large data requirements. The integration of hydrology and GIS is therefore quite natural.
How does technology affect cartography?
The invention of the telescope and other devices like it allowed cartographers to use the sun at noon or the North Star and measure it so they could figure out their own latitude. Today we have GPS’s and range finders that allow people to make maps on the go.
What are the developments in cartography in today’s world?
13 – Sharpen Your Skills – The Power of Spatial Analysis
Spatial Data Mining I: Essentials of Cluster Analysis
GIS Tutorial | Part 08 | Create Spatial Distribution Map | ArcGIS | Interpolation | Spatial Analysis
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jus. The vegetables of cold climates, on the contrary, support a much greater degree of cold without injury, at least while in a torpid state; for when their buds begin to expand they become vastly more sensible, as is but too frequently experienced in the fickle spring of our climate. Nor is this owing, as vulgarly supposed, merely to the greater power of the cold to penetrate through their opening buds. It must penetrate equally through them in the course of long and severe winter frosts, which are never known to injure them. The extremely pernicious effects therefore of cold on opening buds can only be attributed to the increased susceptibility of the vital principle, after it has been revived by the warmth of spring.
The vegetation of most plants may be accelerated by artificial heat, which is called forcing them, and others may, by the same means, be kept in tolerable health, under a colder sky than is natural to them. But many alpine plants, naturally buried for months under a deep snow, are not only extremely impatient of sharp frosts, but will not bear the least portion of artificial heat. The
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Rabbi Jonathan Sacks
The first words we are taught to say each morning, immediately on waking, are Modeh/modah ani, “I give thanks.” We thank before we think. Note that the normal word order is inverted: Modeh ani, not ani modeh, so that in Hebrew the “thanks” comes before the “I.” Judaism is “gratitude with attitude.” And this, according to recent scientific research, really is a life-enhancing idea.
The source of the command to give thanks is to be found in this week’s parsha. Among the sacrifices it itemises is the korban todah, the thanksgiving offering: “If he offers it [the sacrifice] as a thanksgiving offering, then along with this thanksgiving offering he is to offer unleavened loaves mixed with oil, unleavened wafers spread with oil, and loaves of fine flour well-kneaded and mixed with oil” (Lev. 7:12).
Though we have been without sacrifices for almost two thousand years, a trace of the thanksgiving offering survives to this day, in the form of the blessing Hagomel: “Who bestows good things on the unworthy”, said in the synagogue, at the time of reading of the Torah, by one who has survived a hazardous situation. This is defined by the sages (on the basis of Psalm 107), as one who has survived a sea-crossing, or travelled across a desert, or recovered from serious illness, or been released from captivity.
For me, the almost universal instinct to give thanks is one of the signals of transcendence in the human condition. It is not just the pilot we want to thank when we land safely after a hazardous flight; not just the surgeon when we survive an operation; not just the judge or politician when we are released from prison or captivity. It is as if some larger force was operative, as if the hand that moves the pieces on the human chessboard were thinking of us; as if Heaven itself had reached down and come to our aid.
Insurance companies sometimes describe natural catastrophes as “acts of God”. Human emotion tends to do the opposite. God is in the good news, the miraculous deliverance, the escape from catastrophe. That instinct – to offer thanks to a force, a presence, over and above natural circumstances and human intervention – is itself a signal of transcendence. Though not a proof of the existence of God, it is nonetheless an intimation of something deeply spiritual in the human heart. It tells us that we are not random concatenations of selfish genes, blindly reproducing themselves. Our bodies may be products of nature (“dust you are, and to dust you will return”), but there is something within us that reaches out to Someone beyond us: the soul of the universe, the Divine “You” to whom we offer our thanks. That is what was once expressed in the thanksgiving offering, and still is, in the Hagomel prayer.
Not until the early 1990s did a major piece of medical research reveal the dramatic physical effects of thanksgiving. It became known as the Nun Study. Some 700 American nuns, all members of the School Sisters of Notre Dame in the United States, agreed to allow their records to be accessed by a research team investigating the process of ageing and Alzheimer’s Disease. At the start of the study the participants were aged between 75 and 102.
What gave this study its unusual longitudinal scope is that in 1930 the nuns, then in their twenties, had been asked by the Mother Superior to write a brief autobiographical account of their life and their reasons for entering the convent. These documents were analysed by the researchers using a specially devised coding system to register, among other things, positive and negative emotions. By annually assessing the nuns’ current state of health, the researchers were able to test whether their emotional state in 1930 had an effect on their health some sixty years later. Because they had all lived a very similar lifestyle during these six decades, they formed an ideal group for testing hypotheses about the relationship between emotional attitudes and health.
The results, published in 2001, were startling. The more positive emotions – contentment, gratitude, happiness, love and hope – the nuns expressed in their autobiographical notes, the more likely they were to be alive and well sixty years later. The difference was as much as seven years in life expectancy. So remarkable was this finding that it has led, since then, to a new field of gratitude research, as well as a deepening understanding of the impact of emotions on physical health.
Since the publication of the Nun Study and the flurry of further research it inspired, we now know of the multiple effects of developing an attitude of gratitude. It improves physical health and immunity against disease. Grateful people are more likely to take regular exercise and go for regular medical check-ups. Thankfulness reduces toxic emotions such as resentment, frustration and regret and makes depression less likely. It helps people avoid over-reacting to negative experiences by seeking revenge. It even tends to make people sleep better. It enhances self-respect, making it less likely that you will envy others for their achievements or success. Grateful people tend to have better relationships. Saying “thank you” enhances friendships and elicits better performance from employees. It is also a major factor in strengthening resilience. One study of Vietnam War Veterans found that those with higher levels of gratitude suffered lower incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Remembering the many things we have to be thankful for helps us survive painful experiences, from losing a job to bereavement.
Jewish prayer is an ongoing seminar in gratitude. Birkot ha-Shachar, ‘the Dawn Blessings’ said at the start of morning prayers each day, are a litany of thanksgiving for life itself: the human body, the physical world, land to stand on and eyes to see with.
Gratitude also lies behind a fascinating feature of the Amidah. When the leader of prayer repeats the Amidah aloud, we are silent other than for the responses of Kedushah, and saying Amen after each blessing, with one exception. When the leader says the words Modim anachnu lakh, “We give thanks to You,” the congregation says the a parallel passage known as Modim de-Rabbanan. For every other blessing of the Amidah, it is sufficient to assent to the words of the leader by saying Amen. The one exception is Modim, “We give thanks.” Rabbi Elijah Spira (1660–1712) in his work Eliyahu Rabbah, explains that when it comes to saying thank you, we cannot delegate this away to someone else to do it on our behalf. Thanks has to come directly from us.
Hence the transformative idea: giving thanks is beneficial to the body and the soul. It contributes to both happiness and health. It is also a self-fulfilling attitude: the more we celebrate the good, the more good we discover that is worthy of celebration.
This is neither easy nor natural. We are genetically predisposed to pay more attention to the bad than the good. For sound biological reasons, we are hyper-alert to potential threats and dangers. It takes focussed attention to become aware of how much we have to be grateful for. That, in different ways, is the logic of prayer, of making blessings, of Shabbat, and many other elements of Jewish life.
It is also embedded in our collective name. The word Modeh, “I give thanks,” comes from the same root as Yehudi, meaning “Jew.” We acquired this name from Jacob’s fourth son, named by his mother Leah who, at his birth said, “This time I will thank God” (Gen. 29:35). Jewishness is thankfulness: not the most obvious definition of Jewish identity, but by far the most life-enhancing.
Rabbi Jonathan Sacks
Berakhot 54b.
On this idea, see Peter Berger, A Rumor of Angels, New York, Doubleday, 1990.
Not always, of course. There was a memorable episode of The Simpsons in which Bart Simpson, before beginning his Thanksgiving meal, turns to heaven and says in place of grace, “We paid for all this stuff ourselves, so thanks for nothing.”
See Robert Emmons, Thanks!: How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
Danner, Deborah D., David A. Snowdon, and Wallace V. Friesen. “Positive Emotions in Early Life and Longevity: Findings from the Nun Study.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80.5 (2001): 804-13.
Much of the material in this paragraph is to be found in articles published in Greater Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life @ http://greatergood.berkeley.edu. See also Sonja Lyubomirsky, The How of Happiness, Sphere, 2007, 87-124.
Eliyahu Rabbah, Orach Chayyim 127:1.
The classic study of this is Roy Baumeister and others, “Bad is stronger than good,” Review of General Psychology, vol. 5, no. 4, 2001, pp. 323–370.
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Model and Refinement Checking
Written: October 2014
Purpose: Verify that an implementation satisfies formal properties through model-checking (Alternatively: Create a valid abstract model from an implementation) and testing .
Context/Pre-Conditions: A set of formalized requirements (correctly) expressed as properties that can be model-checked.
To consider: Requires high level of expertise, both when creating an abstract model, formulating properties and executing model-checkers, and refining the model based on test runs (CEGAR-principle) of counter-examples.
Participants and Important Artefacts
V&V Engineer: The person responsible for executing this workflow, and in particular creating/refining the models, formulating properties, interpreting analysis and testing results, debugging etc.
Model-checker: Tool that takes a model and a property, and checks whether it can verify the model or find a trace that violates the property. Such a trace is called “counter example”.
MBT: A procedure capable of determining (approximately) whether an implementation „conforms-to“ (e.g. trace inclusion) its specification model through testing.
Implementation: An executable system serving as the system under V&V.
Counter Example: A trace of the model generated by the model-checker exemplifying how the model may violate a given property; also called negative trace.
Specification model: An abstract behavioral model of the implementation, keeping essential properties of the implementation only.
Witness: A trace in a model that verifies a property; also called positive trace.
Actions / Collaborations
(1) The engineer creates a first proposal for the model.
(2) He applies model-checking against a set of predefined formal properties, giving a verification status for each property, possibly with a counter example.
– If the result is as expected (Success for all properties), the model is assumed to be a valid/good.
– If the result is inconclusive for some properties, he may attempt to simplify the model (apply abstraction, make state-space smaller, or re-phrase properties).
– If the model has a trace that is not desirable (e.g. generated as counter example to a property that should not be satisfied), the model is wrong, and possibly the implementation.
(3) He creates a test case based on the counter example, and executes it on the SUT, to determine whether the counter example is spurious.
– If the test shows that the trace is not in the implementation, then the model is too abstract, and the engineer needs to refine it.
– Else the model captures the wrong behaviour, and he should correct it – assisted by the counter-example.
(4) He applies MBT to check (by testing approximation) that the behavior of the implementation refines (in formal testing: conforms-to) its specification.
(5) If this is not the case he corrects the implementation (or the model, if the defect can be linked to a modelling error).
– The engineer is getting feedback from the implementation that helps him decide how to correct the model (CEGAR: Counter example guided abstraction refinement).
– It is ensured that the model satisfies its required properties, and that the implementation refines the model (testing approximation), and thereby that the implementation satisfies (testing approximation) the properties.
– Feedback from implementation helps the modeller.
– There is some manual work required to determine whether a trace is desired or not, and whether a trace of the implementation is spurious or not.
– The original CEGAR pattern starts with abstracting the model from the implementation, which makes the refinement checking obsolete. However, if model and implementation are developed independently from each other, the refinement checking is needed.
– Find more detailed description in MBAT deliverable D_WP2.1_2_1.
MBAT Automotive Use Case 8 (Virtual Prototype Airbag ECU) / Scenarios 01-04:
Participants / Tools:
V&V Engineer: Verification engineer
MBT: The model consisting of formal requirements is refined because of new or changed customer requirements
Implementation: Model under test in Simulink
Counter Example: The contradicting formal requirements are highlighted
Specification model: The T&A model is updated according to the counter example
Relations to other Patterns
|Coverage Completion for MBTCG (“MBTCG Coverage Completion”)||This pattern helps to check the refinement relationship between model and implementation|
|Model-based Testing (MBT)||Alternatives. While this pattern generates tests from implementation model, MBT does this from A&T model|
|MBT with Test Model Analysis||Both patterns use same methods|
|Support Safety Analysis with Fault Injection||This pattern eases task of that pattern when verified model is modified|
|Requirements Formalization||That pattern helps to turn requirements into a test model|
* “this pattern” denotes the pattern described here, “that pattern” denotes the related pattern
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Upward Bound College Prep Academy
PO Box 200
Upward Bound, the oldest of a series of programs known as TRIO programs, was created as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty. Specific legislation for the program was initially authorized under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 and later moved to be included under Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965. While much of President Johnson's War on Poverty and the Great Society initiatives dealt with the problems of jobs and housing, this legislation which authorized the TRIO programs sought to provide educational opportunity for all Americans regardless of race, ethnic background or economic circumstance. The Upward Bound Program has been in existence on the campus of Baldwin-Wallace College since 1968. Former Baldwin-Wallace College President, A.B. Bonds, Jr. was instrumental in bringing Upward Bound to Baldwin-Wallace's campus. Under President Bond's leadership, Ernest Kozmo, from B-W's Education Department wrote the first grant proposal. That initial grant application proposed that an Upward Bound be funded for 50 students attending Cleveland Public High Schools. The areas to be served reflected high rates of poverty and/or evidenced lower levels of educational attainment. The schools proposed to be services by the Upward Bound Program in this initial grant were Lincoln High and West High schools on the near west side and on the east side in the Kinsman area, East Technical and John Adams High Schools.
The Division of School & Community Academic Programs (SCAP) establishes, coordinates, and maintains college partnerships and outreach programs and activities with K-12 school districts, and community businesses and organizations.
The basic objectives of services provided by Upward Bound programs are to increase participants High School GPA, improve standardized test results, and assist in attaining post-secondary admission to colleges and universities. In order to achieve this, all Upward Bound programs must provide instruction in Math, Laboratory Science, English Composition, Literature, and Foreign Language. Other Upward Bound services include: Instruction in reading, writing, study skills, and other subjects necessary for success in education beyond high school Academic, financial, or personal counseling Exposure to collegiate academic programs and cultural events Tutorial services Mentoring program Information on post-secondary education opportunities Assistance in completing college entrance and financial aid applications Assistance in preparing for college entrance exams Work study positions for Upward Bound graduates attending Camden County College
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North American Indian Ink
If we omit Bressani's whole lack of understanding on the road to the spiritual bearing of tattoos we learn a vigorous catch about the exercise elucidate. To the spent we see Haida tattoo needles in concert in 1883. Memo how plug, yet shorter, the tools are compared to traditional mend aspiration Japanese tattoo tools.
Tattoos for money of passage ordinarily signified a nation primary speed inside adult years. These tattoos normally consisted of lines and algebraic patterns. Arapaho men tattooed three dots on their own upper body to verify their maturity. Tattoos for verdant women were habitually located on the chin and in the right position told the bystander her substance and marital position. To the a short time ago we see a Mojave woman with commendable facial tattoos and mass art. Peak rite of passage tattoos were located upon teens but sometimes death as well. A variety of tribes, with the Sioux, understood that time was death as a "spirit warrior" prepared his way to the spirit world he would be met by an old woman who would organize to see his tattoos. If the life form was miserable profusion not to embrace any ink he would be denied passage to the other frame and, lay down with his colt, be perplexed back down to the World, ill-fated to walk by chance for eternity. This was such a thickly understood belief that manifold elders, who had not been or tattooed, would be tattooed as they lay on their death beds.
The colonize of the Northwest Beach, with the Haida and Tlinglit, cast-off sign tattoos to miserable their clan's secure and comprehend in the middle of members of different social groups. Crests might absorb land and sea plants as well as crude tackle and calm bodies. They might similarly absorb natural riches intricate stone or copper. To the spent we see an 1886 kill of a Haida man with a sweep sign on his upper body and dogfish on each arm. These crests not purely told the bystander to what links group a individual came from but that the individual "owned" that sign and its affiliated method in stories, songs and peculiar names. It might similarly maintain ones refer to of a sticky crude trap and the accompanying finances. Though these images were not themselves worshiped they were symbols of the magical behavior in the middle of the country, the land and the plants and the inhabitants who won and wore them in the former.
Warriors were habitually intimate to sweep tattoos indicating their peculiar density and skills as well as how manifold kills they'd prepared. Jesuits reported in 1663 that an Iroquois expert had 60 tattoos on his thighs, each one in lieu of a man he had killed with his own hands. In the midst of the Chickasaw, and presumably other tribes, the best warriors might be genuinely noteworthy by their tattoos. Tattoos were similarly cast-off for therapeutic reasons in the company of manifold tribes. The Ojibwa were intimate to tattoo the temples, peak and cheeks of frequent check from either toothaches or headaches. Believing the twinge was caused my foul spirits songs and dances would be performed as part of the tattoo position. The Menoltiini and manifold other tribes similarly cast-off tattoos for remedial purposes. To the a short time ago we see Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow, Emperor of the Maquas, by John Verelst. He was one of four Mohawk chiefs who, in 1710, visited London as part of a participant to Ruler Anne.
From kids reaching teens to warriors scary their enemies the history of tattoo in the company of North American Indians is welcoming to say the smallest amount. And however earlier period information on the road to North American Indian tattoo is meager, and images even harder to find, I hope I've provided an stimulating majority of its history. For finished information petition keep on the when sites: Draadlogger Tattoo Best, North American Prime minister Nations Tattoo Best and America's Tattooed Indian Kings.
Principles Of The Craft1. We practice income to adjust ourselves with the natural tempo of life forces faithful by the phases of the Moon and the hobo Back-to-back and Follow the map Back-to-back.
2. We recognize that our work out gives us a clearly identifiable responsibility on the road to our backdrop. We examine to continue in send for with Style, in fresh just existing accomplishment to life and consciousness within an evolutionary hint.
The Invoking Pentagram
book: the invoking pentagram byOrder OF THE Blonde Flinch
The Pentagram is a powerful symbol telling the work of the Terminal Deity and the Four Elements under the divine Giving out of the letters of the Catalog Yeheshuah. The elements themselves in the symbol of the Conceal are governed by Yhvh. But the communication Shin, telling the Ruach Elohim, the Divine Deity, guise particularly thereto...
Reincarnation We Always Exist In One Form Or AnotherBy M Deskins
In the role of do you, I, and anybody else living in this world wave around in common? We were innate. We're all animated. We come out. On or after we've managed to make it stylish this time, who's to say we won't once more someday? Or that we haven't ever complete it to come this life?
An assortment of cultures wave around thought in the theory of exterior lives and renaissance. Give is an growing size of race...
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Women have played significant roles in healing fields throughout history. However they were not widely permitted to attend medical training programs until the late 1800s to the early 1900s. In 1930 women made up only 4.4% of students in medical schools. By 1990, women accounted for more than 36% of medical students, and now by 2017, 47.6% of medical school students in the United States are women. (Note: according to 2010 census data, 50.8% of the US population are female.) While this trend represents movement towards gender equality in education, there are far fewer women in most medical school faculty roles, surgical roles, and professional organization leadership positions. Thus, there continue to be opportunities for women to make history.
For women’s history month, let us take a moment to honor of all the women that have been pioneers in medicine. Below are a few historical highlights. We truly stand on the shoulders of giants!
- Merit Ptah (2700 CE) Egyptian “chief physician” and earliest woman named in medicine.
- Metrodora (around 200-400 CE) Greek physician. Authored the oldest medical book known to be written by a woman, On the Diseases and Cures of Women.
- Rufaida Al-Aslamia (approx 620 CE) Islamic medical social worker recognized as the first female Muslim nurse and first female surgeon in Islam.
- Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179 CE) Prolific medieval era science and health writer considered Germany’s first female physician .
- Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910) First female physician in the United States. Graduated from New York’s Geneva Medical College in 1849. Cofounded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children.
- Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Regarded as the founder of modern nursing, she was a statistician and reformer who transformed nursing after her experiences working in the Crimean War (1853-1856).
- Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831-1895) First African American physician graduating from Boston University in 1864. Opened clinics to care for freed slaves who did not otherwise have access to medical care. Published Book of Medical Discourses.
- Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Regarded as the founder of modern nursing, she was a statistician and reformer who transformed nursing after her experiences working in the Crimean War.
- Clara Barton (1821 – 1912) Founded the American Red Cross in 1881 after caring for soldiers in the Civil War.
- Maria Montessori (1870 – 1952) Italian physician and educator. Focus: pediatrics, women’s health, and the education system that she is most well known for: Montessori.
- Jane Elizabeth Hodgson (1915-2006) Minnesota based OB-GYN and pioneering provider of reproductive healthcare for women and advocate for women’s rights.
- Female Nobel Laureates who helped to progress science and medicine:
- Marie Curie (1867 – 1934) Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1903 and 1911 for research in radiation and discovery of radon and polonium.
- Irene Joliot-Curie (1897 – 1956) Synthesis of radioactive compounds in 1935.
- Gerty Cori (1896 – 1957) Nobel laureate in 1947 in Physiology of Medicine for her research in the catalytic conversion of glycogen.
- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910 – 1994) X-ray techniques revealing structures of biochemical compounds in 1964.
- Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921 – 2011) radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones in 1977.
- Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909 – 1912) discoveries of growth factors, 1986.
- Gertrude B Elion (1918 – 1999) important principles of drug treatment, 1988.
- Christiane Nusslein-Volhard (1942 – ) discoveries in embryonic medicine, 1995.
- Linda Buck (1947 – ) Mechanisms of smell, 2004.
- Ada Yonath (1939 – ) Research about structure of ribosomes, 2009.
- Francoise Barre-Sinoussi (1947 – ) discovery of HIV, 2008.
- Elizabeth Blackburn (1948 – ) and Carol Greider (1961 – ) separate research on telomeres and chromosomes, 2009.
- May-Britt Moser (1963 – ) cells that create a positioning system in the brain, 2014.
- Tu Youyou (1930 – ) discoveries in a novel therapy against malaria, 2015.
As smart lady Laurel Thatcher Ulrich once said:
“Well behaved women seldom make history.”
Happy Women’s History Month!
Julia Strickler, ND* received her Doctorate of Naturopathy (ND) from Bastyr University in Seattle, WA. She also holds a BA in the History of Math and Science and Philosophy from St. John’s College in Annapolis, Maryland. Prior to practicing in Austin, her experience includes interning at The Chopra Center in Carlsbad, CA, working at The Texas Center for Biological Medicine in Dallas, and practicing at the Hawaii Naturopathic Retreat Center in Pahoa, Hawaii. In order to address any number of chronic conditions and lifestyle challenges, she also assists patients through nutrition, botanical medicine, homeopathy, hydrotherapy and mind-body awareness. A runner and aspiring yogi, she looks to balance the mind, body and spirit. She is available for home visits as well as office visits.
*Naturopathic doctors are not currently licensed in the state of Texas
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Historically, societies have always located near water, due partly to the fact that water enables more efficient travel compared to going over land. Waterways are critically important to the transportation of people and goods throughout the world. The complex network of connections between coastal ports, inland ports, rail, air, and truck routes forms a foundation of material economic wealth worldwide.
Within the United States, waterways have been developed and integrated into a world-class transportation system that has been instrumental in the country's economic development. Today, there are more than 17,700 kilometers of commercially important navigation channels in the lower 48 states.
Early History of Water-based Transportation
The historical development of water-based transportation is connected to the importance of domestic and international trade. Early exploration of North America identified large amounts of natural resources such as fisheries, timber, and furs. Trade centers were established along the east coast of North America where goods could be gathered together and ocean vessels could transport them to consumers in Europe and other foreign areas. The success of commercial trading companies spurred the introduction of
From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, small subsistence farms were prevalent among the American colonies. Eventually larger farms emerged and produced crops such as wheat, tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton that were commercially marketable in Europe. Ocean vessels transported the bulk, low-value goods from the colonies to Europe and returned with high-value, low-density goods such as inks, linens, and finished products that had a much higher return on the investment per vessel trip.
Agricultural production continued to grow and support the growing colonies' economic development. The speed and low cost of transporting goods by water influenced the locations of population settlements near navigable water (rivers, lakes, canals, and oceans). Goods produced on inland farms were transported via inland waterways to the coastal ports. Goods shipped by smaller vessels from surrounding ports were transported to New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, and exported on larger oceangoing ships. These ships from the smaller ports then transported imported goods back to the surrounding ports.
During the 1700s, the British government passed many acts, such as the Navigation Acts and the Stamp Act of 1765, designed to collect taxes from the colonists. The acts affected trade, and were met with opposition from the colonist. In Philadelphia during the fall of 1774, the "Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress" called for non-importation of British goods, and became a catalyst for the American Revolutionary War (1775–1784). The resulting independence for the United States allowed trade a free rein, and it flourished.
The westward expansion of the United States exposed a wealth of natural resources and an increased production in agricultural goods. The inland transportation infrastructure of roads, railroads, canals, and rivers connected the early western settlers with the rest of the nation, and enabled goods to move from the west back to more populated areas in the east and onto other parts of the world. The River and Harbor (Appropriations) Act of 1876 established federal funding of waterways to promote national commerce but not to benefit any particular state nor to allow waterway tolls.
Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Increased levels of world trade resulted from the economic growth occurring since the end of World War II in 1945. The United States was in the position to take advantage of new trading opportunities as new world markets opened. Developing countries demanded capital goods, agricultural products, consumer goods, and commercial services, which the United States could provide. As these nations produced goods for export, the United States became a market for these goods.
A significant factor in the opening of the inland waterway system (and the resultant world trade superiority of the United States) was the advances in ship technology and the application of steam power to ships that traveled the extensive water network. Larger and faster ships emerged from the advances in ship and engine design and improvements in construction materials.
Methods of cargo handling evolved to keep pace with the larger vessel sizes. The introduction of palletization and roll-on/roll-off cargoes enabled vessels to be loaded and unloaded in less time. The emergence of containerization in the late 1950s dramatically affected the shipping industry and port infrastructure. The increasing size of containerized cargo vessels became a driving force in the demand for expanded ports and improved facilities.
Importance to Foreign Trade.
Transporting goods with foreign trading partners can be accomplished by road, water, rail, or air. However, for the
About 95 percent of U.S. foreign trade passes through its port system. Ports function as the transfer point between land and water transportation of cargo. * For vessels to transport the foreign traded cargo, they must be able to access the ports through established channels. The channels provide adequate water depths for the vessels and navigational aids.
Today's Global Trade.
Today the world economy has become globalized. The economic system is changing from one with distinct local and national markets, separated by trade barriers, distance, time, and culture, to one that is increasingly converging and integrating into a global economy.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States was the world's leading trader in 1998, accounting for about one billion tons of ocean-bound trade (about 20 percent of the world's total ocean-bound trade) out of about 2.4 billion tons of total foreign trade. In 2000, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation, approximately $736 billion of goods (about 40 percent of the total U.S. foreign trade by dollar amount) were shipped via ocean vessels and passed through U.S. ports. By 2020, international trade is estimated to more than double (by weight) within the United States, with the majority of this trade projected to move via ocean shipping.
Marine Transportation System.
According to the Department of Transportation, when cargo is transported by water within the United States, 95 percent of the time it involves the Marine Transportation System (MTS). This comprehensive system resulted from years of water transport development involving such U.S. organizations as the Coast Guard, Maritime Administration, Army Corps of Engineers, NOAA, and Environmental Protection Agency.
The MTS is a complex and diverse national network of waterways, ports, and intermodal landside connections that allows various modes of water-based transportation. The system includes: navigable waterways (such as the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway); publicly and privately owned commerce-carrying vessels; over 3,500 bulk oil transfer facilities; more than 350 ports located at approximately 4,000 marine terminals; about 40,000 kilometers of navigable channels; more than 235 locks and dams at over 190 locations; shipyards; rail yards; vessel repair facilities, over 10,000 recreational marinas; and a trained labor staff that operates and maintains the entire infrastructure. Users of the waterway system each year include 70,000 port calls for commercial vessels, 110,000 fishing vessels, and 20 million recreational vessels.
International Maritime Fleets and Law
Many nations around the world have built up their fleets to become very profitable. Since World War II, the size of the U.S. flag merchant fleet has declined, partly due to improved technologies and partly due to foreign competition among fleets. But while this number of ships has declined, the productivity has greatly increased. Since 1970, these fewer ships carry 42 percent more cargo. However, the U.S. fleet accounts for less than 5 percent of all commercial foreign trade by weight. Data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Maritime Administration indicate the following composition and carrying capacity of the U.S.-flag fleet in 2000:
Passenger 1 : 1,265 Passenger: 368,000 passengers
Dry Bulk: 10 Dry Bulk: 2,124,000 metric tons
Dry Cargo/Offshore Support: Dry Cargo: 47,253,000 metric tons 2,910
Tanker: 173 Tanker: 19,172,000 metric tons
Vehicular/Railroad Car Ferry: Railroad/Car Float: 89,000 metric 229 tons
Dredge: 570 Other 2 : 1,072,000 metric tons
Other 2 : 45 Total: 72,078,000 metric tons/
1 Includes ferries and day excursion vessels
2 Includes certain general cargo, roll-on/roll-off, multipurpose, LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship) vessels, and deck barges
All ships must be registered to one of the world's nations so that responsibility for violations of international laws and conventions may be assigned. This causes many shipping companies to shop around for nations that give them the best values on taxes, wages, and legal restrictions.
Liberia has the largest shipping fleet in the world. Relatively smaller countries like the Bahamas, Honduras, the Marshall Islands, Panama, and Vanuatu have large fleets as well. The United Nation's International Maritime Organization (IMO) is responsible for improving the safety of international shipping, preventing marine pollution, and facilitating international maritime traffic. The Department of Transportation has the overall lead on all maritime issues for the United States, and works with the IMO on these issues.
Economics, National Security, and the Environment
The United States dependence on seas and waterways has been vital to its economic success and national security. The pool of skilled labor working on U.S. flag vessels is also a national security asset. This workforce is relied upon to meet surges in shipping needs in the advent of emergencies. The merchant marine has played a historical role in military conflicts. In 1996, the Maritime Security Act established the maritime security program to support a fleet of U.S. commercial vessels with American crews to support the military and economic security of the country; approximately 47 vessels participate in this program.
The inland waterways are also a national security asset. The 1920 Jones Act required domestic waterborne commerce to be transported in vessels built in the United States, documented under U.S. laws, and owned by U.S. citizens. The Jones Act covers over 42,000 commercial vessels, 124,000 jobs, and $15 billion in economic activity. Many other countries have similar laws restricting foreign access to domestic trade shipped via waterways.
The MTS is also vital to national security. The ability to rapidly deploy troops and materials worldwide is critical to the country's defense. The Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA) is a standby agreement intended to make commercial, intermodal dry cargo capacity and supporting infrastructure available to meet contingency deployment needs of the Department of Defense. Since World War II, approximately 95 percent of all military equipment and material sent to combat and crisis areas was ship cargo transported by ocean vessels. For example, during the Persian Gulf War (1990–1991), nearly all domestic supplies intended for U.S. military forces traveled by ship.
Marine transportation is an important use of the ocean. Increased demands will be placed on U.S. ports and waterways as domestic and international trade continues to expand. These increases in the use of waterways and port facilities must be achieved while still protecting human health and the environment.
Terri A. Thomas
and William Arthur Atkins
Bauer, K. Jack. A Maritime History of the United States: The Role of America's Seas and Waterways. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.
Hershman, Marc J. Urban Ports and Harbors Management. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1988.
Hill, Forest G. Roads, Rails, and Waterways: The Army Engineers and Early Transportation. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1957.
Kendall, Lane C. The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press, 1979.
Marcus, Henry et al. Federal Port Policy in the United States. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1976.
Great Lakes and Seaway Shipping. N. Schultheiss. <http://www.boatnerd.com> .
Navigation Data Center. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. <http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/index.htm> .
U.S. Port Totals by Type Service. U.S. Foreign Waterborne Transportation Statistics Program, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Department of Transportation. <http://www.marad.dot.gov/statistics/usfwts/index.html> .
What is the Marine Transportation System? U.S. Department of Transportation. <http://www.dot.gov/mts/about.htm> .
* See "Oil Spills: Impact on the Ocean" and "Ports and Harbors" for photographs of busy U.S. ports.
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National Forest Week is a reminder of Canada's long dependence on its forests. Keeping them healthy is the only path toward future sustainability.
During National Forest Week, Canadians are invited to learn more about Canada’s forest heritage and to raise awareness about this valuable and renewable resource. Forests are fundamental to our economy, culture, traditions and history – and to our future. Communities, families and individuals depend on forests for their livelihood and way of life.
With major issues always looming – softwood lumber negotiations, pine beetle, fibre supply, access to timber suppliers, to name a few – the need to explain forestry to broad audiences will always exist.
To learn more check out what the Canadian Forestry Association is doing to mark the week this year.
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After weeks of trimming a few calories here, exercising a little more there, you put on a pair of jeans, and like magic, the waist has grown. You button them up to behold a welcome space between your belly and the fabric. How did that happen?
With 78.3 percent of the adult American population defined as overweight (32.7 percent), obese (37.9 percent) or extremely obese (7.7 percent) according to 2013-14 stats from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a lot of people are trying to drop some pounds. Through dieting, exercise, surgery or a host of other alternatives, they hope to reach the goal of a smaller body. But where does that weight disappear to when the hard work pays off?
The short answer is that our bodies convert molecules in fat cells to usable forms of energy, thus shrinking the cells. But getting this to happen isn't just about sweat bands and short shorts. Understanding how our bodies perform this tummy-trimming trick requires a little more detail.
We know that weight loss hinges on burning calories. Calories measure the potential energy in food you eat in the form of fats, proteins and carbohydrates.
If our bodies were cars, energy would be the gas that keeps everything running. Lounging in front of the television is like cruising the strip, while sprinting around a track is more like drag racing at maximum speeds. In short, more work means more energy.
The body uses some of those calories to digest food. Once the food is broken down into its respective parts of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it either uses the remaining energy or converts it to fat for storage in fat cells. Fat cells live in adipose tissue, which basically acts like an internal gas station, storing away fuel reserves.
To lose weight, you must burn more calories, or energy, than you consume to start using up that fuel reserve. Essentially, you're not ingesting enough calories to fuel your additional exercise, so your body must pull from fat stores.
How? Go to the next page to get the skinny on the fat-burning process.
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| 0.950544 | 435 | 3.3125 | 3 |
SWPBIS for Beginners
- Bully Prevention
- SWPBIS for Beginners
- PBIS in the Classroom
- Tier 1 Supports
- Tier 2 Supports
- Tier 3 Supports
- District Level
- PBIS and the Law
- School Mental Health
- High School PBIS
- Equity & PBIS
- Exemplar from the Field
This section of the website is dedicated to those individuals who are interested in learning more about Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support. Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) when applied at the Schoolwide level is frequently called: SWPBS or SW-PBIS. For the remainder of this article SW-PBIS will be used when referring to Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support. SW-PBIS refers to a systems change process for an entire school or district. The underlying theme is teaching behavioral expectations in the same manner as any core curriculum subject. Typically, a team of approximately ten representative members of the school will attend a two or three day training provided by skilled trainers. This team will be comprised of administrators, classified, and regular and special education teachers. The school will focus on three to five behavioral expectations that are positively stated and easy to remember. In other words, rather than telling students what not to do, the school will focus on the preferred behaviors. Here are some examples from other schools:
- Respect Yourself, Respect Others, and Respect Property
- Be Safe, Be Responsible, Be Respectful
- Respect Relationships and Respect Responsibilities
After the SW-PBIS team determines the 3-5 behavioral expectations that suit the needs of their school, they will take this information back to the staff to ensure at least 80% of the staff buy into the chosen expectations. Consistency from class to class and adult to adult is very important for successful implementation of SW-PBIS. The team will then create a matrix of what the behavioral expectations look like, sound like, and feel like in all the non-classroom areas. This matrix will have approximately three positively stated examples for each area. Here is an example column from one school:
This would be filled out for each non-classroom area and each behavioral expectation. The SW-PBIS team would take the matrix back to the whole staff to ensure 80% buy-in from the entire staff on what expectations are taught in each area.
Then, the SW-PBIS team would work with teachers to create matrices for each classroom that include examples of what it looks like, sounds like, and feels like to follow each expectation within each classroom routine (e.g., entering/exiting the classroom, teacher instruction, group work, independent work, transitions).
Another primary activity for the SW-PBIS team is determining how the behavioral expectations and routines will be taught in classroom and non-classroom settings. This website has many example lesson plans available under the primary level. Many schools choose to use several days at the beginning of each year to take the students around the school to stations, where the skills are taught in setting specific locations. For example, a bus may be brought to the school and the children will practice lining up, entering the bus, sitting on the bus, and exiting the bus using hula hoops to denote proper body space distance in lining up to enter the bus. Similarly, teachers may choose to teach expectations within each classroom routine as they introduce each routine at the start of the school year. In addition, the SW-PBIS team may work with teachers and school staff to plan opportunities to review and re-teach expected behavior throughout the year.
The next activity the SW-PBIS team will begin is the fine tuning of the office discipline referral form. The team will decide "What behaviors are an instant trip to the office and what behaviors are taken care of in the classroom." It is very important that every staff member is consistent. If it is not permissible to use a cell phone in band class then it has to not be permissible in art class.
Many schools choose to use School-wide Information System (SWIS). This is a web based program which graphs office discipline referral data. This program creates instant graphs for behavioral incidents per day- per month, time of day, specific behaviors, location and by specific student. The graphing program provides many other options. For more information on SWIS, please visit pbisapps.org.
Another activity for the SW-PBIS team is to determine a way to recognize student behavior. Although specific praise is likely the most critical component of the recognition system, many schools choose to develop a "gotcha" program. The gotchas are a system for labeling appropriate behavior, and they often serve as prompts for adults to remember to catch kids engaging in appropriate behavior (rather than catching them when they engage in inappropriate behavior). This website has many examples of gotchas in the primary section. Some schools use NCR paper for gotchas with one copy going home to parents, one to the classroom teacher, and one to the principal for weekly drawings.
The above activities are just a few of the steps a school begins to implement SW-PBIS. For further study check out these links in the resource box:
- PBIS Implementation Blueprint
- Supporting and Responding to Student Behavior
- Getting PBIS Into Your School Newsletter Article
- PBIS Video
- State Map for Contact Information for Your State
The SET Implementation Manual was developed to provide guidance and technical assistance to those who would like to use the School-wide Evaluation Tool (SET) to assess a school’s fidelity of implementation of school-wide positive behavior support.
The presentation provides overview of features, practices, and systems of positive school culture. It includes core elements, general implementation process, and examples.
Critical features of Implementing School-wide Positive Behavior Support
Short presentation on number of schools implementing school-wide PBIS as of November 1, 2008.
The presentation provides overview of SWPBS and review of critical features including critical features of dealing with escalating behaviors.
The presentations include: 1) Skill Building for Small Group / Targeted Interventions, 2) Systems to Support Social and Academic Success: Positive Behavior Supports Meets Response to Intervention, and 3) Building School-based Systems to Support Small Group / Targeted Interventions for At-risk Students.
SWPBS Review and Function-based Support: SWPBS Rationale, Readiness, Features (Colchester Leadership Teams-Colchester School District, CT)
Review of School-wide Behavior and Function Based Support for Schools in Colchester School District.
School-Wide Positive Behavior Support: Rationale, Readiness, Features (CT New Team Principal's-UConn and Hartford)
Critical features of PBIS Overview
geared for principals. The presentation describes SWPBS rationale, features, & examples and reviews readiness commitments & agreements.
Overview of New Team Action Planning and action planning for starting SWPBS in the MS and HS Setting.
SWPBS Beyond Classroom Management (SW PBS overview) (MN School Psychology Summer Institute-St Paul, MN)
The role of the school psychologist and School-wide PBIS.
The class session includes: 1) defining SWPBS, 2) core features of SWPBS, 3) examples and outcomes, 4) evaluation of SWPBS, 5) targeted interventions, 6) check-in/check-out, 7) bully-proofing in SWPBS, 8) SWPBS and RtI.
The presentation shares various issues on data and data-based decision making.
General overview of school-wide positive behavior support for year 1 schools.
Impacting Outcomes for Students with the Most Challenging Behaviors through Schoolwide PBS: OSEP’s Model Demonstration Projects (CEC-Boston, MA)
The presentation introduces tertiary level model demonstration project (K-I SWPBS tertiary demonstration) and current implementation status.
The presentation provides overview of rationale, features, & outcomes of school-wide approach to positive behavior supports.
The presentation reviews SWPBS, readiness requirements, and participation agreements. General PBS implementation process and application of RtI are addressed.
Response to Intervention translates well into School-wide.
This DVD contains a 24 minute awareness video on school-wide PBS that can be shared with districts and schools to solicit interest and buy-in. There are also 5 video segments on getting buy-in, using data for decision-making, teaching expectations and rules, providing effective consequences, and developing reward systems. The DVD can be ordered from the Florida DOE at: http://www.firn.edu/doe/bin00014/clermail.htm
This is a powerpoint presentation that helps school with understanding challenging behavior and it also explains how to develop effective discipline practices.
This form provides a layout of when specific tasks should be completed.
This form allows teams to formally document events that take place during PBIS meetings.
This document lists the job goal, qualifications requirement, and performance responsibilities of the PBIS internal coach.
This document details the objectives of each step of the Problem Solving method.
This form explains how PBIS helps staff to build a school-wide social-culture.
This chart shows how the universal, targeted, and intensive behavioral system pairs with the academic Response to Intervention (RTI) system.
This powerpoint presentation is used to train new PBS teams.
This powerpoint provides information about the effect of PBIS at Indian Head school.
This document is a drafted implementation plan that describes procedures that could be used to implement PBIS in Baltimore Public Schools.
This document provides a detailed timeline for completing task in Phase I ( March-July: Year 1).
This document provides the names of inidividuals on the PBIS team that will be representative of their school.
This powerpoint is intended to cover the areas of: 1) Using your data effectively 2) Requesting technical assistance for your team 3) Problem solving with the team 4) Creating your yearly plan for training and implementation 5) Completing your product book 6) Establishing effective team meetings and team roles; and 7) Coaches' role and responsibilities
Provides an overview of application of PBS at the classroom level. The introduction is best used with experienced coaches to describe the possible next steps after establishing a school-wide behavior support system.
This is a checklist of possible reinforcement tools that could be used within the school.
This is a brief survey designed to assess what aspects of the school environment can best benefit from school-wide positive behavior support
This worksheet is a tool used to give guidance in the implementation of an intervention with the referral process.
With the help of a group facilitator, this details the process that groups can use in order to engage in meaningful dialogue in order to reach a resolution to a problem.
This guide allows school faculty and administrators to give a coherent listing of the purpose, goals, and action plan for promoting an action plan needed for school-wide impovement.
These materials are used to train professionals to facilitate teams implementing individualized positive behavior support plans. The content is meant to be completed in conjunction with onsite case study support and field-based activities.
The Facilitator's Guide supplements the three-day training provided to school teams in Florida. The guide is intended to provide additional references and support to coaches and teams when they go back to their school to begin the development and implementation of their school-wide system. The guide is in PDf format and links to additional forms and resources. http://flpbs.fmhi.usf.edu/pdf/OriginalFacilitatorGuideComplete11.25.03.pdf
This is an initial action plan for implementing SW-PBS based on results of PBS-CAT.
Gives overview of PBS, role of a coach, teaming and collaboration, responsibilities of coaches, details about PBS team meetings, SWIS readiness, problem solving process.
Blank form to do a behavior support plan for an individual student after a functional assessment has been conducted.
Goes over: Conducting SWIS readiness tasks, submitting license agreement and school info form, setting up for SWIS taining, conducting SWIS training, follow-up, maintenance, facilitator boosters, license renewal process.
This is an introduction to working with At-Risk populations-how to identify giving examples and non-examples and using data-based decisions to select appropriate interventions.
Very comprehensive overview of schoolwide PBS, reviews levels of PBS, PBS teams and member roles, discusses faculty buy-in, establishing data-based decision making, establishing rules and expectations, developing lesson plans, creating rewards, refining consequences, and monitor/evaluate effectiveness.
An on-line beginning level tutorial on the foundations of applied behaivor analysis. An excellent precursor to functional assessment training.
The checklist measures the climate of the school for parent involvement, learning activities at home, communication with parents/families, and parent involvement at school.
The purpose of this interview is to assess the extent to which the elements of a behavior support plan fit the contextual features of your school environment. The interview asks you to rate (a) your knowledge of the elements of the plan, (b) your perception of the extent to which the elements of the behavior support plan are consistent with your personal values, and skills, and (c) the school's ability to support implementation of the plan.
The F-BSP is a planning tool for used by school personnel who are building a behavior support plan using function based behavioral assessment. This form was written by Horner and Crone 2005. This also has a Competing Pathway Chart or Competing Behavior Chart available for planning purposes.
The FACTS is a two-page interview used by school personnel who are building behavior support plans for tertiary level supports. The FACTS is intended to be an efficient strategy for initial functional behavioral assessment. The FACTS is completed by people (teachers, family, clinicians) who know the student best, and used to either build behavior support plans, or guide more complete functional assessment efforts. The FACTS can be completed in a short period of time (5-15 min). Efficiency and effectiveness in completing the forms increases with practice.
The Oregon School Safety Survey is an instrument developed to obtain an efficient index of perceived school safety. This survey provides a summary of "risk factors" and "protective factors" that can be useful in determining training and support needs related to school safety and violence prevention.
Scoring guide for Benchmarks of Quality for SWPBS.
The Benchmarks of Quality for SWPBS has been developed in Florida's Positive Behavior Support project. The tool is designed to access and monitor PBS team activities.
The School-wide Evaluation Tool (SET) is designed to assess and evaluate the critical features of school-wide effective behavior support across each academic school year. The SET results are used to: 1) assess features that are in place, 2) determine annual goals for school-wide effective behavior support, 3) evaluate on-going efforts toward school-wide behavior support, 4) design and revise procedures as needed, and 5) compare efforts toward school-wide effective behavior support from year to year. Information necessary for this assessment tool is gathered through multiple sources including review of permanent products, observations, and staff (minimum of 10) and student (minimum of 15) interviews or surveys.
The EBS Survey is used by school staff for initial and annual assessment of effective behavior support systems in their school. The survey examines the status and need for improvement of three behavior support systems: (a) school-wide discipline, (b) non-classroom management systems, and (c) systems for individuals students engaging in chronic behaviors.
This self-assessment tool has been designed to serve as a multi-level guide for (a) creating school-wide PBS action plans and evaluating the status of implementation activities on a quarterly basis.
The purpose of this blueprint is to provide implementers with definitions, descriptions, and guidelines that allow for accurate and durable implementation of school-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) practices and systems.
This document is prepared for individuals who are implementing School-wide Positive Behavior Support (PBS) in Districts, Regions or States. The purpose of the document is to provide a formal structure for evaluating if School-wide PBS implementation efforts are (a) occurring as planned, (b) resulting in change in schools, and (c) producing improvement in student outcomes.
The document includes 1) Top 17 Classroom Management Strategies that should be emphasized in every classroom, 2) Effective Teaching Strategies, 3) Promoting Positive & Effective Learning Environments Classroom Checklist, 4) Effective Classroom Plan, and 5) ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY Checklist.
The presentation was made to give SWPBS leadership teams extra organizational tool for reviewing & planning their current & future implementation activities and provide information on self-assessment to guide teams in their action planning.
School-wide Positive Behavior Support: Annual Outcomes (Ver. May 7, 2006)- SWPBS Team Monthly Planning Guide
The purpose of this guide is to give SWPBS leadership teams a supplemental organizational tool for reviewing and planning their implementation activities. A self-assessment is provided to guide teams in their action planning.
Creating School Environments to Prevent Problem Behaviour and Support Students At-Risk and Those with Disabilities through School-wide Positive Behaviour Support (Australian Association for Special Education)
The presentation describes all levels of SWPBS implementation strategies and RtI logic application for student success (for academic and behavior). Essential elements and practical resources of SWPBS are presented with data.
Revised version of classroom management checklist. Classroom Management Self-Assessment measures extent to which effective classroom management practices are in place. The assessment consists of 10 items to check.
Positive & Responsive School Environments: Getting Started (Opening day training in Conventry & Willimantic)
The presentation was made to provide critical features of school-wide PBS for getting started with PBIS. The content includes behavior support system building at all three levels, rationale of PBS, general SWPBS implementation process, function-based approach, and so on.
Classroom Management Self-Assessment measures extent to which effective classroom management practices are in place. The assessment consists of 10 items to check.
School-Wide Positive Behavior Support: Getting Started- Secondary Schools (Maryland SWPBS New Team Training)
The presentation was made to provide critical features of school-wide PBS for getting started with PBIS. The content especially focuses on secondary school behavior support system building including rationale of PBS, general SWPBS implementation process, function-based approach, and so on.
The presentation was made for PBS coaches to provide information on 1) importance of establishing coaching capacity, 2) coaching basics, and 3) coaching to support fidelity of SWPBS implementation. The content includes self-assessment plan, activity guide, school-wide systems for school staff, and so on.
Review of critical features & essential practices of behavior management in classroom settings. The presentation describes basics & context for self-assessment & SW action planning.
Critical features of getting started with Positive Behavior Support. The main objectives include 1) Establish leadership team, 2) Establish staff agreements, 3) Build working knowledge of SW-PBS practices & systems, 4) Develop individualized action plan for SW-PBS using Office Discipline Data, EBS Self-Assessment Survey, and Team Implementation Checklist.
The video describes 'Behavior Instruction in Total School' program. The Behavior and Reading Improvement Center at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte is now implementing positive behavior approach for 7 elementary schools in Mecklenburg, Charlotte. The video clips shows practical implementation examples and success stories from school staff.
The behavior and reading improvement center at the University of North Carolina provides examples of positive unified behavior system (PUBS) in the video clip. The PUBS implies 1) unified positive attitude, 2) unified clear expectations, 3) unified positive corrective teaching, and 4) unified team approach.
The video clip is about reading and behavior improvement program from the Behavior and Reading Improvement Center at the University of North Carolina. The video shows critical components of reading model and process of comprehensive school model for reading.
A film by Gray Olsen and Paula Baumann. This video clip includes lots of successful stories and examples on school-wide positive behavior support implementation at schools.
Overview of Florida's School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) project funded by Florida state department of education. The video describes essential elements of SWPBS with actual school implementation examples.
EDJJ (Education, Disability, and Juvenile Justice) professional development series. General overview of schoolwide positive behavior intervention and support implementation. The video describes what PBIS is, how PBIS is working at the public schools, and why PBIS makes sense. It also shows school examples and interviews with school administrators and teachers.
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The purpose of the camshaft sensor in a Volvo S40 is to record the rate of speed and the revolutions of the crankshaft. This helps fuel economy and engine timing. The sensor sends information to the S40's computer, and the computer makes changes to improve the fuel economy. The sensor also helps determine if there are problems that need to be addressed. Locating and replacing a camshaft sensor will help save you money for many miles to come.
Park the S40 on a level surface. Set the parking brake. Lift the bonnet and prop it open to access the engine compartment. The raised hood will help to provide needed light.
Place a jack under the crossmember and raise the car high enough to place jack stands under the crossmember. Lower the car onto the jack stands.
Crawl under the car to access the side of the engine. Locate the main pulley at the bottom centre of the engine. Use a flashlight for visibility. This will be largest pulley among the pulleys bolted to the engine.
Locate the camshaft sensor above the main pulley. The sensor is round, with a wiring harness plugged into it. The sensor is bolted to the engine by the cylinder heads.
You can see the sensor more easily from under the vehicle.
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"Distance Vector" and "Link State" are terms used to describe routing protocols which are used by routers to forward packets between networks. The purpose of any routing protocol is to dynamically communicate information about all network paths used to reach a destination and to select the from those paths, the best path to reach a destination network. The terms distance vector and link state are used to group routing protocols into two broad categories based on whether the routing protocol selects the best routing path based on a distance metric (the distance) and an interface (the vector), or selects the best routing path by calculating the state of each link in a path and finding the path that has the lowest total metric to reach the destination.
- Distance is the cost of reaching a destination, usually based on the number of hosts the path passes through, or the total of all the administrative metrics assigned to the links in the path.
- From the standpoint of routing protocols, the vector is the interface traffic will be forwarded out in order to reach an given destination network along a route or path selected by the routing protocol as the best path to the destination network.
Distance vector protocols use a distance calculation plus an outgoing network interface (a vector) to choose the best path to a destination network. The network protocol (IPX, SPX, IP, Appletalk, DECnet etc.) will forward data using the best paths selected.
Common distance vector routing protocols include:
Advantages of Distance Vector Protocols
- Well Supported
- Protocols such as RIP have been around a long time and most, if not all devices that perform routing will understand RIP.
Link State protocols track the status and connection type of each link and produces a calculated metric based on these and other factors, including some set by the network administrator. Link state protocols know whether a link is up or down and how fast it is and calculates a cost to 'get there'. Since routers run routing protocols to figure out how to get to a destination, you can think of the 'link states' as being the status of the interfaces on the router. Link State protocols will take a path which has more hops, but that uses a faster medium over a path using a slower medium with fewer hops.
Because of their awareness of media types and other factors, link state protocols require more processing power (more circuit logic in the case of ASICs) and memory. Distance vector algorithms being simpler require simpler hardware.
A Comparison: Link State vs. Distance Vector
See Fig. 1-1 below. If all routers were running a Distance Vector protocol, the path or 'route' chosen would be from A B directly over the ISDN serial link, even though that link is about 10 times slower than the indirect route from A C D B.
A Link State protocol would choose the A C D B path because it's using a faster medium (100 Mb ethernet). In this example, it would be better to run a Link State routing protocol, but if all the links in the network are the same speed, then a Distance Vector protocol is better.
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international organisation that represents chemists in individual countries. It governs everything to do with chemicals, elements and new discoveries. Every chemical known has a common name and a IUPAC name. This is also true for the Periodic Table of the Elements. Every element's name has been approved by IUPAC. This rule does not apply to those elements still given temporary names. The organisation was founded in 1919.
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In addition to enabling high-performance I/O, the
FileChannel class also enables file locking, a feature that is not
available through the
package. Example 6-1
demonstrates how it can be used to prevent two instances of the same
application from running at the same time. When the program starts, it
attempts to obtain an exclusive write lock on a temporary file. If it
succeeds, it just sleeps for 10 seconds to simulate a real
application. If it fails, it prints a message saying that another
instance of the application is running.
The example also demonstrates simple write and read operations
on the file using a
. If the program obtains a write lock on the file, it writes a timestamp 10 seconds in the future into the file (this is the approximate time when the program will stop sleeping and exit). If the program does not obtain a lock on the file, it attempts to read the file anyway. If the underlying operating system enforces locking, this read attempt will fail because another instance of the application holds the lock. Many operating systems, however, provide only advisory locking in which all applications must cooperatively use file-locking calls in order to prevent concurrent access. On an operating system, or Java implementation that performs only advisory locking, the program will be allowed to read the file contents even if another instance of the program has an exclusive lock. In this case, the application reads the timestamp written by the ...
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en
| 0.915117 | 302 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that can be spread to humans by infected ticks. It's usually easier to treat if it's diagnosed early.
Many people with early symptoms of Lyme disease develop a circular red skin rash around a tick bite.
The rash can appear up to 3 months after being bitten by a tick and usually lasts for several weeks.
Most rashes appear within the first 4 weeks.
Not everyone with Lyme disease gets the rash. Some people also have flu-like symptoms in the early stages, such as:
- a high temperature, or feeling hot and shivery
- muscle and joint pain
- tiredness and loss of energy
Other symptoms of Lyme disease
Some people with Lyme disease develop more severe symptoms months or years later.
This is more likely if treatment is delayed.
These more severe symptoms may include:
- pain and swelling in joints
- nerve problems – such as pain or numbness
- heart problems
- trouble with memory or concentration
Most tick bites are harmless
Only a small number of ticks are infected with the bacteria that cause Lyme disease.
A tick bite can only cause Lyme disease in humans if the tick has already bitten an infected animal.
But it's still important to be aware of ticks and to safely remove them as soon as possible, just in case.
Ticks that may cause Lyme disease are found all over the UK, but high-risk areas include grassy and wooded areas in southern England and the Scottish Highlands.
What are ticks?
Ticks are tiny spider-like creatures that live in woods and areas with long grass. They're found all over the UK.
Ticks do not jump or fly. They attach to the skin of animals or humans that brush past them.
Once a tick bites into the skin, it feeds on blood for a few days before dropping off.
How to spot and remove ticks
Tick bites are not always painful. You may not notice a tick unless you see it on your skin.
Regularly check your skin and your children's or pets' skin after being outdoors.
To remove a tick safely:
- Use fine-tipped tweezers or a tick-removal tool. You can buy these from some pharmacies, vets and pet shops.
- Grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible.
- Slowly pull upwards, taking care not to squeeze or crush the tick. Dispose of it when you have removed it.
- Clean the bite with antiseptic or soap and water.
The risk of getting ill is low. You do not need to do anything else unless you become unwell.
Non-urgent advice: See a GP if:
- you have been bitten by a tick or visited an area in the past month where infected ticks are found
and you get:
- flu-like symptoms – such as feeling hot and shivery, headaches, aching muscles or feeling sick, or
- a circular red rash
Tell them if you have been in forests or grassy areas.
What happens at your appointment
Your GP will ask about your symptoms and consider any rash or recent tick bites you know about.
Lyme disease can be difficult to diagnose. It has similar symptoms to other conditions and there's not always an obvious rash.
Two types of blood test are available to help confirm or rule out Lyme disease. But these tests are not always accurate in the early stages of the disease.
You may need to be retested if you still have Lyme disease symptoms after a negative result.
If your GP thinks you might have Lyme disease, they'll prescribe a course of antibiotics.
The antibiotics you’re given will depend on your symptoms, but you may need to take them for up to 28 days. It's important to finish the course, even if you start to feel better.
Some people with severe symptoms will be referred to a specialist in hospital for injections of antibiotics.
Most people with Lyme disease get better after antibiotic treatment. This can take months for some people, but the symptoms should improve over time.
People with symptoms of Lyme disease that last a long time after treatment may be referred to a specialist in hospital for advice and more blood tests.
Some websites offer tests and treatment for Lyme disease that may not be supported by scientific evidence.
Speak to your doctor for advice before buying tests or treatment online.
To reduce the risk of being bitten:
- cover your skin while walking outdoors and tuck your trousers into your socks
- use insect repellent on your clothes and skin – products containing DEET are best
- stick to paths whenever possible
- wear light-coloured clothing so ticks are easier to spot and brush off
A few people who are diagnosed and treated for Lyme disease continue to have symptoms, like tiredness, aches and loss of energy, that can last for years.
It's not clear why this happens to some people and not others. This means there's also no agreed treatment.
Speak to your doctor if your symptoms come back after treatment with antibiotics or they do not start to improve.
Your doctor may be able to offer you further support if needed, such as:
- referral for a care needs assessment
- telling your employer, school or higher education institution that you require a gradual return to activities
- communicating with children and families' social care
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The following essay was written by Andrew Henry on May 5th, 1978. The original document found in the CHS archives did not include the citations page that originally accompanied Andrew’s paper. However, I have kept his original citations within the text for reference.
The original document included several hand-penciled corrections. If these corrections were that of the author or another individual are unknown, but they have been applied to this version. A few of the larger paragraphs have also been split to better accommodate blog formatting. Otherwise, the text itself remains unaltered from the original.
The three glass factories in the pre-Civil war era were quite an achievement for the small township on Oneida Lake. It should be safe to say that no other conglomerate of small villages totaling under 2,000 inhabitants at this time had three such competing industries in the state or possibly even in the country. Most other town would not have been fortunate enough to have the natural resources that the town of Constantia had. Those that did would not necessarily be able to support three factories, let alone two or even one, if the consideration of size is taken into account. The people who ran the factories must be given much of the credit. If not for their ingenuity and persistence, the factories would not have continued for as long as they did. Their managements changed hands many times, but it was their founders who headed them in a direction of true success. That is why, for instance, the Landgraff factory lasted the longest; because of Landgraff himself and also the keen business mind of Crawford Getman. The ways in which all of the glassworks were managed may not have been unique or fantastic, but they survived the hardships and enjoyed the rewards of the industry. They may not have been one step above or one step below, but they were able to weather their profession more than satisfactorily.
The glass industries have survived antiquity, and in the little village of Cleveland, New York, this conclusion was proven true. Started in 1841 by a German named Anthony Landgraff, the glass factories in Cleveland outlasted many another industry that also started in that same antebellum period. The original factory of Landgraff’s was the start of a thriving industry that lasted until the early twentieth century. It supported the community and the community supported it. Glass manufacture and glass blowing came close to, if they were not, an art. Each rural factory such as Cleveland left its mark in the area and in a sense was unique for the individual style that was special to its area.
The glass industry of Cleveland was ideal because of its natural sand deposits, its forests, and its location on Oneida Lake; those allowed high quality production at low costs of manufacture and transportation. The era in which Cleveland’s glass industry began was one of expanding industrialization, which allowed small villages to grow and proliferate (although many villages eventually succumbed to the larger cities). Waterways were natural in upstate New York; it teamed with lakes, rivers and streams. This allowed small rural villages like Cleveland to grow in the early part of the century. Before the canals and railroads, the natural waterways were the only type of economical bulk transportation. When the canals and railroads came through, they only bolstered the industries more.
As well as being gifted with the natural resources, Cleveland also benefited from the caliber of businessmen that were attracted to the area. Anthony Landgraff, himself a pioneer of sorts, began the glass industry and left his own personal mark of quality with his factory. The excellent quality of sand and the abundance of hemlock wood for fuel allowed him to continue a thriving business, better than that which he left at Vernon, southeast of the lake. His knowledge and innovative thinking allowed others to continue long after he retired. If not for his far-thinking ingenuity, the factories might not have lasted as long as they did. Landgraff would not receive his notoriety until sometime later. The others who followed his deserve some credit, such as Crawford Getman, a businessman who at one point ran his own factory and the Union factory at the same time.1 He and the men who ran the Union factory and the Empire factory in Bernhards Bay left a process of that period of history that will never be seen again. The glass industry was still personal then, with blowers doing much work that they would not have to do in a modern factory: such as carrying and pouring glass, and it cutting it themselves. This age is forever gone, but not forgotten. It is our intention to once again look back to see if some that era can be recaptured in this much later, ultra-modern, industrialized age.
In the late 1830’s, the era’s transportation boom had not peaked. The Erie Canal was the best means of transporting freight and the railroads would eventually surpass the canals. The transportation revolution that the country was undergoing helped greatly the industrial revolution, and vice versa. Because of the railroads and canals, small towns were able to be very industrious and maintain a high production rate that would have been impossible thirty years earlier. The town of Constantia was fortunate to be located on Oneida Lake and to be close to both the Erie and Oswego Canals (and near rails which were soon to be laid).
Because of the factors, Cleveland became the most industrious village in the town of Constantia. With the ideal location on the lake, timber, good soil and distance from Oswego. This drew the attention of many people; some came as workers and some as industrialists. One of these early industrialists was German-born Anthony Landgraff. He came to America in 1812, probably to seek new fame and fortune that was unavailable in Germany. His trade was glass manufacture, and he began to manufacture glass in the town of Vernon in Oneida County in 1814. Wood became scarce there, a necessity as fuel, and he was forced to start anew.2 He moved to Cleveland and started the glass industry in the village. By virtue of its position on Oneida Lake, the great quantities of water, sand and hemlock, wood which was excellent high-heat fuel, Cleveland was natural for glass manufacture. Unbeknownst to Landgraff, his sources of sand were not depleted in Vernon, as he had previously thought.3 He did not find out until after he had moved his factory to Cleveland. He at first boated his sand from Verona. Landgraff must have discovered deposits there and assumed because of the relatively short distance from Verona to Cleveland that it would be simpler just to transport his sand instead of going through the time-consuming process looking for sand in the immediate area. However he did discover a better quality sand, exactly where his factory was in 1841.
It was, in fact, far better sand than he would find elsewhere.4 It led to the finding of other sandbeds in different parts of the town and would lead to an industry that would last for over fifty years. Even the sand itself, being of such good quality, was shipped to other parts of the country including Canada. The quality of sand was so good and well known, it was used in the making of the huge 200 inch reflector lens for the Mt. Palomar Observatory in California. The Corning Glass Works at Corning, New York was responsible for this awesome accomplishment of technology.5 It is awesome when views the first lens that became flawed in the cooling process and is now on display in the Corning Museum.
Much of New York State land was owned by wealthy land speculators. These land barons used the lands basically in either of two ways. One way was to sell their lands in huge tracts to make a quick profit and sometimes exploit it quickly also. Another way was to use the land in a more constructive process: opening it up to settlers and frontiersmen, thus exploiting it in a more beneficial way while still making a profit. Many of the huge land owners were well-to-do Dutch businessmen. One of these owners was George Scriba.6 He has been mistaken for a Dutchman, but in reality Germany was his native area; his name is Dutch sounding and his land was amongst those tracts which were owned by Dutchmen, hence the mistake. In fact, he did purchase the land from two Dutchmen, John and Nicholas Roosevelt. The Roosevelt’s had a contract with the Land Commission of New York State for a tract of land in Oswego and Oneida Counties. When they failed in the contract to fulfill its obligations, Scriba purchased the land. “The Roosevelt Purchase,” as it was known, contained approximately 540,000 acres of land. It should be said that he got the land very cheaply by today’s standards. One of the conditions of the contract Scriba had to fulfill was to have on family settle on every 640 acres within seven years of the purchase, or the agreement would be declared void. He was able to fulfill the stipulation, and ever since the land has been known as Scriba’s Patent. This was all confirmed on December 12, 1798.7 Thus a new territory was opened up for settlers, a vast new wilderness open to constructive exploitation.
At first Oswego County was under one large township. It was known as Mexico and was eventually broken down into smaller townships. On April 8, 1808, the town of Constantia (formerly Rotterdam) along with Hastings and West Monroe, was set off from Mexico.8 Constantia is the town which was to become very industrious in the early and middle nineteenth century. It is situated on Oneida Lake, and it too was to be broken into three villages. The first is Constantia itself; progressing east approximately three miles in Bernhards Bay; and going another three miles in the village of Cleveland, situated on and partially reaching into Oneida County. All of the villages are located on the lake shore, to take advantage of commerce and trade. The village that became the most important in the township for many years was Cleveland. It eventually became the biggest of the three villages in population and industry.
The first settler within the village limits was Christopher Martin, who settled in February of 1821. Cleveland slowly grew. In 1826 James Cleveland arrived, who was later honored when the town was named for him, along with Peter Smith from Peterboro, Connecticut.9 That same year Cleveland and Samuel H. Stevens built the first hotel and opened the first store. When in 1827, a post office was put into operation, Mr. Stevens wanted it named Stevensville. A comprise was made and through popular vote, the post office was designated Cleveland. Thus both the post office and town received their names which they carry to this day.
By the time of the Civil War, there were three glass factories in Cleveland. The first was Anthony Landgraff’s factory. The second and third factories were organized approximately in the year 1851-1852. Cleveland’s second factory was the Union Glass Company. It was located on the corner of Katherine and North streets and was initially organized in the winter of 1851. The third factory, not in Cleveland, was located in Bernhards Bay, three miles to the west on the shore of Oneida Lake. There was actually a fourth plant built after the Civil War in Cleveland by Crawford Getman after he had taken over the Landgraff factory. The old Cleveland Glass Works most likely was obsolete and he built a much larger and more modern plant on Sand Street, a short distance to the west. All of these factories will be written of in more detail later. By this time “there were 34 sawmills, 2 flour mills, 3 glass factories, 2 tanneries, an iron foundry, and other establishments in town.”10 of the whole town of Constantia, most of the industry was in Cleveland.
Almost from the beginning, America had a glass factory. In 1607 at Jamestown, Virginia a glass factory of sorts was begun. It apparently was not successful for in 1608 its parent London company sent a second group of glass makers and blowers. The details on how long it lasted are sketchy and uncertain. The factory was set up because England needed a glass industry, not because America did. The workers setup a primitive furnace about a mile from the settlement.”11
The first glass factory in New York State after the revolution organized in Sandlake, approximately eight miles from Albany, 1786 or 1787.12 By a strange quirk of fate, a man who was a friend of George Scriba became a friend of the founders and eventually became a stockholder in the company. The man was Elkanah Watson and his name was to appear many times in the Scriba records. The son of Watson wrote of his father when he first visited the factory in 1788. The founder was John de Neufrille, a Dutch patriot who gave much of his money to the American cause during the revolution. Funds that were left from his estate went into the construction of the glass factory. Because of his lack of money, the life of the factory had its ups and downs. Eventually the factory incorporated, by act of the Legislature in 1806. It became known as Rensselaer Glass Factory. It is interesting to note that since glass blowers were scarce in the early days of the United States, they had to come from someplace else. The stockholders, presumably, thought of a scheme to procure glassblowers that they needed by sending their Scotch superintendent over to Scotland. He wandered around a prominent glass-making district, playing bagpipes, wearing a patch over his eye, disguised to entice the men to come to America to the Van Rennselaer factory. It must have been a large risk, for it was a major offense for glass blowers to leave Scotland.13 Thus, a good portion of the blowers were Scotch but there were also many German blowers too.
This same company built a factory in Durhamville in Oneida County in 1845. It was still producing in 1878 under different ownership. Four miles to the south another factory had earlier been established in 1802 at a town named Dunbarton. It remained until 1890. Oneida County is where Anthony Landgraff originally started in 1812. In 1878 the Dunbarton plant was in the co-ownership of George Cowarden, the son-in-law of Anthony Landgraff.14
Glass making is an ancient process that dates back perhaps 4,000 years and probably more. The actual making of glass itself is “The transmutation by fire, of solid opaque granules of sand and alkali into a liquid state and back again into a brittle transparent sold (glass beads made about 2,000 B.C. were found at Thebes and Egyptian glass may have antedated that).”15
By the second and third centuries household goods were becoming commonly used and houses were also using glass panes in their windows. Glass has many properties, so many that the ancients only discovered a few. They were mainly concerned with ornamentation and perhaps more practical applications that only royalty could have afforded. By the nineteenth century, almost everyone in America had an application of glass in some fashion, from simple window panes to expensive crystal chandeliers.
When the blowpipe was invented and finally capitalized (in approximately the first century B.C.), the properties of glass, in particular its elasticity, were then fully realized; this allowed for the greatest particle and artistic applications of use. Because of the blowpipe, each period of time and each location had its own unique methods of production, as well as individuals themselves.
Much differentiation in style came as a result of the fall of the Roman Empire. In some areas this led to a virtual monopoly of glassblowers, each hording their own techniques of blowing and manufacturing processes. However, eventually some countries were able to gain the use of glassblowers of other countries. One of two styles that became prevalent in America was German. This was due, no doubt, to a large influx of German immigrants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Anthony Landgraff was one of these immigrants in 1812.
Landgraff was the pioneer of the industry in the area, and in order to be successful, he had to make his own materials and innovations. He even went so far as to make his own pots and furnaces. His innovations sometimes were too advanced for the mode of thinking in those times and he was sometimes scoffed at, but as time went on his ideas gained gradual acceptance. He apparently was an enterprising man, not just in his own business, but in other fields as well. Landgraff’s bold ideas and advanced improvements may have been out of the scope of some people’s thoughts, but his work bears him out as a pronounced thinker after all. He continued to operate the factory with his four sons, Francis, Harmon, Gustavus and Charles, and also his son-in-law George Cowarden, until 1861.16 Then it passed into the ownership of William Sanders and in 1863 to J. Caswell and Crawford Getman.
Because Anthony Landgraff was the pioneer glass maker in the area, he and his family probably had to endure more than the usual hardships, as well as enjoy the rewards, of their work. The glass factory was built in the woods, almost completely enclosed by trees. The fuel for the most part was hemlock wood used melting and flattening the glass; it was “cut fine, about three feet in length and dried in brick ovens, and the first wood cut for this purpose was piled against the drying house by the choppers, so nearby was the forest.”17 Hemlock is known to give off high heat and at the time of Landgraff it is safe to say that it grew in great abundance, evident in the fact that the choppers were able to pile it against a drying house that was “so nearby the forest.” The buildings were apparently large enough, perhaps oversized is the way in which they are described; it may be due to the size of the furnace, which was only 6’x8’ on the inside. The melting pots were also small. A single “blower” carried and placed them in a tempering oven before the main furnace. The melting pot’s capacity was around 300 feet of glass, but because of their age and other factors, the pots actually held only 150 feet of glass. The cylinders of glass that were flattened out for window glass or other uses were also small, from 12’x18’ to 22’x28’.18 These were to be greatly dwarfed in the years to come. Many of the processes in the early factory were done by the blower himself; he would have to gather, blow, flatten, and sometimes cut his own glass. This put in a long day for the glassworker. It must surely have been hot and tiring, putting great fatigue on a person working near such high heat of hours on end. The pay of a blower, in spite of the type of labor he did, was considered to be good, averaging more “than a dollar a box.”19 The factory probably had considerably less employees in the early days. It grew to a much more industrialized business when J. Caswell and Crawford Getman assumed the management of the plant in 1863.
Today, only Robert Landgraff, the last of the Landgraffs, survives. He lives in a house on Clay Street not too far from where his great-great grandfather’s factory was located. His father worked in the factory and Mr. Landgraff reminisces: “He wore his teeth into a circle from hanging on the wooden bit of the iron blowing rod.” It certainly mush have been excruciatingly fatiguing work, blowing glass in such a manner. Mr. Landgraff relates that glass making was not a summer job because of the high heat, so it was done between September and May. He tells the finished sheet was shipped out on the canals from the “Landgraff dock behind the restaurant on Lake Street (now Route 49) and then through the canal to Sylvan Beach.” Mr. Landgraff remembers when “There were seven saloons, a candle factory, a thermometer factory; they used to make coal over there the Catholic Church is now.” There is very little to remind people of old manufacturing days now. Only left over chucks of slag glass and a few bottles buried here there. “That stuff had no market value at the time, but they (antique glass collectors) will give anything for them now,” Mr. Landgraff said. He finished by saying glass making “is a little bit of a lost art” and complementing the village by saying; “it’s a good old town. I’ve lived here for years and I’ll die it.”20
One of Anthony Landgraff’s sons, Harmon, has been mentioned as a skillful blower and is given credit for a number of “offhand” pieces which are granted a good deal of importance. Found in houses in the Cleveland area, these pieces are thought to be authentic products from the Landgraff factory. The authenticated pieces include,, “wash-bowls and pitchers, smaller bowls and pitchers, milk pans, bottles, rolling pins, bats, witch balls and so on.” They were seen as “blown from light green or aquamarine window glass and the bowls and pitchers of all sizes are characterized by the sturdiness of form and breadth of body and neck. The only decorative technique we have encountered is the threading of the necks of pitchers.”21
This dissertation and other passages seem to show a poor or simple technique of dish making. The author uses the word “crude” a great deal, perhaps he means only style and not function without really trying to downgrade the Landgraff’s work. We should emphasize also that the primary function of Landgraff’s factory was making window glass, and not making highly ornate decorative glassware. If a bowl or glass was “crude” looking, it was because it served a very practical purpose for the most part. When Anthony Landgraff first began his glassworks, his local customers were more than likely of an intermediate or low income which did not allow them to purchase elaborate pieces of glass. And since Landgraff was serving a practical purpose it was not necessary to be an elaborate artist. In that industry in that particular era, one did not think of the artistic function of one’s work. It certainly would have been an asset to have a skill beyond the average glassblower and naturally would give one notoriety, but Landgraff, his sons and his workers did not possess great artistic skills. They probably offered no regrets.
Because of the natural sand deposits, other people besides Anthony Landgraff took interest in Cleveland for glass manufacture. A factory was established about a mile and a half from the already-established Landgraff plant on the corner of North and Kathern streets to the northeast. The Union Glass Company was organized in the spring of 1851 and began manufacturing glass in the spring of 1852.22 The first supervisor was Charles Hoyt, an agent of the company. It was built not far from a stream and close to a sand bed, although it later flooded a section of land nearby to meet its water needs. The union plant also made window glass, that seeming to be the best market and more than likely being the easiest to produce.
In 1853, Charles Kathern, who was one of the early residents which the street was named after, assumed management. Kathern, with William H. Foster and Forris Farmer, also ran a store at this time. The factory operated under their ownership for twenty years. The factory lay dormant for several years and after a number of changes, then it too was sold to Crawford Getman and he successfully operated them both until 1899, when he sold the two plants to the United Glass Company.
The third glass factory in the town of Constantia was erected in Bernhards Bay, about three miles from the Landgraff factory. It was begun in 1851 along with a store. The factory also commenced operations in 1852 with “an outfit of eight pots.” The factory was started by Israel J. Titus, Dennis and Henry Winn and others in a joint stock operation.23 They were able to take advantage, as the others did, of the fine quality sand around the lake area. Bernhards Bay was the smallest village of the town and like the other two main villages, is located on the lake. The Bay factory unlike the other factories was located on the shore of the lake and used its water directly from it. Since being on the lakeshore, in later years, it would not be very far from the railroad, making for great convenience in getting the glass to market.
When the Getman factory closed, it ended an era, an era that had long since ended for other industries. Because of the foresight of its founder and the insight of its predecessors, the Getman factory in particular outlasted its companion industries by some years. If not for the competitive innovations of Anthony Landgraff and the business zeal of J. Caswell, Crawford Getman and James Gallagher, the glass industry would not have gone as far as it did. If we have to single out one man though, he could only naturally be Anthony Landgraff. He was the founder, the pioneer and innovator. It was his planning and a stroke of good luck that pointed him to Cleveland. He was lucky, because he understood the amount of sand and wood that he had at Verona, and then had the fortune of finding wood and sand in better abundance and quality in Cleveland. If Landgraff was to continue to keep importing his sand from Verona in the fashion he started out with in the first year of manufacture, then there might have been a possibility that his industry would not have continued as far as it did. Expenses might have risen with the cost of sand transportation along with various other costs. Plus the fact that the quality of sand was not as good as that of Oneida Lake. He was virtually blessed by accidently building his factory on sand beds as fine as they were. If the factory had been able to convert to natural gas by the turn of the century, it could have continued but it could or would not. The glassmaking era of several thousand years came to an end in Cleveland, New York. The small fledgling factory days of Anthony Landgraff were gone. The pre-Civil War and early industrial years were the start of a new era. New processes and larger factories were on their way. Perhaps Landgraff came too late with a too advanced mind that did not encompass enough even in his advancement. But it is a tribute to a person that such and industry lasted so long. Most factories did not last as long as the Getman plant, in spite of new advancements in technology. Many delays came about, resulting in halts of production, either in the factory itself, supplies or payroll. The Getman factory was able to endure; it was fortunate, more than likely, because the Landgraff factory endured.
One should not believe that the small village of Cleveland was the only village of its size that had a reputation for industry in this area or time period. The whole of Oswego County was very industry-oriented because it’s enormous natural resources, as well as other surrounding counties. But still, for its size and its industry, the whole town of Constantia was kind of unique. Undoubtedly many small town and villages because of their locations and resources could have become what Cleveland was, but for one reason or another did not. Even for what fame it may have received for its glass industry, its sand, the wood, the lake and the town never did live up to what George Scriba expected it to be. Scriba wanted a town such as Rome or Utica, located to the east of Cleveland; it was to be in his day a bustling city, a lake port where goods and people could stop on their way to the western frontiers. The town did not live up to his large dream, but perhaps it would satisfy him to know that his town in the wilderness would leave its own place in history, small as it may have been. The villages truly began to develop in the antebellum period after Scriba’s day in which he could not fore see their development. He may have been proud nevertheless. And so a chapter is closed in history as soon as the last factory closed for the last time, never to return.
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Deperming, or degaussing, is a procedure for decreasing or eliminating the remnant magnetic field from ships and submarines in order to camouflage them against magnetic detection by enemy sensors or naval mines.
For the degaussing procedure, Aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle went through several hours of maneuvers in the harbour of Toulon (France’s main naval base).
“The operation, from a technical point of view, consisted in running an electric current through a network of cables placed on the seabed. This goal is to compensate the magnetic field of the ship and thus to avoid the triggering of nearby mines. These tests therefore aimed to accurately measure the aircraft carrier’s magnetic signature and adjust its immunization parameters.”
French Navy statement
According to the French Navy, the procedure requires a series of precise maneuvers in a very confined space (a few lengths from quayside vessels ) with several reversals and very sharp changes of pace (from zero to more than 6 knots) on the measurement rail, with a tolerance of less than 10 meters. Several times postponed for weather reasons, this maneuver was carefully prepared on a simulator.
Naval News understands that the degaussing system (known as Pipady installations) was designed by ECA Group. The French company is currently proposing a deperming system to the Royal Australian Navy with a local partner.
Mission Clemenceau 21
The French Carrier Strike Group (CSG) is expected to set sail this week for “Mission Clemenceau 21” which will consist in three phases:
- Phase 1: Off Libya in support of NATO and EU operations
- Phase 2: In the Eastern Mediterranean to fight against terror and cooperate with France’s allies
- Phase 3: In the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Arabian/Persian Gulf
The CSG will consist of the following vessels:
- Aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle
- Air defense destroyer Chevalier Paul
- FREMM Frigate Provence
- Supply Vessel Var
- Rubis-class SSN
- Frigate Leopold 1er (Belgian Navy)
- Frigate Hydra (Hellenic Navy)
- Destroyer USS Porter (US Navy)
The fact that Charles de Gaulle went through a degaussing procedure right before this deployment is noteworthy as several incidents involving sea mines off Yemen and in the Gulf area have been reported recently.
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Lymphatic Drainage. We’ve all heard the term. I used to think it was some kind of painful way of getting rid of something that I didn’t want to know what was in my body. Probably from somewhere I didn’t necessarily want it drained from. It turns out I was very wrong. I also noticed that if I stayed still for a long time and didn’t exercise for a few days, I began to feel stuffy and stagnant, less able to move, and a bit “off”. But this feeling went away after getting out there and doing something. Endorphins, or something altogether less complex? Could it be to do with the lymphatic system? Well. First off, what is the lymphatic system, and what the heck does it do?!
So what is the lymphatic system, and what does it do?
The lymphatic system is made up of a network of vessels and nodes, and does not have a pump (unlike the heart in the circulatory system). As part of the circulatory system it has three key functions:
1) Drainage of metabolic waste (think lactic acid kind of stuff) and interstitial fluid (which is important in maintaining blood volume and pressure),
2) Transportation of vitamin A and fatty acids.
3) Fighting bacteria by producing white blood cells – important for immunity functions.
Why is lymphatic drainage important to me?
Well, if fluids aren’t moving around your body as efficiently as they should it is likely that your lymphatic system (and ultimately your circulatory system) is under stress. Perhaps you are experiencing swelling or restricted joint movement? Your muscles might feel tight or constricted in their movements. This could be due to retention of fluid which is putting pressure on pain receptors, which in turn means lack of oxygen delivery to muscles and decreased metabolic waste removal from cells.
Without replenished supplies of oxygen cells will die, the debris they leave behind causes congestion in capillaries and put pressure on pain receptors. You feel pain. The result is less oxygen reaching the cells and ischemia (restricted blood supply and therefore oxygen delivery). Muscles become less relaxed and space between cells reduces.
This cycle of reduced oxygen and increased pain continues unless there is intervention.
If you are experiencing swelling there will be pressure on blood and lymph vessels – this leads to decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery to muscles and ultimately you feel pain. With manual pressure (through massage) the circulation to those affected areas can be increased (with lymphatic drainage), leading to increased oxygen and nutrient delivery.
One key thing to bear in mind is that the lymphatic system does not have an inbuilt pump like the blood’s circulatory system, i.e. the heart. The lymphatic system is totally reliant on a number of other methods to move lymph throughout the body, these include the contraction of skeletal muscles and the change of pressure in the lymphatic system caused by recoil of the diaphragm when breathing. Manual compression is also a way in which fluids are pumped back towards the heart. If muscles are not working correctly (for a myriad of reasons) then the interstitial fluid is unable to return to the circulatory system. Pressure will build up and put strain on joints, leading to muscle tightness and reducing range of movement.
What can massage do to help?
By applying manual pressure in the correct way (using strokes which follow the network of lymph vessels) your therapist can effectively increase lymphatic drainage, and the circulation of fluids can be increased. This leads to relief of pressure on pain receptors and the removal of excess fluids from around joints. You will experience less pain, improved range of movement and your immune system will work more effectively. Because the lymphatic system doesn’t have its own pump it is reliant on mechanical pressure to move fluids around its vessels.
This is why, if you are experiencing reduced range of movement, pain or swelling around a joint, soft tissue therapy and massage can be of benefit.
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Penn and Nicole Mattison’s daughter, Millie, has infantile spasms with hypsarrhythmia, a form of epilepsy. By the time she was four months old she was having upwards of 700 seizures a day. The Mattisons tried numerous medications and diet plans, but Millie didn’t improve. After her doctors said they’d tried everything they could, the Mattisons looked to Colorado for an alternative treatment.
About National Geographic:
National Geographic is the world’s premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. Through their world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what’s possible.
Click here to read more on what scientists are discovering about marijuana online in National Geographic magazine: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/201…
Some parents are turning to cannabidiol (CBD) oil, a cannabis extract with little or none of the psychoactive compound THC, to treat their children who have cancer and epilepsy. The oil is currently legal in more than a dozen U.S. states, but the supply is limited. The science also lags the law—dosing standards haven’t been set, and the effects of long-term use are unclear. Many doctors believe that more research is needed. In «Cannabis for Kids» a few parents share their experiences navigating the uncertainties of medical marijuana in America as they try to help their children.
«Our hands were tied.» Millie’s Story (Cannabis for Kids, Part 1) | National Geographic
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|Thailand Table of Contents
With the support of the king and the military membership of NARC, a new government was formed under the prime ministership of Thanin Kraivichien, a former Supreme Court justice who had a reputation for honesty and integrity. Though a civilian, Thanin was a passionate anticommunist and established a regime that was in many ways more repressive than those of earlier military strongmen. He imposed strict censorship, placed unions under tight controls, and carried out anticommunist purges of the civil service and education institutions. Student leaders, driven underground by the October 1976 violence, left urban areas to join the communist insurgency in the provinces. As a result of his harsh rule and a growing feeling within the political elite that university students, themselves members of the privileged classes, had been poorly treated, Thanin was replaced in October 1977 by General Kriangsak Chomanand.
Kriangsak was more conciliatory than his civilian predecessor and promised a new constitution and elections by 1979. He courted moderate union leaders, raising the minimum daily wage in the Bangkok area in 1978 and again in 1979. He allowed limited press freedom, and he gave verbal support to the idea of land reform, though no action in this area was forthcoming. In September 1978, he issued an amnesty for the "Bangkok 18" dissidents who had been arrested in the October 1976 violence and tried by military courts.
A new constitution was promulgated in December 1978. The 1978 Constitution established a bicameral legislature, the National Assembly, consisting of the popularly elected House of Representatives (301 members) and the appointed Senate (225 members). The military controlled appointment to the Senate, and it could block House of Representatives initiatives in important areas such as national security, the economy, the budget, and votes of no confidence. The 1978 document also stipulated that the prime minister and cabinet ministers did not have to be popularly elected. When elections were held on schedule in April 1979, moderate rightist parties--the Social Action Party, the Thai Citizens' Party, and the Chart Thai (Thai Nation) Party--won the largest number of seats, whereas the Democrats lost most of their seats.
Further changes came during 1979 and 1980, however, as economic conditions deteriorated in the wake of the second oil crisis. Uncontrolled inflation caused the standard of living to fall in urban areas, especially Bangkok, while government dilatoriness and corruption in the villages stalled policies designed to help the farmers. In February 1980, the Kriangsak government announced sudden increases in the prices of oil, gas, and electricity. This action provoked opposition from elected politicians and demonstrations similar to those of 1973 by students and workers. As opposition grew, Kriangsak resigned. In March 1980, General Prem Tinsulanonda, who had been army commander in chief and defense minister, became prime minister with the support of younger officers of the armed forces and civilian political leaders.
Source: U.S. Library of Congress
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Shall is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by an infinitive without to. Shall has no –s in the third person singular.
- I shall be home soon.
- We shall invite them to dinner.
- I think I shall send him a wire.
- We shall be leaving for Delhi tomorrow.
Questions and negatives are made without do.
- Shall we report this to the police? (NOT Do we shall…?)
- No, we shall not. (NOT We don’t shall.)
With the first person
In the first person shall expresses simple futurity. It is used to show the strong possibility or near certainty of an action or event which is to take place in the future.
With the second or third person
In the second and third persons shall may express a command.
- You shall go at once. (= You are commanded to go at once.)
- He shall carry out my instructions. (= He is commanded to carry out my instructions.)
Sometimes it is used to make a promise.
- He shall be given a present if he passes this year.
Shall may also express a threat.
- You shall regret this.
- They shall pay for this in due course.
Note that shall is becoming increasingly less common in Modern English. Instead of using shall in the second and third person to indicate a command, promise or threat, people often use other verbs and expressions.
For You shall go at once, people often say You will have to go at once, You are to go at once or You must go at once.
To make suggestions
Shall can be used with the first person pronouns (I or we) to make suggestions.
- You don’t look well. Shall I call the doctor?
- It is very cold. Shall I close the window?
- Shall I drop you at the station?
To talk about certainty
Shall can show certainty. It is used to say that something will certainly happen, or that you are determined that something will happen.
- Don’t worry. I shall be there to help you.
- She shall clean the kitchen, no matter whether she likes it or not.
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A study of the energy performance of two buildings with lightweight and heavyweight facades – Energy & Environmental Assessment
Research with Atelier 10 shows that Traditional buildings are more sustainable than the modernist alternative.
ADAM Architecture formed a consortium of house-builders, a planning consultant and Atelier 10, the leading environmental engineers, to provide a properly tested comparison between a largely glass-walled lightweight building and a traditional dense-walled building with punched window openings and traditional materials. The research demonstrates the clear relative benefits of the traditional building type as against the glass-wall type, and confirms what all environmental engineers know but most architects would rather ignore: that traditional buildings are the most sustainable type.
If you would like a full copy of the research report document, please contact us on: [email protected]
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To date, there have been several medical treatments made available to treat diabetes. So far, no medication has been identified that can cure diabetes. Medical professionals have constantly urged the general public to practice and maintain fitness activities as a healthy diet. This is the initial and one of the most critical steps in controlling their blood glucose or sugar levels. However, individuals whose diabetic conditions have progressed are given medication and other medical treatment to manage the disease. For individuals with diabetes who require medical treatment, insulin has been effective.
Insulin and its function
The pancreas produces insulin which is a hormone that regulates glucose amounts in the blood and also allows the body to use the glucose as a source of energy. Once glucose is absorbed into the blood, the insulin is responsible for allowing the cells within the body to absorb the glucose. However, once there is an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, the insulin acts by signaling the body to store any excess glucose within the liver. However, in diabetic individuals, the body is unable to effectively use its insulin, resulting in the continuous increase of glucose in an individual’s system, which can further lead to damage to vital organs and death if left untreated.
Insulin’s role difference
Insulin is used to treat both type 1 and 2 diabetes. Once you have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, the pancreas cannot produce insulin. Insulin therapy is administered to replicate a normal pancreas, which requires daily doses of insulin ingested through an insulin pump or injections. The blood glucose must be frequently monitored since the amount of insulin administered depends on the glucose level. Of course, a fitness plan inclusive of a healthy diet and exercise should be maintained because while food contributes to glucose, exercise will reduce blood glucose amounts, which will reduce the insulin doses.
While insulin therapy is the standard treatment for type 1 diabetes and is crucial for providing the insulin to the body that the pancreas has failed to create, insulin is also used to treat type 2 diabetes. However, insulin is only administered when other treatments and medication have been unable to stabilize blood glucose amounts.
Learning Accurate Dosage
Generally, it can be challenging to know the accurate dosage of insulin since the amount to be taken depends on stress, food, physical activity, and other general health aspects. Inaccurate doses of insulin can result in serious complications that can be life-threatening. Therefore it is vital for individuals to pay keen attention to their blood glucose amounts and how their body reacts to doses of insulin taken. To help individuals ensure that they are taking accurate doses of insulin, like Humalog, a glucose meter can help determine glucose amounts. Once the glucose amounts are identified, correct amounts of insulin will be administered.
While insulin has proven to be most effective in treating diabetes, individuals living with the condition should ensure that they stick to the health plan provided by their doctor to live a relatively healthy life.
If you have a dog, then you know that they are a big part of your family which means that all dog owners want just what is best for their fur babies. As such, they want to be able to feed their dogs with food that will help nourish them and give them energy and keep them healthy for as long as possible. Dogs love meat and they get their main source of protein from the meat that they eat as it gives their muscles the strength, they need to keep them running and playing fetch with you. Keeps their joints healthy and muscles lean. It is the protein in the dog food that is the absolute cornerstone for health for your dog.
While it is also important to have some carbs in your dog’s food, it is vital that the carbohydrates in your dog’s food is a simple carb like brown rice as it is easy to digest.
It sounds quite complicated when you look at it this way and makes you think that you would have to make them specially prepared food at each feeding time every day so that they get all of the meat and carbs that they need. Thankfully, you do not have to do all of the hard work on your own or buy raw meat or fish for your puppies to eat every day. Instead, you can ditch the food that you see all over commercials and buy your furry friend a food that will actually nourish them and help them maintain a healthy weight and active lifestyle. Life Abundance dog food from Fresh gives your dog all of the goodness that they would get if you were to prepare their meal by hand yourself. Life’s Abundance dog food is made with only the best ingredients out there that are proven to nourish our dog. You will only find ingredients such as organic, grass fed chicken, catfish, ripened apples, fresh carrots, and eggs. It also has all of the vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants in the food that your dog needs to stay young, energetic, and have a beautifully shiny coat for years.
Life’s Abundance dog food purposefully has a specific blend of bacteria inside of it that actually helps your dog to digest the food easier. As many great things that are in this natural dog food there are also a few things that you will not find in there such as artificial flavors, sugar, artificial food coloring, or chemical preservatives. The person behind the science for this food is Dr. Jane Bicks, a nationally celebrated and recognized holistic veterinarian. She knows what it takes to keep man’s best friend happy and healthy, and she is here to serve it up!
Women and men who look for moments of pure relaxation usually go to a day spa to be pampered. The entire body can receive some type of treatment to help relax and soothe the body. When more than relaxation is needed, people go to a different kind of spa. For special services involving the skin, they go to a medical spa. A medical Ethos Spa is similar to a day spa, but they provide services that were once done only in a doctor’s office, or medical facility. The services at a medical are done under the supervision of a medical doctor, dermatologist, plastic surgeon, or medical director, who is on the premises at all times.
The services at a medical spa vary, and depend on the kind of spa that you choose. The general treatments are for hair removal, aging skin, and acne, but many medical spas offer much more. As with the traditional day spas, a medical spa does seaweed wraps, massages, salt glows, and facials. Medical spas offer specialized treatments that would normally be done by a plastic surgeon, or a dermatologist in their clinic. A medical spa offers some common treatments like injectables such as Botox, Restalyne, and Invederm. Chemical Peels, and laser and light treatments are also included.
Many people have had acne problems that were so bad that it left them with scars, and other unsightly proof that they were there. Medical spas offer acne treatments that include a treatment for breakouts, treatments to lighten hyperpigmentation, and reduce the scarring to give the skin an overall improved appearance. All procedures falling under the medical realm will be overseen by the medical professional in charge, but general clinicians will do the routines that can be obtained at a traditional day spa. All procedures are done under the safest guidelines possible.
Other procedures offered by a medical spa include microdermabrasion, medical facials, mild chemical peels, photo rejuvenation, tissue tightening, and cellulite reduction. Some of the less common procedures with daily involvement of the doctor, or director, include laser assisted lipoplasty, laser resurfacing, sclerotherapy, cosmetic surgery, and photodynamic therapy. Not all medical spa sites offer the same services, or benefits. It is best to research a medical spa before going in for a specific procedure. The services provided will depend on the expertise of the doctor, or medical director, or their specialty.
More people are taking advantage of medical spa to help improve their appearance, and boost their confidence. The offerings of medical spas are basically the same as what you would receive in a hospital, or medical facility. You will be first relax with a little pampering, then follow through with the desired procedure. The same precautions are taken as with a normal medical facility with little to no down time. A medical spa, also called a med spa or medi spa, makes everything simple. The treatments are top of the line, and rendered by professionally certified medical professionals. These are all elective procedures with a different type of patient care.
When we are in need of hiring others to do specific tasks for us, we can find it challenging to complete the hiring practices. There are some things to consider when hiring others. There is no exception when hiring a marketing firm. Here is a list of five things to think before employing a marketing agency. Each one will be discussed briefly.
- Agency or In-House
Agency or In-House
Companies looking for a marketing team need to decide if they will build a team from within the company, or are they going to hire an agency (e.g. search engine optimization for plastic surgery practices) to conduct the marketing for them. Building an in-house team might not sound like a difficult task. However, if you are a company that is just starting, you might want to hire an agency instead. Hiring an agency to create an in-house team for you might be a more economical decision to meet your marketing needs.
You can ask around for referrals to marketing agencies. It also might be a good idea to read online reviews about the agencies you are considering. If the company does not have any reviews, it should be a warning sign. You should always do your homework before choosing a marketing firm to represent you. After all the firm you employ will be a reflection of your company.
Many agencies contribute to one or two fields of expertise. It is a good idea to ask the agencies you ate considering their areas of expertise. Some questions you would want to consider requesting the agency might include items that go along with the ideas you are looking for your company. If you do not know which questions would be good questions to ask, ask the company for some case study examples. They should be happy and proud to show them to you. If they do not have case studies examples to show you, it might be a good idea to walk away from that company.
There are three ways a marketing agency will consider charging your firm. These consist of hourly, monthly, and resource allocation. With the hourly charge, marketing companies discuss your budget, ask for a retainer, and go to work. They bill you by the hour. When they are doing a job for you, they take the hourly fee from the retainer. If you are charged a monthly fee, you are given unlimited services for a flat monthly fee. Finally, with resource allocation, they bill according to the resources they use. There is no one correct billing solution for every company.
Usually, marketing agencies will require you to sign a contract with them. The marketing agency chooses between six and twelve-month terms. They will expect the duration of the contract to be honored in its entirety. Some companies will offer you an out clause. The out clause usually will require you to give the firm a thirty-day notice. Sometimes, they need work of at least 90-days before you can get out of your contract.
Cannabis, or cannabis legale, grass and weed, is a drug that is now legal in some U.S. states. Others are looking into possibly legalizing cannabis, but are concerned about the cons as well as the pros of legalizing the drug.
What are some of the pros and cons of legalizing cannabis, and is it a drug that can have some very useful health benefits?
Cannabis has many health benefits — One of the big pros of legalizing cannabis is that it has many health benefits. From helping fight cancer, to a treatment for Alzheimer’s, migraines, arthritis and rheumatism pain, insomnia, controlling muscle spasms due to Multiple Sclerosis, a treatment for PTSD and any number of other things, smoking or taking cannabis can be very beneficial for your health.
Less money for organized crime — Much of the cannabis that is sold in the United States today comes via various criminal groups. If you make cannabis legal, however, these groups either lose the illegal funding stream they used to have and so are forced to shut down, or they become legal themselves. Either way, making cannabis legal means less money for organized crime and the violence that comes with that.
Safer to buy — As most people buy their cannabis from illegal sources, they have no way of knowing what kind of quality they are buying or if they are buying pure cannabis. Make the drug legal, however, and cannabis will have the same safety controls imposed on it as any other legal purchase.
Lower prices — As cannabis is used by many people with health problems, including those with cancer, if it was made legal prices would naturally fall. This would make it more affordable for people who need it for their health.
It is a gateway drug — One of the cons of legalizing cannabis is that, in some cases, cannabis can be a gateway drug, meaning it starts the users down a path towards the use of much harder and more dangerous drugs like cocaine and prescription drugs.
Worsening lung health — Another con to legalizing cannabis is that, just like smoking cigarettes, smoking cannabis can damage your lungs. This can be avoided, however, by baking the cannabis into baked goods like cakes, brownies and cookies.
An increase in stoned driving — People do drive while high from smoking cannabis, and this could increase if it was legalized. That being said, alcohol is legal and tens of thousands of people a month drive drunk after drinking it.
In other words, the same people who would drive drunk are likely to be the same people that would drive high.
An increase in depression? — While studies still need to be done to support this theory, some medical professionals do say they notice an increase in depression in those who regularly use cannabis.
This can also be because people who already suffer from depression use cannabis to help them feel better, so this may not actually be a con but more of a pro.
Find The Best Fitness Watches, So You Can Work Out In The Best Way
So let’s find out about the best fitness watches , shall we? You will want to have all of the right equipment there to help you work out in the best way, and when you feel that you could use a fitness watch to help you do things, you should make sure that you find one of the best ones and buy it. You will want it to be something that will feel good on your arm, and that will work in a really good way. These things can be expensive, and you won’t want to pay good money for something that will not work right.
So Make Sure You Figure Out Which One Is Best
Look at all of the different fitness watches and try to see what differences and similarities they have from one another. Does one of them seem to be better because it is more comfortable? Does another seem to be worse because it has failed others in just a short amount of time of them owning it? Look carefully into the different watches that are out there, so that you can buy one that is the best.
You Will Feel Great When You Have This Ready To Use
When you have bought a fitness watch and you know it is the best, you will feel great about using it. You will be excited to try it out, and you should love how it works every time that you are working out. There is so much that it can do, and you will have fun as you use the fitness watch during your exercises.
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Kyôto was the capital of Japan and the imperial residence for more than thousand years until 1868. Many of the historic monuments of ancient Kyôto were declared as UNESCO world heritage. The city is a symbol of high art and cultural heritage and the heart of traditional Japan. An overwhelming huge amount of ancient Buddhist temples, Shintô shrines, imperial palaces and traditional gardens are to be found here. Kyôto is known for it‘s cultural refinement in every way you can think of Japanese art. The most important works of art and traditional Japanese culture are located in Kyôto. Even it‘s cuisine is praised as outstanding.
The story is about a young woman named Chieko, the adopted daughter of a traditional kimono designer in Kyôto around the first half of the 20th century.
The reader is introduced to Chieko and gets to know about her life and her relationships with a handful of persons. The story begins describing her relationship with her boyfriend Shin‘ichi and her parents. The story itself is very simple. There is not much thrill. When she reveals her own family history, it brings a new perspective to the story and some tension to the narration.
The story takes place at very popular places, for example at the Heian shrine and Kiyomizu-dera. Therefore those who have been in Kyôto can picture the story very well. You can even see the way before your eyes Chieko and Shin‘ichi are walking. I think this novel is a very good read, when you are planning to visit Kyôto and I suppose, it has been read by generations of visitors.
Kawabata takes his time with his narration. He is describing the nature minutely detailed. This is one of his basic style elements. I have the impression, Kawabata emphasizes nature, because it is stronger than man himself. Of course it underlines the ever-lasting beauty of the Japanese setting in Kyôto.
The story begins in spring. Chieko is standing in the garden of her parents. She is adoring two violets growing on a maple tree. She is absorbed in thought, in a status of contemplation and so is the reader.
The narration takes a period of a whole year and Kawabata is describing the changes of nature along with the seasons. This is a very important Japanese topic in art and culture as a whole, as the four seasons are very distinctive in Japan.
Kawabata‘s descriptions and his narration is beautiful and he has the wonderful talent to expose the beauty of every single character and place in Kyôto. He needs no big story. Therefore this novel was mentioned as one of his three works, when he was awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1968. The other two are Thousand Cranes and Snow Country.
川端 康成, 古都, 1962. The Old Capital, 1962. Revised translation by J. Martin Holman, 1987.
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Reimagining the Middle East
(Middle East Institute) The Middle East’s rich history of cultures and civilizations has, in the modern era, given way to a caricature of a land of strife and violence. For those who today inhabit the cradle of civilization, that caricature is often too close to the truth — too many have been relegated to a life of poverty, while even those who live well frequently lack security and stability. Yet in the spirit of the region’s people, the pride of their ancient history lives on. Today, as the Islamic Republic in Iran faces a deep legitimacy crisis, historic change is once again afoot in the Middle East. As the people of Iran and the region rise up against the regime in Tehran, it is time to prepare for what comes next and imagine what could lead to the region’s next renaissance: a Middle Eastern cooperative organization.
Some will recall that the Middle East was in the midst of just such a renaissance 50 years ago, when it was said that Baghdad was more bustling than London, that Beirut was Paris on the Mediterranean, and that Tehran’s art scene was putting New York’s to shame. Many parts of the region were living up to its ancient promise as a center of culture, progress, and tolerance. There weren’t the endless wars or military engagements. The region certainly wasn’t perfect, but it was progressing. None of this was accidental. Rather, it was part of a vision shared by the Shah of Iran and other reform-minded leaders in the region, like King Hussein of Jordan and President Fuad Chehab of Lebanon. They believed in great civilizations and represented a forward-thinking, independent wave sweeping the region.
After decades of British, French, American, and Russian interventions, the Shah was determined to build a strong, independent Iran that rather than subverting its neighbors, partnered with them. He formed a productive friendship with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and established ties with Israel. He kept the peace with Iraq’s belligerent dictator, Saddam Hussein, and forged constructive relationships with Saudi Arabia and other Arab states. He engineered these relationships to build regional stability that led to growing prosperity, thus keeping a tight lid on terrorism. The rising tide of the Persian Gulf, as it were, lifted all boats.
However, that vision was not without opposition. Forces including non-traditional Shiite clergy in Iran began to attack him for what they claimed was increasing foreign influence. His efforts to build Iran into a leading international player, one which acted in concert with other regional and global forces, were viewed as an assault on tradition. Middle Eastern cooperation also faced pushback from regional forces including Nasserists in Egypt and the Soviet-backed Iraqi revolutionary government, who viewed such attempts as Western meddling.
A Middle East free of the machinations of foreign powers
In reality, what these leaders envisioned was a Middle East free of the machinations of foreign powers. They approached this through two projects, the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), also known as the Baghdad Pact, and the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD). Both organizations, regional cooperatives dedicated to mutual security and socio-economic development, partnered with the West, but were underpinned by the membership of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. With CENTO expanding its joint training missions and military cooperation, in 1974 the Shah proposed an economic community that “would lead to security and political solidarity” and “economic interrelationship.”
He was never able to achieve this, however. In 1979 the Shah was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution, and Iran’s foreign policy shifted from a refusal “to dominate any other country” to the forced exportation of Ruhollah Khomeini’s revolution to the region at any cost. The new Islamic Republic withdrew Iran from the collaborative frameworks of CENTO and RCD immediately. Perhaps not satisfied to kill just the agreements, Khomeini executed the former CENTO secretary-general for “corruption on earth.” This shift from brotherhood to belligerence led to a series of falling dominos including Afghanistan, the Arab-Israeli peace process, and the Iran-Iraq war. The dominos continue to fall today.
After four decades of Khomeini’s revolutionary regime, the people of Iran and the region are rising up. The Islamic Republic is facing protests at home while its proxies abroad face significant pushback from the people of Syria and Iraq. In Lebanon, its oldest and most entrenched proxy, Hezbollah, faces renewed scrutiny and growing opposition in the wake of the Beirut port explosion. Protesters have demand an unequivocal end to the Islamic Republic’s influence in their country and its politics.
Given trouble in the Islamic Republic’s client states and the burgeoning prospects for peace between long-time foes, the Middle East appears to be on the precipice of a new historical moment. An Iran and a Middle East free from the Islamic Republic and its proxies would open the door to many possibilities. Now is the time to think beyond pedestrian political disputes and imagine, as the Shah and his allies once did, the region as a powerful, unified force in international politics and commerce. An economic and security cooperative between the nations of the Middle East could accomplish just that.
A regional economic and security cooperative
Such a cooperative must be based, first and foremost, on the principle that peace can “be best established” if “countries kept their influence, their power, within the limits of their territory.” With the principle of non-aggression established, the cooperative must attend to pressing regional issues including the Syrian genocide, the refugee crisis, and terrorism. The collaborative nature of such an institution would allow for deliberative discussions involving all parties in the region to find local solutions for local problems as opposed to waiting for often ineffective interventions from global powers.
Such an arrangement would represent a major improvement on current models like the Arab League and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); unlike them, a cooperative would include all countries in the broader region and would have more focused objectives. At its outset the GCC intended to establish a common market and common currency, neither of which it has achieved, and neither of which is necessarily desirable. A more focused set of objectives taken on cooperatively, without sacrificing the prerogatives of national sovereignty, would allow the body to be more sustainable and avoid the troubles of other organizations that settle in an often uncomfortable middle ground.
At a time when peoples across the region are fighting to restore their national sovereignty usurped by the Islamic Republic, such a cooperative would not hinder nationalistic aims. Rather, by uniting around common interests, namely to strengthen the region on the global stage, it could serve to enhance them. An Iranian government communique to the United States in 1975 put it well: “Iranian and Arab nationalisms need not be mutually exclusive. In a region … fighting for the elimination of all traces of the colonial presence forward-looking movements of nationalism could, indeed, be complementary.”
The decades-long military involvement of foreign powers in the Middle East has been, in part, an attempt to respond to the chaos cultivated by the Islamic Republic. Regrettably, it has left the people of the region feeling as if their destiny is determined in foreign capitals, and for the citizens of the United States and other nations it has come at a high cost, both economic and human.
Addressing the region’s security and economic challenges
Such a cooperative would provide a more legitimate and effective way of addressing the security threats posed by terrorist organizations. The threat these groups present is not only to individuals nations but also to the region as a whole, and as such, they must be countered by the region as a whole. Instead of an endless game of Whack-a-Mole, the challenge of terrorism in the Middle East demands a comprehensive strategy. Problems that flow across borders, such as terrorism or tragedies like the Syrian genocide and resulting refugee crisis, demand regional solutions. By coming together in a collective security framework, the countries of the Middle East can share resources and develop a united strategy to solve the region’s decades-long quandaries.
With experience in tackling security issues, the organization must also address critical economic challenges like diversification and development. The Shah once proposed a body made up of industrialized, oil-rich, and developing nations, each with an equal vote, to provide easy-money loans for developing countries. Such joint economic schemes, financed by wealthy member nations with equal input from developing ones, could prioritize regional development projects meant to diversify economies away from reliance on petroleum and natural gas and support moves into other sectors, including tourism, services, and hard industry. This would allow for co-investment from regional economic powerhouses and would also support the developing countries of the region, including Iraq, Yemen, and Afghanistan.
The notion of a joint Jordanian, Iranian, and Israeli squadron of jets flying on an anti-ISIS mission or a joint Kuwaiti, Emirati, and Lebanese economic venture may, today, seem far-fetched. Yet in the aftermath of World War II, so did the notion that there might ever be a lasting alliance between Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. From the first declaration of human rights to the development of music and mathematics, the people of the Middle East are no strangers to taking on big challenges.
Four decades ago, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi defined the stakes: “If you let go occasions of cooperation that could have been, while you have the time and the opportunity to bring people together, cement ties and assure cooperation and stability, then history and the people who come after us will reproach us for not having tried.” This stark warning is perhaps even more relevant today than it was then. As the people of Iran reclaim their country from the Islamic Republic and the people of the region follow suit, the Middle East’s leaders must try to “assure cooperation and stability.” For the “the time and opportunity to bring people together” is indeed approaching and it may not last for long.
Cameron Khansarinia is the Policy Director for the National Union for Democracy in Iran (NUFDI), a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization of Iranian-Americans raising awareness about the freedom movement in Iran. The views expressed in this piece are his own.
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How to minimise your risk and what to do in the event of a biological or chemical attack.
Terrorist attacks include:
- suicide operations
- attacks on commercial aircraft and ships
- use of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials
Minimise your risk from terrorism
- regularly check our travel advice for the country you’re visiting and subscribe to our email alerts
- watch and read news about the country and region
- be vigilant in public areas and places that attract foreigners and westerners like embassies, hotels, restaurants, bars and businesses
- look out for anything suspicious, and if you see anything report it to the local police immediately – many terrorist attacks are foiled by the vigilance of ordinary people
- be clear about any routes you use and have a plan of action to follow in the event of an incident
- try to avoid routines that make you an easier target – vary the time and route of your regular journeys
- keep your mobile phone charged and with you, with emergency numbers programmed in
- consider the extent to which you might stand out from the crowd before deciding to visit out-of-town destinations
- be discreet on social media about yourself and your plans
- inform colleagues, neighbours or hotel staff about where you’re going and when you intend to return
- identify places like police stations, hospitals, official buildings along your route where you could seek refuge in an emergency
Chemical and biological agents
Chemical agents are natural or manufactured chemicals such as chlorine and mustard gas. Most are liquids with poisonous vapours, but some are solids that can be released as a powder or aerosol.
Biological agents are germs which cause natural but rare diseases, such as smallpox or anthrax. They’re usually released from an aerosol.
What to do in a chemical or biological incident
- move away from the immediate area quickly but calmly
- if you are underground, return to ground level as most chemicals are heavier than air and sink downwards
- alert the emergency services if they are not already at the scene
- make yourself known to the emergency staff and follow their instructions
- don’t leave the scene until the emergency services tell you to – you may need to be decontaminated to avoid spreading it to other people
Chemical or biological attack effects
This depends on the chemical or biological agent used. Symptoms can develop within seconds or over months.
Chemical attacks can cause breathing difficulties, eye and skin irritation, blisters, headaches, nausea and convulsions. The time it takes for symptoms to develop depends on the chemical and on its concentration, but unlike biological agents, chemical agents are not infectious.
The symptoms of biological agents vary with each disease. They are the same as when the diseases are caught naturally. Antibiotics can be used to treat most biological agent diseases. The sooner they are taken, the more effective they will be.
If you have been a victim of terrorism overseas you could be eligible to claim for compensation.
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To the editor:
As this 152nd anniversary of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address on Nov. 19, 1863, approaches, I find it interesting to look behind the events and words to explore the significance of what happened the day the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery occurred.
Lincoln was not the primary speaker to dedicate the cemetery but was invited by the event’s organizer, David Wills, to “make a few appropriate remarks” with the unsolicited advice to the president to keep the remarks “serious in nature … and suitable to the occasion.”
The bodies of the soldiers who died at Gettysburg were being dug up and removed to the site of the new cemetery by F.W. Biesecker, who had won the contract to do so — with a winning bid of $1.59 per body. The task was so great that completion was expected only long after the ceremony. Bodies of hundreds of soldiers, barely covered with battlefield soil, still remained where they fell, mostly unidentified.
As is often noted but untrue, Lincoln did not write his address at the last minute while riding on the train to Gettysburg, although he may have altered a word during the time leading up to the address. Lincoln was first a lawyer, then a politician, and finally a statesman. Lawyers prepare, politicians plan, and statesmen change history. That is what occurred on Nov. 19, 1863.
Lincoln had in mind this purpose for many years and required only an appropriate time and place to bring it forth. Today we know those “few appropriate remarks” raised the moral plateau of the war and changed how many Americans viewed the conflict. There was now an ideological element as well as a military component to the struggle.
Beyond the preservation of the Union, the conflict was also being fought to determine if the proposition that “all men are created equal” in the Declaration of Independence had meaning, an issue that disturbed Lincoln for years. The war was now setting right the hypocrisy of “four score and seven years” where all men were not created equal — with rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The war was now elevated to mean what Abraham Lincoln wanted it to mean.
To no surprise, the newspaper reports followed their political bias. The Chicago Times reported: “The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly, flat, and dishwatery utterances of a man who has to be pointed out as the President of the United States.” The Boston Evening Transcript noted, however: “Neither does he wield a polished pen; but he has a way of saying the fitting thing. But the uncut fragment is full of jewels.”
And so it goes.
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heic0810 - Photo Release
Galaxies gone wild!
24 April 2008
Fifty nine new images of colliding galaxies make up the largest collection of Hubble images ever released together. As this astonishing Hubble atlas of interacting galaxies illustrates, galaxy collisions produce a remarkable variety of intricate structures.
Interacting galaxies are found throughout the Universe, sometimes as dramatic collisions that trigger bursts of star formation, on other occasions as stealthy mergers that result in new galaxies. A series of 59 new images of colliding galaxies has been released from the several terabytes of archived raw images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to mark the 18th anniversary of the telescope's launch. This is the largest collection of Hubble images ever released to the public simultaneously.
Galaxy mergers, which were more common in the early Universe than they are today, are thought to be one of the main driving forces for cosmic evolution, turning on quasars, sparking frenetic star births and explosive stellar deaths. Even apparently isolated galaxies will show signs in their internal structure that they have experienced one or more mergers in their past. Each of the various merging galaxies in this series of images is a snapshot of a different instant in the long interaction process.
Our own Milky Way contains the debris of the many smaller galaxies it has encountered and devoured in the past, and it is currently absorbing the Sagittarius dwarf elliptical galaxy. In turn, it looks as if our Milky Way will be subsumed into its giant neighbour, the Andromeda galaxy, resulting in an elliptical galaxy, dubbed "Milkomeda", the new home for the Earth, the Sun and the rest of the Solar System in about two billion years time. The two galaxies are currently rushing towards each other at approximately 500,000 kilometres per hour.
Cutting-edge observations and sophisticated computer models, such as those pioneered by the two Estonian brothers Alar Toomre and Juri Toomre in the 1970s, demonstrate that galaxy collisions are far more common than previously thought. Interactions are slow stately affairs, despite the typically high relative speeds of the interacting galaxies, taking hundreds of millions of years to complete. The interactions usually follow the same progression, and are driven by the tidal pull of gravity. Actual collisions between stars are rare as so much of a galaxy is simply empty space, but as the gravitational webs linking the stars in each galaxy begin to mesh, strong tidal effects disrupt and distort the old patterns leading to new structures, and finally to a new stable configuration.
The pull of the Moon that produces the twice-daily rise and fall of the Earth's oceans illustrates the nature of tidal interactions. Tides between galaxies are much more disruptive than oceanic tides for two main reasons. Firstly, stars in galaxies, unlike the matter that makes up the Earth, are bound together only by the force of gravity. Secondly, galaxies can pass much closer to each other, relative to their size, than do the Earth and the Moon. The billions of stars in each interacting galaxy move individually, following the pull of gravity from all the other stars, so the interwoven tidal forces can produce the most intricate and varied effects as galaxies pass close to each other.
Typically the first tentative sign of an interaction will be a bridge of matter as the first gentle tugs of gravity tease out dust and gas from the approaching galaxies (IC 2810). As the outer reaches of the galaxies begin to intermingle, long streamers of gas and dust, known as tidal tails, stretch out and sweep back to wrap around the cores (NGC 6786, UCG 335, NGC 6050). These long, often spectacular, tidal tails are the signature of an interaction and can persist long after the main action is over. As the galaxy cores approach each other their gas and dust clouds are buffeted and accelerated dramatically by the conflicting pull of matter from all directions (NGC 6621, NGC 5256). These forces can result in shockwaves rippling through the interstellar clouds (ARP 148). Gas and dust are siphoned into the active central regions, fuelling bursts of star formation that appear as characteristic blue knots of young stars (NGC 454). As the clouds of dust build they are heated so that they radiate strongly, becoming some of the brightest (luminous and ultraluminous) infrared objects (APG 220) in the sky.
These objects emit up to several thousand billion times the luminosity of our Sun. They are the most rapidly star-forming galaxies in today's Universe and are linked to the occurrence of quasars. Unlike standard spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, which radiate from stars and hot gas distributed over their entire span of perhaps 100,000 light-years, the energy in luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies is primarily generated within their central portion, over an extent of 1000 to 10,000 light-years. This energy emanates both from vigorous star formation processes, which can generate up to a few hundred solar masses of new stars per year (in comparison, the Milky Way generates a few solar masses of new stars per year), and from massive accreting black holes, a million to a billion times the mass of the Sun, in the central region.
Intense star formation regions and high levels of infrared and far-infrared radiation are typical of the most active central period of the interaction and are seen in many of the objects in this release. Other visible signs of an interaction are disruptions to the galaxy nuclei (NGC 3256, NGC 17). This disruption may persist long after the interaction is over, both for the case where a larger galaxy has swallowed a much smaller companion and where two more closely matched galaxies have finally separated.
Most of the 59 new Hubble images are part of a large investigation of luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies called the GOALS project (Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey). This survey combines observations from Hubble, the NASA Spitzer Space Observatory, the NASA Chandra X-Ray Observatory and NASA Galaxy Explorer. The Hubble observations are led by Professor Aaron S. Evans from the University of Virginia and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (USA).
A number of the interacting galaxies seen here are included in the The Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, a remarkable catalogue produced by the astronomer Halton Arp in the mid-1960s that built on work by B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov from 1959. Arp compiled the catalogue in a pioneering attempt to solve the mystery of the bizarre shapes of galaxies observed by ground-based telescopes. Today, the peculiar structures seen by Arp and others are well understood as the result of complex gravitational interactions.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
Credit: NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)
Acknowledgements for this photo release:
- Project lead: Lars Lindberg Christensen
- Image processing: Davide de Martin (ESA/Hubble) and Zolt Levay (STScI)
- Cosmetic cleaning: Amit Kapadia, Nuno Marques, Maximilian Kaufl (ESA/Hubble)
- Colour correction and cosmetic adjustments: Zolt Levay (STScI) & Martin Kornmesser (ESA/Hubble)
- HST Principle Investigator: A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook), and the PIs of Hubble Proposals 9735, 11091, 6276, 10575, 7129, 7467, 6438.
- Astronomical processing pipeline: The STScI ACS team
- Data Archiving and pipeline implementation: The ESO/ST-ECF Archive and the STScI Archive
- Textual information: Ana Margarida Lopes, Will Gater, Anne Rhodes, Raquel Yumi Shida & Lars Lindberg Christensen (ESA/Hubble)
- Web products: Raquel Yumi Shida (ESA/Hubble) & Stratis Kakadelis (STScI)
- NASA/Hubble Press Release
- NASA/Heritage press release
- Original Arp Atlas images
- Arp 148
- GOALS webpage
- Hubble and the GOALS Survey factsheet (PDF file)
- Hubble at GOALS
- Zip file with all the images in JPG format for screen visualization
- Zip file with all images in high-resolution (TIFF format)
- FITS files at NASA/STScI
Department of Astronomy
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
Lars Lindberg Christensen
Hubble/ESA, Garching, Germany
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
About the Release
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Global Electrical Vehicle Market: Overview
Electric vehicles (EV) are vehicles that run on electricity in which the motors are powered by one or more rechargeable battery packs. The need for reducing reliance on petroleum-based fuels in vehicles among consumers has led automakers adopt electricity as a vehicle fuel. The growing adoption of electric vehicles is propelled by the myriad benefits they offer over conventional ones. These include no tailpipe emission, higher energy efficiency, smoother operations, enhanced acceleration, and requiring minimal maintenance.
Over the past few years, electric vehicles have soared in popularity largely due to numerous favorable government mandates and subsidies across various developed regions and steadily decreasing total cost of ownership of these vehicles. Besides, increasing concerns of tackling climate changes have led governments in emerging and established markets set ambitious goals for electric vehicle adoption.
The report provides in-depth and comprehensive insight into the key market dynamics, revenue share and size of major product segments, current trends, innovative product launches, and competitive landscape of the global electrical vehicle market. The study mirrors extensive primary and secondary researches from across a wide range of stakeholders including international energy agencies, leading automotive manufacturers, government organizations, and industry players. The report zeroes in on several government mandates and policy initiatives to track drivers and emerging trends in major regions. The factors influencing the pricing strategies of various electric vehicle manufacturers are evaluated. The strategically motivated insights help in evidence-based decision making for market participants.
Global Electrical Vehicle Market: Trends and Opportunities
The electrical vehicle market is driven by the growing demand for environmental-friendly and low-emission technologies along with rising government subsidies and support initiatives to popularize electric vehicles. Significant increases in the prices of fuel such as gasoline, diesel, and petrol, coupled with increased governmental focus to lower emission standards, have led to a healthy demand for electric vehicles in emerging and developed markets. In addition, constant improvement in the battery technology and advancement in its production processes have led to decreasing the cost of these vehicles, thereby stimulating its adoption among users.
The market is expected to be fuelled by increasing investments by numerous private and public players to employ technologies that boost the performance of electric vehicles. Major types include hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and all-electric vehicles (EVs). Along the forecast period, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, that use both fossil fuels and electricity, are poised to witness abundant demand due to their lower prices. Additionally, compared to other vehicles they offer significant fuel savings.
Intensives initiatives made by automakers to augment the battery efficiency of HEVs and the development of higher energy density without affecting the vehicle performance have stimulated consumers’ demand for these cars.
Global Electrical Vehicle Market: Regional Outlook
On the basis of geography, the market is segmented into North America, Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa. North America is a prominent market for electric vehicles. Substantial government initiatives such as providing robust infrastructural facilities to charge these electric vehicles and various subsidies in the form of tax credits for buying electric vehicles and tax breaks on home chargers in the U.S. have stimulated their adoption.
Asia Pacific is fast growing market for electric vehicles. Several initiatives by public and private players and government incentives to automakers have lowered the prices of electric vehicles in emerging and developed countries of Asia Pacific boosting its adoption. Spiraling R&D investment in electric drive systems, coupled with increasing environmental concerns in countries such as China and Japan, is expected to propel the regional market.
The rising focus toward greener technology has led to a significant demand for EVs in several European countries fuelling the Eupope market.
Global Electrical Vehicle Market: Competitive Analysis
Leading automakers are making new and innovative product launches with enhanced battery performance and investing in R&D activities to consolidate their shares in various regions. Prominent players operating in this market include Volkswagen, BMW, Tesla Motors, Inc., General Motors, Toyota Motor Corporation, Nissan Motor Company Ltd., Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Renault S.A., and Smith Electric Vehicle.
Major regions analyzed under this research report are:
- North America (U.S. and Canada)
- Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Peru, and Chile)
- Western Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Spain, Italy, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg)
- Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia)
- Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, ASEAN, Australia, and New Zealand)
- Middle East and Africa (GCC, Southern Africa, and North Africa)
This report gives you access to decisive data such as:
- Market growth drivers
- Factors limiting market growth
- Current market trends
- Market structure
- Market projections for the coming years
Key highlights of this report
- Overview of key market forces propelling and restraining market growth
- Up-to-date analyses of market trends and technological improvements
- Pin-point analyses of market competition dynamics to offer you a competitive edge
- An analysis of strategies of major competitors
- An array of graphics and SWOT analysis of major industry segments
- Detailed analyses of industry trends
- A well-defined technological growth map with an impact-analysis
- Offers a clear understanding of the competitive landscape and key product segments
Note : All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in reports are those of the respective analysts. They do not necessarily reflect formal positions or views of Transparency Market Research.
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