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9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	6.10.4.2 Transmitter measurements	For the purpose of analysing receiver measurements the test system can be simplified as showed in figure 51: Signal analyser Sub network A Power meter A Sub network B Sub network F Sub network D Sub network E Generator EUT conn. Sig. Gen. out S9 S5 S8 EUT Switch unit Sub network C Figure 51: Model for analysis of transmitter measurements In figure 51: Sub network A consists of all components and cables between the signal analyser and switch S5 Sub network B consists of all components and cables between switch S5 and switch S8 Sub network C consists of all components and cables between switch S5 and power meter A Sub network D consists of all components and cables between switch S9 and switch S8 Sub network E consists of all components and cables between switch S9 and Generator Sub network F consists of all components and cables between switch S8 and the EUT connector Sub network G (not shown on this figure) consists of all components and cables between switch S9 and power meter B (including an external cable and a 10 dB attenuator) The external path compensation is performed as follows. This is not done in connection with every measurement, but may be done with for instance 3 month intervals. Measurement 1: 1) Power meter B is connected to the sig. gen. out connector through a cable and a 10 dB attenuator. Switch S9 is set so the generator is connected to the sig. gen. out connector. 2) Then the RF generator is set to a level which gives a reading in the operational range of the power meter. When one generator is active the others are turned down, so they do not contribute to the measurement, but their output impedance is still 50 ohms. A series of power meter readings and generator level settings covering the frequency range of interest is done and for each frequency the reading and setting are stored by the test system. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 181 Measurement 2: 1) Then power meter B is removed and the 10 dB attenuator is connected to the EUT connector. Switch S5 and S8 are set so the generator is connected to power meter A through the 10 dB attenuator. 2) For all the frequencies and generator level settings in step 2 the power level is measured by power meter A. The readings are stored by the test system 3) For each frequency point the correction factor is calculated as the difference (in dB) between the reading from power meter A and power meter B. These are the external correction factors (path compensation data) stored by the test system. The internal path compensation is performed as follows. This is done prior to every measurement as an integral part of the test case. Measurement 3: 1) Switch S5, S8, and S9 are set so the generator is connected to power meter A through sub network D. 2) Then the RF generator is set to a level which gives a reading in the operational range of the power meter. When one generator is active the others are turned down, so they do not contribute to the measurement, but their output impedance is still 50 ohms. A series of power meter readings and generator level settings covering the frequency range of interest is done and for each frequency the reading and setting are stored by the test system. Measurement 4: 1) Then switch S5 is set so the generator is connected to the signal analyser. 2) For all the frequencies and generator level settings in step 2 the power level is measured by the signal analyser. The readings are stored by the test system 3) For each frequency point the correction factor is calculated as the difference (in dB) between the reading from the signal analyser and power meter A. These are the internal correction factors (path compensation data) stored by the test system. The actual test is performed as follows. Measurement 5: 1) The EUT is connected to the EUT connector. 2) Switch S5 and S8 are set so the EUT is connected to the signal analyser 3) The relevant power level generated by the EUT is measured, and the reading from the signal analyser is stored by the test system. 4) The final result is then calculated as the reading from step 3 (in dBm) minus the external and the internal correction factors at the appropriate frequency from step 3. (If a correction factor at the measuring frequency does not exist it is found by interpolation between the two correction factors at the nearest frequencies on each side.)
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	6.10.4.2.1 Error analysis	The combined path compensation procedure and the actual test described consist of 5 individual measurements as shown in figure 52 to figure 54: two measurements in external the path compensation part, two in the internal path compensation and one in the actual measurement. In each of the 5 measurements a signal source is connected to a measuring instrument through a network consisting of several components and a level is measured. In the following the total procedure is analysed. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 182 The following assumptions apply for the analysis: - The generator has an static error of Egen1 dB in measurement 1(compared to the setting of the generator level). - Between measurement 1 and measurement 2 there is a generator drift dEgen1 dB. - The generator has an static error of Egen2 dB in measurement 3(compared to the setting of the generator level). - Between measurement 3 and measurement 4 there is a generator drift dEgen2 dB. - The attenuation between the generator and the switch S9 is AttE1 dB in measurement 1. - Between measurement 1 and measurement 2 there is an attenuation change in AttE1 of dAttE1 dB. - The attenuation between the generator and the switch S9 is AttE2 dB in measurement 3. - Between measurement 3 and measurement 4 there is an attenuation change in AttE2 of dAttE2 dB. - The attenuation of switch S9 and sub network G is AttG dB in measurement 1. - Between measurement 1 and measurement 2 there is an attenuation change in AttG of dAttG dB. - The attenuation of switch S8 and sub network F is AttF dB in measurement 2. - Between measurement 2 and measurement 5 there is an attenuation change in AttF of dAttF dB. - The attenuation of switch S8, switch S9 and sub network D is AttD dB in measurement 3. - Between measurement 3 and measurement 4 there is an attenuation change in AttD of dAttD dB. - The attenuation of sub network B is AttB dB in measurement 2. - Between measurement 2 and measurement 3 there is an attenuation change in AttB of dAttB1 dB. - Between measurement 2 and measurement 4 there is an attenuation change in AttB of dAttB2 dB. - Between measurement 2 and measurement 5 there is an attenuation change in AttB of dAttB3 dB. - The attenuation between sub network B and power meter A is AttC dB in measurement 2. - Between measurement 2 and measurement 3 there is an attenuation change in AttC of dAttC dB. - The attenuation between sub network B and the signal analyser is AttA in measurement 4. - Between measurement 4 and measurement 5 there is an attenuation change in AttA of dAttA dB. - There is a static error of EpowA dB in power meter A in measurement 2. - Between measurement 2 and measurement 3 there is a change in EpowA of dEpowA. - There is a static error of EpowB dB in power meter B in measurement 1. - The generator level is set to Pgen1 dBm in measurement 1 and 2. - The generator level is set to Pgen2 dBm in measurement 3 and 4. - The signal analyser error is Esa in measurement 4. - Between measurement 4 and measurement 5 there is a drift and log fidelity error in Esa of dEsa. - The EUT is generating a power level of Peut in the actual measurement. In measurement 1 the reading from power meter B is: P1 = Pgen1 + Egen1 – AttE1 – AttG + EpowB In measurement 2 the reading from power meter A is: P2 = Pgen1 + Egen1 + dEgen1 – AttE1 – dAttE1 – AttG –dAttG –AttF – AttB - AttC + EpowA ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 183 The external correction factor is: Ccorr1 = P2 – P1 = (Pgen1 + Egen1 + dEgen1 – AttE1 – dAttE1 – AttG –dAttG –AttF – AttB - AttC + EpowA) – (Pgen1 + Egen1 – AttE1 – AttG + EpowB) = dEgen1 – dAttE1 – dAttG –AttF – AttB - AttC + EpowA - EpowB In measurement 3 the reading from power meter A is: P3 = Pgen2 + Egen2-AttE2-AttD-dAttB- dAttB1 - AttC – dAttC + EpowA + dEpowA In measurement 4 the reading from the signal analyser is: P4 = Pgen2 + Egen2-AttE2-AttD-dAttB- dAttB2-AttA + Esa The internal correction factor: Ccorr2 = P4 – P3 = Pgen2 + Egen2-AttE2-AttD-dAttB- dAttB2-AttA + Esa – (Pgen2 + Egen2-AttE2-AttD-dAttB- dAttB1 - AttC – dAttC + EpowA + dEpowA) = -dAttB- dAttB2-AttA + Esa + dAttB- dAttB1 + AttC + dAttC – EpowA-dEpowA In measurement 5 (the actual measurement) the reading from the signal analyser is: P5 = Peut – AttF – dAttF – AttB – dAttB3 – AttA – dAttA + Esa + dEsa The result of the measurement is: P5 – Ccorr1 – Ccorr2 = (Peut – AttF – dAttF – AttB – dAttB3 – AttA – dAttA + Esa + dEsa) – (dEgen1 – dAttE1 – dAttG –AttF – AttB - AttC + EpowA – EpowB) – (-dAttB- dAttB2-AttA + Esa +dAttB- dAttB1 + AttC + dAttC – EpowA-dEpowA) = Peut – dAttF – dAttB3 – dAttA + dEsa – dEgen1 + dAttE1 + dAttG + EpowB + dAttB + dAttB2 –dAttB + dAttB1 - dAttC + dEpowA Again, as can be seen from the calculated result, again static errors in the combined measurement except the power meter B error have cancelled. Apart from that only the drift and linearity errors remain. The remaining errors are: - the absolute uncertainty of external power meter B - the drift and linearity (or log fidelity) errors of the signal generator, the internal power meter A and the signal analyser - change of the insertion loss between the various measurements including repeatability of the switches in the switch unit Since the path compensation is performed at discrete frequencies there is an additional error - error due to interpolation between correction factors at different frequencies Finally, in addition to the uncertainties mentioned there is a mismatch uncertainty in each measurement. The mismatch uncertainty is analysed in clause 6.10.4.2.2. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 184 6.10.4.2.2 Mismatch uncertainties For the analysis of the mismatch uncertainty, firstly the external path compensation is analysed. It consists of two measurements, and the settings are shown in figure 52: Signal analyser Sub network A Sub network B Sub network F Sub network D Sub network E Generator EUT conn. Sig. Gen. out S9 S5 S8 Power meter B Switch unit Sub network G Power meter A Sub network C Signal analyser Sub network A Sub network B Sub network F Sub network D Sub network E Generator EUT conn Sig. Gen. out S9 S5 S8 Switch unit Sub network G Power meter A Sub network C Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Figure 52: External path compensation In the power meter B reading (measurement 1) the following mismatch uncertainties contribute: Between Generator and sub network E Between sub network E and switch S9 Between switch S9 and sub network G ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 185 Between sub network G and power meter B Between Generator and switch S9 Between sub network E and sub network G Between switch S9 and power meter B Between Generator and sub network G (through sub network E) Between sub network E and power meter B Between Generator and power meter B In the power meter A reading (measurement 2) the following mismatch uncertainties contribute: Between Generator and sub network E Between sub network E and switch S9 Between switch S9 and sub network G Between sub network G and sub network F Between sub network F and switch S8 Between switch S8 and sub network B Between sub network B and switch S5 Between switch S5 and sub network C Between sub network C and power meter A Between Generator and switch S9 Between sub network E and sub network G Between switch S9 and sub network F Between sub network G and switch S8 Between sub network F and sub network B Between switch S8 and switch S5 Between sub network B and sub network C Between switch S5 and power meter A Between Generator and sub network G Between sub network E and sub network F Between switch S9 and switch S8 Between sub network G and sub network B Between sub network F and switch S5 Between switch S8 and sub network C Between sub network B and power meter A Between Generator and sub network F Between sub network E and switch S8 Between switch S9 and sub network B ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 186 Between sub network G and switch S5 Between sub network F and sub network C Between switch S8 and power meter A Between Generator and switch S8 Between sub network E and sub network B Between switch S9 and switch S5 Between sub network G and sub network C Between sub network F and power meter A Between Generator and sub network B Between sub network E and switch S5 Between switch S9 and sub network C Between sub network G and power meter A Between Generator and switch S5 Between sub network E and sub network C Between switch S9 and power meter A Between Generator and sub network C Between sub network E and power meter A Between Generator and power meter A As can be seen some of the mismatch uncertainties are part of both measurements (between Generator and sub network G), so they cancel. The following mismatch uncertainties remain: Between sub network G and power meter B Between switch S9 and power meter B Between sub network E and power meter B Between Generator and power meter B Between sub network G and sub network F Between sub network F and switch S8 Between switch S8 and sub network B Between sub network B and switch S5 Between switch S5 and sub network C Between sub network C and power meter A Between switch S9 and sub network F Between sub network G and switch S8 Between sub network F and sub network B Between switch S8 and switch S5 ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 187 Between sub network B and sub network C Between switch S5 and power meter A Between sub network E and sub network F Between switch S9 and switch S8 Between sub network G and sub network B Between sub network F and switch S5 Between switch S8 and sub network C Between sub network B and power meter A Between Generator and sub network F Between sub network E and switch S8 Between switch S9 and sub network B Between sub network G and switch S5 Between sub network F and sub network C Between switch S8 and power meter A Between Generator and switch S8 Between sub network E and sub network B Between switch S9 and switch S5 Between sub network G and sub network C Between sub network F and power meter A Between Generator and sub network B Between sub network E and switch S5 Between switch S9 and sub network C Between sub network G and power meter A Between Generator and switch S5 Between sub network E and sub network C Between switch S9 and power meter A Between Generator and sub network C Between sub network E and power meter A Between Generator and power meter A Then the analysis of the mismatch uncertainty from the internal path compensation is performed. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 188 It also consists of two measurements, and the settings are shown in figure 53: Signal analyser Sub network A Sub network B Sub network F Sub network D Sub network E Generator EUT conn. Sig. Gen. out S9 S5 S8 Switch unit Power meter A Sub network C Signal analyser Sub network A Sub network B Sub network F Sub network D Sub network E Generator EUT conn. Sig. Gen. out S9 S5 S8 Switch unit Power meter A Sub network C Measurement 3 Measurement 4 Figure 53: Internal path compensation In the power meter A reading (measurement 3) the following mismatch uncertainties contribute: Between Generator and sub network E Between sub network E and switch S9 Between switch S9 and sub network D Between sub network D and switch S8 Between switch S8 and sub network B Between sub network B and switch S5 Between switch S5 and sub network C Between sub network C and power meter A Between Generator and switch S9 Between sub network E and sub network D ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 189 Between switch S9 and switch S8 Between sub network D and sub network B Between switch S8 and switch S5 Between sub network B and sub network C Between switch S5 and power meter A Between Generator and sub network D Between sub network E and switch S8 Between switch S9 and sub network B Between sub network D and switch S5 Between switch S8 and sub network C Between sub network B and power meter A Between Generator and switch S8 Between sub network E and sub network B Between switch S9 and switch S5 Between sub network D and sub network C Between switch S8 and power meter A Between Generator and sub network B) Between sub network E and switch S5 Between switch S9 and sub network C Between sub network D and power meter A Between Generator and switch S5 Between sub network E and sub network C Between switch S9 and power meter A Between Generator and sub network C Between sub network E and power meter A Between Generator and power meter In the signal analyser reading (measurement 4) the following mismatch uncertainties contribute: Between Generator and sub network E Between sub network E and switch S9 Between switch S9 and sub network D Between sub network D and switch S8 Between switch S8 and sub network B Between sub network B and switch S5 Between switch S5 and sub network A Between sub network A and signal analyser ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 190 Between Generator and switch S9 Between sub network E and sub network D Between switch S9 and switch S8 Between sub network D and sub network B Between switch S8 and switch S5 Between sub network B and sub network A Between switch S5 and signal analyser Between Generator and sub network D Between sub network E and switch S8 Between switch S9 and sub network B Between sub network D and switch S5 Between switch S8 and sub network A Between sub network B and signal analyser Between Generator and switch S8 Between sub network E and sub network B Between switch S9 and switch S5 Between sub network D and sub network A Between switch S8 and signal analyser Between Generator and sub network B Between sub network E and switch S5 Between switch S9 and sub network A Between sub network D and signal analyser Between Generator and switch S5 Between sub network E and sub network A Between switch S9 and signal analyser Between Generator and sub network A Between sub network E and signal analyser Between Generator and signal analyser As can be seen, again some of the mismatch uncertainties are part of both measurements (all of them except where the signal analyser, power meter A, sub network A, and sub network C is part), so they cancel. The following mismatch uncertainties remain: Between switch S5 and sub network C Between sub network C and power meter A Between sub network B and sub network C Between switch S5 and power meter A ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 191 Between switch S8 and sub network C Between sub network B and power meter A Between sub network D and sub network C Between switch S8 and power meter A Between switch S9 and sub network C Between sub network D and power meter A Between sub network E and sub network C Between switch S9 and power meter A Between Generator and sub network C Between sub network E and power meter A Between Generator and power meter A Between switch S5 and sub network A Between sub network A and signal analyser Between sub network B and sub network A Between switch S5 and signal analyser Between switch S8 and sub network A Between sub network B and signal analyser Between sub network D and sub network A Between switch S8 and signal analyser Between switch S9 and sub network A Between sub network D and signal analyser Between sub network E and sub network A Between switch S9 and signal analyser Between Generator and sub network A Between sub network E and signal analyser Between Generator and signal analyser Some of the remaining mismatch uncertainties contribute to both the external and the internal path compensation (uncertainty components between switch S8 and power meter A)– therefore they also cancel. (When the two lists of mismatch uncertainties are combined it is necessary to mark some of them with extra information in order to distinguish between uncertainties which are between the same components, but with a different path between the two components. For instance between the generator and power meter A) The remaining uncertainties are: Between sub network D and sub network C Between switch S9 and sub network C (Through sub network D) Between sub network D and power meter A Between sub network E and sub network C (Through sub network D) Between switch S9 and power meter A (Through sub network D) ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 192 Between Generator and sub network C (Through sub network D) Between sub network E and power meter A (Through sub network D) Between Generator and power meter A (Through sub network D) Between switch S5 and sub network A Between sub network A and signal analyser Between sub network B and sub network A Between switch S5 and signal analyser Between switch S8 and sub network A Between sub network B and signal analyser Between sub network D and sub network A Between switch S8 and signal analyser Between switch S9 and sub network A Between sub network D and signal analyser Between sub network E and sub network A Between switch S9 and signal analyser Between Generator and sub network A Between sub network E and signal analyser Between Generator and signal analyser Between sub network G and power meter B Between switch S9 and power meter B Between sub network E and power meter B Between Generator and power meter B Between sub network G and sub network F Between sub network F and switch S8 Between switch S8 and sub network B Between sub network B and switch S5 Between switch S9 and sub network F Between sub network G and switch S8 Between sub network F and sub network B Between switch S8 and switch S5 Between sub network E and sub network F Between switch S9 and switch S8 Between sub network G and sub network B Between sub network F and switch S5 Between Generator and sub network F ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 193 Between sub network E and switch S8 Between switch S9 and sub network B Between sub network G and switch S5 Between sub network F and sub network C Between Generator and switch S8 Between sub network E and sub network B Between switch S9 and switch S5 Between sub network G and sub network C Between sub network F and power meter A Between Generator and sub network B Between sub network E and switch S5 Between switch S9 and sub network C (Through sub network G) Between sub network G and power meter A Between Generator and switch S5 Between sub network E and sub network C (Through sub network G) Between switch S9 and power meter A (Through sub network G) Between Generator and sub network C (Through sub network G) Between sub network E and power meter A (Through sub network G) Between Generator and power meter A (Through sub network G) Finally the analysis of the mismatch uncertainty from the actual measurement is performed. The settings are shown in figure 54: Signal analyser Sub network A Sub network B Sub network F Sub network D Sub network E Generator EUT conn Sig. Gen. out S9 S5 S8 Switch unit Power meter A Sub network C EUT Measurement 5 Figure 54: The actual measurement ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 194 In the actual measurement (measurement 5) the following mismatch uncertainties contribute: Between EUT and sub network F Between sub network F and switch S8 Between switch S8 and sub network B Between sub network B and switch S5 Between switch S5 and sub network A Between sub network A and signal analyser Between EUT and switch S8 Between sub network F and sub network B Between switch S8 and switch S5 Between sub network B and sub network A Between switch S5 and signal analyser Between EUT and sub network B Between sub network F and switch S5 Between switch S8 and sub network A Between sub network B and signal analyser Between EUT and switch S5 Between sub network F and sub network A Between switch S8 and signal analyser Between EUT and sub network A Between sub network F and signal analyser Between EUT and signal analyser As can be seen, again some of the mismatch uncertainties are part of both the actual measurements and the path compensation (some components between switch S8 and the signal analyser), so they cancel. The following mismatch uncertainties remain: Between sub network D and sub network C Between switch S9 and sub network C (Through sub network D) Between sub network D and power meter A Between sub network E and sub network C (Through sub network D) Between switch S9 and power meter A (Through sub network D) Between Generator and sub network C (Through sub network D) Between sub network E and power meter A (Through sub network D) Between Generator and power meter A (Through sub network D) Between sub network D and sub network A Between switch S9 and sub network A ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 195 Between sub network D and signal analyser Between sub network E and sub network A Between switch S9 and signal analyser Between Generator and sub network A Between sub network E and signal analyser Between Generator and signal analyser Between sub network G and power meter B Between switch S9 and power meter B Between sub network E and power meter B Between Generator and power meter B Between sub network G and sub network F Between switch S9 and sub network F Between sub network G and switch S8 Between sub network E and sub network F Between switch S9 and switch S8 Between sub network G and sub network B Between Generator and sub network F Between sub network E and switch S8 Between switch S9 and sub network B Between sub network G and switch S5 Between sub network F and sub network C Between Generator and switch S8 Between sub network E and sub network B Between switch S9 and switch S5 Between sub network G and sub network C Between sub network F and power meter A Between Generator and sub network B Between sub network E and switch S5 Between switch S9 and sub network C (Through sub network G) Between sub network G and power meter A Between Generator and switch S5 Between sub network E and sub network C (Through sub network G) Between switch S9 and power meter A (Through sub network G) Between Generator and sub network C (Through sub network G) Between sub network E and power meter A (Through sub network G) ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 196 Between Generator and power meter A (Through sub network G) Between EUT and sub network F Between EUT and switch S8 Between EUT and sub network B Between EUT and switch S5 Between sub network F and sub network A Between EUT and sub network A Between sub network F and signal analyser Between EUT and signal analyser If there are for example 30 components involved in each measurement there are 5 times 435 = 2 175 mismatch uncertainties involved before reduction. In some test systems there are even more components. This is the reason why there can be several thousand mismatch uncertainties in a single measurement.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	6.10.5 Summary	As mentioned earlier the individual components can be calculated when their individual losses and reflection coefficients are known. The main problem is that some of the components are internal, so the relevant parameters can not be measured directly without taking the switch unit apart. The appropriate reflection coefficients may instead be assumed or calculated based on knowledge about the individual components of the sub network. In addition to the mismatch uncertainties derived previously, there may be others. For example in some receiver tests it is necessary to switch attenuators in during the level settings because this gives a lower uncertainty than relying on the linearity of the generators. This, however, adds to both the mismatch uncertainty and may add new power meter linearity errors which must be taken into account. As indicated the mismatch uncertainty calculation can be very complicated. Nevertheless it is necessary to perform the calculations of the overall measurement uncertainty for a test performed on such a test system. One way to simplify it is to use software tools which can actually handle all the (sometimes more than 100) components in a test system. (Such a tool has actually been developed, but none are yet commercially available). Such a tool must be capable of analysing networks with many components based on components data (s parameters), the component's location in the network, and which other components it is connected to. To calculate the over all mismatch uncertainty (as done above) it must calculate the uncertainties from the different individual measurements and identify which uncertainties cancel. Another simplified method could be to assume that cables and switches are loss-less when looking at mismatch uncertainties, This results in a lot of errors being identical. It gives a little more conservative figure for the uncertainty because the reduction in the mismatch due to loss between the two parts are not considered. All of the listed uncertainties are between two sub networks, instruments or components which in some cases are separated by other sub networks. If so the mismatch uncertainties are reduced due to insertion loss between the two parts. Further reductions can be accomplished by ignoring mismatch errors which are insignificant compared to the overall mismatch uncertainty. If for instance if the two parts are separated by more than 10 dB they will be reduced by at least a factor of 10. But care must be taken: some uncertainties may be caused by filters outside their pass bands causing their reflection coefficients to be close to 1. These should not automatically be ignored as they would be significant even with losses much greater than 10 dB involved. The example in clause 6.10.5.1 shows how one of the mismatch uncertainties can be calculated if all the individual components are known. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 197 A third approach could be to estimate the s-parameters for the different logical parts of the test system as they are shown on figure 51. This could be done by network analyser measurement on the switch unit connectors, by measurements on internal connectors or by assuming internal s-parameters based on external measurements or component data. All the individual mismatch components (for instance the 55 components derived in clause 6.10.4.2.2) could be programmed in a spreadsheet program, so it would be easy to input new sets of s-parameters representing other frequencies or other switch unit settings.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	6.10.5.1 Typical mismatch example	This example shows the calculation of the mismatch uncertainty between sub network C and sub network E through sub network G (from measurement 2, figure 52) in the external path compensation procedure related to a transmitter measurement. Some details for the calculations must be assumed: Generator 2 is the generator, and the signal is connected through the 6 dB combiner and switch S10. Furthermore it is assumed that attenuator 2 is by-passed between switches S6 and S7 during the path compensation and the actual measurement. (See figure 46) Then from figure 46 and figure 52 it can be seen that sub network C consists of a cable, switch S3, and a cable, and sub network E consists of the cable connecting the generator to the switch unit, a cable, switch S11, a cable, the combiner, a cable, switch S10, and a cable. The loss separating these two sub networks consists of 3 switches and some cables, and a 10 dB attenuator. In order to simplify the calculations it is assumed that the cables and the switches are loss-less. This will make the calculations slightly more conservative since there will be no reduction of the mismatch uncertainty due to the loss between the components, as loss between consists of only cables and switches. The next assumption is that all cables are identical and all switches are identical. Since a power combiner with 3 ports is involved, there will be a main path to be analysed, but in addition there will be components from the 3. port of the power combiner as well with the same set of components as between generator 2 and the combiner. Figure 55 applies for the calculations: Generator cable Cable Switch S11 Power combiner Generator cable Cable Switch S12 Cable Switch S10 Cable Cable Switch S3 Cable Sub network E Sub network C Figure 55: The two sub networks in the mismatch uncertainty calculation Each mismatch uncertainty component has one part on each side of the dashed line. Since there is a power combiner with a loss of 6 dB involved, there will be components separated by 10 dB and components separated by 16 dB as cables and switches are considered loss-less. Since there are 10 components on the left side and 3 components on the right side there will be 30 mismatch contribution (of which some will be identical). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 198 They are: 1) 4 mismatch components due to mismatch between a cable and a cable, separated by 10 dB; 2) 1 mismatch component due to mismatch between a switch and a switch, separated by 10 dB; 3) 4 mismatch components due to mismatch between a switch and a cable, separated by 10 dB; 4) 2 mismatch components due to mismatch between a cable and the combiner, separated by 10 dB; 5) 1 mismatch component due to mismatch between a switch and the combiner, separated by 10 dB; 6) 4 mismatch components due to mismatch between a cable and a cable, separated by 16 dB; 7) 2 mismatch component due to mismatch between a switch and a switch, separated by 16 dB; 8) 6 mismatch components due to mismatch between a switch and a cable, separated by 16 dB; 9) 2 mismatch components due to mismatch between a switch and a generator cable, separated by 16 dB; 10) 4 mismatch components due to mismatch between a cable and a generator cable, separated by 16 dB. The following data are assumed for the mismatch uncertainty calculations: The reflection coefficient from a cable is 0,1 The reflection coefficient from a switch is 0,15 The reflection coefficient from the combiner is 0,08 The reflection coefficient from the 10 dB attenuator is 0,05 The reflection coefficient from a generator cable is 0,17 10 dB equals 0,3163 and 16 dB equals 0,1581 This gives the following standard deviation figures for the mismatch uncertainties: 1) 100 x 0,1 x 0,1/(0,3163 x 0,3163 x √2) %= 0,070 % 4 times; 2) 100 x 0,15 x 0,15/(0,3163 x 0,3163 x √2) %= 0,159 % 1 time; 3) 100 x 0,15 x 0,1/(0,3163 x 0,3163 x √2) %= 0,106 % 4 times; 4) 100 x 0,1 x 0,08/(0,3163 x 0,3163 x √2) %= 0,057 % 2 times; 5) 100 x 0,15 x 0,08/(0,3163 x 0,3163 x √2) %= 0,085 % 1 time; 6) 100 x 0,1 x 0,1/(0,1581 x 0,1581 x √2) %= 0,018 % 4 times; 7) 100 x 0,15 x 0,15/(0,1581 x 0,1581 x √2) %= 0,040 % 2 times; 8) 100 x 0,15 x 0,1/(0,1581 x 0,1581 x √2) %= 0,027 % 6 times; 9) 100 x 0,15 x 0,17/(0,1581 x 0,1581 x √2) %= 0,045 % 2 times; 10) 100 x 0,1 x 0,17/(0,1581 x 0,1581 x √2) %= 0,030 % 4 times. This gives a total standard deviation = 0,34 % (≈ 0,03dB) calculated by applying the RSS method to the 30 uncertainty components. If only the components separated by more than 10 dB are considered, the result would be 0,32 % which is a little smaller, but since the approach was conservative from the beginning it would be justified to do so. A suitable way to do the calculations is to use a spread sheet program. calculations at different frequencies or with changed components data can easily be done if the components data are entered so each component only need to be modelled one time, which makes it much easier to re-do the analysis at different frequencies by just changing the models data in the spread sheet. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 199 All the individual uncertainty components are as usual combined as standard deviations as the square root of the sum of the squares. In a similar way the rest of the mismatch uncertainties can be analysed.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7 Transmitter measurement examples	The following pages of clause 7 show example measurement uncertainty calculations for a range of test configurations involving a variety of uncertainty contributions. Components essential for the measurement uncertainty calculations are shown in the accompanying drawings. Influence quantities (such as supply voltage and ambient temperature) are not shown in the drawings although they are present in the examples. Symbols and abbreviations used in the examples are explained in clauses 3.2 and 3.3. The test configuration, uncertainty contributions and the calculations are only examples and may not include all the possibilities. It is important that, where applicable, the errors are identified as either systematic or random for the purpose of making the calculations. Each example is calculated for a confidence level of 95 %. Many of the calculations on the following pages have been reproduced in spreadsheet form to provide the reader with a structured and time-saving approach to calculating measurement uncertainty. The spreadsheets also allow the reader to make modifications to the calculations to meet individual needs where the effects of each contribution can be assessed more effectively. Where the related spreadsheet has been made available by ETSI, an appropriate reference has been included in the text.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1 Conducted
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.1 Frequency error	a) Methodology The signal to be measured is applied to a frequency counter via a power attenuator and the frequency read directly from the counter (see figure 56). Power attenuator Frequency counter cable cable Transmitter under test Figure 56: Frequency error measurement configuration For the purposes of this example the nominal frequency is assumed to be 900 MHz (uncertainty will be expressed as an absolute value in Hz). b) Measurement uncertainty The time-base of the counter used has a drift of 1 × 10-9 per day. With a calibration period of less than 10 days, the time base uncertainty is less then 1 × 10-8. The least significant digit is 10 Hz. The manufacturers specification states that the overall uncertainty is time base uncertainty +3 counts of the least significant digit or 30 Hz whichever is the greater. The uncertainty of the frequency counter related to the measurement of 900 MHz is then: - time base uncertainty = 900 × 106 × 1 × 10-8 = ±9 Hz (d) (r); - counter uncertainty = 3 × 10 Hz = ±30 Hz (d) (r). There is also an uncertainty associated with the ambient temperature uncertainty. The dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 0,02 ppm/°C; - standard deviation of 0,01 ppm/°C. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 200 This gives: - 20 × 10-9 Hz/°C × 900 × 106 = 18 Hz/°C; and - 10 × 10-9 Hz/°C × 900 × 106 = 9 Hz/°C. Ambient temperature uncertainty is ± 3 °C (d) (r). The standard uncertainty of the ambient temperature is: C C u tamb j ° = ° = 73 ,1 3 3 The ambient temperature uncertainty is converted to a frequency uncertainty by means of formula 5.2. Hz ) ) C Hz/ +( ) C Hz/ (( ) C , ( u uncert ambient j 8, 34 9 18 73 1 2 2 2 = ° ° × ° Finally the combined standard uncertainty is calculated: Hz ) Hz +( ) ) Hz +( ) Hz (( = u error frequency c 2, 39 8, 34 3 30 9 2 2 2 = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 39,2 Hz = ±76,8 Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Frequency error.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.2 Carrier power	a) Methodology The measurement is conducted using a power meter that consists of a thermocouple power sensor and a meter with a built in reference source. A 30 dB power attenuator is used to reduce the level applied to the sensor (see figure 57). Before making the measurement, the loss of the cable and power attenuator are determined using a signal generator. The loss is measured by firstly connecting the generator to the power meter to obtain an arbitrary reference (see figure 58). The cable and attenuator are then inserted between the sensor and generator and the loss determined (see figure 59). Carrier power is recorded as the level measured on the power meter plus the measured correction for the cable and attenuator. Transmitter under test Power meter Sensor 30dB power attenuator Cable Power ref source Figure 57: Carrier Power measurement configuration NOTE 1: An additional example of carrier power uncertainty involving two attenuators can be found in clause 6.4. b) Measurement uncertainty i) Power meter and sensor: power meter reference source level uncertainty is ±1,2 % (p) (d) (r). dB u level reference j 03 ,0 0, 23 3 2,1 = × = ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 201 Calibration factor uncertainty = ±2,3 % (p) (d) (r). dB u factor n calibratio j 058 ,0 0, 23 3 3,2 = × = Range change error (one change) = ±0,5 % (p) (d) (r). dB u change range j 013 ,0 0, 23 3 5,0 = × = Linearity factor = ±0,5 % (p) (d) (r). dB u factor linearity j 013 ,0 0, 23 3 5,0 = × = Mismatch uncertainty when calibrating: - reference source VSWRg = 1,05 (d) so reflection coefficient = 0,024; - sensor input VSWRl = 1,15 (d) so reflection coefficient = 0,070. dB u 01 ,0 5, 11 2 100 07 ,0 024 ,0 mismatch n calibratio j = × × × = Noise and drift is negligible at this power level and can be ignored. 2 2 2 2 2 mismatch cal j factor lin j change range j factor cal j level ref j sensor and meter power c u u u u u = u + + + + dB = u sensor and meter power c 069 ,0 01 ,0 013 ,0 013 ,0 058 ,0 03 ,0 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + ii) Uncertainty when measuring the attenuator/cable loss: RF signal generator Power meter Sensor Figure 58: Determining the reference level RF signal generator Power meter Sensor 30dB power attenuator Cable Figure 59: measuring the attenuator and cable loss Mismatch uncertainty: - generator reflection coefficient is 0,07 (d); - sensor reflection coefficient is 0,07 (d); - cable reflection coefficients are 0,14 (d); - attenuator reflection coefficients are 0,13 (d). For the calculation of mismatch uncertainty the cable attenuation is assumed to be 0 dB (x1 linear). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 202 The mismatch uncertainty is comprised of two parts: PART 1 - the reference measurement, this is when the generator and sensor are connected together (see figure 58): dB , , , 030 0 5, 11 2 100 07 0 07 0 u t measuremen reference : mismatch j = × × × = PART 2 - the attenuation measurement, this is when the cable and attenuator are placed between the generator and sensor (see figure 59). Mismatch components appear at the generator/cable junction and the attenuator/sensor junction: dB , , , 060 0 5, 11 2 100 14 0 07 0 u cable to generator : mismatch j = × × × = dB , , 056 0 5, 11 2 100 07 ,0 13 0 u sensor to attenuator : mismatch j = × × × = dB , , 056 0 5, 11 2 100 1 13 ,0 07 0 u 2 attenuator to generator : mismatch j = × × × × = NOTE 2: The remaining mismatch contributions have a negligible effect due to the isolating effect of the 30dB attenuator and have therefore been ignored. The total mismatch uncertainty during the cable/attenuator measurement is: 2 sensor to genertor j 2 sensor to atten j 2 cable to generator j 2 t measuremen reference j t measuremen n attenuatio : mismatch c u u u u u + + + = dB 104 ,0 056 ,0 056 ,0 060 ,0 030 ,0 u 2 2 2 2 t measuremen n attenuatio : mismatch c = + + + = The 30dB attenuator will reduce the level at the sensor so: 2 : 2 2 t measuremen n attenuatio mismatch c factor linearity j error change range j nt measureme attenuator and c cable u u u u + + = dB 106 ,0 104 ,0 013 ,0 013 ,0 u 2 2 2 t measuremen attenuator and cable c = + + = iii) Carrier power measurement (see fig 44a): Attenuator uncertainty: Temperature influence = 0,0001 dB/degree which is negligible and can be ignored. Power influence on the attenuator is 0,001 dB/dB x Watt (d) (r) = 0,001 x 30 x 25 = 0,75 dB (r): dB , , 433 0 3 75 0 u influence power j = = Mismatch uncertainty: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,5 (taken from table F.1); - cable reflection coefficients are 0,14 (d); - attenuator reflection coefficients are 0,13 (d); - sensor reflection coefficient is 0,07 (d). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 203 For the calculation of mismatch uncertainty the cable attenuation is assumed to be 0 dB (x 1 linear). dB , 430 ,0 5, 11 2 % 100 14 ,0 5 0 u cable to EUT : mismatch j = × × × = dB , 400 ,0 5, 11 2 % 100 1 13 ,0 5 0 u 2 attenuator to EUT : mismatch j = × × × × = dB 056 ,0 5, 11 2 % 100 07 ,0 13 ,0 u sensor to attenuator : mismatch j = × × × = The total mismatch uncertainty during the power measurement is: 2 sensor to attenuator j 2 attenuator to EUT j 2 cable to EUT j t measuremen power : mismatch c u u u u + + = dB 60 ,0 056 ,0 400 ,0 430 ,0 u 2 2 2 t measuremen power : mismatch c = + + = NOTE 3: The remaining mismatch contributions have a negligible effect due to the isolating effect of the 30dB attenuator and have therefore been ignored. Uncertainty due to influence quantities: Ambient temperature = 20°C ± 1°C (d) (r). The ambient temperature uncertainty is converted to a level uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean of 4 % power/°C; - standard deviation of 1,2 % power/°C. Therefore: dB = ) ) C % / , +( ) C % / , (( ) C ( u 1,0 23 2 1 0 4 3 1 2 2 2 y uncertaint e temperatur j ° ° ×         ° = Supply voltage = Vset ± 100 mV (d) (r). The supply voltage uncertainty is converted to a level uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 10 % power/V; - standard deviation of 3 % power/V. Therefore: dB ) ) V / % (3 + ) V / % ((10 3 ) (0,1V u 2 2 2 026 ,0 23 y uncertaint voltage supply j = ×         = Random uncertainty: The measurement was repeated 9 times with the following results: - 21,8 mW; 22,8 mW; 23,0 mW; 22,5 mW; 22,1 mW; 22,7 mW; 21,7 mW; 22,3 mW; 22,7 mW. Mean value = 22,4 mW, standard deviation = 0,455 mW. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 204 As the result is obtained as the mean value of 9 measurements the normalized standard deviation of the random uncertainty is: dB = % 100 9 22,4mW 0,455mW u random i 03 ,0 0, 23 × × × = Uncertainty due to time duty cycle: The standard uncertainty of the time duty cycle error (found in table F.1) = 2 % (p) (σ). dB u cycle duty time j 087 ,0 0, 23 % 2 = = 2 cycle duty time j 2 random i 2 voltage supply j 2 temp j 2 t measuremen Power mismatch: c 2 influence pwr j t measuremen power c u u u u u u = u + + + + + dB = , = 75 ,0 087 ,0 03 0 026 ,0 1,0 6,0 433 ,0 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 t measuremen power c + + + + + The combined standard uncertainty for carrier power is: 2 t measuremen power c 2 t measuremen attenuator & cable c 2 sensor & meter power c power carrier c u u u = u + + dB = , = 76 ,0 75 ,0 106 ,0 069 0 u 2 2 2 power carrier c + + Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,76dB = ±1,49dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Carrier power_Rev1_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.3 Adjacent channel power
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.3.1 Adjacent channel power method 1 (Using an adjacent channel power meter)	a) Methodology The transmitter under test is connected to an adjacent channel power meter (power measuring receiver) via an attenuator (see figure 60). cable cable Power attenuator Transmitter under test Modulating AF oscillator Low noise RF signal generator Power measuring receiver Figure 60: Measurement configuration for adjacent channel power measurement (method 1) ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 205 b) Measurement uncertainty Power bandwidth of measuring receiver filter = ±0,2 dB (d) (r). 0,115dB 3 20 ,0 = ± = bandwidth filter j u Relative accuracy of measuring receiver = ±0,5 dB (d) (r). 0,289dB 3 50 ,0 = ± = accuracy relative j u Standard uncertainty of the random error = 0,11 dB (σ). u i random = 0,11 dB Deviation uncertainty = ±30 Hz (d) (r). Deviation uncertainty is converted to a relative adjacent channel power uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 0,05 % (p) / Hz; - standard deviation of 0,02 % (p) / Hz. Therefore: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) dB = % / Hz , % / Hz , Hz u deviation converted j 04 ,0 0, 23 02 0 05 0 3 30 2 2 2 + ×         = Uncertainty caused by measuring receiver filter position. Uncertainty of 6 dB point = ±75 Hz (d) (r). The uncertainty of the 6dB point is converted to a relative adjacent channel power uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F1 are: - mean value of 15 dB/kHz; - standard deviation of 4 dB/kHz. Therefore: dB ) ) dB/kHz +( ) dB/kHz (( ) kHz , ( u position filter converted j 67 ,0 4 15 3 075 0 2 2 2 = ×         = 2 2 2 2 2 pos filter converted j dev converted j random i accuracy relative j bw pwr filter j power channel djacent a c u u u u u u + + + + = 0,748dB 67 ,0 04 ,0 11 ,0 289 ,0 115 ,0 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + = power channel adjacent c u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,748 dB = ±1,47dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Adjacent channel power (method 1)_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 206
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.3.2 Adjacent channel power method 2 (Using a spectrum analyser)	a) Methodology The transmitter under test is connected to a spectrum analyser via a power attenuator (see figure 61) and the carrier is recorded as reference. cable 1 cable 2 Transmitter under test Modulating AF oscillator Power attenuator Spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter Figure 61: Measurement configuration for adjacent channel power (method 2) The adjacent channel power is calculated from the spectrum analyser readings (9 samples) by means of Simpson's Rule (area under the curve). b) Measurement uncertainty Reference level (carrier power) uncertainty: Spectrum analyser log fidelity = ±1 dB (d) (r) (carrier level may be measured below the analyser reference level). ( ) dB 0,577 3 00 ,1 = ± = level ref fidelity og l j u RBW switching = ±0,5 dB (d) (r). dB 0,289 3 50 ,0 u switching RBW j = ± = Uncertainty of calculation caused by log fidelity (adjacent channel): (The circles on figure 62 show the readings). - 4 dB -3 dB -2 dB -1 dB 0 dB 1 dB 2 dB 3 dB 4 dB Figure 62: Typical screen view ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 207 Spectrum analyser log fidelity is a maximum of ±1,0 dB (d). Since the measured result is a sum of many contributions, where the error can lie anywhere between ±1 dB, the combined error is assumed to be a Gaussian distribution, and the ±1,0 dB limits are assumed to be 3σ. The standard uncertainty is therefore 1/3 = 0,33 dB. ( ) dB 0,33 u n calculatio fidelity og l j = Random uncertainty: Standard uncertainty of the random error is ± 0,11 dB (m) (σ). dB 0,11 random i = u Deviation uncertainty: Deviation uncertainty is ±30 Hz (d) (r). Deviation uncertainty is converted to a level uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F1 are: - mean of 0,05 % (p)/Hz; - standard deviation of 0,02 % (p)/Hz. Therefore: 0,04dB 0, 23 02 0 05 0 3 30 2 2 2 deviation converted j = ×       = ) ) %/Hz , +( ) %/Hz , (( Hz) ( u Time-duty cycle: Time-duty-cycle uncertainty (from table F.1): Standard deviation = 2,0 %(p). dB u TDC 087 ,0 0, 23 0,2 j = = The combined standard uncertainty for adjacent channel power is: ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 n calculatio fidelity log j 2 2 level ref fidelity log j power channel adjacent c u TDC j deviation converted j random i switching RBW j u u u u u u + + + + + = dB 74 ,0 087 ,0 04 0 11 ,0 33 0 289 ,0 577 ,0 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 power channel adjacent c = + + + + + = , , Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,74 dB = ±1,45 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.4 Conducted spurious emissions
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.4.1 Direct reading method	a) Methodology A spectrum analyser is calibrated from its internal reference source using a cable with negligible loss at the calibration reference frequency. The transmitter under test is then connected to the spectrum analyser via a 30 dB attenuator and filter (see figure 63), and an absolute reading for each spurious emission obtained on the analyser. The levels are corrected for attenuator loss, filter loss, and cable loss (which becomes significant at the higher spurious frequencies) and recorded as the results for a direct reading. For this example, measurement uncertainty must include components of uncertainty for the spectrum analyser, cable loss and various mismatches between the transmitter, cables, attenuator, filter and spectrum analyser. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 208 cable alternative cable position when calibrating Transmitter under test Spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter cal ref o/p 30dB power attenuator Filter Figure 63: Conducted spurious emission measurement configuration (direct method) b) Measurement uncertainty: Direct method Mismatch uncertainty when calibrating the spectrum analyser: - spectrum analyser calibration reference output reflection coefficient is 0,2 (d); - spectrum analyser RF input reflection coefficient is 0,1 (d); - calibration cable reflection coefficient is 0,2 (m). For calculation of mismatch, attenuation of the calibration cable is assumed to be 0,00dB (x1 linear). ) ( % 828 ,2 2 % 100 2,0 2,0 : v u cable and output reference n calibratio mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 414 ,1 2 % 100 2,0 1,0 : v u cable and input analyser spectrum mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 414 ,1 2 % 100 ) 0,1( 2,0 1,0 2 : v u output cal analyser spectrum and input analyser spectrum mismatch j = × × × = The combined standard uncertainty for mismatch during calibration is: ) ( % 464 ,3 414 ,1 414 ,1 828 ,2 2 2 2 : v u n calibratio mismatch c = + + = Mismatch uncertainty when measuring the transmitter spurious: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,7 (from table F1); - measurement cable reflection coefficients are 0,2 (m); - attenuator reflection coefficients are 0,1 (d); - filter reflection coefficients are 0,3 (d); - spectrum analyser RF input reflection coefficient is 0,1 (d). For the calculation of mismatch, measurement cable attenuation is assumed to be 0,00 dB (x1,0 linear) and filter insertion loss is 1 dB (x 0,891 linear). ) ( % 899 ,9 2 % 100 2,0 7,0 u cable and r transmitte : mismatch j v = × × = ) ( % 414 ,1 2 % 100 1,0 2,0 u attenuator and cable : mismatch j v = × × = ) ( % 121 ,2 2 % 100 3,0 1,0 u and : mismatch j v filter attenuator = × × = ) ( % 121 ,2 2 % 100 1,0 3,0 u : mismatch j v analyser spectrum and filter = × × = ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 209 ) ( % 950 ,4 2 % 100 ) 0,1( 1,0 7,0 u 2 and r transmitte : mismatch j v attenuator = × × × = ) ( % 561 ,0 2 % 100 ) 891 ,0 ( 1,0 1,0 u 2 and : mismatch j v analyser spectrum attenuator = × × × = uj mismatch: EUT and filter: Less than 0,01 % (v) due to the 30 dB attenuator, therefore neglected. uj mismatch: EUT and spectrum analyser: Less than 0,01 % (v) due to the 30 dB attenuator, therefore neglected. The combined standard uncertainty for mismatch with the transmitter connected is: ) ( % 567 , 11 561 ,0 950 ,4 121 ,2 121 ,2 414 ,1 899 ,9 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 r transmitte : mismatch c v connected = + + + + + = The combined standard uncertainty for total mismatch is: dB 05 ,1 5, 11 567 , 11 464 ,3 u 2 2 : total mismatch c = + = Uncertainty when making the measurement on the spectrum analyser: Spectrum analyser calibration reference uncertainty = ±0,3 dB (d) (r). 0,173dB 3 3 0 = = , u ref j cal Spectrum analyser frequency response uncertainty = ±2,5 dB (d) (r). 1,443dB 3 5,2 = = y response j frequenc u Spectrum analyser bandwidth switching uncertainty = ±0,5 dB (d) (r). 0,289dB 3 5,0 u switching bandwidth j = = Spectrum analyser log fidelity = ±1,5 dB (d) (r). dB 0,866 3 5 1 = = , u g fidelity j lo Spectrum analyser input attenuator switching uncertainty = ±0,2 dB (d) (r). 0,115dB 3 2,0 u switching att input j = = Attenuator loss uncertainty = ±0,15 dB (d) (r). 0,087dB 3 15 ,0 u loss atten j = = Filter loss uncertainty = ±0,15 dB (d) (r). 0,087dB 3 15 ,0 u loss filter j = = Power coefficient of the attenuator = ±0,3 dB (c) (r). 0,173dB 3 3,0 u coef pwr att j = = ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 210 Standard uncertainty of measurement cable = ±0,2 dB (m) (σ). dB u cable j 2,0 = Random uncertainty = ±0,2 dB (m) (σ). dB u random i 2,0 = Uncertainty due to supply voltage: Supply voltage uncertainty = ±100 mV (d) (r). Supply voltage uncertainty is converted to a level uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 10 % (p)/V; - standard deviation of 3 % (p)/V. Therefore: ( ) dB = u 026 ,0 0, 23 ) %/V (3,0 + ) %/V (10,0 3 ) (0,1V 2 2 2 voltage supply converted j ×         = The combined standard uncertainty is: 2 vcc j 2 rnd i 2 cable j 2 coef p att j 2 filter j 2 loss att j 2 sw att j 2 f log j 2 bw j 2 fr j 2 cal j 2 miu j tot c u u u u u u u u u u u u u + + + + + + + + + + + = dB 05 ,2 026 ,0 2,0 2,0 173 ,0 087 ,0 087 ,0 115 ,0 866 ,0 289 ,0 443 ,1 173 ,0 05 .1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + + + + + + + + = c tot u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 2,05 dB = ±4,02 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Tx conducted spurious emissions (direct)_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.4.2 Substitution method	a) Methodology In order to reduce measurement uncertainty, a signal generator may be substituted for the transmitter and the level from the generator increased until the same reading (as obtained with the transmitter) is measured on the analyser. The signal generator output level is then recorded as the result using substitution. In this case, the large uncertainty of the spectrum analyser is replaced with the much lower uncertainty of the signal generator, and the attenuator, filter and cable uncertainties can be ignored since they are common to both measurements. NOTE 1: In some cases the maximum signal generator level will be less than the transmitter spurious level, and the substitution reading will be obtained from a different point on the spectrum analyser display (using the analyser's dynamic range). For this reason the spectrum analyser log fidelity uncertainty has been included in the calculation. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 211 cable alternative cable position when substituting Spectrum analyser Filter 30dB power attenuator Signal generator Transmitter under test Figure 64: Conducted spurious emissions measurement configuration (substitution method) b) Measurement uncertainty: Substitution method Mismatch uncertainty: The 30 dB attenuator is large enough to provide good isolation between the transmitter (or signal generator) and the filter. Thus the only mismatch uncertainty of interest is at the input to the attenuator. The rest cancel due to substitution: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,7 (from table F1); - measurement cable reflection coefficients are 0,2 (m); - attenuator input reflection coefficient is 0,1 (d); - signal generator output reflection coefficient is 0,35 (d). For the calculation of mismatch, cable attenuation is assumed to be 0,00 dB (x 1 linear). ) ( % 899 ,9 2 % 100 2,0 7,0 : v u cable to Tx mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 414 ,1 2 % 100 1,0 2,0 : v u attenuator to cable mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 950 ,4 2 % 100 ) 0,1( 1,0 7,0 2 : v u attenuator to Tx mismatch j = × × × = ) ( % 950 ,4 2 % 100 2,0 35 ,0 : v u cable to gen sig mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 475 ,2 2 % 100 ) 0,1( 1,0 35 ,0 2 : v u attenuator to gen sig mismatch j = × × × = The combined standard uncertainty for mismatch is: dB u mismatch c 083 ,1 5, 11 475 ,2 950 ,4 950 ,4 414 ,1 899 ,9 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + = Uncertainty when making the measurement: Substitution signal generator level uncertainty is ±1 dB (d) (r). 0,577dB 3 0,1 = ± = level gen sig j u ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 212 Spectrum analyser log fidelity (where signal generator is unable to produce sufficient level) = ±1,5 dB (d) (r). dB 0,866 3 5 1 = = , u g fidelity j lo Random uncertainty is 0,2 dB (m) (σ). Uncertainty due to supply voltage: Supply voltage uncertainty = ±100 mV (d) (r). Supply voltage uncertainty is converted to a level uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 10 % (p)/V; - standard deviation of 3 % (p)/V. Therefore: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0,026dB 0, 23 0 3 / % 0 10 3 1 0 u 2 2 2 voltage supply j = ×         = % / V , + V , V , converted The combined standard uncertainty is: 2 uncert voltage supply j 2 2 fidelity log j 2 2 u u u u u u random i level gen sig j mismatch c emission spurious conducted c + + + + = dB 52 ,1 026 0 2,0 866 ,0 577 ,0 083 ,1 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + = , u emissions spurious conducted c Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 1,52 dB = ±2,98 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). NOTE 2: The substitution example has a far lower measurement uncertainty than the direct example.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.5 Intermodulation attenuation	Test signal source 10dB power attenuator Transmitter under test directional coupler <-1dB 20dB power attenuator 50 Ohm termination Power meter sensor Spectrum analyser >-20dB Figure 65: Intermodulation attenuation The transmitter power is first measured on the power meter. The power meter is then connected to the 10 dB attenuator (the connector which during the actual measurement is connected to the transmitter output) and the power meter reading set to -30 dB (relative) by adjusting the level of test signal source. With the transmitter reconnected to the 10 dB attenuator, the intermodulation component is then measured by direct observation on the spectrum analyser, and the ratio of the largest intermodulation component to the carrier is recorded. As this is a relative measurement, uncertainties due to the spectrum analyser (with the exception of log fidelity) cancel, and can be ignored. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 213 b) Measurement uncertainty: Uncertainty when measuring the transmitter level and setting the level of the test signal source to -30 dB relative: NOTE: The power meter is only used to set the test signal source to -30 dB relative to the transmitter level so only range change and linearity need to be considered. Power meter linearity = ±0,5 % (p) (d) (r). dB ,013 0 23 3 5,0 u lin meter j = × = Power meter range change error (one change) = ±0,5 % (p) (d) (r). dB ,013 0 23 3 5,0 u error change range j = × = dB ,018 0 013 ,0 013 ,0 u 2 2 level signal test c = + = Mismatch uncertainty when measuring the transmitter level and setting the level of the test signal source to -30 dB relative: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,5 (table F.1); - power sensor reflection coefficient is 0,07 (d); - attenuator reflection coefficients are 0,1 (d) (both attenuators); - directional coupler reflection coefficients are 0,05 (d). For the following mismatch calculations the directional coupler loss is assumed to be 0 dB (x1 linear). The isolating effect of the10 dB attenuator is however taken into consideration (multiplication by 0,316 in linear terms). Only the reflection coefficients of the transmitter, 10 dB attenuator, the directional coupler and the 20 dB attenuator are taken into account, the test signal source is ignored due to isolation. It is assumed that the spectrum analyser is connected during the power measurement with the same cable and the same attenuator setting as during the measurement. Therefore the mismatch uncertainties at this point cancel. ) ( 025 0 2 100 316 0 05 0 07 0 2 v % , % , , , u coupler irectional nsor and d : power se j mismatch = × × × = ) ( 049 0 2 100 1 316 0 1 0 07 0 2 2 20 v % , % , , , u ator dB attenu nsor and : power se j mismatch = × × × × = ) ( 525 2 049 ,0 025 ,0 495 ,0 475 ,2 2 2 2 2 v % , u signal test g : measurin c mismatch = + + + = Mismatch uncertainty with the transmitter reconnected to the 10dB attenuator: Only the reflection coefficients of the transmitter, 10 dB attenuator, the directional coupler and the 20 dB attenuator are taken into account, the test signal source is ignored due to isolation: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,5 (table F1); - attenuator reflection coefficients are 0,1 (d); - directional coupler reflection coefficients are 0,05 (d). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 214 For the following mismatch calculations the directional coupler loss is assumed to be 0 dB (x1 linear). The isolating effect of the10 dB attenuator is however taken into consideration (multiplication with 0,316 in linear terms). ) ( 536 ,3 2 100 1 0 5 0 attenuator 10dB and er transmitt : mismatch j v % % , , u = × × = ) ( 177 0 2 100 316 0 05 0 5 0 2 v % , % , , , u coupler rectional ter and di : transmit j mismatch = × × × = ) ( 353 0 2 100 1 316 0 1 0 5 0 2 2 20 v % , % , , , u tor dB attenua ter and : transmit j mismatch = × × × × = ) ( 558 ,3 353 0 177 0 536 ,3 2 2 2 connected signal test : mismatch c v % , , u = + + = Combined mismatch uncertainties: dB u 379 ,0 5, 11 558 ,3 525 ,2 2 2 h mismatc c = + = Combined uncertainty of the test signal: dB ,379 0 379 ,0 018 ,0 u 2 2 signal test c = + = Spectrum analyser log fidelity = ±1,5 dB (d) (r): dB u 866 ,0 3 5,1 fidelity log j = = One of the intermodulation products has a 2nd order dependency from the unwanted signal corresponding to 2 dB/dB, therefore the uncertainty of the level of the intermodulation product is doubled (see clause 6.5.5, and annex D clauses D.3.4.5.2 and D.5). The combined standard uncertainty for intermodulation attenuation is: ( ) dB 15 1 379 0 2 866 0 2 2 , , , u nt measureme ttenuation dulation a ntermo c i = × + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 1,15 dB = ±2,25 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 215
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.6 Attack time
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.6.1 Frequency behaviour (attack)	a) Methodology Frequency behaviour (attack) is the time elapsed between switching on the transmitter and the moment when the carrier frequency is within defined limits. Transmitter output frequency variation as a function of time during this period is measured by means of a test discriminator providing vertical deflection to a storage oscilloscope (see figure 66). Trigger device Transmitter under test trigger cable Storage oscilloscope Reference signal generator Y input Tx on/off Test discriminator cable Power attenuator Figure 66: Transmitter frequency/time measurement configuration (attack and release) With the oscilloscope time base set to "repetitive" at an appropriate sweep rate, the oscilloscope display graticule is calibrated by means of the signal generator, to provide vertical reference points corresponding to the specification frequency limits or mask e.g. ± one channel. The oscilloscope is then set to "single sweep" in preparation for the measurement. When the trigger device is operated, it initiates the oscilloscope sweep and simultaneously switches on the transmitter. Any variation in transmitter output frequency will appear at the discriminator output as a varying DC voltage which will be recorded on the oscilloscope display as a plot of frequency against time. b) Measurement uncertainty: - signal generator frequency uncertainty is ±10 Hz (d) (r); - calibration uncertainty of discriminator (including the storage oscilloscope) is ±100 Hz (r); - DC drift of discriminator is equivalent to ±100 Hz (d) (r). Combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement: Hz 81,9 = 3 10 100 100 2 2 2 ) ) Hz +( ) Hz +( ) Hz (( = u ent y measurem j frequenc Frequency uncertainty is converted to time uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 1,0 ms/kHz; - standard deviation of 0,3 ms/kHz. Therefore: ms 0,086 = ) ) ms/kHz (0,3 + ) ms/kHz ((1,0 ) kHz (0,0819 = u 2 2 2 time j × ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 216 Random uncertainty is 0,5 ms (m) (c) (σ). Oscilloscope timing uncertainty is ±1,0 ms (d) (r). Trigger moment uncertainty is ±1,0 ms (d) (r). The combined standard uncertainty: ms 0,961 = 3 ) ms (1 + ) ms (1 + ) ms (0,5 + ) ms (0,086 u 2 2 2 2 behaviour frequency c         = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,961 ms = ±1,9 ms (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.6.2 Power behaviour (attack)	a) Methodology Power behaviour (attack) is the time elapsed between switching on the transmitter and the moment when the transmitter output power level is within defined limits i.e. a percentage of full power. Transmitter output power variation as a function of time during this period is measured on a spectrum analyser set to zero span mode (see figure 67). Trigger device Transmitter under test trigger cable Spectrum analyser RF input Tx on/off cable Power attenuator Figure 67: Transmitter power level/time measurement configuration (attack and release) With the spectrum analyser time base set to "repetitive" at an appropriate sweep rate, the transmitter is switched on and the analyser sensitivity adjusted until the measured signal coincides with the reference level. The analyser is then set to "single shot", and the transmitter switched off in preparation for the measurement. When the trigger device is operated, this simultaneously initiates the spectrum analyser sweep and switches on the transmitter. Any variation in transmitter output power level will be recorded on the spectrum analyser display as a plot of output power level against time. b) Measurement uncertainty: Spectrum analyser log fidelity ±0,4 dB (d) (r). dB 0,231 3 4 0 log = = , u fidelity j The power level difference uncertainty is then converted to time uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 0,3 ms/%; - standard deviation of 0,1 ms/%. Therefore: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ms 0,840 1 0 3 0 5 11 231 0 2 2 2 = + × × = ms / % , ms / % , , , u j time Random uncertainty is 0,5 ms (m) (c) (σ). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 217 Oscilloscope timing uncertainty is ±1,0 ms (d) (r). Trigger moment uncertainty is ±1,0 ms (d) (r). The combined standard uncertainty: ms 1,274 = 3 1 1 5 0 840 0 2 2 2 2 ) ) ms +( ) ms ( +( ) ms , +( ) ms , ( u r y behaviou c frequenc = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 1,274 ms = ±2,5 ms (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.7 Release time
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.7.1 Frequency behaviour (release)	The only difference between this measurement and the measurement for attack in clause 7.1.6.1 is that in this case the measurement is to determine the time elapsed between switching off the transmitter and the moment when the carrier frequency falls outside defined limits. Measurement uncertainty for release is therefore the same as for attack.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.7.2 Power behaviour (release)	The only difference between this measurement and the measurement for attack in clause 7.1.6.2 is that in this case the measurement is to determine the time elapsed between switching off the transmitter and the moment when the carrier power is within defined limits. Measurement uncertainty for release is therefore the same as for attack.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.8 Transient behaviour of the transmitter	Transient behaviour of the transmitter is the period of transient frequency/power behaviour immediately following the switching on or off of the transmitter.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.8.1 Transient frequency behaviour	a) Methodology Transient frequency behaviour is the frequency error of the transmitter during switch on and switch off transients. Transmitter frequency error as a function of time during this period is measured by means of a test discriminator providing vertical deflection to a storage oscilloscope (see figure 68). Trigger device Transmitter under test trigger cable Storage oscilloscope Reference signal generator Y input Tx on/off Test discriminator cable Power attenuator Figure 68: Transmitter frequency/time measurement configuration (attack and release) ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 218 With the transmitter switched off, the oscilloscope time base is set to "repetitive" at an appropriate sweep rate. The oscilloscope display graticule is then calibrated by means of the signal generator, to provide vertical reference points corresponding to the specification frequency limits or mask e.g. ± one channel. When this has been accomplished, the trigger selector is set to "single sweep" and the transmitter set to on or off depending upon which transient condition is to be measured. When the trigger device is operated, this simultaneously initiates the oscilloscope sweep and switches the transmitter on or off according to the measurement. Any variation in transmitter output frequency will appear at the discriminator output as a varying DC voltage which will be recorded on the oscilloscope display as a plot of frequency against time. b) Measurement uncertainty: - signal generator frequency uncertainty is ±10 Hz (d) (r); - calibration uncertainty of discriminator (including the storage oscilloscope) is ±100 Hz (d) (r); - DC drift of discriminator is equivalent to ±100 Hz (d) (r). The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement: Hz 81,9 = 3 10 100 100 2 2 2 ) ) Hz +( ) Hz +( ) Hz (( = u ent y measurem c frequenc Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 81,9 Hz = ±161 Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.8.2 Power level slope	a) Methodology Transmitter power output as a function of time (power level slope) is measured during switch on and switch off transients by means of a spectrum analyser set to zero span mode (see figure 69). Trigger device Transmitter under test trigger cable Spectrum analyser RF input Tx on/off cable Power attenuator Figure 69: Transmitter power level/time measurement configuration (attack and release) With the transmitter switched on, and the spectrum analyser in zero span mode, the analyser sensitivity is adjusted until the transmitter signal displayed on the screen coincides with the reference level. The trigger selector is then set to "single shot", and the trigger device actuated to obtain a display of power level slope. The sweep is finally adjusted so as to position the -6 dB point and the -30 dB points at left and right extremes of the display graticule, then the transmitter switched on or off depending upon which transient condition is to be measured. When the trigger device is operated, this simultaneously initiates the spectrum analyser sweep and switches the transmitter on or off according to the measurement. Any variation in transmitter output power level will be recorded on the spectrum analyser display as a plot of output power level against time. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 219 b) Measurement uncertainty: (The following calculations are based on the assumption that the power level versus time is linear in logarithmic terms.) Spectrum analyser log fidelity at -6 dB is ±0,6 dB (d) (r). This is converted to time uncertainty: ±(0,6/(-6 + 30) × 100) % = ±2,5 % Spectrum analyser log fidelity at -30 dB is ±1,5 dB (d) (r). This is converted to time uncertainty: ±(1,5/(-6 + 30) × 100) % = ±6,25 % Time measurement uncertainty (counts twice) is ±2 % of full screen ±2 % (d) (r). Random uncertainty 1 % (m) (σ). The combined standard uncertainty is: % , = % + % + % + % , % , u vel slope c power le 33 4 0,1 3 0,2 0,2 25 6 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 4,33 % = ±8,5 % (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.9 Frequency deviation
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.9.1 Maximum permissible frequency deviation	a) Methodology The AF signal from the audio frequency oscillator is applied to the modulation input of the transmitter under test at a level 20 dB above the level of normal test modulation (see figure 70). cable cable Power attenuator Transmitter under test Modulating AF oscillator Deviation meter Figure 70: Maximum permissible frequency deviation measurement configuration The RF output from the transmitter under test is applied to a deviation meter through a power attenuator. The maximum deviation is measured as 4,0 kHz. b) Measurement uncertainty As the modulating signal level is 20 dB above that required for normal test modulation, it is assumed that the AF level uncertainty of the modulating AF oscillator has no influence. Deviation uncertainty is ±1 % ±1 digit (f) (d) (r). ±1 digit is 10 Hz which is calculated as (10/4 000) × 100 % = ±0,25 %. Residual modulation is ±20 Hz (f) (d) (r) which is converted to a percentage of the measured deviation (4 kHz): (20/4 000) × 100 % = ±0,5 % NOTE: The random contribution is deemed to be negligible and has therefore been ignored. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 220 The combined standard uncertainty for maximum permissible frequency deviation is: % 0,66 = 3 ) % (0,5 + ) % (0,25 + ) % (1,0 = u 2 2 2 total j Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,66 % = ±1,3 % (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Maximum permissible frequency deviation_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.1.9.2 Response of the transmitter to modulation frequencies above 3 kHz	a) Methodology The AF signal from the audio frequency oscillator is applied to the modulation input of the transmitter under test at the specified level (see figure 71). cable cable Power attenuator Deviation meter Low noise signal generator Audio analyser Modulating AF oscillator Transmitter under test Figure 71: Measurement configuration for modulation frequencies above 3 kHz The RF output from the transmitter under test is applied to a deviation meter through a power attenuator. The demodulated signal is then applied to the audio analyser. A low noise signal generator is used as the local oscillator for the deviation meter for demodulating signals with modulation frequencies above 3 kHz, to improve the noise behaviour. The result is corrected for AF gain and AF filter shaping. It is assumed that the measurement is conducted sufficiently above the measuring system noise level. b) Measurement uncertainty: (As a low noise signal generator is used for the deviation meter local oscillator, it is assumed that residual deviation is insignificant and has no influence on the measurement). AF oscillator level uncertainty = ±0,70 % (v) (d) (r). Deviation meter demodulator uncertainty = ±1,0 % (v) (d) (r). Deviation meter AF gain uncertainty = ±2,0 % (v) (d) (r). Audio analyser AC voltmeter uncertainty = ±4,0 % (v) (d) (r). The combined standard uncertainty is then calculated: 2,68% = 3 0 2 0 4 0 1 70 0 2 2 2 2 ) % , +( ) % , +( ) % , +( ) % , ( = u j The combined standard uncertainty is converted to dB: 2,68 %/11,5 = 0,233 dB. Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,233 dB = ±0,46 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 221 c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Response to mod freqs above 3kHz_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2 Radiated tests
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1 Frequency error (30 MHz to 1 000 MHz)
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.1 Anechoic Chamber	The method of calculating the expanded uncertainty for tests in which signal levels in dB are involved is equally adopted for the frequency error test in which all the uncertainties are in the units of Hz. That is, all the uncertainty contributions are converted into standard uncertainties and combined by the RSS method under the assumption that they are all stochastic. All the uncertainty components which contribute to the test are listed in table 49. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.1.1 Contributions from the measurement	Table 49: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions Hz ui01 random uncertainty uj56 frequency counter: absolute reading uj05 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the absorbing material on the EUT uj09 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the test antenna on the EUT The standard uncertainties from table 49 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement (uc contributions from the measurement) is the combination of the components outlined above. uc = uc contributions from the measurement = __,__ Hz
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.1.2 Expanded uncertainty	Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane	The method of calculating the expanded uncertainty for tests in which signal levels in dB are involved is equally adopted for the frequency error test in which all the uncertainties are in the units of Hz. That is, all the uncertainty contributions are converted into standard uncertainties and combined by the RSS method under the assumption that they are all stochastic. All the uncertainty components which contribute to the test are listed in table 50. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.2.1 Contributions from the measurement	Table 50: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions Hz ui01 random uncertainty uj56 frequency counter: absolute reading uj05 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the absorbing material on the EUT uj09 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the test antenna on the EUT ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 222
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.2.2 Expanded uncertainty	The standard uncertainties from table 50 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement (uc contributions from the measurement) is the combination of the components outlined above. uc = uc contributions from the measurement = __,__ Hz Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.3 Open Area Test Site	The method of calculating the expanded uncertainty for tests in which signal levels in dB are involved is equally adopted for the frequency error test in which all the uncertainties are in the units of Hz. That is, all the uncertainty contributions are converted into standard uncertainties and combined by the RSS method under the assumption that they are all stochastic. All the uncertainty components which contribute to the test are listed in table 51. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.3.1 Contributions from the measurement	Table 51: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions Hz ui01 random uncertainty uj09 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj56 frequency counter: absolute reading
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.3.2 Expanded uncertainty	The standard uncertainties from table 51 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement (uc contributions from the measurement) is the combination of the components outlined above. uc = uc contributions from the measurement = __,__ Hz Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.4 Stripline	This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.5 Test fixture	The method of calculating the expanded uncertainty for tests in which signal levels in dB are involved is equally adopted for the frequency error test in which all the uncertainties are in the units of Hz. That is, all the uncertainty contributions are converted into standard uncertainties and combined by the RSS method under the assumption that they are all stochastic. All the uncertainty components which contribute to the test are listed in table 52. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 223
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.5.1 Contributions from the measurement	Table 52: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions Hz ui01 random uncertainty uj56 frequency counter: absolute reading uj60 Test Fixture: effect on the EUT uj61 Test Fixture: climatic facility effect on the EUT The standard uncertainties from table 52 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement (uc contributions from the measurement) is the combination of the components outlined above. uc = uc contributions from the measurement = __,__ Hz
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.1.5.2 Expanded uncertainty	Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2 Effective radiated power (30 MHz to 1 000 MHz)	A fully worked example illustrating the methodology to be used can be found in TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 2, clause 4.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.1 Anechoic Chamber
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.1.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement	For the measurement of effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 72 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device EUT Figure 72: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically in each stage and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to each stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 53. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 224 Table 53: Contributions from the EUT measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj16 range length 0,00 uj01 reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna 0,00 uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj04 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 53 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.1.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution	The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 73 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Figure 73: Stage two: Substitution measurement All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 54. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 225 Table 54: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj02 reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution antenna to the test antenna 0,00 uj45 antenna: gain of the substitution antenna 0,50 uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj06 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material 0,50 uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna 0,00 uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors 0,00 ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 54 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the substitution) for the substitution measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.1.3 Expanded uncertainty	The combined standard uncertainty of the effective radiated power measurement is the RSS combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.2.1.1 and 7.2.2.1.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = on substituti the from on contributi c t measuremen EUT the from on contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 226
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement	For the measurement of effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 74 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads EUT Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device Ground plane Figure 74: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically to both stages and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to this stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 55. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 55: Contributions from the EUT measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj16 range length uj01 reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj04 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material uj13 mutual coupling: EUT to its image in the ground plane uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 55 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 227
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution measurement	The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 75 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Ground plane Test antenna cable 1 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Receiving device cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Figure 75: Stage two: Substitution measurement All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 56. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 56: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj18 correction: measurement distance uj02 reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj45 antenna: gain of substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the substitution antenna uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane uj06 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj14 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 56 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the substitution) for the substitution measurement in dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 228
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.2.3 Expanded uncertainty	The combined standard uncertainty of the effective radiated power measurement is the RSS combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.4.1 and 7.2.4.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = on substituti the from on contributi c t measuremen EUT the from on contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.3 Open Area Test Site
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.3.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement	For the measurement of effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 76 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads EUT Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device Ground plane Figure 76: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically in each stage and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to each stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurements. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 57. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 229 Table 57: Contributions from the EUT measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj16 range length uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj13 mutual coupling: EUT to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 57 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.3.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution measurement	The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 77 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Ground plane cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device Figure 77: Stage two: Substitution All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 58. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 230 Table 58: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj18 correction: measurement distance uj45 antenna: gain of the substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the substitution antenna uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane uj14 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 58 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the substitution) for the substitution measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.3.3 Expanded uncertainty	The combined standard uncertainty of the effective radiated power measurement is the RSS combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.2.3.1 and 7.2.2.3.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = on substituti the from on contributi c t measuremen EUT the from on contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.4 Stripline	This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.5 Test fixture	The uncertainty contributions for the test are shown in table 59. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 231
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.5.1 Contributions from the measurement	Table 59: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj48 receiving device: linearity uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj60 Test Fixture: climatic facility effect on the EUT uj61 Test Fixture: effect on the EUT ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 59 should be given values according to annex A. They should then be combined by the RSS (root sum of the squares) method in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.2.5.2 Expanded uncertainty	Tests in a Test Fixture differ to radiated tests on all other types of site in that there is only one stage to the test. However, to calculate the measurement uncertainty, the Test Fixture measurement should be considered as stage two of a test in which stage one was on an accredited Free-Field Test Site. The combined standard uncertainty, uc, of the effective radiated power measurement is therefore, simply the RSS combination of the value for uc contributions from the measurement derived above and the combined uncertainty of the Free-field Test Site uc contribution from the Free-Field Test Site. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = − site test field free the from ons contributi c t measuremen the from ons contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3 Radiated spurious emissions
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.1 Anechoic Chamber
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.1.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement	For the measurement of spurious effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 78 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device EUT Figure 78: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically in each stage and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 232 The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to this stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 60. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 60: Contributions from the EUT measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj54 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the spurious emission level 0,03 uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj51 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the spurious emission level 0,03 uj16 range length 0,00 uj01 reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna 0,00 uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT 0,00 uj04 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material 0,00 ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 60 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.1.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution	The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 79 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Receiving device Attenuator 2 10 dB Figure 79: Stage two: Substitution measurement All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 61. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 233 Table 61: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj02 reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution antenna to the test antenna 0,00 uj45 antenna: gain of the substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj06 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna 0,00 uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors 0,00 ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 61 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the substitution) for the EUT measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.1.3 Expanded uncertainty	The combined standard uncertainty of the ERP measurement of the spurious emission is the combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.3.1.1 and 7.2.3.1.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. __dB __, = 2 2 on substituti the from ion contribtut c t measuremen EUT the fron on contributi c c u u u + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement	For the measurement of spurious effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 80 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 234 Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads EUT Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device Ground plane Figure 80: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically to both stages and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to this stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 62. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 62: Contributions from the measurement on the EUT uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj54 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the spurious emission levels uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj51 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the spurious emission level uj16 range length uj18 correction: measurement distance uj01 reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj04 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material uj13 mutual coupling: EUT to its image in the ground plane uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 62 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 235
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution measurement	The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 81 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Ground plane Figure 81: Stage two: Substitution measurement All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 63. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 63: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj18 correction: measurement distance uj02 reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj45 antenna: gain of substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the substitution antenna uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane uj06 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj14 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 63 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the substitution) for the EUT measurement in dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 236
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.2.3 Expanded uncertainty	The combined standard uncertainty of the ERP measurement of the spurious emission is the combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.3.2.1 and 7.2.3.2.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. __dB __, = 2 2 on substituti the from ion contribtut c t measuremen EUT the fron on contributi c c u u u + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.3 Open Area Test Site
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.3.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement	For the measurement of spurious effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 82 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device EUT Ground plane Figure 82: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically in each stage and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to each stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 64. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 237 Table 64: Contributions from the measurement on the EUT uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj54 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the spurious emission level uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj51 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the spurious emission level uj16 range length uj18 correction: measurement distance uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj13 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the ground plane ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 64 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.3.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution measurement	The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 83 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Ground plane Figure 83: Stage two: Typical emission substitution test All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 65. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contribution. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 238 Table 65: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj18 correction: measurement distance uj45 antenna: gain of the substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the substitution antenna uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane uj14 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 65 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the substitution) for the EUT measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.3.3 Expanded uncertainty	The combined standard uncertainty of the ERP measurement of the spurious emission is the combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.6.1 and 7.2.6.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. __dB __, = 2 2 on substituti the from ion contribtut c mesurement EUT the fron on contributi c c u u u + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]).
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.4 Stripline	This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.3.5 Test fixture	This test is not normally carried out in a test fixture.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.4 Adjacent channel power
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.4.1 Anechoic Chamber	This test is normally carried out using a test fixture and as a result has not been considered for the Anechoic Chamber. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 239
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.4.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane	This test is normally carried out using a test fixture and as a result has not been considered for the Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.4.3 Open Area Test Site	This test is normally carried out using a test fixture and as a result has not been considered for the Open Area Test Site.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.4.4 Stripline	This test is normally carried out using a test fixture and as a result has not been considered for the Strip line.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.4.5 Test fixture	The uncertainty contributions for the test are shown in table 66. NOTE: Some standards require the adjacent channel power to be 60 dBc without the need for it to fall below 250 nW. In this case, both values (absolute and dBc) are required as, for example, 40 dBc is considered satisfactory if the adjacent channel power is < 250 nW.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.4.5.1 Contributions from the measurement	Table 66: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj48 receiving device: linearity uj49 receiving device: power measuring receiver uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj60 Test Fixture: effect on the EUT uj61 Test Fixture: climatic facility effect on the EUT ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 66 should be given values according to annex A. They should then be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB.
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e	100 028-1	7.2.4.5.2 Expanded uncertainty	For a relative measurement (dBc) of adjacent channel power, the combined uncertainty, uc, of the measurement is simply the value for uc contributions from the measurement derived above. Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). For those test standards that require the adjacent channel power to be given in absolute terms, however, for the calculation of the measurement uncertainty, the Test Fixture measurement should be considered as stage two of a test in which stage one was on an accredited Free-Field Test Site. The combined standard uncertainty, uc, of the adjacent channel power measurement is therefore, simply the RSS combination of the value for uc contributions from the measurement derived above and the combined uncertainty of the Free-field Test Site uc contribution from the Free-Field Test Site. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = − site test field free the from ons contributi c t measuremen the from ons contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 240 Annex A: Bibliography • The new IEEE standard dictionary of electrical and electronic terms. Fifth edition, IEEE Piscataway, NJ USA 1993. • Antenna theory, C. Balanis, J. E. Wiley 1982. • Antenna engineering handbook, R. C. Johnson, H. Jasik. • Control of errors on Open Area Test Sites , A. A. Smith Jnr. EMC technology October 1982 pg 50-58. • IEC 60050-161: "International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility". • The gain resistance product of the half-wave dipole, W. Scott Bennet Proceedings of IEEE vol. 72 No. 2 Dec 1984 pp 1824-1826. • Wave transmission, F. R. Conner, Arnold 1978. • Antennas, John D. Kraus, Second edition, McGraw Hill. • Antennas and radio wave propagation, R. E. Collin, McGraw Hill. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 241 History Document history Edition 1 March 1992 Publication as ETR 028 Edition 2 March 1994 Publication as ETR 028 V1.3.1 March 2001 Publication V1.4.1 December 2001 Publication
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	1 Scope	The test methods contained within the present document are intended for use in determining the electrical characteristics of radio equipment in the mobile radio services. A further aim is to give guidance to both manufacturers and type testing authorities so that common test methods can be adopted leading, potentially, to mutual acceptance of test results. Parameter limits specific to a particular equipment can be found in the relevant ETS (European Telecommunication Standard) or EN (European Standard, Telecommunications series). In the drive towards uniformity, the measurement of a specific equipment parameter has, basically, only one test method although, procedurally, minor differences may exist due to the type of test site used e.g. a ground reflection test site (Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane or Open Area Test Site) requires a vertical height scan to achieve maximum coupling between transmitter and receiver whereas a "non-reflecting" environment (Anechoic Chamber) does not. The methods apply to constant envelope frequency-modulated or phase-modulated systems as chosen by each administration operating on radio frequencies between 30 MHz and 1 000 MHz and with channel separations of 12,5 kHz, 20 kHz and 25 kHz. Test methods are given which are applicable to radio equipment capable of transmission and/or reception of analogue speech, bit stream and messages. Included in the present document are test method for radio equipment fitted with external 50 ΩRF connectors (for antennas), temporary external 50 ΩRF connectors and integral antennas. Wherever possible, if the electrical characteristics are not expected to be changed, test measurements should be performed by use of a direct connection (via either the permanent or temporary external 50 ΩRF connector) to the radio equipment as stated in each ETS or EN in order to attempt to minimize measurement uncertainties.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	2 References	The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. • A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] IEC 60489 (1988): "Methods of measurement for radio equipment used in the mobile services". [2] Void. [3] Void. [4] Void. [5] ETR 027: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Methods of measurement for private mobile radio equipment". [6] ETR 273: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties". [7] TR 100 028: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics". [8] ETS 300 113: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment intended for the transmission of data (and speech) and having an antenna connector". ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 12 [9] ETS 300 296: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment using integral antennas intended primarily for analogue speech". [10] ETS 300 390: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment intended for the transmission of data (and speech) and using an integral antenna". [11] ANSI C63.5 (1988): "Electromagnetic Compatibility - Radiated Emission; Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Control - Calibration of Antennas". [12] EN 55020 (1994): "Electromagnetic immunity of broadcast receivers and associated equipment". [13] ITU-T Recommendation O.41: "Psophometer for use on telephone-type circuits". [14] CCITT Recommendation O.153: "Basic parameters for the measurement of error performance at bit rates below the primary rate".
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	3 Definitions and abbreviations
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	3.1 Definitions	For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: antenna: that part of a transmitting or receiver system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves audio frequency load: normally a resistor of sufficient power rating to accept the maximum audio output power from the equipment under test. The value of the resistor should be that stated by the manufacturer and should be the impedance of the audio transducer at 1 000 Hz. In some cases it may be necessary to place an isolating transformer between the output terminals of the receiver under test and the load audio frequency termination: any connection other than the audio frequency load which may be required for the purpose of testing the receiver. (i.e. in a case where it is required that the bit stream be measured, the connection may be made, via a suitable interface, to the discriminator of the receiver under test) The termination device should be agreed between the manufacturer and the testing authority and details should be included in the test report. If special equipment is required then it should be provided by the manufacturer. band-stop filter (for the SINAD meter): the characteristics of the band-stop filter used in the audio distortion factor meter and SINAD meter should be such that at the output the 1 000 Hz tone will be attenuated by at least 40 dB and at 2 000 Hz the attenuation will not exceed 0,6 dB. The filter characteristic should be flat within 0,6 dB over the ranges 20 Hz to 500 Hz and 2 000 Hz to 4 000 Hz. In the absence of modulation the filter should not cause more than 1 dB attenuation of the total noise power of the audio frequency output of the receiver under test combining network: a multipole network allowing the addition of two or more test signals produced by different sources for connection to a receiver input. Sources of test signals should be connected in such a way that the impedance presented to the receiver should be 5O Ω. The effects of any intermodulation products and noise produced in the signal generators should be negligible correction: value which, added algebraically to the uncorrected result of a measurement, compensates for assumed systematic error correction factor: numerical factor by which the uncorrected result of a measurement is multiplied to compensate for an assumed systematic error duplex filter: a device fitted internally or externally to a transmitter/receiver combination to allow simultaneous transmission and reception with a single antenna connection ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 13 extreme test conditions: test conditions defined in terms of temperature and supply voltage. Tests should be made with the extremes of temperature and voltage applied simultaneously. The upper and lower temperature limits are specified in the relevant ETS. The test report should state the actual temperatures measured When extreme temperatures are applied to the equipment, provisions have to be made so that thermal balance has been reached and that condensation does not occur. Further details will be specified in the relevant ETS or EN. The extreme test voltage for equipment to be connected to an AC supply should be the nominal mains voltage ±10 %. The extreme test voltages for equipment intended for use with lead acid batteries fitted on vehicles and charged from a regulator should be 0,9 and 1,3 times the nominal voltage of the battery. The lower extreme test voltages for equipment with power sources using other types of batteries should be as follows: 1) For the Leclanché or lithium type of cell, 0,85 times the nominal voltage of the battery. 2) For the mercury or nickel-cadmium type of cell, 0,9 times the nominal voltage of the battery. 3) For other types of batteries, the end point voltage declared by the equipment manufacturer. The upper extreme test voltage should be the nominal voltage of the battery. For equipment using other power sources, or capable of being operated from a variety of power sources, the extreme test voltages should be those agreed between the equipment manufacturer and the type testing authority and should be recorded with the results. intermittent operation: the manufacturer should state the maximum time that the equipment is intended to transmit and the necessary standby period before repeating a transmit period limited Frequency Range: a specified smaller frequency range within the full frequency range over which the measurement is made The details of the calculation of the limited frequency range should be given in the relevant ETS or EN. The limited frequency range should be used in the measurement of receiver spurious response immunity to enable a detailed search for responses close to the wanted frequency. Outside the limited frequency range the receiver spurious response immunity should be measured at frequencies where it is calculated that a spurious response could occur. maximum permissible frequency deviation: the maximum value of frequency deviation stated for the relevant channel separation and is shown in table 1: Table 1 Channel separation (kHz) Maximum permissible frequency deviation (kHz) 12,5 ±2,5 20,0 ±4,0 25,0 ±5,0 NOTE: The above values of deviation are equal to 20 % of the channel separation. measurement uncertainty: an estimate characterizing the range of values within which the true value of a measurand lies nominal frequency: one of the channel frequencies on which the equipment is designed to operate nominal mains voltage: the declared voltage or any of the declared voltages for which the equipment was designed normal test conditions: test conditions defined in terms of temperature, humidity and supply voltage ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 14 The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests should be any convenient combination of temperature and humidity within the following ranges: • Temperature: +15°C to +35°C; • Relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %. The actual temperature and humidity should be recorded in the test report for each measurement. If it is impractical to carry out the tests under the foregoing conditions, a note stating that the actual temperature and humidity were outside normal test conditions should be added to the report. The normal test voltage for equipment connected to the mains should be the nominal mains voltage. The frequency of the nominal mains voltage should be between 49 Hz and 51 Hz. The normal test voltage for equipment intended for use with lead acid batteries fitted on vehicles and charged from a regulator should be 1,1 times the nominal voltage of the battery. The nominal voltage of a lead acid cell should be taken to be 2 V. If other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary) are required for operation then the normal test voltage should be that declared by the equipment manufacturer. normal deviation: the frequency deviation for analogue signals which is equal to 12 % of the channel separation psophometric weighting network: as described in ITU-T Recommendation O.41 [13] rated audio output power: the maximum output power under normal test conditions, and at standard test modulations (A- M1, see subclause 2.2.18), as declared by the manufacturer rated radio frequency output power: the maximum carrier power under normal test conditions, as declared by the manufacturer SINAD: acronym for "signal plus noise plus distortion to noise plus distortion ratio" expressed in decibels test load: a 50 Ωsubstantially non-reactive, non-radiating power attenuator which is capable of safely dissipating the power from the transmitter test modulation: a baseband signal which modulates a carrier and is dependent upon the type of equipment under test and also the measurement to be performed • Signals for analogue speech: A-M1: A 1 000 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the channel separation. A-M2: A 1 250 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the channel separation. A-M3: A 400 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the channel separation. This signal is used as an unwanted signal for analogue and digital measurements. • Signals for data (bit stream): The level of deviation used in digital measurements is system and method dependent (sub-carrier or direct modulation) and should be agreed between the testing authority and the supplier. At no time will it exceed 20 % of the channel separation. D-M0: A signal representing an infinite series of '0' bits. D-M1: A signal representing an infinite series of '1' bits. D-M2: A signal representing a pseudorandom bit sequence of at least 511 bits in accordance with CCITT Recommendation O.153 [14]. This sequence should be continuously repeated. This signal is used as a wanted signal. In the case of digital duplex measurements it is also used to modulate the transmitter but the sequence should start at a different time from the signal modulating the receiver. • Signals for data (messages): ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 15 D-M3: A test signal should be agreed between the testing authority and the manufacturer in the cases where it is not possible to measure a bit stream or if selective messages are used and are generated or decoded within an equipment. The agreed test signal may be formatted and may contain error detection and correction. For test purposes if special equipment is required to generate or indicate correct acceptance of the messages then it should be supplied by the manufacturer. Details of the test signal should be supplied in the test report. trigger device: a circuit or mechanism to trigger the oscilloscope timebase at the required instant. It may control the transmit function or inversely receive an appropriate command from the transmitter upper specified audio frequency limit: the maximum audio frequency of the audio pass-band and is dependent on the channel separation • For 20 kHz and 25 kHz channel separated systems the limit is 3 000 Hz; • for 12,5 kHz channel separated systems the limit is 2 550 Hz. wanted signal level: for conducted measurements the wanted signal level is defined as a level of +6 dB/µV emf referred to the receiver input under normal test conditions. Under extreme test conditions the value is +12 dB/µV emf For radiated measurements the wanted signal is defined as a field strength given in table 2: Table 2 Frequency Band Field strength in dB relative to 1 µµµµV/m (MHz) Normal test conditions Extreme test conditions 25 to < 100 14 20 100 to < 230 20 26 230 to < 470 26 32 470 to 1 000 32 38 For analogue measurements the wanted signal level has been chosen to be equal to the limit value of the measured usable sensitivity. For bit stream and message measurements the wanted signal has been chosen to be +3 dB above the limit value of measured usable sensitivity.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	3.2 Abbreviations	For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AC Alternating Current AF Audio Frequency D Distance in metres from equipment under test to the point at which measurements are made DC Direct Current emf electromotive force EUT Equipment Under Test IF Intermediate Frequency LPDA Log Periodic Directional Antenna NaCl Sodium chloride RF Radio Frequency rms root mean square Rx Receiver SINAD SIgnal plus Noise And Distortion divided by noise plus distortion TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TEM Transverse Electromagnetic wave ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 16 Tx Transmitter VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4 General arrangements
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1 Power measuring receiver	A power measuring receiver is used for the measurement of the adjacent channel power of a transmitter. There are three different types of receiver that come under the general heading of power measuring receiver. They are: - a Spectrum Analyser; - a Measuring receiver with digital filters; - an Adjacent Channel Power Meter with mechanical filters.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.1 Spectrum analyser	To use a spectrum analyser in the measurement of adjacent channel power, the transmitter under test is connected via a matching and attenuating network and the level of the carrier recorded as reference. The adjacent channel power is then calculated from 9 spectrum analyser sample readings by means of Simpson's Rule. This method is usually employed for channel spacings outside the land mobile range, such as 50 kHz or 100 kHz. The uncertainty of this measurement is of the order of ±2 dB to ±3 dB.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.2 Measuring receiver with digital filters	The transmitter under test is connected to a measuring receiver with digital filters through a matching and attenuating network as in the adjacent channel power meter method above. This method involves the measurement of the transmitter adjacent channel power by sampling the power in the adjacent channels. The measuring receiver with digital filters is normally for 10 kHz 12,5 kHz 20 kHz and 25 kHz channel spacings. The uncertainty of this measurement is of the order of ±0,5 dB to ±1 dB.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.3 Adjacent channel power meter	The transmitter under test is connected to an adjacent channel power meter through a matching and attenuating network. The meter consists of a mixer, an IF filter, an amplifier, a variable attenuator and a level indicator, as shown in figure 1. The local oscillator signal for the adjacent channel power meter is usually a low noise signal generator. Input Mixer IF Filter Amplifier/ Attenuator Level indicator Oscillator Figure 1: Schematic of an adjacent channel power meter The test method involves the measurement of the transmitter adjacent channel power by off-setting the IF filter which has a very well defined shape. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 17
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.3.1 IF filter	The IF filter should be within the limits of the selectivity characteristics given in figure 2. Depending on the channel separation, the selectivity characteristics should keep the frequency separations and tolerances given in table 2A. The minimum attenuation of the filter outside the 90 dB attenuation points should be equal to or greater than 90 dB. NOTE 1: A symmetrical filter can be used provided that each side meets the tighter tolerances and the D0 points have been calibrated relative to the -6 dB response. When a non-symmetrical filter is used the receiver should be designed such that the tighter tolerance is used close to the carrier. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 18 D4' D4 D3' D3 D2' D1' D0 D1 dB 90 26 6 2 0 D2 Nominal frequency of the EUT Nominal frequency of the lower adjacent channel Nominal frequency of the upper adjacent channel D4' D4 D3' D3 D2' D1' D0 D1 D2 kHz kHz NOTE: This lower adjacent filter shape is a mirror image of the upper adjacent channel. Figure 2: Power measuring receiver filter shape ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 19 Table 2A: Power measuring filter shape Point Attenuation relative to passband (dB) Distance in kHz from D2 (-6 dB ref.) for channel separations of: 10 kHz 12,5 kHz 20 kHz 25 kHz D4 90 -5,25 * -5,25 * -5,25 * D3 26 -1,25 * -1,25 * -1,25 * D2 6 0 0 0 D1 2 1,25 * 3,00 * 3,00 * D0 0, +2 4,25 ±±±± 0,1 7,00 ±±±± 0,1 8,00 ±±±± 0,1 D1' 2 7,25 ±±±± 2,0 11,00 ±±±± 3,0 13,00 ±±±± 3,5 D2' 6 8,50 ±±±± 2,0 14,00 ±±±± 3,0 16,00 ±±±± 3,5 D3' 26 9,75 ±±±± 2,0 15,25 ±±±± 3,0 17,25 ±±±± 3,5 D4' 90 13,75 + 2,0 - 6,0 19,25 + 3,0 - 7,0 21,25 + 3,5 - 7,5 NOTE 2: The values with an asterisk appended are maximum distances from the D2 reference. NOTE 3: D0 is the nominal centre of the template of the filter and may be used as the reference with respect to the nominal frequency of the adjacent channel. Caution should be exercised when a non-symmetrical filter is used. In these cases the meter should have been designed such that the tighter tolerance filter slope is used close to the carrier. This type of equipment is used to measure adjacent channel power in systems employing channel spacings of 10 kHz, 12,5 kHz, 20 kHz and 25 kHz. The uncertainty of this measurement is of the order of ±3 dB to ±4 dB.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.3.2 Oscillator and amplifier	The measurement of the reference frequencies and the setting of the local oscillator frequency should be within ±50 Hz. The mixer, oscillator and the amplifier should be designed in such a way that the measurement of the adjacent channel power of an unmodulated test signal source, whose noise has a negligible influence on the measurement result, yields a measured value of ≤-90 dB for channel separation of 20 kHz and 25 kHz and of ≤-80 dB for a channel separation of 12,5 kHz referred to the level of the test signal source. The linearity of the amplifier should be such that an error in the reading of no more than 1,5 dB will be obtained over an input level variation of 100 dB.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.3.3 Attenuation indicator	The attenuation indicator should have a minimum range of 80 dB and a resolution of 1 dB.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.3.4 Level indicators	Two level indicators are required to cover the rms and the peak transient measurement.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.3.4.1 Rms level indicator	The rms level indicator should indicate non-sinusoidal signals accurately within a ratio of 10:1 between peak value and rms value.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.1.3.4.2 Peak level indicator	The peak level indicator should indicate accurately and store the peak power level. For the transient power measurement the indicator bandwidth should be greater than twice the channel separation. A storage oscilloscope or a spectrum analyser may be used as a peak level indicator. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 20
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.2 Test discriminator	The test discriminator consists of a mixer and local oscillator (auxiliary frequency) to convert the transmitter frequency to be measured into the frequency of a broadband limiter amplifier and of a broadband discriminator with the following characteristics: • The discriminator should be sensitive and accurate enough to cope with transmitter carrier powers as low as 1 mW. • The discriminator should be fast enough to display the frequency deviation (approximately 100 kHz/100 ms). • The discriminator output should be DC coupled.
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197	100 027	4.3 Test sites	There are four test sites which may be used for determining absolute values during radiated tests. These are the Anechoic Chamber, an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane, an Open Area Test Site and a Stripline. These test sites are generally referred to as free field test sites. An additional type of test site is the Test Fixture. However, this can only be used for relative measurements since the coupling mechanism between the coupling probe and an EUT is generally too complex to model theoretically. All five test sites are discussed below.

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