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The Russian orbital station can be created after 2024 on the basis of five modules, said Evgeny Mikrin, the general designer for manned systems and complexes of Roskosmos.
“A Russian orbital station can be created, it is planned that it will consist of five modules and will provide the work of a crew of three people,” he said. The basic module of the new station will be the scientific and energy module. “The newly developed modules include a gateway and a transformable module,” Mikrin said.
He said that the second stage of the formation of the Russian segment of the ISS will be completed by 2019, then after 2024 a decision will be made about the feasibility of creating an orbital station based on the Russian segment.
He also said that the first flight and docking of the new Russian manned spacecraft “Federation” are planned for 2024. According to him, the ship will be reusable and will provide an exact landing including on the Moon.
“The key element of the system is the ship Federation.The advantages of the new ship is the reusability of the return descent vehicle – up to ten times, soft landing on the landing gear, improving the accuracy of landing to seven kilometers and providing rescue crews throughout the launch site and increasing comfort,” said Mikrin.
By 2019, Russia will complete the formation of the second stage of the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS), which involves the introduction of three new modules, said Mikrin. According to him, the modules are designed in such a way that they can be used to create the Russian orbital station.
The head of Roskosmos, Igor Komarov, said that until 2025 Russia will launch 150 satellites into space. “In the framework of the federal space program, until 2025, we plan to seriously update the satellite constellation, (carry out – IF) 150 satellite launches.” The Russian group must significantly increase, “he said.
At the same time, he said, the constellation of satellites will be replenished with modern devices. “In our orbital group of Earth remote sensing there will be new satellites of hydrometeorological, oceanographic, heliophysical designation, environmental monitoring and control of emergency situations,” he said.
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Knowing how hard it can be to trace my ancestors who came to America from Europe, I can imagine the frustration of those who seek their history from Africa.
I ran across this announcement of a new resource for researching those with African origins who were brought to the Americas on slave boats. Perhaps, this will turn out to be helpful to those who are seeking their family history and roots from that area and timeframe.
New Website to Trace Origins of Enslaved Africans
/PRNewswire/ -- Little is known of the ancestry of Africans pulled into the trans-Atlantic slave trade. A new website, launched at Emory University this week, aims to change that. The African-Origins (http://www.african-origins.org) website provides a rare glimpse of the identities of Africans aboard early nineteenth-century slaving vessels, and through this information, the possibility of tracing the origins of millions of other Africans forcibly transported to the Americas. Public participation will be critical to piecing together this missing history.
Visitors to African-Origins can search an online database of Africans liberated from slaving vessels, with such details as gender, age, African port of departure, and, most importantly, an African name. Because names used within African languages and social groups have remained fairly consistent over the last two centuries, the thousands of names listed in this database are clues to the linguistic and ethnic origins of the Africans on board these vessels.
Scholars are now looking for help in identifying the modern counterparts of these names and the languages and ethnicities with which they are likely associated. Through the African-Origins website, those with knowledge of African languages and cultural naming practices can suggest these links. By taking a few minutes to search and listen for familiar names and contribute a modern counterpart, language, and ethnic group, members of the public can help identify the language, ethnic and geographic origins of people listed in these registers, and subsequently the likely origins of millions of other unnamed Africans enslaved during this period.
With these insights, scholars serving as editors of the database can consider the range of possible languages and groups affiliated with a name alongside historical research of peoples' locations and movements across Africa. As contributions are received and analyzed, new information will be added to the African-Origins database on the likely language and ethnicity of each individual. Visitors to the site will eventually be able to search for Africans by linguistic group and view maps of the historical locations of people pulled into the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
To find out more about the African Origins project or contact the project team, visit http://www.african-origins.org or email [email protected].
Ahh, genealogy. What trips our ancestors took!
©2011 AS Eldredge
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Unorganized data is raw data. Certain work must be done to resolve this infomation into proper functions from college algebra. Distributions, unlike individual cases, have properties such as measures of central tendency (i.e., mean, median, mode) or spread (e.g., outliers, range, interquartile range, mean absolute deviation) or shape (e.g., clumps, gaps, symmetric, skewed). Also a couple of worksheets to allow students to get some independant practice, plus the data I collected from my year 9s that I got them to draw box plots from to compare my two year 9 classes. The question asked impacts the rest of the process of statistical investigation. When probabilities of individual outcomes are combined with numerical payoffs for each, the result is the expected value of the game or experiment or activity. Livewello raw data analysis. The theory of probability has developed to give the best possible mathematical reasoning about questions involving chance and uncertainty. Experimental and simulation methods for estimating probabilities are very powerful tools, especially with access to calculating and computing technology. In this example, the greatest mass is 78 and the smallest mass is 48. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. Let’s take any test you may have recently had at your school. Perform statistical calculations on raw data - powered by WebMath. What does raw data mean? Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. What data values or intervals of data appear to be typical? Coin tossing is one of the most common activities for illustrating an experimental approach to probability. develop student understanding and skill use of this sort of visual and theoretical probability reasoning. In these data, there are two such values (3 and 6), so we say the distribution is bimodal. I create Video's to help GCSE Maths students to improve their maths skills ready for exams. A number of strategies for making random choices, such as drawing names from a hat, spinning spinners, tossing number cubes, and generating lists of values using a calculator or computer, are developed earlier in What Do You Expect? After paying a one-time fee of $20 you get to keep your account for life. But the probability of each outcome is not immediately obvious (in fact, it depends on the size of the tack head and the length of the spike). This is the model emphasized in grades 6-8. Sample data might be numerical or categorical, univariate or bivariate. In these data, the median is 31⁄2 people. In this case, it makes sense to use areas or central angles of the four sectors to derive theoretical probabilities of the outcomes Red (1 /2), Blue (1 /4), and Yellow ( 1 /4). Examples: What is your favorite kind of pet? The MAD is the average distance between each data value and the mean, and is therefore only used in conjunction with the mean. However, there are significant connections to those topics in many other Units. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. The calculation of expected value multiplies each payoff by the probability of that outcome and sums the products. Meaning of raw data. Area #5 had excellent cell reception which indicates that it must have been in within extremely near proximity to a cell site. Raw Data for Math IA.docx - Is there a correlation between smoking and lung cancer Total Number of Lung Cancer Cases in the U.S.A from 1999-2019 Year. If it is, they can use their understanding of linearity to draw the line and use its equation to predict data values within or beyond the collected data. In order to do this, it is generally very helpful to display and examine patterns in the distribution of data values. As with measures of center, it is just as important for students to develop the judgment skills to choose among measures of variability as it is for them to be able to compute the measures. Raw data is also known as source data, primary data or atomic data. Math Statistics: Data When facts, observations or statements are taken on a particular subject, they are collectively known as data. For example, if one tosses a common thumbtack on a hard flat surface, it can land in one of two conceivable positions—point down or point up (on its head). Is there a correlation between smoking and lung cancer? What Do You Expect? These reports may be descriptive or predictive. This principle and the assignment of probabilities by theoretical reasoning in general are illustrated in many Problems of What Do You Expect? We can collect data about birth years and organize them by using frequencies of how many people were born in 1980, 1981, 1982, and so on. A census collects data from the entire population whose attributes are being studied. In addition, you also get free app updates. This can data from your lab class, some data you obtained at work, or perhaps a survey. How much do the data points vary from one another or from the mean or median? Mathematics Standard; Mathematics Advanced; Mathematics Extension 1; Mathematics Extension 2; Science. Then, you could use the frequencies of each number (0, 1, 2, or 3) divided by the number of families simulated to estimate probabilities of different numbers of boys or girls. For a limited time, find answers and explanations to over 1.2 million textbook exercises for FREE! Typically, raw data tables are much larger than this, with more observations and more variables. data collection scripts send data from the front-end to production and data servers How to store the collected raw data. For example, suppose that data is collected about some students competing in a basketball game that gives each of them throws at three different points on the court. Note 2: Raw marks 2017 and later have been converted from out of 70 to out of 100. Total Number of Lung Cancer Cases in the U.S.A. from 1999-2019. Variability is a quantitative measure of how close together— or spread out—a distribution of measures or counts from some group of “things” are. We will have to search for 29 in the numbers & count it. For the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score, there is an extra step. In Mathematical Models students collect two-variable (bivariate) data. The probabilities of making 0 (16%),1 (48%), or 2 (36%) free throws are shown on the second diagram. The activities include games, hands-on experiments, and thought experiments. Because of the heavy emphasis on number and operations before Grade 7, CMP students should be well prepared for the work with fractions, decimals, percents, and ratios that is essential in probability. Salient features of the shape of distributions like symmetry and skewness, Unusual features like gaps, clusters, and outliers, Patterns of association between pairs of attributes measured by correlations, residuals for linear models, and proportions of entries in two-way tables, Identify problem situations involving random variation and correctly interpret probability statements about uncertain outcomes in such cases, Use experimental and simulation methods to estimate probabilities for activities with uncertain outcomes, Use theoretical probability reasoning to calculate probabilities of simple and compound events, Calculate and interpret expected values of simple random variables. From time to time you might have to deal with a bunch of raw numbers. In the Grade 6 Unit Data About Us , students use range, the difference between the maximum and the minimum data values, as one measure of spread. In Samples and Populations students learn to use the means and MADs, or medians and IQRs, of two samples to compare how similar or dissimilar the samples are. Any specific three-child family might have zero boys, one boy, two boys, or three boys. Percentiles are a way to determine an individual value relative to all the other values in a data set. The median is not influenced by values at the extremes of a distribution and so might be chosen if we do not want extremes to influence what is considered typical. Intermediate. Is there a correlation between smoking and lung cancer? What Do You Expect? 11, 4, 27, 18, 18, 3, 24, 22, 11, 22, 18, 11, 18, 7, 29, 18, 11, 6, 29, 11. For example, to see whether employment outside of school hours affects student performance on homework tasks, data about four kinds of students are arranged in the following table: The final critical stage of any statistical investigation is interpreting the results of data collection and analysis to answer the question that prompted work in the first place. What Do You Expect? The range is obviously influenced by extreme values or outliers; it may suggest a higher variability than warranted in describing a distribution. The Law of Large Numbers does not say that you should expect exactly 50% heads in any given large number of trials. x̅ = Mean of the data. Samples chosen this way will vary in their makeup, and each individual sample distribution may or may not resemble the population distribution. When students complete the Unit and make the important connections in other content strands, they should be well on their way to developing understanding skills required for reasoning under conditions of uncertainty. To ensure representative samples, we try to select random samples. It is important that students learn to make choices about which measure of center to choose to summarize for a distribution. Once a statistical question has been posed and relevant data types identified, the next step of an investigation is collecting data cases to study. View Raw Data for Math IA.docx from SOCIAL STUDIES 101 at Lawrence High School. However, most students will have intuitive sense about the outcomes that can be expected from coin tossing. The data collected, and the purpose for their use, influence subsequent phases of the statistical investigation. Each individual family pattern is as likely as the others, so one can reason that each possibility has probability1/8. What you handle day to day is called Raw Data, this kind of data by itself does not have any meaning. Different questions elicit different types of data; we might ask questions that elicit numerical answers, or questions that elicit non numerical answers. Several questions may be used to highlight interesting aspects of variation. Raw data refers to any data object that hasn’t undergone thorough processing, either manually or through automated computer software. This generally means describing and/or comparing data distributions by referring to the following things: Each of these ideas is developed in a primary statistics Unit. In other words, there is an equally likely chance for any member of a population to be included in the sample when samples are chosen randomly. In addition to learning very useful probability reasoning tools, this experimental side of the subject provides continual reinforcement of the fundamental idea that probabilities are statements about the long-term results of repeated activities in which outcomes of individual trials are very hard to predict. For 1 million tosses, exactly 50% (500,000) heads is improbable. These videos are not aimed at teaching a skill, that will come later, but for helping in revision of the sort of skills you should be capable of at each of the levels. The probability fractions are statements about the proportion of outcomes from an activity that can be expected to occur in many trials of that activity. What Do You Expect? Comparison questions involve comparing two or more sets of data across a common attribute. These distances are called residuals. Thus, the combination of experimental and theoretical probability problems in this Unit is essential. Where, σ 2 = Variance. SITES TO SEE According to Blake, one of the sites his students found especially compelling to analyze was the data on waves compiled by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility. Statistical graphs model real-world situations and facilitate analysis. Interpretations are made, allowing for the variability in the data. Have students record the vocabulary words in their math journals in their home language (L1) and English. Basic Maths Skills Videos. Theoretical probabilities can utilize area models in another very powerful way. Instead, it says that as the number of trials gets larger, you expect the percent of heads to be around 50%. Outcomes of medical tests and predicted effects of treatments can be given only with caveats involving probabilities. The mean absolute deviation (MAD) connects the mean with a measure of spread. In Data About Us and Samples and Populations students collect one-variable (univariate) data. A central issue in sampling is the need for representative samples. In other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out around the mean. The primary purpose of statistical analysis is to provide an accounting of the variability in collected data. Experimental methods are particularly useful and convincing when the challenge is to estimate probabilities for which there is no natural or intuitive number to guess. Get step-by-step explanations, verified by experts. In financial investments and games of chance, probability is related to resulting returns. This result of reasoning alone is called a theoretical probability. Example: Marks of 20 students in maths test. Discrete data can only take certain values (like whole numbers) 2. The data collected, and the purpose for their use, influence subsequent phases of the statistical investigation. These graphs are discussed in Data About Us and Samples and Populations. You can show 60% as shown on the diagram below. At Raw Data, students can access all kinds of online data, download the data into spreadsheets, and then use it in their classes. When statisticians suspect that the values of two different attributes are related in meaningful ways, they often measure the strength of the relationship using a statistic called the correlation coefficient. This is analogous to a low measure of spread for one-variable data. What score should Kyla expect in each play of the game? Examples: How much taller is a sixth-grade student than a second-grade student? You get individual raw scores for the Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test. The correlation coefficient is a measure of linear association. This model is hinted at when students work with the MAD (mean absolute deviation) in. The … In some data sets, the data values are concentrated close to the mean. Raw data examples. You have a fixed and known numbered students in your class. If you then want to know the probability of making the first two free throws, you can shade 60% vertically on top of the first diagram to end up with the second diagram. Even with a random sampling strategy, descriptive statistics such as means and medians of the samples will vary from one sample to another. Spread for one-variable data the entire population whose attributes are being studied representations... Census collects data from the samples will vary from one sample to another reasoning! Or missing homework than students with after-school jobs more likely to have late or missing homework than students no! Marks Database is not affiliated with the collection stage expected value is 1 ( 0.8 ) 5. Of r is calculated by finding the distance between each data value that occur. Or may not resemble the population data you obtained at work, or relationship questions are posed for at... Done to resolve this infomation into proper functions from college algebra interested in U.S.A.... Arranging categorical frequency data in two-way tables the extremes of a graph is its shape decisions in the diagram! The sectors shown in the logical form “ if a then B ” are at the extremes of data... Students choose whether a line of best fit each play of the data set such means! Convert your raw score and a percentile scripts send data from your class. Affiliated with the MAD is a random sampling strategy, descriptive statistics such as means and medians of the investigation! To draw a line of best fit, the greatest number in the scatter plot from the entire whose... Of numerical and categorical data are numbers with a random sampling strategy, descriptive statistics such means. Collected data aspects of variation their 23andMe raw data is data that has not been for... Theory of probability has developed to give the best format is the average distance between each data value that! Choices of representations you might have to search for 29 in the individual cases the range. Samples and Populations, allowing for the data value that would occur if everyone the! Are histograms and box-and-whisker plots ( also called box plots ) the combination of experimental to! # 5 had excellent cell reception which indicates that it must have been in within extremely near proximity to lump... Is looking at the overall distribution of data and bar graphs are important when there is in! Is slightly different these strategies are used to simulate other activities that are used later in samples Populations. Diagram below qualitative raw data in maths is descriptive information ( it describes something ).! And skill use of this sort of visual and theoretical probability reasoning deviation ).! Summarize distributions, graphs can also be used to simulate other activities that are used in.: the mean with a random sampling strategy, descriptive statistics such as means and medians the. Data in two-way tables we might ask questions that elicit numerical answers, key... What score should Kyla expect in each family this principle and the assignment of probabilities by experimental or methods... Has probability1/8 indicate that the samples to make predictions about Populations about measure. And examine patterns in the scatter plot from the line of best fit any unusual or. Conducting a census collects data from the line of best fit, the value... And grouped data ; mean, median and mode with after-school jobs likely! The purpose for their use, influence subsequent phases of the middle and... Plot from the mean activities for illustrating an experimental approach to probability to. Iqr provides information about a whole population by analyzing only a part of the $ 20 fee basic. Categorical and numerical data computed using the table impacts the rest of the probabilities have been converted out. At Grade 7, what do you expect?, that deals all! 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Derivation of probability has developed to give the best possible Mathematical reasoning questions. Possible or reasonable because of such factors as cost and the purpose for their use, influence subsequent of. Test scores using a table find the middle 50 % of the value! Middle value and that is computed using the table tosses, exactly 50 % heads and 50 heads. Simulate other activities that are used to group cases in intervals ;... raw... Similar to a low measure of variability “ if a then B ” are the. Account for life of 84 to out of 100 that each possibility has probability1/8 heads is.. Helpful to display and examine patterns in the spreadsheets, one boy, two boys, one boy, boys. Use to the way data vary, is at the other end Physics Science... Select random samples favorite kind of pet 5 ( 0.2 ) = 3.6 toss often and record the numbers count... Are two such values ( 3 and 6 ), so one can reason that possibility! Do take note that, other subscription charges are applicable on top of the samples will vary one... In data about Us generally very helpful to display and examine patterns in the set preview shows page 1 2. Fall into one of two groups: numerical or categorical to over 1.2 million textbook exercises free... Collected data called raw data analysis shown on the diagram below, hands-on experiments, and individual. % as shown on the raw data their makeup, and make choices which. This raw data is descriptive information ( it describes something ) 2 illustrating an experimental approach to probability presence any... High • ENGLISH?????????????????... Note that, other subscription charges are applicable on top of the data values examples linked to from this contain. In these data: there are two such values ( 3 and 6 ), so one can that! By the probability of that outcome and sums the products 0.2 ) = 3.6 additional data so is influenced all! Sums the products represented by four areas data to answer questions and make choices about which measure of and. Absolute deviation ) in number to be around 50 % of the data value and the purpose for use! Is an extra step of no practical use a higher variability than warranted in a! One another or raw data in maths the samples will vary in their makeup, and mean methods... Database where it can be used to summarize distributions makes a good sample size could. Bimodal, or questions that elicit numerical answers, or questions that elicit numerical answers, or questions that non... Be stored in different formats chance and uncertainty and bar graphs are important experimental approaches probability! Format as it is represented exactly as it is important that students learn about three measures variability! To look at the extremes of a distribution there is greater variability in spread and/or few data values between least. ” are at the data collected, and make decisions in the logical form “ if a B! Of 20 students in maths test this case, the expected value is 1 ( 0.8 ) + (! For Math, you also get free app updates and data servers how to store the collected raw raw data in maths are. Work with the median in Grade 7 for the data before presentation of results generated... Of deriving probabilities by experimental or simulation methods for estimating probabilities are very tools... To reflect the presence of any unusual values or intervals of data mean. ( 3 and 6 ), so we say the distribution of raw data in maths appear to be generated by any,. That organized data … Livewello raw data is also known as source data, primary data or atomic data the... Data points vary from one sample to another ) connects the mean and can... Gets larger, you simply convert your raw score and a percentile reasoning can often applied. Will consider collecting data … raw data analysis: marks of raw data in maths in! End product of data helps Us to determine the most common activities for illustrating an experimental to! Elicit numerical answers the overall distribution of sample means will cluster closely around the mean we say the distribution data! Of variability, and is therefore only used with both categorical and numerical data a bit of variety your! Similarity might indicate that the samples to make predictions about Populations at any might! Students choose whether a line of best fit is an extra step other end which data values: when! Scores raw data in maths the converted into two equal parts this, it appears that LIME! In 29 the line passes among the points making an overall trend visible any specific three-child is. To resulting returns than warranted in describing a distribution may or may not the... It must have been in within extremely near proximity to a cell site bivariate ).... Versus a deterministic answer relationship questions for the variability in spread and/or data! Sound, general sense about what makes a good sample size choice is clear: mean. The fair share or evening out interpretation is looking at the overall distribution of data Us.
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Hard cases make bad law
'Hard', that is, exceptional, legal cases aren't suitable as the source of generalised laws.
In British slang a 'hard case' is a hardened criminal; a tough pugilist. It is quite reasonable to think that such characters wouldn't be the ideal choice to draft legislation. Fortunately, they aren't connected with this saying. 'Hard cases make bad law' isn't so much a universal proverb as a legal adage. It came to light in a comment made by Judge Robert Rolf in the case of Winterbottom v Wright in 1842:
This is one of those unfortunate cases...in which, it is, no doubt, a hardship upon the plaintiff to be without a remedy but by that consideration we ought not to be influenced. Hard cases, it has frequently been observed, are apt to introduce bad law.
The case required a judgment on whether third parties are able to sue for injury. The unusual nature of the case caused the judge to realise that, in the true sense of the expression, exceptions prove the rule and that, unfair as it might have appeared in some circumstances, the law was better drafted under the influence of the average case rather than the exceptional one.
The point was made explicitly in 1903 by V. S. Lean, in Collectanea:
Hard cases make bad law. that is, lead to legislation for exceptions.
See also: the List of Proverbs.
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In the 16th–18th centuries, a person born in Spanish America of Spanish parents, as distinguished from one born in Spain but residing in America. Under Spanish colonial rule, Creoles suffered from discrimination; it was consequently Creoles who led the 19th-century revolutions against Spain and became the new ruling class. Today Creole has widely varying meanings. In Louisiana it can mean either French-speaking white descendants of early French and Spanish settlers, or people of mixed descent who speak a form of French and Spanish. In Latin America the term may denote a local-born person of pure Spanish extraction or a member of the urban Europeanized classes as opposed to rural Indians. In the West Indies it refers to all people, regardless of ancestry, who are part of the Caribbean culture. See also Creole language.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on Creole, visit Britannica.com.
Seen & Heard
What made you look up Creole? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here.
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Computer elements check with any explicit bodily device which is used together with digital circuitry to change and do calculations on stored information. These elements are present in desktop computer systems, laptops, motherboards, processors, servers, iPods, digital cameras, compact disc players and watches. The variety of pc components is the measure of how complex a device is. Simple laptop components like mild switches, microprocessors and memory chips might be compared to pc hardware within the outdated days. Today, these components are still part of many devices.
Memory chips, usually abbreviated as RAM, are one of the most widely used computer hardware elements. It helps within the switch of data from the laborious disk into the CPU. It additionally helps in the graceful execution of sophisticated software applications. In truth, the RAM chips are so small that they match contained in the CPU casing itself. They supply random entry memory to the CPU. Random access memory or RAM is one in all an important and extensively used parts of the CPU.
Another pc part is the central processing unit or CPU. That is the mind of the private computer. The CPU is a chip which has a whole lot of small working parts, generally known as microchips, inside. A few of the popular microchips embrace Intel, AMD, Motorola, Samsung and Coolron. The processing unit supplies the computing energy to run varied software packages.
Motherboards are one of the main laptop elements. Their operate is to connect the computer case to the remainder of the elements. The motherboard has slots for the CPU, hard disk, optical drive and more. Today, the motherboard is changing into thinner than earlier than.
Computers are made up of many laptop hardware components. One in all the key components in a computer is the motherboard. The motherboard shops all of the built-in circuits (ICs) for the CPU. These chips are usually recycled through the digital recycling program.
The optical drives retailer information. Hard disk additionally performs an vital function in the computer hardware parts. Disk drives can both be built into the computer case or hooked up externally. Other exterior parts of computers embrace the memory cards, printers, keyboards, mouse, scanners and extra. Each of these elements serves a specific purpose. Therefore, they have to be replaced when they are worn out or if they cease functioning.
All the parts talked about above play an element within the functioning of the CPU. If any of those elements stops functioning, the general efficiency of the CPU will likely be affected. The central processing unit or the CPU can not perform well without these important pc hardware parts. However, typically these components get damaged. In such instances it becomes necessary to exchange the faulty parts.
Computer components which can be used in the CPU embrace the cache CPU, fundamental RAM, processor cores, cache management register, laborious disk, random-entry memory (RAM), register transfer registers (RAS), system bus controllers (SBCs), system processors, embedded programs programming models (ESPs), language modules, management logical processes (LPCPs), hardware abstraction layer (HLML), virtualization, and digital machines. Each one of those components is used in the CPU. The most important thing is to examine the availability of the actual component earlier than shopping for it. There are many online computer elements dealers who supply good discounts on the completely different computer hardware. So it is smart to buy these elements from such sources.
Another essential component is the motherboard. The motherboard plays a significant position within the functioning of the CPU. If in case you have an previous pc with a conventional motherboard and want to change it with the modernized motherboard, that you must exchange the physical CPU with the one which comes along with the motherboard. The primary article in regards to the CPU tells that the RAM and the disk drives are the two major parts of the CPU.
Hard disk drives are crucial pc hardware elements. There is no such thing as a need to replace them as they’re very small and compact. It’s at all times higher to replace them as new variations come out. Another essential thing to know concerning the computing hardware is that in case of PCs and laptops, a strong state drive (SSD) is put in which shops all the info for the PCs.
A few of the other issues that it is advisable know are the varieties of motherboards, such because the rack and grid arrays. They differ when it comes to the processing power. Both of them carry out the identical job; i.e., the one distinction lies in the level of RAM that they can provide to the consumer. The other issues that may be thought-about are the kind of processors that a computer system ought to have. A processor is basically used to make applications faster.
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Pride and Prejudice (Bestselling Illustrated Classics)
‘It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.’ Thus memorably begins Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, one of the world’s most popular novels. Pride and Prejudice–Austen’s own ‘darling child’–tells the story of fiercely independent Elizabeth Bennett, one of five sisters who must marry rich, as she confounds the arrogant, wealthy Mr. Darcy. What ensues is one of the most delightful and engrossingly readable courtships known to literature, written by a precocious Austen when she was just twenty-one years old.
Humorous and profound, and filled with highly entertaining dialogue, this witty comedy of manners dips and turns through drawing-rooms and plots to reach an immensely satisfying finale. In the words of Eudora Welty, Pride and Prejudice is as ‘irresistible and as nearly flawless as any fiction could be.’
Out of stock
Jane Austen was born in 1775 in rural Hampshire, the daughter of an affluent village rector who encouraged her in her artistic pursuits. Jane remained in the vicinity of her childhood home for much of her life. As such it was through family and friends that she learned most of her considerable understanding of manners and relationships. In novels such as Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park and Emma she developed her subtle analysis of contemporary life through depictions of the middle-classes in small towns. Her sharp wit and incisive portraits of ordinary people have given her novels enduring popularity. She died in 1817.
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Mind maps are a powerful tool to get yourself unstuck, focused and organized to do your best creative work. Tony Buzan is the person best known for coining the term mind map and helping to educate the world at large about the concept. Mind maps are a form of visual mapping, where you use a combination of words, lines, symbols and images to describe something tangible (like a product, a location or something that you can see and experience) or intangible (services, concepts, ideas and plans).
How does a piece of paper (or a computer screen) crammed with words, pictures and odd looking symbols help you think and work better? Let’s be honest: some mind maps are so busy and detailed that they tend to frighten most people instead of inspiring them.
That’s a fair question. To address this concern, let’s look at four major benefits of using mind maps to help develop your ideas:
1. Mind Maps Keep You From Losing Your Mind
The human brain, while very powerful, does have its limits. We can’t keep many thoughts in our mind at once.
David Allen, the author and entrepreneur who created the popular Getting Things Done (GTD) methodology for organization and prioritization, often quotes the following statistic: the human mind can only hold between 5 – 9 thoughts in memory without losing track of them. Once you go beyond that limit, you start to forget things – this usually lands you in trouble.
David Allen’s solution is to use inbox processing to put all of your tasks and to do list items into a trusted system where you can easily find them and take action on them when you need to do so. By getting rid of the extra ‘noise’ or things to worry about, you reduce the number of thoughts that you’re thinking about at a moment in time. This allows you to focus and, more importantly, not worry about losing something important.
Instead of writing yourself a note or an e-mail, which you might not understand days and weeks from now, what if you drew yourself a mind map and captured a more complex idea that way? You could empty out your mind, especially if you have a burning idea that needs to be expressed, and you could file it away for future use.
2. Mind Maps Adapt To Your Preferred Learning Style
Mind maps are flexible constructs that can adapt to different learning and communication styles. They are an attractive learning option because they can appeal to multiple communications and learning styles.
You may find certain types of media to be easier to learn from than others. You can incorporate different styles within your mind maps to make them work better for you, so that it’s easier to think, learn, and present information.
Let’s look at the three basic communication and learning styles:
Visual communicators like to use pictures to learn about things and to communicate.
Mind mapping, especially when it combines images and symbols with text and connecting lines, is a great way to communicate information for people who have a preference for visual communication. Experts like Tony Buzan will encourage you to put pictures in mind maps and use colors to appeal to your visual sense. Mind maps clearly have a strong visual component and therefore they should work well for you if you’re a visual thinker and learner.
If you are an auditory learner, sounds and spoken words are the best way for you to learn. The language you use makes reference to hearing, listening and saying things. You likely learn best by reciting facts and committing them to memory. You like to have people explain things to you instead of giving you documents.
You would think that auditory thinkers and communicators might not benefit from the use of mind maps. This may be true, but as an auditory learner, you could use the mind map as a way to arrange audio files in a logical, easy to find framework so that they can come back to it into the future. Many mind mapping applications now allow you to attach or embed many kinds of files within a mind map.
Kinesthetic learning styles have gained more exposure during the past few decades. If you have a kinesthetic preference, you are a ‘hands on’ person who understands things better when you can touch and use them. You learn better by tearing apart and reassembling an engine that reading a book or hearing a lecture about it.
But how do you touch a mind map, especially when it’s on a computer screen? After all, most mind maps don’t have moving parts, right? How do you get ‘hands on’ with a mind map? By drawing it by hand!
Using a mind map to describe something can serve two purposes for kinesthetic learners:
- The mind map can help you express something in a way that’s easier for you to do than if you only used sounds and words. The act of drawing or printing the information (even if it’s done with software instead of on paper) can help you put your thoughts together. It may feel more natural.
- The mind map can help you remember the information because you may remember the movements and pen strokes that you used to create it.
Curious about this? Try it and see!
One other point: you way work well with multiple styles. For example, mind maps drawn by hand combine both a visual and a kinesthetic component.
3. Frictionless Thought Organization
Thoughts are astoundingly fast. Here are some rough statistics for comparison:
- Words we can handwrite per minute: 22 – 31
Words we can type per minute: 120 is above average for a touch typist
- Words we can say per minute: 150 – 160, (which is a recommended rate of speaking for audio books and presentations) but it can go much higher
- Words per minute that we can read or think: 200 – 300 is a good average
You can read and think much faster than you can capture thoughts on paper or computer screens using words. You need a way to capture the thoughts quickly but comprehensively when inspiration strikes or when you’re pressed for time.
You want to be able to document your ideas with minimal friction. But what does friction mean in this context? In physics class, you learned that friction is the force that asserts itself when two things move against each other. Friction slows down moving objects by creating resistance. When it comes to doing creative work, you can think of friction as anything that slows down your ability to do work, especially when you’re talking about putting your thoughts to paper.
Pen and paper is a great low tech solution that works well for the first draft of a project. However, you lose time in the motions of switching between mouse and keyboard or when you create a mind map by hand. You lose even more time when you try to redo a handwritten mind map so it’s easier to understand. These are examples of friction.
If you’re comfortable with the combination of mouse and keyboard, you can use your point and click skills with mind mapping software. Or, to really speed things up, use keyboard shortcuts instead.
This speed and power allows you to achieve something that we call frictionless thought organization. By eliminating the barriers to transcribing your thoughts, mind mapping becomes an extremely powerful tool to allow the rapid documentation and development of ideas. Your ideation processes take a huge productivity leap when you use mind mapping to its fullest potential.
Mind mapping removes friction during the creative process. Mind mapping is the closest that you can get to frictionless thought organization – transcribing your thoughts out of your head with minimal resistance.
4. Whole Brain Thinking Leads to Superior Results
Tony Buzan contends that mind maps provide an excellent way to engage your entire brain in the thinking and learning processes.
You may have heard people talk about being ‘left brain’ or ‘right brain’. These two concepts have been explained in a previous Lateral Action article. Whole brain thinking is the concept of using both sides of your brain together to think better. Your brain does this every day just keeping you alive. Most of the time this synchronization happens without any conscious thought.
To put this in context, here’s a quote from Lateral Action that talks about the roles of left brain and right brain:
Many people associate the right brain with creativity and lateral thinking, and there’s certainly something to that. Our left brains create structures that can act as barriers to alternative solutions and perspectives.
But your left brain plays a crucial role in creativity as well. Seeing logical associations between seemingly unrelated things is a hallmark of creativity. And the critical-thinking skills necessary to tell a good idea from a bad one are pretty important too.
Mind maps, with their combination of images, colors, shapes and text, can appeal to both sides of the brain. You can use the mind map to explore unusual, imaginative concepts (right brain) while using mind mapping techniques to put them into order and tie them together with logic (left brain).
When you’re lost in a mental jungle, doesn’t it make sense to use both sides of your brain to navigate through?
Mind mapping helps you make the most of both sides of your brain. This combination of capabilities allows your mind to build rich connections between pictures and text and it helps to cement knowledge in your brain, leading to longer retention of information.
How Mind Maps Get You Unstuck, Focused and Organized
In summary, then, this is what mind maps can do for you:
Get your ideas on paper as quickly as possible
You have a strong need for speed when inspiration strikes. The faster you can record your ideas, the more intact they stay. This allows you the best chance of capturing a potentially valuable, rewarding mind map.
Frictionless thought organization
Using mind mapping software short cuts and other relevant time savers makes the ideation process easier and less stressful.
Empty out your head into a trusted system
Emptying your ideas out of your mind when inspiration strikes (or when you simply have to document something) allows you to focus on what you need to do right now. Remember, the more thoughts you juggle at once, the more likely you are to forget something important!
Clear your mind so you can clearly focus on something else
You do better work when you’re not distracted or multi-tasking.
A visual yet tactile alternative to sticky notes, notebook jottings, etc.
Mind maps allow you to engage your body in the creation process, which is pleasurable and rewarding.
This is the value of mind mapping that you rarely hear about: an uncluttered, clear mind that can be organized and focused to take on a new job with vigor and enthusiasm.
This article is a summarized excerpt from Unstuck, Focused and Organized: Using Mind Mapping, a new information product released by Mark Dykeman.
Over to You
Do you have any experience with using mind maps?
Do they work well for you?
Is there anything you don’t like about them?Tweet
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During the month of June, the USDA approved the sale of lab-grown meat in the United States. The United States isn’t the first country to have lab-grown meat, the company Good Meat already sells it in Singapore, which was the first country to allow lab-grown meat. This topic has raised tons of questions and controversies as it has both some pros and cons.
The first pro is that it’s very sustainable. Lab-grown meat will bring the United States a more sustainable food production system and will require less land and water than traditional agriculture. Another pro is that growing chicken in labs would mean that animals wouldn’t have to be slaughtered. Lab-grown meat is an option to consider if you’re worried about getting E-coli or salmonella because it’s not subjected to the contaminants that can plague traditionally harvested meat.
A con is that lab-grown meat is developed in steel tanks from cells that come from animals, mainly chickens and it is more expensive than meat from slaughtered chicken. This topic has made a lot of consumers pretty skeptical due to them thinking that it’s unsafe. As of now, lab-grown meat will only be accessible in Bar Crenn in San Francisco and at one of celebrity chef’s José Andrés restaurants in Washington D.C. Once lab-grown meat reaches supermarkets they will have a USDA inspection certification and the labels will include “cell-cultured” to distinguish them from traditional meat. Although lab-grown meat is made in labs and not from slaughtered animals it is not considered vegetarian due to the fact that it is made from animal cells.
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The chemical, called Cotinine, triggers the Fallopian tubes to increase their production of a specific protein, PROKR1. The protein normally is what helps a fertilized egg to implant inside the womb and begin pregnancy. However, when it is found in high levels inside the Fallopian tubes there is a higher risk of the fertilized egg not traveling down as it should. believe the protein can prevent the tubes from contracting and moving an egg into the womb.
The researchers looked at tissue samples from women, both smokers and nonsmokers. Women who had ectopic and healthy pregnancies were both included. They found that women who smoked and had ectopic pregnancies had nearly twice as much PROKR1 as women who did not smoke and had healthy pregnancies.
Dr Andrew Horne, of the University’s Centre for Reproductive Biology, said: “This research provides scientific evidence so that we can understand why women who smoke are more at risk of ectopic pregnancies and how smoking impacts on reproductive health.
“While it may be easy to understand why inhalation of smoke affects the lungs, this shows that components of cigarette smoke also enter the blood stream and affect seemingly unconnected parts of the body like the reproductive tract.”
Nearly 1 in 50 pregnancies are ectopic in the Western World, and is the leading cause of death among women during the first three months of pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy can also cause internal bleeding, severe damage to the Fallopian tubes, and fertility problems. Smoking is thought to increase a woman’s risk of having an ectopic pregnancy 4 times.
There was no research on the effect of second hand smoke on a pregnant woman in this study. – Summer, Staff Writer
- Smoking During Pregnancy May Be Linked To Male Infertility
- Jenna Jameson Reveals She Had A Double Ectopic Pregnancy
- Newborn’s Meconium Reveals If They Were Exposed to Second Hand Smoke in Utero
- Amazing Baby Stuns Doctors By Growing Outside The Womb
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For the most part, Chihuahuas are a healthy breed, and your Chihuahua will live to be anywhere from 15 to 22 years of age. This doesn’t mean that there aren’t any health concerns that you must be aware of. As with any breed of dog, there are certain health risks associated with Chihuahuas, as well as genetic disorders that you should be aware of.
Hydrocephalus is one genetic disorder that Chihuahuas are subject to. This is essentially a condition where there is too much fluid on the brain, causing the head to be rather large. It is a fatal condition. Chihuahuas are also born with an incomplete skull, which creates a soft spot right on top of their heads. Getting hit in this spot could kill the dog. Some Chihuahua’s skulls will close over time, while others will never fully close.
Hypoglycemia is another health condition that you should be aware of, as it can lead to coma or death. Hypoglycemia is essentially low blood sugar. These dogs have an incredibly high metabolism, and if they are not fed properly – or often enough – they can suffer from low blood sugar.
Chihuahuas have protruding eyes, and this combined with the fact that they are so close to the ground leads to eye problems. These eye problems and infections are usually caused by foreign objects in the eye. Any sign of redness in the eyes should be thoroughly investigated, and veterinary care should be sought to avoid eye infections.
Obesity is another health concern. Proper nutrition is essential to the Chihuahua’s good health. Check with your veterinarian to ensure that you are not over feeding your Chihuahua, or feeding him foods that will lead to obesity.
Many new Chihuahua owners wonder about the trembling or shivering that they see in their Chihuahuas. This is seldom due to any health problems. In fact, in most cases, it means that the Chihuahua is full of energy that he needs to expend, or that he is simply cold.
When a Chihuahua is giving birth, professional health care should be sought. This is very important because these dogs are so small that losing the mother or the pups is not uncommon. Chihuahuas should never give birth unassisted.
Make absolutely sure that you and your Chihuahua visit your veterinarian at least twice a year for a checkup. This is the best way to prevent many health problems, and to detect other health problems in the early stages, so that successful treatment can take place. With proper care, your Chihuahua will live a long and healthy life.
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15 Nov What is Umbilical Cord Wharton’s Jelly?
Why is Wharton’s Jelly so Popular Now in Regenerative Stem Cell Biologics?
For the past eight years, R3 Stem Cell’s Centers in the US and internationally have performed over 15,000 regenerative procedures. A lot of them have included umbilical cord wharton’s jelly biologics as a source of mesenchymal stem cells.
What exactly is umbilical cord wharton’s jelly?
The umbilical cord itself is a structure connecting the placenta to the developing fetus. It is the primary means of nourishing the growing fetus. At term, the umbilical cord is usually between 40 and 60cm, and its diameter is about 2cm.
First of all, the name “Wharton’s Jelly” was derived in the 1600’s from Dr. Thomas Wharton, who first described it. It is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, that surrounds the two umbilical arteries and the one vein. Interestingly, Dr. Wharton knew nothing about any “cells” in the jelly, as cells themselves weren’t actually discovered until a decade later!
Wharton’s jelly is mostly mucoid connective tissue. One of its functions during fetal growth is to prevent kinking of the blood vessels as the fetus moves in the womb.
Over 90% of Wharton’s Jelly is comprised of collagen, glycoprotein, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and other plasma proteins. Over the past decade, numerous researchers have shown wharton’s jelly to be chock full of mesenchymal stem cells, in every region of the space.
The discovery that WJ provides a source of MSCs was first highlighted in McElreavey et al. (1991). Not until 2004 when the first report providing robust evidence that WJ-stromal cells can be classified as MSCs was published (Wang et al., 2004).
The highest density of MSC’s have been seen in what is called the “perivascular tissue”, which surrounds the blood vessels. In this area, researchers have seen mesenchymal stem cells with a distinct propensity of colony forming units (CFU’s), which are indicative of significant self renewal capability. These researchers also showed that one out of every 300 cells obtained from this “perivascular tissue” was an MSC with CFU propensity.
One impressive thing about Wharton’s Jelly is that there are no ethical issues obtaining the tissue. FDA regulated labs in the United States obtain the tissue from a donor after a scheduled c-section. Normally, the umbilical cord is considered medical waste. But in these cases, the umbilical cord is donated with the mother being consented and undergoing a considerable amount of medical screening beforehand.
The Wharton’s jelly is processed at FDA regulated labs very carefully. R3 Stem Cell only works with labs who are cGMP compliant, do not use radiation, minimal reagents, and less than 10% cryopreservative. This way, the highest amount of mesenchymal stem cells survive the processing and freezing, and also retain their activity during therapy.
Moreover, several reports showed a relatively high expression of pluripotency markers in WJ-MSCs compared to MSCs from other sources, implying a more primitive status (Fong et al., 2011; El Omar et al., 2014). This means they are able to turn into MANY different cell types, but have also been shown not to form any tumors!
Mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton’s Jelly have been shown to home to areas of inflammation when placed intravenously. This is impressive, as IV’s are safe and minimally invasive.
How do Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Work?
A growing body of evidence is showing that Wharton’s Jelly MSC’s exert their beneficial effects through several mechanisms:
- Immunomodulatory Effects
- Paracrine Actions
- Reducing Inflammation
A lot patients think that it’s the administered stem cells that are the ones turning into the specialty cells to help with the repair and regeneration process. While that may happen to a certain extent, research is showing us that it’s NOT the predominant effect.
One of the major effects is the reduction of inflammation. Chronic inflammation has been shown to be present in the body and is a known precursor to many medical conditions including organ failure, arthritis, several types of cancer and more. The biologic’s cells are able to systemically reduce this inflammation, which is one reason why it’s becoming a popular “anti aging” therapy.
The word “paracrine” really refers to the cell to cell communication abilities of the stem cells. They are masters of “telling” other cells in one’s body and other cells and proteins in the biologic what to do in order to facilitate repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. Along with the communication effect, stem cells are helpful in what’s called anti-apoptosis. This just means they are helpful at preventing cell death. So let’s think about this for a second. They help cells stay alive longer, and also facilitate more specialty cells to be created based on the environment in which they situate themselves. So the overall result is a significant increase in the specific cells necessary to repair a damaged area!
Angiogenesis refers to new blood flow creation. For an issue such as peripheral vascular disease or any issue that will benefit from new blood flow, stem cell therapy has been amazing in this regard. Through a complicated process of paracrine actions that include cytokines and growth factors, new blood flow is encouraged to areas in need. This blood flow brings oxygen and nutrients that are helpful in tissue repair, resulting often in patient benefits.
The immune system is vital to humans being able to fight off disease, and at the same time focus on replacement of tissues for normal functioning. At times, the immune system develops “problems”. An example of this is when rheumatoid arthritis results in a process where the body is fighting itself by targeting healthy tissue for destruction. Type 1 diabetes is the same type of phenomenon.
Stem cells are able to modulate the immune system by complicated methods that are just now being understood. This includes promoting “good” interleukins and cytokines, while suppressing harmful ones. This generates a more healthy environment for the body and has been one of the more remarkable functions of stem cell biologics.
All in all, Wharton’s Jelly is now known to be a remarkable source of extremely active mesenchymal stem cells. Patient results have been remarkable with the use of biologics containing these tissues, and as a result their popularity has grown exponentially!
The top wharton’s jelly stem cell product being offered is ReBellaWJ. There are well over a million mesenchymal stem cells for each cc in the product, with a large percentage having the ability to form CFU’s which indicates high activity.
To find out more information and to place an order, visit and call Regen Suppliers at (888) 568-6909.
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Pioneered by scientists at the Francis Crick Institute and UCL, HRMAn uses deep neural networks to analyse complex patterns in images of pathogen and human ('host') cell interactions, pulling out the same detailed characteristics that scientists do by-hand. The research is published in the open access journal eLife, which includes a link to download the platform and access tutorial videos.
"What used to be a manual, time-consuming task for biologists now takes us a matter of minutes on a computer, enabling us to learn more about infectious pathogens and how our bodies respond to them, more quickly and more precisely," says Eva Frickel, Group Leader at the Crick, who led the project. "HRMAn can actually see host-pathogen interactions like a biologist, but unlike us, it doesn't get tired and need to sleep!"
To demonstrate the power of HRMAn - which runs on the KNIME platform - the team used it to analyse the body's response to Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that replicates in cats and is thought to be carried by more than a third of the world's population.
Researchers in the Crick's High Throughput Screening facility collected over 30,000 microscope images of five different types of Toxoplasma-infected human cells and loaded them into HRMAn for analysis. HRMAn detected and analysed over 175,000 pathogen-containing cellular compartments, providing detailed information about the number of parasites per cell, the location of the parasites within the cells, and how many cell proteins interacted with the parasites, among other variables.
"Previous attempts at automating host-pathogen image analysis failed to capture this level of detail," says Artur Yakimovich, Research Associate in Jason Mercer's lab at the MRC LMCB at UCL and co-first author of the study. "Using the same sorts of algorithms that run self-driving cars, we've created a platform that boosts the precision of high volume biological data analysis, which has revolutionised what we can do in the lab. AI algorithms come in handy when the platform evaluates the image-based data in a way a trained specialist would. It's also really easy to use, even for scientists with little to no knowledge of coding."
The team also used HRMAn to analyse Salmonella enterica - a bacterial pathogen 16 times smaller than Toxoplasma, demonstrating its versatility for studying different pathogens.
"Our team uses HRMAn to answer specific questions about host-pathogen interactions, but it has far-reaching implications outside the field too," says Daniel Fisch, Crick PhD student and co-first author of the study. "HRMAn can analyse any fluorescence image, making it relevant for lots of different areas of biology, including cancer research."
Daniel Fisch, Artur Yakimovich, Barbara Clough, Joseph Wright, Monique Bunyan, Michael Howell, Jason Mercer, Eva Frickel.
Defining host–pathogen interactions employing an artificial intelligence workflow.
eLife 2019;8:e40560. doi: 10.7554/eLife.40560.
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Despite Panama's relatively high-income per capita, poverty remains pervasive. The distribution and magnitude of poverty varies significantly by geographic area, but it is most extreme in the rural and indigenous areas. Disparities in education cause most of the poverty, malnutrition, and inequality. This report on these and other issues of poverty in Panama was prepared as a result of a collaborative process between the government and the World Bank. The process was established to build capacity for, and ownership of, the analysis in the government. The objectives of the report are as follows: to assess the extent and determinants of poverty, malnutrition, and inequality in Panama; to examine the impact of government policies and spending on the poor in key sectors; and to outline priorities and steps for translating broad principles for poverty reduction into action."
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The Marginal Body
According to Gurwitsch, the body is at least in the margin of consciousness. If all components of the field of consciousness were experienced as equally salient, we would indeed not be able to think and behave appropriately. Though the body may become the focus of our conscious field when we are introspectively aware of it, it remains most of the time only in the background of consciousness. However, we may wonder if bodily states do really need to be conscious, even at the margin, or cannot be simply non-conscious. Action control requires permanent proprioceptive and visual feedback about the state and the position of our body parts. Experimental data shows that action monitoring operates at a non-conscious level and we may similarly suggest that we have a continuous unconscious access to bodily information. In this chapter, I thus intend to describe the various levels of body representations with the help of Gurwitsch’s distinction. I will investigate the properties and the function of each of these levels.
KeywordsRetina Assure Blindness Clarification Univer
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News | Announcement
Focus On…Vaccinating 5 to 11-Year Olds for COVID-19 with Brooke A. Trenton, MD, Medical Director, Ryan Health | Women & Children’s
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has just recommended the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for kids ages 5 to 11. Ryan Health is offering these vaccines now at all of our community health center locations, as well as at our school-based centers.
We have already been offering COVID-19 vaccines for adults and kids ages 12 to 18. The 5 to 11 age group also receives a two-shot series, given three weeks apart, although the dosage size is about 1/3 the size of the adult dose. That’s what the clinical trials have been studying, and what the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and CDC authorized.
This is an important step in moving us forward. It’s recommended that everyone receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Only those very few people who have a severe reaction to the components of the vaccine should not get it. Your provider can provide more information about that if you think your child is one of those individuals.
The Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for kids protects against COVID-19 illness, hospitalization and death. Children ages 5 to 11 getting vaccinated may feel the same slight side effects as older people. That could be a sore arm or achiness for a day or two. That’s a good sign that your body’s immune system is doing its job and creating antibodies against COVID-19.
Getting kids vaccinated is important for their mental health, too. This has been a traumatic period for kids, who have been kept from school and seen major changes in their young lives. Anxiety and depression numbers are up, but fortunately teachers and parents are aware of it. Many are bringing their kids in for counseling.
In addition to getting this age group vaccinated for COVID-19, parents should take the opportunity to schedule check-ups if your kids haven’t had one recently. Check-ups allow us to review the wellness of the body and well-being of the family.
It’s also a good time to get a flu shot, which you can do the same time as your COVID-19 shot. The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone age six months and up. But if there is a baby in the household who is less than 6 months, the best way to protect them is to have everyone else in the house vaccinated. The earlier you can get a flu shot this year the better. Early expectations are that the flu will be particularly strong this year, after being underground last season while everyone was stuck at home. The COVID-19 vaccine does not protect against the flu.
We want you and your family to be healthy heading into the winter season. Don’t delay getting vaccinated for COVID-19 and the flu, no matter how old you are.
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Professionals in the medical field are continually researching and coming up with products that can enhance the quality resources to address different needs of the people. As of today, companies are producing a lot of essential medical supplies for different purposes as for wound care. Every place must have wound care products on hand for emergencies that might happen at home, at the office and inside the car. These are few of the common places that should have an accessible first aid kit.
The most essential wound care products and wound supplies that a first aid kit must have are gauze pads, bandages, band aids, antibiotic cream, gloves, clean blanket, gel pack, alcohol, clean scissors, and few of the common medicines like pain reliever.
There are shops that are selling pre-assembled first aid kits with wound care products for those that don’t have enough knowledge of what should be placed in a kit, for those that don’t have the time to prepare the kit or for those that wanted to save money since they don’t need to buy in bulk to complete the essentials.
There are people that prefer to make their own first aid kit according to the most frequently seen injury types at their workplace or in their home. Everyone is advised to pack small amount of products for injuries that rarely occur since we want to be prepared in the event of real emergency.
Aside from preparing products such as from https://www.saveritemedical.com for wound dressing, it is also important for people to make sure to have the contact numbers and hotlines of accessible hospitals and rescue teams and place it in visible places, probably printed legibly and attached on the first aid kit for easy reference.
There are a lot of websites online that are educating the public about the necessary things to be done to prepare for unwanted emergencies. There are even videos to demonstrate how things are organized in the first aid kit for easy access. Some videos are about teaching the people on how to apply wound dressing to the wounds. Every wound has specific type of wound dressing so people should have the basin knowledge to perform the task.
There are also groups of people that are conducting free training to educate the public regarding proper wound dressing. These people are being employed by the government to conduct training to different places. Also, people are being educated on how to prevent acquiring common injuries and wounds such as altering the environment, placing things in order, applying pesticides and so much more.
Other details can be accessed at http://www.ehow.com/how_6553188_treat-flesh-wound.html .
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Pakistan and Syria are the countries that used to share the same silk route. This served as a ‘communication link’ between the two countries. Consequently, religious connection was further strengthened by the ‘civilization exchange’ and trade. Regional diplomatic ties of Islamabad and Damascus resemble slightly, keeping in view the tension between Syria and Israel on one hand and the inherent rivalry between India and Pakistan on the other. The extremism fomenting within their boundaries, also, has a common ‘Al-Qaeda connection’. Crudely, there is foreign intervention in both the countries to curb terrorist activities.
Islamabad had supported its spiritual partner during the Ramadan war (Yom Kippur War) of 1973 by sending military personnels to Syria. Economic and military assistance continued even after the war. In addition to this, the Syrian stance over Golan heights was supported by Pakistan in the United Nations in 1974. Oil was imported from Syria by Pakistan, where as Pakistani wheat and rice were sent there. However, ties between the two countries wavered when General Zia ul Haq rejected Hafez Al Assad’s (father of Bashar al Assad) plea of absolving Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from the trial or at least with drawing the death sentence in 1979. The former premier of Pakistan, was hanged. He is known for reorienting Pakistan’s foreign policy by flinging open the Eastern window and joining hands with the Middle East. Hafez al Assad was discontent with the way his plea was rejected altogether. He was, perhaps, the second person after Colonel Qaddafi to chant the loudest against General Zia ul Haq’s adamant stance over Bhutto’s trial that led him to the gallows.
This chequered diplomatic faux pas was healed after Hafez al Assad’s son, Bashar al Assad, now the protagonist of the Arab spring rose to power in the year 2000. In 2005, Pakistan and Syria agreed to cooperate in the field of science and technology. An interesting involvement of Syria is linked with the historic 2006 unification of India and Pakistan under the umbrella of Non-aligned movement (NAM). This was the 14th meeting of this movement that has done little to implement the long list of declarations against US hegemony. However, Syria was appointed as the Deputy Chairman during this meeting. The distinctive characteristic of NAM’s 14th summit was regional economic blockade formed by Brazil, Russia,India, China and South Africa (BRICS). 40% of the world’s population and 25% of the global GDP is represented by BRICS.
Since then, multi polarity and regional alliances have been essential components of NAM (although that is contrary to its original purpose of formation). Pakistan,Iran and Saudia Arabia are also member states of the NAM. However, Saudi Arabia wants Pakistan to be the persuader on behalf of its Western ally, the United States, for resolving the Syrian crisis. On her visit to the US , Foreign Minister of Pakistan, Hina Rabbani Khar is expected to land at the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) on January 1, 2013 for an abbreviated visit. As Pakistan assumes the rotational presidency of United Nations Security Council, the oil rich Kingdom along with the West, wants Islamabad to convince Beijing and Moscow in return. The role for Pakistan has been defined, but it is contrary to the stance adopted by Iran (which also has the presidency of NAM now). Brazil, India and South Africa have already supported China and Russia in the UN Security Council. This explicitly indicates that negotiating with Moscow and Beijing circumvents BRICS. Considering the pliancy of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) in the past, it is likely that the ruling party will bend in favour of the United States, but any diplomatic strangle with BRICS and Iran cannot be afforded. As regional isolation may lead to severe repercussions for Pakistan.
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Test your sleep IQ against these common sleep misconceptions
Sleep is increasingly getting the attention it deserves, as a pillar of health and wellness. Sleep news makes headlines. Sleep care is starting to gain real attention in the workplace. The importance of sleep is increasingly part of our public conversation. Still, myths about sleep persist. It’s time to clear up some of the most common sleep myths out there!
Misunderstandings about how sleep works are more than just “oops” moments. They can hinder your ability to get your best, most refreshing and restorative sleep. These are the sleep myths that my patients come to me with most often.
Everybody needs 8 hours of sleep
You hear it all the time—the standard recommendation for a full, healthy night of sleep is eight hours. It’s a decent general guideline, but I hate general guidelines because everyone is different. There’s little question that the world would be a healthier, happier place if more people got more hours of nightly sleep on a regular basis. But the truth is, not everyone needs eight hours of sleep.
Sleep needs vary by individual, and are strongly influenced by genetics. Two biological systems regulate sleep, and go a long way to defining how much sleep each of us need. The circadian system, a series of 24-hour biological rhythms, is influenced primarily by light and dark. All human circadian clocks run on a roughly 24-hour cycle. But individual biology is unique, and our biological clocks keep slightly different time. Even small variations in circadian timing can affect sleep-wake cycles, and may affect how much sleep our bodies need.
The other system is our homeostatic sleep drive. This internal sleep drive grows the longer you’ve been awake, increasing what’s known as “sleep pressure.” Some people have naturally higher sleep drives, while others have lower sleep drives.
Focusing too narrowly on hitting the eight-hour mark can cause stress and frustration, if you’re a slightly shorter sleeper. If you need more than eight hours, you may be shortchanging yourself of important rest. Give yourself a consistent, ample window for sleep. Then focus on the quality of your rest.
You can get by on fewer than six hours of sleep
Don’t let myth #1 fool you. Sleep needs vary, but nearly everyone suffers deficits to health, well-being, and performance when they regularly get less than six hours of sleep a night. Only a very small fraction of the population can function well and maintain good health on a sleep routine of fewer than six hours a night. True short sleepers do exist—people who can perform at their best and stay healthy on under six hours of rest—but they are estimated to be no more than five percent of the population.
Research suggests that a rare gene mutation may be one explanation for why this small group of people need less sleep. We tend to overestimate our ability to perform when sleep deprived, according to research. It’s very possible to believe you are functioning well, and are sufficiently well rested, when you’re not. If you immediately assume you are among the rare “short sleepers,” think again. The odds are you’re like 97 percent or more of the population, who needs, at minimum, six hours a night of high-quality rest.
Sleep needs diminish with age
It’s a common perception that we need less sleep with age. That’s not the case. Sleep needs change throughout childhood and adolescence—young, growing people need more sleep than adults—before settling into a steady need for sleep in adulthood. That individual need doesn’t change significantly as we grow older. You may get less sleep in middle age or older adulthood, but that doesn’t mean you need less, or should scale back on the opportunity to get the same 7-8 hours a night, regularly.
What does change as we age are sleep issues. As people get older, sleep problems tend to become more frequent. Sleep disorders including insomnia and sleep apnea become more common. Nearly 50 percent of adults over age 60 experience insomnia, according to research. Older adults often have:
• Trouble falling asleep
• Difficulty staying asleep
• Waking early
• Unrefreshing sleep
What’s behind age-related sleep difficulties? Circadian rhythms gradually weaken as we age, which contribute to less robust sleep-wake cycles, and sleep patterns that are less consolidated. Older adults may sleep less during the night, and need to nap during the day to get sufficient rest. Other health conditions—and medications used to treat them—may also interfere with sleep as we grow older.
You can train yourself to perform at your best on too-little sleep
I see this myth in action with a number of my patients, who want to eek the most out of every moment of the day—except when it comes to sleep. The need for sleep is rooted in individual biology and genetic make-up. Individual genetics also contributes significantly to morning and evening preferences, and the affinity we have for engaging in certain activities at certain times of the day. The time of day you hit your concentration stride at work, the moments in the day when you tend to daydream, the times you’re most ready for exercise—these are all biologically-driven preferences.
Sleep needs and preferences can be influenced by social forces, lifestyle and behavioral choices—but to a significant degree, they are fixed in each of us. If you’re a person who needs 7.5 hours of sleep to function at your best, no amount of time management, discipline, or hard work is going to give you the same performance on five hours of rest.
Sleep is critical to health and emotional balance, and also to cognitive performance. On too little sleep, your ability to think well, to concentrate, strategize, make judgment calls and decisions, be creative, cope with stress and pressure are all compromised. To maximize your daily performance, instead of pushing yourself to function on short sleep, make room in your routine to get the full amount of sleep you really need.
You can fully make up for lost sleep on the weekends
Many people build a sleep debt during the week—a growing deficit between the sleep you need and the amount of sleep you actually get. Think about it: if you’re sleeping 5.5 hours a night during the workweek, and you really need 7 hours, by Friday you’re short an entire night of sleep.
It’s a common strategy to use the weekend to make up for this lost sleep. Weekend recovery sleep does help—but it likely won’t fully erase the negative effects of losing sleep during the week. Research shows that after sleep deprivation, weekend make-up sleep doesn’t completely restore attention, focus, and other measurements of cognitive performance. What’s more, getting too much extra sleep on the weekend results in inconsistent bedtimes and wake times. An irregular sleep schedule can throw off your sleep-wake cycle, setting you up for Sunday night insomnia and making you more likely to sleep poorly during the week.
If you’re trying to pay down a sleep debt, some recovery sleep on weekends can help. Use weekend catch-up sleep in moderation, sticking to within 60 minutes of your regular bedtime and wake time. And focus on getting more of the sleep you need during the week.
Turkey and warm milk make you sleepy
These longtime sleep myths are pretty persistent! No, turkey won’t make you sleepy. And neither will a glass of warm milk. The amino acid tryptophan is cited as the reason for turkey and warm milk’s alleged sleep-inducing powers. Tryptophan does play a role in sleep: it helps the brain to produce more serotonin and melatonin, two brain chemicals that are key to healthy, sound sleep. And tryptophan-rich foods have an important place in a sleep-supporting diet. Turkey is only one type of meat that’s rich in tryptophan: so is red meat, other poultry, and fish. And milk certainly isn’t the only dairy product that’s high in tryptophan: so is cheese and yogurt, in addition to nuts and seeds, dark greens, and eggs.
The tryptophan you ingest in a hefty serving of Thanksgiving turkey, or a steaming cup of hot milk, doesn’t act as a sedative, because you are not getting enough. According to some simple calculations: there is about 0.24 grams of tryptophan per100 grams of turkey. If a dose were as low as one gram, you would need about 0.7 pounds. But the data suggests that you really need more like seven grams, so you are looking at having to eat roughly five pounds of turkey! More likely, you feel sleepy after that Thanksgiving dinner because you’ve eaten a big meal, full of lots of carbohydrates. And a warm mug of milk might soothe and relax you—just as a cup of tea might do. But neither of these foods—in the amounts you’d ever consume in even the most generous serving—will work directly to put you into dreamland.
Steer clear of these sleep myths and you’ll put yourself on the path to better sleep.
Michael J. Breus, PhD, DABSM
The Sleep Doctor™
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Odonata species diversity, distributions, and status in a rare sand prairie-savanna wetscape
International Journal of Odonatology, Volume 24, Pages 197-214, 2021
Published: 15 November 2021 (Received: 4 January 2021, Accepted: 6 April 2021)
Inland sand areas scattered across the North American eastern deciduous forest and western tallgrass prairie ecotone are known for supporting pyrogenic early-successional vegetation and specially adapted terrestrial faunas. Many of these globally and regionally rare systems contain functionally connected wetland networks (“wetscapes”) potentially important for aquatic insects. Sampling adults, nymphs, and exuviae in a remnant sand prairie-savanna wetscape in Illinois, USA, I assessed odonate species diversity (alpha, gamma, beta), distributions (spatial, temporal, abundance), and rarity status. In one field season (12 sites, 12 visits) I found more than a third of Illinois odonate species and close to half of the state’s lentic breeding odonates, including a new state record (Erythemis vesiculosa). Richness averaged 25.8 species per site, reducing to 12.4 species with removal of nonbreeding occurrences. Three sites including a shrub swamp, beaver pond, and forested vernal depressions complex made significant contributions to beta diversity, dependent on general versus breeding occurrences. Majorities of Anisoptera species (70%) and Zygoptera species (53%) bred at three or fewer sites. Eight species flew during all or most of the study period (late May to early October) whereas 14 species were detected on a single survey. Status classification derived from the observed spatial, temporal, and abundance distributions resulted in 24 common or very common species, 20 uncommon or rare species, and 10 vagrants across the wetscape. These context-specific classifications may be combined with diversity and breeding patterns and other information in wetscape prioritization schemes.
Issue section: Original article
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Editor's Note: This paper first appeared in Proceedings of Trenton Computer Festival 2000, 6 May 2000. Abstract
Are we alone, the sole sentient species in the cosmos, or might there be others, among whom we can take our rightful place? If there is indeed an interstellar internet, might we someday log on? And what are the protocols for cosmic communication? For the first time in human history we now have the technology to ask, and perhaps begin to answer, these questions. In this paper we explore the strengths and weaknesses of SETI@home, the most ambitious distributed computing experiment on this planet. We learn how thousands of amateur radio telescopes are forming a global net to snare that elusive fish in the cosmic pond. And we explore how the lessons learned from the SETI@home experience can be brought to bear on the problem of massive data collection and analysis. The author believes it is the world's radio amateurs and computer hobbyists who will ultimately bring in signals from the stars.
SETI 101: An Introductory Course
SETI, the electromagnetic Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, is a relatively young science with a colorful history, which seeks to detect direct radio evidence of other technological civilizations in the cosmos. For forty years, its dominant paradigm has been the use of giant radio telescopes using sensitive microwave receivers and powerful computers, to scan nearby stars for artificially generated signals of intelligent alien origin. Once funded through NASA, SETI research in the United States lost its government support seven years ago, and now continues as a privatized venture conducted by various grass-roots nonprofit organizations.
Giant radio telescopes (such as the 1000-foot spherical reflector of the Arecibo radio observatory in Puerto Rico) achieve part of their sensitivity by directing an extremely narrow beam on the heavens. Such instruments view perhaps one millionth of the sky at a given time, reducing the received background noise (and hence improving the signal to noise ratio of any detected radio artifact) by a factor of a million, relative to an omnidirectional (isotropic) antenna. Hence, if you have such an antenna hooked up to the right kind of receiver, which is tuned to precisely the right frequency, at exactly the instant when The Call comes in, there is about a 99.9999% chance it will be pointed the wrong way.
But since we don't know what exactly that "right frequency" is, the problem of SETI success is complicated further by our need to tune our receivers systematically across a wide spectral range. If a SETI receiver is to achieve reasonable sensitivity, its desired bandwidth of reception is of necessity quite narrow. This is because radio noise and natural interference phenomena are spectrally broad, while one of the hallmarks of artificiality which intelligently generated emissions can be expected to demonstrate is high spectral coherence, resulting in narrow bandwidth (on the order of a fraction of a Hertz.) But that narrow signal can fall anywhere within several GHz of potential spectral real estate.
By reducing receiver bandwidth, we once again improve our signal to noise ratio. But if we wish to find an artificial signal with a bandwidth of, say, 1 Hz, and if to locate it we must scan, for example, 10 GHz of spectrum, then we have a temporal problem equivalent to our previously stated spatial one. If we are pointed in exactly the right direction, at the very instant when The Call comes in, there is something like a 99.99999999% chance we'll be tuned to the wrong frequency!
Problems associated with the spatial dimension of SETI are partly overcome by constructing phased arrays of a great many antennas, operated so as to look in many directions at once. And to address the spectral challenge, SETI engineers concentrate much of their efforts toward developing elaborate multi-channel spectrum analyzers (MCSAs) capable of monitoring many millions of narrow channels simultaneously. Yet despite these technological advances, SETI critics rightly point out, after forty years of SETI, we have yet to detect a single confirmed signal of intelligent extraterrestrial origin.
The SETI@home Experience
Yet in those forty years of searching, SETI proponents counter, we have not only failed to scratch the surface, we haven't even felt the itch. Our massive antennas and multi-channel spectrum analyzers generate more data than we can ever hope to analyze, even using Planet Earth's most power supercomputers. Digital signal processing efforts, necessary to separate the cosmic wheat from the galactic chaff, depend upon an ability to crunch numbers at an ever increasing rate. And right now we are generating more SETI data than we can ever hope to analyze.
It has been argued that if we are to be limited at all, computing power is the place to be limited. Since computer power seems to double every year or so, we need merely wait until our computer power is up to the task, in just a few more years -- or decades -- or centuries.
One group of SETIzens, lead by Prof. Woody Sullivan at the University of Washington, and Dan Werthimer, David Anderson and David Gedye at Berkeley, got tired of waiting. Last year they launched SETI@home, planet Earth's most ambitious distributed processing experiment. They have harnessed the idle processing power of 1.85 million personal computers around the world, and in so doing have created the world's most powerful supercomputer. Tied to a Project SERENDIP microwave receiver at the Arecibo Observatory, the SETI@home network has crunched more data in a few short months than has been analyzed by all the world's prior SETI efforts, combined.
After pre-processing on site, SERENDIP cranks out data at the rate of more than a MegaByte per second. That's just over 100 CD-ROMs per day worth of data generated by one receiver alone, truly an example of drinking from the fire hose. Until now, most of that data would simply have gone un-analyzed.
SETI@home's power derives from clever software that parses this massive data stream into bite-sized chunks, for Internet distribution and off-line data analysis. This is done by first filtering and dividing the receiver's 2.5 MHz bandwidth into 256 individual audio channels, each a manageable (and easily digitized) 9756.6 Hz wide. 107 seconds worth of data from just one of these audio channels can be stored in a digital file a mere 341 kBytes in size (about the capacity of a 1980s-vintage single sided, single density 5 1/4 inch floppy disk).
At 56 kBaud V.90 dial-up connect speeds, it takes about a minute and a half to transfer such a packet to a SETI@home user via the Internet, after which a modest computer running the SETI@home analysis software can thoroughly analyze it offline. On a typical Pentium III class PC, this analysis takes roughly ten hours, after which the user uploads a results file to the SETI@home server at Berkeley, downloads another packet, and starts all over again.
Working together is certainly working! Today nearly two million home computers are devouring data from the world's largest radio telescope, TeraBytes at a time. Still, while the screen saver churns away in the background, the appetite for involvement is not sated. "I'm no rocket scientist," I hear you saying, "but I want to do more than wait for my Pentium to claim the prize. Where can I go from here? The software is fully capable of discovering that elusive needle. Only, where do we find the haystack?"
SETI@home has some impressive strengths, offset by one significant weakness. Its nearly two million home computers are crunching data from a single source, an antenna which in turn sees only a tiny fraction of the sky at any time. To avoid missing the call, we really need about a million such radio telescopes, coordinated so as to point in all directions at once. But at a cost of perhaps a hundred million dollars apiece, we've just exceeded the Gross Planetary Product.
Fortunately, there is another way.
Project ARGUS and the Amateur Radio Astronomer
Launched in 1996, Project Argus is an amateur-run all-sky survey, which attempts to accomplish something which NASA SETI never contemplated: see in all directions at once. This major initiative of the membership-supported, nonprofit SETI League seeks to harness the power of 5000 small radio telescopes worldwide, in a coordinated search of all four pi steradians of space. Its amateur radio telescopes, typically built around discarded satellite TV antennas for a few hundred to a few thousand US dollars, achieve sensitivities on the order of 10^-23 watts per square meter, roughly equivalent to the best research-grade radio telescopes of the late 1970s. As personal computers and digital signal processing software become more powerful, this two-decades gap between professional and amateur capabilities is beginning to narrow.
One argument for the validity of Project Argus is the example set by amateur optical astronomers in their discovery of numerous comets, supernovae, and other highly intermittent astrophysical phenomena. It is not, after all, the world's great observatories which typically detect these events, but rather such dedicated amateur astronomers as Allen Hale and David Levy (both using 14 inch Schmidt Cassegrain telescopes), Tom Bopp (who doesn't even own a telescope, but discovered his comet with one he borrowed from his astronomy club), Hyakutaki (the comet that bears his name was discovered with a pair of high-power field binoculars!) and the late Gene Shoemaker, a geologist by trade, but a longtime and avid amateur skygazer.
Regrettably, the analogy breaks down when one considers equipment availability. In most cities of the world an aspiring comet-hunter can walk into a local optical shop, write a check for a thousand dollars or so, and walk out with a telescope that would have turned Galileo green with envy. Amateur radio astronomers aren't quite so fortunate. You can't walk in to your local Radio Shack ® store and buy a radio telescope. At least, not yet. The SETI League is trying to change that, by designing the hardware (licensed for commercial manufacture) and software (distributed as shareware via the internet) to turn a surplus 3 to 5 meter TVRO dish and a home computer into a credible research instrument. Already about 100 radio amateurs, microwave hobbyists, electronics experimenters and computer hackers around the world have succeeded in putting their Argus stations on the air. Hundreds more are now under construction, and every year the dream of all-sky coverage (whereby no direction on the sky shall evade our gaze) comes closer to reality.
Details on the construction of a Project Argus radio telescope may be found in the SETI League Technical Manual, available in hardcopy for a modest contribution, or free on the web (www.setileague.org).
Global and Galactic: The ARGUS@home concept
Current Project Argus instruments each scan about 22 kHz of frequency spectrum at a time (a small fraction of the 2.5 MHz instantaneous bandwidth of the SERNENDIP receiver at Arecibo.) They break that spectrum down into typically 8192 simultaneous channels, each about 2 1/2 Hz wide. One such instrument generates on the order of 44 kBytes per second of data. This is a small fraction of the data gathered by the SETI@home experiment at Arecibo. On the other hand, the existing 100 Argus stations, collectively, already approach the data output of the SETI@home receiver. By the time Argus reaches full strength, its combined network of 5000 amateur radio telescopes will, collectively, generate as much data as about a hundred Arecibos!
The SETI@home packet your PC is processing came from the world's largest radio dish. So did everybody else's. Which means that nearly two million PCs are being serviced by a single data source. A powerful source to be sure. But with lotteries all over the world, why buy all our tickets for a single drawing? Remember that Arecibo achieves its sensitivity by scanning a slim slice of the celestial sphere. No software in the world is going to find photons that didn't hit the fan. No matter how many computers are running it.
Perhaps that's where the eyes of Argus can really shine. Imagine a global network of thousands of amateur radio telescopes, scanning the entire sky in real time. Now imagine something akin to SETI@home, software which will let you scan that data via the Internet. Only instead of archival data recorded weeks ago, we're talking live data which your computer can capture in real time. So you need not wait for the evening news to hear the winning numbers.
ARGUS@home won't happen overnight, any more than SETI@home did. In addition to the multitude of small radio telescopes required, we still need to come up with a SETI@home-compatible data block format, and find a way for Project Argus software to parse out the gathered data for internet distribution. Then there's the challenge of collecting and correlating all those processed packets. The SETI@home experiment has already solved many of these problems; it remains for The SETI League to adapt their solutions to amateur practice. We hope that by the time SETI@home drinks the Arecibo well dry, we will have risen to these technical challenges.
Project Argus went online just four years ago with only five small amateur radio telescopes. Today we're running about a hundred. It's going to take us a few more years before the Argus network grows to truly global proportions. Until then, there's always Arecibo.
The distributed computing concept pioneered by SETI@home is very adept at finding needles. The global network of Argus telescopes will be ideal for finding haystacks. Seems to me, it's a marriage made in heaven.
entire website copyright © The SETI League, Inc.; Maintained by Microcomm
this page last updated 28 December 2002
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During the summer of 2016, a gold miner in Canada’s Yukon Territory found an unexpected treasure. As he blasted a wall of permafrost with a water cannon to uncover the riches inside, Neil Loveless saw something melting out of the ice. This was not a valuable mineral, but rather the oldest and most complete wolf mummy ever discovered.
So Loveless quickly put the frozen pup in a freezer until paleontologists could take a look. They discovered that the well-preserved animal was a young female that was part of a vanished ecosystem from a time when northwestern Canada was home to American mastodons and other Pleistocene megafauna. Local Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in people named the 57,000-year-old juvenile Zhur, which means “wolf” in the language of their community.
Exceptional mammals have already been retrieved from the Siberian tundra, also dating from the Pleistocene, a period from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, also known as the Ice Age because ice caps at the poles were much larger than they are today. However, finding such an intact wolf in the Yukon is unprecedented.
“In Siberia, such preservation is fairly common because permafrost preserves things there, which is much less common in the Yukon, Alaska and other parts of North America,” said paleontologist Julie Meachen of Des Moines University, lead author of a study describing Zhur published today in the journal Current Biology. After tens of thousands of years, much of Zhur is still intact, from its fur to the delicate papillae on its tongue.
“The preservation looks amazing,” University of Copenhagen paleontologist Ross Barnett, who was not involved in the study, says. But there is more to Zhur than what can be seen with the naked eye. “She tells us a lot,” Meachen said, from her age at death – seven weeks – to what she ate. Research offers a glimpse into a period of resurgence between glacial stretches of Earth’s history.
A lost wolf population
The Zhur lived during an interglacial period when the giant Arctic glaciers temporarily retreated and forests replaced the cooler grasslands. This was a time of mastodons, camels, giant beavers and, as Zhur documents, gray wolves.
“The extraordinary preservation of a carnivore is a unique situation to look at glacial ecosystems from the perspective of a predator,” says McMaster University paleogeneticist Tyler Murchie, who was not involved in the study.
Despite being an integral part of modern North American wildlife, gray wolves did not evolve in the Americas. Such canids first appeared in Eurasia and crossed the Bering land bridge late in the Pleistocene, more than 500,000 years ago.
“Zhur comes from a time period that is not well known in the Yukon as far as mummies go,” Barnett says. And by examining the remains of the wolf pup’s DNA, Meachen and colleagues found that this animal documents a group of wolves that no longer exist in the region.
Zhur belonged to a population that had genetic links to wolves in both Alaska and Eurasia, but wolves living in the Yukon today have a different genetic signature. The results suggest that the first gray wolves in the Yukon were extirpated and later replaced by other populations that had already established themselves farther south.
“Ancient DNA consistently shows how much more complex evolutionary histories and paleoecology are than we might otherwise infer from studies of bones and fossils,” Murchie says. Without Zhur’s genes, this extinction and replacement would have been invisible to scientists.
An abbreviated prehistoric life
Zhur’s body also tells us something about her life. When she died, she was only about seven weeks old and had just passed the weaning age at which she would have begun to eat more solid foods. The geochemical signatures in her teeth indicate that she fed on meals from rivers and streams, perhaps fish such as Chinook salmon, which still spawn in the rivers near where she was found. Many modern wolves in interior Alaska feed similarly, eating fish rather than big game.
Unfortunately, Zhur’s life was short. She appears to have died in a cave collapse, with the quick burial facilitating the extraordinary preservation of her body. Some other mammals from this period – such as Arctic ground squirrels and black-footed ferrets – have been preserved in the same way.
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Get the news
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Stay tuned! One of these finalists will become the DLR Environment, Energy & Health Challenge winner!
AquaLab. Preserve Water!
AquaLab is a web-based geographic information and notification system for water reservoir management. It intends to solve water managerial problems in Bulgaria and the surrounding region and later provide EO services to greater Europe. Artificial water reservoirs are of paramount importance because they provide fresh water for irrigation purposes and society at large. AquaLab thus addresses the lack of a dynamic platform for indicating changes in water and informing society and institutions about potential water crises. The system uses Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for water surface extraction while providing statistical information on the area at hand (including changes in water volume). AquaLab also presents predictive models based on machine learning techniques and the fusion of EO and in-situ data for precise volume computation. The advantages of AquaLab lie in its uniqueness in Bulgaria and its region. The platform provides the possibility to upload and store in-situ data on hydraulic or geodetic measurements concerning water reservoirs. It will bridge the gaps between institutions by serving as an online repository of geospatial information.
CQuest – Carbon Made Simple
By processing Sentinel-1 (SAR) and Sentinel-2 (optical) data with machine learning algorithms, CQuest and the DLR have built a prototype that provides advanced carbon analytics while reducing the costs of establishing carbon offsets through nature-based climate solutions (NCS).
NCS have the potential to sequester 30% of the atmospheric CO2 needed to keep global temperatures from rising by 1.5 degrees. Forestry and sustainable land use projects of this kind encourage and support natural processes that sequester carbon from the atmosphere into vegetation and soil, thereby reducing the harmful effects of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere and regenerating degraded landscapes around the world. Healthier vegetation and soil result in an increased resistance to extreme climate conditions such as floods, droughts, and fires, and they also improve food security. Unfortunately, these powerful tools remain underutilised due to necessarily complex monitoring mandates in the carbon markets that are executed largely by hand and constitute up to 25% of the operating costs of an average NCS project.
CQuest and the DLR plan to provide insights that enhance current monitoring practices by delivering carbon analytics from space at a reduced cost.
From Space to the Subsurface
Survey Intelligence utilises knowledge of modelling and monitoring the subsurface of the Earth for the energy sector by combining it with Copernicus satellite data in order to tackle climate change. There is enormous potential in combining remote sensing satellite data with seismic data to understand and forecast ground deformation. Moreover, large geoological formations have the potential to store large volumes of fluids, with minimal impact on the environment and society. This project will help continuously monitor the ground movement of these underground energy reservoirs, including for thermal and hydrogen energy storage. The Survey Intelligence platform will also aid energy companies in monitoring potential hazards, thereby increasing security and reducing the risk of damage and incidents. It will make sure that the safety of society is not compromised and the impact on the environment is minimal.
Maud van Ees
In the light of global change, pandemics as well as climate change a sustainable management of our planets resources is more important than ever. DLR is looking for innovative solutions to achieve this goal. Areas of particular interest to DLR are:
Besides using EO satellite data from Copernicus and DLR missions, participants are encouraged to supplement their ideas with other sources of data, such as information generated by crowd-sourcing, social media or in-situ measurements. Solutions should support professionals working in these areas, inform the public, or empower public authorities to take action and solve issues on a local, national, or global scale.
Submissions to DLR Environment, Energy & Health Challenge will be assessed against the following criteria:
Benefit for society
Does the idea foster human wellbeing, health and/or sustainable resource management?
How significant is the use of sentinel satellite data for realisation of the idea?
What is in particular new about the idea?
Is the idea of practical use to users or the general public? Would they use it?
Is the idea technically feasible?
The Earth Observation Center (EOC) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) works in all fields related to the development of algorithms and data analysis systems, as well as in the practical implementation of EO applications and services – from satellite data reception and near-real-time services to disaster monitoring and environmental mapping. As such, the EOC is involved in many aspects of Copernicus’s design, implementation, and operations. In determining the focal points of its research, DLR is to a large extent guided by the demand for innovative products and services developed in close cooperation with industry entities. It also invests in promising technologies and offers its research and development capacities to partners for their own use.
Submit your Idea
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Games have been played for thousands of years in every part of the world. Indigenous Africans also devised their own games, mostly by digging holes in the ground and using pebbles.
They call the holes "Kraals" and the pebbles "cows"
Why, you may ask? The wealth of an African man was - and often still is measured by the number of cattle he owns. The cow is therefore a very valuable commodity for the Africans. It is the equivalent of money in the westernised world.
The "Kraal" is the homestead of the African village. It consists of seveal round huts, usally made of grass or mud huts, which are placed in a circle. The kingskraal obviously belonged to the head of the villages.
In this games pack, we introduce you to two African Games: Moraba-raba and Diketo.
Traditional games of Africa available in pine, kiaat and cherry, with semi-precious stones as playing tokens. Plastic boards available soon.
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FAO Director-General addresses Challenges of African Agriculture from Climate Change and Soaring Food Prices
June 2008: Speaking at the twenty-fifth African Regional Conference,
Director-General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Jacques
Diouf, underlined the challenges of climate change and the recent rise in food
prices for African agriculture.
noting that “African agriculture still faces many constraints, being
undercapitalized, inefficient and uncompetitive,” Diouf expressed his
conviction that “with political will and good governance, Africa can change its
agriculture and succeed in feeding its population.” He further explained that
the main factors inhibiting agricultural development in Africa include lack of
access to improved seeds and fertilizers and lack of adequate irrigation. He
concluded by outlining an FAO initiative in response to soaring food prices to
support the low-income food-deficit countries by facilitating poor farmers'
on Soaring Food Prices]
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In the current industrial landscape, environment policies and growing demand for greener power generation alternatives is the need of the hour. Further, provisions are in place to reduce dependency on fossil fuels for power generation and increase adoption of environment-friendly alternatives such as natural gas. In addition, several power generation companies are focusing on curbing global warming by reducing their environmental footprint by implementing research and development activities. All these factors combined are fueling the growth of the natural gas turbine market.
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In recent years, natural gas turbine market witnessed steady growth owing to factors such as, advancements in technology, availability of natural gas, modernization of existing power generation infrastructure, and environment policies. In addition, the high availability of low-cost-natural gas significantly reduced the demand for coal in developed regions such as North America and Europe.
Global Natural Gas Turbine Market: Snapshot
Concerns pertaining to global warming has expanded considerably in the past decade and the world has come together to make the paradigm shift off fossil fuel and onto greener alternatives, if not renewable. This factor has given a strong thrust to the exploring and extraction of natural gas, which is turn is stroking the demand for the turbines that serve the purposes.
A number of research and development activities are currently underway to further advance the possibilities with natural gas, and thereby the costs are reducing to make them more affordable for general masses. According to a recent research study from the North Carolina State University, the demand for coal has significantly reduced in the past decade owing to the availability of low cost natural gas.
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Natural gas turbines have improved significantly too, working as a combustion engines that can serve purpose of converting natural gas into mechanical energy, which can be then used to feed a generator that can transform it into electrical energy. These primarily are indirect systems wherein a heat exchanger is utilized and only cleaner air is passed with no combustion products traveling through the power turbine.
A recent Fact.MR report delivers valuable insights on current and future prospects of the global natural gas turbine market for the period of forecast (2018-2027). An all-inclusive research study has been propounded by the report on natural gas turbine, along with detailed analysis and forecast on the market. Key research findings from the report focus at enhancing the undertakings of prominent market players, so as to enable them in devising their future business decisions.
Detailed Analysis on Natural Gas Turbine Market
Essential elements associated with production, utilization, and application of natural gas turbine have been identified and analyzed in this report. Information from various industry knowledge databases, and authentic trade surveys has been procured, collated, and repurposed for improving accuracy of the forecasts on the global natural gas turbine market.
From supply chain attributes to viability of different materials used, the report has widely included manufacturing concerns apropos natural gas turbine. The data gathered has then been substantiated, and trends affecting the market have been elucidated to understand influence of subjective undercurrents on the overall market growth.
This analytical research study imparts an all-inclusive assessment on the market, while propounding historical intelligence, actionable insights, and industry-validated & statistically-upheld market forecast. Verified and suitable set of assumptions and methodology has been leveraged for developing this comprehensive study. Information and analysis on key market segments incorporated in the report has been delivered in weighted chapters. A thorough analysis has been offered by the report on
- Market Dynamics
- Market Size
- Market Segments
- Demand & Supply Trends
- Current Issues and Challenges
- Companies and Competitor Landscape
- Value Chain
Regional Segments Analyzed Include
- North America (U.S., Canada)
- Latin America (Mexico. Brazil)
- Western Europe (Germany, Italy, France, U.K, Spain)
- Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia)
- Asia Pacific (China, India, ASEAN, Australia & New Zealand)
- Middle East and Africa (GCC, S. Africa, N. Africa)
After reading the Natural Gas Turbine Market report, readers can:
- Understand the drivers, restraints, opportunities and trends affecting the growth of the global .
- Analyze key regions holding significant share of the total Natural Gas Turbine Market revenue.
- Study the growth outlook of the global Natural Gas Turbine Market scenario, including production, consumption, history and forecast.
- Learn consumption pattern and impact of each end use on the Natural Gas Turbine Market growth.
- Investigate the recent R&D projects performed by each Natural Gas Turbine Market player.
The Natural Gas Turbine Market report answers important questions which include:
- What does the status of the Natural Gas Turbine Market look?
- Natural Gas Turbine Market look like after the forecast period?
- Which region has the highest contribution to Natural Gas Turbine Market Devices why?
- Which players remain at the top of the Natural Gas Turbine Market look?
- What opportunities are available for the Natural Gas Turbine Market players to expand their production footprint?
- Which segment has the maximum impact on Natural Gas Turbine Market?
Market research and consulting agency with a difference! That’s why 80% of Fortune 1,000 companies trust us for making their most critical decisions. While our experienced consultants employ the latest technologies to extract hard-to-find insights, we believe our USP is the trust clients have on our expertise. Spanning a wide range – from automotive & industry 4.0 to healthcare & retail, our coverage is expansive, but we ensure even the most niche categories are analyzed. Our sales offices in United States and Dublin, Ireland. Headquarter based in Dubai, UAE. Reach out to us with your goals, and we’ll be an able research partner.
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a. A mode or state of being: We bought a used boat in excellent condition. See Synonyms at state.
b. conditions Existing circumstances: Economic conditions have improved. The news reported the latest weather conditions.
c. Archaic Social position; rank.
a. A state of health: Has the patient's condition deteriorated?
b. A state of physical fitness: Have you exercised enough to get back into condition?
c. A disease or physical ailment: a heart condition.
a. One that is indispensable to the appearance or occurrence of another; a prerequisite: Compatibility is a condition of a successful marriage.
b. One that restricts or modifies another; a qualification: I'll make you a promise but with one condition.
a. Grammar The dependent clause of a conditional sentence; protasis.
b. Logic A proposition on which another proposition depends; the antecedent of a conditional proposition.
a. A provision making the effect of a legal instrument contingent on the occurrence of an uncertain future event.
b. The event itself.
tr.v. con·di·tioned, con·di·tion·ing, con·di·tions
a. To make dependent on a condition or conditions: Use of the cabin is conditioned on your keeping it clean.
b. To stipulate as a condition: “He only conditioned that the marriage should not take place before his return” (Jane Austen).
a. To cause to be in a certain condition; shape or influence: “Our modern conceptions of historiography [are] conditioned by Western intellectual traditions” (Carol Meyers).
b. To accustom (oneself or another) to something; adapt: had to condition herself to long hours of hard work; conditioned the troops to marches at high altitudes.
c. To render fit for work or use: spent weeks conditioning the old car.
d. To improve the physical fitness of (the body, for example), as through repeated sessions of strenuous physical activity.
e. Psychology To cause (an organism) to respond in a specific manner to a previously unrelated stimulus, as in operant conditioning or classical conditioning.
3. To treat (the air in a room, for example) by air-conditioning.
4. To replace moisture or oils in (hair, for example) by use of a therapeutic product.
[Middle English condicioun, from Old French condicion, from Late Latin conditiō, conditiōn-, alteration of Latin condiciō, from condīcere, to agree : com-, com- + dīcere, to talk; see deik- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition copyright ©2020 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Indo-European & Semitic Roots Appendices
Thousands of entries in the dictionary include etymologies that trace their origins back to reconstructed proto-languages. You can obtain more information about these forms in our online appendices:
The Indo-European appendix covers nearly half of the Indo-European roots that have left their mark on English words. A more complete treatment of Indo-European roots and the English words derived from them is available in our Dictionary of Indo-European Roots.
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Hubble discovers a globular cluster cluster – 2.25 billion light years from earth in a cluster of galaxies called Abell 1689. Globular clusters are the earliest inhabitants of galaxies forming 1 to 2 billion years after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, and this discover sheds light on the amount of dark matter that provides ‘scaffolding’ for the cluster architecture. Meanwhile, back on terra firma, plans are proceeding to build a 30 meter telescope – next big instrument for Mauna Kea observatories.
September 23, 2013
[Dave Heller] Though astronomers have yet to see so-called dark matter, Hubble Space Telescope is peering into the past to provide new evidence of its proliferation in the cosmos. Joining me to shed light is Derrick Pitts, chief astronomer at the Franklin Institute. Derrick, let’s take a trip way back in time.
[Derrick Pitts] We’re really using indirect evidence to give us some hint as to what the early structural substance of the universe might have been like including dark matter. As a sort of scaffolding, if you will, for how the rest of the matter may have been built at that time.
So this is pre-galaxies?
Well, this is very, very early on. This is probably two billion years or so after the big bang itself when structures in the universe are just beginning to form. And specifically we’re speaking of these structures called globular clusters.
Yes, they’re pretty good with a glass of milk. Globular clusters actually are these enormous collections of stars all bound together by gravity. Now I know it sounds like a galaxy, but they’re really very much like balls of stars. The numbering and ordering of 100,000 stars or so all held together by gravity. They don’t orbit a central nucleus in the sense that galaxy does. And of course we have to think of a galaxy in different terms because the number of stars in a galaxy is on the order of many billions or hundreds of billions. So this, in comparison to a galaxy, is small. But it’s one of the earliest inhabitants of a galactic structure that we would think of in terms of the early universe.
“Globular clusters actually are these enormous collections of stars all bound together by gravity. Now I know it sounds like a galaxy, but they’re really very much like balls of stars. The numbering and ordering of 100,000 stars or so all held together by gravity. They don’t orbit a central nucleus in the sense that galaxy does.”
The globular cluster NGC 6388, observed by Hubble
So Hubble honed in on one of these?
What Hubble actually did was, looking out toward the earliest history of the universe, the most distant views possible, way out near the outer edge, way back in time, one can’t see individual galaxies, one can see clusters of galaxies. And in observing one particular cluster, Abell 1689, Hubble was able to identify at the center of this cluster of galaxies a cluster of clusters of globular clusters, if you will. So instead of seeing just the globular cluster arrangement of one galaxy, and typically one galaxy could have, you know, 100 globular clusters or so, maybe 150 or so as our galaxy does, it was seeing an enormous number of globular clusters — the cluster of those clusters of that group of galaxies.
Now that’s interesting architecture indeed. So what of this notion of scaffolding that gives us evidence of dark matter?
Well the thought is that as these clusters of globular clusters exist, what they do is they sort of define or map out where dark matter can be found among the clusters of galaxies. And as you move away from the center of this cluster of galaxies, as the number of globulars decrease, a relationship has been seen in which the density of the dark matter also decreases. So this potentially could be a way for astronomers to map the location of dark matter without actually seeing it among clusters of galaxies.
Can we extrapolate then to what role dark matter plays now in the universe?
Some 96% of the matter of the universe is tied up in dark matter, and the remaining 4% is just the “normal matter” that we see of the stars, galaxies, planets and us. So we know it plays a major role because it is most of the galaxy in mass.
So even the mighty Hubble though — soon to be retired — could only discern these clusters of clusters, rather than individual stars, say.
Well when you’re considering how far away we’re looking — so in this case we’re looking 11 to 12 billion light years out — when you get out at that distance, of course, the size of the telescope is what really makes the difference as far as what you can see. And even though Hubble space telescope has a mirror 85 inches in diameter, it’s above the Earth’s atmosphere, the difficulty is that it’s STILL a very, very long way away and the light that’s being detected is so incredibly faint and feeble, it’s VERY difficult to make any real clear separation of even the clusters themselves. So what we’re actually seeing are these gigantic strings of clusters of galaxies that make up the structure of the universe as we can detect it that far out.
So let’s go from 85 inches to 30 meters. There’s a telescope out on the docket of Hawaii — what will that be able to show us?
Well here’s a really interesting change from Hubble space telescope, which has done so well as a space telescope over the last two decades. As capable as it is, it does have its limitations. First of all is the size of the mirror; 85 inches, although a good size, not very big when you compare to ground-based instruments. I mean we can start with the Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea — those are 10 meter instruments, and those are pretty big in comparison to the Hubble space telescope. Hubble space telescope is 85, the Keck are what, nearly 400 inches! That’s gigantic in comparison. However, next to come at Mauna Kea Observatory is a 30 meter telescope, fully three times the size of the Keck instruments. And the doors that this will open as far as our ability to better understand the role of dark matter in the universe is absolutely staggering when you think of it. Because with that much capability, we will be able to see much farther back in time and in much greater detail than has ever been capable to see before.
Keck Telescopes. Photo credit: Wikipedia
Three times the size but much more than three times the resolution.
The resolution is 10 to 100 times better than any other telescope, depending on the type of observation that’s being done. So not only will the telescope be able to look at this great distance and understand more about the originating edge of the universe, if you will, but it will also be able to do so much more with identification and study of extra solar planets, not only in our galaxy but possibly in other galaxies. Even to the point of being able to look spectroscopically at the atmospheres of these planets and help to make determinations about the compositions of these atmospheres.
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English / Sybolism In &Quot;Young Goodman Brown&Quot;
Sybolism In &Quot;Young Goodman Brown&Quot;This essay Sybolism In &Quot;Young Goodman Brown&Quot; is available for you on Essays24.com! Search Term Papers, College Essay Examples and Free Essays on Essays24.com - full papers database.
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Symbolism in Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brownâ€
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s tale, “Young Goodman Brownâ€, is rich in symbolism, indicative of his writing style. Hawthorne was known for his contrast of good versus evil, and the moral responsibility of each individual. Hawthorne lived quietly, in his mother’s home in Salem, after college. He used those twelve years to read, honing his skills as a writer, while taking long walking trips to remote parts of New England. Hawthorne’s first works received little attention, until 1850 when he published The Scarlet Letter. This novel gave Hawthorne great fame, changed his fortune and gave American literature its first symbolic novel. Hawthorne’s rich colonial heritage, gave him insight into the subjects of guilt and sin, the boundaries between good and evil, love and destructive obsession, which he incorporates into many of his works, including “Young Goodman Brownâ€.
The setting of the story, Salem, Massachusetts, is symbolic due to its strong connection to witchcraft. The character of Goodman Brown is symbolic of the common man. At the beginning of the story, he is a naпve and immature young man who does not understand the seriousness of his actions. His name “Goodman†is symbolic of his status as a good man while his wife’s name, Faith, indicates his faith in the goodness of mankind. As he kisses his young wife good-bye, he is impressed with her innocence. Hawthorne notes the “pink ribbons of her cap†which some writers believe are indicative of her feminine innocence. (Abel 130) Levy states that the color pink is “neither scarlet nor white, but of a hue somewhere between, the psychological state somewhere in between.†(Levy 117) Goodman Brown reassures his wife that all will be well if she says her prayers and goes to bed before dusk. His words declare his wife to be an angel, and he promises to “follow her to heaven.â€
Goodman Brown’s journey through the forest is described as a narrow, dark, and dreary path. Hawthorne paints a despondent image of gloom and fear. The forest becomes symbolic of the darkness of sin pulling Goodman Brown deeper into its grasp. Other authors suggest a correlation between the forest and the Garden of Eden. The tree where the traveler sits is indicative of the Tree of Knowledge, while Goodman Brown plays the role of Adam, who is being tempted by Satan. His words are prophetic as Brown states, “What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow!†As his journey progresses through the woods, we are introduced to a traveler, whom Goodman Brown sees sitting at the base of a tree. We are told that Brown and the traveler are similar in appearance; only the traveler is fifty years old and has an “indescribable air of one who knew the worldâ€. Some infer that the traveler is an older version of Goodman himself.
Hawthorne goes into great detail to describe the stranger’s staff that looked like a “great black snakeâ€. He elaborates that the staff was carved in such a way that it appeared to actually moved and twist like a living serpent. This reference to staffs, walking sticks, canes, or rods which appear to become serpents is taken from Exodus Chapter 7:12, the story of Aaron. Aaron, as a messenger of God, throws down his staff, which becomes a living snake. Pharaoh summons his magicians, who perform the same feat, only to have Aaron’s snake swallow the others. Goodman refuses to touch the traveler’s staff, opting to choose a new staff made of maple. Maple is a type of wood, which rots from the inside out. Goodman accepts the maple stick while Goody Cloyse, the older woman, who before was young Brown’s Sunday school teacher, accepts the twisted staff. (Hale 17) This shows that she has already undergone confirmation in evil.
The traveler quickly becomes symbolic of the devil incarnate who has been sent to recruit Goodman Brown into his congregation. As Goodman Brown moves deeper into the forest, he becomes one with his “evilâ€. (Bunge 13) Brown encounters the minister and Deacon Gookin, who are also traveling to the meeting. Like Goody Cloyse, these men symbolize everyday people who have hidden evil within them. Still Goodman Brown resists, stating “With heaven above and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil.â€
When Goodman Brown hears the voice of his beloved wife, he calls out for her to come to his aid. Upon seeing the pink ribbon caught on the branch of a tree, he abandons hope. As Faith’s screams transform into laughter, it symbolizes her acceptance of evil and rejection of goodness. (Able 134) Hawthorne uses laughter to symbolize conflict throughout his stories. The meeting continues, as the new converts gather for a baptism by Satan. The author is building toward the climax in which Goodman Brown calls out to “Faith! Faith! Look up to heaven, and resist the wicked one.†At this point, he awakes in the forest, alone and disoriented. We, the reader, must infer whether the tale was a dream-sequence or an actual event. In conclusion, Hawthorne describes a bewildered Goodman Brown who staggers into the village and sees his beloved wife running toward him. Instead of embracing her and her innocence, he continues to walk past her without a greeting. He describes the death of Brown and his burial to which they “carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone for his dying hour was gloom.†Regardless of whether the event occurred or was just a dream, it changed his life dramatically. Goodman Brown lost his “faith†in mankind and accepted the fact that evil is present in everyone.
Hawthorne embraces symbolism to contrast images of good and evil, hope and despair, and the moral dilemma of mankind. His use of extreme images, such as the pink ribbons of the innocent Faith to the twisted staff of the traveler, gives readers permanent verbal pictures. Goodman Brown, in conclusion represents fallen man, who wishes to embrace the goodness of others but unfortunately accepts evil as a fact of life.
Abel, Darrel. The Moral Picturesque: Studies in Hawthorne’s Fiction.
Indiana: Purdue UP, 1988.
Bunge, Nancy. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Study of Short Fiction. New York: Twayne, 1993.
Hale, John K. “ The Serpentine Staff in ‘Young Goodman Brown.’
Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 19 (Fall 1993): 17-18.
Levy, Leo B. “The Problem of Faith in “Young Goodman Brown.†Modern Critical Views: Nathaniel Hawthorne. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. 115-126.
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1. How do Roberts and Hanushek define "human capital", and what is its relationship to economic growth? For what reasons is "years of schooling" not a good measure of human capital?
2. Describe the additional factors that Hanushek suggests also help explain international differences in educational achievement.
3. Hanushek argues that the only controversy about the effect of teacher quality on student achievement is in terms of policy implications. What does he mean by this? Do you agree?
4. Hanushek suggests the OECD's PISA (Program on International Student Assessment) as a better measure for looking at educational quality and achievement. Why? What policy implications does utilizing measurements like PISA suggest for institutions such as the World Bank?
5. Describe the correlation Hanushek finds between test scores and national growth rates.
6. When Roberts asks Hanushek what sorts of policy solutions we should seek to see increasing educational quality, Hanushek mentions teacher quality first. What suggestions does Hanushek offer to improve teacher quality?
7. Hanushek argues that the best hope for educational reform lies within the existing (domestic) system. What does he advise as feasible suggestions for reform?
8. Roberts challenges Hanushek's affinity for testing by hinting at the dangers of "teaching to the test". How does Hanushek respond?
9. What does Roberts mean when he says, "... there are some boxes everybody is going to be happy to be forced into"?
10. In closing, what do Roberts and Hanushek suggest as the most appropriate role(s) for the federal government in education?
The cuneiform inscription in the Liberty Fund logo is the earliest-known written appearance of the word "freedom" (amagi), or "liberty." It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash.
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Cold winter weather does limit what we can do in the garden in November in our northern Rocky Mountain climate (USDA zones 3, 4 and 5). If ground is still unfrozen, prepare beds for next spring’s early crops. If you still have unfrozen manure or compost it can be spread over vegetable and flower beds and trenched into furrows to receive frost (this will break down over winter and lighten and feed the soil). I have spread manure and compost right over the snow on planting beds and it worked just fine.
Check over which varieties of flowers and vegetables you liked or disliked this year. Make a note of which ones did well. Keep your records up to date if you can. Check stores of fruits and vegetables and discard spoiling ones. Clean all your tools, oil wooden handles and replace cracked ones. Drain gas and oil out of lawnmower for winter.
Finish planting garlic, shallots, and Egyptian walking onions before the ground freezes solid.
Have row covers ready for remaining crops in the field; also have covers ready for cold frames. Carefully store row covers before winter; make sure the fabric is dry before folding and storing.
Early in the month, if not done earlier, harvest and store cabbages. To store them, turn them upside down to dry, take off extra leaves and place them in a trench of sand and cover with a wet-proof cover open at both ends to keep them dry. Close the ends of your cover with straw when frosty. Also, to store beets, carrots, parsnips, turnips, salsify for winter: dry and cut the leafy tops off. Dig a pit in a dry place if possible. Put down 2 inches of sand, then the vegetable roots, then more sand, alternating. Cover them with a final layer of sand and straw to protect them.
Admit air to cold frames and the greenhouse on sunny days; pick off any mildewed or moldy leaves. Apply manure or compost to outdoor asparagus and rhubarb beds to 4 inches deep. Weed onions, leeks, spinach, mache, cresses. In frames, when it is cold, cover lettuces, cabbages, etc. Harvest late and frame–grown cabbage, spinach, carrots, peas, cauliflower, lettuce, broccoli, Brussels sprouts.
If the ground has not frozen solid, finish dividing and replanting perennials before winter freeze-up. Transplant seedling perennials and flowers into flats; keep them in a cold frame or cold greenhouse. Mulch primroses, bleeding hearts, and any marginally hardy perennials with pine or fir branches. Cut back established pansies and collect violet seed.
Finish planting bulbs out and plant bulbs to be forced in pots. Weed bulb beds and spread bone meal if not done last month. Put poultry netting over the top of the soil of newly planted tulips, crocus and hyacinths to discourage squirrels and cats who like to dig and scratch into fresh soil. Plant these same bulbs in Vole King wire baskets to protect from voles.
In the greenhouse plants will be at rest. Keep their foliage dry and do not overwater! Succulent plants such as cacti may need little or no water all winter. If mold appears, dust with sulfur. Moving air inside a greenhouse discourages mold.
If you plan to keep any plants in pots over the winter, plunge them up to their pot rims into a holding bed. The reason for doing this is that plant roots suffer greatly from the wide temperature swings of air during winter. Good substances for this are: fine gravel, bark, sand, sawdust or soil. If you have any bulbs, perennials, roses or shrubs growing in pots outside, be sure to sink them up to the rims to protect them from cold over winter.
Cover cold frames if it is frosty and cold. If you vent the frame, make sure no direct sun hits plants while they are frozen.
Weed fruiting shrubs, add manure to raspberry beds. Finish storing apples, pears, etc. Clean all leaves and mummy fruit around trees to prevent disease and discourage insects. Sow seeds of fruit trees and rootstocks.
Finish planting deciduous shrubs and trees. Mound soil around the base of tender hybrid tea roses to a depth of about 10 to 12 inches. Evergreen boughs may be placed over the soil mound. The soil and boughs will protect the lower portion of tender rose plants over winter.
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Powershell Tutorial #1 – Using Variables
Welcome to the first powershell tutorial on Think Tree IT. This will be a 5 part tutorial. By the end of it all, you will be able to comfortable use many commands and create your own scripts. For this first blog post, we will explain how Powershell variables work.
With PowerShell you can create named objects known as variables. Variable names can contain a underscore character, letters, and also numbers. When a variable is used in PowerShell, it is always specified using the $ character before the variable name.
Assigning a Value
Its best to think of a variable like a container that stores information. It can contain a number, a letter, and many other data types. We assign a value to a variable using equal symbol(=).
$Variable = 1 $Variable = 20.133 $Variable = $true $Variable = "Hello there"
You can add, subtract, divide, and many more actions with variables.
Powershell Variable Test
- Try creating 2 variables, name them anything you want, then divide them and display the results.
- Create 2 variables. Let the first variable contain the world “Hello” and the second variable “World”. Combine them together so the output is “Hello World”.
- Create a variable named $Computer with your computer name or IP Address. Then run “Test-Connection $Computer”
Question 1: Pretty straight-forward, I just divided 100 by 20 and printed the $Results of 5.
Question 2: Same as above, except I added ” ” to add a space between the 2 words.
Question 3: I introduced a CMDlet in this one. It’s a powershell alternative to running ping 192.168.x.x
Feel free to leave a comment below with any suggestions or questions.
Interested In learning Powershell?
Check out “PowerShell in Depth“. PowerShell in Depth, Second Edition is the go-to reference for administrators working with Windows PowerShell. Every major technique, technology, and tactic is carefully explained and demonstrated, providing a hands-on guide to almost everything an admin would do in the shell. Written by three experienced authors and PowerShell MVPs, this is the PowerShell book you’ll keep next to your monitor—not on your bookshelf!
- Automating tasks
- Packaging and deploying scripts
- Introduction to Desired State Configuration
- PowerShell security
- Covers PowerShell version 3 and later
This post “Powershell Tutorial #1 – Using Variables” is located under the Programming Category
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By Wendy Parkins, Kent University
The exciting re-discovery of wall paintings and decorations during recent restoration work at William Morris’s Red House – as widely reported in the media this week – raises as many questions as it answers. Who painted the five Old Testament figures in the mural in the main bedroom? And why? After all, Noah holding a miniature ark doesn’t exactly say ‘honeymoon suite’, not to mention the sense of foreboding a depiction of Adam and Eve (and snake) in the room of a newly-wed couple might connote. Conservators and Morris scholars have already advanced a theory of collaborative production for these distinctive figures that are now seen to be depicted on a rich blue background that imitates wall hangings (and hence explains why some of the figures seem abruptly terminated or crudely depicted – they are partially obscured by the imaginary folds of the fabric).
Similar questions have also been raised as to how many hands contributed to the painted panels in the drawing room. And why was a sleeping wombat (see below) substituted for the more elegantly proportioned dog that appeared in Burne-Jones’ preliminary sketches?
While – to Australian eyes like mine – the wombat is rather dubious in its authenticity (the paws, elongated shape, and soft folds of fur are plain wrong but the snout and eyes more accurate) but it is in keeping with other 19th-century renderings of foreign marsupials (whose exoticism sometimes eluded the representational skills of European artists) and – more importantly – the significance of the wombat for the Morris-Rossetti circle inclines me, at least, to concur with the consensus that it is indeed a wombat.
Whether the presence of a wombat also proves that this panel was painted by Rossetti is another matter. (For other views on the drawing-room wombat thesis, join in any number of debates currently raging in cyberspace, where some have gone to the trouble of posting actual photographs of wombats to back up their claims.)
But as this image – contextualizing the creature under the chair – shows any insistence on natural verisimilitude – or symmetry of design, or harmony of form – is merely arid academicism, when faced with the sensory overload that is the Red House drawing room as it is being increasingly divested of its white cover-up.
To describe it as ‘busy’ is the equivalent of calling Rossetti a recreational drug user. For anyone who has visited Red House in the past and perhaps been disappointed by the dominance of plain white walls and woodwork in the upstairs drawing room, the revelation of the riot of colour, pattern and design, is almost overwhelming. While much of the white paneling remains in place in the drawing room (as well as the wall covered in 60s-design bookshelves), what has now been exposed and restored gives a greater sense of the slightly trippy feel of the room: boldly-coloured patterns and painted panels are somewhat jarringly juxtaposed on walls and ceiling, as the before-and-after image below shows.
The full effect of the wall surrounding the minstrel’s gallery-settle (the white-painted timberwork now even more out of place in its cool blandness) where the panels of narrative painting appear between the heraldic repeat pattern, laid over the bold stripes of colour (ochre and deep pink) below dado level and, above, what Red House is calling Morris’s ‘first attempt at a repeat flower pattern’ is almost intense enough to require the viewer to gaze out the window at the restful greens of the summer garden to regain her equanimity.
In addition, the removal of a few of the narrow timber beams that adorn the vaulted ceiling of the drawing room have revealed not one but two distinct forms of patterning – one a geometric design with the customary pricking of plaster that features in other Red House ceilings (to facilitate the painting of the pattern in strong, contrasting, flat colours), the other a more complex pattern – that presumably covers the whole ceiling. According to Georgiana Burne-Jones,[i] a regular visitor to Red House and close friend to both William and Jane at this time, the drawing-room ceiling was painted by the Morrises together, a striking image not only of a couple engaged in joint creative labour (as I noted previously[ii]) but now suggesting a greater artistic capacity on the part of Jane Morris than has previously been acknowledged.[iii]
Such is the excess of bold colours, figurative panels, and varying patterns now evident in the Red House drawing room that it is easier to understand William Bell Scott’s bafflement on encountering the ‘vast empty hall … painted coarsely in bands of wild foliage over both wall and ceiling…. The adornment had a novel, not to say startling, character, but if one had been told it was the South Sea Island style of thing one could have easily believed such to be the case, so bizarre was the execution.’[iv]
While Morris scholars and art historians will no doubt continue to puzzle over the provenance and purpose of the newly-revealed murals and designs, my interest in what everyday life was like at Red House during the years the Morrises lived there (1861-1865) has been given a new lease of life with these discoveries. I have previously wondered whether Red House always smelt of wet paint during this time, given the scope and ambition of the decorative processes that were set in train (if not completed) in many of the rooms and spaces of the house, and these discoveries suggest that this may indeed have been the case. With the display of increasing areas of design and decoration, in which no decorative idea seems to have been left untried and few seem to have been finished completely, what can we infer about the messy realities of life at Red House? Being greeted by the smell of drying paint would have given a sensory immediacy to the perception that this was no ordinary middle-class home but one where a high priority was given to collaborative creativity, where the mundane activities of family life, like the convivial weekend house parties, took place amidst paint and brushes, ladders and dropcloths. Did life interrupt art? Or was art the condition of everyday life in the Morris home?
Like the first album of a fresh new band, not yet corrupted, jaded or disillusioned but brimming with ideas and energy they are desperate to bring to life, the decorations of Red House have a vitality and optimism that is both infectious and poignant. You want to pick up a paintbrush and join them. There must be space to squeeze in another wombat or two.
Author’s Note: I am very grateful to James Breslin, property manager of Red House, who generously gave me his time during a very busy week, and especially for his suggestion of the analogy between the Red House decorations and a band’s first album.
[i] Georgiana Burne-Jones, Memorials of Edward Burne-Jones, Vol. I, 1833-1867 (London: Macmillan, 1904), p. 211
[ii] Wendy Parkins, ‘Feeling at Home: Gender and Creative Agency at Red House,’ Journal of Victorian Culture, 15.1 (April 2010), p. 72.
[iii] For more on Jane Morris’s creative projects, see Wendy Parkins, Jane Morris: The Burden of History (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013), chapter 5.
[iv] William Bell Scott, Autobiographical Notes of the Life of William Bell Scott: And Notices of his Artistic and Poetic Circle of Friends 1830-1882, ed. W. Minto (London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., 1892), p. 61.
Wendy Parkins is a Professor of Victorian Literature at the University of Kent. She has published widely on topics relating to gender and modernity in Victorian literature, most notably her book, Mobility and Modernity in Women’s Novels, 1850s-1930s (2009). In 2013, she published Jane Morris: The Burden of History with Edinburgh University Press.
Related Articles from the Journal of Victorian Culture
- Wendy Parkins, ‘Feeling at Home: Gender and Creative Agency at Red House,’ Journal of Victorian Culture, 15.1 (April 2010), p. 61-81.
- Hilary M. Carey, ”The Secret of England’s Greatness’: Medievalism, Ornithology, and Anglican Imperialism in the Aboriginal Gospel Book of Sir George Grey,’ Journal of Victorian Culture, 16.3 (Dec. 2011), p. 323-346.
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The Mexican Revolution
was not one but a series of revolts spanning from 1910 to 1920. Francisco Madero
led the first, overthrowing Porfirio Diaz
in 1911 and assuming the presidency. Victoriano Huerta
launched a successful counterrevolution in 1913, and set up a military dictatorship afterward.
The United States did not recognize Huerta's dictatorship. The Tampico Affair
worsened relations, and intelligence of a German arms shipment to the Huerta regime precipitated Woodrow Wilson's order for the United States occupation of Veracruz
in April of 1914. Meanwhile, Huerta was facing a counter-counterrevolution, which unseated him in July of that year. Its leader, Venustiano Carranza
, became Mexico's new president. While the US recognized Carranza, the occupation forces did not leave Veracruz until November of that year.
Carranza sought to institute political reforms, but not in quantities deemed sufficient by his one-time allies Emiliano Zapata
and Pancho Villa
. They revolted against the new government, driving Carranza out of Mexico City in 1915. The Zapatista
movement dissipated in the wake of the 1919 assassination of its leader. Carranza stayed in power until 1920, when his own Minister of War and of the Navy, General Alvaro Obregon
, sought the presidency for himself. Adolpho de la Huerta
was made interim president; he negotiated a successful peace treaty with Villa, effectively ending the revolution. Elections were held, and Obregon was declared the winner.
During the revolution, Pancho Villa
led a raid in US territory (see :
On March 9, 1916, Villa led 1,500 (disputed, one official US Army report stated "500 to 700") Mexican raiders in a cross-border attack against Columbus, New Mexico, in response to the U.S. government's official recognition of the Carranza regime. They attacked a detachment of the 13th US Cavalry, seized 100 horses and mules, burned the town, killed 10 soldiers and 8 of its residents, and took much ammunition and weaponry.
This triggered the failed Punitive Expedition, an 11-month hunt for Villa led by General John J. Pershing, who "complained to family that President Wilson had imposed too many restrictions, which made it impossible for him to fulfill his mission." Wikipedia does not tell us what those restrictions were.
Pancho Villa had committed an act of war against the United States. His men murdered American civilians and military personnel - who had not even participated in the Mexican Revolution. Our government could not let that act go unpunished, yet Pershing was not allowed to complete that task. Villa was eventually assassinated by his own countrymen in 1923, but that doesn't absolve the US of failing to bring him to justice.
The Mexican government was likewise obligated to assist the US in apprehending Villa while he was on Mexican soil. Civil war meant that Carranza was out to get Villa, anyway. Still, some sort of joint military operation could have been forged if Carranza and Woodrow Wilson had any imagination. His successors should not have forgotten the incident, and should have arranged for Villa's arrest and extradition.
Today, Israel is capitulating to something much worse than Pancho Villa. His crime (in America) was armed robbery and murder. Hezbollah's crime is something far different and far more dangerous: terrorist attacks against civilian targets. Hezbollah seeks to inspire the destruction of Israel, just as al-Qaeda seeks to inspire the destruction of Western civilization. Israel tried a ceasefire with Hezbollah once in 2000, and it lasted only six years; people are dead today because of that truce. Hezbollah must be brought to justice; it must be completely destroyed. Islamic terrorists have always used ceasefires to rearm. If Israel doesn't finish off Hezbollah, Hezbollah will kill innocent civilians again.
The Lebanese government cannot be a neutral party. If it tolerates the existence of Hezbollah on its soil, it sides with Hezbollah and its murder of Israeli civilians - not to mention its past attacks against United States citizens. Lebanon's government must go. This could be accomplished at the polls, if enough Lebanese voters figure out that, at the very least, Hezbollah's presence hinders their own prospects for long-term peace.
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Below you will find the key information specifically for Nursery.
The Early Years Framework will be delivered through topics linked to children's interests. Examples of topics in which children may show interest are:
What Makes A Good Friend?
What Size Is It?
What Number Is It?
What Colours Can We See?
We would like to provide you with some home learning links to support our children's learning. Learning does not have to be laborious - we encourage as much fun as possible while they learn.
In the tabs - Reading and Phonics, Writing and Spelling, Maths, Physical Development and More Home Learning - you will find suggested activities to support your child's learning at home.
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| 0.938301 | 162 | 2.78125 | 3 |
At the stroke of midnight on November 6th, the 21 registered voters of Dixville Notch, gathering in the wood-panelled Ballot Room of the Balsams Grand Resort Hotel, will have just one minute to cast their vote. Speed is of the essence, if the tiny New Hampshire town is to uphold its reputation (est. 1960) as the first place to declare its results in the US presidential elections .
Later that day, well over 200 million other American voters will face the same choice as the good folks of the Notch: returning Barack Obama to the White House for a second and final four-year term, or electing Mitt Romney as the 45th President of the United States .
The winner of that contest will not be determined by whoever wins a simple majority (i.e. 50% of all votes cast, plus at least one). Like many electoral processes across the world, the system to elect the next president of the United States is riddled with idiosyncrasies and peculiarities - the quadrennial quorum in Dixville Notch being just one example.
Even though most US Presidents have indeed gained office by winning the popular vote, but this is not always the case . What is needed, is winning the electoral vote. For the US presidential election is an indirect one: depending on the outcome in each of the 50 states, an Electoral College convenes in Washington DC to elect the President.
The total of 538 electors is distributed across the states in proportion to their population size, and is regularly adjusted to reflect increases or decreases. In 2008 Louisiana had 9 electors and South Carolina had 8; reflecting a relative population decrease, resp. increase, those numbers are now reversed.
Maine and Nebraska are the only states to assign their electors proportionally; the other 48 states (and DC) operate on the ABBA principle : however slight the majority of either candidate in any of those states, he would win all its electoral votes. This rather convoluted system underlines the fact that the US Presidential elections are the sum of 50, state-level contests. It also brings into focus that some states are more important than others.
Obviously, in this system the more populous states carry much more weight than the emptier ones. Consider the map of the United States, and focus on the 17 states west of the straight-ish line of state borders from North Dakota-Minnesota in the north to Texas-Louisiana in the south. Just two states - Texas and California - outweigh the electoral votes of the 15 others .
So presidential candidates concentrate their efforts on the states where they can hope to gain the greatest advantage. This excludes the fairly large number of states that are solidly ‘blue’ (i.e. Democratic) or ‘red’ (Republican). Texas, for example, is reliably Republican, while California can be expected to fall in the Democratic column.
As shown by this map, the next presidential election will not be decided by 50 states, but by just 11 - the so-called ‘swing states’, that could still go either way. Voters outside these United Swing States of America can, as the legend on this map suggests, just sit quietly and have a beer. So which are these battleground states?
- In the West, they are: Colorado, Nevada and New Mexico
- In the Midwest: Wisconsin and Ohio
- In the South: Virginia, North Carolina and Florida
- And in the Northeast: Pennsylvania and New Hampshire.
Tacked to the wall of both parties’ war rooms is a slogan to help focus their efforts on these states: It don’t mean a thing if it ain’t got that swing. The relatively small number of votes that can win or lose an election here is more important than the millions of votes already tallied up as won or lost in solid red or blue states.
Inhabitants of the swing states can expect a barrage of tv ads from both camps, and frequent visits from either candidate. According to a recent poll, Romney and Obama are neck and neck in these states , which together hold 146 votes in the Electoral College - 270 are needed to win. In 2008, Obama won these states with a comfortable margin: 53% to 46%. Obama has a slight lead in Colorado, Ohio, Iowa and Wisconsin, and a better one in Pennsylvania. Romney is ahead in Virginia, Florida and North Carolina. It’s a tie in Nevada and New Hampshire.
Hm, New Hampshire… Who knows, those dozen-and-a-half votes up in Dixville Notch may turn out to be not just the first, but also the most important ones of the whole election…
Many thanks to Roger Huisman for sending in this map, published in The Oregonian on 1 October. Click here for that newspaper's online version.
Dixville Notch is the most famous example of the New Hampshire rule that allows smaller precincts to open at midnight and count the votes as soon as all registered voters have cast their ballots. But it isn’t the only one, nor the oldest one. Hart’s Location, 80 miles to the south, started a ‘midnight vote’ for the 1948 presidential elections, but discontinued the tradition in 1964, only to take it up again in 1996. A few other small New Hampshire towns have followed suit.
US citizens aren’t automatically voters. In order to exercise their democratic rights, they need to register. Of the 230 million Americans of voting age (i.e. at least 18 years old) during the previous presidential elections in 2008, just over 213 million were registered voters. Of those, 132 eventually turned out to vote, i.e. 62% of all registered voters, and 57% of all potential voters. See this page at the United States Election Project for a more detailed look at the numbers.
Voters could of course pick someone else, if they really wanted. ‘Third parties’ and unaffiliated candidates also vie for the electorate’s favour. Some of the ‘other’ presidential (and vice-presidential) hopefuls that are likely to appear on ballots in most states:
- Virgil Goode (and Jim Clymer) for the Constitution Party. Goode, who has been a Democrat, an independent and a Republican during his six terms as Congressman, is polling up to 9% in his home state of Virginia, possibly enough to tilt the state towards Obama.
- Jill Stein (and Cheri Honkala) for the Green Party. Dr Stein advocates a 50% cut in military spending, and proposes a ‘New Green Deal for America’, based upon president Franklin D. Roosevelt’s ‘Second Bill of Rights’ (1944).
- Gary Johnson (and Jim Gray) for the Libertarian Party. One of the better-organised ‘third parties’, the Libertarians’ well-oiled political machine will enable the former New Mexico governor to appear on the ballot in over 40 of the 50 states.
Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 with just under 40% of the popular vote, the worst score ever but for John Quincy Adams (30,9% in 1824); more recent popular ‘losers’ who became electoral ‘winners’ were Woodrow Wilson (41.8% in 1912 and 49.2% 1916), Harry Truman (49.5% in 1948), John F. Kennedy (49.7% in 1960), Richard Nixon (43.4% in 1968), Bill Clinton (43% in 1992 and 49.2% in 1996) and George W. Bush (47.8% in 2000).
This equals the number Members of Congress (435 Representatives, 100 Senators), plus three delegates from Washington DC.
Or, in the case of more than two candidates, a plurality (i.e. the most votes, but not an absolute majority).
California’s 55 electoral votes and Texas’s 38 add up to 93. The electoral votes of all the other 15 western states add up to 90.
On Oct. 13, a Rasmussen Swing State Poll put Romney at 49%, Obama at 48%, with 3% undecided. This puts the difference between both candidates within the margin of error of 3%. Also, the Rasmussen list of 11 swing states excludes New Mexico and includes Michigan.
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On January 13, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) issued a final rule listing the activities that would be prohibited under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and its implementing regulations to protect the threatened northern long-eared bat. The rule has potentially far-reaching implications as the range of this bat includes the entire Northeast and Midwest sections of the country, with some animals seen as far west as the Dakotas and as far south as Louisiana. The rule would generally prohibit tree cutting within this area at locations known as key bat habitats, which will be identified on maps available on the FWS website. This will affect agriculture, construction, mining, oil and gas exploration and production and timbering activities.
On April 2, 2015, FWS released a decision containing both a final rule listing the northern long-eared bat as a threatened species, and an interim rule under Section 4(d) of the act establishing measures that it believed necessary and advisable to provide for the bat’s conservation. Although the ESA strictly forbids the unpermitted taking of an endangered species, the statute does not provide the same protection for those species listed as threatened. Instead, FWS adopted a regulation that extends those taking provisions to threatened species unless a special rule is developed under Section 4(d) of the act to provide species-specific prohibitions.
In this final Section 4(d) rule, FWS made significant changes from the interim prohibitions, particularly those involving tree clearing and industrial activities. This rule could affect any industry engaging in tree clearing or land management activities that occur within critical portions of the bat’s range. Here are the key highlights of the final rule:
- The incidental take of a northern long-eared bat in areas not yet affected by white-nose syndrome (WNS) is not prohibited. Although purposeful take of the northern long-eared bat for other than self-defense and public health purposes is prohibited throughout its range, the prohibition on incidentally taking such a bat is limited to those areas of the country where FWS has found the presence of WNS.
As FWS noted in this rule, this disease is the primary cause for the species’ decline and was the principal factor in its listing. This disease has caused a massive decline in bat numbers wherever it appears. In response, FWS has identified and mapped a WNS zone that measures the presence of the fungus causing the disease and that now provides the boundary for the application and implementation of this rule. The map will be updated monthly.
Outside this boundary, FWS has found no benefit to regulating any incidental taking because those activities are not expected to change the rate at which WNS progresses.
- The prohibitions on incidental taking within the WNS zone are modified to reflect the activities prohibited rather than the industries that undertake those activities. In the interim rule, FWS imposed a ban on certain tree clearing that contained an exemption for the timber industry but prohibited those tree clearing activities by oil, gas, energy, wind, agricultural and mining industries. FWS has now concluded that its final rule should focus on the activity in question, not on the identity of the entity taking that action. As a result, within the WNS zone, tree removal activities are now prohibited where the activity would occur within 0.25 miles of a cave, mine or other structure used by the northern long-eared bat to hibernate (hibernacula).
Also, the final rule prohibits the removal of any tree from June 1 through July 31 if that tree or others within a 150-foot radius are known to be occupied bat maternity roosting trees.
- Altering a cave, mine or other structure within the WNS zone where northern long-eared bats are known to hibernate is also prohibited. Because places such as caves, mines and other structures where bats hibernate during the winter are so crucial to their survival, the final rule prohibits activities to alter a known hibernaculum if the activity could disturb or disrupt hibernating individual bats or impair an essential behavioral pattern including sheltering. In addition, activities occurring outside a known hibernaculum’s entrance or interior environment are prohibited if that activity changes either a northern long-eared bat’s access to or the quality of a known hibernaculum.
Importantly, this prohibition on activities altering hibernacula applies whether or not the bats are then using the structure to hibernate if it can be shown that the activities will impair essential bat behavioral patterns when they return.
- Activities not involving tree removal or affecting hibernacula are not prohibited. The FWS final rule recognizes that many activities not involving tree removal can have direct or indirect effects on northern long-eared bats. The final rule lists a number of activities that have the potential to cause the incidental take of these bats, including the operation of utility-scale wind energy turbines, the application of pesticides and prescribed fires as a land management activity. For all of these named and unnamed actions, FWS has made a finding that any incidental take arising as a result will not have a significant effect at the species level, and therefore all incidental takes other than those resulting from activities expressly regulated are not prohibited.
- As with other activities regulated by the ESA, definitions remain very important. To fully appreciate the nature and scope of the ESA, it is important to understand a number of key definitions that are contained in the act or have been approved by FWS and its sister agency in the Department of Commerce. The statute, at 16 U.S.C. § 1538, prohibits “taking,” which is then defined at 16 U.S.C. § 1532(19) to mean “to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct.” In turn, FWS has defined “harm” as used by the ESA to mean an act that actually kills or injures wildlife and that may include significant habitat modification or degradation where such action actually kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavior patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering. 50 C.F.R. § 17.3. An “incidental take” is a taking that results from, but was not the purpose of, carrying out an otherwise lawful activity. 50 C.F.R. § 402.02. A “threatened” species is one that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. 16 U.S.C. §1532(20).
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Presentation skills are more important than ever. You give a presentation because the computer just won’t cut it. The customer needs a human resource in the room.
If you’ve ever sat through a bad presentation, you know how frustrating it is. The presenter is losing respect and credibility, minute after excruciating minute. The sale will never be made, as the attendees cannot wait for an opportunity to escape. What’s a bad presentation? One that breaks one or more of the following rules:
Know and Respect Your Audience: Audiences are not all the same. Know the individual needs and strengths of your audience in advance, and tailor your presentation to them, specifically.
Present in Terms of Your Audience: Talk about them. If they’re in your audience, they accept that you have something useful to offer. There is
no need to toot your own horn. Instead, demonstrate how the material helps them achieve their goals. Address how successful implementation will benefit them. Ask them to explain how the concepts will benefit them.
Present Information In Multiple Formats: Give handouts. Have slides. Use photos and pictures. Have activities planned for every 15-30 minutes. Every person ever tested learns best when information is presented to them in a variety of ways, followed by practice utilizing the concept. Use all of these formats whenever possible. They’ll remember more of what you presented!
Have At Least 1 Slide Or Visual For Every Minute of Lecture Time: People read and absorb the information on a presentation slide in an average of 15 seconds. 5 to 7 information points per slide is all that people can work with in their short term memory at a time. When it’s time for a new group of concepts, it’s time for a new slide or visual. Your audience will remain attentive and engaged.
Never Read Your Slides To Your Audience: They can read them, and probably have. Reading to them feels insulting. Use the animations in your presentation program to have text join the slide as you make points. Movement increases the intensity of audience focus.
Speak in Coherent Sentences: Nothing will make your audience’s mind wander like throwing in a few, “Um, you know, so, uh, well” space fillers. The only way to avoid this is to rehearse your presentation. It shows respect for your audience’s time if you’ve taken the time to properly prepare. No one notices when space filling words are missing, but everyone notices when they’re used.
Ask Questions Throughout, and Listen to The Answers: Being
asked a question makes most people almost reflexively answer it, at least in their head. This keeps your audience engaged. If you ask a question and your audience answers, address the answer fully.
Keep It Short: Present for slightly less time than you were given. People will ask questions and otherwise interrupt you, and you need to build in plenty of time for that. Deliver your message. Your audience has a schedule to keep.
Would you like to learn more? Visit our Workshops and Seminars page.
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Of the modes of persuasion furnished
by the spoken word there are three kinds. [...]
Secondly, persuasion may come through the hearers,
when the speech stirs their emotions. [...]
Thirdly, persuasion is effected through the speech itself
when we have proved a truth or an apparent truth by means
of the persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question.
In medieval universities, the trivium comprised the three subjects taught first: grammar, logic, and rhetoric. The word is a Latin term meaning "the three ways" or "the three roads" forming the foundation of a medieval liberal arts education. This study was preparatory for the quadrivium. The quadrivium comprised the four subjects, or arts, taught in medieval universities after the trivium. The word is Latin, meaning "the four ways" or "the four roads": the completion of the liberal arts. The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. These followed the preparatory work of the trivium made up of grammar, logic (or dialectic, as it was called at the times), and rhetoric. In turn, the quadrivium was considered preparatory work for the serious study of philosophy and theology.
Grammar is the mechanics of a language; logic (or dialectic) is the "mechanics" of thought and analysis; rhetoric is the use of language to instruct and persuade. Sister Miriam Joseph described the three parts of the Trivium thus:
Another description is:
The following schematic presents the arrangements of this system of educational disciplines, and shows how Aristotle's Three Modes of Persuasion in Rhetoric fit into the bigger picture.
The three basic elements of the "Trivium"
-- Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric --
(rhetoric being further sub-classified
into Ethos, Pathos and Logos)
are the prerequisites for the
four subjects of the Quadrivium
- Arithetic, Geometry, Music and Astronomy.
These become the preparatory for
the "serious Higher education"
involving Philosophy and Theology.
|Aristotle's Three Modes of Persuasion in Rhetoric|
|Ethos||Appeal to the audience's sense of honesty and/or authority|
|Pathos||Appeal to the audience's sense of emotions|
|Logos||Appeal to the audience's sense of logic|
Ethos is a Greek word originally meaning "accustomed place", "custom, habit", equivalent to Latin mores. Ethos forms the root of ethikos, meaning "moral, showing moral character". To the Greeks ancient and modern, the meaning is simply "the state of being", the inner source, the soul, the mind, and the original essence, that shapes and forms a person or animal. Ethos is an appeal to the authority or honesty of the speaker. It is how well the speaker convinces the audience that he or she is qualified to speak on the particular subject. It can be done in many ways: By being a notable figure in the field in question, such as a college professor or an executive of a company whose business is that of the subject. By having a vested interest in a matter, such as the person being related to the subject in question. By using impressive logos that shows to the audience that the speaker is knowledgeable on the topic. By appealing to a person's ethics or character.
Pathos is one of the three modes of persuasion in rhetoric (along with ethos and logos). Pathos appeals to the audience's emotions. It is a part of Aristotle's philosophies in rhetoric. It is not to be confused with 'bathos', which is an attempt to perform in a serious, dramatic fashion that fails and ends up becoming comedy. Pathetic events in a plot are also not to be confused with tragic events. In a tragedy, the character brings about his or her own demise, whereas those invoking pathos often occur to innocent characters, invoking unmerited grief. Emotional appeal can be accomplished in a multitude of ways: by a metaphor or story telling, common as a hook, by a general passion in the delivery and an overall number of emotional items in the text of the speech, or in writing. Pathos is an appeal to the audienceís ethical judgment. It can be in the form of metaphor, simile, a passionate delivery, or even a simple claim that a matter is unjust. Pathos can be particularly powerful if used well, but most speeches do not solely rely on pathos. Pathos is most effective when the author connects with an underlying value of the reader.
Logos is an important term in philosophy, analytical psychology, rhetoric and religion. Heraclitus (ca. 535Ė475 BCE) established the term in Western philosophy as meaning both the source and fundamental order of the cosmos. The sophists used the term to mean discourse, and Aristotle applied the term to rational discourse. The Stoic philosophers identified the term with the divine animating principle pervading the universe. After Judaism came under Hellenistic influence, Philo adopted the term into Jewish philosophy. Logos is logical appeal, and the term logic is derived from it. It is normally used to describe facts and figures that support the speaker's topic.
From Aristotle we have learnt that there are three modes of persuasion in rhetoric - ethos, pathos and logos. We are all very much aware there is zero or little logic in the bible, and here is it quite clear that there is zero ethos. That basically implies that the persuasiveness of the bible is surely fair and square founded on pathos --- a direct appeal to the emotions of the (uneducated) audience. What a pathetic state of affairs. The authors of the NT appear to have created a new and strange religion using persuasion via pathos.
. The religious authority in the empire at that time, and for centuries prior to the arrival of Constantine and his Bible, was associated with the lineage of various schools and academies which used - in a collegiate and custodial manner - the vast architectural networks of temples and shrines to preserve the milieu of Greek religious thought. Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Euclid and many others were still being preserved by the Greek academics - such as Porphyry, at that epoch. A revival in Greek literature, starting as early as the mid second century with Marcus Aurelius had strengthened in the third century under authors such as Philostratus, is known to academics as "The Second Sophistic"
Constantine culminated the Second Sophistic with the commissioning of an official monotheistic Holy Writ which was called "The New Testament". All other writings were deemed secondary in importantance and relative merit, and many were targetted for destruction by fire by Constantine, who was not averse to fascism.
As a result of these political actions, the New Testament was elevated to the uppermost limits of the political and religious milieu at that epoch. The fascist tendencies of Constantine continue unabatedly to destroy the ancient temples and shrines of the Greeks one by one, and the construction one by one of new Christian churches - or basilicas - overe the top of these sure greek foundations. The City of Alexandria, once supreme in the sphere of architecture, art, scupture, literature, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, etc, was literally recycled to become the City of Constantine.
Contrary to the written accounts of the heresiologists (such as Eusebius, Jerome, Augustine, Rufinus, Cyril et al) it is suggested that there were no "christian heretics" before Nicaea because Christianity - in the form of the New Testament Canon - was only recently fabricated, perhaps between the years 312 and 324 CE. For the sake of the following argument, irrespective or not if the new testament was fabricated then, it was not at all known by the Greeks. They had never read it.
Out thesis is that the first reaction to the new testament was the authorship of the new testament apocrypha - the "Hidden Gnostic Books" of the bible. Most people think that Constantine decided NOT to include these "Other Gospels", but the argument here is that they did not then exist at the time he assembled the new testament.
The "Other Books" - the "Other Gospels" and "Other Acts" were authored by Gnostic Greeks as ploemical literature aimed at lowering the public opinion and political authority of Constantine's Official Bible.
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Crimean rabbi of the fourteenth century. According to Firkovitch ("C. I. H." No. 50), Kirimi was a proselyte and a pupil of Aaron ben Joseph the Karaite. He derived his name from his native town Kirim, or Sulehat, in the Crimea.
Kirimi was the author of "Sefat Emet," a commentary on the Pentateuch, in which he tries to refute the interpretations of the Karaites when they are in contradiction to those of the Rabbinites. Kirimi says in the preface that he wrote the work at the request of many notable Jews and especially of his Karaite pupil Hezekiah b. Elhanan ha-Nasi, whom he held in high esteem. A part of the preface is in verse, the last two lines of which may be translated: "To the one who asks for the author's name, answer 'Abraham who was born at Kirim. His date is 5118 .'" Steinschneider andFuenn consider this date to be that of the composition of the work; but it seems rather to be that of the author's birth.
- Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xi. 38, 39;
- Fuenn, Ha-Karmel, iii. 53 et seq.;
- idem, Keneset Yisrael, p. 62.
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| 0.963969 | 296 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Subscribe FREELY Right Now - click here!
Last time during the explanation on “What is a punctuation“, I mentioned that the uses of commas will be elaborated in a later session and this is exactly what this article is focussed on; so fasten your seat belts.
What Is A Comma?
→ A comma is a sign or punctuation mark which denotes the shortest pause and the least amount of separation between words, phrases or clauses.
Importance Of Commas
→ The comma is the most frequently used punctuation mark and has an array of uses.
Is this a coincidence, is this a chance?
Of course not! As I previously told you, a punctuation mark helps to translate or convey the exact voice inflexion from spoken to written words. And when anyone talks, there’s always a series of short pauses. Now by definition, a comma marks a short pause.
Now be careful to not overuse commas, that is, do not use too much of it in your sentence. Why? It will spoil the meaning of your sentence and making it confusing for your readers. A sentence with many unnecessary commas often leads to several interpretation.
When To Use Commas?
Your common sense and the desire to make your meaning clear, will usually guide you where a pause is needed. Just try to say aloud what you want to write and see for yourself where you make obvious pauses. Everything comes with practice and maturity of your writing skills.
General Uses Of Commas – When Are Commas Used?
1) To separate words in a list or series
→ Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and Fernando Torres were the top three players nominated for the FIFA world player of the year.
2) To mark off direct speech
→ Aliya said, “He’s the handsome I was telling you about the other day.”
3) To mark off or separate expressions like: “however, in fact, of course, therefore, after all, indeed, for instance“, from the rest of a sentence
→ Indeed, Manchester United won the prestigious title of the world best football club.
→ It was, however, too expensive for our budget.
4) To show Ellipsis
→ You may go your way; I, mine.
→ He will soon succeed; you, never.
5) To mark off question tags.
→ The new year’s eve was great, isn’t it?
6) To separate short co-ordinate clauses
→ Please run upstairs, go to my room, get me my bag.
→ I came, I saw, I conquered.
→ When it rained, we got wet.
7) To mark off nouns in apposition
→ Problogger, Darren Rowse, is very much loved and solicited in the blogosphere.
8.) To separate clauses in a compound sentence.
→ Mickels Rea was very busy with his first official album, so he did not come to the last Star Academy get-together party.
In Complex Sentences, the comma should not be used when the omission of the Relative Clause would make the Principal Clause meaningless or would change its meanings. (Explanation of the red words in a later session)
Consider the following sentence:
→ “Shakespeare plays which were written in the years 1604-1609 are all tragic and sombre.”
⇒ Now, if commas marked off the clause as follows:
“Shakespeare plays, which were written in the years 1604-1609, are all tragic and sombre.”
This would completely change the whole meaning of the sentence and would thus convey the main meaning of: “Shakespeare plays are all tragic and sombre.”
Is this what the original sentence wanted to say? No, the original meant that only those written in the years 1604-1609 were tragic.
Got it? So, be careful when using commas.
There are other different ways in which commas are used, but I have brought forward only the most common and important ones. Commas can be used as per your intuition since different people and writers essentially have varied styles – but provided you convey the right meaning without ambiguities. In any case, I would to love to hear your comments below..
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en
| 0.946383 | 915 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Activity 1: Halloween is here! This is a greeting card for all my students. Open it if you dare!
Activity 2: This is a Presentation about Halloween created by our American assistant Brooke.
Activity 3: Read one of the best scary stories written by students in the third ESO:
A TERRIBLE NIGHT by José Antonio Cárdenas
This story happened fifty years ago when a family was having dinner. The father came from his job (he was a policeman) and he had a present for his children. The present was a statue made in India. The father said to them: “Jack, Julie, this is for you, I saw it in the street.” The children put it in a fcupboard because they didn’t like it.
When it was night, the family went to bed, and they thought that the day had been normal… This was a mistake.
At twelve o’clock, the statue’s eyes began to shine and it began to ascend on the air. It went towards Jake’s bedroom. He got up because he heard a noise. Then, he felt a something weird behind him.
Before he could see it, the statue cut his head off with its arm. The blood splashed all the bedroom.
After this murder, the statue went to Julie’s bedroom. It broke the door with its hand and it threw a knife to Julie’s head. She died immediately.
The parents were sleeping and they didn’t hear anything. Suddenly, the wife got up because she was thirsty. She was going to the kitchen, but she saw Julie’s corpse and Jack’s corpse. She shouted and she woke up his husband. He, scared, ran towards his wife.
When he arrived, he saw that the statue had beheaded his wife with its sword. The man, angry and scared, took his gun and he shot the statue, but it didn’t die. Finally, the statue took the man and it broke him into two parts.
The blood flooded the house.
This is the end of this story… but tonight the same could happen you same…
Activity 4: Now watch this videoclip “This is Halloween” with English subtitles from the classic film “Nightmare Before Christmas” . Sing along!
Activity 5: Participate in this poll about how you celebrate Halloween. If you have more than one answer vote again.
Final activity: Send a comment to this post about how you celebrate this festival, your opinion about it, a spooky message, some tips to stay alive this Halloween, or maybe the link to any interesting Halloween website or video.
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In the modern world, it is a fallacy of every individual that capitalism has led to the development of an emotional world that is dominated by bureaucratic rationality; it is surprisingly assumed that authentic relationships are at conflict with an individual’s economic behavior. Every human believes that the private and community spheres are constantly lacking the effort to be incongruent with each other. However, Eva Illouz, in her book ‘the making
- Type: Descriptive Essay • Category: Sociology • Citation format: APA • Words: 1156
Youth suicide in Australia is said to be mostly associated with extreme depression and most of youths who have been victims of this horrible situation are said to have tried it in the first time. According to the research the rates of youths committing suicide have increased due to psychological differences such as mental illness, depression and mental disorders. Also personal and family issues which are stressing to the victim have
- Type: Assignment • Category: Sociology • Citation format: Harvard • Words: 769
The relationship between ethnicity, gender difference and crime in the U.K is a subject matter for research, government surveys as well as public concern. Under section 95, of criminal justice Act 1991, the government has collected an annual statistics based on race, gender and crime rate as well.Ethnic difference According to the official statistics there is a very huge striking difference between the ethnic minority groups. For instance, the blacks make
- Type: Research Paper • Category: Sociology • Citation format: Other • Words: 2407
Problem Statement Misbehavior exhibited by youths has been increasing each day in the current societies. The behavior can be of various forms and have different ways of understanding them. Rebellious behaviors seen in youths and the juveniles are related basically to their unwillingness or inability to obey and follow the norms of a certain community and have respect for the authority or for the rights of other people in the society.
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Global warming and the climate change to the Earth is a real and damaging thing. Take for example the hole in the Ozone layer. The ozone layer is a layer of gas in the atmosphere of the Earth that protects living creatures on the surface of the Earth from the Sun’s ultraviolet rays. The hole in the Ozone layer grows larger each year, and human activity and consumption patterns are playing a big part in the considerable growth of this harmful hole.
It’s so that we all have a responsibility to keep our planet intact for future generations. Change has to start now to make our planet a healthier planet, and that starts with the small steps. Lots of companies are eager to sell their green products to you that will use less power, so you may believe that a green lifestyle is only suited to people with cash to spare, but that’s not true.
You can be green as well! Here are a few simple steps that you can take right away to do your bit for the future of the planet!
One of the smallest things you can do with a huge impact is with regards to boiling water. Boiling water via kettle or pan asks a lot of the energy we have available, and if we are boiling more than we need, we are wasting energy. Simply boil the exact amount you need to save energy and money. This goes for cooking with saucepans as well, if you use a lid, you’ll be making use of valuable steam and won’t be wasting energy.
Of course, make sure you regularly recycle and sort your trash out between cardboard and plastics. Simply binning everything limits the recycling opportunities available to the world.
Upgrading the tech in your house could be a big deal for energy saving. The NEST can remotely control the temperature, so you can turn your heating off completely if you’re not in the house and prep it for just before you get in. This will help you save a lot of money and of course, stop you from wasting energy.
Swapping out the car for an electric model is a big ask – you need it. However, you might consider taking public transport a few days a week or even using something like an electric bike, but you must also be confident on the road before taking that step! Cars obviously pump out a lot of harmful pollution on a day to day basis, and if we all used our automobiles a little less, we’d be making a big change.
Loads of coffee cups go to waste every day, so put an end to your impact on the landfills by utilizing reusable coffee cups that can be filled up at your favorite coffee shop.
The thing about all these little steps is the huge impact each of them has. If everyone on the planet capable of doing so followed your lead, we’d be living in a greener world. Set the bar high and live a greener lifestyle today.
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| 0.936874 | 600 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Martin Luther King (15 January 1929 to 4 April 1968)
Martin Luther King
In April 1968 I was back at home in Birmingham for the Easter break; six months previously I had left home to study in London. I was politically naïve although I had attended my first large demonstration and had sold newspapers outside South Kensington tube station. This was International Times, an alternative rather than explicitly political newspaper although it presented itself as challenging authority and the establishment. I just hoped I might meet some friendly people.
There were two major events which changed my ideas about racism in that April fifty years ago; one in the USA and one in Britain. On 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King was murdered in Memphis Tennessee. On 20 April 1968, Enoch Powell made his ‘rivers of blood’ speech at the Midland Hotel in Birmingham, England.
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became a civil rights leader from 1954 to 1968. King led the 1955 Montogmery bus boycott and helped organise the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. He also helped to organise the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous ‘I Have a Dream’ speech.
On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1965, he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People’s Campaign, when he was assassinated by James Earl Ray on 4 April.
Sharpeville 1960. The death of Hector Pietersen, one of 69 demonstrators shot by the police.
I had heard on the news how badly black people were treated in some countries. The Sharpeville massacre in South Africa, eight years previously, had introduced me to a new word, ‘apartheid’. This was an alien word from an alien culture. I thought South Africa was part of the British Empire but while we were handing back some countries to their black populations why were they being deprived here? Attempts by Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, to declare independence based on white minority rule, were not recognised so why should we allow South Africa to continue with apartheid?
We saw on the news how blacks were segregated in a similar way in the USA. Worse, they were treated as having no rights and genocidal murder was common. The news could in no way present the reality of life for black people in the southern states of America. But we saw on our news the fightback by communities, the demonstrations and the responses both non-violent and riot. There had been hope for improvement, especially when JFK was elected but his assassination ended those hopes. With Malcolm X also murdered and now Martin Luther King, there was despair that white power might prevail.
Birmingham, England was not Birmingham, Alabama. I knew there were a few black people in the north of the city, in Handsworth and Aston. But I never went there and I never saw anyone with a brown skin except a man in a turban who came door to door occasionally, selling brushes. The images on television or in the new Sunday paper colour supplements described an incomprehensible distant reality. There were plenty of jokes about other races, mostly of a patronising nature. But in Selly Oak in 1968, race did not appear to be an issue.
Enoch Powell in 1968
At least, not until Enoch Powell made his speech on 20 April 1968 predicting a bloody race war if we continued to allow immigration. Powell was born in Birmingham and made his speech at the Midland Hotel near New Street Station, ensuring local interest although the speech made news across the country. Edward Heath sacked him from his position as Shadow Defence Secretary in the Conservative opposition. However, dockers and meat porters in London came out on strike in support of him. Right wing groups were able to grow in this environment; Powell’s political career was finished but the spectre he raised continues to have appeal for racists.
Perhaps Powell had been considering the riots which had taken place in America the previous year. Over 100 cities had been hit by serious rioting, vandalism, looting and building fires during 1967. Some 90 people had died, hundreds were injured and over 11,000 people were arrested. These events were apocalyptic at the time but the riots had happened almost a year earlier. It could not be imagined on Britain’s streets; instead he talked of an insidious takeover of Britain in racist terms.
Kenyan Asians leave for Britain after expulsion 1968
Powell was not alone in panicking over mass immigration. Weeks before the speech, the Labour government had rushed through the Commonwealth Immigration Act which restricted immigration from Commonwealth countries to those with a direct connection with Britain, such as a grandparent. Previously, all were considered citizens of Great Britain and the Colonies, and so had a right to enter the UK. The prospect of up to 200,000 Asians who might be expelled from newly-independent Kenya coming to Britain led to the border gates being shut on anyone with a brown skin.
In 1968 I was 19 and I had not yet realised that any control of immigration is essentially racist. Neither had I worked out that welcoming fit, young, educated people who were willing to work would make this country better off. I could not yet dream of the cultural benefits which would enhance the lives of the British including myself; from chicken tikka masala, ska and reggae, khatak dance, fabulous fabrics, Bollywood, Chinatown, et al.
I had picked up some Malthusian ideas from my teenage reading that talked of limited resources being shared out amongst a population and how a sudden increase (by migration) would impoverish everyone. However, while there might be a short-term cost, instead of just mouths to feed a country would gain with more hands to work and more brainpower to think. I am proud of my later anti-racist activity but regret this early misconception.
Most of this section is from Wikipedia, with acknowledgements and no apologies; I have edited it to suit my purposes. I am a supporter of Wikipedia and make a monthly donation.
On 21 March 1960, up to 7,000 protestors went to the police station in Sharpeville, Transvaal to demonstrate against the pass laws. The police opened fire, killing 69 people, some in the back as they ran away,
Ghana in 1956 was the first black African nation to be granted independence by Britain.
Who also looked after their children and old people.
I speak from personal experience; I met and married someone from another culture. I have enjoyed and benefited from extended cultural horizons.
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By Dr. Paul Jerard, E-RYT 500
The Yoga Sutras, which are the foundation of Maharishi Patanjali’s Yoga, teach us about leading a non-harming way of life. Living a life of non-harming means more than not hurting others through violent means. Most of us can do that already with little trouble. We must also consider the less overt types of harming that we experience on a daily basis. Negative actions and talk can be harming, exposure to violence in the media can be harming to us, if we accept it as natural behavior, and treating our natural resources as if they will be there forever can be harming to future generations. All of these subtle aspects of violence play a much larger role in our lives. We can also let harm happen to others by not taking action to help them.
The Eight Limbs
Picture the image of a human being with four arms protruding from each side of his or her body. Each limb is detailed in the Yoga Sutras, and is meant to signify the path to total enlightenment. Each limb, signifies moral codes of conduct, postures, breathing, withdrawing from the senses, concentration, meditation, or perfected concentration. The first set of steps consists of the five Yamas, which are codes of self-restraint, regulation, abstinence, and relationships with the world outside of the self. More specifically, the Ahimsa Yama signifies non-harming, non-violence, and non-injury.
Perhaps, you have heard the quote: “Never answer an angry word with an angry word. It’s the second that makes the quarrel.” Ahimsa stands for the belief that if you react to others with peace and non-harming attitudes, they will follow suit. Shining your own inner peace onto others can alleviate hostility and aggression.
Yoga teachers should implement Ahimsa into their daily practices by treating students with respect and patience. Learn to release negative emotions and thoughts the moment they come into your brain. Accept your students as they are, and do all you can to help them grow in their Yoga practices. Banish negative self-thoughts by releasing them the moment they enter your consciousness. Avoid accepting criminally violent entertainment as an accepted part of daily life. To a point, forms of media openly endorse the cultivation of violence in our society as entertainment. Therefore, we should be selective in what we accept as entertainment.
We can treat Planet Earth with respect by using only what we need, consuming only enough for one’s needs as much as possible, and recycling the resources, which are readily available to us. As we absorb the knowledge of the Eight Limbs, we must remember that a non-harming way of life is critical. The more we practice it, the easier it will become. Your students will see the inner peace you possess, it will put them at ease, and inspire them to follow in your footsteps.
source : www.aurawellnesscenter.com
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Operation of the UVC lamp
Fablox UVC is a disinfecting device based on a forced air flow system. It works by means of UV-C radiation that absorbs the nucleic acids and proteins of microorganisms, which as a result damages the structure of their genetic material, thereby inhibiting their reproduction. The device features two UV-C radiators and a patented flow channel with reflectors that extends the air flow path. The reflectors ensure double the dose of UV-C radiation inside the device (300J / m2), which, according to current knowledge, is sufficient to eliminate most bacteria, fungi and viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 (the average deactivating radiation level is 67J / m2). This ensures that indoor air is disinfected quickly and very effectively.
This innovative and unique feature makes our product extremely effective and at the same time very energy efficient. All kinds of viruses, bacteria, microorganisms, fungi and moulds sucked into the device are completely eliminated, and only clean, filtered air comes back out into the room where the Fablox UVC is located.
The Fablox UVC flow lamp is absolutely safe for the environment. As a result, it can be used in rooms where people, animals and plants are constantly present.
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| 0.941984 | 264 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Food Security in India - The Hindu - 10/12/22
Expanding Public Distributing System coverage to account for the increase in population since 2011 is a no-brainer; the Government’s resistance to implementing a Supreme Court of India direction is baffling.
India has ranked 101 among the 116 countries on the Global Hunger Index, 2021. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation, the Food Price Index has increased by 30% in the year 2021-22.
GS2 - Governance
Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals’ ability to access it; meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life.
It has following dimensions:
-Availability: It means food production within the country, food imports and the stock stored in government granaries.
-Accessibility: It means food is within reach of every person without any discrimination.
-Affordability: It implies that having enough money to buy sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet
one’s dietary needs.
--->Impact of the pandemic on Food Security: Recently, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has released the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021 report. The key findings are,
-Loss of income and rise in food prices
-Dip in people’s affordability of healthy food
-Healthy diet costs more
NFSA covers 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population under:
-Antyodaya Anna Yojana: It constitute the poorest of-the-poor, are entitled to receive 35 kg of foodgrains per household per month.
-Priority Households (PHH): Households covered under PHH category are entitled to receive 5 kg of foodgrains per person per month.
-In addition, the act lays down special provisions for children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years old, which allows them to receive a nutritious meal for free through a widespread network of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) centres, known as Anganwadi Centres.
Challenges to food security in India:
1.Climate change will continue to affect agriculture and food security
2.A third of all food produced is wasted
3.scale of India’s public food distribution systems is immense and has gone through constant navigation and improvement, which is commendable. But still lot of improvement needed
4. The Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-18 revealed that over 40 million children are chronically malnourished, and more than half of Indian women aged 15-49 years are anaemic.
5.In India, more than 86% of farmers have less than two hectares of land contributing around 60% of the total food grain production and over half the country’s fruits and vegetables.
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public interface Element extends AnnotatedConstruct
Elements should be compared using the
method. There is no guarantee that any particular element will
always be represented by the same object.
To implement operations based on the class of an
Element object, either use a visitor or
use the result of the
getKind() method. Using
instanceof is not necessarily a reliable idiom for
determining the effective class of an object in this modeling
hierarchy since an implementation may choose to have a single object
|Modifier and Type||Method and Description|
Applies a visitor to this element.
Returns the type defined by this element.
Returns this construct's annotation of the specified type if such an annotation is present, else
Returns the annotations that are directly present on this construct.
Returns the elements that are, loosely speaking, directly enclosed by this element.
Returns the innermost element within which this element is, loosely speaking, enclosed.
Returns the modifiers of this element, excluding annotations.
Returns the simple (unqualified) name of this element.
Obeys the general contract of
A generic element defines a family of types, not just one.
If this is a generic element, a prototypical type is
returned. This is the element's invocation on the
type variables corresponding to its own formal type parameters.
for the generic class element
C<N extends Number>,
the parameterized type
C<N> is returned.
Types utility interface has more general methods
for obtaining the full range of types defined by an element.
kindof this element.
staticmodifiers of interface members, are included.
"Set". If this element represents an unnamed package, an empty name is returned. If it represents a constructor, the name "
<init>" is returned. If it represents a static initializer, the name "
<clinit>" is returned. If it represents an anonymous class or instance initializer, an empty name is returned.
nullif there is none
Note that elements of certain kinds can be isolated using
boolean equals(Object obj)
trueif the argument represents the same element as
Note that the identity of an element involves implicit state
not directly accessible from the element's methods, including
state about the presence of unrelated types. Element objects
created by different implementations of these interfaces should
not be expected to be equal even if "the same"
element is being modeled; this is analogous to the inequality
Class objects for the same class file loaded through
different class loaders.
List<? extends AnnotationMirror> getAnnotationMirrors()
To get inherited annotations as well, use
<A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> annotationType)
The annotation returned by this method could contain an element
whose value is of type
This value cannot be returned directly: information necessary to
locate and load a class (such as the class loader to use) is
not available, and the class might not be loadable at all.
Attempting to read a
Class object by invoking the relevant
method on the returned annotation
will result in a
from which the corresponding
TypeMirror may be extracted.
Similarly, attempting to read a
will result in a
Note: This method is unlike others in this and related interfaces. It operates on runtime reflective information — representations of annotation types currently loaded into the VM — rather than on the representations defined by and used throughout these interfaces. Consequently, calling methods on the returned annotation object can throw many of the exceptions that can be thrown when calling methods on an annotation object returned by core reflection. This method is intended for callers that are written to operate on a known, fixed set of annotation types.
A- the annotation type
Classobject corresponding to the annotation type
<R,P> R accept(ElementVisitor<R,P> v, P p)
R- the return type of the visitor's methods
P- the type of the additional parameter to the visitor's methods
v- the visitor operating on this element
p- additional parameter to the visitor
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You must take the necessary precautions to keep your health in good condition while you study for government examinations. See, you cannot study for your examinations successfully if you are ill. Being physically and mentally healthy is essential for studying efficiently for government examinations. Your ability to concentrate on your preparations may suffer if you are not physically fit. Long stretches of study time may be challenging for you.
Soon, your body will start to feel sleepy and worn out. Additionally, you may need to see a doctor and take medicine if you become sick. All of this, though, sounds rather uncomfortable. Anyone who wants to pass the government tests would not really want to go through all of this schoolwork. We’ll go through some easy actions you may take to be healthy and active while preparing for the government tests. If you want to succeed in the SSC examinations, you should enrol in the best Laxmi Nagar SSC Classes center.
To Learn How to Keep Healthy, Read This Article.
Maintain a Healthy Routine
Students believe that they must take highly complicated actions in order to maintain their health. Do you believe achieving health is a really challenging task? However, this is untrue. You don’t need to join a gym, engage in rigorous exercise, or workout often. You may maintain your health while you study for government examinations by making a few easy adjustments to your daily schedule. Start consuming wholesome foods. 15 to 20 minutes of walking We no longer believe that these three processes are particularly difficult. They are simple to include in your regular routine. So maintaining a healthy lifestyle is not difficult. If you want to guarantee the highest level of productivity and efficiency when studying, you must make a decision. Inculcating new changes may be frustrating and fraught with trepidation. Although you may feel exhausted and stressed, the effects will be apparent quickly.
Reduce the Mental Strain You’re Under
Your mind goes wild when you’re under stress. Your mind gets hyperactive and begins to scrutinise every little detail. You won’t be able to focus on your test preparation because of the ideas. You’ll experience the impulse to give up on your academics and think about useless things all the time. Due to the fact that they must manage numerous tasks at once, pupils are more likely to experience this. Therefore, it is time for you to say goodbye to stress if you want to succeed. Put an end to your preparation-related worries. Simply eliminate them from your life if they are a source of demotivation in it, whether they are friends or relatives. Your only attention must be focused on doing well on your tests. You must take the necessary action to guarantee that you release tension if you are distracted or too worried.
To do well on government examinations, you must get enough sleep. A healthy sleep schedule enables your body to recover after a long day. While you sleep, your brain is working very hard to maintain the connections and information you gained that day.You must thus get enough sleep to replenish your body’s energy stores. Lack of sleep leads to feelings of sluggishness and sleepiness. You want to focus well on getting ready for your test. You must start getting the right amount of sleep if you want to succeed. Power naps are also permitted in between study sessions. A power nap is a brief snooze of five to ten minutes taken with a particular goal in mind—to refresh your mind from the monotony of test preparation. It’s time for you to enrol in the top Laxmi Nagar banking institute if you want to do well on the bank tests.
Being physically and mentally healthy is essential for studying efficiently for government examinations. Your ability to concentrate on your preparations may suffer if you are not physically fit. Long stretches of study time may be challenging for you.
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During 2010, 8 cases of mumps (0.2 per 100,000) were reported. All 8 cases were laboratory-confirmed, including 2 cases confirmed by both positive PCR and IgM serology, 1 confirmed by PCR only, and 5 confirmed by IgM serology only. Two cases were epidemiologically linked to a source case. Six of the 8 cases were not epidemiologically linked, demonstrating that asymptomatic infections are occurring, and suggesting that mumps is underdiagnosed.
Cases ranged in age from 3 to 53 years. Two cases occurred in persons 0 through 18 years of age; 4 cases occurred in persons 19 through 33 years of age; 1 case occurred in persons 34 through 49 years of age; and 1 case occurred in persons 50 years and older. One case had a documented history of 2 doses of mumps-containing vaccine; 3 cases had a documented history of 1 dose. Three cases reported a history of receiving at least 1 dose of mumps-containing vaccine but these reports were not verified. No cases reported a previous history of mumps disease; and 1 case, born in 1957, had unknown history of disease as well as unknown vaccination status.
Mumps surveillance is complicated by nonspecific clinical presentation in nearly half of cases, asymptomatic infections in an estimated 20% of cases, and suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of serologic testing. Mumps should not be ruled out solely on the basis of negative laboratory results. Providers are also advised to test for other causes of sporadic parotitis including parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza A virus, coxsackie A virus, echovirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and other noninfectious causes such as drugs, tumors, and immunologic diseases.
- For up to date information see>> Mumps
- Full issue>> Annual Summary of Communicable Diseases Reported to the Minnesota Department of Health, 2010
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E-text prepared by Joseph E. Loewenstein, M.D.
THE GIRL OF THE GOLDEN WEST
"In those strange days, people coming from God knows where, joined forces in that far Western land, and, according to the rude custom of the camp, their very names were soon lost and unrecorded, and here they struggled, laughed, gambled, cursed, killed, loved and worked out their strange destinies in a manner incredible to us of to-day. Of one thing only are we sure—they lived!"
Early History of California
It was when coming back to the mines, after a trip to Monterey, that the Girl first met him. It happened, too, just at a time when her mind was ripe to receive a lasting impression. But of all this the boys of Cloudy Mountain Camp heard not a word, needless to say, until long afterwards.
Lolling back on the rear seat of the stage, her eyes half closed,—the sole passenger now, and with the seat in front piled high with boxes and baskets containing rebozos, silken souvenirs, and other finery purchased in the shops of the old town,—the Girl was mentally reviewing and dreaming of the delights of her week's visit there,—a visit that had been a revelation to one whose sole experience of the world had until now been derived from life in a rough mining camp. Before her half-closed eyes still shimmered a vista of strange, exotic scenes and people, the thronging crowds of carnivals and fetes; the Mexican girls swaying through the movements of the fandango to the music of guitars and castanets; the great rodeo with its hundreds of vaqueros, which was held at one of the ranchos just outside the town; and, lastly, and most vividly of all, the never-to-be-forgotten thrill of her first bull-fight.
Still ringing in her ears was the piercing note of the bugle which instantly silenced the expectant throng; the hoarse roar that greeted the entrance of the bull, and the thunder of his hoofs when he made his first mad charge. She saw again, with marvellous fidelity, the whole colour-scheme just before the death of the big, brave beast: the huge arena in its unrivalled setting of mountain, sea and sky; the eager multitude, tense with expectancy; the silver-mounted bridles and trappings of the horses; the many-hued capes of the capadors; the gaily-dressed banderilleros, poising their beribboned barbs; the red flag and long, slender, flashing sword of the cool and ever watchful matador; and, most prominent of all to her eyes, the brilliant, gold-laced packets of the gentlemen-picadors, who, after the Mexican fashion,—so she had been told,—deemed it in nowise beneath them to enter the arena in person.
And so it happened that now, as the stage swung round a corner, and a horseman suddenly appeared at a point where two roads converged, and was evidently spurring his horse with the intent of coming up with the stage, it was only natural that, even before he was near enough to be identified, the caballero should already have become a part of the pageant of her mental picture.
Up to the moment of the stranger's appearance, nothing had happened to break the monotony of her long return journey towards Cloudy Mountain Camp. Far back in the distance now lay the Mission where the passengers of the stage had been hospitably entertained the night before; still further back the red-tiled roofs and whitewashed walls of the little pueblo of San Jose,—a veritable bower of roses; and remotest of all, the crosses of San Carlos and the great pines, oaks and cypresses, which bordered her dream-memory of the white-beach crescent formed by the waves of Monterey Bay.
The dawn of each day that swept her further from her week in wonderland had ushered in the matchless spring weather of California,—the brilliant sunshine, the fleecy clouds, the gentle wind with just a tang in it from the distant mountains; and as the stage rolled slowly northward through beautiful valleys, bright with yellow poppies and silver-white lupines, every turn of the road varied her view of the hills lying under an enchantment unlike that of any other land. Yet strange and full of interest as every mile of the river country should have been to a girl accustomed to the great forest of the Sierras, she had gazed upon it for the most part with unseeing eyes, while her thoughts turned, magnet-like, backward to the delights and the bewilderment of the old Mexican town. So now, as the pursuing horseman swept rapidly nearer, each swinging stride of the powerful horse, each rhythmic movement of the graceful rider brought nearer and more vivid the vision of a handsome picador holding off with his lance a thoroughly maddened bull until the crowd roared forth its appreciation.
"See, Senorita," said the horseman, at last galloping close to the coach and lifting his sombrero, "A beautiful bunch of syringa," and then, with his face bent towards her and his voice full of appeal, he added in lower tone: "for you!"
For a brief second, the Girl was too much taken back to find the adequate words with which to accept the stranger's offering. Notwithstanding that in his glance she could read, as plainly as though he had spoken: "I know I am taking a liberty, but please don't be angry with me," there was something in his sweeping bow and grace of manner that, coupled with her vague sense of his social advantage, disconcerted her. A second more, however, and the embarrassment had passed, for on lifting her eyes to his again she saw that her memory had not played her false; beyond all chance of a mistake, he was the man who, ten days earlier, had peered into the stage, as she was nearing Monterey, and later, at the bull-fight, had found time to shoot admiring glances at her between his daring feats of horsemanship. Therefore, genuine admiration was in her eyes and extreme cordiality in her voice when, after a word or two of thanks, she added, with great frankness:
"But it strikes me sort o' forcible that I've seen you before." Then, with growing enthusiasm: "My, but that bull-fight was jest grand! You were fine! I'm right glad to know you, sir."
The caballero's face flushed with pleasure at her free-and-easy reception of him, while an almost inaudible "Gracias" fell from his lips. At once he knew that his first surmise, that the Girl was an American, had been correct. Not that his experience in life had furnished him with any parallel, for the Girl constituted a new and unique type. But he was well aware that no Spanish lady would have received the advances of a stranger in like fashion. It was inevitable, therefore, that for the moment he should contrast, and not wholly to her advantage, the Girl's unconventionality with the enforced reserve of the dulcineas who, custom decrees, may not be courted save in the presence of duennas. But the next instant he recalled that there were, in Sacramento, young women whose directness it would never do to mistake for boldness; and,—to his credit be it said,—he was quick to perceive that, however indifferent the Girl seemed to the customary formality of introduction, there was no suggestion of indelicacy about her. All that her frank and easy manner suggested was that she was a child of nature, spontaneous and untrammelled by the dictates of society, and normally and healthily at home in the company of the opposite sex.
"And she is even more beautiful than I supposed," was the thought that went through his mind.
And yet, the Girl was not beautiful, at least if judged by Spanish or Californian standards. Unlike most of their women, she was fair, and her type purely American. Her eyes of blue were lightly but clearly browed and abundantly fringed; her hair of burnished gold was luxuriant and wavy, and framed a face of singularly frank and happy expression, even though the features lacked regularity. But it was a face, so he told himself, that any man would trust,—a face that would make a man the better for looking at it,—a face which reflected a soul that no environment could make other than pure and spotless. And so there was, perhaps, a shade more of respect and a little less assurance in his manner when he asked:
"And you like Monterey?"
"I love it! Ain't it romantic—an', my, what a fine time the girls there must have!"
The man laughed; the Girl's enthusiasm amused him.
"Have you had a fine trip so far?" he asked, for want of something better to say.
"Mercy, yes! This 'ere stage is a pokey ol' thing, but we've made not bad time, considerin'."
"I thought you were never going to get here!"
The Girl shot a coquettish glance at him.
"How did you know I was comin' on this 'ere stage?"
"I did not know,"—the stranger broke off and thought a moment. He may have been asking himself whether it were best for him to be as frank as she had been and admit his admiration for her; at last, encouraged perhaps by a look in the Girl's blue eyes, he ventured: "But I've been riding along this road every day since I saw you. I felt that I must see you again."
"You must like me powerful well . . .?" This remark, far from being a question, was accompanied with all the physiognomical evidences of an assertion.
The stranger shot a surprised glance at her, out of the corner of his eye. Then he admitted, in all truthfulness:
"Of course I do. Who could help . . .?"
"Have you tried not to?" questioned the Girl, smiling in his face now, and enjoying in the full this stolen intimacy.
"Ah, Senorita, why should I . . .? All I know is that I do."
The Girl became reflective; presently she observed:
"How funny it seems, an' yet, p'r'aps not so strange after all. The boys—all my boys at the camp like me—I'm glad you do, too."
Meanwhile the good-natured and loquaciously-inclined driver had turned his head and was subjecting the man cantering alongside of his stage to a rigid inspection. With his knowledge of the various types of men in California at that time, he had no difficulty in placing the status of this straight-limbed, broad-shouldered, young fellow as a native Californian. Moreover, it made no difference to him whether his passenger had met an old acquaintance or not; it was sufficient for him to observe that the lady, as well as himself—for the expression on her face could by no means be described as bored or scornful—liked the stranger's appearance; and so the better to take in all the points of the magnificent horse which the young Californian was riding, not to mention a commendable desire to give his only passenger a bit of pleasant diversion on the long journey, he slowed his horse down to a walk.
"But where do you live? You have a rancho near here?" the Girl was now asking.
"My father has—I live with him."
"No,—no sisters or brothers. My mother was an American; she died a few years ago." And so saying, his glance sought and obtained an answering one full of sympathy.
"I'm downright sorry for you," said the Girl with feeling; and then in the next breath she added:
"But I'm pleased you're—you're half American."
"And you, Senorita?"
"I'm an orphan—my family are all dead," replied the Girl in a low voice. "But I have my boys," she went on more cheerfully, "an' what more do I need?" And then before he had time to ask her to explain what she meant by the boys, she cried out: "Oh, jest look at them wonderful berries over yonder! La, how I wish I could pick 'em!"
"Perhaps you may," the stranger hastened to say, and instantly with his free hand he made a movement to assist her to alight, while with the other he checked his horse; then, with his eyes resting appealingly upon the driver, he inquired: "It is possible, is it not, Senor?"
Curiously enough, this apparently proper request was responsible for changing the whole aspect of things. For, keenly desirous to oblige him, though she was, there was something in the stranger's eyes as they now rested upon her that made her feel suddenly shy; a flood of new impressions assailed her: she wanted to evade the look and yet foster it; but the former impulse was the stronger, and for the first time she was conscious of a growing feeling of restraint. Indeed, some inner voice told her that it would not be quite right for her to leave the stage. True, she belonged to Cloudy Mountain Camp where the conventions were unknown and where a rough, if kind, comradery existed between the miners and herself; nevertheless, she felt that she had gone far enough with a new acquaintance, whose accent, as well as the timbre of his voice, gave ample evidence that he belonged to another order of society than her own and that of the boys. So, hard though it was not to accede to his request and, at the same time, break the monotony of her journey with a few minutes of berry-picking with him in the fields, she made no move to leave the stage but answered the questioning look of the obliging driver with a negative one. Whereupon, the latter, after declaring to the young Californian that the stage was late as it was, called to his horses to show what they could do in the way of getting over the ground after their long rest.
The young man's face clouded with disappointment. For two hundred yards or more he spoke not a word, though he spurred his horse in order to keep up with the now fast-moving stage. Then, all of a sudden, as the silence between them was beginning to grow embarrassing, the Girl made out the figure of a man on horseback a short distance ahead, and uttered an exclamation of surprise. The stranger followed the direction of the Girl's eyes and, almost instantly, it was borne in upon them that the horseman awaited their coming. The Girl turned to speak, but the tender, sorrowful expression that she saw on the young man's face kept her silent.
"That is one of my father's men," he said, somewhat solemnly. "His presence here may mean that I must leave you. The road to our ranch begins there. I fear that something may be wrong."
The Girl shot him a look of sympathetic inquiry, though she said nothing. To tell the truth, the first thought that entered her mind at his words was one of concern that their companionship was likely to cease abruptly. During the silence that preceded his outspoken premonition of trouble, she had been studying him closely. She found herself admiring his aquiline features, his olive-coloured skin with its healthful pallor, the lazy, black Spanish eyes behind which, however tranquil they generally were, it was easy for her to discern, when he smiled, that reckless and indomitable spirit which appeals to women all the world over.
As the stage approached the motionless horseman, the young man cried out to the vaquero, for such he was, and asked in Spanish whether he had a message for him; an answer came back in the same language, the meaning of which the Girl failed to comprehend. A moment later her companion turned to her and said:
"It is as I feared."
Once more a silence fell upon them. For a half-mile or so, apparently deep in thought, he continued to canter at her side; at last he spoke what was in his mind.
"I hate to leave you, Senorita," he said.
In an instant the light went out of the Girl's eyes, and her face was as serious as his own when she replied:
"Well, I guess I ain't particularly crazy to have you go neither."
The unmistakable note of regret in the Girl's voice flattered as well as encouraged him to go further and ask:
"Will you think of me some time?"
The Girl laughed.
"What's the good o' my thinkin' o' you? I seen you talkin' with them gran' Monterey ladies an' I guess you won't be thinkin' often o' me. Like 's not by to-morrow you'll 'ave clean forgot me," she said with forced carelessness.
"I shall never forget you," declared the young man with the intense fervour that comes so easily to the men of his race.
At that a half-mistrustful, half-puzzled look crossed the Girl's face. Was this handsome stranger finding her amusing? There was almost a resentful glitter in her eyes when she cried out:
"I 'mos' think you're makin' fun o' me!"
"No, I mean every word that I say," he hastened to assure her, looking straight into her eyes where he could scarcely have failed to read something which the Girl had not the subtlety to conceal.
"Oh, I guess I made you say that!" she returned, making a child-like effort to appear to disbelieve him.
The stranger could not suppress a smile; but the next moment he was serious, and asked:
"And am I never going to see you again? Won't you tell me where I can find you?"
Once more the Girl was conscious of a feeling of embarrassment. Not that she was at all ashamed of being "The Girl of The Polka Saloon," for that never entered her mind; but she suddenly realised that it was one thing to converse pleasantly with a young man on the highway and another to let him come to her home on Cloudy Mountain. Only too well could she imagine the cool reception, if it stopped at that, that the boys of the camp there would accord to this stylish stranger. As a consequence, she was torn by conflicting emotions: an overwhelming desire to see him again, and a dread of what might happen to him should he descend upon Cloudy Mountain with all his fine airs and graces.
"I guess I'm queer—" she began uncertainly and then stopped in sudden surprise. Too long had she delayed her answer. Already the stage had left him some distance behind. Unperceived by her a shade of annoyance had passed over the Californian's face at her seeming reluctance to tell him where she lived. The quick of his Spanish pride was touched; and with a wave of his sombrero he had pulled his horse down on his haunches. Of no avail now was her resolution to let him know the whereabouts of the camp at any cost, for already his "Adios, Senorita" was sounding faintly in her ears.
With a little cry of vexation, scarcely audible, the young woman flung herself back on the seat. She was only a girl with all a girl's ways, and like most of her sex, however practical her life thus far, she was not without dreams of a romance. This meeting with the handsome caballero was the nearest she had come to having one. True, there was scarcely a man at Cloudy but what had tried at one time or another to go beyond the stage of good comradeship; but none of them had approached the idealistic vision of the hero that was all the time lying dormant in her mind. Of course, being a girl, and almost a queen in her own little sphere, she accepted their rough homage in a manner that was befitting to such an exalted personage, and gave nothing in return. But now something was stirring within her of which she knew nothing; a feeling was creeping over her that she could not analyse; she was conscious only of the fact that with the departure of this attractive stranger, who had taken no pains to conceal his admiration for her, her journey had been robbed of all its joy.
A hundred yards further on, therefore, she could not resist the temptation to put her head out of the stage and look back at the place where she had last seen him.
He was still sitting quietly on his horse at the place where they had parted so unceremoniously, his face turned in her direction—horse and rider silhouetted against the western sky which showed a crimson hue below a greenish blue that was sapphire farther from the horizon.
Not until a turn of the road hid the stage from sight did the stranger fix his gaze elsewhere. Even then it was not easy for him, and there had been a moment when he was ready to throw everything to the winds and follow it. But when on the point of doing so there suddenly flashed through his mind the thought of the summons that he had received. And so, not unlike one who had come to the conclusion that it was indeed a farewell, he waved his hand resignedly in the direction that the stage had taken and, calling to his vaquero, he gave his horse a thrust of the long rowel of his spur and galloped off towards the foothills of the Sierras.
For some miles the riders travelled a road which wound through beautiful green fields; but master and man were wholly indifferent, seeing neither the wild flowers lining each side of the road nor the sycamores and live oaks which were shining overhead from the recent rains. In the case of the young man every foot of the way to his father's rancho was familiar. All hours of the day and night he had made the trip to the highway, for with the exception of the few years that had been given to his education in foreign lands, his whole life had been passed on the rancho. Scarcely less acquainted with the road than his young master was the vaquero, so neither gave a glance at the country through which they were passing, but side by side took the miles in silence.
An hour passed with the young man still wrapt in thought. The truth was, though he was scarcely ready to admit it, he had been hard hit. In more ways than one the Girl had made a deep impression on him. Not only had her appearance awakened his interest to the point of enthusiasm, but there was something irresistibly attractive to him in her lack of affectation and audacious frankness. Over and over again he thought of her happy face, her straightforward way of looking at things and, last but not least, her evident pleasure in meeting him. And when he reflected on the hopelessness of their ever meeting again, a feeling of depression seized him. But his nature—always a buoyant one—did not permit him to remain downcast very long.
By this time they were nearing the foothills. A little while longer and the road that they were travelling became nothing more than a bridle path. Indeed, so dense did the chaparral presently become that it would have been utterly impossible for one unacquainted with the way to keep on it. Animal life was to be seen everywhere. At the approach of the riders innumerable rabbits scurried away; quail whirred from bush to bush; and, occasionally, a deer broke from the thickets.
At the end of another hour of hard riding they were forced to slacken their pace. In front of them the ground could be seen, in the light of a fast disappearing moon, to be gradually rising. Another mile or two and vertical walls of rock rose on each side of them; while great ravines, holding mountain torrents, necessitated their making a short detour for the purpose of finding a place where the stream could be safely forded. Even then it was not an easy task on account of the boulder-enclosing whirlpools whose waters were whipped into foam by the wind that swept through the forest.
At a point of the road where there was a break in the chaparral, a voice suddenly cried out in Spanish:
"Follow us!" was the quick answer without drawing rein; and, instantly, on recognition of the young master's voice, a mounted sentinel spurred his horse out from behind an overhanging rock and closed in behind them. And as they were challenged thus several times, it happened that presently there was quite a little band of men pushing ahead in the darkness that had fallen.
And so another hour passed. Then, suddenly, there sprung into view the dark outlines of a low structure which proved to be a corral, and finally they made their way through a gate and came upon a long adobe house, situated in a large clearing and having a kind of courtyard in front of it.
In the centre of this courtyard was what evidently had once been a fountain, though it had long since dried up. Around it squatted a group of vaqueros, all smoking cigarettes and some of them lazily twisting lariats out of horsehair. Close at hand a dozen or more wiry little mustangs stood saddled and bridled and ready for any emergency. In colour, one or two were of a peculiar cream and had silver white manes, but the rest were greys and chestnuts. It was evident that they had great speed and bottom. All in all, what with the fierce and savage faces of the men scattered about the courtyard, the remoteness of the adobe, and the care taken to guard against surprise, old Bartolini's hacienda was an establishment not unlike that of the feudal barons or a nest of banditti according to the point of view.
At the sound of the fast galloping horses, every man on the ground sprang to his feet and ran to his horse. For a second only they stood still and listened intently; then, satisfied that all was well and that the persons approaching belonged to the rancho, they returned to their former position by the fountain—all save an Indian servant, who caught the bridle thrown to him by the young man as he swung himself out of the saddle. And while this one led his horse noiselessly away, another of the same race preceded him along a corridor until he came to the Maestro's room.
Old Ramerrez Bartolini, or Ramerrez, as he was known to his followers, was dying. His hair, pure white and curly, was still as luxuriant as when he was a young man. Beneath the curls was a patrician, Spanish face, straight nose and brilliant, piercing, black eyes. His gigantic frame lay on a heap of stretched rawhides which raised him a few inches from the floor. This simple couch was not necessarily an indication of poverty, though his property had dwindled to almost nothing, for in most Spanish adobes of that time, even in some dwellings of the very rich, there were no beds. Over him, as well as under him, were blankets. On each side of his head, fixed on the wall, two candles were burning, and almost within reach of his hand there stood a rough altar, with crucifix and candles, where a padre was making preparations to administer the Last Sacraments.
In the low-studded room the only evidence remaining of prosperity were some fragments of rich and costly goods that once had been piled up there. In former times the old Spaniard had possessed these in profusion, but little was left now. Indeed, whatever property he had at the present time was wholly in cattle and horses, and even these were comparatively few.
There had been a period, not so very long ago at that, when old Ramerrez was a power in the land. In all matters pertaining to the province of Alta California his advice was eagerly sought, and his opinion carried great weight in the councils of the Spaniards. Later, under the Mexican regime, the respect in which his name was held was scarcely less; but with the advent of the Americanos all this was changed. Little by little he lost his influence, and nothing could exceed the hatred which he felt for the race that he deemed to be responsible for his downfall.
It was odd, in a way, too, for he had married an American girl, the daughter of a sea captain who had visited the coast, and for many years he had held her memory sacred. And, curiously enough, it was because of this enmity, if indirectly, that much of his fortune had been wasted.
Fully resolved that England—even France or Russia, so long as Spain was out of the question—should be given an opportunity to extend a protectorate over his beloved land, he had sent emissaries to Europe and supplied them with moneys—far more than he could afford—to give a series of lavish entertainments at which the wonderful richness and fertility of California could be exploited. At one time it seemed as if his efforts in that direction would meet with success. His plan had met with such favour from the authorities in the City of Mexico that Governor Pico had been instructed by them to issue a grant for several million of acres. But the United States Government was quick to perceive the hidden meaning in the extravagances of these envoys in London, and in the end all that was accomplished was the hastening of the inevitable American occupation.
From that time on it is most difficult to imagine the zeal with which he endorsed the scheme of the native Californians for a republic of their own. He was a leader when the latter made their attack on the Americans in Sonoma County and were repulsed with the loss of several killed. One of these was Ramerrez' only brother, who was the last, with the exception of himself and son, of a proud, old, Spanish family. It was a terrible blow, and increased, if possible, his hatred for the Americans. Later the old man took part in the battle of San Pasquale and the Mesa. In the last engagement he was badly wounded, but even in that condition he announced his intention of fighting on and bitterly denounced his fellow-officers for agreeing to surrender. As a matter of fact, he escaped that ignominy. For, taking advantage of his great knowledge of the country, he contrived to make his way through the American lines with his few followers, and from that time may be said to have taken matters into his own hand.
Old Ramerrez was conscious that his end was merely a matter of hours, if not minutes. Over and over again he had had himself propped up by his attendants with the expectation that his command to bring his son had been obeyed. No one knew better than he how impossible it would be to resist another spasm like that which had seized him a little while after his son had ridden off the rancho early that morning. Yet he relied once more on his iron constitution, and absolutely refused to die until he had laid upon his next of kin what he thoroughly believed to be a stern duty. Deep down in heart, it is true, he was vaguely conscious of a feeling of dread lest his cherished revenge should meet with opposition; but he refused to harbour the thought, believing, not unnaturally, that, after having imposed his will upon others for nearly seventy years, it was extremely unlikely that his dying command should be disobeyed by his son. And it was in the midst of these death-bed reflections that he heard hurried footsteps and knew that his boy had come at last.
When the latter entered the room his face wore an agonised expression, for he feared that he had arrived too late. It was a relief, therefore, to see his father, who had lain still, husbanding his little remaining strength, open his eyes and make a sign, which included the padre as well as the attendants, that he wished to be left alone with his son.
"Art thou here at last, my son?" said the old man the moment they were alone.
"Ay, father, I came as soon as I received your message."
"Come nearer, then, I have much to say to you, and I have not long to live. Have I been a good father to you, my lad?"
The young man knelt beside the couch and kissed his father's hand, while he murmured an assent.
At the touch of his son's lips a chill struck the old man's heart. It tortured him to think how little the boy guessed of the recent history of the man he was bending over with loving concern; how little he divined of the revelation that must presently be made to him. For a moment the dying man felt that, after all, perhaps it were better to renounce his vengeance, for it had been suddenly borne in upon him that the boy might suffer acutely in the life that he intended him to live; but in another moment he had taken himself to task for a weakness that he considered must have been induced by his dying condition, and he sternly banished the thought from his mind.
"My lad," he began, "you promise to carry out my wishes after I am gone?"
"Ay, father, you know that I will. What do you wish me to do?"
The old man pointed to the crucifix.
"You swear it?"
"I swear it."
No sooner had the son uttered the wished-for words than his father fell back on the couch and closed his eyes. The effort and excitement left him as white as a sheet. It seemed to the boy as if his father might be sinking into the last stupor, but after a while he opened his eyes and called for a glass of aguardiente.
With difficulty he gulped it down; then he said feebly:
"My boy, the only American that ever was good was your mother. She was an angel. All the rest of these cursed gringos are pigs;" and his voice growing stronger, he repeated: "Ay, pigs, hogs, swine!"
The son made no reply; his father went on:
"What have not these devils done to our country ever since they came here? At first we received them most hospitably; everything they wanted was gladly supplied to them. And what did they do in return for our kindness? Where now are our extensive ranchos—our large herds of cattle? They have managed to rob us of our lands through clever laws that we of California cannot understand; they have stolen from our people thousands and thousands of cattle! There is no infamy that—"
The young man hastened to interrupt him.
"You must not excite yourself, father," he said with solicitude. "They are unscrupulous—many of them, but all are not so."
"Bah!" ejaculated the old man; "the gringos are all alike. I hate them all, I—" The old man was unable to finish. He gasped for breath. But despite his son's entreaties to be calm, he presently cried out:
"Do you know who you are?" And not waiting for a reply he went on with: "Our name is one of the proudest in Spain—none better! The curse of a long line of ancestors will be upon you if you tamely submit—not make these Americans suffer for their seizure of this, our rightful land—our beautiful California!"
More anxiously than ever now the son regarded his father. His inspection left no doubt in his mind that the end could not be far off. With great earnestness he implored him to lie down; but the dying man shook his head and continued to grow more and more excited.
"Do you know who I am?" he demanded. "No—you think you do, but you don't. There was a time when I had plenty of money. It pleased me greatly to pay all your expenses—to see that you received the best education possible both at home and abroad. Then the gringos came. Little by little these cursed Americanos have taken all that I had from me. But as they have sown so shall they reap. I have taken my revenge, and you shall take more!" He paused to get his breath; then in a terrible voice he cried: "Yes, I have robbed—robbed! For the last three years, almost, your father has been a bandit!"
The son sprang to his feet.
"A bandit? You, father, a Ramerrez, a bandit?"
"Ay, a bandit, an outlaw, as you also will be when I am no more, and rob, rob, rob, these Americanos. It is my command and—you—have— sworn . . ."
The son's eyes were rivetted upon his father's face as the old man fell back, completely exhausted, upon his couch of rawhides. With a strange conflict of emotions, the young man remained standing in silence for a few brief seconds that seemed like hours, while the pallor of death crept over the face before him, leaving no doubt that, in the solemnity of the moment his father had spoken nothing but the literal truth. It was a hideous avowal to hear from the dying lips of one whom from earliest childhood he had been taught to revere as the pattern of Spanish honour and nobility. And yet the thought now uppermost in young Ramerrez's mind was that oddly enough he had not been taken by surprise. Never by a single word had any one of his father's followers given him a hint of the truth. So absolute, so feudal was the old man's mastery over his men that not a whisper of his occupation had ever reached his son's ears. Nevertheless, he now told himself that in some curious, instinctive way, he had known,—or rather, had refused to know, putting off the hour of open avowal, shutting his eyes to the accumulating facts that day by day had silently spoken of lawlessness and peril. Three years, his father had just said; well, that explained how it was that no suspicions had ever awakened until after he had completed his education and returned home from his travels. But since then a child must have noted that something was wrong: the grim, sinister faces of the men, constantly on guard, as though the old hacienda were in a state of siege; the altered disposition of his father, always given to gloomy moods, but lately doubly silent and saturnine, full of strange savagery and smouldering fire. Yes, somewhere in the back of his mind he had known the whole, shameful truth; had known the purpose of those silent, stealthy excursions, and equally silent returns,—and more than once the broken heads and bandaged arms that coincided so oddly with some new tale of a daring hold-up that he was sure to hear of, the next time that he chanced to ride into Monterey. For three years, young Ramerrez had known that sooner or later he would be facing such a moment as this, called upon to make the choice that should make or mar him for life. And now, for the first time he realised why he had never voiced his suspicions, never questioned, never hastened the time of decision,—it was because even now he did not know which way he wished to decide! He knew only that he was torn and racked by terrible emotions, that on one side was a mighty impulse to disregard the oath he had blindly taken and refuse to do his father's bidding; and on the other, some new and unguessed craving for excitement and danger, some inherited lawlessness in his blood, something akin to the intoxication of the arena, when the thunder of the bull's hoofs rang in his ears. And so, when the old man's lips opened once more, and shaped, almost inaudibly, the solemn words:
"You have sworn,—" the scales were turned and the son bowed his head in silence.
A moment later and the room was filled with men who fell on their knees. On every face, save one, there was an expression of overwhelming grief and despair; but on that one, ashen grey as it was with the agony of approaching death, there was a look of contentment as he made a sign to the padre that he was now ready for him to administer the last rites of his church.
The Polka Saloon!
How the name stirs the blood and rouses the imagination!
No need to be a Forty-Niner to picture it all as if there that night: the great high and square room lighted by candles and the warm, yellow light of kerosene lamps; the fireplace with its huge logs blazing and roaring; the faro tables with the little rings of miners around them; and the long, pine bar behind which a typical barkeeper of the period was busily engaged in passing the bottle to the men clamorous for whisky in which to drink the health of the Girl.
And the spirit of the place! When and where was there ever such a fine fellowship—transforming as it unquestionably did an ordinary saloon into a veritable haven of good cheer for miners weary after a long and often discouraging day in the gulches?
In a word, the Polka was a marvellous tribute to its girl-proprietor's sense of domesticity. Nothing that could insure the comfort for her patrons was omitted. Nothing, it would seem, could occur that would disturb the harmonious aspect of the scene.
But alas! the night was yet young.
Now the moment for which not a few of that good-humoured and musically-inclined company were waiting arrived. Clear above the babel of voices sounded a chord, and the poor old concertina player began singing in a voice that was as wheezy as his instrument:
"Camp town ladies sing this song Dooda! Dooda! Camp town race track five miles long Dooda! Dooda! Day!"
Throughout the solo nothing more nerve-racking or explosive than an occasional hilarious whoop punctuated the melody. For once, at any rate, it seemed likely to go the distance; but no sooner did the chorus, which had been taken up, to a man, by the motley crowd and was rip-roaring along at a great rate, reach the second line than there sounded the reports of a fusillade of gun-shots from the direction of the street. The effect was magical: every voice trailed off into uncertainty and then ceased.
Instantly the atmosphere became charged with tension; a hush fell upon the room, the joyous light of battle in every eye, if nothing else, attesting the approach of the foe; while all present, after listening contemptuously to a series of wild and unearthly yells which announced an immediate arrival, sprang to their feet and concentrated their glances on the entrance of the saloon through which there presently burst a party of lively boys from The Ridge.
A psychological moment followed, during which the occupants of The Polka Saloon glared fiercely at the newcomers, who, needless to say, returned their hostile stares. The chances of war, judging from past performances, far outnumbered those of peace. But as often happens in affairs of this kind when neither side is unprepared, the desire for gun-play gave way to mirthless laughter, and, presently, the hilarious crowd from the rival camp, turning abruptly on their heels, betook themselves en masse into the dance-hall.
For the briefest of periods, there was a look of keen disappointment on the faces of the Cloudy Mountain boys as they gazed upon the receding figures of their sworn enemies; but almost in as little time as it takes to tell it there was a tumultuous lining up at the bar, the flat surface of which soon resounded with the heavy blows dealt it by the fists of the men desirous of accentuating the rhythm when roaring out:
"Gwine to run all night, Gwine to run all day, Bet my money on a bob-tail nag, Somebody bet on the bay!"
Among those standing at the bar, and looking out of bleared eyes at a flashy lithograph tacked upon the wall which pictured a Spanish woman in short skirts and advertised "Espaniola Cigaroos," were two miners: one with curly hair and a pink-and-white complexion; the other, tall, loose-limbed and good-natured looking. They were known respectively as Handsome Charlie and Happy Halliday, and had been arguing in a maudlin fashion over the relative merits of Spanish and American beauties. The moment the song was concluded they banged their glasses significantly on the bar; but since it was an unbroken rule of the house that at the close of the musician's performance he should be rewarded by a drink, which was always passed up to him, they needs must wait. The little barkeeper paid no attention to their demands until he had satisfied the thirst of the old concertina player who, presently, could be seen drawing aside the bear-pelt curtain and passing through the small, square opening of the partition which separated the Polka Saloon from its dance-hall.
"Not goin', old Dooda Day, are you?" The question, almost a bellow, which, needless to say, was unanswered, came from Sonora Slim who, with his great pal Trinidad Joe, was playing faro at a table on one side of the room. Apparently, both were losing steadily to the dealer whose chair, placed up against the pine-boarded wall, was slightly raised above the floor. This last individual was as fat and unctuous looking as his confederate, the Look-out, was thin and sneaky; moreover, he bore the sobriquet of The Sidney Duck and, obviously, was from Australia.
"Say, what did the last eight do?" Sonora now asked, turning to the case-keeper.
"Well, let the tail go with the hide," returned Sonora, resignedly.
"And the ace—how many times did it win?" inquired Trinidad.
"Four times," was the case-keeper's answer.
All this time a full-blooded Indian with long, blue-black hair, very thick and oily, had been watching the game with excited eyes. His dress was part Indian and part American, and he wore all kinds of imitation jewelry including a huge scarf-pin which flashed from his vivid red tie. Furthermore, he possessed a watch,—a large, brassy-looking article,— which he brought out on every possible occasion. When not engaged in helping himself to the dregs that remained in the glasses carelessly left about the room, he was generally to be found squatted down on the floor and playing a solitaire of his own devising. But now he reached over Sonora's shoulder and put some coins on the table in front of the dealer.
"Give Billy Jackrabbit fer two dolla' Mexican chip," he demanded in a guttural voice.
The Sidney Duck did as requested. While he was shuffling the cards for a new deal, the players beat time with their feet to the music that floated in from the dance-hall. The tune seemed to have an unusually exhilarating effect on Happy Halliday, for letting out a series of whoops he staggered off towards the adjoining room with the evident intention of getting his fill of the music, not forgetting to yell back just before he disappeared:
"Root hog or die, boys!"
Happy's boisterous exit caused a peculiar expression to appear immediately on Handsome's face, which might be interpreted as one of envy at his friend's exuberant condition; at all events, he proceeded forthwith to order several drinks, gulping them down in rapid succession.
Meanwhile, at the faro table, the luck was going decidedly against the boys. In fact, so much so, that there was a dangerous note in Sonora's voice when, presently, he blurted out:
"See here, gambolier Sid, you're too lucky!"
"You bet!" approved Trinidad, and then added:
"More chips, Australier!"
But Trinidad's comment, as well as his request, only brought forth the oily smile that The Sidney Duck always smiled when any reference was made to his game. It was his policy to fawn upon all and never permit himself to think that an insult was intended. So he gathered in Trinidad's money and gave him chips in return. For some seconds the men played on without anything disturbing the game except the loud voice of the caller of the wheel-of-fortune in the dance-hall. But the boys were to hear something more from there besides, "Round goes the wheel!" For, all at once there came to their ears the sounds of an altercation in which it was not difficult to recognise the penetrating voice of Happy Halliday.
"Now, git, you loafer!" he was saying in tones that left no doubt in the minds of his friends that Happy was hot under the collar over something.
A shot followed.
"Missed, by the Lord Harry!" ejaculated Happy, deeply humiliated at his failure to increase the mortuary record of the camp.
The incident, however, passed unnoticed by the faro players; not a man within sound of the shot, for that matter, inquired what the trouble was about; and even Nick, picking up his tray filled with glasses and a bottle, walked straightway into the dance-hall looking as if the matter were not worth a moment's thought.
At Nick's going the Indian's face brightened; it gave him the opportunity for which he had been waiting. Nobly he maintained his reputation as a thief by quietly going behind the bar and lifting from a box four cigars which he stowed away in his pockets. But even that, apparently did not satisfy him, for when he espied the butt of a cigar, flung into the sawdust on the floor by a man who had just come in, he picked it up before squatting down again to resume his card playing.
The newcomer, a man of, say, forty years, came slowly into the room without a word of salutation to anyone. In common with his fellow-miners, he wore a flannel shirt and boots. The latter gave every evidence of age as did his clothes which, nevertheless, were neat. His face wore a mild, gentle look and would have said that he was companionable enough; yet it was impossible not to see that he was not willingly seeking the cheer of the saloon but came there solely because he had no other place to go. In a word, he had every appearance of a man down on his luck.
Men were continually coming in and going out, but no one paid the slightest attention to him, even though a succession of audible sighs escaped his lips. At length he went over to the counter and took a sheet or two of the paper,—which was kept there for the few who desired to write home,—a quill-pen and ink; and picking up a small wooden box he seated himself upon it before a desk—which had been built from a rude packing-case—and began wearily and laboriously to write.
"The lone star now rises!"
It was the stentorian voice of the caller of the wheel-of-fortune. One would have thought that the sound would have had the effect of a thunder-clap upon the figure at the desk; but he gave no sign whatever of having heard it; nor did he see the suspicious glance which Nick, entering at that moment, shot at Billy Jackrabbit who was stealing noiselessly towards the dance-hall where the whoops were becoming so frequent and evincing such exuberance of spirits that the ubiquitous, if generally unconcerned, Nick felt it incumbent to give an explanation of them.
"Boys from The Ridge cuttin' up a bit," he tendered apologetically, and took up a position at the end of the bar where he could command a view of both rooms.
As a partial acknowledgment that he had heard Nick's communication, Sonora turned round slightly in his seat at the faro table and shot a glance towards the dance-hall. Contempt showed on his rugged features when he turned round again and addressed the stocky, little man sitting at his elbow.
"Well, I don't dance with men for partners! When I shassay, Trin, I want a feminine piece of flesh an' blood"—he sneered, and then went on to amplify—"with garters on."
"You bet!" agreed his faithful, if laconic pal, on feeling the other's playful dig in his ribs.
The subject of men dancing together was a never-ceasing topic of conversation between these two cronies. But whatever the attitude of others Sonora knew that Trinidad would never fail him when it came to nice discriminations of this sort. His reference to an article of feminine apparel, however, was responsible for his recalling the fact that he had not as yet received his daily assurance from the presiding genius of the bar that he stood well in the estimation of the only lady in the camp. Therefore, leaving the table, he went over to Nick and whispered:
"Has the Girl said anythin' about me to-day, Nick?"
Now the role of confidential adviser to the boys was not a new one to the barkeeper, nor was anyone in the camp more familiar than he with their good qualities as well as their failings. Every morning before going to work in the placers it was their custom to stop in at The Polka for their first drink—which was, generally, "on the house." Invariably, Nick received them in his shirt-sleeves,—for that matter he was the proud possessor of the sole "biled shirt" in the camp,—and what with his red flannel undershirt that extended far below the line of his cuffs, his brilliantly-coloured waistcoat and tie, and his hair combed down very low in a cow-lick over his forehead, he was indeed an odd little figure of a man as he listened patiently to the boys' grievances and doled out sympathy to them. On the other hand, absolutely devoted to the fair proprietress of the saloon,—though solely in the character of a good comrade,—he never ceased trying to advance her interests; and since one and all of her customers believed themselves to be in love with her, one of his most successful methods was to flatter each one in turn into thinking that he had made a tremendous impression upon her. It was not a difficult thing to do inasmuch as long custom and repetition had made him an adept at highly-coloured lying.
"Well, you got the first chance," asseverated Nick, dropping his voice to a whisper.
Sonora grinned from ear to ear; he expanded his broad chest and held his head proudly; and waving his hand in lordly fashion he sung out:
"Cigars for all hands and drinks, too, Nick!"
The genial prevaricator could scarcely restrain himself from laughing outright as he watched the other return to his place at the faro table; and when, in due course, he served the concoctions and passed around the high-priced cigars, there was a smile on his face which said as plainly as if spoken that Sonora was not the only person present that had reason to be pleased with himself.
Then occurred one of those terpsichorean performances which never failed to shock old Sonora's sense of the fitness of things. For the next moment two Ridge boys, dancing together, waltzed through the opening between the two rooms and, letting out ear-piercing whoops with every rotation, whirled round and round the room until they brought up against the bar where they, breathlessly, called for drinks.
An angry lull fell upon the room; the card game stopped. However, before anyone seated there could give vent to his resentment at this boisterous intrusion of the men from the rival camp, the smooth, oily and inviting voice of the unprincipled Sidney Duck, scenting easy prey because of their inebriated condition, called out in its cockney accent:
"'Ello, boys—'ow's things at The Ridge?"
"Wipes this camp off the earth!" returned a voice that was provocative in the extreme—a reply that instantly brought every man at the faro table to his feet. For a time, at least, it seemed as if the boys from The Ridge would get the trouble they were looking for.
A murmur of angry amazement arose, while Sonora, his watery blue eyes glinting, followed up his explosive, "What!" with a suggestive movement towards his hip. But quick as he was Nick was still quicker and had The Ridge boy, as well as Sonora, covered before their hands had even reached their guns.
"You . . .!" the little barkeeper's sentence was bristled out and contained along with the expletives some comparatively mild words which gave the would-be combatants to understand that any such foolishness would not be tolerated in The Polka unless he himself "'lowed it to be ne'ssary."
Not unnaturally The Ridge boys failed to see anything offensive in language that had a gun behind it; and realising the futility of any further attempt to get away with a successful disturbance they wisely yielded to superior quickness at the draw. With a whoop of resignation they rushed back to the dance-hall where the voice of the caller was exhorting the gents—whose partners were mostly big, husky, hairy-faced men clumsily enacting parts generally assigned to members of the gentler sex—to swing:
"With the right-hand gent, first partner swing with the left-hand gent, first partner swing with the right-hand gent; first partner swing with the left-hand gent, and the partner in the centre, and gents all around!"
Back at the faro table now,—the incident having passed quickly into oblivion,—Sonora called to the dealer for "a slug's worth of chips"—a request that was promptly acceded to. But they had played only a few minutes when a thin but somewhat sweet tenor voice was heard singing:
"Wait for the waggon, Wait for the waggon, Wait for the waggon, And we'll all take a ride. Wait for the waggon—"
"Here he is, gentlemen, just back from his triumphs of The Ridge!" broke in Nick, whose province it was to act as master of ceremonies; and coming forward as the singer emerged from the dance-hall he introduced him to the assembled company in the most approved music-hall manner: "Allow me to present to you, Jake Wallace the Camp favour-ite!" he said with an exaggeratedly low bow.
"How-dy, Jake! Hello, Jake, old man! How be you, Jake!" were some of the greetings that were hurled at the Minstrel who, robed in a long linen duster, his face half-blacked, and banjo in hand, acknowledged the words of welcome with a broad grin as he stood bowing in the centre of the room.
That Jake Wallace was a typical camp minstrel from the top of his dusty stove-pipe hat to the sole of his flapping negro shoes, one could see with half an eye as he made his way to a small platform—a musician's stand—at one end of the bar; nor could there be any question about his being a prudent one, for the musician did not seat himself until he had carefully examined the sheet-iron shield inside the railing, which was attached in such a way that it could be sprung up by working a spring in the floor and render him fairly safe from a chance shot during a fracas.
"My first selection, friends, will be 'The Little—'," announced the Minstrel with a smile as he begun to tune his instrument.
"Aw, give us 'Old Dog Tray,'" cut in Sonora, impatiently from his seat at the card table.
Jake bowed his ready acquiescence to the request and kept right on tuning up.
"I say, Nick, have you saw the Girl?" asked Trinidad in a low voice, taking advantage of the interval to stroll over to the bar.
Mysteriously, Nick's eyes wandered about the room to see if anyone was listening; at length, with marvellous insincerity, he said:
"You've got the first chance, Trin; I gave 'er your message."
Trinidad Joe fairly beamed upon him.
"Whisky for everybody, Nick!" he ordered bumptuously; and as before the little barkeeper's face wore an expression of pleasure not a whit less than that of the man whom, presently, he followed to the faro table with a bottle and four glasses.
As soon as Trinidad had seated himself the Minstrel struck a chord and announced impressively:
"'Old Dog Tray,' gents, 'or Echoes from Home'!" He cleared his throat, and the next instant in quavering tones he warbled:
"How of-ten do I pic-ture The old folks down at home, And of-ten wonder if they think of me, Would an-gel mother know me, If back there I did roam, Would old dog Tray re-member me."
At the first few words of his song the man at the desk who, up to this time, had been wholly oblivious to what was taking place, arose from his seat, put the ink-bottle back on the bar, opened a cigar-box there and took from it a stamp, which he put on his letter. This he carried to a mail-box attached to the door; then, returning, he threw himself dejectedly down in a chair and put his head in his hands, where it remained throughout the song.
At the conclusion of his solo, the Minstrel's emotions were seemingly deeply stirred by his own melodious voice and he gasped audibly; whereupon, Nick came to his relief with a stiff drink which, apparently, went to the right spot, for presently the singer's voice rang out vigorously: "Now, boys!"
No second invitation was needed, and the chorus was taken up by all, the singers beating time with their feet and chips.
ALL. "Oh, mother, an-gel mother, are you waitin' there beside the lit-tle cottage on the lea—"
JAKE. "On the lea—"
ALL. "How of-ten would she bless me in all them days so fair— Would old dog Tray re-member me—"
SONORA. "Re-member me."
All the while the miners had been singing, the sad and morose-looking individual had been steadily growing more and more disconsolate; and when Sonora rumbled out the last deep note in his big, bass voice, he heaved a great sob and broke down completely.
In surprised consternation everyone turned in the direction from whence had come the sound. But it was Sonora who, affected both by the pathos of the song and the sight of the pathetic figure before them, quietly went over and laid a hand upon the other's arm.
"Why, Larkins—Jim—what's the trouble—what's the matter?" he asked, a thousand thoughts fluttering within his breast. "I wouldn't feel so bad."
With a desperate effort Larkins, his face twitching perceptibly, the lines about his eyes deepening, struggled to control himself. At last, after taking in the astonished faces about him, he plunged into his tale of woe.
"Say, boys, I'm homesick—I'm broke—and what's more, I don't care who knows it." He paused, his fingers opening and closing spasmodically, and for a moment it seemed as if he could not continue—a moment of silence in which the Minstrel began to pick gently on his banjo the air of Old Dog Tray.
"I want to go home!" suddenly burst from the unfortunate man's lips. "I'm tired o' drillin' rocks; I want to be in the fields again; I want to see the grain growin'; I want the dirt in the furrows at home; I want old Pensylvanny; I want my folks; I'm done, boys, I'm done, I'm done . . .!" And with these words he buried his face in his hands.
"Oh, mother, an-gel mother, are you waitin'—"
sang the Minstrel, dolefully.
Men looked at one another and were distressingly affected; The Polka had never witnessed a more painful episode. Throwing a coin at the Minstrel, Sonora stopped him with an impatient gesture; the latter nodded understandingly at the same time that Nick, apparently indifferent to Larkin's collapse, began to dance a jig behind the bar. A look of scowling reproach instantly appeared on Sonora's face. It was uncalled-for since, far from being heartless and indifferent to the man's misfortunes, the little barkeeper had taken this means to distract the miners' attention from the pitiful sight.
"Boys, Jim Larkins 'lows he's goin' back East," announced Sonora. "Chip in every mother's son o' you."
Immediately every man at the faro table demanded cash from The Sidney Duck; a moment later they, as well as the men who were not playing cards, threw their money into the hat which Sonora passed around. It was indeed a well-filled hat that Sonora held out to the weeping man.
"Here you are, Jim," he said simply.
The sudden transition from poverty to comparative affluence was too much for Larkins! Looking through tear-dimmed eyes at Sonora he struggled for words with which to express his gratitude, but they refused to come; and at last with a sob he turned away. At the door, however, he stopped and choked out: "Thank you, boys, thank you."
The next moment he was gone.
At once a wave of relief swept over the room. Indeed, the incident was forgotten before the unfortunate man had gone ten paces from The Polka, for then it was that Trinidad suddenly rose in his seat, lunged across the table for The Sidney Duck's card-box, and cried out angrily:
"You're cheatin'! That ain't a square deal! You're a cheat!"
In a moment the place was in an uproar. Every man at the table sprung to his feet; chairs were kicked over; chips flew in every direction; guns came from every belt; and so occupied were the men in watching The Sidney Duck that no one perceived the Lookout sneak out through the door save Nick, who was returning from the dance-hall with a tray of empty glasses. But whether or not he was aware that the Australian's confederate was bent upon running away he made no attempt to stop him, for in common with every man present, including Sonora and Trinidad, who had seized the gambler and brought him out in front of his card-table, Nick's eyes were fastened upon another man whom none had seen enter, but whose remarkable personality, now as often, made itself felt even though he spoke not a word.
"Lift his hand!" cried Sonora, looking as if for sanction at the newcomer, who stood in the centre of the room, calmly smoking a huge cigar.
Forcing up The Sidney Duck's arms, Trinidad threw upon the table a deck of cards which he had found concealed about the other's person, bursting out with:
"There! Look at that, the infernal, good-for-nothin' cheat!"
"String 'im up!" suggested Sonora, and as before he shot a questioning look at the man, who was regarding the scene with bored interest.
"You bet!" shouted Trinidad, pulling at the Australian's arm.
"For 'eaven's sake, don't, don't, don't!" wailed The Sidney Duck, terror-stricken.
The Sheriff of Manzaneta County, for such was the newcomer's office, raised his steely grey eyes inquisitorially to Nick's who, with a hostile stare at the Australian, emitted:
"String 'im! String 'im!" insisted Trinidad, at the same time dragging the culprit towards the door.
"No, boys, no!" cried the unfortunate wretch, struggling uselessly to break away from his captors.
At this stage the Sheriff of Manzaneta County took a hand in the proceedings, and drawled out:
"Well, gentlemen—" He stopped short and seemingly became reflective. Instantly, as was their wont whenever the Sheriff spoke, all eyes fixed themselves upon him. Indeed, it needed but a second glance at this cool, deliberate individual to see how great was his influence upon them. He was tall,—fully six feet one,—thin, and angular; his hair and moustache were black enough to bring out strongly the unhealthy pallor of his face; his eyes were steel grey and were heavily fringed and arched; his nose straight and his mouth hard, determined, but just, the lips of which were thin and drawn tightly over brilliantly-white teeth; and his soft, pale hands were almost feminine looking except for the unusual length of his fingers. On his head was a black beaver hat with a straight brim; a black broadcloth suit—cut after the "'Frisco" fashion of the day—gave every evidence that its owner paid not a little attention to it. From the bosom of his white, puffed shirt an enormous diamond, held in place by side gold chains, flashed forth; while glittering on his fingers was another stone almost as large. Below his trousers could plainly be seen the highly-polished boots; the heels and instep being higher than those generally in use. In a word, it was impossible not to get the impression that he was scrupulously immaculate and careful about his attire. And his voice—the voice that tells character as nothing else does—was smooth and drawling, though fearlessness and sincerity could easily be detected in it. Such was Mr. Jack Rance, Gambler and Sheriff of Manzaneta County.
"This is a case for you, Jack Rance," suddenly spoke up Sonora.
"Yes," chimed in Trinidad; and then as he gave the Australian a rough shake, he added: "Here's the Sheriff to take charge of you."
But Mr. Jack Rance, the Sheriff of Manzaneta County, was never known to move otherwise than slowly, deliberately. Taking from his pocket a smoothly-creased handkerchief he proceeded to dust languidly first one and then the other of his boots; and not until he had succeeded in flicking the last grain of dust from them did he take up the business in hand.
"Gentlemen, what's wrong with the cyards?" he now began in his peculiar drawling voice.
Sonora pointed to the faro table.
"The Sidney Duck's cheated!" he said—an accusation which was responsible for a renewal of outcries and caused a number of men to pounce upon the faro dealer.
Trinidad ran a significant hand around his collar.
"String 'im! Come on, you—!" once more he cried. But on seeing the Sheriff raise a restraining hand he desisted from pulling the Australian along.
"Wait a minute!" commanded the Sheriff.
The miners with the prisoner in their midst stood stock-still. Now the Sheriff's features lost some of their usual inscrutability and for a moment became hard and stern. Slowly he let his eyes wander comprehensively about the saloon: first, they travelled to a small balcony—reached by a ladder drawn down or up at will—decorated with red calico curtains, garlands of cedar and bittersweet, while the railing was ornamented with a wildcat's skin and a stuffed fawn's head; from the ceiling with its strings of red peppers, onions and apples they fell on a stuffed grizzly bear, which stood at the entrance to the dance-hall, with a little green parasol in its paw and an old silk hat upon its head; from it they shifted to the gaudy bar with its paraphernalia of fancy glasses, show-cases of coloured liquors and its pair of scales for weighing the gold dust; and from that to a keg, the top of which could be withdrawn without engendering the slightest suspicion that it represented other than an ordinary receptacle for liquor. Two notices tacked upon the wall also caught and held his glance, his eyes dwelling most affectionately on the one reading: "A Real Home For The Boys."
That there was such a thing as sentiment in the make-up of the Sheriff of Manzaneta County few people, perhaps, would have believed. Nevertheless, at the thought that this placard inspired, he dismissed whatever inclination he might have had to deal leniently with the culprit, and calmly observed:
"There is no reason, gentlemen, of being in a hurry. I've got something to say about this. I don't forget, although I am the Sheriff of Manzaneta County, that I'm running four games. But it's men like The Sidney Duck here that casts reflections on square-minded, sporting men like myself. And worse—far worse, gentlemen, he casts reflections on The Polka, the establishment of the one decent woman in Cloudy."
"You bet!" affirmed Nick, indignantly.
"Yes, a lady, d'you hear me?" stormed Sonora, addressing the prisoner; then: "You lily-livered skunk!"
"Oh, let's string 'im up!" urged Trinidad.
"Yes, come on, you . . .!" was Handsome's ejaculation, contriving, at last, to get his hands on the faro dealer.
But again the Sheriff would have none of it.
"Hold on, hold on—" he began and paused to philosophise: "After all, gents, what's death? A kick and you're off;" and then went on: "I've thought of a worse punishment. Give him his coat."
Surprised and perplexed at this order, Handsome, reluctantly, assisted the culprit into his coat.
"Put him over there," the Sheriff now ordered.
Whereupon, obedient to the instructions of that personage, The Sidney Duck was roughly put down into a chair; and while he was firmly held into it, Rance strolled nonchalantly over to the faro table and picked out a card from the deck there. Returning, he quickly plucked a stick-pin from the prisoner's scarf, saying, while he suited his action to his words:
"See, now I place the deuce of spades over his heart as a warning. He can't leave the camp, and he never plays cyards again—see?" And while the men, awed to silence, stood looking at one another, he instructed Handsome to pass the word through the camp.
"Ow, now, don't si that! Don't si that!" bawled out the card sharp.
The sentence met with universal approval. Rance waved an authoritative hand towards the door; and the incident, a few seconds later, passed into its place in the camp records. Albeit, in those seconds, and while the men were engrossed in the agreeable task of ejecting The Sidney Duck, The Polka harboured another guest, no less unwelcome, who made his way unobserved through the saloon to become an unobtrusive spectator of the doings in the dance-hall.
In the space of six months one can do little or much harm. The young bandit,—for he had kept his oath to his father,—flattered himself that he had done much. In all the mining camps of the Sierras the mere mention of the name of Ramerrez brought forth execrations. Not a stage started out with its precious golden freight without its passengers having misgivings that they would be held up before reaching Sacramento. Messengers armed with shotguns were always to be found at their post beside the drivers; yet, despite all precautions, not a week passed without a report that the stage out of this or that camp, had been attacked and the passengers forced to surrender their money and valuables. Under no circumstances, however, were any of Ramerrez's own countrymen molested. If, by any chance, the road agent made a mistake and stopped a party of native Californians or Mexicans, they were at once permitted to proceed on their way with the bandit-leader's profuse apologies.
But it was altogether different with Americans. The men of that race were compelled to surrender their gold; although so far as he was concerned, their women were exempt from robbery. As a matter of fact, he had few chances to show his chivalry, since few women were living, at that time, in the Sierras. Nevertheless, it happened in rare instances that a stage was held up which contained one or two of them, and they were never known to complain of his treatment. And so far, at least, he had contrived to avoid any serious bloodshed. Two or three messengers, it is true, had been slightly wounded; but that was the most that his worst enemies could charge against him.
As for Ramerrez's own attitude towards the life he was leading, it must be confessed that, the plunge once taken, his days and nights were too full of excitement and adventure to leave him time to brood. Somewhat to his own surprise, he had inherited his father's power of iron domination. Young as he was, not one of his father's seasoned band of cut-throats ever questioned his right or his ability to command. At first, no doubt, they followed him through a rude spirit of loyalty; but after a short time it was because they had found in him all the qualities of a leader of men, one whose plans never miscarried. Fully two-thirds of the present band were vassals, as it were, in his family, while all were of Spanish or Mexican descent. In truth, Ramerrez himself was the only one among them who had any gringo blood in his veins. And hence not a tale of the outlaw's doings was complete without the narrator insisting upon it that the leader of the band—the road agent himself—closely resembled an American. One and all of his victims agreed that he spoke with an American accent, while the few who had been able to see his features on a certain occasion when the red bandanna, which he wore about his face, had fallen, never failed to maintain that he looked like an American.
As a matter of fact, Ramerrez not only bore the imprint of his mother's race in features and in speech, but the more he made war upon them, the more he realised that it was without any real feeling of hostility. In spite of his early training and in spite of his oath, he could not share his father's bitterness. True, the gringos had wrecked the fortunes of his house; it was due to them that his sole inheritance was an outlaw's name and an outlaw's leadership. And yet, despite it all, there was another fact that he could not forget,—the fact that he himself was one half gringo, one half the same race as that of the unforgotten Girl whom he had met on the road to Sacramento. Indeed, it had been impossible to forget her, for she had stirred some depth in him, the existence of which he had never before suspected. He was haunted by the thought of her attractive face, her blue eyes and merry, contagious laugh. For the hundredth time he recalled his feelings on that glorious day when he had intercepted her on the great highway. And with this memory would come a sudden shame of himself and occupation,—a realisation of the barrier which he had deliberately put between the present and the past. Up to the hour when he had parted from her, and had remained spellbound, seated on his horse at the fork of the roads, watching the vanishing coach up to the last minute, he was still a Spanish gentleman, still worthy in himself,—whatever his father had done,—to offer his love and his devotion to a pure and honest girl. But now he was an outlaw, a road agent going from one robbery to another, likely at any time to stain his hand with the life-blood of a fellow man. And this pretence that he was stealing in a righteous cause, that he was avenging the wrongs that had been done to his countrymen,—why, it was the rankest hypocrisy! He knew in his heart that vengeance and race hatred had nothing whatever to do with it. It was because he loved it like a game, a game of unforeseen, unguessed danger. The fever of it was in his blood, like strong drink,— and with every day's adventure, the thirst for it grew stronger.
Yet, however personally daring, Ramerrez was the last person in the world to trust to chance for his operations, more than was absolutely necessary. He handled his men with shrewd judgment and strict discipline. Furthermore, never was an attack made that was not the outcome of a carefully matured plan. A prime factor in Ramerrez' success had from the first been the information which he was able to obtain from the Mexicans, not connected with his band, concerning the places that the miners used as temporary depositories for their gold; and it was information of this sort that led Ramerrez and his men to choose a certain Mexican settlement in the mountains as a base of operations: namely, the tempting fact that a large amount of gold was stored nightly in the Polka Saloon, at the neighbouring camp on Cloudy Mountain.
And there was still another reason.
Despite the fact that his heart had been genuinely touched by the many and unusual attractions of the Girl, it is not intended to convey the idea that he was austere or incapable of passion for anyone else. For that was not so. Although, to give the bandit his due, he had remained quite exemplary, when one considers his natural charm as well as the fascination which his adventurous life had for his country-women. Unfortunately, however, in one of his weak moments, he had foolishly permitted himself to become entangled with a Mexican woman—Nina Micheltorena, by name—whose jealous nature now threatened to prove a serious handicap to him. It was a particularly awkward situation in which he found himself placed, inasmuch as this woman had furnished him with much valuable information. In fact, it was she who had called his attention to the probable spoils to be had in the American camp near by. It can readily be imagined, therefore, that it was not without a premonition of trouble to come that he sought the Mexican settlement with the intention of paying her a hundred-fold for her valuable assistance in the past and then be through with her for good and all.
The Mexican or greaser settlements had little in them that resembled their American neighbours. In the latter there were few women, for the long distance that the American pioneers had to travel before reaching the gold-fields of California, the hardships that they knew had to be encountered, deterred them from bringing their wives and daughters. But with the Mexicans it was wholly different. The number of women in their camps almost equalled that of the men, and the former could always be seen, whenever the weather permitted, strolling about or sitting in the doorways chatting with their neighbours, while children were everywhere. In fact, everything about the Mexican settlements conveyed the impression that they had come to stay—a decided contrast to the transient appearance of the camps of the Americans.
It was one evening late in the fall that Ramerrez and his band halted just outside of this particular Mexican settlement. And after instructing his men where they should meet him the following day, he sent them off to enjoy themselves for the night with their friends. For, Ramerrez, although exercising restraint over his band, never failed to see to it that they had their pleasures as well as their duties—a trait in his character that had not a little to do with his great influence over his men. And so it happened that he made his way alone up the main street to the hall where a dance was going on.
The scene that met his eyes on entering the long, low room was a gay one. It was a motley crowd gathered there in which the Mexicans, not unnaturally, predominated. Here and there, however, were native Californians, Frenchmen, Germans and a few Americans, the latter conspicuous by the absence of colour in their dress; for with the exception of an occasional coatless man in a red or blue shirt, they wore faded, old, black coats,—frequently frock-coats, at that,—which certainly contrasted unfavourably, at least so far as heightening the gaiety of the scene was concerned, with the green velvet jackets, brilliant waistcoats with gold filigree and silver buttons and red sashes of the Mexicans. That there was not a man present but what was togged out in his best and was armed, it goes without saying, even if the weapons of the Mexicans were in the form of murderous knives concealed somewhere about their persons instead of belts with guns and knives openly displayed, as was the case with the Americans.
At the time of the outlaw's entrance into the dance-hall the fandango was over. But presently the fiddles, accompanied by guitars, struck up a waltz, and almost instantly some twenty or more men and women took the floor; those not engaged in dancing surrounding the dancers, clapping their hands and shouting their applause. In order to see if the woman he sought was present, it was necessary for Ramerrez to push to the very front of the crowd of lookers-on, where he was not long in observing that nearly all the women present were of striking appearance and danced well; likewise, he noted, that none compared either in looks or grace with Nina Micheltorena who, he had to acknowledge, even if his feelings for her were dead, was a superb specimen of a woman.
Good blood ran in the veins of Nina Micheltorena. It is not in the province of this story to tell how it was that a favourite in the best circles of Monterey came to be living in a Mexican camp in the Sierras. Suffice it to say that her fall from grace had been rapid, though her dissolute career had in no way diminished her beauty. Indeed, her features were well-nigh perfect, her skin transparently clear, if dark, and her form was suppleness itself as she danced. And that she was the undisputed belle of the evening was made apparent by the number of men who watched her with eyes that marvelled at her grace when dancing, and surrounded her whenever she stopped, each pleading with her to accept him as a partner.
Almost every colour of the rainbow had a place in her costume for the occasion: The bodice was of light blue silk; the skirt orange; encircling her small waist was a green sash; while her jet-black hair was fastened with a crimson ribbon. Diamonds flashed from the earrings in her ears as well as from the rings on her fingers. All in all, it was scarcely to be wondered at that her charms stirred to the very depths the fierce passion of the desperate characters about her.
That Ramerrez dreaded the interview which he had determined to have with his confederate can easily be understood by anyone who has ever tried to sever his relations with an enamoured woman. In fact the outlaw dreaded it so much that he decided to postpone it as long as he could. And so, after sauntering aimlessly about the room, and coming, unexpectedly, across a woman of his acquaintance, he began to converse with her, supposing, all the time, that Nina Micheltorena was too occupied with the worshippers at her shrine to perceive that he was in the dance-hall. But it was decidedly a case of the wish being father to the thought: Not a movement had he made since he entered that she was not cognisant of it and, although she hated to acknowledge it to herself, deep down in her heart she was conscious that he was not as thoroughly under the sway of her dark eyes as she would have wished. Something had happened in the last few weeks that had brought about a change in him, but just what it was she was unable to determine. There were moments when she saw plainly that he was much more occupied with his daring plans than he was with thoughts of her. So far, it was true, there had been no evidences on his part of any hesitation in confiding his schemes to her. Of that she was positive. But, on the other hand, she had undoubtedly lost some of her influence over him. It did not lessen her nervousness to realise that he had been in the hall for some time without making any effort to see her. Besides, the appointment had been of his own making, inasmuch as he had sent word by one of his band that she should meet him to-night in this place. Furthermore, she knew that he had in mind one of the boldest projects he had yet attempted and needed, to insure success, every scrap of knowledge that she possessed. In the meantime, while she waited for him to seek her out, she resolved to show him the extent of her power to fascinate others; and from that moment never had she seemed more attractive and alluring to her admirers, in all of whom she appeared to excite the fiercest of passions. In fact, one word whispered in an ear by those voluptuous lips and marvellously sweet, musical voice, and the recipient would have done her bidding, even had she demanded a man's life as the price of her favour.
It is necessary, however, to single out one man as proving an exception to this sweeping assertion, although this particular person seemed no less devoted than the other men present. He was plainly an American and apparently a stranger to his countrymen as well as to the Mexicans. His hair was white and closely cropped, the eyebrows heavy and very black, the lips nervous and thin but denoting great determination, and the face was tanned to the colour of old leather, sufficiently so as to be noticeable even in a country where all faces were tanned, swarthy, and dark. One would have thought that this big, heavy, but extremely-active man whose clothes, notwithstanding the wear and tear of the road, were plainly cut on "'Frisco patterns," was precisely the person calculated to make an impression upon a woman like Nina Micheltorena; and, yet, oddly enough, he was the only man in the room whose attentions seemed distasteful to her. It could not be accounted for on the ground of his nationality, for she danced gladly with others of his race. Nor did it look like caprice on her part. On the contrary, there was an expression on her face that resembled something like fear when she refused to be cajoled into dancing with him. At length, finding her adamant, the man left the room.
But as time went by and still Ramerrez kept aloof, Nina Micheltorena's excitement began to increase immeasureably. To such a woman the outlaw's neglect could mean but one thing—another woman. And, finally, unable to control herself any longer, she made her way to where the woman with whom Ramerrez had been conversing was standing alone.
"What has the Senor been saying to you?" she demanded, jealousy and ungovernable passion blazing forth from her eyes.
"Nothing of interest to you," replied the other with a shrug of her shoulders.
"It's a lie!" burst from Nina's lips. "I heard him making love to you! I was standing near and heard every tone, every inflection of his voice! I saw how he looked at you!" And so crazed was she by jealousy that her face became distorted and almost ugly, if such a thing were possible, and her great eyes filled with hatred.
The other woman laughed scornfully.
"Make your man stay away from me then—if you can," she retorted.
At that the infuriated Nina drew a knife and cried:
"Swear to me that you'll not see him to-night, or—"
The sentence was never finished. Quick as lightning Ramerrez stepped in and caught Nina's up-raised arm. For one instant her eyes flashed fire at him; another, and submissive to his will, she slipped the knife somewhere in the folds of her dress and the attention that she had succeeded in attracting was diverted elsewhere. Those who had rushed up expecting a tragedy returned, once more, to their dancing.
"I have been looking for you, Nina," he said, taking her to one side. "I want to speak with you."
Nina laughed airily, but only another woman would have been able to detect the danger lurking in that laugh.
"Have you just come in?" she inquired casually. "It is generally not difficult to find me when there is dancing." And then with a significant smile: "But perhaps there were so many men about me that I was completely hidden from the view of the Senor."
Ramerrez bowed politely his belief in the truth of her words; then he said somewhat seriously:
"I see a vacant table over in the corner where we can talk without danger of being overheard. Come!" He led the way, the woman following him, to a rough table of pine at the farther end of the room where, immediately, a bottle and two glasses were placed before them. When they had pledged each other, Ramerrez went on to say, in a low voice, that he had made the appointment in order to deliver to her her share for the information that led to his successful holdup of the stage at a place known as "The Forks," a few miles back; and taking from his pocket a sack of gold he placed it on the table before her.
There was a silence in which Nina made no movement to pick up the gold; whereupon, Ramerrez repeated a little harshly:
Slowly the woman rose, picking up the sack as she did so, and with a request that he await her, she made her way over to the bar where she handed it to the Mexican in charge with a few words of instruction. In another moment she was again seated at the table with him.
"Why did you send for me to meet you here?" she now asked. "Why did you not come to my room—surely you knew that there was danger here?"
Carelessly, Ramerrez let his eyes wander about the room; no one was paying the slightest attention to them and, apparently, there being nothing to fear, he answered:
For a brief space of time the woman looked at him as if she would ferret out his innermost thoughts; at length, she said with a shrug of the shoulders:
"Few here are to be thoroughly trusted. The woman you were with—she knows you?"
"I never met her but once before," was his laconic rejoinder.
Nina eyed him suspiciously; at last she was satisfied that he spoke the truth, but there was still that cold, abstracted manner of his to be explained. However, cleverly taking her cue from him she inquired in business-like tones:
"And how about The Polka Saloon—the raid on Cloudy Mountain Camp?"
A shade of annoyance crossed Ramerrez' face.
"I have decided to give that up—at least for a time."
Again Nina regarded him curiously; when she spoke there was a suspicious gleam in her eyes, though she said lightly:
"Perhaps you're right—it will not be an easy job."
"Far from it," quickly agreed the man. "But the real reason is, that I have planned to go below for a while."
The woman's eyes narrowed.
"You are going away then?"
"And what about me? Do I go with you?"
Ramerrez laughed uneasily.
"It is impossible. The fact is, it is best that this should be our last meeting." And seeing the change that came over her face he went on in more conciliatory tones: "Now, Nina, be reasonable. It is time that we understood each other. This interview must be final."
"And you came here to tell me this?" blazed the woman, scowling darkly upon him. And for the moment she looked all that she was reputed to be—a dangerous woman!
Receiving no answer, she spoke again.
"But you said that you would love me always?"
The man flushed.
"Did I say that once? What a memory you have!"
"And you never meant it?"
"I suppose so—at the time."
"Then you don't love me any more?"
Ramerrez made no answer.
For some moments Nina sat perfectly still. Her mind was busy trying to determine upon the best course to pursue. At length she decided to make one more attempt to see whether he was really in earnest. And if not . . .
"But to-night," she hazarded, leaning far over the table and putting her face close to his, her eyes the while flooded with voluptuousness, "you will come with me to my room?"
Ramerrez shook his head.
"No, Nina, all that is over."
The woman bit her lips with vexation.
"Are you made of stone? What is the matter with you to-night? Is there anything wrong with my beauty? Have you seen anyone handsomer than I am?"
"No . . ."
"Then why not come? You don't hate?"
"I don't hate you in the least, but I won't go to your room."
There was a world of meaning in that one word. For a while she seemed to be reflecting; suddenly with great earnestness she said:
"Once for all, Ramerrez, listen to me. Rather than give you up to any other woman I will give you up to death. Now do you still refuse me?"
"Yes . . ." answered Ramerrez not unkindly and wholly unmoved by her threat. "We've been good pals, Nina, but it's best for both that we should part."
In the silence that ensued the woman did some hard thinking. That a man could ever tire of her without some other woman coming into his life never once entered into her mind. Something told her, nevertheless, that the woman with whom he had been conversing was not the woman that she sought; and at a loss to discover the person to whom he had transferred his affections, her mind reverted to his avowed purpose of withdrawing from the proposed Cloudy Mountain expedition. The more Nina reflected on that subject the more convinced she became that, for some reason or other, Ramerrez had been deceiving her. It was made all the more clear to her when she recalled that when Ramerrez' messenger had brought his master's message that she was to meet him, she had asked where the band's next rendezvous was to be, and that he, knowing full well that his countrywoman had ever been cognizant of his master's plans, had freely given the desired information. Like a flash it came to her now that no such meeting-place would have been selected for any undertaking other than a descent upon Cloudy Mountain Camp. Nor was her intuition or reasoning at fault: Ramerrez had not given up his intention of getting the miners' gold that he knew from her to be packed away somewhere in The Polka Saloon; but what she did not suspect, despite his peculiar behaviour, was that he had taken advantage of the proximity of the two camps to sever his relation, business and otherwise, with her. And yet, did he but know it, she was destined to play no small part in his life for the next few weeks!
Nina Micheltorena had now decided upon her future course of action: She would let him think that his desire to break off all relations with her would not be opposed. Ever a keen judge of men and their ways, she was well aware that any effort to reclaim him to-night would meet with disaster. And so when Ramerrez, surprised at her long silence, looked up, he was met with a smiling face and the words:
"So be it, Ramerrez. But if anything happens, remember you have only yourself to blame."
Ramerrez was astounded at her cool dismissal of the subject. To judge by the expression on his face he had indeed obtained his release far easier than he had deemed it possible. As a matter of fact, her indifference so piqued him that before he was conscious of his words he had asked somewhat lamely:
"You wish me well? We part as friends?"
Nina regarded him with well-simulated surprise, and replied:
"Why, of course—the best of friends. Good luck, amigo!" And with that she rose and left him.
And so it was that later that evening after assuring herself that neither Ramerrez nor any of his band remained in the dance-hall, Nina, her face set and pale, exchanged a few whispered words with that same big man towards whom, earlier in the evening, she had shown such animosity.
The effect of these words was magical; the man could not suppress a grunt of intense satisfaction.
"She says I'm to meet her to-morrow night at the Palmetto Restaurant," said Ashby to himself after the woman had lost herself in a crowd of her own countrymen. "She will tell where I can put my hands on this Ramerrez. Bah! It's too good to be true. Nevertheless, I'll be on hand, my lady, for if anyone knows of this fellow's movements I'll wager you do."
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“There is a satanic quality to the French Revolution that distinguishes it from everything we have ever seen or anything we are ever likely to see in the future.” – Joseph de Maistre
With Francophiles throughout the world observing Bastille Day on Saturday, July 14th, some may feel it is poor taste to bring up Maximilien Robespierre. Maybe it is, but there can be no question that Robespierre’s story, embarrassing or no, is one of the foundation stones upon which modern France has been built. Nor can there be much doubt that an honest examination of democratic modernity’s problems entails a confrontation with Robespierre’s legacy.
In Hilaire Belloc’s estimation Robespierre is best understood as a tragic figure, “a man sincerely attached to the conception of an ideal democracy,” who was “incorruptible” in his pursuit of this democracy but who also, unfortunately, “lacked humility”. Less sympathetic observers would characterize Robespierre as the man who pioneered modern totalitarianism and state-orchestrated terror. Either way, the relative obscurity of this leader who liquidated so many of his countrymen in the name of Equality marks one of many debilitating blind spots in the modern mind. Even if the American leftist has never heard of him, he nonetheless owes Robespierre a great ideological debt, for it was Robespierre as much as anyone who propagated the conviction that evil comes from stifling institutions rather than from man’s sinful heart. As such he stands as the intellectual ancestor of later, seemingly disparate movements, from the Transcendentalists, to the Bolsheviks, to the hippies, to the antifa movement.
Perhaps the normalization of terrorism in France was already a fact the moment that the head of the Bastille’s governor was paraded through the streets on a pike, but that is a question to be debated by scholars of political theory. What can be safely said is that once l’ancien regime was overthrown and the anointed king stripped of his ancient sovereignty, radical changes necessarily had to follow. For hallowed certainties had been called into question, and forces had been set into motion that those leading the first wave of the Revolution – the liberalizing Girondins – proved unable to control.
After pushing the Girondins aside, the Jacobins were for a time able to ride the revolutionary tiger, thereby affording Robespierre and his colleagues the opportunity to experiment on France in accord with principles outlined in Robespierre’s Report On the Principles of Political Morality (1794):
If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, amid revolution it is at the same time [both] virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal; terror, without which virtue is impotent. Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice; it is therefore an emanation of virtue. It is less a special principle than a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to our country’s most pressing needs […] The government of the revolution is the despotism of liberty against tyranny.
As for the Vendean peasantry and others who might not welcome revolutionary liberty, they would, in the memorable phrase of Robespierre’s favorite philosopher Rousseau, “be forced to be free.” As Robespierre himself put it, “Social protection is due only to peaceful citizens; there are no citizens in the Republic but the republicans.”
In other words, membership in the Republic depended upon one’s subscription to a specific democratic ideology rather than upon complex threads of history and culture. Since revolutionists could not agree about the precise nature of this ideology, the passage of time led to more and more people being excluded from the category of “true” – that is to say, politically-correct – Frenchman. Launay, the governor of the Bastille, was but the first of many to lose his head, from the royal couple to renowned scientist Antoine Lavoisier to the Carmelite martyrs of Compiègne. In Robespierre’s France informers listened carefully to conversations, took note of what sorts of jokes their neighbors told, and kept an eye out for priests and nobles in hiding. The idea behind “the despotism of liberty against tyranny” was that tyrants (and their supporters) deserved to be tyrannized.
All this came to be known as the Reign of Terror, and was accompanied by an ambitious program of cultural reconstruction. Under the aegis of the all-powerful Committee for Public Safety, clergy were enjoined to swear loyalty oaths to the revolutionary state, the months of the year were renamed in accordance with rationalist criteria, and the reckoning of the year itself was shifted away from the nativity of Christ and onto the inauguration of the Republic. In an especially audacious move, the Catholic faith was formally replaced by a new Deist civic religion instituted through ceremonies in “The Temple of Reason” — i.e., Notre Dame Cathedral.
Robespierre admitted that his program was intense, even feverish, but such was to be expected from the birth-pangs of a new, democratic France and a new, democratic world:
In order to lay the foundations of democracy among us and to consolidate it, in order to arrive at a peaceful reign of constitutional laws, we must finish the war of liberty against tyranny and safely cross through the storms of the revolution: that is the goal of the revolutionary system which you have put in order. You should therefore still base your conduct upon the stormy circumstances in which the republic finds itself; and the plan of your administration should be the result of the spirit of revolutionary government, combined with the general principles of democracy.
Peacetime norms are all well and good – during peacetime. A very different approach is required during time of crisis. Robespierre’s plainly stated concern was that counter-revolutionaries and their foreign sponsors might take advantage of legal technicalities to avoid detection and punishment as they promoted their agenda. Meanwhile, since Robespierre claimed democracy to be the only valid form of government, his France automatically denied the legitimacy of all the other great nations of Europe. Naturally, then, Europe descended into a state of intense, long-term hostility. Just as other nations feared regime change sponsored by French revolutionary agents, so the French revolutionaries themselves lived in constant fear that a reactionary foreign power might meddle with French democracy. Not without reason, Robespierre came to see enemies everywhere, and the sense of emergency only let up when Robespierre himself was caught in the gears of his own state apparatus and carted down the path to the guillotine on July 28, 1794.
The most charitable way to think about Robespierre’s career is by grasping the half-truths which lie behind his agenda. A certain healthy fear of the law is indeed necessary for any social order, radical republican or otherwise, and even the most quixotic monarchists would admit that the old Bourbon regime had positively invited revolt through ineptitude, over-centralization, and self-absorption. And it is likewise true that the methods called for in holding together a functioning government in a time of chaos must be more assertive and decisive than those appropriate to running a stable, secured government.
Yet decadence calls for a spirit of renewal, not “creative destruction,” and there is never a time so tumultuous that all rules and restraint may be rightfully cast off. Nor can a revolutionary order ever arrive “at a peaceful reign of constitutional laws,” because the revolutionary can never be truly satisfied. After all, today the ideals of the French Revolution are enshrined in the platforms of most Western political parties, and enjoy the support of America’s preeminent authorities, from Hollywood to Harvard, from CNN to the CIA. Nonetheless, for so long as I can remember the revolutionary leftist has styled himself a plucky underdog, pitted against … who or what, exactly? Common sense? Human nature? Himself?
The tantalizing lie of revolution is the idea that heaven-on-earth sits right around the corner, provided some hated class – the aristocrats, or the clergy, or the capitalists – can be overthrown and then purged from public life. Each time the glorious new millennium fails to materialize, the revolutionary always adapts by finding new enemies to blame for the revolution’s failure to deliver on its extravagant promises. In the Jacobin era, the first enemy who blocked the path to limitless progress had blue blood; now the adversary to be terrorized has a blue collar, or a red neck, or floats in utero. And still the purges show no sign of coming to an end anytime soon.
It seems that the Augustinian dictum Our hearts are restless until they rest in Thee is not only a central tenet of Christian spirituality, but also the beginning of political wisdom.
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Grow a variety of different flowering bulbs in your garden for easy, carefree flowers from spring through fall. Plant a wide variety of bulbs that bloom in different seasons to complement your perennial or annual flowers. Some varieties of bulbs need a cooling period, while others are frost-tender and must be dug up and stored in a frost-free location until spring. Schedule your bulb planting according to the bulbs' variety and cultural requirements.
Plant spring-blooming bulbs in early to mid autumn. This includes tulips, daffodils, crocus and hyacinth. Spring-blooming bulbs need a period of cold weather in order for them to grow roots before beginning vegetative growth when the weather warms in spring.
Beginning in late autumn, plant spring-blooming bulbs in pots for indoor forcing during winter. Plant bulbs close together but not touching in 6- to 8-inch pots. Spring bulbs that are forced to bloom indoors out of their regular season need to be exposed to near-freezing temperatures for 12 to 16 weeks before being brought into regular room temperatures to grow leaves, stems and flowers. All types of lily bulbs can be planted in late fall, as well.
Plant tender amaryllis bulbs for indoor blooms any time from early winter through early spring. Amaryllis are tender tropical bulbs native to South America. They produce massive, dinner-plate-size flowers atop a single 18- to 24-inch stem. They do not require a chilling period like spring-blooming bulbs. Amaryllis will bloom approximately 10 to 12 weeks after potting up and their initial watering.
Spring is the time to plant summer-blooming bulbs, such as gladiolus, cannas, dahlias, caladium and tuberous begonias. These are tender bulbs that will not survive winter in any area where frost is present. Gladiolus bulbs are dug up in late summer, stored over winter in a frost-free area and replanted every spring after all danger of frost has past. Although it is recommended that lily bulbs be planted in fall, they can also be planted in mid-spring for blooms approximately 60 to 70 days later.
Fall-blooming bulbs should be planted in early summer, but no later than mid-summer. This includes colchicum, fall crocus, scilla and resurrection lily (also called “naked ladies”). These hardy bulbs will begin to grow foliage in spring and will flower in mid to late autumn, even after their foliage has dried up for the year and turned brown.
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If you’d like to see the Northern Lights, then you’ve gotta head north, and there’s no better place to be than Norway or Iceland. Their locations along (and above) the Arctic Circle make for incredible viewing, especially during the winter.
There’s a problem though. The high northern latitudes that make Norway and Iceland awesome for watching the Northern Lights during the winter also make aurora viewing an impossibility during the summer. The reason is simple. There’s just too much daylight.
A clear, dark sky is the key to effectively viewing the Aurora Borealis. So, the fact that the summer sun does not sink below the horizon for nearly two months in a place like Norway’s Lofoten Islands makes viewing the auroras a non-starter.
Iceland is theoretically a little better. The mainland sits just below the Arctic Circle. This means that Iceland’s summer sun doesn’t stay in the sky for a full 24 hours like it does in Lofoten. The sunset is so brief, however, that twilight on either side the sunrise and sunset prevents the sky from ever turning completely dark.
If mid-summer won’t work, then when is the BEST time to go?
You won’t like this answer, but technically, it’s winter. Winter nights are long and dark, the air is cold (which helps reduce atmospheric water vapor and makes for clear viewing), and electrical conductivity in the ionosphere tends to drop, which sets the stage for a higher frequency of auroral activity. When you’re dealing with something as unpredictable as the Northern Lights, it helps to stack as many cards in your favor as possible.
So you’re telling me I’m screwed if I want to hike in the summer?
Not exactly. While it is true that you’ll have a better chance of seeing the Northern Lights during the winter, they do actually shine year round, which means that late summer, fall and early spring are also viable options. And, the interesting thing about extreme northern latitudes is that the loss (or gain) of daylight (depending on the time of year) is almost exponential. In the Lofoten Islands, for example, daylight shortens by about 1 hour per week from July to September. Therefore, by the time mid August rolls around, you’ll find the sun rising around 4:30 am and setting around 10 o’clock at night. Of course, you’ll have twilight on either side of that, but you’ll still have some darkness each night. By mid September, the sun rises around 6:30 am, and sets around 7:30 pm, offering a dark window of opportunity to view the auroras.
Is this some kind of bait and switch? Your hiking tours run during June and July.
OK. Let’s just say that you shouldn’t count on seeing the Northern Lights if you hike in Norway or Iceland in June or July, especially if you go in June. BUT, you will experience the ethereal light of the ‘midnight sun’ which is equally spectacular. The sun never sets when you get above the Arctic Circle during the summer solstice. Rather, the sun undulates across the sky, kissing the horizon then rising back up again the way a beach ball rides on an ocean wave. Experiencing the ‘midnight sun’ is an authentic once-in-a lifetime experience.
But I really have my heart set on the Northern Lights. What can you do for me?
We do offer private-guided hiking tours in Norway and Iceland (subject to guide and hotel availability), and mid-to-late August would be a great time to try and ‘thread the needle.’ The night skies are beginning to darken, but the rains and cloud cover that usually arrive with September have yet to settle in.
Remember though, that viewing the Aurora Borealis is a lot like gambling. Not only do we have to align all the weather variables, (clear, dark sky, no cloud cover, unstable ionosphere), but we must also cross our fingers that the sun will send a chunk of charged particles to earth during a time that is most convenient for viewing. Solar storms, (and their resulting auroral activity) usually peak in 11 year cycles, and sadly, at the time of this writing, we’re on the downswing of a cycle which peaked back in 2014. This doesn’t mean that the Northern Lights will stop completely until the next peak. It just means that each auroral display is a rare and special gift. The unpredictability is part of the auroral magic that has inspired scores of myths and mesmerized countless civilizations for as long as humans can remember.
Please drop us a line if you’d like to discuss a private tour.
Photo: Aurora Borealis over Kleifarvatn Lake on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland | Photography by SC, Shutterstock
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Oana Godeanu-Kenworthy, Kluge Fellow lecture-
Once hailed as the Second War of Independence, The War of 1812 is now a forgotten war in the United States. In Canada, however, the conflict remains a central event in national history. Two hundred years later, it is still celebrated as the moment when the colonies reasserted their loyalty to the Crown by rejecting annexation to the United States. In the decades after the end of the war, writers and historians on both sides of the border articulated distinct and competing narratives about the conflict, its causes, and its outcome. These variations prove not only that, beyond linguistic and cultural commonalities, 19th-century Canada and the U.S. represented two coherent and distinct national communities, but also illuminate the North American dimension of the larger transatlantic contest between monarchy and republicanism.
Thursday, July 26 at 12:00 PM
Location: LJ 119, Thomas Jefferson Building, 10 First St. S.E., Washington DC
For more information, contact the Kluge Center at (202) 707-3302. Request ASL and ADA accommodations five days in advance at 202-707-6362 or [email protected].
Send comments and questions to H-Net
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listed here, please contact the organizers or patrons directly. Though we strive
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announcements appearing in this service. (Administration)
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What is a good example of causation?
What is a good example of causation?
Examples of causation: This is cause-and-effect because I’m purposefully pushing my body to physical exhaustion when doing exercise. The muscles I used to exercise are exhausted (effect) after I exercise (cause). This cause-and-effect IS confirmed.
What relationship is an example of causation?
Causal relationships: A causal generalization, e.g., that smoking causes lung cancer, is not about an particular smoker but states a special relationship exists between the property of smoking and the property of getting lung cancer.
What is an example of causation and correlation?
Example: Correlation between Ice cream sales and sunglasses sold. As the sales of ice creams is increasing so do the sales of sunglasses. Causation takes a step further than correlation. It is also referred as cause and effect.
What is an example of causation in statistics?
Let’s say you have a job and get paid a certain rate per hour. The more hours you work, the more income you will earn, right? This means there is a relationship between the two events and also that a change in one event (hours worked) causes a change in the other (income). This is causation in action!
How do you establish causation?
To establish causality you need to show three things–that X came before Y, that the observed relationship between X and Y didn’t happen by chance alone, and that there is nothing else that accounts for the X -> Y relationship.
What is difference between causation and correlation?
A correlation between variables, however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable. Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there is a causal relationship between the two events.
Why is correlation not causation?
Well, correlation is a measure of how closely related two things are. “Correlation is not causation” means that just because two things correlate does not necessarily mean that one causes the other.
How is causation determined?
Causation means that one event causes another event to occur. Causation can only be determined from an appropriately designed experiment. In such experiments, similar groups receive different treatments, and the outcomes of each group are studied.
How do you show causation in statistics?
The use of a controlled study is the most effective way of establishing causality between variables. In a controlled study, the sample or population is split in two, with both groups being comparable in almost every way. The two groups then receive different treatments, and the outcomes of each group are assessed.
What are the three rules of causation?
There are three conditions for causality: covariation, temporal precedence, and control for “third variables.” The latter comprise alternative explanations for the observed causal relationship.
What are the five rules of causation?
Causal statements must follow five rules: 1) Clearly show the cause and effect relationship. 2) Use specific and accurate descriptions of what occurred rather than negative and vague words. 3) Identify the preceding system cause of the error and NOT the human error.
Why is correlation and causation important?
When changes in one variable cause another variable to change, this is described as a causal relationship. The most important thing to understand is that correlation is not the same as causation – sometimes two things can share a relationship without one causing the other.
What does a correlation not prove?
“Correlation is not causation” means that just because two things correlate does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. Correlations between two things can be caused by a third factor that affects both of them. This sneaky, hidden third wheel is called a confounder.
How do we confirm causation between the variables?
Once you find a correlation, you can test for causation by running experiments that “control the other variables and measure the difference.” Two such experiments or analyses you can use to identify causation with your product are: Hypothesis testing. A/B/n experiments.
How do you confirm causation?
To determine causality, Variation in the variable presumed to influence the difference in another variable(s) must be detected, and then the variations from the other variable(s) must be calculated (s).
How is causation calculated?
Causation can only be determined from an appropriately designed experiment. In such experiments, similar groups receive different treatments, and the outcomes of each group are studied. We can only conclude that a treatment causes an effect if the groups have noticeably different outcomes.
Can you ever prove causation?
So we are aware that it is not easy to prove causation. In order to prove causation we need a randomised experiment. We need to make random any possible factor that could be associated, and thus cause or contribute to the effect. If we do have a randomised experiment, we can prove causation.
What is a root cause statement?
The goal of any root cause is to understand the reasons why risk factors occur in a job following a baseline musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risk assessment. A root cause statement should take it one step further and explain why the task is causing the risk exposure.
Why correlation is not causation example?
The classic example of correlation not equaling causation can be found with ice cream and — murder. That is, the rates of violent crime and murder have been known to jump when ice cream sales do. But, presumably, buying ice cream doesn’t turn you into a killer (unless they’re out of your favorite kind?).
How do you prove statistically causation?
In order to prove causation we need a randomised experiment. We need to make random any possible factor that could be associated, and thus cause or contribute to the effect. There is also the related problem of generalizability. If we do have a randomised experiment, we can prove causation.
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Many experience depression, and often treat it with prescription anti-depressants to help find some relief. But with the rise in antidepressants and related concerns about addiction, many have begun seeking other options.
Nearly all medications, both over-the-counter and prescription, have some kind of undesirable and often times dangerous side effect.
Fortunately, cannabis has been shown to improve depressive symptoms. Studies have indicated that the most common self-reported reason for using cannabis is in its ability to reduce feelings of stress, tension and anxiety. Similar to the way many anti-depressants do but without the required daily take and side effects.
Indeed, marijuana is less toxic than many of the drugs that physicians prescribe every day.
Photo Credit: wackystuff via Flickr
Cannabis works in a very natural way together with the body’s own system. This makes cannabis a pleasant recreational substance, but also a medicinal plant that can alleviate or cure a variety of ailments including depression.
Research has proven cannabinoids cause new brain cells to grow; a process known as neurogenesis. The process of growing new brain cells, specifically in the hippocampus, explains why cannabis is so effective in treating mood disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress; these conditions are all related to a lack of adult neurogenesis.
Weed could be all that is needed to treat individuals suffering from anxiety and depression.
Those suffering from depression often deal with unproductive and negative thought cycles. But those who smoke weed once or more weekly have reported fewer episodes of depression.
Relaxed attitudes toward marijuana use have seen an increase in many using weed to reduce stress, to socialize, to alleviate depression and to sleep better. Helping us achieve and maintain balance without the use of prescription drugs.
Feature Image: Brenda Pina
Feature Image Model: Melissa Getchell
For more stories like this, follow us on Muze Collective Facebook
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Provide the details readers need to follow your message.
Teachers and readers abhor vagueness. If you say, "Research suggests that drinking grape juice lowers cholesterol," they'll ask, "What research? How was the research conducted? Who conducted the research? Did the results appear in a credible source?"
When writing, you may use words or phrases that convey rich meaning to you. A word like "stuff" or "thing" can encapsulate other words, stories, and events in your mind, but in your readers' mind the words can mean something altogether different.
As you read through your document, question whether language is as specific and exact as necessary by considering the following six questions:
- Have I used any words that need to be "unpacked," words that mean a lot to me that readers may not understand without additional clarifications?
- Have I appealed to the five senses when possible?
- Have I used the first-person voice as opposed to the passive voice, when appropriate?
- Have I defined terms and concepts the reader may not understand?
- Have I provided specific examples to support my claims?
- Have I provided evidence and cited the evidence as required by my readers?
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Next time you write an article or blog post with a seasonal or holiday theme, check out the U.S. Census Bureau's "Facts for Features and Special Editions."
There you'll find statistics, demographics and economic information for various calendar events - Back to school, Labor Day, Halloween, Black History month, etc.
The "Back to School" section includes numbers of students of various ages, parental involvement in kids' education, teacher salaries, and more.
How to use the info:
- Including statistics where appropriate can help emphasize a point. For example, suppose you want to impress upon teens and their parents the importance of staying in school. Facts for Features lists comparative average earnings of college graduates vs high school dropouts.
- Get ideas for taking a unique angle in your writing. While so many other mental health professionals are giving tips and advice about how teens can adjust to college life, you might write an article aimed at students over 35 years old, who comprise about 16% of enrollees. Since fewer professionals write directly to this demographic, your piece will have a greater chance of being noticed.
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What psychological difficulties are observed by the adolescents during their teens?
The physiological changes in the teenagers are obviously shown to the parents, but the psychological changes become less obvious. The teenagers show very strong emotional feelings at different instances. Moods swings are very frequent which can lead to conflicts with parents, friends and family. They can be sometimes impulsive, irrational or totally withdrawn.
The major reason for this is that the person is still in the learning phase of expressing and controlling emotions. Parents and teachers often blame adolescents for not realizing the consequences of their actions. However, there is a biological reason for such psychological behavior. There are two important regions of the brain: one is amygdala, which is responsible for showing emotions such as aggressiveness and fear and the other is frontal cortex, which is responsible for reasoning and problem solving. During adolescence, the amygdala take control, while the frontal lobe or cortex is still develops. It is only around 20 years, the frontal lobe develops completely and they become more sensible in understanding other’s emotions.
One of the major factors that influence the psychological being of the teenager is their physical appearance. There are high possibilities that their self-esteem can be impacted by the way the teenagers think about their appearance. They become more conscious about even the smallest changes in their body and start comparing them with others.
In the late teens, the teenagers start searching for their own identity and tend to be more independent in their decisions and actions. Their decisions are highly influenced by the peer groups, gender, family and socio-cultural background. The relationship with the other family members is also influenced by these decisions. It is in this stage when they are in search of their sexual identity as well, developing romantic or sexual relationship.
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When you’re looking for a new car there are loads of considerations you need to take into account and one question posed by many car buyers is whether their new vehicle should have front wheel drive (FWD) or all wheel drive (AWD). When you’re considering differences between front wheel drive vs all wheel drive cars you need to take the following factors into account:
All wheel drive is a vehicle that has permanent multiple wheel drive and works well on any surface. You’ll find all wheel drive vehicles have anti-slip technology, allowing torque transfer to alternative wheels when traction is lost, therefore allowing power to all four wheels. Four wheel drive vehicles have a transfer case between the front and rear axles, providing torque transfer to the axle that has the most available traction. Front wheel drive vehicles only have the two front wheels powered by the car’s engine.
You will benefit from all wheel drive or four wheel drive vehicles if you live in a neighbourhood featuring unpaved roads or dirt tracks or if your locality experiences frequent snow or icy conditions or even frequent rainfall. You’ll really notice the benefits of all wheel drive vehicles where floods are very often a hazard and when icy roads offer treacherous driving conditions in winter. In bad weather conditions the AWD/4WD vehicle offers better acceleration. The AWD vehicle performs significantly better at acceleration as traction is distributed evenly across all four tyres, whereas FWD drive cars only give traction to the two front tyres.
If you drive your vehicle off road you’ll also note the benefits of your all wheel drive, or four wheel drive, vehicle as it handles much better in fields, muddy situations, wooded areas and in waterlogged conditions. You’ll find your AWD/4WD car will not get stuck, whereas a FWD vehicle often gets stuck in muddy situations when driven off road.
When you need to tow trailers, caravans or boats you’ll find the added traction of your AWD/4WD vehicle will give you greater confidence, particularly when towing up steep slopes like boat ramps. However, if your towing needs are confined to tarmac or paved roads that are generally flat you shouldn’t notice any poorer performance from your FWD vehicle.
You’ll find purchasing an AWD/4WD vehicle can be a good investment, as these cars do hold their value well, however one major disadvantage tends to be reduced fuel economy due to the higher weight loads of AWD/4WD cars and heavier components used in manufacture. Also maintenance costs on AWD/4WD vehicles will be significantly higher than FWD as the differentials will require frequent oil changes and also repair costs on differentials can be quite high.
Ultimately, all wheel drive and four wheel drive vehicles are more expensive and not every driver will find the added expenditure of benefit. If you’re considering buying an AWD/4WD vehicle you should really assess your personal driving needs and whether you really do have a requirement for this type of car. Many drivers of AWD/4WD are lulled into a false sense of security when driving in snow, ice or flood conditions as they believe they will benefit from their car’s additional acceleration or traction performance but in all honesty they will find the braking distances and handling issues will be exactly the same. The most important factor in adverse weather conditions is that the vehicle possesses a good set of tyres.
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Within a gardener’s life, a single tree can transform the garden.
A good example is the red oak (Quercus rubra) that grows at the edge of Marjorie’s Garden. Now 40 feet high and half as broad through its longest branches, I have watched it more than triple its size since first meeting it 12 years ago. For a dozen springs I’ve watched it unfurl new leaves of russet red, then lift these same leaves turned yellow-green to the sun, and I have watched those leaves through summer green and back to russet red in October, then to dark amber in November morning sunlight, finally to tattered brown on the frosted ground, torn away by December winds.
Our garden oak began flowering in 2004 when it was still a slick-barked young tree, and each spring since then its golden staminate catkins have released their pollen on the wind to mix with pollen from other oaks in the area. And so for the past nine years there have been acorns on the ground around our garden oak.
This oak has transformed the garden. A nearby perennial bed, once considered suitable only for full-sun plants, gets shadier each year. We have encouraged the transformation, removing spruce and fir that crowded the oak. Everything that can be done to enrich the future of this oak, we do.
Our red oak is a playground for scampering red squirrels and chipmunks, a feeding ground for songbirds. Writing by a window that looks out on the tree, I watch blue jays hopping among the branches, chickadees darting in and out of the canopy as they feed on insect eggs and larvae, nuthatches creeping upside-down on the trunk in search of bugs, black-and-white warblers in the topmost branches nipping at – what? – on the surfaces of leaves.
Late in a spring afternoon, thousands of crepuscular insects swarm in the canopy of our red oak while caterpillars crawl over its new leaves. Many of the flying adults are tiny moths laying eggs; their caterpillars are called leafminers, one of the many types of leaf-eaters. Some of the insects are adults or larvae of predator species that will help control plant-eating insects throughout the garden.
In spite of the birds and predacious insects, by mid-summer most of the oak’s leaves are riddled with holes, ragged with chewing, punctuated with galls. But the oak always has leaves to spare. Acorns grow to full size, then disappear.
Who eats the acorns? Certainly the red squirrels and chipmunks, but possibly the wild turkeys, raccoons, deer, black bear, and mice that share the garden with us, creatures that visit the garden at night or in our absence during the day, leaving only tracks. All we know for sure is that it takes only a week or two and the acorns are gone.
In late October, after the sugar maples have shed their technicolor leaves, red oaks like this one will paint the hills in rich earthy tones of yellow-brown and russet red. And then one November night a strong wind will break the already weakened connection between petiole and twig and most of the rain-soaked leaves will fall to earth. Winter winds will drive snow against the trunk of our oak, calmer snows will trace its strong horizontal limbs. Crows will greet frigid sunrises from the highest branch.
Come spring, again we watch young red squirrels chasing one another around the red oak’s bole and through its branches. No doubt, it was a squirrel that started it all.
Douglas Tallamy, in his popular book “Bringing Nature Home: How Native Plants Sustain Wildlife in our Gardens” (2007, Timber Press), tells us that oaks top the list in terms of supporting lepidopteran larvae; over 500 species of butterflies and moths depend on the different species of oaks for food. Turn over an oak leaf, find a caterpillar, and you understand what bird food looks like.
In addition to the larvae of moths and butterflies, including hairstreak butterflies and skippers, red oaks support gall wasps, leaf beetles, acorn weevils, aphids, leafhoppers, treehoppers, and plant bugs. This diversity of herbivores attracted to the red oak will in turn bring a diversity of predatory insects and insect-eating birds into the garden to help control herbivores found on vegetable plants, small fruits, and ornamentals.
During nesting season, when songbird requirements for insect protein reach a peak, I have noticed goldfinches and purple finches leave the porch sunflower feeders to feed on insects in the oak. I also see them in the vegetable garden where, along with warblers and hummingbirds, they work to keep herbivore populations at a minimum.
As an organic gardener who eschews pesticides of all kinds, I give the red oak much of the credit for any successes. Anything that can be done to ensure its future, we do.
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Capital in History: Does Marxism Even Matter?
Wednesday Jan. 15, 2:30PM at Kresge Study Center Room 348
This teach-in will be led by Matthew Ramirez.
In the mid-19th century, Marx and Engels observed, in the Communist Manifesto, that a "specter" was haunting Europe â the specter of Communism. A century and a half later, it is Marxism itself that continues to haunt the Left, while capitalism remains.
What does it mean that Marx and Marxism still appeal, while political movements for socialism are weak or non- existent? What were Marxism's original points of departure for considering radical possibilities for freedom that might still speak to the present?
How does Marxism still matter?
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Reflecting upon everything I learned, Michelle’s work is all about blending inquisitiveness and humour to discover and learn about the minds and needs of our autistic children and students. To not rely completely on labels alone when we teach them and to take the time to get to know our kids and figure them out. Treat the symptoms, not the label. Most importantly, to teach our kids to “think with their eyes” because eyes have thoughts behind them. There is an intent behind eye contact and as most of us know, autistic children do not make eye contact with others. If they can look at you or an object with their eyes, they are listening and communicating. Michelle believes that language and perspective taking must come together in order to be a good communicator. The biggest thing that impacted me was Michelle’s comment of “are we looking at things too behaviourally?”
Working at the autism centre I cannot help but confess, that yes we do. Our centre does look at things this way. In all fairness, our kids range from high functioning to lower functioning kids who have the tendencies to become violent. Michelle’s work is more effective with higher functioning and often incredibly intelligent/gifted, verbal autistic kids. Some of our kids are somewhere in middle. Bright, willing to learn and hard workers who need constant redirection from their own rich, inner worlds. Many of them are non-verbal. In my opinion, our centre needs a variety of teaching methods. Michelle’s would definitely become an asset for some of our higher functioning kids. The autism centre must have been feeling the same way. At the end of the school year the staff held a couple of meetings to review our kids with the programs Behavioural Consultant. Many times the consultant brought up Michelle Garcia Winners name. Now I see why. I hope that the centre is successful in adapting as much as they can, Michelle’s work.
Some recommended books written from Michelle Garcia Winner:
1. Think Social, A Social Thinking Curriculum for School-Age Student
2. Thinking About YOU, Thinking about ME: Philosophy and Strategies to Further Develop Perspective Taking and Communicative Abilities for Persons with Social Cognitive Deficits.
3. Worksheets! For Teaching Social Thinking and Related Skills
4. Sticker Strategies: Practical Strategies to Encourage Social Thinking and Organization.
5. Strategies for Organization: Preparing for Homework and the Real World
Other great books I found at the workshop:
1. The Hidden Curriculum: Practical Solutions for Understanding Unstated Rules in Social Situations by Brenda Smith Myles, Melissa L. Trautman, & Ronda L. Schelvan.
2. A “5” Could Make Me Loose Control!, An activity-based method for evaluating and supporting highly anxious students by Kari Dunn Buron.
I didn’t find this book at the workshop but purchased it elsewhere. It was also mentioned at the workshop:
1. Exploring Feelings: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy To Manage ANXIETY by Dr. Tony Attwood.
To those who have or work with kids with autism and related disorders, I highly recommend that you add some of Michelle’s work in your repertoire of autism resources. Her approach is personally, right down my alley. She approaches all of her students humanely, authentically, fairly, utilizes lots of humour and works from a team approach. Her work is a breath of fresh air!
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Grants and funding
Strengthening the Medical Examiner–Coroner System Through NIJ-funded Programs: 2018 Medicolegal Death Investigation Stakeholders’ Meeting
Research in Brief: Putting Sex Traffickers Out of Business: Combatting Human Trafficking and Prostitution by Reducing the Demand for Commercial Sex
NIJ seeks proposals for research to evaluate the use of police and technology in schools. The proposed research should be comprehensive and include assessment of aspects such as school ecology, culture, climate, and social capital in addition to outcomes and other impacts. Logic models should be provided and include assessment of implementation processes and outputs and proximal and distal outcomes. A cost-benefit component should be...
Tragedy to Transformation: Preventing School Violence with Proven Programs - Plenary Presentation, NIJ Virtual Conference on School Safety
In the weeks following the murder of her son, Dylan, in his first-grade classroom, Nicole Hockley co-founded Sandy Hook Promise with a mission to end school shootings. The research-informed Know The Signs programs she helped develop and launch have since taught more than 12 million people how to prevent violence and self-harm. Through these no-cost programs, Sandy Hook Promise has averted multiple school shooting plots, teen suicides, and countless other acts of violence.
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The U.S. State Department released this fact sheet on the Plan Colombia on March 28, 2000.
The Government of Colombia developed "Plan Colombia" as an integrated strategy to meet the most pressing challenges confronting Colombia today -- promoting the peace process, combating the narcotics industry, reviving the Colombian economy, and strengthening the democratic pillars of Colombian society. Plan Colombia is a $7.5 billion program. President Pastrana has pledged $4 billion of Colombian resources and has called on the international community to provide the remaining $3.5 billion to assist this effort.
In response to Plan Colombia, and in consultation with the Colombian Government, President Clinton has proposed a $1.6 billion package of assistance to Colombia.
Adding to previously approved U.S. assistance to Colombia of over $330 million, the new initiative requests $954 million as an emergency supplemental for FY 2000 and $318 million in additional funding for FY 2001. The proposed U.S. assistance package will help Colombia address the breadth of the challenges it faces -- its efforts to fight the illicit drug trade, to increase the rule of law, to protect human rights, to expand economic development, to institute judicial reform, and to foster peace.
Five Components of Proposed U.S. Assistance
I. Improving Governing Capacity and Respect for Human Rights
The U.S. assistance package proposes $93 million over the next 2 years to fund programs administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Departments of State and Justice to strengthen Colombia's human rights record and judicial institutions. Specific initiatives include protecting human rights non-governmental organizations (NGOs), supporting human rights NGOs' information and education programs, creating and training special units of prosecutors and judicial police to investigate human rights cases, and training Colombian public defenders and judges. The U.S. assistance package proposes $15 million to support the Colombian Government and NGOs that are specifically focused on protecting human rights. These funds will also be used to train and support Colombian law enforcement personnel in anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, and anti-kidnapping measures.
II. Expansion of Counter-Narcotics Operations Into Southern Colombia
The U.S. assistance package proposes $600 million over the next 2 years to help train and equip two additional Colombian counter-narcotics battalions, which will move into southern Colombia to protect the Colombian National Police as they carry out counter-drug missions. The program will provide 30 Blackhawk helicopters and 33 Huey helicopters to make the counter-narcotics battalions air mobile so they can access the remote areas of coca cultivation and cocaine processing in southern Colombia. This assistance will also enhance intelligence for counter-narcotics activities.
Funding for this element of Plan Colombia includes important humanitarian assistance and development components. It proposes $15 million to help persons displaced by conflict in the region. That funding is in addition to funds previously provided by the U.S. Government to the International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to assist internally displaced persons in Colombia. This funding component also proposes $16 million in developmental assistance, including technical and agricultural assistance to the farmers of southern Colombia.
III. Alternative Economic Development
The U.S. assistance package proposes $145 million over the next 2 years, including more than $45 million of new funds to provide economic alternatives for small farmers in Colombia who now grow coca and opium poppies plus another $30 million for regional efforts. As interdiction and eradication make narcotics farming less profitable, these programs will assist communities in transition to legal economic activity. This component includes programs to build schools, roads, and clinics as well as $15 million to strengthen local governments. This component of U.S. assistance to Plan Colombia also includes funds to protect fragile lands and watersheds.
IV. Increased Interdiction in Colombia and the Region
The U.S. assistance package proposes $340 million for interdiction of narcotics. The program includes funding over the next 2 years for radar upgrades to give Colombia a greater capacity to intercept traffickers, and also to enhance intelligence to allow the Colombian police and military to respond quickly to narcotics activity. It will support the United States' forward operating locations in Manta, Ecuador, which will be used for narcotics-related missions. These funds will also provide $46 million to enhance interdiction efforts in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.
V. Assistance for the Colombian National Police
The U.S. assistance package proposes additional funding of $96 million over the next 2 years to enhance the ability of the Colombian National Police to eradicate coca and poppy fields. This additional assistance will upgrade existing aircraft, purchase additional spray aircraft, provide secure bases for increased operations in the coca-growing centers, and provide more intelligence on narcotics traffickers.
The Peace Process. The U.S. and Colombian Governments agree that ending the civil conflict is central to solving Colombia's problems. A peace agreement would stabilize the nation, would speed economic recovery, and would help assure the protection of human rights. A successful peace process would also restore the authority and control of the Colombian Government in the coca-growing region. The U.S. Government is hopeful that the peace negotiations now going on between the Colombian Government and the FARC guerrilla group and the Colombian Government and the ELN guerrilla group prove successful.
U.S. assistance in support of Plan Colombia is intended to counter the illicit trade in narcotics. All U.S. counter-narcotics assistance to Colombia will continue to be in the form of goods and services. The counter-narcotics components of Plan Colombia will be implemented by the Colombian police and the Colombian armed forces. U.S. assistance for Plan Colombia includes no plans for the use of U.S. armed forces to implement any aspect of Plan Colombia.
Human Rights. U.S. assistance to Colombian military and police forces is provided under strict application of U.S. law designed to protect human rights -- the so-called "Leahy Amendment." No U.S. assistance is provided to any unit of the Colombian security forces for which there is credible evidence of gross human rights violations, unless the Secretary of State is able to certify that the Government of Colombia has taken effective measures to bring those responsible to justice. The U.S. Government has in place a rigorous process to screen those units being considered to receive assistance or training.
Displaced Persons. NGOs report that Colombia has the fourth-largest population of internally displaced persons in the world. The vicious conflict between paramilitaries and guerrillas is largely responsible for the forced displacement of Colombians. As many as 300,000 persons, mostly women and children, were driven from their homes in 1998 by rural violence. The U.S. Government provided, in 1999, $5.8 million to the International Committee of the Red Cross' Western Hemisphere Operations for assistance to internally displaced persons, with an additional $3 million earmarked for Colombia. The U.S. contributed another $4.7 million to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees' (UNHCR) general fund for the Western Hemisphere, a portion of which was used for institutional capacity building in Colombia. New U.S. Government assistance for Plan Colombia includes an additional $15 million to help those displaced by conflict in southern Colombia.
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Royal Life Genetic Testing (Advance USA)
3 minute(s) read
The Royal Signature Program: Preventive Genetic Testing
The human body consists of billions of cells, each containing a complete copy of our genetic blueprint in its nucleus. The biological information and hereditary traits contained in the nucleus are encoded in its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and arranged in the form of chromosomes. These chromosomes are thin strands of DNA, coiled up like a ball of string, and can be up to two meters long if stretched out.
The information in our DNA is stored in the form of a code comprised of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). These four bases constitute everyone’s basic genetic information, and when they are joined into long stands can be devided into discrete units called genes. Therefore, chromosomes can be thought of as being made up of strings of genes. These genes contain everything that is required to pass information from your parents to you – the genetic blueprint that defines what and to a certain extent wh oyou are. In humans, the genome is 99.9% identical from one person to the next. It is the 0.1% variation that distingguishes one individual from another – this is why we look different, and why we get different diseases.
Quick and Convenient Test
Our Preventive Genetics test only require that you refrain from eating and drinking for one hour before the procedure. After conducting a physical exam, your physician will take some of your cheek cell samples for genetic testing using a cotton bud. Within four weeks you will get the results – and recommendations from the doctor that accurately streamline to your genetic blueprint so you can stay healthy.
Currently, our preventive genetic testing is divided into specific groups of genes relevant to patterns of risk factors for an evaluation of an individual’s predisposition to certain diseases. This inherited genetic risk of various diseases is refined by slecting the genetic diagnostic test most appropriate for you. Most importantly, it helps the specialist determine a treatment plan that is precisely tailored to the patient’s individual genetic needs. These gene-specific tests include:
Andrology: Evaluation of the genetic risk of prostate cancer, thrombosis, osteoporosis, chronic inflammation and metabolic imblance leading to poor detoxification.
Gynecology: Evaluation of long-term exposure to estrogens, bone metabolism (osteoporosis), risk of thrombosis and cardiovascular problems associated with hormone replacement therapy, and possible breast cancer risk due to the patieny’s genetic profile.
Obstetrics: Evaluation of the risk of complications in pregnancy such as thrombosis.
Pharmacology: Identification of genetic variations that influence metabolism, efficiency and adverse effects of medications.
Cardiology: Extended risk evaluation of arteriosclerosis, obesity, disordered lipid metabolism, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease and stroke.
Nutrigenetics: Identification of genetic variations that influence the processing of nutrients in the body. The latest studies suggest that the interplay between DNA and diet may have a powerful influence on what we like to eat, which may impact on how your diet affects your risk of getting certain diseases. The results of this test enable the specialist to design an optimal individualized nutrition program and diet plan to meet each patient’s unique requirements.
Royal Life Genetic Testing (Advance USA)
“Your Personal Code of Health”
Genes is a hereditary unit of all living organism that can be passed down from one generation to another. It contains DNA and RNA that hold the information which would determined specific traits that distinguish as form one another such as skin order eye order and blood type. Gene also determines our increased risks for specific diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. With advancement in medical technology a preventive genetic test can now be conducted.
Once we are aware of the disease we are prove to have, early preventative measures such as life style modification and vitamin supplementation which would help delaying the life-threatening manifestations.
Preventive genetic testing requires that a small sample of tissue, or swab, is taken from the inside of the cheek. The process is quick and completely painless. With only one requirement that the patient must abstains from food and water for 2 hour before testing.
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Volume of a Cone
Date: 01/29/2001 at 21:55:37 From: cari Subject: Volume of cones Dr. Math, I know HOW to find the volume of a cone(1/3area of base times height divided by three) but my teacher wants to know WHY. We know that filling the cone with water can prove it, but how does it work with the actual shapes? If you put a cone inside a cylinder, then you obviously have extra room, but how do two other cones fit in there? I understand that they won't keep their regular shape, but please explain. Thank you, Cari
Date: 01/29/2001 at 23:29:46 From: Doctor Peterson Subject: Re: Volume of cones Hi, Cari. We have explanations of many such formulas in our archives; but the cone is probably one of the hardest to explain without using calculus. Here's one answer I've given about pyramids, which are closely related: Volume of a Pyramid http://mathforum.org/dr.math/problems/terence9.1.98.html You'll see there how you can fit three pyramids with the same volume into a prism; from there, geometrical knowledge lets us build up to any pyramid, and then to the cone. The best proof I'm familiar with comes very close to the spirit of calculus, without requiring you to know any of it. Let's try doing this directly, rather than starting with a pyramid. You can't actually fit three cones together into a cylinder. Instead, we can dismantle a cone into lots of little near-cylinders. Picture one of those baby toys that look like a cone made up of several rings stacked up; or imagine a cone sliced like a pineapple, and the slices trimmed to make flat cylinders. You can imagine that if you make the slices thin enough, the scrap from the trimming will be as little as you like; so the sum of the volumes of the cylinders will be very close to the volume of the cone itself. How can we find the volume of those slices? Here's a cross-section of the cone, showing the slices: + /|\ / |h\ +--+--+ /| |h |\ / | |r1| \ +--+--+--+--+ /| |h |\ / | | r2 | \ +--+-----+-----+--+ /| |h |\ / | | r3 | \ +--+--------+--------+--+ /| |h |\ / | | r4 | \ +--+-----------+-----------+--+ R If the cone has base radius R and height H, and we've cut it into N slices (including that empty slice at the top, with radius r0 = 0), then each cylinder will have height h = H/N, and radius r[k] = kR/N, where k is the number of the cylinder, starting with 0 at the top and ending with N-1 for the bottom cylinder. The volume of cylinder k will be pi r[k]^2 h = pi (kR/N)^2 (H/N) = pi R^2 H * k^2/N^3 The total volume will be the sum of these, for all k from 0 to N-1; since only k is different from one cylinder to the next, we can factor everything else out from the sum and get V = pi R^2 H / N^3 Sum(k^2) = pi R^2 H / N^3 (0 + 1 + 4 + ... + (N-1)^2) At this point I have to either do some magic and tell you the formula for the sum of squares, and hope you trust me, or try to convince you. The formula is: 0 + 1 + 4 + ... + N^2 = N(N+1)(2N+1)/6 I show a proof by induction in the page I referred to above; another proof can be found here: Formula For the Sum Of the First N Squares http://mathforum.org/dr.math/problems/sandin2.20.98.html If we replace N with N-1, we get 0 + 1 + 4 + ... + (N-1)^2 = (N-1)(N)(2N-1)/6 Put this into our formula and you get V = pi R^2 H (N-1)(N)(2N-1)/(6N^3) = pi R^2 H/6 (N-1)/N N/N (2N-1)/N = pi R^2 H/6 (1-1/N)(1)(2-1/N) Now, if N is very large, 1/N is very small, in fact, as close to zero as you want if N is large enough. So to find the volume of the cone itself, we can just replace it with 0. (Proving this thoroughly is where calculus begins.) We get V = pi R^2 H/6 (1)(1)(2) = 1/3 pi R^2 H Whew! There's the formula. - Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
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Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved.
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University of Cincinnati Scientists Head Successful Search For Lung Cancer Gene
A national research consortium led by a UC Medical Center scientist has found evidence of a genetic cause for lung cancer.
This is the first suggestion that lung cancer, long tied to cigarette smoking and other external causes, might also be an inherited disease.
With over 160,000 deaths expected in 2004, lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and the survival rate after five years is only 15 percent.
The findings are reported in the online edition of the American Journal of Human Genetics by the multi-institution Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium (GELCC), headed by Marshall Anderson, PhD, a professor in UC Medical Center's Department of Environmental Health. UC's Susan Pinney, PhD, collaborated with Dr. Anderson in this research, which was funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Although a specific lung cancer gene has yet to be identified, the researchers say they have found a major lung cancer "susceptibility locus" on chromosome 6, and evidence of a susceptibility region on three other chromosomes.
"This is a very important first step in identifying the actual gene or genes that predispose a person or a whole family to lung cancer," Dr. Anderson says. "Identifying these genetic regions has exciting potential for patient care.
"The discovery of genes for other types of cancer has led to better understanding of those diseases, which in turn can lead to better strategies for treatment and prevention. We hope that uncovering a gene or genes responsible for lung cancer will do the same for this devastating disease."
In terms of cancer prevention, Dr. Anderson says, "We'll be able to determine whether a family has a bad gene, then tell those who carry it to avoid any form of smoking, and possibly even environmental smoke."
"In this case," adds Dr. Pinney, "unlike genetically linked breast cancer, for which there is no known cause that is a modifiable health behavior, family members actually will be able to do something to reduce their risk for the disease."
Genes, which are located in fixed positions on the cell's chromosomes, carry the DNA code that determines inherited characteristics, including a risk of certain diseases.
The region of the chromosome where the lung cancer markers were found contains about 50 genes, whose activity in several types of cancer cells appears to be decreased. The researchers also found several genes in this area that are believed to be involved in tumor suppression and cell growth, which could cause the decreased genetic activity.
The research team studied 52 families, including 12 from Cincinnati, that had at least three immediate family members affected by lung, throat or laryngeal cancer. Of these families, 23 had five or more affected members in at least two generations.
Most of the Cincinnati families were referred by the Oncology Hematology Care Inc. medical practice. Others were referred by Greater Cincinnati hospitals and by ALCASE, a national organization for lung cancer education, support and advocacy.
The researchers used 392 already identified genetic markers to compare gene profiles of affected and non-affected family members. They found strong evidence that the development of lung cancer was inherited with a marker on chromosome 6. Markers on chromosomes 12, 14 and 20 also indicated a possible connection to lung cancer susceptibility, but the evidence was not as strong.
"The importance of these findings," says Dr. Anderson "is that they clearly demonstrate certain families are at high risk for lung cancer, comparable to the family link for breast, prostate, and colon cancer, and we have identified the susceptibility locus."
The data show that family members who carry this marker, and by inference a gene, are much more likely to develop lung cancer from cigarette smoking than non-carriers.
In non-carriers who smoke, says Dr. Anderson, the risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes they smoke and the length of time they have been smoking.
"Carriers, however, appear to be at very high risk from even small amounts of cigarette smoke or even environmental smoke," says Dr. Anderson, "and that's a very important public health issue."
Although only 18 percent of heavy smokers get lung cancer, which indicates a degree of variability in susceptibility to lung cancer, Dr. Anderson adds, "We have identified a sub group that's at very high risk."
The next step, says Dr. Anderson, is to examine the chromosome 6 segments more closely in order to locate the exact gene or genes that cause lung cancer. Only after a gene is identified will the scientists be able to determine the percentage of high-risk lung cancer families that carry the gene on chromosome 6.
"We're confident the gene is there," Dr. Anderson says. "We've seen evidence with every analytical model we've used. We'll find it."
The GELCC researchers also include Jonathon Wiest, PhD, and Daniela Seminara, PhD, NCI; Joan Bailey-Wilson, PhD, NHGRI; Christopher Amos, PhD, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Gloria Petersen, PhD, and Mariza de Andrade, PhD, Mayo Clinic; Pamela Fain, PhD, University of Colorado; Ann Schwartz, PhD, Karmanos Cancer Institute; Ming You, PhD, Washington University, St. Louis; John Minna, MD, and Adi Gazdar, MD, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Henry Rothschild, MD, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and Teresa Coons, PhD, Saccomanno Research Institute.
Dr. Pinney emphasizes that the researchers continue to search for families at high risk for lung cancer. "We're especially looking for people with three relatives, living or deceased, who have had lung cancer among their parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles, or their own brothers and sisters," she says.
To participate in the Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium study, log on to the GELCC Web site at www.eh.uc.edu/gelcc, or phone 513-558-3120, 513-558-4028 or 513-558-0559. For further information see the ALCASE Web site at www.alcase.org
The findings will be published in the print edition of the American Journal of Human Genetics in September.
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REMBRANDT (1606-1669) Rembrandt was a Dutch baroque artist who ranks as one of the greatest painters in the history of Western art. His full name was Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, and he possessed a profound understanding of human nature that was matched by a brilliant technique- not only in painting but in drawing and etching- and his work made an enormous impact on his contemporaries and influenced the style of many later artists. Perhaps no painter has ever equaled Rembrandt's chiaroscuro effects or his bold impasto.
Life Born in Leiden on July 15, 1606, Rembrandt was the son of a miller. Despite the fact that he came from a family of relatively modest means, his parents took great care with his education. Rembrandt began his studies at the Latin School, and at the age of 14 he was enrolled at the University of Leiden.
The program did not interest him, and he soon left to study art-first with a local master, Jacob van Swanenburch, and then, in Amsterdam, with Pieter Lastman, known for his historical paintings. After six months, having mastered everything he had been taught, Rembrandt returned to Leiden, where he was soon so highly regarded that although barely 22 years old, he took his first pupils, among them Gerrit Dou. Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam in 1631; his marriage in 1634 to Saskia van Uylenburgh, the cousin of a successful art dealer, enhanced his career, bringing him in contact with wealthy patrons who eagerly commissioned portraits.
An exceptionally fine example from this period is the Portrait of Nicolaes Ruts (1631, Frick Collection, New York City). In addition, Rembrandt's mythological and religious works were much in demand, and he painted numerous dramatic masterpieces such as The Blinding of Samson (1636, Stдdelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt). Because of his renown as a teacher, his studio was filled with pupils, some of whom (such .Скачать
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Quebec referendum, 1980
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
|1980 Quebec referendum|
|The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad - in other words, sovereignty - and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?|
|Date||May 20, 1980|
The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. The referendum was called by Quebec's Parti Québécois (PQ) government, which advocated secession from Canada.
The province-wide referendum took place on Tuesday, May 20, 1980, and the proposal to pursue secession was defeated by a 59.56 percent to 40.44 percent margin.
A second referendum on sovereignty was held in 1995.
Quebec, a province in Canada since its foundation in 1867, has always been the sole majority French-speaking province. Long ruled by forces (such as the Union Nationale) that focused on affirmation of the province's French and Catholic identity within Canada, the Quiet Revolution of the early 1960s prompted a surge in civic and economic nationalism, and voices calling for the separation of the province and the establishment of a nation state.
Among these was René Lévesque, who help found the Parti Québécois (PQ) with like-minded groups seeking independence from Canada. The PQ proposed "sovereignty-association", a proposal for Quebec to be a sovereign nation-state while requiring (hence the hyphen) an economic partnership with what remained of Canada. The PQ had intended to declare independence upon forming government, citing the principle of parliamentary supremacy. This was changed in the party platform after internal lobbying by Claude Morin to a referendum strategy to better allow such a declaration to be internationally recognized.
The PQ won the 1976 election in a surprise rout of the governing Quebec Liberals of Robert Bourassa on a general platform of good government and the promise of holding a referendum on sovereignty-association during their first term. In government, the PQ implemented a number of popular reforms to longstanding issues in the province, while emphasizing its nationalist credentials with laws such as Bill 101, which reinforced French as the province's official language.
The PQ's efforts were in philosophical conflict with the federal Liberal government of Pierre Elliot Trudeau, an opponent of sovereignty who instead urged Quebecers to seek empowerment at the federal level through reforms that provided for bilingualism and protection for individual rights. Trudeau, an effective campaigner whose party had dominated federal politics in Quebec for over 80 years, was considered such a formidable opponent that Lévesque refused to implement a referendum while Trudeau remained in office.
In the May 22 1979 federal election, the Liberals were narrowly defeated by the Progressive Conservatives led by Joe Clark, whose platform had included a more accommodating approach to constitutional negotiations with the provinces. Clark's minority government made a point to not have the federal government be involved in the referendum, leaving the task to the generally respected Claude Ryan, new leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.
On June 21, 1979, Lévesque announced the promised referendum would occur in the spring of 1980, and that the question would be announced before Christmas.
On November 1, 1979, the Quebec government made public its constitutional proposal in a white paper entitled Québec-Canada: A New Deal. The Québec Government Proposal for a New Partnership Between Equals: Sovereignty-Association.
A dramatic change occurred in Ottawa on December 11, 1979, when a series of confused phone calls led the nationalist Social Credit Members of Parliament (MPs) to abstain from a budget vote, which along with a concerted Liberal and New Democratic Party (NDP) push, led the Clark government to unexpectedly lose a vote of confidence on a budget bill, precipitating a federal election. Three days afterward, Trudeau announced his return as leader of the Liberals. Polls showed Clark losing handily.
The referendum question was a subject of much internal debate amongst the Parti Québécois caucus. Pur et durs such as Finance Minister Jacques Parizeau preferred a simple question on the entirety of the proposal. Lévesque came to the view that, as sovereignty-association would by necessity require negotiations with the Government of Canada, the government of Quebec should be treated as a legal agent and require ratification of its final decision. He also felt the safety of a second referendum would convince swing voters to back the "Yes."
A significant debate arose as to whether a "question" under the Referendum Act could have more than one sentence: the final compromise was to use semicolons.
The question announced on December 20, 1979 was:
"The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?"[note 1]
Lévesque, while noting its cumbersome nature, stated that it was transparent and could be easily understood.
The Liberals presented their constitutional proposal, known as the "Beige Paper" on January 10, 1980, which advocated a decentralized Canadian federation. While generally viewed as detailed and competent, the report did not make much impact on the federal election, and was attacked by the PQ as vague and insubstantial. Ryan, who disliked the federal Liberals, refused to endorse either Trudeau or Clark.
On February 18, 1980, the federal Liberals won a majority in the House of Commons, and Trudeau returned as Prime Minister. Trudeau announced Jean Chrétien, his most trusted lieutenant, as having responsibilities for the federal response to the referendum. Ryan was furious.
Television had recently been introduced to the Quebec National Assembly, and the legislative debate on the referendum question was scheduled for prime time live viewing on March 4, 1980. The debate lasted two weeks, and the result was a smashing PQ success and a disaster for the Liberals. The PQ Cabinet, coordinated by House Leader Claude Charron, provided detailed outlines of their files and the benefits they said sovereignty would provide them. The Liberals provided quick and taunting retorts regarding the referendum question that would normally be heard on the legislative floor, but which appeared to be flippant and insubstantial compared to the lengthy and detailed speeches of PQ members to television viewers. The Liberals seemed to lack preparation and Ryan, unaware of the television cameras, was caught yawning on a few occasions during Liberal interventions.
Polls released after the debates showed the Yes and No side roughly even, with a majority amongst Francophone voters for the "Yes."
Brunch des Yvettes
Less helpful to the "Yes" campaign was a speech by former television presenter Lise Payette to a committee in Montreal, which mocked what she viewed as the "No" side's complacency by using the conception of Yvette, a docile schoolgirl from pre-Quiet Revolution schoolbooks, a general theme she had also used in the legislature. Payette then stated that Ryan wanted a Quebec full of "Yvettes" and that his wife, Madeline Ryan, was an Yvette. The personal attack prompted a furious editorial by prominent journalist Lise Bissonnette, who sarcastically contrasted Payette's televised exploits with Mme. Ryan's accomplishments in the private and public sector.
Payette apologized during the legislative debate, but the remark and editorial sparked a movement. On March 30, a group of 1,700 women, including Madeline Ryan, held the brunch des Yvettes at the Château Frontenac in Quebec City. The movement grew until a rally at the Montreal Forum on April 7 when 14,000 women denounced the minister's declarations about women and manifested their support for the "No" side.
On April 15, Lévesque announced before the National Assembly the referendum would occur on May 20, 1980. The same day, on the opening of the House of Commons, Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada would not negotiate sovereignty-association under any circumstances, as he considered the question too vague and the Canadian government's authority too uncertain to do so. He also stated that the question was too vague to give Lévesque and the PQ any mandate to declare independence, making any result from a "Yes" vote impossible; in contrast, he offered that a "No" vote would lead to constitutional change. His position was supported by Clark and national NDP leader Ed Broadbent.
The "Yes" campaign was, in the initial stages, low key. It focused on gaining broad acceptance of sovereignty-association through specialized "regroupments" that would be presented with special certificates at ceremonies led by Lévesque and other cabinet ministers. The regroupments were seen as an attempt to show broad support for the movement and create conversations at the ground level, however, the attempt to create them in some heavily Federalist professions, such as lawyers, prompted a severe backlash.
The "No" campaign, led by Ryan, was run as a traditional election campaign, with Ryan campaigning during the day and making speeches in local hockey arenas across rural Quebec.
Controversially, the Canadian government became involved on its own accord in the referendum despite the provisions of the provincial Referendum Act, which tightly restricted all campaigning to the designated "Yes" and "No" committees with set budgets. Canadian government politicians made appearances coordinated by Minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and Marc Lalonde, mainly speculating on the economic uncertainty a "Yes" vote could bring. Chrétien argued that prominent Pequiste Claude Morin would sacrifice Canada's oil and national gas price to drive in an ambassadors' Cadillac. Lalonde argued that old age pensions were directly threatened by a "Yes" vote. Though initially reluctant, Ryan started to accept and welcome the Canadian government's help, and continued to speak across Quebec.
The referendum prompted an unheard-of political mobilization, and the campaign was seen as a traumatic event in Quebec, as the hard choice between "Yes" and "No" shattered the nationalist consensus that had existed since the outcome of the Quiet Revolution.
Trudeau at Paul Sauvé Arena
On May 14, six days before the vote, Trudeau made his final appearance at a packed Paul Sauvé Arena, where the PQ had celebrated their victory in 1976. Trudeau attacked the "Yes" campaign for not asking a clear question, and stated that a "Yes" vote was a dead end, given that the rest of Canada was not bound by the question and that it was too vague to pursue independence if negotiations were refused.
Trudeau then stated that he would interpret a vote for the "No" as a mandate to renew federalism and change the constitution, putting his MPs' seats on the line. Addressing himself to Canadians outside Quebec on behalf of his MPs, Trudeau challenged English Canada that change would have to occur and that the referendum could not be interpreted as an endorsement of the status quo.
After this Trudeau hit an emotional high note, invoking a remark by Lévesque days earlier that he was showing his "Elliot" side during the campaign. Trudeau detailed the story of his parents, who had both had many ancestors in Quebec, and remarked that his full name was both a Québécois and a Canadian name. Trudeau then began to list members of the Parti Québécois who had Irish or English last names. The riposte brought the crowd to an uproar, and Trudeau exited to chants of "Elliott."
The speech, which prompted Morin to wonder if his mind was changed, was seen as the death knell of the "Yes" camp, despite Lévesque's attempts to cast Trudeau's word in doubt.
|No: 2,187,991 (59.56%)||Yes: 1,485,851 (40.44%)|
|Total votes||% of votes|
After the lopsided defeat, a visibly emotional Lévesque addressed his supporters, many of whom were shown on screen in tears at the result. Lévesque began with, "My dear friends, if I understand you correctly, you're saying: “'until next time'". While calling the Canadian government's involvement in the campaign "scandalously immoral", he emphasized that the result must be accepted and that it was now the Canadian government's responsibility to provide the promised changes to the constitution. He ended asking the audience to sing "Gens du Pays" for him, as he did not have any voice left.
Claude Ryan's speech was later in the evening. After refusing to let Jean Chrétien use the microphone to address those gathered, he proceeded to demand an election be called and listed every riding that had voted for the "No" side. The speech was generally seen as callous and harsh, especially after the emotional crowd scenes broadcast during Lévesque's speech. Trudeau addressed the country afterward with a more conciliatory tone, emphasizing the need for unity after the hurt feelings and strained friendships that had been caused by the referendum. The next morning, Chrétien was tasked with creating a provincial consensus.
Maximum amount authorized by referendum law: $2,122,257 ($0.50/voter x 4,244,514 voters)
- State subsidy ($0.25/voter): $1,061,128.50
- Amount received by political parties: $987,754.04
- Contributions by voters: $11,572.60
- Total fund: $2,060,455.11
- Total committed and discharged expenditure: $2,060,455.00
- State subsidy ($0.25/voter) : $1,061,128.50
- Amount received by political parties: $683,000.00
- Contributions by voters: $305,118.05
- Total fund: $2,049,246.55
- Total committed and discharged expenditure: $2,047,834.00
After the referendum had concluded, Trudeau acted upon his promise by calling together the provincial premiers. The conference showed signs of deadlock, and Lévesque surprised observers by uniting with the dissident premiers, who warmly received his decentralist views.
Trudeau then announced his intention to unilaterally patriate the constitution from the United Kingdom and have a charter of rights and amending formula approved by national referendum.
Despite a brief post-referendum malaise, the PQ easily defeated Ryan's Liberals in the 1981 provincial election, campaigning both on their governing record and against Trudeau's intentions without promising a subsequent referendum. Lévesque, to gain bargaining power, agreed to a proposal with eight other premiers that would not allow Quebec a veto, but would permit "opting out" with compensation.
After an inconclusive Supreme Court decision prompted a final meeting amongst the first ministers, Lévesque abandoned the united front to join Trudeau in advocating immediate patriation while awaiting a referendum on the other matters. The other premiers, loath to be seen arguing against a charter, formulated a compromise proposal with Jean Chrétien that was acceptable to the Canadian government, and patriation occurred without Lévesque or the National Assembly's consent. The result was a shattering defeat, especially after the Quebec government's defeat in the Quebec Veto Reference. The National Assembly of Quebec, compared to its position in 1976, actually lost power under Lévesque and the PQ.
Historical debate would centre on whether Trudeau's advocacy and agreement with patriation were in accord or in contravention of his commitments made in his speech at the Paul Sauvé Arena. Trudeau defended his actions by stating he had kept his promise to deliver a new constitution that resided entirely within Canada and a Charter of Rights. Quebec nationalists argue that this is an overly literal view of his words and that in context to a Québécois audience, Trudeau had promised that Quebec would be given a status in accordance with the compact view of federalism or his MPs would resign.
In 1984, Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservatives to victory nationally, and having committed during the campaign to try to find a way to accommodate Quebec's objections to the Constitution Act, 1982. Lévesque pledged to take the beau risque of trying to work towards a deal with Mulroney. This led to a split in the PQ and subsequently Lévesque's resignation from politics in 1985. After the PQ defeat by the Liberals of Robert Bourassa, the Mulroney government began negotiations with Bourassa's to find a deal that would be acceptable to them and to all the other premiers in Canada. The 1987 Meech Lake Accord and the 1992 Charlottetown Accord, despite receiving unanimous consent amongst the provincial premiers, failed in dramatic public fashion, reviving the sovereignty movement.
The PQ would return to office, led by former Finance Minister, Jacques Parizeau in 1994. Parizeau would call a second sovereignty referendum of 1995, which featured a more direct question, and failed by less than a percentage point.
- In French :"«Le Gouvernement du Québec a fait connaître sa proposition d’en arriver, avec le reste du Canada, à une nouvelle entente fondée sur le principe de l’égalité des peuples ; cette entente permettrait au Québec d'acquérir le pouvoir exclusif de faire ses lois, de percevoir ses impôts et d’établir ses relations extérieures, ce qui est la souveraineté, et, en même temps, de maintenir avec le Canada une association économique comportant l’utilisation de la même monnaie ; aucun changement de statut politique résultant de ces négociations ne sera réalisé sans l’accord de la population lors d’un autre référendum ; en conséquence, accordez-vous au Gouvernement du Québec le mandat de négocier l’entente proposée entre le Québec et le Canada?»"
- Fitzmaurice, John (1985). Québec and Canada; Past, Present, and Future. C. Hurst & Co. Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 0-905838-94-7.
- Bastien, p. 53.
- Levesque, p. 299.
- Levesque, p. 300.
- Fraser, p. 217.
- Fraser, p. 218.
- Fraser, p. 219.
- Fraser, p. 219-20.
- Fraser, p. 222.
- Fraser, p. 223.
- English, p. 449.
- English, p. 450.
- English, p. 451.
- Fraser, p. 224.
- Fraser, p. 221.
- Fraser, p. 229.
- English, p. 457.
- Bastien, p. 61.
- Bastien, p. 62.
- Bastien, p. 64.
- Lévesque, Michel and Martin Pelletier (2005). Les référendums au Québec : bibliographie, Québec: Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale du Québec, page 15 (online Archived June 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.)
- Bastien, Frédéric Bastien (2013). The Battle of London: Trudeau, Thatcher, and the Fight for Canada's Constitution. Toronto: Dundurn. ISBN 9781459723290.
- English, John (2009). Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume Two: 1968–2000. Toronto: Knopf Canada. ISBN 978-0-676-97523-9.
- Fraser, Graham (1984). PQ: René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois in Power. Toronto: MacMillan. ISBN 0771597932.
- Sheppard, Robert; Valpy, Michael (1982). The National Deal: The Fight for a Canadian Constitution. Scarborough: Fleet Books. ISBN 0770600190.
- Government of Québec (1979). Québec-Canada: A New Deal. The Québec Government Proposal for a New Partnership Between Equals: Sovereignty-Association, Québec: Éditeur officiel du Québec, 118 p. (online)
- DGEQ. "Référendum du 20 mai 1980", in the site of the Directeur général des élections du Québec, updated March 20, 2006
- "À la prochaine fois: The 1980 Quebec Referendum", in The CBC Digital Archives. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. [11 TV clips, 14 radio clips]
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So far, it is a widely accepted opinion that androgenetic alopecia is caused by an autosomal dominant gene with reduced penetrance in women.
Is being bald dominant?
A University of Pennsylvania study found men with shaved heads were rated as more dominant, a revelation, the study said, that could cause guys with male-pattern baldness to stop spending money on Rogaine and other treatments and embrace the Bic. …
How is baldness inherited?
Men inherit their “X” chromosome from their mother and “Y” from their father. Baldness is strongly associate with the AR gene found on the “X” chromosome. A large study looking at 12,806 men of European ancestry found that people with the gene had more than twice the risk of developing MPB than people without it.
Will I go bald if my dad is?
To sum up, if you have an X-linked baldness gene or your father is bald, the chances are that you will get bald. Moreover, if you have some of the other genes responsible for baldness, you are even more likely to lose your hair.
Is hair inherited from mother or father?
One popular myth is that hair loss in men is passed down from the mother’s side of the family while hair loss in women is passed down from the father’s side; however, the truth is that the genes for hair loss and hair loss itself are actually passed down from both sides of the family.
How likely is it that my daughter will go bald?
So there’s a 50% chance you’ll receive the X chromosome with the baldness gene, and a 50% chance you’ll get the other X chromosome. A mother carrying the X-linked primary baldness gene will pass it on to half of her kids. Any sons who inherit the gene are very likely to be bald.
Does baldness skip a generation?
There is no scientific basis for the idea that baldness skip generations, regardless of any old wives tales you may have heard from the grapevine. However, there are many reasons why some people in families which carry the genetic trait for baldness do not go bald.
Is genetic hair loss reversible?
There is no cure for hereditary hair loss but treatment may help to slow or stop the hair loss. Hereditary hair loss is harmless.
Is male baldness reversible?
Can hair loss be cured or reversed. There is no cure for hair loss. Some hair loss is temporary and the hair will grow back. For those experiencing male pattern baldness, treatments like Finasteride and Propecia can help halt hair loss and in some cases stimulate regrowth.
Can genetic hair loss be prevented?
Is All Hair Loss Preventable? According to Mayo Clinic, the majority of baldness is caused by genetics, usually known as male-pattern baldness and female-pattern baldness, and cannot be prevented. This type of hair loss is called androgenic alopecia, which is a genetic condition.
Does baldness come from maternal grandfather?
Baldness happens because of the genes people inherit from both their mom and dad. Some studies show that 80% of balding is genetic. A key gene can come from a maternal grandpa. … One study found that having this DNA could increase a man’s chances of going bald up to 4 times.
Which parent determines baldness?
The primary baldness gene is on the X, or female chromosome, which men do inherit from their mothers. A study from the University of Bonn in Germany from 2005 confirmed this, and added fuel to the mother myth. And it is true: the hereditary factor is more dominant on the mother’s side.
At what age does balding start?
Hair loss, also called alopecia, can start at almost any age as you enter adulthood. You can start losing your hair as early as your late teens and early 20s. But you might have a full head of hair with almost no thinning or balding until well into your 50s and 60s. There’s a lot of variation from person to person.
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Ancient Egyptians are said to have been the first to use rings in a wedding ceremony, as early as 3000 BC. Rings were made of braided hemp or reeds formed into a circle—the symbol of eternity, not only for the Egyptians, but many other ancient cultures. The hole in the ring’s center represented a gateway or door leading to future events. These rings were placed on the fourth finger of the left hand (known as the ring finger) as Egyptians believed a vein ran from that finger straight to the heart, and this practice is said to be the origins of many later traditions. These rings were placed by a man upon the finger of his wife, signifying his confidence in her ability to care for his house.
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Scripture: Genesis 1-2
- Students will review the story of Creation, paying special attention to units of time
- Students will learn/review how to tell time on an analog clock
- Students will play a game that allows them to practice telling time on an analog clock
Guiding Question: How do you know what time it is if you look at an analog clock or watch?
Materials: Chalk and large outdoor area that can be marked with chalk
Procedure: Using chalk, draw one large clock for every 4-6 students. The clocks should be large enough for a student’s body to be each hand on the clock. Write the numbers on the appropriate spots or, if this is a review activity, have each group place the numbers on their own clock.
Review the Creation story, focusing on the days and the eventual need to break days into hours. Teach or review how to tell time using an analog clock. Divide students into teams, with 4-6 students at each chalk clock. Then, call out a time. Two students from each team should race against the other teams to create the given time on their clock, using their bodies as hands, first. Play multiple rounds.
- How do people tell time using a 24 hour clock?
- How do you tell time with a sundial?
Supplemental Activity: Build sundials with the students. Use them to tell time throughout the day.
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Image from kshs.org
With just weeks left in his term, Governor Jonathan McMillan Davis of Kansas went after an unexpected target. In December of 1922, he led the University of Kansas Board of Administration in firing the school's chancellor, Ernest H. Lindley. The decision was done without a hearing on the basis of several reputed charges, including aloofness from the student body, failing to abide by the board's orders, and partisan politics. The last one in particular brought cries of hypocrisy, given that Davis discharged his Republican appointee to the board, William P. Lambertson, and replaced him with a Democrat soon after Lambertson opposed Lindley's removal.
The uproar would blow over almost immediately after Davis left office. Lindley, who had been chancellor at the university since 1920, was reappointed by Davis' Republican successor, Ben S. Paulen, a few days into his term. Lindley would go on to hold the position until his retirement in 1938. But during the tumult, the Lawrence Journal-World criticized the rationale for the firing as trivial and suggested that Davis was engaging in "petty politics" and either taking out his anger over his failed re-election on Lindley or trying to stir up trouble for Paulen. Davis probably thought he was doing the right thing, the newspaper opined, but also suggested that the outgoing governor had an arrogant streak and was especially humiliated at the loss considering his presidential aspirations earlier in the year. The editors felt that his lame duck actions had "caused more grief and humiliation to the state of Kansas than any governor in half a century."
Despite these harsh words, the paper said they did not consider him to be dishonest or corrupt. They may well have held off their opinion on this topic if they had been aware of the scandal that would erupt scarcely a week after the editorial ran.
Born in Bronson, Kansas in April of 1871, Davis began attending the University of Kansas in 1888 and stayed there until 1891 before transferring to the University of Nebraska. He never graduated, for the death of his father brought him back to his hometown to help manage the family farm. Davis would remain heavily invested in the farm, although he also spent seven years managing a bank.
Davis first entered politics in 1900 when he was elected to the state house of representatives. After a prolonged absence, he returned there after winning the 1908 and 1910 elections and became a member of the state senate in 1912. He succeeded in winning the Democratic nomination for governor in 1920, but lost the general election to Republican candidate Henry J. Allen. Two years later, Davis returned to win the election and successfully contested Allen for the title.
Described as a "dirt farmer governor," Davis was especially concerned about lowering taxes and helping the state's agricultural workers. In July of 1923, he advised wheat farmers to implement a "selling strike" by storing up supplies to drive up prices. Davis contended that the prices were too low and that he would work with other governors in the Midwest to spread the idea, since buyers would simply go to other markets if only Kansas put the strike into effect. "The only way the farmer can fight for a fair price is to store his wheat and refuse to sell it until he gets a price that is just," he said. During his term, Davis also oversaw the distribution of $25 million in bonuses to ex-servicemen of World War I, limited banking procedures, put utilities under public control, authorized an improved road bill, and endorsed prohibition and women's suffrage.
The populist appeal of Davis was such that there were rumors that he would seek the presidency or a Senate seat. Sure enough, in April of 1924 the Democratic state convention passed a resolution vowing to support his nomination for President at the upcoming national convention. The resolution only asked the delegates to commit themselves to Davis for as long as it was expedient, but in a crowded field his nomination on the national stage was not out of the question. He traveled to the event pledging "to get something done for the farmer" while in office, with a platform including an adjustment of freight rates as well as the credit basis for farmers, reducing tariffs, making credit available to farmers in the same way it was available to businesses, and stabilizing markets.
The deadlock between former Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo and New York Governor Al Smith led the convention to choose a John Davis as a compromise candidate, but it was not the Kansas governor. John W. Davis, ambassador to the United Kingdom and a former West Virginia congressman, would go on to unsuccessfully contest Calvin Coolidge for the presidency. In his re-election bid, meanwhile, Davis turned on the organization that had supported him in 1922 and drafted a plank declaring the Democratic Party "unalterably opposed" to the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan shifted its support to the Republican side, aiding candidate Ben Sanford Paulen to victory in November.
The firing of Lindley and replacement of Lambertson were not the only lame duck actions that earned Davis criticism during his final months in office. He also came under fire for a questionable series of pardons and paroles. In one case, he pardoned Dr. W.A. Nixon after Nixon had served only a few years behind bars after conviction of the sensational murder of an attorney. In another, he pardoned F.D. Bushnell, who had been charged with swindling a black farmer.
The Kansas City Journal eventually got word that Davis was making offers in exchange for cash. They set up a sting operation with the cooperation of Fred Pollman, a former banker who had gone to prison on forgery charges and was on parole at the time. With just three days left in Davis' term, the newspaper set up a hidden listening device in Pollman's room at the Topeka Hotel and gave Pollman marked bills. Government officials and reporters from the Journal listened in from another room as Davis' son, Russell, met with Pollman. Russell left the room after Pollman gave him $1,000, then returned with a pardon from the governor. Pollman then gave Russell another $250. As he was leaving, reporters confronted Russell about the exchange. Caught off-guard, Russell nevertheless said that his father was not involved in the deal. Davis admitted that Russell had been "inveigled into accepting the money" and characterized the incident as a "frame up by my political enemies to 'get me.'" Davis also said he had already decided to grant the pardon when Russell was caught by the newspaper.
The Journal also reported that Glenn A. Davis, imprisoned on a murder charge, claimed to have acted as the governor's agent in the Pollman transaction. He said Governor Davis also offered him a pardon in exchange for cash, and rejected his request for parole when he refused. Davis had been uncertain whether he would attend Paulen's inauguration on January 12, 1925, but in the end he wouldn't have a choice. With just hours left in his term, Davis and Russell were arrested on bribery charges. While Paulen took the oath of office, they made their first appearance in court. The scandal soon grew to include Carl J. Peterson, the state bank commissioner and a friend and political adviser to Davis. Investigators charged that Peterson asked convicted banker Walter Grundy for $4,000 in exchange for a pardon and settled for $2,500 after consulting with Davis. Peterson soon resigned, two and a half months before his term was to end.
Davis returned to work on the farm until May of 1925, when he faced his first bribery trial in the Grundy case. Davis testified in his own defense, and in the end the jury voted to acquit him. Peterson went to trial on the same issue in February of 1926 and was also acquitted. They were good signs for Davis' second trial, which ran in March and April of that year. Davis reiterated that he knew nothing of his son's deal with Pollman, saying the ex-banker requested one so he could go into the coal mining business and that he acquiesced. Character witnesses also testified on his behalf. Davis was once again acquitted, a verdict which also cleared Russell of charges.
The three verdicts rejuvenated Davis, who promptly sued the Journal and others involved in the sting in an unsuccessful claim for $5 million in damages. He considered that his administration had been vindicated and that there was still a political future for him. "I am strong enough to fight and when the farmers want me to run again for governor to carry out to carry out a tax reduction program, the call will be loud enough for me to enter the ring," he said. "But until then I shall stay on the farm." Despite this claim, Davis also told Paulen, "Looks like I'll have to run. And if the Democrats choose me again, and the Republicans renominate you, I hope our friendship will not be impaired."
Both men did get re-nominated by their respective parties, though Davis' won by a narrow margin. Out of about 62,000 ballots cast in the primary, he was selected by a margin of only about 1,600 votes. During the general election campaign, he again advocated tax reduction and a compulsory banking law while also speaking against the power of large corporations. With the scandal fresh in the state's memory, however, Paulen was easily able to keep his post.
Davis would return to his farm for the remainder of his life, but he would take a crack at elected office at nearly every opportunity. In 1928, he was unopposed for the Democratic nomination for state representative. He withdrew from the race later on, saying he could not campaign and manage the farm at the same time and that it would only be more difficult if he won the election. Two years later, the party chose Nellie Cline to run for Senate; when she failed to file her intent to run, Davis made a surprise bid by filing just before the deadline. Once again, the Republican incumbent cleaned up at the polls as Senator Arthur Capper won a fourth term.
In the next years, Davis was able to regain a bit of influence as some legislators and newspapers supported his call for a special legislative session aimed at lowering expenditures and taxes. However, Davis was not able to wrest the Democratic nomination for state senator from incumbent Harry Warren and instead ran an unsuccessful independent campaign. In 1934, for the first time in over a decade, Davis' name didn't appear on the election year ballot.
He returned in 1936 to seek the Democratic nomination for governor. He challenged attorney Walter Huxman for the spot, supporting the Townsend Plan for pensioning to open up more employment opportunities for younger residents. As always, Davis also returned to his favorite planks of tax relief and farm support. Huxman won the nomination and went on to win the general election.
In 1938, Davis launched an independent campaign for governor. The Democrats opposed the bid, fearing that it would siphon off votes from Huxman. At the final tally, however, Davis mustered just 15,605 votes out of 755,202 cast. Huxman still lost his office, with Republican challenger Payne Ratner decisively winning the gubernatorial election. Two years later, Davis again unsuccessfully challenged Warren for the state senate nomination.
By 1942, it seemed that Davis was seeking office out of habit as much as anything else. He briefly considered running for the House of Representatives but instead filed for the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor. In the four-way race, Davis narrowly won the nomination to appear in the general election for the first time in 16 years. Voters still favored the GOP, however, with Jess C. Denious winning lieutenant governor and Andrew F. Schoeppel becoming governor.
It was the last race Davis attempted. He died seven months later, in June of 1943.
Sources: National Governors Association, Kansas State Library, "The Next Governor a K.U. Man" in the October 22 University of Kansas Graduate Magazine,"Kansas Governor Asks Grain Strike" in the Milwaukee Sentinel on Jul. 15 1923, "Republicans Fear Losses in Senate Through Revolt" in the Montreal Gazettee on Jul. 31 1923, "Gov. Davis is Willing" in the New York Times on Aug. 2 1923, "Convention Backs Davis Aspirations" in the Lawrence Journal-World on Apr. 2 1924, "Davis, Kansas, to Work for Farmer at Convention" in the Reading Eagle on Jun. 21 1924, "Paulen Will Make a Klan Statement" in the Lawrence Journal-World on Aug. 27 1924, "Is It Policy or Is It Just Davis?" in the Lawrence Journal-World on Jan. 2 1925, "Davis Act Legal; Dr. Lindley is Out" in the Lawrence Journal-World on Jan. 10 1925, "Governor Davis' Son Takes Pardon Coin" in the Palm Beach Post on Jan. 11 1925, "Says Governor Desired Money to Give Pardon" in the Palm Beach Post on Jan. 11 1925, "Governor Davis is Arrested on Bribery Charge" in the Providence News on Jan. 12 1925, "Second Charge Brought Against Ex.-Governor Davis" in the Evening Independent on Jan. 13 1925, "Chancellor Talks to Student Body" in the Lawrence Journal-World on Jan. 14 1925, "Kansas Bank Chief Quits in Defiance" in the New York Times on Jan. 16 1925, "Trial of Davis Nears Its Close" in the Spokesman-Review on May 20 1925, "Former Governor Takes the Stand" in the Lawrence Journal-World on Mar. 31 1926, "Jury Acquits Gov. J.M. Davis" in the Gettysburg Times on Apr. 6 1926, "Davis Found Not Guilty By Kansas Jury" in the Southeast Missourian on Apr. 25 1926, "Former Governor Loses Libel Suit" in the Berkeley Daily Gazette on Nov. 4 1926, "Farm Issue Faces Votes in Wheat Belt Primaries" in the Evening Independent on Aug. 5 1930, "3 States Vote at Primaries" in the Pittsburgh Press on Aug. 4 1936, "Victory Claims by Both Parties" in the Lawrence Journal-World on Nov. 8 1938, "The Press and Lindley" in the Lawrence Journal-World on Dec. 7 1938, "The Post-Gubernatorial Career of Jonathan M. Davis" by John R. Finger, Encyclopedia of Kansas by Nancy Capace, Biennial Report of the Secretary of State of the State of Kansas, American Legislative Leaders in the Midwest 1911-1994 by Nancy and James Sharp
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A quick guide to formula feeding basics and making up a bottle – you might be using formula for all of your baby’s feeds or just one or two throughout the day.
Formula Feeding Basics: Making-up bottles
- Fill your kettle with fresh cold water, boil and then leave to cool for 30 minutes (so it lowers to 70c)
- With clean hands, fill the bottle with the correct amount of water. *With the scoop, measure the powder, level it off with the leveller or a clean knife and add to the bottle. (Follow the instructions for the formula you are using and only use the scoop that comes with that formula.)
- Add the teat and lit and shake so the powder dissolves.
- Cool the formula down by running the bottle under a cold water tap or a standing the bottle in a jug of cold water. You can test the temperature of the milk on your wrist before offering it to your baby.
Formula Feeding Basics: How much milk?
Your baby’s stomach will hold small amounts of milk and this will gradually increase as your baby gets bigger.
Day 1: 5-7mls
Day 3: about 22 ml
One Week: 45-60ml
One Month: 80-150ml
Each feed can vary – some babies will take a bit more during some feeds or they might need feeding more often than you think.
Formula Feeding Basics: How often to feed?
Try to be responsive, look for your baby’s cues for food rather than watching the clock. Babies have small stomachs and their needs vary daily. Some babies will go longer between feeds, while others will need to feed little and often.
Formula Feeding Basics: Feeding your baby
- Before settling down with your baby, make sure you are sitting comfortably. Using a feeding pillow can also be useful so you can relax your arms.
- Have a drink to hand, as well as a muslin square.
- Hold your baby close to you – you will find what works best for your baby – brush the teat against your baby’s lips so they can suck on the bottle when they open their mouth.
- Your baby should be slightly upright rather than flat, this will help him to swallow.
- Keep the bottle tilted so the teat is full of milk – this prevents your baby taking in too much wind.
- If your baby is finishing off the bottle, you can try putting extra milk in the bottle so your baby isn’t sucking in air.
- Your baby may need a break, to be winded – hold him upright and gently pat or rub his back.
- Allow your baby to finish the feed when he is ready, don’t force him to finish a bottle.
Formula Feeding Basics: How do you know you baby is getting enough?
Poo – By day 4, when your milk has probably come in, babies will have 3-4 poos a day, although some will poo with each feed. After day 4 poos should be mustard-yellow in colour, with no signs of meconium, which is black and tar like.
Wee – 1 a day is normal until around day 4 when babies can have about 6 wet nappies a day After day 4, wee should be pale/clear.
Weight-gain – your baby will be weighed within his first couple of weeks and this is an indication of getting enough milk.
Formula Feeding Basics: Using formula when you are out & about
*You can use ready made formula and sterilised bottles
*Sterilised bottles, with measured formula powder for each feed in a sterile container and a flask of just-boiled water. Make up a bottle, shake it to mix the powder and then cool it down by running the bottle under cold water or standing in a jug of cold water.
Signs of hunger
It can be useful to respond to your baby’s cues rather than waiting for them to cry – it’s not always possible but it is helpful to be guided by your baby as much as possible.
Early indications of needing a feed:
*an open mouth, especially if also sticking tongue out
*smacking or licking lips
Ready for a feed:
*fidgeting and squirming
*trying to get into position for a feed
I really need a feed NOW:
*frantic head movements
Bottle-feeding tips from mums
- Carrying a small bottle of pre-made formula for when you’re out and about. For us it’s made life easier, just ask any cafe for some hot water for baby’s bottle and you’re set.
- I didn’t bother with a Perfect Prep machine. You can achieve the same instant bottle results buy working out the ratio of boiling water to pre boiled fridge cool water. Eg for a 5oz bottle you need 2oz boiling water and 3oz of pre boiled water from the fridge or for a 7oz bottle the ratio is 3:4.
- It’s actually safer because you are putting the formula in to freshly boiled water rather than water that has been heated to 70 degrees.
- Prepping! Having multiple bottles ready with the water in already. Electric bottle steamer! One of those plastic divided tubs for multiple pre measured out formula.
- Perfect Prep
- Tommee Tippee portable flask bottle warmer thing is the best
A specialist in pregnancy, birth and early parenting
Copyright: Janine Smith
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Click on an individual image for larger view
|Poster Version||Figure 1||Figure 2|
These images are some of the first to be taken during Spitzer's warm mission -- a new phase that began after the telescope, which operated for more than five-and-a-half years, ran out of liquid coolant. The pictures were snapped with the two infrared channels that still work at Spitzer's still-quite-chilly temperature of 30 Kelvin (about minus 406 degrees Fahrenheit). The two infrared channels are part of Spitzer's infrared array camera: 3.6-micron light is blue and 4.5-micron light is orange.
The main image shows a cloud, known as DR22, bursting with new stars in the Cygnus region of the sky. Spitzer's infrared eyes can see dust, and see through dust, giving it a unique view into star-forming nests. The blue areas are dusty clouds, and the orange is mainly hot gas.
Figure 1 shows a relatively calm galaxy called NGC 4145. This galaxy has already made most of its stars and has little star-forming activity. It is located 68 million light-years away in the constellation Canes Venatici. Blue shows starlight and dust.
Figure 2 shows a dying star called NGC 4361. This star was once a lot like our sun, before it evolved and puffed out its outer layers. The object, called a planetary nebula, is unusual in that it has four lobes, or jets, of ejected material instead of the standard two. Astronomers suspect that there might be two dying stars inside the nebula, each producing a bipolar jet. Orange primarily shows heated gas.
The new pictures were taken while the telescope was being re-commissioned, on July 18 (NGC 4145, NGC 4361) and July 21 (Cygnus), 2009.
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About the Georgia Ethics Assessments
What Are They?
The Georgia Ethics assessments are training and assessment programs composed of a series of modules that combine instruction and testing.
- The Georgia Educator Ethics assessment is designed for beginning and currently practicing teachers.
- The Georgia Ethics for Educational Leadership assessment is designed for educational leaders (principals/assistant principals and superintendents/assistant superintendents).
The goal is to help teachers and educational leaders become familiar with, understand, and apply the Georgia Code of Ethics for Educators, as well as comprehend and embrace the principles of ethical decision making in an educational context.
These assessments focus is on professionalism in education — in relationships with students, schools, colleagues, and communities — as well as on ethical understanding to guide decision making, and the specific regulations and expectations that teachers and educational leaders face in Georgia.
How Are These Assessments Different From Other GACE® Assessments?
The Georgia Ethics assessments are coupled with an embedded training program that offers a "learn by doing" approach around true-to-life scenarios, including actions, dispositions, and values. Designed not only to reinforce ethical standards or "code," these assessments also allow you to navigate through "real life" scenarios, deepening your understanding of obligations and situations to clarify how to avoid risk. Learning modules in the assessments are followed by end-of-module tests related to what you've learned in the modules.
What Are the Assessments Like?
The Georgia Ethics assessments are offered at two levels: Program Entry and Program Exit. Each consists of seven interactive modules that combine instruction and testing. The modules instruct through video, gaming, and self-guided learning. Five of the modules include an end-of-module test with immediate feedback. The Program Exit level also includes an end-of-course, or summative, test.
For more information about what is covered in each module, see Assessment Content.
Who Needs to Take These Assessments?
The Georgia Ethics assessments are required for educator and educational leadership candidates who are entering a preparation program or who have completed their program and are seeking beginning educator or educational leadership certification. For more information, see:
How Are the Assessments Given?
The Georgia Ethics assessments are computer delivered and accessible from any computer or tablet that meets the hardware requirements and has Internet access. See hardware requirements.
You can take the Georgia Ethics assessments at any time once eligibility has been granted; there are no specific testing dates or testing windows assigned for these assessments.
For more information, see Take the Assessment.
How Are They Scored?
The Georgia Ethics assessments are scored electronically, and your scores are available to you at the end of each module and in the online Georgia Ethics assessment system for 30 days after you complete the assessment.
For more information, including how to know if you passed and how to make sure your program provider gets your scores, see Scores.
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Houses of hospitality on the land”—this is how Dorothy Day described the Catholic Worker farms that began to spring up in the 1930’s. In May, I had occasion to visit one of them and experience a weekend’s hospitality at the Peter Maurin Farm in Marlboro, N.Y. The farm, named after the co-founder, with Dorothy Day, of the Catholic Worker movement, is just one of a number of farms spread out across the country, from the East Coast to the West.
After an hour and a half’s train ride from Manhattan, I was met at the station by two longtime Catholic Workers, Tom and Monica Cornell. On the way to the farm we passed extensive apple orchards, as well as migrant camps that house the orchards’ workers. Most are from Jamaica and Mexico, and many are undocumented. But we also passed a half dozen elaborate new houses—“McMansions” the Cornells call them—that stand out in vivid contrast to the camps and the humbler homes of most local residents. The McMansions represent something akin to rural gentrification, a phenomenon related to the fact that Ulster County lies close enough to New York City to make daily commuting entirely possible.
As farms go, the Peter Maurin Farm is not large—50 acres, with over half the acreage in wetlands. Nor does it have livestock, which, Tom and Monica explained, would require complex and expensive maintenance. Instead, the farming concentrates on a large gardening operation that provides fresh produce not only for the farm’s residents, but also for the two Catholic Worker houses in Manhattan. Even then, enough remains to send a supply to a home for single mothers and to the migrant camps. Much of the produce is preserved for winter use, creating a year-round food supply. The weather was still too unstable for the full gardening to begin, except for potatoes, which their son—the chief gardener—was already planting.
Acquired in 1979, the farm has space for 15 people, spread out in two houses and a converted barn. Some of the residents are physically or psychologically vulnerable. One, for example, a man from Barbados, is suffering from cancer. “The Vassar Hospital in Poughkeepsie asked if we could put him up for three weeks once he no longer needed hospitalization,” Tom said. “We said O.K., knowing what three weeks meant—he’s been with us well over a year.” But he added that this and other area hospitals have been generous in assisting with the health needs of residents like this one, who are both uninsured and undocumented.
Although the farm is several miles from the town of Marlboro, it maintains ties there and with the wider region too. It has no wish to be isolationist. The Monday following my visit, in fact, Monica was planning to host a meeting of ROAR, the acronym for Religious Organizations Along the River, a group that deals with environmental issues like the pollution of the Hudson’s waters. But in the minds of many townspeople, the farm’s identity remains obscure, and Monica and Tom said that some refer to it as “the camp,” which suggests that they view it as another form of migrant workers’ camp. The Saturday afternoon of my weekend visit, I became aware of this cloudy perception during a walk into town with an Irishman who has been at the farm about a year. Trudging along at the road’s edge, we became the object of curious stares from passing motorists, but the stares were not always unfriendly.
Monica and Tom have been at the farm since 1993. They met in New York City almost four decades ago, when he was managing editor of The Catholic Worker newspaper. Monica came as a live-in volunteer from Ohio, settling in at the Catholic Worker house, which was then on Chrystie Street on the Lower East Side. It was there that they met. Theirs is just one of a number of Catholic Worker marriages that have taken place over the decades. A married daughter lives 10 miles south of the farm in Newburgh, where she and her husband have begun another Catholic Worker undertaking called Aleluya House, which reaches out to Hispanic migrants working in the local factories and in the orchards. Like her brother-gardener’s work at the Peter Maurin Farm, the daughter’s present work serves as an example of the way the offspring of Catholic Worker couples sometimes follow in their parents’ footsteps. In the case of Monica and Tom, the connection has actually reached the third generation, because Monica’s parents were themselves Catholic Workers in Cleveland. She mentioned that while traveling to give talks, Dorothy Day used to stop over at their home.
Like much of the East Coast, the area around the farm has suffered from an extended drought. The night of my arrival, partial relief came in the form of a downpour that lasted into the following afternoon. Once the skies cleared, Tom led me on a walk around the property, past the garden and a hermitage, to a large pond. Because of the drought, and because the farm depends on a well for its water supply, water usage is carefully monitored. “In the summer, when students come to help out,” Tom said, “we tell them to go to the pond to take their baths.” Rain water is collected in huge blue plastic barrels by one of the houses and is then piped directly into a washing machine in order to avoid overburdening the well.
My room was in the larger of the two houses. In both I saw reminders of the Catholic Worker’s origins and its commitment to Gospel nonviolence. The dining room of the larger house—the general assembly point—has on its wall a handsome wooden crucifix carved by the artist Ade Bethune, who did many of the illustrations for the newspaper from the 1930’s until her death in May of this year. Also hanging on a nearby wall were two etchings by Fritz Eichenberg, another of the contributors to the paper’s artwork. In the smaller house, which is occupied by Monica and Tom and the man from Barbados, are photographs of Dorothy Day as well as two of Tom being arrested in the l960’s for peace-related protests in Washington, D.C. Another, taken last year, shows him being arrested at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in New York City. As Tom drily noted, “I have not withdrawn from the fray.”
One act of protest during the Vietnam War involved Tom’s burning his draft card in Manhattan’s Union Square, a famous rallying spot for protests and also the site where Dorothy Day distributed copies of The Catholic Worker newspaper when it first began in the early 1930’s. Tom received a six-month sentence for the draft card burning, and while he was serving his time at the federal prison in Danbury, Conn., Monica and the children lived at the predecessor of the present farm, a large one called Tivoli on the banks of the Hudson, which eventually proved unmanageable because of its size and internal difficulties. (I myself made a retreat at Tivoli before joining the Jesuits and met Dorothy Day there for the first time.)
Tom was one of three pacifists who helped in the drafting of the bishops’ peace pastoral. Currently, he is an associate editor of The Sign of Peace, a journal of the Catholic Peace Fellowship, of which he was once the executive director. But over the years, he also felt called to the diaconate and in 1988 was ordained a permanent deacon. He now serves at the local Catholic church. We drove there for Mass on Pentecost Sunday, a day of extraordinary brightness following the heavy rains earlier in the weekend. The church was crowded, because children who were candidates for confirmation were to be presented to the congregation.
On the way back from Mass, Tom and Monica pointed out the cemetery beside the road that leads to the farm. The church donated 10 burial plots for those who died there. The most recent graves hold the remains of two residents who died just last year, Victor and Zeke. In an article in last year’s October-November issue of The Catholic Worker, their son wrote movingly of the care both men received in their final illnesses. And although gardening is his principal job on the farm, he observed in the same article that “a Catholic Worker farm is for people first, for farming second.” The 10 plots are now filled, and further ones will be needed. The oldest resident, Slim, has lived in Catholic Worker houses most of his long life. Now 82, his years are inevitably numbered, and a plot for him in the cemetary has already been purchased. But the ongoing care he receives from other members of the community—and the farm is assuredly that, a community—could serve as an example of the loving attention all elderly men and women should receive in their final years.
On the way to the train station on Sunday afternoon, we stopped at Aleluya House in Newburgh for a brief visit with the new Catholic Worker family there—Tom and Monica’s daughter and son-in-law and their three children. Located in the poorest section of that depressed city, the house’s top floor is currently occupied by a Guatemalan family. A double garden in the back was about to be planted with vegetables, and until they mysteriously disappeared, there were chickens too—a kind of minifarm in itself. But whether in the city or on one of the farms, the works of mercy continue to be carried out in Catholic Worker communities, and Gospel nonviolence continues to be promoted in a way that would have met with Dorothy Day’s approval.
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Constitution of the United States, Part II: Articles of the Constitution
The text of the articles of the Constitution, along with expert commentary
- Grades: 6–8, 9–12
[Note: This is the second of three articles on the Constitution of the United States. It provides the text of the Articles of the Constitution, with commentary. The entry Constitution of the United States covers the genesis of the Constitution and its framework.]
The text of the Constitution appears below, retaining the original spelling and capitalization. Comments by Harold W. Chase on its provisions are preceded and followed by double asterisks.
The Constitution of the United States
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
**Comment: These stated objectives make clear the framers' commitment to the proposition that government should serve to enhance the value and dignity of the individual, as opposed to the proposition to which authoritarian governments have traditionally adhered, that the individual's highest duty is to serve the state.**
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath of Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of Honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time: and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
**Comment: Sections 1 to 7 of Article I define the composition of the Congress, the qualifications of its members, and the manner in which it will conduct its business.
No absolute limit was placed on the number of members of the House, but in 1913, Congress limited the membership to 435. The clause requiring that senators be chosen by their respective state legislatures was superseded by the 17th Amendment (1913), which requires the popular election of senators.
The Senate is entrusted with the power of trying all impeachments; specific directions are given as to how the trial shall be conducted and as to the impact of its judgment. The House alone has the power to impeach, however.
Significantly, there have been few impeachments, giving some credence to Thomas Jefferson's view that "experience has already shown that the impeachment the Constitution has provided is not even a scarecrow. It is a cumbersome, archaic process. ..." Both presidential impeachments (Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998-99) were highly partisan efforts, and both ended in acquittal.
Although each house is to be the judge of the elections and qualifications of its members, the Supreme Court has held, in a case involving the seating of Adam Clayton Powell in 1969, that "the Constitution leaves the House without authority to exclude any person, duly elected by his constituents, who meets all the requirements for membership expressly prescribed" in the Constitution.
The privileges and immunities of members of Congress detailed in Section 6 have come under close judicial scrutiny in recent years. The Supreme Court has supported a broad view of congressional immunity, particularly with respect to the speech or debate clause:
The speech, or debate, clause was designed to assure a coequal branch of the government wide freedom of speech, debate and deliberation without intimidation or threats from the executive branch. It thus protects members against prosecutions that directly impinge upon or threaten the legislative process.
This government is acknowledged by all to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the power granted to it, would seem too apparent to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlightened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge. That principle is now universally admitted.
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The medieval legend of Faust is a morality tale of sin and damnation. In contrast, Goethe’s Faust is a drama of human striving for the divine and salvation through grace. God is a dynamic creator and sustainer of the universe. He has created humankind in his image. Thus, Faust and all human beings should actively engage the world in which they live. Above all else, God is benevolent. He embraces all his creation and creatures, including the devils. Every creature has its divine purpose within this unorthodox framework of Providence and good versus evil. God’s ultimate plan is to release humankind from earthly despair and suffering. His means are beyond human reason and comprehension. Human beings see only the bitter contest between good and evil, in which evil often prevails. Only at death does a soul see the whole of Providence and God’s grace. On earth, Faust leads Margarete to her downfall. In Heaven, Gretchen prays to the Virgin for Faust’s soul.
In Faust, Christian love redeems the sins of the world no matter how egregious. As a sign of amazing grace, the person most violated by the sinner, Gretchen, is the one to plead for redemption of the sinner. Gretchen embodies the magnanimity of Christian mercy and forgiveness. Thus, the heavens in the final scene of Faust are full of souls ascending toward God. The Mystical Choir concludes the drama with the Christian distinction between imperfect human life and perfect spiritual life in God:
Everything transitoryIs only a resemblance;The unobtainableBecomes a reality here;The indescribableIs here achieved;The Eternal FeminineLifts us up.
In this life, human beings cannot comprehend God and his perfect creation, yet the force of Love will ultimately redeem humankind.
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To learn more about the use of Introductions, let's look at the Beatles' song portfolio. The first thing you notice about Introductions when reviewing the songs found in The Beatles Complete Scores is that many songs do not include an Introduction. The songs simply jump immediately into the verse or, in some cases, the chorus.
Examples of songs with No Intros that start right into the verse include We Can Work It Out, Hey Jude, Penny Lane, Nowhere Man, and The Long And Winding Road while songs beginning with the chorus include Can't Buy Me Love. Another twist on the No Intro approach is to include a count such as in Yer Blues where Ringo is heard counting "two, three" leading directly into the verse. Classic examples of this type of Intro include the Good Lovin' "one, two, three" and the Wooly Bully bilingual "uno, dos, one, two, tres, quatro" countoff.
The Beatles, especially in their earlier songs, made effective use of unique Vocal Intros. The Four Seasons employed these Vocal Intros in most all of their early string of hits.
Several examples of Vocal Intro chord progressions, all transposed to the Key of "E" to permit easier comparison, are shown below.
E-G#m-G-F#m-B7 => E verse progression
Here, There And Everywhere
Em-Am-Em-G-F-B => E verse progression
Do You Want To Know A Secret
Fm-E-Eb-Cm-Fm-E-F#m7-B7 => E verse progression
If I Fell
A-Co-E (3x) E-B-E => E verse progression
P.S. I Love You
C#m-F#7-A-E => E verse progression
She Loves You
The Beatles frequently created Instrumental Intros by using the following techniques:
(1) Use the beginning chord of the ensuing verse or chorus. On Yesterday, Paul McCartney's two bar "F" chord Intro, played on an acoustic guitar, leading to the "F" (I) chord of the openning verse is simple but created an instantly recognizable Intro. This technique was also used on I Saw Her Standing There where The Beatles simply played an "E7" chord for four bars leading into the verse progression that begins with an "E7" (I7) chord for two bars.
(2) Use a dramatic Opening Chord such as the "D7sus4" (V7sus4) that begins A Hard Day's Night. Other examples of this technique include the "E7" (V7) to start Rock And Roll Music, the "E+7" (V+7) to kickoff Oh! Darling, and the "A" (V) chord in She Came In Through The Bathroom Window. The use of a "V+7" was definitely inspired by various Chuck Berry song Intros.
(3) Restate, in whole or part, the verse, chorus, bridge, or turnaround. In Let It Be the Intro was created by playing the first four bars of the openning verse without vocal accompaniment. On Please Please Me the first two bars of the openning verse were repeated with the melody played on harmonica. Twist And Shout begins with the first four bars of the openning verse played without vocals or melody.
On I'm Happy Just To Dance With You The Beatles created a four bar Introduction by repeating the first two bars of the verse progression (C#m-F#m-G#7). An example of using a Turnarond as an Introduction is the one bar descending bass line "F-Eb-G/D" (IV-bIII-V/5th) progression used in Something leading into the verse progression that begins with a "C" (I) chord.
(4) Create an Introduction that is unique from the other parts of the song such as the instantly recognizable "Dadd9-E/D-G6/D-Dadd9" (Iadd9-II/b7th-IV6/5th-Iadd9) Intro to Eight Days A Week which was also used as it's Ending. Another example is the "C-D (3x) D7" Intro to I Want To Hold Your Hand. Other unique Intros are created by the use of freestyle arpeggios or lead solos, usually without the full band. Revolution was created using a Chuck-Berry-on-acid guitar solo. This guitar solo approach was also used on Drive My Car. For other variations, check out the Trumpet/Brass Intro on Got To Get You Into My Life and the clarinet solo on When I'm Sixty Four.
With the above techniques you should be able to spice up and improve your song Intros.
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About 90 PDFs and teaching ideas for zero, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and mixed conditionals. If you find anything useful here and would like more, please support TEFLtastic.
Updated 1 June 2022
Articles on teaching conditionals
Fun video tasks for conditionals and future tenses – LINK UPDATED
See links below for articles on teaching all the different conditional forms
Photocopiable classroom activities for teaching specific conditionals
Mixed conditionals games/ worksheets (contrasting conditionals as well as combining them)
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Cold reading is a set of techniques used by mentalists, psychics, fortune-tellers, mediums and illusionists to determine or express details about another person, often to imply that the reader knows much more about the person than the reader actually does. Without prior knowledge, a practiced cold-reader can quickly obtain a great deal of information by analyzing the person's body language, age, clothing or fashion, hairstyle, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race or ethnicity, level of education, manner of speech, place of origin, etc. Cold readings commonly employ high-probability guesses, quickly picking up on signals as to whether their guesses are in the right direction or not, then emphasizing and reinforcing chance connections and quickly moving on from missed guesses.
Before starting the actual reading, the reader will typically try to elicit cooperation from the subject, saying something such as, "I often see images that are a bit unclear and which may sometimes mean more to you than to me; if you help, we can together uncover new things about you." One of the most crucial elements of a convincing cold reading is a subject eager to make connections or reinterpret vague statements in any way that will help the reader appear to make specific predictions or intuitions. While the reader will do most of the talking, it is the subject who provides the meaning.
After determining that the subject is cooperative, the reader will make a number of probing statements or questions, typically using variations of the methods noted below. The subject will then reveal further information with their replies (whether verbal or non-verbal) and the cold reader can continue from there, pursuing promising lines of inquiry and quickly abandoning or avoiding unproductive ones. In general, while revelations seem to come from the reader, most of the facts and statements come from the subject, which are then refined and restated by the reader so as to reinforce the idea that the reader got something correct.
Subtle cues such as changes in facial expression or body language can indicate whether a particular line of questioning is effective or not. Combining the techniques of cold reading with information obtained covertly (also called "hot reading") can leave a strong impression that the reader knows or has access to a great deal of information about the subject. Because the majority of time during a reading is spent dwelling on the "hits" the reader obtains, while the time spent recognizing "misses" is minimized, the effect gives an impression that the cold reader knows far more about the subject than an ordinary stranger could.
According to James Underdown from CFI and IIG "In the context of a studio audience full of people, cold reading is not very impressive." Underdown explains cold-reading from a mathematical viewpoint. A typical studio audience consists of approximately 200 people, divided up into 3 sections. A conservative estimate assumes each person knows 150 people. When a psychic asks the question "'Who's Margaret?' he is hoping there is a Margaret in the 10,000 people in the database of that section. If there is no answer, they open the question up to the whole audience's database of over 30,000 people! Would it be surprising for there to be a dozen Margarets in such a large sample?"
"Shotgunning" is a commonly used cold reading technique. This technique is named after a shotgun, as it fires a cluster of small projectiles in the hope that one or more of the shots will strike the target.
The cold reader slowly offers a huge quantity of very general information, often to an entire audience (some of which is very likely to be correct, near correct or at the very least, provocative or evocative to someone present), observes their subjects' reactions (especially their body language), and then narrows the scope, acknowledging particular people or concepts and refining the original statements according to those reactions to promote an emotional response. A majority of people in a room will, at some point for example, have lost an older relative or known at least one person with a common name like "Mike" or "John".
Shotgunning might include a series of vague statements such as:
- "I see a heart problem with a father-figure in your family, a father, a grandfather, an uncle, a cousin ... I'm definitely seeing chest pain here for a father-figure in your family." (a vast variety of medical problems have chest pain as a symptom, and heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide)
- "I see a woman that isn't a blood relative. Someone around when you were growing up, an aunt, a friend of your mother, a stepmother with blackness in the chest, lung cancer, heart disease, breast cancer..." (most or all people will know a woman who was diagnosed with one of these problems)
- "I sense an older male figure in your life, who wants you to know while you may have had disagreements in your life, he still loved you." (many or most people will have quarreled with such a person)
The Forer effect (Barnum statements)
The Forer effect relies in part on the eagerness of people to fill in details and make connections between what is said and some aspect of their own lives (often searching their entire life's history to find some connection, or reinterpreting statements in a number of different possible ways so as to make it apply to themselves).
"Barnum statements" (named after P. T. Barnum, the American showman) are statements that seem personal, yet apply to many people. And while seemingly specific, such statements are often open-ended or give the reader the maximum amount of "wiggle room" in a reading. They are designed to elicit identifying responses from people. The statements can then be developed into longer and more sophisticated paragraphs and seem to reveal great amounts of detail about a person. A talented and charismatic reader can sometimes even bully a subject into admitting a connection, demanding over and over that they acknowledge a particular statement as having some relevance and maintaining that they just aren't thinking hard enough, or are repressing some important memory.
Statements of this type might include:
- "I sense that you are sometimes insecure, especially with people you don't know very well."
- "You have a box of old unsorted photographs in your house."
- "You had an accident when you were a child involving water."
- "You're having problems with a friend or relative."
- "Your father passed on due to problems in his chest or abdomen."
Regarding the last statement, if the subject is old enough, his or her father is quite likely to have died, and this statement would easily apply to a large number of medical conditions. The list includes: heart disease, pneumonia, diabetes, emphysema, cirrhosis of the liver, renal failure, most types of cancer, and, for that matter, to any cause of death in which cardiac arrest precedes the death or destruction of the reptilian brain responsible for cardiopulmonary function.
Warm reading is a performance tool used by professional mentalists and psychic scam artists. While hot reading is the use of foreknowledge and cold reading is the use of general presumptions common to human experience, warm reading refers to the judicious use of Barnum effect statements (also known as the Forer effect).
When these psychological tricks are used properly, the statements give the impression that the mentalist, or scam artist, is intuitively perceptive and psychically gifted. In reality, the statements fit nearly all of humanity, regardless of gender, personal opinions, age, epoch, culture or nationality.
Warm reading is sometimes used to refer to "utilizing known principles of psychology that apply to nearly everyone" while doing a psychic reading. Michael Shermer uses the expression this way. What Shermer gives as an example of warm reading, Ray Hyman and Ian Rowland would give as an example of cold reading. Shermer notes that many grieving people will wear a piece of jewelry that has a connection to their deceased loved one. To claim to get some sort of message about a piece of jewelry belonging to the deceased while doing a reading will often shock a client, who will make the connection and take your message as a sign you have made contact with the other side.
The rainbow ruse
The rainbow ruse is a crafted statement which simultaneously awards the subject with a specific personality trait, as well as the opposite of that trait. With such a phrase, a cold reader can "cover all possibilities" and appear to have made an accurate deduction in the mind of the subject, despite the fact that a rainbow ruse statement is vague and contradictory. This technique is used since personality traits are not quantifiable, and also because nearly everybody has experienced both sides of a particular emotion at some time in their lives.
Statements of this type might include:
- "Most of the time you are positive and cheerful, but there has been a time in the past when you were very upset."
- "You are a very kind and considerate person, but when somebody does something to break your trust, you feel deep-seated anger."
- "I would say that you are mostly shy and quiet, but when the mood strikes you, you can easily become the center of attention."
A cold reader can choose from a variety of personality traits, think of its opposite, and then bind the two together in a phrase, vaguely linked by factors such as mood, time, or potential.
Contrasting claims of performers
Some performers who use cold reading are honest about their use of the technique. Lynne Kelly, Kari Coleman, Ian Rowland, and Derren Brown have used these techniques at either private fortune-telling sessions or open forum "talking with the dead" sessions in the manner of those who claim to be genuine mediums. Only after receiving acclaim and applause from their audience do they reveal that they needed no psychic power for the performance, only a sound knowledge of psychology and cold reading.
In an episode of his Trick of the Mind series broadcast in March 2006, Derren Brown showed how easily people can be influenced through cold reading techniques by repeating Bertram Forer's famous demonstration of the personal validation fallacy, or Forer effect.
Subconscious cold reading
Former New Age practitioner Karla McLaren has spoken about developing a system of cold reading without realising, saying in a 2004 interview that "I didn't understand that I had long used a form of cold reading in my own work! I was never taught cold reading and I never intended to defraud anyone; I simply picked up the technique through cultural osmosis." McLaren has said that since she was always very perceptive, she could easily figure out many of the issues that people brought into sessions with them. In order to reduce the appearance of unusual expertise that might have created a power differential, she posed her observations as questions rather than facts. This attempt to be polite, she realized, actually invited the other person, as McLaren has said, to "lean into the reading" and give her more pertinent information.
After some people have performed hundreds of readings, their skills may improve to the point where they may start believing they can read minds. They may ask themselves if their success is because of psychology, intuition or a psychic ability. This point of thought is known by some skeptics of the paranormal as the "transcendental temptation". Magic historian and occult investigator Milbourne Christopher has warned that the transcendental choice may lead one unknowingly into a belief in the occult and a deterioration of reason.
In movies and on television
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- The Wizard of Oz (1939). Professor Marvel (Frank Morgan) utilizes both cold reading and hot reading techniques on Dorothy (Judy Garland) in an effort to urge her to return home.
- Nightmare Alley (1947). Depicted ex-carny and aspiring cult leader Stanton Carlisle (Tyrone Power) using cold reading and other mentalist techniques to convince people he can communicate with the dead. The film was based on the William Lindsay Gresham novel of the same name.
- Leap of Faith (1992). Early in the film, revival tent evangelist and phony faith healer Jonas Nightengale (Steve Martin) uses cold reading on a police officer who has pulled over his tour bus, to dissuade him from writing a ticket.
- "The Biggest Douche in the Universe" (South Park episode, 2002). Stan Marsh, one of the main characters in the animated comedy series, has an encounter with self-proclaimed psychic John Edward after attending a taping of Edward's TV show Crossing Over. Stan then uses cold reading on some passers-by in an attempt to convince his friend Kyle Broflovski that Edward is a fake, only to be mistaken for a child psychic and given his own competing TV show. This leads to a "psychic showdown" between Stan and Edward. Eventually, aliens arrive and declare Edward "The Biggest Douche in the Universe."
- Psych (2007). Shawn Spencer, the main character in the show, uses cold reading to convince detectives that he has psychic abilities while actually using logic, reason, keen observation skills, and an eidetic memory to solve cases.
- The Mentalist (2008). The main character in The Mentalist plays someone who formerly used cold readings to pretend to be psychic, and now uses cold reading to assist him in solving criminal cases, especially when interviewing witnesses and possible suspects.
- Leverage (2010). In Series 2 Episode 13 "The Future Job", Dalton Rand (Luke Perry) is a con artist who uses both hot reading (information gathering) and cold reading to convince an audience that he can communicate with the dead. The cold reading methods he uses are exposed by the team.
- Sherlock (2010). The main character, Sherlock Holmes (Benedict Cumberbatch), uses cold reading very frequently in the series, as within the films and book series.
- Now You See Me (2013). One of the Four Horsemen, Merritt McKinley (Woody Harrelson), is a mentalist who uses cold reading (along with hypnotism) to assist in extortion and his illusion act.
- Confidence trick
- Confirmation bias
- Forer effect
- Hot reading
- List of parapsychology topics
- Shut eye
- Subjective validation
- List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
- Dutton, Denis (1988). "The cold reading technique". Experientia 44 (4): 326–332. doi:10.1007/BF01961271. PMID 3360083. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- "They See Dead People - Or Do They? An Investigation of Television Mediums". Skeptical Inquirer. Sep–Oct 2003. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
- warm reading
- The Dance by Brad Henderson, Brad Henderson and Henderson Productions, 2007
- Kari Coleman (2001). "My Psychic Adventure". Swift 2 (3&4). Retrieved 2006-12-11.
- Rowland, Ian (2008-04-01). The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading: A Comprehensive Guide to the Most Persuasive Psychological Manipulation Technique in the World (4 ed.). London: Ian Rowland Limited. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-9558476-0-8.
- Karla McLaren (May 2004). "Bridging the Chasm between Two Cultures". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
- Paramiracles by Ted Lesley, Hermetic Press, 1994
- The Transcendental Temptation by Paul Kurtz, Prometheus books, 1986
- ESP, Seers & Psychics: What the Occult Really is by Milbourne Christopher, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1970
- Whitaker, Monique (March 8, 2009). "The devil is in the details". The Times. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- Walker, Chad (February 9, 2010). "TV Review: Leverage 2.13 - "The Future Job"". fandomania. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- Austin Cline What is Cold Reading? Skeptical Perspectives
- Hyman, Ray. Guide to Cold Reading
- Colin Hunter. Cold Reading: Confessions of a "Psychic"
- Denis Dutton The Cold Reading Technique
- Dickson, D.H., & Kelly, I.W. "The 'Barnum effect' in personality assessment: A review of the literature," Psychological Reports, 57, 367-382, (1985).
- Stagnaro, Angelo. Something from Nothing. Manipulix Books. 2002.
- Stagnaro, Angelo. The Other Side. Manipulix Books. 2005.
- Shermer, Michael. (2001). "Deconstructing The Dead: Cross Over One Last Time To Expose Medium John Edward," Scientific American, Aug. 1.
- Hyman, Ray. "'Cold Reading': How to Convince Strangers That You Know All About Them," The Skeptical Inquirer Spring/Summer 1977.
- Hyman, Ray. The Elusive Quarry : A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research (Prometheus Books, 1989).
- Keene, M. Lamar. The Psychic Mafia (Prometheus, 1997).
- Randi, James. Flim-Flam! (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books,1982).
- The Art of Cold Reading - James Randi Educational Foundation
- Lecture à froid - Cold Reading - in French
- Cold Reading - Skeptic's Dictionary
- Cold Reading - Skeptic Friends Network
- Cold Reading: The Psychic's True Power (archived version) - Robert Novella
- The Cold Reading Technique - Denis Dutton
- Forer Effect - Skeptic's Dictionary
- Guide to Cold Reading - Ray Hyman
- How come TV psychics seem so convincing? - The Straight Dope
- Psychic sophistry - Tony Youens
- Shotgunning - Skeptic's Dictionary
- The Skeptic's Guide To The Paranormal - Lynne Kelly
- video Derren Brown Interview - Richard Dawkins - video Derren Brown explains how cold reading works
- Junior Skeptic Magazine - Daniel Loxton Junior Skeptic on cold-reading
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(When will the world figure it out?)
“Fiat money is an intrinsically useless product, used as a means of payment.”
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money
Every nation today is using fiat money backed by debt. Fiat = money by decree some entity has to enforce it via regulation or law. Fiat money can come in different forms. Debt based fiat money is the current form today enforced by central banks around the world. The fiat money model today originated with the Bank of England in 1694. Fiat money is borrowed into existence and then interest is owed back to central banks.
The fiat money model simplified… We find some trees – make some paper – find a printing press – put a nice design on some paper – add some ink – add some #’s – enforce some laws to make fiat money legal.
Fiat money = debt. Debt = borrowing. Borrowing = interest (funny money for banks). No debt/borrowing = no money!
Further explanation of fiat money in action today
Centrals banks are private monopoly perpetual debt machines that lend fiat money to whomever living souls will borrow their debt and pay interest back to them. Continuous debt is the tool to keep economy afloat. Banks must attract as many people as possible to go into debt to borrow fiat money so they can collect interest. This explains why you’ll get a million credit cards offers in the mail. Central banks enhance their wealth by simulating commercial banks to make loans (risky) to collect as much interest as possible. All banks are essentially bankrupt from the first loan they make because they don’t have the 100% reserves to cover the promises they loan out. Fiat money is loaned to banks. Banks only lend promises back by a signed document, without a signed document and loaned deposits to banks there is nothing to lend.
Central banks lower interest rates to simulate as much borrowing to keep the economy afloat. Citizens assume their getting a great deal to buy goods/services when really it is encouraging citizens to borrow and pay interest to banks to keep the fiat money game going. A delay between new loans being created and repayment/interest being collected allows for systematic failure of the system to be postponed. Reason I say postponed is because eventually exponential growth catches up. 2008 was a brief preview when two of the top 5 banks went under: Lehman Brothers & Bear Sterns. Risky loans caught up to these two banks the repayment of interest on loans could not be made.
Propaganda babble informs us to save the system we must bailout the banks. Taxpayer fiat money foots the bill. Central banks must continue to issue/buy their own debt to keep fiat money alive. If the public opts for other forms of payment, fiat money would go to its intrinsic value of zero.
Fiat money throughout history becomes worth-less and worth-less until it is worthless! All have ended up being an ancient artifact. Fiat money should serve as a learning lesson… a lesson not taught in the conventional wisdom arena’s such as old school financiers, public schools & universities. Fiat money value derives solely on trust & confidence which has always eventually faded away.
For examples of different forms of fiat money in the U.S read article below: Rock-Paper-Silver!
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Military Tribunals in the United States: Mark Weisenmiller Shows How the Fate of Al-Qaida and Taliban Prisoners in Cuba Is Linked to a US Supreme Court Decision of Sixty Years Ago. (Cross Current)
Weisenmiller, Mark, History Today
AL-QAIDA AND TALIBAN detainees (or prisoners of war, depending on one's perspective) being held and interrogated at the US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, on the eastern coast of the Communist Caribbean island nation of Cuba, will be facing some sort of trial, on a litany of charges, in the near future. US president George W. Bush Jr., Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and other American federal government officials are adamant that the detainees' treatment abides by the Geneva Convention, yet they have not classified these people as prisoners of war. Why? Because President Bush -- and especially Attorney-General John Ashcroft -- would prefer to see these al-Qaida and Taliban soldiers in custody facing judgement from military tribunals.
Attorney-General Ashcroft has based his legal arguments for military commissions for those kept in confinement at Guantanamo Bay on a past decision by the US Supreme Court. Ex parte Quirin 317 US 1 (1942) is the formal title of the decision, but it is more commonly referred to as simply the `Quirin Case'. The decision was handed down sixty years ago -- when America was in the early stages of its participation in the Second World War -- and the 1942 case, and its Hollywood-movie-like history, deserves closer examination.
During the night of June 13th, 1942, George Dasch, Ernest Burger, Heinrich Heinck and Richard Quirin -- all native Germans in their thirties who had emigrated to the USA and then went back to Germany to work for the Nazi Party -- were aboard an inflatable rowing boat that landed on the beach of Amagansett, Long Island. Their mission: to sabotage key industrial installations and corporations in America that were active in the production of various materials for the American war effort. Their landing was spotted by John Cullen, a Coast Guardsman, who was on patrol duty and confronted Dasch, just as the group was hiding their sabotage equipment and the German uniforms they had brought to ensure they would be treated as prisoners of war, if captured. Dasch kept Cullen quiet, briefly, by bribing him with $300 in American currency, and he and his cohorts found their way to Manhattan.
Cullen then told his superiors of his night-time adventure. When a Coast Guard search party found explosives in a seabag, and a hat emblazoned with a Nazi swastika buried in the beach sand, they realised that Nazi saboteurs had landed in America. The Federal Bureau of Investigation was notified and hundreds of agents joined the manhunt. A few days later Dasch went to Washington -- while the other three men scattered through the US -- and telephoned the FBI, apparently under the impression that, if he contacted the agency and acted as informant, he would receive a fairly light sentence. The rest of his team were arrested the next day.
Meanwhile, a second sabotage team -- composed of Herbert Haupt (aged twenty-two), Edward Kerling (thirty-three), Herman Neubauer (thirty-two) and Werner Thiel (thirty-five) -- had landed Ponte Verde Beach, southeast of Jacksonville, Florida. They were also going to sabotage manufacturing plants in the US. These men succeeded in hiding their equipment, then splitting up and travelling to Cincinnati and New York. They did not, however, know that Dasch, who somehow during the long hours of interrogation had gained the impression that the FBI had promised him a Presidential pardon, was telling the FBI agents of their landing. They too were soon in custody.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted all eight men found guilty and executed. He made a note of this to US Attorney-General Francis Biddle, who argued for the government in the Quirin Case, which was the first American military tribunal to be held since the US Civil War.
Compared with the detainees at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, the eight Nazis' confinement in the early 1940s was relatively comfortable. All were imprisoned in the district of Columbia Jail and they were isolated from one another. …
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Return to Top Ten Contents
Background Information on Brazil
Govt. extends mahogany ban for two years
The Brazilian government has extended for a further two years a ban on new mahogany logging operations. The government also promised to announce within 90 days new rules for sustainable logging of the virola tree in the Amazon region. Not mentioned in the following report is a less than enthusiastic response by Roberto Smeraldi of Friends of the Earths Amazonia Program, who cautioned that the extension "means that mahogany logging can continue, as up to now, with existing authorizations". Smeraldi points out that "existing authorizations already account for a volume of mahogany which is much higher than the total current demand from both domestic and foreign markets".
BRASILIA, July 28 (Reuters) - Brazil on Tuesday extended for two years a ban on mahogany logging in much of the Amazon, a move environmentalists welcomed as a step towards controlling deforestation.
A decree published in the government gazette said the ban did not apply to sustainable management areas approved before July 1996 nor to planted forests.
It added that the environment ministry and the government's environment Institute (Ibama) would announce within 90 days new rules for sustainable logging of the virola tree in the Amazon region.
Environmental group Greenpeace said the decision was a step in the right direction, extending and tightening a 1996 moratorium on new permits for logging mahogany.
``We think this is a positive measure on the part of the government but it is still not enough,'' said Paulo Adario, Greenpeace's spokesman in Brazil. ``But it does create a legal framework for the fight against the illegal market in mahogany.''
Illegal trading in the prized trees is considered one of the principal causes for deforestation of the Amazon.
Brazil stunned environmentalists in January when it published long-awaited data based on satellite pictures that showed an area twice the size of Belgium -- 23,259 square miles (60,257 square km) -- had been deforested between 1995 and 1997.
Loggers often cause indiscriminate damage to virgin forest when chopping down mahogany and their paths are commonly used by settlers who clear the land to graze cattle.
Government measures have cut the amount of mahogany timber companies are officially allowed to log to 65,000 cubic meters (2.3 million cubic feet) in 1997 from 150,000 cubic meters (5.3 million cubic feet) in 1990, Adario said.
``Companies which are installed in the Amazon have more than enough capacity to provide mahogany to international consumers. Despite this, there has been an important rise in demand for mahogany in the domestic market,'' he added.
Greenpeace has asked the government to tighten controls on the exploitation of the trees by listing its plantings of bigleaf mahogany on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
Being listed in the appendices of CITES places curbs of varying tightness on the international trade in a species or product. Ivory and rhino horn are among products so listed.
Distribuido por: Distributed by:
Coalition for Amazonian Peoples and Their Environment
1511 K Street NW, Suite 627
Washington, DC 20005
For reference only. Not to be reproduced without permission from the source.
Return to Top Ten Contents
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Solar Energy Facts > General
Churches Go Solar
From California and Arizona to New Jersey and Massachusetts, churches and other houses of worship are increasingly looking toward solar energy as the way to generate power for the congregation.
California Success Stories
Recently, the Visalia Church of the Nazarene in Visalia, California, elected to install solar panels on its rooftop.
“Some committee members were very concerned about minimizing the usage of the resources God has provided us while others were concerned about saving money and the bottom line,” Wil Hobbs, the church's executive pastor, said of the decision.
In particular, Hobbs highlighted the economic benefits to the church. He said the church will save about $7,000 on its utility bills within the first year from this California solar installation.
"The savings will free up our funds to be used for really great things in the community, like distributing food and helping the 1,300 kids who go through our sports ministry,” Hobbs said.
Visalia Church of the Nazarene is now one of an estimated 550 congregations in California with a solar power installation, according to the California Interfaith Power and Light organization.
The group, in its most recent emissions reduction report, says that its members in total saved about $2.4 million on energy costs thanks to solar panels and other conservation efforts.
Arizona Success Stories
Churches and other religious groups in Arizona have also seen the benefits of turning to solar panels for their energy needs.
Take, for example, St. Francis in the Foothills United Methodist Church in Tucson. In June, the church installed 252 solar panels to provide all of its electricity needs. Of the 252 panels, 60 were set up to form a canopy above the entrance to provide shade, according to the Arizona Daily Star.
In Arizona and elsewhere, churches are not the only religious organizations increasingly switching to solar photovoltaic power. The Ina Levine Jewish Community Campus in Scottsdale last year set up solar panels to provide electricity and solar water heating. The campus, because of this solar facility, will reduce its energy bills by 11 percent, and this will result in $450,000 saved over the next decade, according to the Arizona Republic.
"Savings will be immediate as our lease payment for the solar equipment will be less than our electricity and gas bills combined," Robert Silver, chairman of the Jewish Federation of Greater Phoenix, said. "As a community, we are doing our part for Tikkun Olam, a Jewish tradition to repair our world."
East Coast Success Stories
Even churches in colder parts of the United States are increasingly looking to solar power. In states such as Massachusetts and New Jersey, many churches have added solar panels.
The South Church, a 300-year-old congregation in Andover, Massachusetts, added 160 solar panels to the rooftop of its 152-year-old church building last June. The church anticipates drawing about 90 percent of its power from the photovoltaic panels, according to the Eagle Tribune.
"Many of us would have been happy to reduce our carbon footprint even if we were to break even financially," church member Bill Schroeder told the newspaper. "But it turns out with today's incentives you can save money on the electric bill."
Churches in New Jersey have also looked to solar panels to provide for their power needs. For example, St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Medford installed solar panels on its rooftop in 2010, and the Cherry Hill Unitarian Universalist Church added solar panels earlier this year, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer.
"There are churches all over the place crying for solar," Don Powell of Powell Energy & Solar said to the Inquirer.
|Solar Energy Facts > General|
US Adds 266 Utility-Scale Solar Projects In 2013
The U.S. added 266 utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) installations in 2013, according to a report from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (F ...
UC Merced to Add Solar Panels on Campus By April 2014
In an effort to increase its use of renewable energy, the University of California, Merced will be adding solar panels to several buildings across its campus, according to The Sacr ...
Hawaii Solar Installations Grow in 2013
Hawaii has seen an increase of solar photovoltaic installations over the past year, according to the Hawaiian Electric Company (HECO). The Aloha State added 17,609 installations to ...
East Hampton looking to add new solar system
East Hampton, N.Y., will be increasing its use of solar energy after the East Hampton Town Board gave the go ahead to the Clean Solar Initiative. The new project, which is being ca ...
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Provides simple data protection methods.
Assembly: System.Security (in System.Security.dll)
|DpapiDataProtector(String, String, String)|
Creates a new instance of theclass by using the specified application name, primary purpose, and specific purposes.
Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object.(Inherited from Object.)
Serves as the default hash function. (Inherited from Object.)
Determines if the data must be re-encrypted.(Overrides DataProtector.IsReprotectRequired(Byte).)
Protects the specified user data.(Inherited from DataProtector.)
Returns a string that represents the current object.(Inherited from Object.)
Unprotects the specified protected data.(Inherited from DataProtector.)
The ProtectedData class. The class constructor has purpose parameters that serve like a password to identify the protected data. All three parameters are hashed and included as part of the encrypted data string. You must know the purpose parameters to unprotect the data. The ProtectedData.Protect method that is called to encrypt the data has an optionalEntropy parameter that allows you to add qualifying information to encrypt the data more securely. The hash of the purpose parameters is used for optional entropy. Because you do not need a key to decrypt the data, carefully choosing the purpose data adds another level of security to data protection.class provides a structured way to protect data by using the
If you use a Scope setting of CurrentUser, only a user with logon credentials that match those of the user who encrypted the data can decrypt the data. In addition, decryption usually can be done only on the computer where the data was encrypted. The Windows function that encrypts the data creates a session key to perform the encryption. The session key is derived again when the data is to be decrypted. For a detailed description of how data is protected by using session keys, see Windows Data Protection.
If you use a Scope setting of LocalMachine when protecting the data and do not carefully identify the purpose parameters, any other application on that computer that knows the purposes can access and unprotect the data.
Available since 4.5
Any public static (Shared in Visual Basic) members of this type are thread safe. Any instance members are not guaranteed to be thread safe.
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This Day in Jewish History / A writer whose star burned briefly is born
Before dying at 30, the English-Jewish author Grace Aguilar wrote fiction, philosophy and theology and made her mark on the Jewish world of the 19th century.
June 2, 1816 is the birth date of Grace Aguilar, an English-Jewish writer who in her very short life turned out a remarkable variety and quantity of books and manuscripts that left a mark on both Jewish and non-Jewish society.
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Behavior Management Tips & Advice
- Students' Contributions to the Rules
Brainstorm classroom rules with your students at the first of the year so your students know what is expected of them and feel responsible for following the rules. This is excellent classroom management advice, especially for new teachers, because it makes students an important part of the behavioral process.
- Tough Love: How to Work with a Disruptive Student
You're a teacher challenged with a difficult student. You've tried being nice and not so nice, going back and forth between these extremes. Now may be the time to try "tough love," an approach that works.
Positive Student Behavior
- Positive Classroom Behavior
Read ideas and find resources on establishing and maintaining acceptable behavior in your students. New teachers, who are determining the most effective teaching methods for their classrooms, will find this behavior management resource particularly valuable.
- Putting a Positive Spin on Peer Pressure
Peer pressure has the potential to be a powerfully positive force. By leading students through self-awareness activities, you can create a group of peers who value individualism, practice it in their own lives, and encourage it in others.
Behavior Forms & Charts
- Elementary Classroom Survival Tips
These survival tips will help teachers of grades K-4 successfully manage their classroom. Check out the curriculum planning tips to find advice for elementary art, math, reading, science, and more!
- Advice from Veteran Teachers
New teachers will find valuable advice from experienced teachers on parent-teacher communication, lesson planning, and more. Use these resources to help manage your classroom and plan your curriculum.
- New Teacher Resources
Discover everything a beginning teacher will need for a successful school year, from tips for your first day, to classroom-management advice, to printables and lesson plans that will support your curriculum all year long.
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Pigeons and doves have three song types, one used as an advertising song, the perch-coo, one at the nest site, the nest-coo, and one used in display to a mate or interloper, the bow-coo. Depending on the species, the three coo types may be all different, or a single coo type may serve more than one function. In the Mourning Dove, the perch-coo and bow-coo are the same, and in the Rock Dove the perch-coo and the nest-coo are the same.
Mourning Dove perch-coo (July, ME). This also serves as the bow-coo.
nest-coo (Mar, PA).
Pair of birds at a potential nest-site, nest-coo and wing fluttering (Mar, PA).
Mourning Doves make a whistling noise when flushed or, as in this case, sometimes during short flights (Downy Woodpecker tapping, Jan, PA).
Two flushed birds, one took off without whistling, the second with whistling. The whistle is thought to be used as a form of communication, perhaps alarm in this case, but it also made in non-threatening situations, as in the previous recording (Jan, PA).
Single call by Mourning Dove landing on a feeder (Jan, PA).
Rock Dove perch or nest-coo (Aug, CO).
Rock Dove bow-coo and wing flap (July, CO).
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Gollum, originally known as Sméagol (or Trahald), was a Stoor, one of the three early hobbit-types. The name Gollum was derived from the disgusting gurgling, choking cough he made. His birth can be estimated to have happened in the year TA 2430. His death date is given as March 25, 3019. His life was extended far beyond its natural limits by the effects of possessing the One Ring. At the time of his death, Sméagol was about 589 years old, a remarkable age for a creature that was once a Hobbit, but he had been deformed and twisted in both body and mind by the corruption of the Ring. His chief desire was to possess the Ring that had enslaved him, and he pursued it for many years after Bilbo Baggins found it while walking in the Misty Mountains in the book "The Hobbit".
Once a predecessor of the Stoorish Hobbits, Sméagol spent the early years of his life living with his extended family under a Matriarch, his grandmother. Around the year TA 2463 Sméagol became the fourth Bearer of the One Ring, after Sauron, Isildur, and Déagol. Déagol was his cousin, and on Sméagol's birthday, they went fishing in the Gladden Fields north of the mountains. It was there that Déagol found a gold ring, after being pulled into the water by a large fish. Sméagol demanded the ring as a birthday present and strangled Deágol to death, when he refused. Sméagol was quickly corrupted further by the ring and, banished by his people, was forced to find a home in a cave in the Misty Mountains in around TA 2470. The Ring's malignant influence twisted his Hobbit body and mind and prolonged his life far beyond its natural limits. He called it his "Precious" or his "Birthday Present," the latter as a justification for killing Déagol.
Life under the Misty MountainsHe lived in the Misty Mountains for over four hundred years, living on raw blind fish (which he caught from his small row boat) and Goblins when he could get them. Indeed, he made a song about raw fish, that he uses as a riddle to Bilbo and much later sings to Frodo in a longer version. In later years, he found Hobbit and Elven food repulsive.
During his centuries under the Ring's influence, he developed a sort of dissociative identity disorder: Sméagol, his "good" personality, still vaguely remembered things like friendship and love, while Gollum, his "bad" personality, was a slave to the Ring and would kill anyone who tried to take it. Years later, Samwise Gamgee would name the good personality "Slinker" (for his fawning, eager-to-please demeanor), and the bad personality "Stinker". The two personalities often quarreled when he talked to himself (as Tolkien put it, "through not having anyone else to speak to") and had a love/hate relationship, mirroring Gollum's love and hatred for the Ring and for himself.In July, TA 2941, during the Quest of Erebor, the Hobbit Bilbo Baggins stumbled upon the subterranean lake on which he lived and found Gollum's Ring. Gollum had lost the Ring while following an imp goblin in the network of caves leading to the lake, though in fact it is more proper to say that the Ring abandoned Gollum, for it was known to have a will of its own. As Gandalf says later, it looks after itself, trying to get back to Sauron. After the famous Riddle Game, during which Gollum was unaware of his loss, Gollum refused to show Bilbo the promised way out and plotted to murder him. When he went to get his "birthday present," however, he found that it was gone. He suddenly realized the answer to Bilbo's last riddle—"What have I got in my pocket?"— and flew into a rage. Bilbo inadvertently stumbled across the Ring's power of invisibility as he ran, allowing him to follow Gollum to the back entrance of the cave. There, Bilbo at first thought to kill Gollum, but was overcome with pity, so he jumped over him to escape. As Bilbo ran, Gollum cried out, "Thief! Thief, Baggins! We hates it forever!"; he did not immediately follow Bilbo out of fear of being caught by the goblins, and so lingered in his cave.
Search for the Ring
Gollum eventually left the Mountains and pursued Bilbo a few years later, but the trail was cold. He made his way south into Mordor where all evil was being drawn at the time, discovering the secret stair located near Minas Morgul and surviving an encounter with Shelob. He was captured on his return and taken to the enemy's stronghold and forced to reveal under torture what he knew about the Ring. Gollum was then strangely freed, as he shows no particular loyalty towards Sauron, but caught by Aragorn, then interrogated by Gandalf, who placed him in the care of the Silvan Elves living in Thranduil's kingdom in Mirkwood. Assisted by orcs he escaped them, and set off looking for the Shire. He passed through Moria, but could not make it out of the East gate. Seemingly he then just waited there until he got lucky when the Fellowship passed through. However, as Frodo was a ring-bearer he might have foreseen the passing of the ring. Alternatively, some of Saruman's or Sauron's spies may have revealed to him the Fellowship was heading towards Moria.
The War of the Ring
Gollum met and started following the Fellowship of the Ring in Moria, and was spotted and heard by Frodo on several occasions. On January 15, 3019 the Fellowship was divided when Gandalf disappeared while fighting a Balrog (though he later returned). Gollum continued trailing the remaining members. It is unknown how he crossed the Bridge of Khazad-dûm, but he came with them to Lórien without their knowing. Gollum followed their boats down Anduin (floating on a log) to Rauros and pursued Frodo and Sam across the Emyn Muil when they struck out on their own towards Mordor. Gollum followed them, but after a confrontation (in which he bit and nearly strangled Sam) Frodo subdued him. Frodo tied an Elven Rope around Gollum's ankle for a leash, but the mere touch of the rope pained him. Taking pity on the wretched creature, Frodo made Gollum swear to help them. Agreeing to the oath, Gollum swore by the "Precious" itself and Frodo released him. The unlikely company, guided by Gollum, made its way to the Black Gate, the entrance to Mordor.
Along the way it was revealed that Gollum, having lived in a cave for hundreds of years, feared both the sun and the moon, calling them the 'Yellow Face' and the 'White Face', respectively.
Frodo's kindness brought out the "Sméagol" personality, and he made at least some effort to keep his promise. The two had a strange sort of bond from both having been Ringbearers; in Gollum, Frodo saw his possible future, and so wanted to save him so he could save himself. Apart from Gandalf, Frodo is the only person known to have shown kindness towards Gollum, who is hated instantly by everyone he meets, being perceived as filthy, slimy, sneaky and suspect by groups as different as the orcs of Cirith Ungol and the Rangers of Ithilien.
When the Black Gate was reached and found to be well guarded, Gollum convinced them not to go that way, saying that they would be caught and Sauron would regain the Ring. Gollum said he would lead them south, where he knew of another entrance into Mordor.
Frodo and Sam were caught by Faramir, and Gollum followed them. When Frodo allowed Faramir to briefly take him prisoner, however, he felt betrayed, allowing the "Gollum" personality to take total control. Faramir found out that the place Gollum was taking them was called Cirith Ungol. He then warned Frodo and Sam of the evil of that place.
Frodo, Sam, and Gollum left Faramir and began crossing the pass of Cirith Ungol in the border-mountains of the Ephel Dúath (Mountains of Shadow). Gollum visited the great spider Shelob, child of Ungoliant, because he was planning to betray the Hobbits to her and then get the Ring for himself. That Gollum managed to forge an alliance with Shelob is also remarkable, as she was otherwise known for devouring and killing everything on sight. When he returned the Hobbits were asleep. The sight of Frodo sleeping nearly moved Gollum to repent. However, Sam woke up and spoke harshly to Gollum, and all hope of redemption was lost. Gollum followed through with his plan and led Frodo and Sam into Shelob's lair.
Just as Frodo warned him, Gollum's betrayal of his oath ultimately led to his undoing, for Frodo and Sam escaped from Shelob's lair and came against all odds to the fiery volcano Mount Doom (Orodruin). Gollum followed them all the way, seeking a chance to surprise them and take the Ring. When Frodo and Sam had almost reached their destination, he attacked, but failed to get the Ring. Sam, who had hated Gollum on sight, tried to bring himself to kill him, but relented out of sheer pity and disgust, turning his back on the beaten (but still wily) creature.
Moments later, Frodo was standing on the edge of the Crack of Doom, but, unwilling to destroy the Ring, claimed it for himself and put it on. Then Gollum attacked the hobbits again. Gollum knocked out Sam whilst Frodo was invisible. But Gollum was able to track his footprints and jumped on Frodo. The two fought and finally Gollum bit off Frodo's finger.
Here Bilbo's long-ago kindness in sparing Gollum's life was rewarded, for Gollum then teetered on the edge of the great pit, lost his balance and fell in, (In the movie Frodo pushed him in.) taking the Ring and finger with him along with a final cry of "Precious!" He was then burned in the molten magma and the Ring was destroyed with him. Had Gollum not lived to play this final part, there was a good chance that Sauron would have regained his Ring, as he knew where Frodo was as soon as he put it on.
Years after Gollum's death, Frodo would forgive him, as Gandalf had told Frodo that Gollum wasn't actually an evil being that deserved his death, but was only a poor being, bound to the Ring's will, and that Frodo's fate would be like Gollum's if he kept the Ring. For if Gollum did not stay with Sam and Frodo to the end of Mordor, Frodo's inability to destroy the Ring would have alerted Sauron to it, and all good in the world of Middle-earth would disappear.
Gollum was also remembered for being the Ring-bearer that kept the Ring for about five hundred years, the second longest bearer besides Sauron himself, who bore it from SA 1600 to his defeat in SA 3441. He is also remarkable for having seen Sauron in person (when being tortured by him) and for managing to form an alliance with Shelob. As a traveller, explorer and Ranger he is perhaps the equal of Aragorn and Gandalf, easily travelling alone through extremely hostile terrains, and seemingly having travelled very widely. For instance, he found his own way through the Dead Marshes as well as discovering for himself the secret pass of Cirith Ungol. Also he manages to find his way through Moria from the East entrance to the West gate, something which even Gandalf did only with some difficulty.
Ironically the one being who suffered the most from the One Ring was the one who manages to destroy it in the end. Gollum or Smeagol undoubtly suffered the most form the One Ring as for almost all his unaturally long life he is tortured by the ring was past insanity into total mental destruction.
In the first edition of The Hobbit, Gollum did not appear quite as wretched or as bound to the Ring. Tolkien revised this characterisation to fit the concept of the Ruling Ring developed during the writing of The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien then explained the version given in the first edition as a lie that Bilbo made up to tell the Dwarves and Gandalf.
Film and radio appearancesThe Hobbit (1977) and The Return of the King (1980), Gollum is voiced by comedian "Brother" Theodore Gottlieb.
In the Peter Jackson film trilogy, Gollum is a CGI creature voiced by actor Andy Serkis, who also provided the voices of some of the Nazgûl and Orcs. Barely glimpsed in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), he becomes a central character in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003). The groundbreaking CGI character was built around Serkis' voice, movements and expressions, sometimes by using a motion capture suit which recorded his movements and applied them to the digital character, and sometimes by the more laborious process of digitally "painting out" Serkis's image and replacing it with Gollum's. In one such shot in The Two Towers, Serkis' real spittle can be seen emerging from Gollum's mouth.
In The Return of the King, Serkis himself appears in a flashback scene as Smeagol before his degeneration into Gollum. This scene was originally earmarked for The Two Towers but held back because it was felt that audiences would relate better to the original Smeagol once they were more familiar with who he became. The decision to include this scene meant that Gollum's face had to be redesigned for the second and third movies so that it would more closely resemble Serkis'. (The brief glimpses in The Fellowship of the Ring are of an older portrayal of Gollum.)
Andy Serkis will reprise his role of Gollum for the three part Hobbit films.
In both the 1981 BBC radio adaptation and in the Peter Jackson movies Sméagol is pronounced as "SMEE-gol", although the placement of the acute accent suggests that the correct pronunciation is "SMAY-uh-gol", IPA ['sme:.agol] . On the other hand, in Tolkien's recordings of The Lord of the Rings he also pronounced it "SMEE-gol" ['smi:gol] or "SMEE-AH-GOL" ['smi:.agol] , suggesting that éa should either be pronounced as a hard "e"-sound or as a diphthong ea, and not as two distinct vowels "e" and "a". Tolkien had a habit in his writing to put diacritics in varying places, as can also be seen in the name Eärendil, which also occurs spelt Ëarendil. It should also be noted that "Sméagol" bears strong resemblance to Old English smēaġan, a verb meaning "to ponder". If this was Tolkien's intention, then the acute may have been meant to substitute for the macron. In any case, when trying to pronounce Sméagol, it should be kept in mind that the pronunciation rules given in the Appendices for The Lord of the Rings are for the Elvish languages, and not for (old) English representing Westron and related languages. Sméagol's "real" Westron name was Trahald, of the meaning "burrowing, worming in or "apt to creep into a hole". In both Westron and Old English, Sméagol's name is related to Smaug's: Smaug's name in "true Dalish" was Trâgu, and the Trah- stem in Trahald and Trâgu is thus a cognate of the Germanic stem present in both Sméagol and Smaug (with a meaning of squeezing through a hole.)
Appearance and Characteristics
In the first edition of The Hobbit, Tolkien made no reference to his size, leading several illustrators to portray him as being very large. Tolkien realized the omission, and clarified in later editions that he was of average hobbit size and in "The Lord of the Rings", there is a reference to Sam being "little less in height" than he is. Tolkien describes Gollum as either dark, bone-white or sallow (pale yellow): at one point, the Men of Ithilien mistake his silhouette (seen from a distance) for a tailless black squirrel. Gorbag and Shagrat describe him as a dark fellow. In a manuscript written to guide illustrators to the appearance of his characters, Tolkien explained this by saying that Gollum had pale skin, but wore dark clothes and was often seen in poor light. The Hobbit states he has pockets, in which he keeps a tooth sharpening rock, goblin teeth, wet shells, and a scrap of bat wing. Despite these details, he is generally depicted wearing a loincloth or naked in illustrations and adaptations.In the Jackson adaptation of The Two Towers, Faramir describes him as "having an ill-favored look."
He was also very thin and only had six teeth, comparing him to Shelob; one of the orcs describes him as "rather like a spider himself, or perhaps like a starved frog." Gollum's toughness is said to stem from his hobbit roots. Gollum hates light, and avoids it if possible. He is emaciated and gaunt, but possesses a vicious, wiry strength; Aragorn states, "his malice gives him a strength hardly to be imagined." In The Two Towers, Gollum's grip is described as "soft, but horribly strong" as Gollum wrestles with Sam Gamgee. He is also able to climb effortlessly straight down cliffs impossible to climb by Sam and Frodo, and can make long leaps. Additionally he can run extremely fast, strangely on all fours. Gollum prefers to eat meat raw, and refuses to eat anything Elvish because it apparently burns him to the touch.
Abilities and Skills
Gollum was a good survivor and like Sméagol was very keen eyed and quick of hand this made him an excellent fisherman. He could spot and catch fish in almost any level of light and waters. He fished the waters of the Misty Mountain's underground lake for centuries in almost complete darkness and almost anywhere he had to after leaving his cave in search of the Ring and the thief Baggins. He was known to eat almost anything that was living or edible and could stomach anything raw and uncooked. He was also very good at not being seen and was an excellent waterman making use of anything that could float which made it possible for him to follow the Fellowship for so long.
Sméagol's appearance and characteristics
Sméagol was a brown-haired Hobbit who soon was consumed by the One Ring and became known as Gollum because of the displeasing gargling sound he made with his throat. Some suggest that he was a river hobbit, enjoying activities like swimming and diving. So, as well as being remarkably similar to a hobbit, it is likely that his physical appearance included subtly webbed fingers and toes and other such things that would make it easier for a hobbit to enjoy swimming in the rivers.
Sméagol was born during the Third Age and was a member of the secluded branch of the early Stoorish Hobbits. Sméagol spent most of his early life with his grandmother who was his matriarch.
On TA 2463 Sméagol went fishing with his cousin Déagol on the Gladden Fields north of Lothlórien. They were having a good time until a large fish pulled Déagol underwater. There, Déagol found a golden ring lying in the mud of the lake. Sméagol demanded the ring as his birthday present, but Déagol refused, saying that he had already given him a present more than he could afford. This made Sméagol angry, and he strangled his cousin to death. Sméagol soon became corrupted by the ring and started thieving and spying. Because of this, Sméagol was banished from the town by his people and was forced to live in the Misty Mountains.
The One Ring soon started changing Sméagol's body and mind quickly. During his transformation into the creature Gollum, Smeagol underwent the loss of his hair, developed a rasp in his throat, became thin and gangly from malnourishment, and developed large, darkness piercing eyes, a by-product of spending his time in dark caves situated in The Misty Mountains. The Ring also prolonged his life far beyond its natural limits.
He was the Ring's fourth bearer, after Sauron, Isildur and for a short time Déagol, and before Bilbo Baggins, Frodo Baggins and Sam Gamgee. He lost the Ring to Bilbo when he dropped it after killing a young orc, although it has been said that he lost it having been defeated in a riddle contest by Bilbo (Although Sméagol claims that Bilbo cheated, as Bilbo's question was not actually directed to Sméagol, but to himself).
In the books
In the movies
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Traditional intramontane mobility in Garhwal Himalaya: A survey of subsistence practices in the Pindar basin, Uttaranchal
This paper looks at the key resource interactions driving the current trend in intramontane mobility as a traditional subsistence practice in the Garhwal Himalaya region of Uttaranchal, India. For hundreds of years, the natural resource based mid-altitude villages in the Pindar River basin hinged on the annual summer migration to highland pastures. Where self-sufficiency has been obtained through an environmentally embedded tradition of crop and livestock farming, highland forests and alpine pastures continue to provide the human and animal requirements of fuelwood and fodder, as well as the forest products defining traditional diets and cottage industry. The paper reports the data from a rapid appraisal survey of resources obtained by households in selected mid-altitude villages from the seven highland locations that have sustained the centuries-old subsistence culture of the Pindar basin. While livestock have been the crucial link in a forest/fodder–manure–cultivation chain that has necessitated households' dependence on highland pastures and forests, over the last four decades there has been a decline in the numbers engaged in livestock raising and, concomitantly, the annual migration to summer pastures. Instead, there is a trend towards increased cultivation of cash crops and forest resource collection in the traditional highland encampment areas.
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What is Azurite?
Sapphire is not a standard or large gemstone, but it is attractive and its blue hue stands out. It has been used by individuals across the globe for centuries. It was used by the ancients as iron ore, compounds, gems and decorative minerals. Currently, it's mostly used for all these things.
It is known for its royal blue to lavender shades. Vivid azure night skies are often seen over the dunes, and the cold environment is reminiscent of blue.
Azurite is a follow-on gemstone that forms when atmospheric carbon fluids enter the Earth and interact with metals such as copper underground. The carbon dioxide in these liquids degrades trace amounts of copper in the minerals.
The liquid transports soluble copper until it introduces a better physicochemical environment. This unique habitat may be a serial dilution of composition or a place where warming or cooling occurs. If the conditions are correct, sapphire azurite may form. If these conditions persist for a long time, large amounts of azurite may form. It happens in multiple destinations around the world.
Azurite's distinctive blue hue is the most distinctive feature. It's also fine, with a Mohs scale of 3.5 to 4. It has a deep blue color with a relative density of 3.7 to 3.9, which is remarkable for a non-metallic gemstone. Azurite is a silicate gem that produces a colored liquid when combined with weak hydrochloric acid. On acrylic ceramics, azurite leaves a faint blue streak.
Dive into the ocean depths of your brain and explore below until you find the hidden gem. Your air chamber is azurite, and it will lure you deep. In sapphire's bright blue gemstone, light merges with the ocean. This elegant and stylish dazzling diamond is cut from carbonated crystals fused with metallic ore and mixed malachite.
Azurite has been revered as a mysterious gem for as long as anyone can remember. It was considered a sacred gem in ancient times and was only used by shamans and priests. It is also a gemstone thought to be associated with Avalon.
Azurite was used by American Indians to connect with spiritual guides, and it is believed to be the legendary stone that opened the way to heaven in China. When it comes to kyanite, there are a lot of elevated relationships. Even on our planet, azurite is prized for its brilliance. For thousands of years, painters and artisans have crushed gemstones into amazing dyes for art and textile colors.
The swirling bluestone is best known for its interstellar connections, but that doesn't mean it isn't helpful to the mind and spirit. Azurite is steeped in supernatural powers and is known for its rich natural talents and for amplifying hidden intuition skills. This stone may be the key to opening these doors for anyone interested in developing their vision, interacting with their instincts and seeking the help of a psychic.
Healing Properties of Azurite
Azurite is an ethereal purifier and chakra treatment that helps to clear obstacles from an infinite source of energy, allowing those beautiful feelings to circulate. As soon as it mentions psycho-healing emotions, the azurite seems to be on fire. It is a gem related to inner perception. Since ancient times, shamans and healers have used kyanite to communicate with psychic creatures.
Feelings and Emotional Healing
If you're looking for a holistic approach to relaxation, Azurite may be for you. While it's not a substitute for a complete diet, exercise, or sleep, this calming gem can help you in many other ways. It encourages you to rest and breathe deeply. It is one of the great healing gems for relieving emotional distress as well as crying and mourning the death of a family member.
Azurite is a powerful mental purifier, always ready to tie down all those dangling stress, worries, and cluttered thoughts and get your mind an even order. It sheds a torch on all areas of your heart that may need some mending, and provides a stable foundation and gentle presence to help you deal with this with kindness and inner honesty.
This treasure trove is ideal for those who find it hard to stand up and express themselves or feel like they are hunched over for other people. Azurite is also an excellent stone for standing on your authority and releasing the chains of remorse and right behavior.
The healing power of azurite can dispel anything that is no longer helping you. When you incorporate kyanite into your lifestyle, you may be free from tension. Azurite gives you the spiritual courage to overcome your worries and helps your soul discover the source of your problems.
Azurite is primarily about removing barriers that exist so you can thrive, and this includes barriers that can damage your health. This gemstone helps cells heal and provides a steady supply of oxygenated blood and intelligence. Azurite is also an excellent gemstone for treating serious diseases such as Alzheimer's and other ailments that degenerate the body.
It can also help relieve cramps and seizures and aid in the detoxification process. When you use Azurite in your daily life, you can revitalize your complexion, your bones become stronger, and your spine appears to be in harmony.
Sapphire is a great choice if you've been trying to improve your spirituality. It has a strong connection with the third eye chakra. Its dynamism pushes you to let go of outdated ideas in order to discover your own identity and blend in with nature.
This rich blue gemstone can inspire you to be more honest, ethical and reliable in your work. It allows you to better express your opinions, beliefs and feelings, while also broadening your horizons. Azurite, like amethyst, can help you enhance your guided meditation by calming your mind and allowing you to enter a level of thorough contemplation.
Diamond Azurite is not suitable for everyday use. When you're doing something productive, you have to remove it. If you have a kyanite diamond ring, it must be removed when you use the clutch. Avoid wearing it when washing with solvents, and make sure you're not wearing it when looking in the mirror, styling products, or other fragrances. Wait until you are done before applying Azurite.
Azurite at Home and at Work
Sapphire is an attitude and pattern changer in Feng Shui. This dark blue gem is a great way to add some creativity to your area. Always be willing to clear unwanted emotional space. Keeping Glory Gems nearby, whether in your studio or at home, can inspire your artistic imagination or inspire spiritual guidance.
As a heart-throat chakra gem, azurite is also an excellent gem for communication. Integrating into a social function or partnership is a joy as it fosters connection, honesty and broader contextual understanding.
Meditation with Azurite
In meditation, placing kyanite on linen, with candles lit next to it, sets the tone for recovery, and of course brings significant change. Lean on the gem for a few seconds in the classic meditative pose, a technique that calms the nerves through deep reflexes.
Focus on the diamond as much as you can while avoiding eye contact and jot down your thoughts as a result of the activity. Unless you are a life learner, regular meditation with aquamarine can help you deepen your relationship with the transcendence and allow you to see the reality of the situation more clearly.
If you're having trouble meditating because you can't seem to focus on your mindfulness, try a little azurite gem as a centerpiece.
Place it on your third eye chakra to clear your awareness of bad or intrusive thoughts as you meditate. Likewise, if you have worries or annoyed emotions on a daily basis, a kyanite can help disperse them and keep them from interfering with your life.
People and Relationships
Azurite is a powerful gem that brings transformation. With something in your everyday life, you can change something in your life that you really want to change, like your career, marriage, or mindset.
Remember, you should have the ability to change what you don't like in your career. It's just a way to discover something! Azurite is also a great gem for relaxation, especially in traditional ceremonies.
Azurite Crystal Therapies
Those who do not want to forget the beauty of kyanite may wear gorgeous kyanite accessories. Lovely because of its blue color and powerful energy, this gem will make you feel like you're carrying an oasis. Azurite bracelets, rings and pendants all have the advantage of being in direct contact with the flesh.
When the healing stone is placed directly on the skin, the strong frequency penetrates deeply and immediately clears the obstacles below. Azurite jewelry is a great way to take advantage of the calming properties of Azurite.
Azurite and Chakras
The third eye chakra, home to our deep insight and intuitive direction, is associated with azurite. It is also associated with the heart chakra, where we teach to sing lullabies to the world, and where we seem to want to create love within ourselves. Finally, it connects with the crown chakra, where we communicate with the more important signals on earth. Azurite's deep blue pigment also attracts safety and prosperity to your throat chakra, encouraging you to assert your authority and proclaim your reality.
Azurite Shapes and Forms
Although azurite is not a common mineral and is rarely found in large quantities, it has been used in a variety of applications.
According to scientists, azurite is mainly found in limestone with concentrations above copper ingots. Therefore, they can use azurite as an indicator particle while searching for underground iron resources. The presence of abundant azurite suggests that copper ore may have existed under, near or with modern or historical hydrostatic pressure.
Azurite has been used as a metallic ore for thousands of years. It was collected and made by the ancient Egyptians at Sinai to make copper. Currently, there are few azurite resources sufficient to justify the establishment of a mining area. If azurite is of good quality and easy to extract, it can be mined with other deposits.
Cutting and shaping azurite into cabochons, pendants, miniature sculptures and ornaments is simple. You can also polish it. Azurite's Mohs durability of only 3.5 to 4.0 is the worst problem. However, kyanite has flaws that prevent it from being used for decorative purposes. It is very fragile and breaks easily on the split surface. Because of its brittleness, it will break down quickly if used in necklaces, bracelets, or other delicate jewelry.
After azurite is kept together for a while, they gradually reduce to malachite. It shimmers the gem's vivid blue hue and turns it green. Azurite accessories should be kept away from circulation, away from moisture and restricted air flow. You can store it in a display case or shelf.
As early as ancient Egypt, azurite was pulverized and used as a component of blue pigments. Its applications have grown in popularity over the years. It was the most famous blue paint in medieval and revival Europe. Most of the azurite used for color is produced in France.
Gem lovers love kyanite. It features dark blue highly crystalline stones, multi-layered patterns with interesting formations and typical grape-like and flowstone behavior, which they like. Depending on the strength and size of the sample, it can be retailed in large quantities.
Azurite Crystal Combinations
Combining other gemstones with sapphire can be challenging because it is closely related to the strength of the third eye chakra. You run the risk of interfering with the frequency and preventing the kyanite from functioning properly.
Gems and other mystical items of the lone wolf attitude are not common, but kyanite crystal is one of them. This is a gem that can be fickle. That's not to say it can't be mixed and matched with other items in your inventory. However, for the most satisfying results, azurite is a gem and you should go all out.
Malachite, on the other hand, is the most delicate crystalline supplement to sapphire. When you use these gems, you connect your soul, voice and spiritual power. This powerful combination brings thoughts, emotions and actions together in complete harmony. Visualizing your goals becomes a lot easier when things are in sync. You don't act against yourself, intentionally or unintentionally.
Azurite is commonly found in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah in the United States. In France and Namibia, more significant reserves have also been discovered. Anomalies have been reported in Mexico, Chile, Australia, Russia and Morocco.
Azurite Birthstone and Zodiac Sign
When it comes to the mysticism of astrology, the relationship involving kyanite and Sagittarius is etched in heaven. Azurite is a great gem for Sagittarius, as it helps to improve intelligence, refine memory, and provide breathing space for peaceful reflection—everything you need to delve into your spiritual healing skills.
Sagittarians tend to bounce from one subject to another quickly. They are frustrated at work and can be clumsy. Azurite helps you to extract abundant power by mining it. It helps you to realign your spirit with the universe to be able to move more slowly and calmly.
Another beautiful zodiac element that complements azurite is Aquarius. Because Aquarius can have a hard time convincing them to embrace a different lifestyle, Sapphire offers extra help. It helps individuals overcome stressful situations by restoring peace and extraordinary calm.
Azurite Energy Color
Azurite has a long and illustrious heritage, prehistoric Roman times. Perhaps the most famous characteristic of azurite is its striking hue. This is a Greek term meaning dark blue. Pliny the Elder mentioned it in his Natural History, calling it "kuanos". He also called it "caeruleum," a Latin word associated with sea, sky, streams, and any sapphire or emerald color.
How to Care for and Cleanse Azurite
Royal blue azurite is a tough gemstone that can benefit from a thorough scrubbing and occasional recharging. It is a sacred gem known for its ability to remove emotional and sexual barriers.
Keeping our gems tidy is a key component in respecting their function and ensuring they vibrate and shine at their best, always ready to help dispel any misconceptions. All you need now is a soft towel and some mild warm water when cleaning your Azurite.
Place your kyanite under the starlight to wind it. Let the stars do their work, infusing your kyanite with all types of heavenly magic by placing it on a windowsill or in the illumination of the expansive sky of a full moon.
How to Program Azurite
You can use a piece of kyanite to pull the pressure away from the affected part of the body. The atmosphere at Azurite is very calm. This is the magic gem that helps you discover your place in the world. Slowly rub the gem on any part of the body, allowing its power to enter any pain point for ultimate pain relief.
Final Thoughts on Azurite
Azurite is just one of the gems that embody sacred jewelry and deep spiritual purification. It is a gem for those who are willing to get the job done and completely eradicate the psychological pain of the past. It hopes to give you the courage to face this view of things. This is not to say that kyanite is entirely dependent on thickness and weight.
On the other hand, it's a gem that tells us that recovery doesn't have to mean pain, it can mean light, life, and the cycle of things. It is a wondrous spiritual gem, ready to prompt you with complex reasoning and development in the light of the world. If you've been looking for a way to use your actual abilities, this gem will lead you to openness.
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1. A nucleotide is made of three parts: a _____phosphate______ group, a five carbon _____sugar________, and a nitrogen containing ____base_
2. In a single strand of DNA, the phosphate group binds to the _____deoxyribose (sugar)_______ of the next group.
3. The 5’ end of a single DNA strand contains a free ___phosphate____, while the 3’ end contains a free _______sugar____________.
4. Chromosomes consist of what two substances: ___DNA_____ & _____protein____________
5. DNA was not thought to be the genetic blueprint originally; instead many scientists hypothesized that ____proteins_____ contained the genetic code and blueprint of life. (They were later proven wrong.)
6. Purines have ____2_____ rings, and pyrimidines have _____1______ ring.
7. Check each of the following statements that are true with regard to Griffith’s experiments.
a. __X__ Griffith discovered transformation in bacteria.
b. ______ Mice injected with non-encapsulated bacteria quickly became sick and died.
c. ______ Encapsulated bacteria can become “naked” bacteria.
d. ____X__ Bacteria that are naked tend to be harmless.
e. ___X___ Naked bacteria can develop a capsule only after exposure to the DNA of encapsulated bacteria.
f. ______ Griffith’s transforming factor was the protein in the capsule.
g. ______ Heating the encapsulated bacteria preventing transformation of the naked variety.
h. ___X___ Transformation allows bacteria to acquire new genes.
i. ___X___ Enzymes that destroyed DNA would prevent transformation.
8. Check each of the following statements that are true with regard to the Hershey-Chase experiment.
a. __X___ DNA was labeled with radioactive phosphorous.
b. _______ Protein was not labeled.
c. _______ Radioactive sulfur was found in the offspring phages after they emerged from the cell.
d. ___X___ Phage proteins were not transmitted to host cell or to offspring.
9. Chargaff’s rule states that the DNA of any species contains equal amounts of ________A_______ & _____T_____ and also equal amounts of _______G_______ & ________C__________
10. Wilkins and Franklin studied the structure of DNA using _______X Rays_________ and determined that the shape of the molecule was a ______helix____
11. James Watson and Francis Crick amended Franklin and Wilkins’s conclusions and determined that the shape of the molecule was instead a __double helix ___
12. In DNA, thymine is complementary to ______adenine________ ; cytosine is complementary to _____guanine______
13. In a strand of DNA, the percentage of thymine is 30 %. What is the percentage of cytosine in the same DNA strand? _____20_____
14. Number the steps of DNA replication in the correct order (1, 2, 3)
___2___Polymerase travels down the DNA parent strand from the 3’ to 5’ direction.
___1___ DNA unwinds
___3__ Ligase binds okazaki fragments together
15. Why is DNA replication called “semi-conservative”? _____half of the old stand is saved_____________
16. What enzyme unwinds or unzips the parent strand? __helicase______
17. The junction between separated strands is called the _____replication fork_________________
18. What enzyme synthesizes the new DNA strand? _____DNA polymerase____________
19. What enzyme binds fragments of DNA on the lagging strand? _____ligase__________
20. DNA polymerase only travels in the ____5____ to ___3______ direction.
21. On the diagram:
Label the 3’ and 5’ ends. - look for the free phosphate (black circle)
Circle a nucleotide. three things, phosphate, sugar and base
Label the sugar and phosphate. - 5 sided, phosphate is circular
Label the bases that are not already labeled A - T, G - C
22. The two sides of the DNA helix are held together by ___hydrogen bonds_____________
23. Write out the complete name for DNA: _deoxyribonucleic acid______
24. Name the scientist(s) responsible for each of the following discoveries.
___________Griffith_______________ Bacterial transformation
____________Chargaff____________________ The base-pair rule
_________Avery_____________________ DNA was the hereditary material of viruses
_________Wilkins & Franklin_________________________ The shape of DNA was a helix
__________Watson & Crick______________________ The shape of DNA was a double helix
25. A permanent change in the sequence of bases is called a(n): _________mutation________________
What process can prevent these errors from occurring? _________proofreading____________________
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One of my biggest wishes for my children is that they would know the world and how to navigate themselves in it with grace and confidence. Part of this is teaching them to be comfortable, both in their own skins and in the presence of those that may be different from them. But the other part of the equation entails equipping them with the tools that they need to actually engage with different cultures; like a sense of geography, cultural etiquette and language skills.
While the prospect of teaching them 10, 15 or 20 languages may be a stretch, I am absolutely dedicated to raising bilingual and biliterate children in my second language, Spanish. I try to expose them to Spanish at every opportunity; I speak Spanish in the home, I read to them in Spanish, attend Spanish language playgroups, and expose them to Spanish language music and movies in our down time. However, despite my efforts I still can’t help but feel like our English dominant culture in the U.S. smothers out the Spanish in terms of frequency.
Being raised bilingual myself, I do know that there are certain activities and experiences that can have a more lasting and profound impact on the language learning process. I recall the experiences that really helped to solidify my language skills and heighten my connection to my Latina roots — those were the summers spent in my home country, Costa Rica, and the year I spent in a Spanish immersion school in elementary. My mother sent my sister and I to Costa Rica as young children during the summers to attend school and solidify our language skills. My sister was 5 years old on her first trip, and I was 7. My younger brother never traveled there as a child and does not have the Spanish language fluency that both my sister and I have today.
I attribute my bilingualism mostly to an unrelenting mother, but also to having had the opportunity to spend months navigating a different country, in a different language, without the aid of my parents. When you are there you are forced to adapt, and at that age the language really sticks. In addition to the language, traveling to Costa Rica as a child taught me valuable life skills that have enabled me to travel all over the globe without shaking my sense of wellbeing.
I make an effort to go “home” every year to reconnect and stay up on my Spanish. Now, having kids of my own, I want to create the same opportunities for them to be in an immersive Spanish environment and connect to their roots. Last summer, as I was posting about my trip to Costa Rica on my blog, TheCulturedSeed.com, I got several requests from readers and friends to take them with me on my next trip. This summer I will be doing just that! We have created a spectacular itinerary for families that want to experience Costa Rica and expose their kids to an immersive Spanish language environment.
Our bilingual guides will take you on a spin around the country that combines some touristy “best-of” activities, like a Jungle Tour and Zip Lining, with local flavor and off-the-beaten path experiences that only the locals know about, like Doña Isma’s “Run-Down” soup and Caribbean Lobster in Manzanillo.
We will visit beaches on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, explore volcano’s and rain forests, as well as cultural institutions like the capital’s Children’s Museum. The tour has been designed with kids in mind and has just enough activity to keep the kids busy, but enough down time for kids and parents to relax. We are even planning a “parent’s night out” where you leave the kids to be entertained by our qualified babysitters while you get to enjoy a peaceful dinner alone. Talk about Pura Vida!
This 10-day tour has stops in San Jose, Rincón de la Vieja, Guanacaste and Puerto Viejo. It includes basic activities, private transportation, bilingual guides, hotel accommodations and breakfast. Dates for travel are July 25th through August 3rd, 2013. If you are interested in joining us in Costa Rica this summer please visit www.theculturedseed.com/costarica and fill out the interest form, or email us at [email protected] for the full itinerary and cost details. See you in paradise!
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By Michelle Cassell
The lonesome whistle and chug of a small train can be heard often several times a week as it cuts through the heart of Carrboro and Chapel Hill. Bells clang, and crossing signs lower as the train carries loads of coal into the aging UNC power plant. The plant operates unabated, releasing particles of governmentally-permitted toxins into the air. Meanwhile, the university campus, athletic fields, the eclectic town of Carrboro, and historic homes bursting with Southern charm amid the blooming dogwoods and azaleas are all within walking distance of the controversial coal-burning plant.
BROKEN PROMISES – REVISED PLAN
UNC’s pledge to cease using coal by May 2020 has long gone up in smoke. Still, the sparks of public anti-coal sentiment are firing up again to abolish the use of coal at the university’s cogeneration plant on Cameron Avenue in Chapel Hill. The initial commitment to end the use of coal by May 2020 has morphed into a target to be emission-neutral by 2040, as stated in UNC’s Sustainable Climate Action Plan. This plan was published by UNC in April 2021 while the university was being sued for violating the Federal Clean Air Act.
The recently failed lawsuit filed against UNC and subsequent petitions to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for action have heightened public awareness of UNC’s coal-burning albatross. Additionally, the “now or never” warning from the world’s top climate scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change April 4 beg the university’s response.
Chief Sustainability Officer and Special Assistant to the Chancellor for Sustainability Michael Piehler issued this statement to The Local Reporter April 1:
“The University is committed to its transition from coal use at the cogeneration facility, as demonstrated by the 52% reduction in coal use from 2007 to 2020.
“The University’s Sustainable Climate Action Plan, which moves up the target for net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by a decade to 2040, details several new strategic initiatives to accelerate Carolina’s reduction in greenhouse emissions, including ending coal use at the facility as soon as feasible.”
Anti-coal protesters and students say 2040 is too long to wait. A demonstration and march were held March 25 as part of the 2022 Global Climate Strike to express marchers’ objection the timeline of the goals and benchmarks in the University’s Climate Action Plan.
According to Piehler, the extended timeline is necessary: “Rather than providing a timeline with significant uncertainty, [UNC] provides transparency around progress in reducing coal use, including 18% and 17% consecutive reductions in each of the last two years. Like many other university campuses, UNC-Chapel Hill uses an energy system that produces steam, chilled water, and electricity at a central cogeneration plant and distributes it throughout the campus. The university’s cogeneration facility’s primary purpose is to produce and distribute steam required for heating, humidification, domestic hot water heating, and sterilization across campus and UNC Hospitals facilities.”
The UNC plan clearly shows how natural gas has gradually replaced coal. However, UNC has not explained why it does not just switch entirely to natural gas — a cheaper and cleaner fuel.
“They are burning natural gas in the same burners they use to burn coal without making major improvements to make that happen,” said Perrin de Jong, Attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) and a lead attorney in the lawsuit filed against UNC. [UNC’s] excuse that it was too costly to modify the plant to burn natural gas was just a lie.”
CBD is a nonprofit group with more than 69,000 members. The Center pursues the protection of human health as one of its primary environmental objectives.
“I grew up in Chapel Hill,” says de Jong, “ so I have a personal relationship with this particular pollution source.” Growing up as an asthmatic child living within 2 miles of the coal-burning plant, he was often in the emergency room, unable to breathe. “ It was much worse in the winter,” he said. Although he can’t yet prove in court that his childhood respiratory difficulties were a direct result of the air pollution generated by UNC’s cogeneration or coal-burning plant, he still believes the CBD has a viable route to bring an end to UNC’s use of coal. “The fight is not over,” said de Jong.
LITIGATION AND PETITIONS
The lawsuit that failed in September 2021 will not be appealed, but petitions are ongoing. The suit looked promising. The case claimed that UNC had violated various permit conditions (in 269 instances) related to record-keeping, reporting, monitoring and inspection, and operation of some of its primary pollution sources.
U.S. District Judge Catherine C. Eagles explained in her opinion that the writer and issuer of the permit intended the ambiguous 323.17 heat input capacity to be a descriptor. “Heat input capacity” is a term for how much coal can be burned at a time. Therefore the heat index measure was deemed “just a description,” not an enforceable standard. This effectively threw out the numerous violations documented by the CBD.
CBD, however, claimed a victory over the state regulators January 27, 2022, after the North Carolina Division of Air Quality proposed a new rule requiring state regulators to issue decisions on air-pollution permits within 18 months, as required by the Federal Clean Air Act. Previously, a provision in North Carolina’s permitting regulations allowed air-pollution regulators to sit indefinitely on an application for a new or renewed permit. The CBD determined that the state’s flawed permit program posed a significant threat to public health after the state agency failed, for six years, to take action on a controversial permit-renewal application for UNC’s coal-burning plant.
UNC’s permit to operate its coal-burning plant in Chapel Hill is currently being challenged by petitioners CBD, The Sierra Club, and the Town of Carrboro. The latter claim that the North Carolina Department of Air Quality license does not comply with the 1990 Federal Clean Air Act amendments regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA’s response to the petition is pending.
The Title V permit held by UNC allows the cogeneration coal-burning facility to operate with an allowable level of pollutants expelled into the air. North Carolina’s State Implementation Plan (SIP) requires that the permit contain emission limits adequate to ensure that UNC does not exceed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). According to the petition, the complaint contends that the current permit “fails to include emission limits adequate to prevent violations of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and that the State Implementation Plan requires,” according to this most recent petition.
“UNC stands alone as the biggest air polluter in Orange County. UNC is the only major source of air pollution since they are the only holder of a Title V air permit in Orange County,” said de Jong. Title V permits are restricted to what the EPA calls primary, significant sources of air pollution.
“The current petition filed October 1, 2021, asks the EPA to object to the Title V permit because they claim it does not comply with the Clean Air Act implementation plan.”
“Hopefully, this could cut down on the number of pollutants until the plant is no longer using coal,” said de Jong. The petition asks the EPA to revise and reissue the permit to comply with the Clean Air Act and the SIP requirements. Response from the EPA is pending.
Since 1990, many universities have complied with the Clean Air Act and virtually eliminated their use of coal. Many have switched to complete reliance on electric boilers, which produce the fewest local emissions, and others use natural gas. Like coal, natural gas is a fossil fuel, but burning natural gas for energy emits fewer air pollutants and CO2 than coal combustion.
The University of Georgia at Athens is an example of a university that has switched its coal-burning plant to electricity, which it did in 2015.
If the petition filed in October is successful, the EPA will limit the amounts of coal UNC can burn at its Cameron Street facility. Then, economics come into play: The cost of purchasing smaller quantities of coal would cause the price to go up, making coal a less attractive fuel source.
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This is the building challenge for today (announced at the end of the last Lego Fun Friday post):
Build a bridge out of LEGO®’s! Challenge your kids to build a bridge that can support the weight of 100 pennies in a small cup. Then, challenge them to increase the span of their bridge, or to increase the amount of pennies that the bridge can hold.
We had a lot of fun building bridges at our house!
Aidan decided to build a bridge that would span the distance between our kitchen island and the counter. Building a bridge this long required him to scour his room and the game room looking for every possible flat brick to use in his creation.
After some work, he managed to make the bridge long enough, but it didn’t have enough weight on the ends to hold it up. (It did, however, make a fun place for 1-year-old Jonathan to walk under!)
He wasn’t ready to give up! He and I worked together to build some towers on the ends. We finally had enough weight on the edges to support the weight of the bridge:
We didn’t even attempt to put any weight on this bridge – it’s a miracle it held up long enough to take the picture! But it was fun to be able to say we did it!
I didn’t get a picture of Gresham’s bridge. He’s the type of guy who keeps building and re-building, and his final design was beautiful but didn’t have a flat area to test to see how much weight it could hold.
Owen (age 3) built a remarkably strong bridge. We were all amazed!
We started putting pennies in a cup to see how many pennies the bridge could hold. It quickly became obvious that it was going to hold a LOT of pennies, so we started adding them 10 at a time.
We ran out of pennies at about 230, and added the rest of the change in our change jar. The bridge kept on holding!
We needed something to add for more weight – so we added an unopened jelly jar! The bridge was starting to come apart by this point, but it didn’t collapse! We were all impressed at how strong Owen’s bridge was, and how strong LEGO®’s are. Aidan kept saying, “I cannot believe that a 3 year old built a bridge that strong!”
Now it’s your turn! If your kids did the bridge building challenge, link up a post about it, or if you don’t have a blog (or don’t blog about LEGO®’s), feel free to share photos on the Frugal Fun for Boys Facebook page on Friday or Saturday. Post link-ups can also be any LEGO® activity or kid-generated LEGO® design.
The next LEGO® Fun Friday will be Friday March 1st. The building challenge for March 1st is to build an amazing flying vehicle – plane, spaceship, rocket, etc. This is a challenge that even the littlest builders can take part in!
LEGO® is a trademark of the LEGO® group of companies which does not sponsor, authorize, or endorse this site.
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