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8.1.5 Intermodulation immunity
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8.1.5.1 Intermodulation immunity for analogue speech
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8.1.5.1.1 Definition
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The intermodulation immunity for analogue speech is a measure of the capability of a receiver to receive a wanted modulated signal at the nominal frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of two or more unwanted signals with a specific frequency relationship to the wanted signal frequency. For the purpose of this measurement it is specified as the ratio in decibels of the common level of two equal unwanted signals to a specified level of the wanted signal at the receiver input, which produces through a psophometric weighting network a SINAD ratio of 14 dB.
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8.1.5.1.2 Method of measurement
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Signal generator C Combiner Psophometric weighting network and SINAD meter Signal generator A Signal generator B Receiver under test AF load/ acoustic coupler Figure 65: Measurement arrangement a) Three signal generators, A, B and C should be connected to the receiver via a combining network. The wanted signal, represented by signal generator A, should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation A-M1. The unwanted signal, represented by signal generator B, should be unmodulated and adjusted to the frequency 50 kHz above the nominal frequency of the receiver. The second unwanted signal, represented by signal generator C, should have test modulation A-M3 and adjusted to a frequency 100 kHz above the nominal frequency of the receiver. b) Initially the unwanted signals should be switched off and the amplitude of signal generator A should be adjusted to the wanted signal level when measured at the receiver input. c) The two unwanted signals should then be switched on. The amplitude of the two unwanted signals should be maintained equal and should be adjusted until the SINAD ratio, through a psophometric weighting network is reduced to 14 dB. The frequency of signal generator B should be adjusted to produce the maximum degradation of the SINAD ratio. The level of the two unwanted test signals should be readjusted to restore the SINAD ratio of 14 dB. This level should be recorded. d) The intermodulation immunity for analogue speech should be recorded as the ratio in dB of the level of the unwanted signals recorded in step c) to the level of the wanted signal. e) The measurements should be repeated with the unwanted signal generator B at the frequency 50 kHz below that of the wanted signal and the frequency of the unwanted signal generator C at the frequency 100 kHz below that of the wanted signal.
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8.1.5.2 Intermodulation immunity for bit stream
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8.1.5.2.1 Definition
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The intermodulation immunity for bit stream is a measure of the capability of a receiver to receive a wanted modulated signal at the nominal frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of two or more unwanted signals with a specific frequency relationship to the wanted signal frequency. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 111 For the purpose of this measurement it is specified as the ratio in decibels of the common level of two equal unwanted signals to a specified level of the wanted signal at the receiver input for which the bit error ratio is 10-2.
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8.1.5.2.2 Method of measurement
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Bit stream generator Bit error measuring test set Termination Signal generator A Receiver under test Signal generator C Combiner Signal generator B Figure 66: Measurement arrangement a) Three signal generators, A, B and C should be connected to the receiver via a combining network. The wanted signal, represented by signal generator A, should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation D-M2. The unwanted signal, represented by signal generator B, should be unmodulated and adjusted to the frequency 50 kHz above the nominal frequency of the receiver. The second unwanted signal, represented by signal generator C, should have test modulation A-M3 and adjusted to a frequency 100 kHz above the nominal frequency of the receiver. b) Initially signal generators B and C will be switched off and the amplitude of signal generator A should be adjusted to the wanted signal level when measured at the receiver input. c) Signal generators B and C should then be switched on. The output levels of the two signal generators should be maintained equal and adjusted to a value such that a bit error ratio of about 10-1 is obtained. d) The wanted signal should then be transmitted whilst observing the bit error ratio. The level of the unwanted signals should be reduced in steps of 1 dB until a bit error ratio of 10-2 or better is obtained. This level should be recorded. e) The intermodulation immunity for bit stream should be recorded as the ratio in dB of the level of the unwanted signals recorded in step d) to the level of the wanted signal. f) The measurement should be repeated with the unwanted signal generator B at the frequency 50 kHz below that of the wanted signal and the frequency of the unwanted signal generator C at the frequency 100 kHz below that of the wanted signal.
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8.1.5.3 Intermodulation immunity for messages
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8.1.5.3.1 Definition
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The intermodulation immunity for messages is a measure of the capability of a receiver to receive a wanted signal at the nominal frequency modulated by a test signal without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of two or more unwanted signals with a specific frequency relationship to the wanted signal frequency. For the purpose of this measurement it is specified as the ratio in decibels of the common level of two equal unwanted signals to a specified level of the wanted signal at the receiver input, for which the message acceptance ratio is 80 %. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 112
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8.1.5.3.2 Method of measurement
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Message generator Response measuring test set Termination Signal generator A Receiver under test Signal generator C Combiner Signal generator B Figure 67: Measurement arrangement a) Three signal generators, A, B and C should be connected to the receiver via a combining network. The wanted signal, represented by signal generator A, should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation D-M3. The unwanted signal, represented by the signal generator B, should be unmodulated and adjusted to the frequency 50 kHz above the nominal frequency of the receiver. The second unwanted signal, represented by the signal generator C, should have test modulation A-M3 and should be adjusted to a frequency 100 kHz above the nominal frequency. b) Initially signal generators B and C will be switched off and the amplitude of signal generator A should be adjusted to the wanted signal level when measured at the receiver input. c) The wanted signal should then be transmitted repeatedly and signal generators B and C should be switched on. The output levels of the two signal generators should be maintained equal and adjusted to a value such that a successful message ratio of less then 10 % is obtained. d) The levels of the unwanted signals should be reduced by 2 dB for each occasion that a successful response is not observed. The procedure should be continued until three consecutive successful responses are observed. The level of the input signal should then be recorded. e) The unwanted input signals should then be increased by 1 dB and the new value recorded. The wanted signal should then be continuously repeated. In each case if a response is not obtained the level of the unwanted signals should be reduced by 1 dB and the new value recorded. If a successful response is obtained, the level of the unwanted signals should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been obtained. In this case the unwanted signals should be increased by 1 dB and the new value recorded. No levels of the unwanted signals should be recorded unless preceded by a change in level. The measurement should be stopped after a total of 10 values have been recorded. f) The intermodulation immunity for messages should be recorded as the ratio in dB of the average of the levels of the unwanted signals recorded in steps d) and e) to the level of the wanted input signal. g) The measurements should be repeated with the unwanted signal generator B at the frequency 50 kHz below that of the wanted signal and the frequency of the unwanted signal generator C at the frequency 100 kHz below that of the wanted signal. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 113
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8.1.6 Blocking immunity or desensitization
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100 027
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8.1.6.1 Blocking immunity or desensitization for analogue speech
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100 027
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8.1.6.1.1 Definition
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Blocking immunity or desensitization for analogue speech is a measure of the capability of the receiver to receive the wanted modulated signal at the nominal frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of an unwanted unmodulated high input signal. It is specified as the ratio in decibels of the level of the unwanted signal to a specified level of the wanted signal at the receiver input, which produces through a psophometric weighting network either a SINAD ratio of 14 dB (blocking immunity) or a power reduction of 3 dB in the receiver audio output power (desensitization).
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8.1.6.1.2 Method of measurement
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Signal generator A Signal generator B Combiner Receiver under test AF load/ acoustic coupler Psophometric weighting network and SINAD meter Figure 68: Measurement Arrangement a) Two signal generators A and B should be connected to the receiver input via a combining network. The wanted signal, represented by signal generator A, should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation A-M1. b) Initially the unwanted signal, represented by signal generator B, should be switched off and the amplitude of signal generator A should be adjusted to the wanted signal level when measured at the receiver input. c) The unwanted signal should be unmodulated. Its frequency should be placed at least 1 MHz away of the carrier frequency and its level should be increased until a reduction in the receiver output power or a reduction of the SINAD ratio at the receiver output is observed. d) Maintaining this level constant the frequency of the unwanted signal should be varied between +1 MHz and +10 MHz, also between -1 MHz and -10 MHz relative to the nominal frequency of the receiver. However for practical reasons the measurements should be carried out at certain frequencies of the unwanted signal at approximately ±1 MHz, ±2 MHz, ±5 MHz and ±10 MHz relative to the nominal frequency of the receiver. The frequency at which the greatest degradation occurs should be noted taking care to be sure that it is not a spurious response. e) The level of the unwanted signal should then be adjusted to give: a) a reduction of 3 dB in the receiver audio output power; or b) a reduction to 14 dB of the SINAD ratio at the receiver output; whichever occurs first. This level should be recorded. f) The blocking ratio for analogue speech should be recorded as the ratio in dB between the level of the unwanted signal to the level of the wanted signal, at the receiver input. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 114
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8.1.6.2 Blocking immunity for bit stream
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8.1.6.2.1 Definition
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Blocking immunity for bit stream is a measure of the capability of the receiver to receive the wanted modulated signal at the nominal frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of an unwanted unmodulated high input signal. It is specified as the ratio in decibels of the level of the unwanted signal to a specified level of the wanted signal at the receiver input for which the bit error ratio is 10-2.
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8.1.6.2.2 Method of measurement
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Bit stream generator Bit error measuring test set Termination Signal generator A Receiver under test Signal generator B Combiner Figure 69: Measurement arrangement a) Two signal generators A and B should be connected to the receiver input via a combining network. The wanted signal, represented by signal generator A, should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation D-M2. b) Initially the unwanted signal, represented by the signal generator B, should be switched off and the amplitude of signal generator A should be adjusted to the wanted signal level when measured at the receiver input. c) The unwanted signal should be unmodulated and its frequency should be varied between +1 MHz and +10 MHz, also between -1 MHz and -10 MHz relative to the nominal frequency of the receiver. However for practical reasons the measurements should be carried out at certain frequencies of the unwanted signal at approximately ±1 MHz, ±2 MHz, ±5 MHz and ±10 MHz. Any of these frequencies should be one at which no spurious response has been detected. The level of the unwanted signal should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of less then 10-1 is obtained. d) The wanted signal should then be transmitted whilst observing the bit error ratio. The level of the unwanted signal should be reduced in steps of 1 dB until a bit error ratio of 10-2 or better is obtained. The level of the unwanted signal should then be recorded in each case. e) The blocking level for bit stream is recorded as the lower value of the ratios in dB, of each measurement above, of the level of the unwanted signal to the level of the wanted signal, at the receiver input. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 115
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8.1.6.3 Blocking immunity for messages
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8.1.6.3.1 Definition
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Blocking immunity for messages is a measure of the capability of the receiver to receive the wanted modulated signal at the nominal frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of an unwanted unmodulated high input signal. It is specified as the ratio in decibels of the level of the unwanted signal to a specified level of the wanted signal at the receiver input for which the message acceptance ratio is 80 %.
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8.1.6.3.2 Method of measurement
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Message generator Response measuring test set Termination Signal generator A Receiver under test Signal generator B Combiner Figure 70: Measurement arrangement a) Two signal generators A and B should be connected to the receiver input via a combining network. The wanted signal, represented by signal generator A, should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation D-M3. b) Initially the unwanted signal, represented by the signal generator B, should be switched off and the amplitude of signal generator A should be adjusted to the wanted signal level when measured at the receiver input. c) The wanted signal should then be transmitted repeatedly and the signal generator B should be switched on. The unwanted signal should be unmodulated and its frequency should be selected in the range +1 MHz ±10 % relative to the nominal frequency of the receiver. This frequency should be one at which no spurious response has been detected. The level of the unwanted signal should be adjusted until a successful message ratio of less than 10 % is obtained. d) The level of the unwanted signal should be reduced by 2 dB for each occasion that a successful response is not observed. The procedure should be continued until three consecutive successful responses are observed. The level of the input signal should then be recorded. e) The unwanted input signal should then be increased by 1 dB and the new value recorded. The wanted signal should then be continuously repeated. In each case if a response is not obtained the level of the unwanted signal should be reduced by 1 dB and the new value recorded. If a successful response is obtained, the level of the unwanted signal should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been obtained. In this case the unwanted signal should be increased by 1 dB and the new value recorded. No levels of the unwanted signal should be recorded unless preceded by a change in level. The measurement should be stopped after a total of 10 values have been recorded. f) Repeat the measurements for frequency of the unwanted signal selected in the range -1 MHz ±10 % relative to the nominal frequency of the receiver. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 116 g) The blocking level for messages is recorded as the lower value of the ratios in dB, of the two measurements above, of the average of the levels of the unwanted signal recorded in steps d) and e) to the level of the wanted signal.
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8.1.7 Conducted spurious components
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8.1.7.1 Definition
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Conducted spurious components are discrete radio frequency signals conveyed from the antenna socket by conduction to the test load. They are specified as the power level of any discrete signal delivered into a test load within the specified frequency range.
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8.1.7.2 Method of measurement
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Signal generator Receiver under test Test load Spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter Figure 71: Measurement arrangement A test load may be used to protect the spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter against damage when testing a receiver combined in one unit with a transmitter. The spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter used should have sufficient dynamic range and sensitivity to achieve the required measurement accuracy at the specified limit. a) The receiver input terminals should be connected to a spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter having an input impedance of 50 Ωand the receiver is switched on. b) The frequency of the spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter should be adjusted over the specified frequency range. The frequency and the absolute power level of each of the spurious components found should be recorded. c) If the detecting device is not calibrated in terms of power input, the level of any detected components should be determined by replacing the receiver by the signal generator and adjusting it to reproduce the frequency and level of every spurious component recorded in step b). The absolute power level of each spurious component should be recorded.
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8.1.8 Amplitude characteristic for analogue speech
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8.1.8.1 Definition
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The amplitude characteristic for analogue speech of the receiver is the relationship between the radio frequency input level and the audio frequency level at the receiver output.
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8.1.8.2 Method of measurement
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Signal generator Receiver under test AF load/ acoustic coupler rms voltmeter Figure 72: Measurement arrangement ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 117 a) A signal generator should be connected to the receiver input. The signal generator should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should be modulated by test modulation A-M1 and should be adjusted to the wanted signal level. The audio output should be adjusted to give a level of approximately 25 % of the rated audio output power. The level should be recorded. b) The input signal should be increased to an emf of +100 dBµV and the level of the audio output should be recorded. c) The amplitude characteristics of the receiver is recorded as the change of level of the audio output measured in steps a) and b) above expressed in dB.
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8.1.9 Audio frequency response for analogue speech
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8.1.9.1 Definition
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The audio frequency response for analogue speech is the variation of the level of the audio frequency output of the receiver as a function of change of the frequency of the modulation.
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8.1.9.2 Method of measurement
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Signal generator Receiver under test AF load/ acoustic coupler rms voltmeter Figure 73: Measurement arrangement a) An audio frequency load and an rms voltmeter should be connected to the receiver output terminals. A signal generator at the nominal frequency of the receiver and with test modulation A-M1 should be connected to the receiver input. b) The signal generator output should be adjusted to a level of +60 dBµV emf. Where possible, the receiver volume control should be adjusted to give at least 50 % of the rated audio output power and, in the case of stepped volume controls, to the first step that provides an output power of at least 50 % of the rated audio output power. c) The frequency deviation at 1 000 Hz should be reduced to 20 % of the maximum permissible frequency deviation. The deviation should remain constant while the modulating frequency is varied between 300 Hz and its upper audio frequency limit. d) The variation of the receiver output should be recorded at suitable intervals of modulation frequency. e) The measurement should be repeated with the carrier frequency offset by plus and minus half the absolute limit value of the frequency tolerance for the corresponding transmitter.
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8.1.10 Harmonic distortion for analogue speech
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8.1.10.1 Definition
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The harmonic distortion for analogue speech of a receiver output is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the rms voltage of all the harmonic components of the fundamental audio frequency to the total rms voltage at the output. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 118
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8.1.10.2 Method of measurement
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Signal generator Receiver under test AF load/ acoustic coupler Audio output meter Distortion meter Figure 74: Measurement arrangement a) An audio frequency load, audio power meter and a distortion meter should be connected to the receiver output terminal. A signal generator at the nominal frequency of the receiver and with test modulation A-M1 should be connected to the receiver input. b) The signal generator level should be adjusted to a level of +60 dBµV emf and the receiver volume control should be adjusted to the manufacturers rated audio output power into the stated resistive load. In the case of a stepped power control it should be the first position which gives a power level not less than the rated audio output power. c) − Phase modulation: The test signal should be modulated successively at frequencies of 300 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 000 Hz maintaining a constant modulation index (i.e. keeping the ratio of frequency deviation to the modulating frequency constant. This is the index which produces 60 % of the maximum permissible frequency deviation when modulated at 1 000 Hz. − Frequency modulation: The test signal should be modulated successively at frequencies of 300 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 000 Hz with a frequency deviation equal to 60 % of the maximum permissible frequency deviation. d) The harmonic distortion should be measured and recorded at each of the frequencies. e) The tests b) to d) above should be repeated with the signal generator output at a level of +100 dBµV emf. f) The measurement should be repeated under extreme test conditions with the modulating signal at 1 000 Hz and the frequency deviation equal to 70 % of the maximum permissible frequency deviation at the nominal frequency and also with the carrier frequency offset by plus and minus half the limit value of the frequency tolerance for the corresponding transmitter.
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8.1.11 Hum and noise for analogue speech
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8.1.11.1 Definition
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The "hum and noise" of a receiver for analogue speech is the ratio, expressed in decibels, of the audio frequency power output produced by a radio frequency test signal without modulation to the audio frequency power output produced by a signal with specified test modulation.
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100 027
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8.1.11.2 Method of measurement
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Signal generator Receiver under test AF load/ acoustic coupler rms voltmeter with psophometric filter Figure 75: Measurement arrangement ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 119 a) An audio frequency load and an rms voltmeter with psophometric weighting network should be connected to the receiver output terminals. b) A signal generator should be connected to the receiver input. The signal generator should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation A-M1. The signal generator output should be adjusted to a level of +30 dBµV emf. c) The receiver volume control should be adjusted to the manufacturers rated audio output power into the stated resistive load. In the case of a stepped power control it should be the first position which gives a power level not less than the rated audio output power. d) The output level should be recorded. e) The modulation should be removed and the new level recorded. f) The "hum and noise" for analogue speech should be recorded as is the ratio of the values recorded in steps e) and d) expressed in dB.
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8.1.12 Multipath sensitivity
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8.1.12.1 Multipath sensitivity for bit stream
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8.1.12.1.1 Definition
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The multipath sensitivity for bit stream of the receiver is the rms value of the level of a Rayleigh fading signal, at the receiver input, at the nominal frequency of the receiver with test modulation D-M2 signal which produces a bit error ratio of 10-2.
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8.1.12.1.2 Method of measurements
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Bit stream generator Bit error measuring test set Termination Signal generator Receiver under test Rayleigh fading simulator Figure 76: Measuring arrangement The Rayleigh fading simulator may consist of two uncorrelated digital pseudorandom generators with third order digital filters to shape the noise power spectra. The bandwidth corresponds to the Doppler shift of the simulated speed. The two noise sources modulate two RF signals 90 degrees out of phase. The combined signal has a Rayleigh distributed amplitude. Diversity reception Rayleigh fading simulators should have a cross-correlation coefficient less than 0,1. a) The signal generator should be connected to the receiver input via a Rayleigh fading simulator, adjusted for a 10 km/h simulated vehicle speed. The signal generator should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation D-M2. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 120 b) The method of measurement of measured usable sensitivity for bit stream should then be applied, except that the minimum length of the bit pattern should be 2 500 bits or: 43 200 x (bit rate) (vehicle speed in km/h) x (operating frequency in MHz) which ever is the greater. c) If an error correcting code is used the measurement should be repeated for the other specified values for the vehicle speed. d) The amplitude of the signal at the input of the receiver should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained. e) The rms value of the level applied at the input of the receiver should be recorded (in dBV emf) as being the multipath sensitivity. f) Whenever needed, the degradation factor of the measured usable sensitivity for bit stream due to the effect of fading should be obtained by the difference between the value recorded in step e) and the corresponding value recorded previously (as defined in subclause 8.1.1.2 step c). g) Return to step a), apply a 50 km/h simulated vehicle speed and repeat steps b) to f). h) Return to step a), apply a 90 km/h simulated vehicle speed and repeat steps b) to f).
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8.1.12.2 Multipath sensitivity for messages
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8.1.12.2.1 Definition
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The multipath sensitivity for messages of the receiver is the rms value of the level of a Rayleigh fading signal, at the receiver input, at the nominal frequency of the receiver with test modulation D-M3 signal which produces a specified successful message ratio of 80 %.
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100 027
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8.1.12.2.2 Method of measurements
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Message generator Response measuring test set Termination Signal generator Receiver under test Rayleigh fading simulator Figure 77: Measuring arrangement The Rayleigh fading simulator may consist of two uncorrelated digital pseudorandom generators with third order digital filters to shape the noise power spectra. The bandwidth corresponds to the doppler shift of the simulated speed. The two noise sources modulate two RF signals 90 degrees out of phase. It can be shown that the combined signal has a Rayleigh distributed amplitude. Diversity reception Rayleigh fading simulators should have a cross-correlation coefficient less than O.1. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 121 a) The signal generator should be connected to the receiver input via a Rayleigh fading simulator, adjusted for a 90 km/h simulated vehicle speed. The signal generator should be at the nominal frequency of the receiver and should have test modulation D-M2. b) The method of measurement of measured usable sensitivity for messages steps b) to d) should then be used. c) The multipath sensitivity for messages is the average of the values recorded in step b). d) Whenever needed, the degradation factor of the measured usable sensitivity for messages due to the effect of fading should be obtained by the difference between the value recorded in step c) and the corresponding value recorded previously (as defined in subclause 8.1.1.3 step e). e) Return to step a), apply a 50 km/h simulated vehicle speed and repeat steps b) to d). f) Return to step a), apply a 90 km/h simulated vehicle speed and repeat steps b) to d).
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100 027
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8.1.13 Bit error ratio at high input levels
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8.1.13.1 Definition
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The bit error ratio is the ratio of the number of bits incorrectly received to the total number of bits received.
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8.1.13.2 Method of measurement
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Bit stream generator Bit error measuring test set Termination Signal generator Receiver under test Figure 78: Measurement arrangement a) A signal generator should be connected to the receiver input. The signal generator should be, at the nominal frequency and should have test modulation D-M2. b) The amplitude at the signal generator should be adjusted to a level at 30 dB above the level of the wanted signal level. c) The number of errors that occur at the receiver output, during a period of 3 minutes, is counted. d) The bit error ratio should be recorded as the ratio of the number of bits incorrectly received to the total number of bits received. e) The measurement should be repeated with the input signal of the receiver at a level of 100 dB above the level of the wanted signal level. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 122
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8.1.14 Opening delay for data
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8.1.14.1 Definition
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The receiver opening delay is the time which elapses between the application of a test signal to the receiver and the establishment of the receiving condition.
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8.1.14.2 Method of measurement
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Bit stream or message generator Signal generator Receiver under test Termination Delay time test set up Figure 79: Measuring arrangement a) A signal generator should be connected to the receiver input. The signal generator should be at the nominal frequency and should be adjusted to give a signal level at the receiver input 20 dB above the wanted signal level. b) The signal generator should have test modulation D-M2 or D-M3. c) When the D-M3 is used, the measurement is repeated three times. d) The delay between the application of the test signal to the receiver and the establishment of the receiving condition is measured.
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8.2 Radiated tests
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The tests carried out on receivers can be divided into two categories, namely sensitivity and immunity. Sensitivity tests determine how well a receiver can accept wanted signals in the absence of interference, whereas immunity tests, by involving 2 or 3 signal generators, determine the ability of a receiver to accept a wanted signal in the presence of different types of interference. The latter tests should, strictly speaking, contain the word "immunity" in their titles but, in the present document, historically well-established test names such as co-channel rejection and adjacent channel selectivity have been retained.
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8.2.1 Sensitivity tests (30 MHz to 1 000 MHz)
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The test method for measuring the maximum or average usable sensitivity of a receiver is in two parts. In the first part, a Transform Factor for the test site (i.e. the relationship in decibels between the output power level (in dBm) from the signal generator to the resulting electric field strength (in dBµV/m) at the point of test) is determined. In the second part, the sensitivity of the EUT is measured by finding the lowest output level from the signal generator which produces the required response at each of 8 angles in the horizontal plane. The receiver output depends on the type of information the receiver has been designed to demodulate. There are principally 3 different types of information: analogue speech, bit stream and messages. Definition For analogue speech: The maximum usable sensitivity expressed as field strength is the minimum of 8 field strength (in µV/m) measurements (at 45° increments in the horizontal plane) at the nominal frequency of the receiver and with specified test modulation, ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 123 which produces a SINAD ratio of 20 dB measured at the receiver input through a telephone psophometric weighting network. The starting horizontal angle is the reference orientation as stated by the manufacturer. The average usable sensitivity expressed as field strength is the average of 8 field strength (in µV/m) measurements (at 45° increments in the horizontal plane) at the nominal frequency of the receiver and with specified test modulation, which produces a SINAD ratio of 20 dB measured at the receiver input through a telephone psophometric weighting network. The starting horizontal angle is the reference orientation as stated by the manufacturer. For bit stream: The maximum usable sensitivity expressed as field strength is the minimum of 8 field strength (in µV/m) measurements (at 45° increments in the horizontal plane) at the nominal frequency of the receiver and with specified test modulation, which produces, after demodulation, a data signal with a bit error ratio of 10-2 measured at the receiver input. The starting horizontal angle is the reference orientation as stated by the manufacturer. The average usable sensitivity expressed as field strength is the average of 8 field strength (in µV/m) measurements (at 45° increments in the horizontal plane) at the nominal frequency of the receiver and with specified test modulation, which produces, after demodulation, a data signal with a bit error ratio of 10-2 measured at the receiver input. The starting horizontal angle is the reference orientation as stated by the manufacturer. For messages: The maximum usable sensitivity expressed as field strength is the minimum of 8 field strength (in µV/m) measurements (at 45° increments in the horizontal plane) at the nominal frequency of the receiver, and with specified test modulation, which produces, after demodulation, a message acceptance ratio of 80 % measured at the receiver input. The starting horizontal angle is the reference orientation as stated by the manufacturer. The average usable sensitivity expressed as field strength is the average of 8 field strength (in µV/m) measurements (at 45° increments in the horizontal plane) at the nominal frequency of the receiver and with specified test modulation, which produces, after demodulation, a message acceptance ratio of 80 % measured at the receiver input. The starting horizontal angle is the reference orientation as stated by the manufacturer.
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8.2.1.1 Anechoic Chamber
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8.2.1.1.1 Apparatus required
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- Digital voltmeter; - Ferrite beads; - 10 dB attenuators; - Power supply; - Connecting cables; - Anechoic Chamber; - Test antenna (half wavelength dipole as detailed in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] recommended); - Measuring antenna (half wavelength dipole as detailed in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] recommended); - RF Signal generator; - Receiving device (measuring receiver or spectrum analyser). Additional requirements for analogue speech: - AF source; - SINAD Meter (incorporating telephone psophometric weighting network); - Acoustic coupler (alternatively: audio load). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 124 Additional requirements for bit stream: - Bit stream generator; - Bit error measuring test set. Additional requirements for messages: - Acoustic coupler; - Message generator; - Response measuring test set. The types and serial numbers of all items of test equipment should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 29). NOTE: The half wavelength dipole antennas, incorporating matching/transforming baluns, for the procedure are available in the following bands: 20 MHz - 65 MHz, 65 MHz - 180 MHz, 180 MHz - 400 MHz, 400 MHz - 1 000 MHz. Constructional details are contained in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11]. In the recommended antenna scheme for this band, a shortened dipole is used at all frequencies from 30 MHz up to 80 MHz.
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8.2.1.1.2 Method of measurement
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Determination of the Transform Factor for the Anechoic Chamber 1 For this part of the test, it is necessary to position the measuring antenna within the chamber such that its phase centre is at the same point that the phase centre of the EUT will occupy in the second part of the test (the EUT being mounted in an orientation which matches that of its normal usage as declared by the manufacturer). The precise point should always be on the axis of rotation of the turntable, and either on the central axis of the chamber or at a convenient height within the quiet zone. The vertical offset of the phase centre of the EUT from the central axis (if any) should be either measured remotely or determined by sitting the EUT on the turntable. The vertical offset should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). NOTE 1: If the position of the phase centre within the EUT is unknown but the antenna is visible, then the vertical offset from the central axis of the point at which the antenna meets the case of the EUT should be used. If the phase centre is unknown and there is no visible antenna the volume centre of the EUT should be used instead. 2 The measuring antenna (in the recommended scheme: a tuned ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] half wavelength dipole for frequencies of 80 MHz and above, a shortened dipole for frequencies from 30 MHz up to 80 MHz) should be adjusted to correspond to the nominal frequency of the EUT and positioned with its phase centre on the axis of rotation of the turntable and at the same vertical offset from the central axis of the chamber (if any) as determined for the EUT in step 1. The measuring antenna should be oriented for vertical polarization. NOTE 2: For all frequencies below 80 MHz, a shortened dipole (as defined in subclause 6.2.3) should be used. The dipole arm length is defined from the centre of the balun block to the tip of the arm. From a fully extended state, each telescopic element, in turn, should be "pushed in" from the tip until the required length is obtained. The outermost section should fully compress before any of the others, and so on. Table 2 gives the dipole arm lengths and choice of balun for set frequencies. Where the test frequency does not correspond to a set frequency in the table, the arm length to be used should be determined by linear interpolation between the closest set values. NOTE 3: The turntable should be constructed from non-conducting, low relative dielectric constant (preferably less than 1,5) material(s). 3 The measuring antenna should be connected via a 10 dB attenuator and the calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable associated with that end of the chamber, to the receiving device. 4 The test antenna (identical to the measuring antenna) should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT and mounted with the height of its phase centre at the same vertical offset from the central axis of the chamber (if any) as the measuring antenna, so that the measurement axis is parallel to the central axis of the chamber. The test antenna should be oriented to the same polarization as the measuring antenna. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 125 NOTE 4: The measurement axis is the straight line joining the phase centres of the transmitting and receiving devices. 5 The test antenna should be connected via a 10 dB attenuator and the calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable associated with that end of the chamber, to the signal generator whose output should be unmodulated. See figure 80. The signal generator should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. Turntable Test antenna Measuring antenna Central axis of chamber Quiet zone 10 dB attenuator 10 dB attenuator Receiving device Signal generator Radio absorbing material Range length 3 m or 10 m Figure 80: Equipment layout for determining the Transfer Factor during Sensitivity tests in an Anechoic Chamber 6 The output level of the signal generator should be adjusted until a received signal level at least 20 dB above the noise floor is observed on the receiving device. 7 The received signal level (dBµV) appearing on the receiving device along with the output level from the signal generator (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). The Transform Factor for the chamber (i.e. the factor relating the output power level from the signal generator (dBm) to the resulting field strength (dBµV/m) at the point of measurement) should then be calculated according to the following formula: Transform Factor (dB) = received signal level (dBµV) + measuring antenna cable loss + measuring antenna attenuator loss + measuring antenna balun loss + mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factor (if applicable) + antenna factor of the measuring antenna - signal generator output level (dBm) NOTE 5: Guidance for deriving/calculating/finding the unknown values in the above formula for Transform Factor are given in table 28. The resulting values should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 126 The resulting value for the Transform Factor should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). Table 28: Guidance for deriving Transform Factor Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss: Obtained directly from the calibration data. Measuring antenna attenuator loss: Obtained from calibration data. Measuring antenna balun loss: If not known from calibration data, the value should be taken as 0,30 dB. Mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors between the test antenna and the measuring antenna: For ANSI dipoles (30 MHz to 180 MHz) values can be obtained from annex A: table A.19. For frequencies > 180 MHz, this value is 0,00 dB. For non-ANSI dipoles this value is 0,00 dB. Antenna factor of the measuring antenna: For ANSI dipoles: Antenna factor = 20 log10 (f) - 31,4 dB dB/m (where f is the frequency in MHz) For other types the value can be obtained from calibration data. Sensitivity measurement on the EUT 8 The measuring antenna should be replaced on the turntable by the EUT. The EUT should be positioned on the turntable such that its phase centre is in the same place as formerly occupied by the phase centre of the measuring antenna. NOTE 6: If the position of the phase centre within the EUT is unknown but the antenna is a single rod which is visible and vertical in normal usage, the axis of the antenna should be aligned with the axis of rotation of the turntable. If the phase centre is not known and there is no visible antenna the volume centre of the EUT should be aligned with the axis of rotation of the turntable. 9 The EUT should be mounted in an orientation which matches that of its normal usage as declared by the manufacturer. The normal to its reference face should point directly towards the antenna mast. This is the 0° reference angle for this test. This orientation and mounting configuration should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 29). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 127 Turntable Test antenna EUT Central axis of chamber Quiet zone 10 dB attenuator Signal generator Modulation detection Modulation source Power supply unit Digital voltmeter Radio absorbing material Range length 3 m or 10 m Figure 81: Anechoic Chamber set-up for Sensitivity tests on the EUT For analogue speech: 10a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a SINAD meter incorporating a telephone psophometric weighting network) through an AF load or by an acoustic coupler which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s) for EUTs not fitted with a direct connection. See figure 81. 10b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation AM-1 (produced by the AF source) and its output level should be adjusted until a psophometrically weighted SINAD ratio of 20 dB is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). 10c The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle step 10b should be repeated. 10d The 8 values of signal generator output power level resulting from steps 10b and 10c should be converted into field strength values by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB) 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20) The resulting values in µV/m should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). 10e The test procedure should now continue with step 11. For bit stream: 10a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a bit error measuring test set, which should also receive a direct input from the bit stream generator) by a direct connection. See figure 81. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 128 10b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-2 (produced by the bit stream generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). 10c The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle step 10b should be repeated. 10d The 8 values of signal generator output power level resulting from steps 10b and 10c should be converted into field strength values by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB) 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20) The resulting values in µV/m should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). 10e The test procedure should now continue with step 11. For messages: 10a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a response measuring test set) via an acoustic coupler (pipe) which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s). See figure 81. 10b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-3 (produced by the message generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a message acceptance ratio of < 10 % is obtained from the EUT. 10c The test message should be transmitted repeatedly from the test antenna, whilst observing for each message whether a successful response is obtained. The output level of the signal generator should be increased by 2 dB for each occasion that a successful response is NOT obtained. 10d Step 10c should be repeated until three consecutive successful responses are observed at the same output level from the signal generator. The output level from the signal generator should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). 10e The output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB. The new signal level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29) and the response of the EUT observed. 10f If a successful response is NOT obtained, the output signal level should be increased by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. If a successful response IS obtained, the input level should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. No signal levels should be recorded unless preceded by a change of level. 10g Step 10f should be repeated until a total of 10 recorded values for the signal generator output level have been entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). 10h The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle steps 10b to 10g should be repeated. 10i For each angle, the 10 recorded values of the signal generator output level (dBm) should be converted to field strength (µV/m) by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB) 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20) The resulting values in µV/m should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 129 10j For each angle, the 10 new recorded values of field strength in µV/m should be averaged according to the following formula: Average field strength (µV/m) = ( ) 10 1 2 1 10 field strength V/m i i i µ = = The resulting 8 average values should also be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29). 10k The procedure should continue with step 11. 11 For the maximum sensitivity test only, the lowest of the 8 values of field strength (µV/m) calculated during the multiple-stage step 10 represents the minimum field strength to which the EUT responds. This minimum value of field strength (µV/m) should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29) as the maximum sensitivity. 12 For the average sensitivity test only, the average of the 8 values of field strength (µV/m) calculated during the multiple-stage step 10 represents the average field strength to which the EUT responds. This average value of field strength in µV/m should now be calculated by the following: Average field strength (µV/m) = ( ) 8 1 2 1 8 field strength V/m i i i µ = = This average value of field strength (µV/m) should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 29) as the average sensitivity. 13 Steps 2 to 12 should be repeated with both the test and measuring antennas oriented for horizontal polarization.
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8.2.1.1.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets
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All the necessary processing of the measured results is carried out during the course of the test procedure. The only calculation that remains to be performed is the determination of the expanded uncertainty of the measurement. This should be performed as given in TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.1 and the resulting value should be entered in the overall results sheet (table 30). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 130
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8.2.1.1.4 Log book entries
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Table 29: Log book results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 2 Temperature:.........°°°°C Humidity:...............% Frequency:.............MHz Manufacturer of EUT:..................... Type No:.............. Serial No:.................. Range length:....................... Test equipment item Type No. Serial No. VSWR Insertion loss Antenna factor Test antenna N/A Test antenna attenuator N/A Test antenna cable N/A Measuring antenna N/A Measuring antenna attenuator N/A Measuring antenna cable N/A Ferrite beads N/A N/A N/A Receiving device N/A N/A Signal generator N/A N/A Digital voltmeter N/A N/A N/A Power supply N/A N/A N/A AF source (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A SINAD meter (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A AF load (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Bit stream generator (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Bit error measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Acoustic coupler (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Message generator (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Response measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Mounting configuration of EUT ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 131 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (analogue speech) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Vertical offset from the central axis m Vertical offset from the central axis m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (bit stream) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Vertical offset from the central axis m Vertical offset from the central axis m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 132 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (messages) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Vertical offset from the central axis m Vertical offset from the central axis m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle Signal generator level (dBm) against angle level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Ave. Ave. MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna
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8.2.1.1.5 Statement of results
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The results should be presented in tabular form as shown in table 30. Table 30: Overall results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 1 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB
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8.2.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane
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For Sensitivity testing in an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane reference should be made to the Open Area Test Site test method (subclause 8.2.1.3), since the procedures are identical. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 133 The test equipment set-up for the derivation of the Transfer Factor is shown in figure 82 whilst the set-up for the sensitivity measurement is shown in figure 83. Range length 3 m or 10 m Measuring antenna Test antenna 1 - 4 m Receiving 10 dB attenuator 10 dB attenuator Signal Ground plane Radio absorbing material device generator Figure 82: Equipment layout for the derivation of the Transform Factor during Sensitivity tests in an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 134 Range length 3 m or 10 m Turntable Test antenna 1 - 4 m EUT 10 dB attenuator Signal generator Digital voltmeter Power supply unit Modulation source Modulation detection Reflected path Ground plane Direct path Radio absorbing material Figure 83: Anechoic chamber with a ground plane set-up for Sensitivity tests on the EUT To complete the overall results sheet for this test, the value for expanded measurement uncertainty should be calculated according to TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.2.
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8.2.1.3 Open Area Test Site
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8.2.1.3.1 Apparatus required
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- Digital voltmeter; - Ferrite beads; - 10 dB attenuators; - Power supply; - Connecting cables; - Open Area Test Site; - Test antenna (half wavelength dipole as detailed in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] recommended); - Measuring antenna (half wavelength dipole as detailed in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] recommended); - RF Signal generator; - Receiving device (measuring receiver or spectrum analyser). Additional requirements for analogue speech: - AF source; - SINAD Meter (incorporating telephone psophometric weighting network); - Acoustic coupler (alternatively: audio load). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 135 Additional requirements for bit stream: - Bit stream generator; - Bit error measuring test set. Additional requirements for messages: - Acoustic coupler; - Message generator; - Response measuring test set. The types and serial numbers of all items of test equipment should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 32). NOTE: The half wavelength dipole antennas, incorporating matching/transforming baluns, for the procedure are available in the following bands: 20 MHz - 65 MHz, 65 MHz - 180 MHz, 180 MHz - 400 MHz, 400 MHz - 1 000 MHz. Constructional details are contained in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11]. In the recommended antenna scheme for this band, a shortened dipole is used at all frequencies from 30 MHz up to 80 MHz.
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8.2.1.3.2 Method of measurement
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Determination of the Transform Factor for the test site 1 For this part of the test, it is necessary to position the measuring antenna such that its phase centre is at the same height above the ground plane as the phase centre of the EUT in the second part of the test. The height of the phase centre of the EUT should be either measured remotely or determined by sitting the EUT on the turntable. The height above the turntable (whose mounting surface should be at the height above the ground plane as specified in the relevant Standard) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). NOTE 1: If the position of the phase centre within the EUT is unknown, but the antenna is visible, then the height above the ground plane of the point at which the antenna meets the case of the EUT should be used. If the phase centre is unknown and there is no visible antenna, the volume centre of the EUT should be used instead. 2 The measuring antenna (in the recommended scheme: a tuned ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] half wavelength dipole for frequencies of 80 MHz and above, a shortened dipole for frequencies from 30 MHz up to 80 MHz) should be adjusted to correspond to the nominal frequency of the EUT and positioned with its phase centre on the axis of rotation of the turntable and at the height above it as recorded in step 1. It should be oriented for vertical polarization. NOTE 2: For all frequencies below 80 MHz, a shortened dipole (as defined in subclause 6.2.3) should be used. The dipole arm length is defined from the centre of the balun block to the tip of the arm. From a fully extended state, each telescopic element, in turn, should be "pushed in" from the tip until the required length is obtained. The outermost section should fully compress before any of the others, and so on. Table 2 gives the dipole arm lengths and choice of balun for set frequencies. Where the test frequency does not correspond to a set frequency in the table, the arm length to be used should be determined by linear interpolation between the closest set values. NOTE 3: The turntable should be constructed from non-conducting, low relative dielectric constant (preferably less than 1,5) material(s). 3 The measuring antenna should be connected via a 10 dB attenuator and the calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable associated with that end of the test site, to the receiving device. 4 The test antenna (identical to the measuring antenna) should be mounted on the antenna mast, tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT and oriented for vertical polarization. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 136 5 The test antenna should be connected via a 10 dB attenuator and the calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable associated with that end of the test site, to the signal generator whose output is unmodulated. See figure 84. The signal generator should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. Substitution antenna Turntable 1,5 m Test antenna Receiving device Signal generator Range length 3 m or 10 m 1 m to 4 m Reflected path Direct path Figure 84: Equipment layout for the derivation of the Transfer Factor during Sensitivity tests on an Open Area Test Site 6 The output level of the signal generator should be adjusted until a received signal level at least 20 dB above the noise floor is observed on the receiving device. 7 The test antenna should be raised and lowered through the specified range of heights whilst monitoring the received signal level on the receiving device. The test antenna should be positioned at the height corresponding to the maximum received signal. This height should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). NOTE 4: The true maximum may lie beyond the top of the mast, in which case the maximum receivable level should be at the top of the height range. 8 The measuring antenna should be rotated in the horizontal plane until the maximum level is detected on the receiving device. NOTE 5: This is to correct for possible misalignment of a directional beam i.e. dipoles used in horizontally polarized tests. This step can be omitted when dipoles are used in vertically polarized tests. 9 The maximum received signal level (dBµV) appearing on the receiving device along with the output level from the signal generator (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). The Transform Factor for the test site (i.e. the factor relating the output power level from the signal generator (dBm) to the resulting field strength (dBµV/m) at the point of measurement) should be calculated according to the following formula: Transform Factor = maximum received signal level (dBµV) + measuring antenna cable loss + measuring antenna attenuator loss + measuring antenna balun loss + mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factor (if applicable) + antenna factor of the measuring antenna ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 137 - signal generator output level (dBm) NOTE 6: Guidance for deriving/calculating/finding the values for all of the unknown factors in the above are given in table 31. These values should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). The resulting value for the Transform Factor should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). Table 31: Guidance for deriving Transform Factor Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss: Obtained directly from the calibration data. Measuring antenna attenuator loss: Obtained directly from the calibration data. Measuring antenna balun loss: If not known from calibration data, the value should be taken as 0,30 dB. Mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors between the test antenna and the measuring antenna: For ANSI dipoles (30 MHz to 180 MHz), values can be obtained from annex A: table A20. For frequencies > 180 MHz, this value is 0,00 dB. For non-ANSI dipoles this value is 0,00 dB. Antenna factor of the measuring antenna: For ANSI dipoles: Antenna factor = 20 log10(ƒ) - 31,4 dB/m (where ƒ is the frequency in MHz) For other types the value can be obtained from calibration data. Sensitivity measurement on the EUT 10 The measuring antenna should be replaced on the turntable by the EUT. The EUT should be positioned on the turntable such that its phase centre is in the same place as formerly occupied by the phase centre of the measuring antenna. NOTE 7: If the position of the phase centre within the EUT is unknown but the antenna is a single rod which is visible and vertical in normal usage, the axis of the antenna should be aligned with the axis of rotation of the turntable. If the phase centre is not known and there is no visible antenna the volume centre of the EUT should be aligned with the axis of rotation of the turntable. 11 The EUT should be mounted in an orientation which matches that of its normal usage as declared by the manufacturer. The normal to its reference face should point directly towards the antenna mast. This is the 0° reference angle for this test. This orientation and mounting configuration should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 32). For analogue speech 12a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a SINAD meter incorporating a telephone psophometric weighting network) through an AF load or by an acoustic coupler which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s) for EUTs not fitted with a direct connection. See figure 85. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 138 Test antenna Turntable Power supply unit Digital voltmeter Signal generator EUT 10 dB attenuator Modulation detection Modulation source Direct path 1 m to 4 m Reflected path Range length 3 m or 10 m Figure 85: Open Area Test Site set-up for Sensitivity tests on the EUT 12b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation AM-1 (produced by the AF source) and its output level should be adjusted until a psophometrically weighted SINAD ratio of 20 dB is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). 12c The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle step 12b should be repeated. 12d The 8 values of signal generator output power level resulting from steps 12b and 12c should be converted into field strength values by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB) 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20) The resulting values in µV/m should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). 12e The test procedure should now continue with step 13. For bit stream 12a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a bit error measuring test set, which should also receive a direct input from the bit stream generator) by a direct connection. See figure 85. 12b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-2 (produced by the bit stream generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). 12c The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle step 12b should be repeated. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 139 12d The 8 values of signal generator output power level resulting from steps 12b and 12c should be converted into field strength values by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB) 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20) The resulting values in µV/m should be also entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). 12e The test procedure should now continue with step 13. For messages 12a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a response measuring test set) via an acoustic coupler (pipe) which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s). See figure 85. 12b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-3 (produced by the message generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a message acceptance ratio of < 10 % is obtained from the EUT. 12c The test message should be transmitted repeatedly from the test antenna, whilst observing for each message whether a successful response is obtained. The output level of the signal generator should be increased by 2 dB for each occasion that a successful response is NOT obtained. 12d Step 12c should be repeated until three consecutive successful responses are observed at the same output level from the signal generator. The output level from the signal generator should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). 12e The output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB. The new signal level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32) and the response of the EUT observed. 12f If a successful response is NOT obtained, the output signal level should be increased by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. If a successful response IS obtained, the input level should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. No signal levels should be recorded unless preceded by a change of level. 12g Step 12f should be repeated until a total of 10 recorded values for the signal generator output level have been entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). 12h The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle steps 12b to 12g should be repeated. 12i For each angle, the 10 recorded values of the signal generator output level (dBm) should be converted to field strength (µV/m) by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB) 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20) The resulting values in µV/m should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). 12j For each angle, the 10 new recorded values of field strength in µV/m should be averaged according to the following formula: Average field strength (µV/m) = ( ) 10 1 2 1 10 field strength V/m i i i µ = = ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 140 The resulting 8 average values should also be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32). 12k The procedure should continue with step 13. 13 For the maximum sensitivity test only, the lowest of the 8 values of field strength (µV/m) calculated during the multiple-stage step 12 represents the minimum field strength to which the EUT responds. This minimum value of field strength in µV/m should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32) as the maximum sensitivity. 14 For the average sensitivity test only, the average of the 8 values of field strength (µV/m) calculated during the multiple-stage step 12 represents the average field strength to which the EUT responds. This average value of field strength in µV/m should now be calculated by the following: Average field strength (µV/m) = ( ) 8 1 2 1 8 field strength V/m i i i µ = = This value of average field strength (µV/m) should be entered on both page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 32) as the average sensitivity. 15 Steps 3 to 14 should be repeated with both the test and measuring antennas oriented for horizontal polarization.
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8.2.1.3.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets
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All the necessary processing of the measured results is carried out during the course of the test procedure. The only calculation that remains to be performed before the overall results sheet (table 33) can be completed is the determination of expanded uncertainty of the measurement. This should be carried out in accordance with ETR 028 [7], subclause 8.2.1.3 and the resulting value entered in the overall results sheet (table 33). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 141
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8.2.1.3.4 Log book entries
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Table 32: Log book results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 2 Temperature:.........°°°°C Humidity:...............% Frequency:.............MHz Manufacturer of EUT:..................... Type No:.............. Serial No:.................. Range length:....................... Test equipment item Type No. Serial No. VSWR Insertion loss Antenna factor Test antenna N/A Test antenna attenuator N/A Test antenna cable N/A Measuring antenna N/A Measuring antenna attenuator N/A Measuring antenna cable N/A Ferrite beads N/A N/A N/A Receiving device N/A N/A Signal generator N/A N/A Digital voltmeter N/A N/A N/A Power supply N/A N/A N/A AF source (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A SINAD meter (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Audio load (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Bit stream generator (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Bit error measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Acoustic coupler (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Message generator (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Response measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Mounting configuration of EUT ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 142 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (analogue speech) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Height above the turntable m Height above the turntable m Height of the test antenna m Height of the test antenna m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (bit stream) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Height above the turntable m Height above the turntable m Height of the test antenna m Height of the test antenna m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 143 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (messages) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Height above the turntable m Height above the turntable m Height of the test antenna m Height of the test antenna m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle Signal generator level (dBm) against angle level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Ave. Ave. MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna
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8.2.1.3.5 Statement of results
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The results should be presented in tabular form as shown in table 33. Table 33: Overall results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 1 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 144
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8.2.1.4 Striplines
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8.2.1.4.1 Apparatus required
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- Digital voltmeter; - Ferrite beads; - 10 dB attenuators; - Power supply; - Connecting cables; - Stripline test facility; - RF Signal generator; - Receiving device (measuring receiver or spectrum analyser). - Monopole or 3-axis probe. NOTE: The receiving device and Monopole (or 3-axis probe) are only required if the results of the verification procedure are not used to determine the field strength within the Stripline. Additional requirements for analogue speech: - AF source; - SINAD meter (incorporating telephone psophometric weighting network); - Acoustic coupler (alternatively: audio load). Additional requirements for bit stream: - Bit stream generator; - Bit error measuring test set. Additional requirements for messages: - Acoustic coupler; - Message generator; - Response measuring test set. The types and serial numbers of all items of test equipment should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 36).
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8.2.1.4.2 Method of measurement
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1 The EUT should be placed on a non-conducting support constructed from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s) so that its volume centre lies midway between the plates and directly above the central hole drilled (for the purposes of the verification procedure) in the bottom plate. It should be mounted in the position closest to its normal use as declared by the manufacturer (consistent with the polarization within the Stripline) with its reference face oriented towards the input (source end) of the Stripline (this is the 0° reference angle for the test). This orientation and mounting configuration should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 2 The electrical supply and monitoring cables should be routed straight down towards the bottom plate and out through the central hole. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 145 EUT Support Modulation source Signal generator 10 dB attenuator Digital voltmeter Power supply unit Modulation detection Terminating resistor Ferrite beads Direction of electric field polarisation Figure 86: Test equipment layout for maximum and average usable sensitivity tests For analogue speech 3a The signal generator should be connected to the input of the Stripline via a 10 dB attenuator and a calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable. Its output should be modulated by test modulation AM-1 (produced by the AF source). The signal generator should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. 3b The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a SINAD meter incorporating a telephone psophometric weighting network) through an AF load or by an acoustic coupler for equipment not fitted with a direct connection. See figure 86. 3c The output level of the signal generator should be adjusted until a psophometrically weighted SINAD ratio of 20 dB is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding output power level from the signal generator (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 3d The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270° and 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle, step 3c should be repeated. 3e For the maximum sensitivity test only, after the final measurement, the 8 values of signal generator output power level should be compared and the lowest value entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 3f For the average sensitivity test only, after the final measurement, the 8 values of signal generator output power level should be averaged and the resulting value entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). NOTE 1: Each of the output power levels in dBm should be converted into µV before averaging. Having found the average value in µV, this should then be converted back into dBm. These conversions should be calculated as follows: a: dBm into µV: µVi dBmi = − 10 107 20 ; b: Average voltage (µV) = µVi i i = = 1 8 8 ; c: Average output power level (dBm) = 20 log10 (Average voltage µV) - 107. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 146 3g The procedure should now resume with the field measurement (step 4). For bit stream 3a The signal generator should be connected to the input of the Stripline via a 10 dB attenuator and a calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable. Its output should be modulated by test modulation DM-2 (produced by the bit stream generator). The signal generator should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. 3b The EUT should be directly connected to the modulation detector (a bit error measuring test set, which should also receive a direct input from the bit stream generator). See figure 86. 3c The output level of the signal generator should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding output power level (dBm) from the signal generator should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 3d The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270° and 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle, step 3c should be repeated. 3e For the maximum sensitivity test only, after the final measurement, the 8 values of signal generator output power level should be compared and the lowest value entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 3f For the average sensitivity test only, after the final measurement, the 8 values of signal generator output power level should be averaged and the resulting value entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). NOTE 2: Each of the output power levels in dBm should be converted into µV before averaging. Having found the average value in µV, this should then be converted back into dBm. These conversions should be calculated as follows: a: dBm into µV: µVi dBmi = − 10 107 20 ; b: Average voltage (µV) = µVi i i = = 1 8 8 ; c: Average output power level (dBm) = 20 log10 (Average voltage µV) - 107. 3g The procedure should now resume with the field measurement (step 4). For messages 3a The signal generator should be connected to the input of the Stripline via a 10 dB attenuator and a calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable. Its output should be modulated by test modulation DM-3 (produced by the message generator). The signal generator should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. 3b The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a response measuring test set) via an acoustic coupler (pipe) which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s). See figure 86. 3c The output level of the signal generator should be adjusted until a message acceptance ratio of < 10 % is obtained from the EUT. 3d The test message should be transmitted repeatedly, whilst observing for each message whether a successful response is obtained. The output level of the signal generator should be increased by 2 dB for each occasion that a successful response is NOT obtained. 3e Step 3d should be repeated until three consecutive successful responses are observed at the same output level from the signal generator. The output power level from the signal generator (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 3f The output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB. The new signal power level (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36) and the response of the EUT observed. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 147 3g If a successful response is NOT obtained, the output signal level should be increased by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. If a successful response IS obtained, the input level should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. No signal levels should be recorded unless preceded by a change of level. 3h Step 3g should be repeated until a total of 10 recorded values for the signal generator output power level (dBm) have been entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 3i The EUT should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle steps 3c to 3h should be repeated. 3j For each angle, the 10 recorded values of the signal generator output power level should be averaged, by firstly converting them into µV, secondly averaging in µV(and recording the 8 average values on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 8)) and finally converting the 8 values back into dBm, again recording these values on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). NOTE 3: The various conversions should be carried out according to the following formulae: a: dBm into µV: µVi dBmi = − 10 107 20 ; b: Average voltage (µV) = µVi i i = = 1 10 10 ; c: Average output power level (dBm) = 20 log10 (Average voltage µV) - 107. 3k For the maximum sensitivity test only, the 8 average values derived in step 3j should be compared and the lowest value entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 3l For the average sensitivity test only, the 8 average values in µV derived in step 3j should themselves be averaged, the new average value converted into dBm and the resulting value entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). NOTE 4: The conversion should be calculated as follows: Power level (dBm) = 20 log10 (Average voltage µV) - 107. 3mThe procedure should now continue with the field measurement (step 4). Field measurement: For Stripline test facilities which, since the verification was carried out: − show no visual sign of change (i.e. no damaged components or plates); − and have not been moved; − and have not had their surrounding environment (i.e. the layout of the absorbing panels and test equipment) changed; the test is concluded at this point since the Transform Factors determined during the verification procedure can be used for determining the field strength. If any, or all of these conditions are not satisfied, the field strength should be measured directly by using either a Monopole or a 3-axis probe (isotropic monitor). Performing steps 6 to 9 for the Monopole or steps 10 and 11 for the 3-axis probe gives measured values of field strength at the precise frequency of test - thereby eliminating the need for interpolation of the Transform Factor (and its associated uncertainty) between the frequencies at which the verification procedure was carried out, if the results of that procedure are used. 4 The modulation source should be removed from the signal generator, leaving an unmodulated carrier. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 148 5 The output power level of the signal generator should be set as follows: For the maximum sensitivity test: at the lowest value recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36) for the relevant modulation. For the average sensitivity test: at the average value recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36) for the relevant modulation. Monopole Only: Steps 6 to 9 6 The EUT and non-conducting support plate should be removed from the Stripline and replaced by the Monopole. The Monopole should be mounted through the central hole in the bottom plate. When installed, the Monopole should have a length of 0,2 ± 0,002 m above the bottom plate. Its diameter should be a maximum of 0,002 m and it should be straight to within ±0,002 m. 7 The Monopole should be connected via any adapters that are necessary, through a 10 dB attenuator and a calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable to the receiving device. 8 The received level appearing on the receiving device should be recorded (dBµV) on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). 9 The Monopole should be removed from the Stripline and replaced by the EUT which should again be mounted on a non-conducting support with its volume centre directly over the central hole in the bottom plate. Whilst the EUT should again have its reference face oriented towards the input, it should, for this part of the procedure, be placed on its side so that the polarization of the Stripline is orthogonal to it. This mounting configuration should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 8) and steps 2 to 8 repeated. NOTE 5: In step 3d for analogue speech and bit stream modulations (step 3i for messages) the rotation should now be in the vertical plane i.e. about a horizontal axis. 3-Axis Probe Only: Steps 10 and 11 10 The 3-axis probe should be oriented as shown in figure 16 with the centre of its cubic head at the intersection of the centre lines of the Stripline. A mounting block of low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material e.g. expanded polystyrene, balsawood, etc., should be used to position the probe accurately. The electric field strength value for the vertical direction only (i.e. the z direction in figure 87) should be recorded (dBµV/m) on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 8). 11 The 3-axis probe should be removed from the Stripline and replaced by the EUT which should again be mounted on a non-conducting support with its volume centre directly over the central hole drilled in the bottom plate. Whilst the EUT should again have its reference face oriented towards the source end, it should, for this part of the procedure, be placed on its side so that the polarization of the Stripline is orthogonal to it. This mounting configuration should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 36) and steps 2 to 5 and 10 repeated. NOTE 6: In step 3d for analogue speech and bit stream modulations (step 3i for messages) the rotation should now be in the vertical plane i.e. about a horizontal axis. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 149 Centre axes of stripline Low dielectric constant block eg expanded polystyrene 3-axis probe Z X Y Load end Figure 87: Location of the 3-axis probe at the intersection of the Stripline's centre axes
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8.2.1.4.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets
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There are two values that need to be derived before the overall results sheet (table 37) can be completed. These are the values for the maximum (or average) usable sensitivity of the EUT and the expanded measurement uncertainty. NOTE: Guidance for deriving the values of the various parameters used in the following calculations is given in table 34. For field measurement using the results of the verification procedure only The verification procedure provides values for the Transform Factor of the Stripline i.e. the relationship between the input power (in dBm) and the resulting electric field strength (in dBµV/m) between the plates. To relate the field strength to a particular setting of the signal generator, the following calculation is performed: Field strength (dBµV/m) = Signal generator output power (dBm) - signal generator cable loss (dB) - signal generator attenuator loss (dB) + Transform Factor (dB) The value of field strength resulting from the minimum (or average) output from the signal generator, should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). This value of field strength needs to be corrected for the systematic offsets involved. The overall correction factor for this value of field strength concerns only one term, namely that for the size of the EUT. Various values for different sizes of EUT are given in table 34 and the relevant value should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). The maximum or average sensitivity for the EUT should be derived as follows: Maximum or average usable sensitivity (dBµV/m) = Field strength (dBµV/m) + overall correction factor (dB) ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 150 and finally, the resulting sensitivity value should be converted into µV/m and recorded in the overall results sheet (table 37). To complete the overall results sheet, the expanded uncertainty for the measurement should be calculated in accordance with TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.4. Table 34: Guidance for deriving correction factors Figures for correction factors Signal generator cable loss: Obtained directly from the calibration data. Signal generator attenuator loss: Obtained from manufacturer's data. Monopole cable loss: Obtained directly from the calibration data. Monopole attenuator loss: Obtained from manufacturer's data. Transform Factor of Stripline: (at the nominal frequency of test): If the verification procedure results were used, the value should be interpolated between the closest set values (unless the test coincides with a set frequency). If a Monopole was used during the sensitivity test then the value is as calculated. If a 3-axis probe was used during the sensitivity test then the value is zero. Correction factor for size of the EUT: (for the height in the E-plane) (EN 55020 [12]): height ≤0,2 m, correction factor is 1,6 dB 0,2 m < height ≤0,4 m, correction factor is 4,6 dB 0,4 m < height ≤0,7 m, correction factor is 6,0 dB For field measurement using the Monopole only: The Monopole is only used if the results of the verification procedure cannot be relied on (i.e. the Stripline has been moved, damaged, modified, etc., or has had its surroundings changed). In this case, it is necessary to calculate the field strength using the values of received signal level and Monopole antenna factor (given in table 35). This is achieved by using the following formula: Field strength (dBµV/m) = Received signal level (dBµV) + Monopole cable loss (dB) + Monopole attenuator loss (dB) + Antenna factor (dB/m) Where the frequency of test does not coincide with a spot value in table 35, the antenna factor should be deduced by linear interpolation between the closest two frequencies. Table 35: Antenna factor of the Monopole Frequency (MHz) Antenna factor (dB/m) 30 50,3 35 49,7 40 49,0 45 48,4 50 47,8 60 46,5 70 45,2 80 43,9 90 42,7 100 41,4 120 38,8 140 36,3 150 35,0 This value of field strength needs to be corrected for the systematic offsets involved. The overall correction factor for this value of field strength concerns only one term (for the size of the EUT) since all other systematic offsets are included in the calculation of field strength. Various values for different sizes of EUT are given in table 34 and the relevant value should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 151 The maximum or average sensitivity for the EUT should be derived as follows: Maximum or average usable sensitivity (dBµV/m) = Field strength (dBµV/m)+ overall correction factor (dB) and finally, the sensitivity value should be converted into µV/m and recorded in the overall results sheet (table 37). To complete the overall results sheet, the expanded uncertainty for the measurement should be calculated in accordance with TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.4. For field measurement using the 3-axis probe only: In a similar manner to the Monopole, the 3-axis probe is only used when the results of the Stripline verification procedure cannot be relied upon or reduced uncertainty is required. The 3-axis probe directly measures the electric field strength in dBµV/m, so the only processing of the measured value is to correct for the size of the EUT. Various values for different sizes of EUT are given in table 34 and the relevant value should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 36). The maximum or average sensitivity for the EUT should be derived as follows: Maximum or average usable sensitivity (dBµV/m) = Field strength (dBµV/m) + overall correction factor (dB) and finally, the sensitivity value should be converted into µV/m and recorded in the overall results sheet (table 37). To complete the overall results sheet, the expanded uncertainty for the measurement should be calculated in accordance with TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.4. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 152
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8.2.1.4.4 Log book results sheet
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Table 36: Log book results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 2 Temperature:.........°°°°C Humidity:...............% Frequency:.............MHz Manufacturer of EUT:..................... Type No:.............. Serial No:.................. Test equipment item Type No. Serial No. VSWR Insertion loss Signal generator cable Signal generator attenuator Monopole cable (if applicable) Monopole attenuator (if applicable) Ferrite beads N/A N/A Receiving device N/A Signal generator N/A Digital voltmeter N/A N/A Power supply N/A N/A AF source (if applicable) N/A N/A SINAD meter (if applicable) N/A N/A Audio load (if applicable) N/A N/A Bit stream generator (if applicable) N/A N/A Bit error measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A Acoustic coupler (if applicable) N/A N/A Message generator (if applicable) N/A N/A Response measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A Monopole (if applicable) N/A 3-axis probe (if applicable) N/A N/A Vertical polarization Mounting configuration of EUT Horizontal polarization Mounting configuration of EUT ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 153 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (analogue speech) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level LOWEST of the 8 levels above dBm LOWEST of the 8 levels above dBm AVERAGE of the 8 levels above dBm AVERAGE of the 8 levels above dBm For Monopole: Received sig. level on receiving device:..........dBµV For Monopole: Received sig. level on receiving device:..........dBµV For 3-axis probe: Field strength in vertical plane:............…....dBµV/m For 3-axis probe: Field strength in vertical plane:............…....dBµV/m Calculated field strength:…………..……..…dBµV/m Calculated field strength:…………..……..…dBµV/m Correction factors Signal generator cable loss Signal generator cable loss Signal generator attenuator loss Signal generator attenuator loss Monopole cable loss Monopole cable loss Monopole attenuator loss Monopole attenuator loss Transform Factor of Stripline Transform Factor of Stripline Correction factor for size of the EUT Correction factor for size of the EUT Overall measurement correction dB Overall measurement correction dB RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (bit stream) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level LOWEST of the 8 levels above dBm LOWEST of the 8 levels above dBm AVERAGE of the 8 levels above dBm AVERAGE of the 8 levels above dBm For Monopole: Received sig. level on receiving device:..........dBµV For Monopole: Received sig. level on receiving device:..........dBµV For 3-axis probe: Field strength in vertical plane:............…....dBµV/m For 3-axis probe: Field strength in vertical plane:............…....dBµV/m Calculated field strength:…………..……..…dBµV/m Calculated field strength:…………..……..…dBµV/m Correction factors Signal generator cable loss Signal generator cable loss Signal generator attenuator loss Signal generator attenuator loss Monopole cable loss Monopole cable loss Monopole attenuator loss Monopole attenuator loss Transform Factor of Stripline Transform Factor of Stripline Correction factor for size of the EUT Correction factor for size of the EUT Overall measurement correction dB Overall measurement correction dB ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 154 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (messages) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Signal generator level (dBm) against angle Signal generator level (dBm) against angle level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Ave. µµµµV Ave. µµµµV Ave. dBm Ave. dBm LOWEST of the 8 values of dBm above dBm LOWEST of the 8 values of dBm above dBm AVERAGE of the 8 values of dBm above dBm AVERAGE of the 8 values of dBm above dBm For Monopole: Received sig. level on receiving device:..........dBµV For Monopole: Received sig. level on receiving device:..........dBµV For 3-axis probe: Field strength in vertical plane:............…....dBµV/m For 3-axis probe: Field strength in vertical plane:............…....dBµV/m Calculated field strength:…………..……..…dBµV/m Calculated field strength:…………..……..…dBµV/m Correction factors Signal generator cable loss Signal generator cable loss Signal generator attenuator loss Signal generator attenuator loss Monopole cable loss Monopole cable loss Monopole attenuator loss Monopole attenuator loss Transform Factor of Stripline Transform Factor of Stripline Correction factor for size of the EUT Correction factor for size of the EUT Overall measurement correction dB Overall measurement correction dB
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8.2.1.4.5 Statement of results
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The results should be presented in tabular form as shown in table 37. Table 37: Overall results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 1 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB
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8.2.1.5 Test Fixture
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NOTE: For a Test Fixture, no facility is usually incorporated into its structure to allow for rotation in 45° increments as called for in the definitions. Strictly speaking therefore this test should not be termed either maximum or average usable sensitivity. However, since the changes in performance caused by extreme conditions are determined for the same orientation of the EUT in the Test Fixture and further, that its performance in that orientation under normal conditions is related to a true maximum usable sensitivity test on an accredited test site, the results are regarded as being fully representative of a maximum usable sensitivity test. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 155
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8.2.1.5.1 Apparatus required
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- Digital voltmeter; - Ferrite beads; - 10 dB attenuator; - Power supply; - Connecting cables; - Test Fixture; - Climatic facility; - Accredited Free-Field Test Site. Additional requirements for analogue speech: - AF source; - SINAD Meter (incorporating telephone psophometric weighting network); - Acoustic coupler (alternatively: audio load). Additional requirements for bit stream: - Bit stream generator; - Bit error measuring test set. Additional requirements for messages: - Acoustic coupler; - Message generator; - Response measuring test set. The type and serial numbers of all items of test equipment should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 38).
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8.2.1.5.2 Method of measurement
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1 The Test Fixture should have been verified for use, with the particular type of EUT, on an accredited Free-Field Test Site in accordance with clause 6. Four different measurements of the value of maximum usable sensitivity (for the particular modulation type) should have been taken during the verification, each corresponding to a different configuration of the EUT, namely: a) the EUT by itself on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; b) the EUT secured in the Test Fixture, again on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; c) the power input to the Test Fixture's RF connector with the Test Fixture/EUT assembly on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; d) the power input to the Test Fixture's RF connector with the Test Fixture/EUT assembly in the climatic facility. The value recorded for configuration b) during the verification procedure should be entered on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 38). 2 The EUT should still be secured in the Test Fixture and the Test Fixture/EUT assembly should be placed in the climatic facility in a repeatable position. This configuration should be noted on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 38). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 156 3 Normal conditions (as stated in the relevant standard) should exist within the climatic facility. For analogue speech: 4a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a SINAD meter incorporating a telephone psophometric weighting network) through an AF load or by an acoustic coupler which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s) for EUTs not fitted with a direct connection. See figure 88. 4b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation AM-1 (produced by the AF source) and its output level should be adjusted until a psophometrically weighted SINAD ratio of 20 dB is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 38). 4c The procedure should now resume with step 5. Digital voltmeter Power supply Input Climatic facility EUT/Test Fixture Ferrite beads 10 dB attenuator Modulation detection Signal generator Modulation source Acoustic coupler assembly Figure 88: Maximum usable sensitivity using a Test Fixture (shown with acoustic coupler) For bit stream: 4a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a bit error measuring test set, which should also receive a direct input from the bit stream generator) by a direct connection. See figure 88. 4b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-2 (produced by the bit stream generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 38). 4c The procedure should now resume with step 5. For messages: 4a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a response measuring test set) via an acoustic coupler (pipe) which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s). See figure 88. 4b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-3 (produced by the message generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a message acceptance ratio of < 10 % is obtained from the EUT. 4c The test message should be transmitted repeatedly from the test antenna, whilst observing for each message whether a successful response is obtained. The output level of the signal generator should be increased by 2 dB for each occasion that a successful response is NOT obtained. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 157 4d Step 4c should be repeated until three consecutive successful responses are observed at the same output level from the signal generator. The output level from the signal generator should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 38). 4e The output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB. The new signal level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 38) and the response of the EUT observed. 4f If a successful response is NOT obtained, the output signal level should be increased by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. If a successful response IS obtained, the input level should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. No signal levels should be recorded unless preceded by a change of level. 4g Step 4f should be repeated until a total of 10 recorded values for the signal generator output level have been entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 38). 4h The 10 recorded values of the signal generator output level (dBm) should be converted into field strength values µV/m by the following equation: field strength = ( ) 10 10 dBm The resulting values should be also entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 38). 4i The 10 new recorded values of field strength should then be averaged and finally converted back to dBm according to the following formula: Average output level = ( ) 20 10 10 10 1 10 2 log dBmi i= dBm 4j The resulting value for average signal generator output power level should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 38). 4k The procedure should now continue with step 5. 5 The EUT and its power supplies should then be switched off and the climatic facility programmed to provide the upper extreme of temperature. 6 The climatic facility should be allowed adequate time at the extreme condition for all components to settle to the temperature required. NOTE 1: For tests at extreme conditions, the relevant standard will specify the extreme temperatures and voltages to apply, along with stabilization and operating periods which should both be completed before any measurements are carried out. NOTE 2: To avoid thermally shocking the EUT, it is recommended that the rates of change of temperature should not exceed 1°C per minute. The preferred rate of change of temperature is 0,33°C per minute. 7 The supply voltage to the EUT should be set to the upper extreme as given in the relevant Standard. The multi-stage step 4 should then be repeated. 8 The supply voltage to the EUT should then be set to the lower extreme as given in the relevant Standard. The multi-stage step 4 should then be repeated. 9 The EUT and its power supplies should then be switched off and the climatic facility programmed to provide the lower extreme of temperature. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 158 10 The climatic facility should be allowed adequate time at the extreme temperature condition for all components to settle to the temperature required. NOTE 3: For tests at extreme conditions, the relevant standard will specify the extreme temperatures and voltages to apply, along with stabilization and operating periods which should both be completed before any measurements are carried out. NOTE 4: To avoid thermally shocking the EUT, it is recommended that the rates of change of temperature should not exceed 1°C per minute. The preferred rate of change of temperature is 0,33°C per minute. 11 The supply voltage to the EUT should then be set to the lower extreme as given in the relevant Standard. The multi-stage step 4 should then be repeated. 12 The supply voltage to the EUT should be set to the upper extreme as given in the relevant Standard. The multi-stage step 4 should then be repeated. 13 On completion of the extreme conditions, the climatic facility should be returned to the normal condition.
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8.2.1.5.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets
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The results taken during the above test method should be processed as follows. Firstly, all the recorded values for the signal generator output power levels (the average level for the case of messages) should be normalized to the value corresponding to normal conditions of temperature and voltage by simple subtraction of the dBm values. The normalized values should then entered in the log book results sheet (table 38) and subsequently converted into numerical factors according to the following formula: Normalized numerical factor = 10 20 normalised signal generator level in dB All five resulting values of the numerical factor should be entered in the log book results sheet (table 38). The value of maximum usable sensitivity (µV/m) recorded on the accredited Free-Field Test Site should then be multiplied by the normalized numerical factor and the resulting values recorded in the overall results sheet (table 39). Finally, to complete the overall results sheet, the expanded uncertainty should calculated in accordance with TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.5. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 159
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8.2.1.5.4 Log book results sheet
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Table 38: Log book results sheet MAXIMUM USABLE SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 1 Temperature:.........°°°°C Humidity:...............% Frequency:.............MHz Bandwidth of Receiving Device...................Hz Manufacturer of EUT:..................... Type No:.............. Serial No:.................. Test equipment item Type No. Serial No. VSWR Insertion loss Digital voltmeter N/A N/A Power supply N/A N/A Ferrite beads (for RF cables) N/A N/A Ferrite beads (for power cables) N/A N/A 10 dB attenuator Signal generator N/A Signal generator cable RF cable within climatic facility Climatic facility N/A N/A Accredited Free-Field Test Site N/A N/A AF source (if applicable) N/A N/A SINAD meter (if applicable) N/A N/A Audio load (if applicable) N/A N/A Bit stream generator (if applicable) N/A N/A Bit error measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A Acoustic coupler (if applicable) N/A N/A Message generator (if applicable) N/A N/A Response measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A Result of measurement on accredited Free-Field Test Site: Type of site:.................................................................... Maximum usable sensitivity (µV/m)................................. Mounting configuration of EUT MAXIMUM USABLE SENSITIVITY (analogue speech) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Temperature, °°°°C Voltage, Volts (V) Signal generator level, dBm, for 20 dB SINAD Normalized signal generator level dB Numerical T (normal) V (normal) 0,0 1,0 T (high) V (high) V (low) T (low) V (high) V (low) ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 160 MAXIMUM USABLE SENSITIVITY (bit stream) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Temperature, °°°°C Voltage, Volts (V) Signal generator level, dBm, for 10-2 BER Normalized signal generator level dB Numerical T (normal) V (normal) 0,0 1,0 T (high) V (high) V (low) T (low) V (high) V (low) MAXIMUM USABLE SENSITIVITY (messages) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 T(normal) T(high) T(low) V(normal) V(high) V(low) V(high) V(low) Signal generator output level 1 Signal generator output level 2 Signal generator output level 3 Signal generator output level 4 Signal generator output level 5 Signal generator output level 6 Signal generator output level 7 Signal generator output level 8 Signal generator output level 9 Signal generator output level 10 Converting to linear value linear value for sig gen level 1 linear value for sig gen level 2 linear value for sig gen level 3 linear value for sig gen level 4 linear value for sig gen level 5 linear value for sig gen level 6 linear value for sig gen level 7 linear value for sig gen level 8 linear value for sig gen level 9 linear value for sig gen level 10 Average of the 10 values Normalized signal generator level dB Normalized signal generator level Numerical value
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8.2.1.5.5 Statement of results
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The results should be presented in tabular form as shown in table 39. Table 39: Overall results sheet MAXIMUM USABLE SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 1 T(normal) T(high) T(low) V(normal) V(high) V(low) V(high) V(low) Maximum usable sensitivity in the Test Fixture µV/m Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 161
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8.2.1.6 Salty man/salty-lite
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8.2.1.6.1 Anechoic Chamber
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8.2.1.6.1.1 Apparatus required
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- Digital voltmeter; - Ferrite beads; - 10 dB attenuators; - Power supply; - Connecting cables; - Anechoic Chamber; - Salty man or Salty-lite; - Test antenna (half wavelength dipole as detailed in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] recommended); - Measuring antenna (half wavelength dipole as detailed in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] recommended); - RF Signal generator; - Receiving device (measuring receiver or spectrum analyser). Additional requirements for analogue speech: - AF source; - SINAD meter (incorporating telephone psophometric weighting network); - Acoustic coupler (alternatively: audio load). Additional requirements for bit stream: - Bit stream generator; - Bit error measuring test set. Additional requirements for messages: - Acoustic coupler; - Message generator; - Response measuring test set. The types and serial numbers of all items of test equipment should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 41). NOTE: The half wavelength dipole antennas, incorporating matching/transforming baluns, for the procedure are available in the following bands: 20 MHz - 65 MHz, 65 MHz - 180 MHz, 180 MHz - 400 MHz, 400 MHz - 1 000 MHz. Constructional details are contained in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11]. In the recommended antenna scheme for this band, a shortened dipole is used at all frequencies from 30 MHz up to 80 MHz inclusive.
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8.2.1.6.1.2 Method of measurement
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1 The EUT should be mounted on the Salty man/Salty-lite at the height stated in the relevant standard. It should be mounted in an orientation which matches that of its normal usage as declared by the manufacturer. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 162 Determination of the Transform Factor for the test site 2 For this part of the test, it is necessary to position the measuring antenna within the chamber such that its phase centre is at the same point that the phase centre of the EUT (mounted on the Salty man/Salty-lite) will occupy in the second part of the test. The precise point should always be, where possible, on the axis of rotation of the turntable but at a height either on the central axis of the chamber or at a convenient height within the quiet zone. The vertical offset of the phase centre from the central axis (if any) should be either measured remotely or determined by sitting the complete assembly of Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT on the turntable. The vertical offset from the central axis should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). NOTE 1: If the position of the phase centre within the EUT is unknown, but its antenna is a single rod which is visible and vertical in normal usage, the axis of its antenna should be aligned with the axis of rotation of the turntable. The base of the antenna should be used for determining the height. If the phase centre is not known and there is no visible antenna, the volume centre of the EUT should be aligned with the axis of rotation of the turntable instead. NOTE 2: The bulk of the Salty man/Salty-lite may offer little flexibility in positioning within the chamber and some offset of the phase centre of the EUT from the axis of rotation might be unavoidable (see figure 89). Where an offset is unavoidable, its value should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). If the overall positioning of the phase centre cannot be achieved without the dipole either falling outside the quiet zone of the chamber or approaching closer than 1 m to the absorbing panels at any angle of rotation, the test should not be carried out. Test antenna Salty man / salty-lite Offset Turntable EUT reference face Axis of rotation of the turntable Figure 89: Illustration of offset from the axis of rotation 3 The measuring antenna (in the recommended scheme: a tuned ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] half wavelength dipole for frequencies of 80 MHz and above, a shortened dipole for frequencies from 30 MHz up to 80 MHz) should be adjusted to correspond to the nominal frequency of the EUT and positioned with its phase centre at the point identified in step 2. It should be oriented for vertical polarization. NOTE 3: For all frequencies below 80 MHz, a shortened dipole (as defined in subclause 6.2.3) should be used. The dipole arm length is defined from the centre of the balun block to the tip of the arm. From a fully extended state, each telescopic element, in turn, should be "pushed in" from the tip until the required length is obtained. The outermost section should fully compress before any of the others, and so on. Table 2 gives the dipole arm lengths and choice of balun for set frequencies. Where the test frequency does not correspond to a set frequency in the table, the arm length to be used should be determined by linear interpolation between the closest set values. 4 The measuring antenna should be connected via a 10 dB attenuator and the calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable associated with that end of the chamber, to the receiving device. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 163 5 The test antenna (identical to the measuring antenna) should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT and mounted with the height of its phase centre at the same vertical offset from the central axis of the chamber (if any) as the measuring antenna, so that the measurement axis is parallel to the central axis of the chamber. The test antenna should be oriented to the same polarization as the measuring antenna. NOTE 4: The measurement axis is the straight line joining the phase centres of the transmitting and receiving devices. 6 The test antenna should be connected via a 10 dB attenuator and the calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable associated with that end of the chamber to the signal generator whose output should be unmodulated. See figure 90. The signal generator should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. Turntable Test antenna Measuring antenna Central axis of chamber Quiet zone 10 dB attenuator 10 dB attenuator Receiving device Signal generator Radio absorbing material Range length 3 m or 10 m Figure 90: Equipment layout for the derivation of the Transform Factor during Sensitivity tests in an Anechoic Chamber 7 The output level of the signal generator should be adjusted until a received signal level at least 20 dB above the noise floor is observed on the receiving device. 8 The received signal level (dBµV) appearing on the receiving device along with the output level from the signal generator (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). The Transform Factor for the chamber (i.e. the factor relating the output power level from the signal generator (dBm) to the resulting field strength (dBµV/m) at the point of measurement) should then be calculated according to the following formula: Transform Factor (dB) = received signal level (dBµV) + measuring antenna cable loss + measuring antenna attenuator loss + measuring antenna balun loss + mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factor (if applicable) + antenna factor of the measuring antenna ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 164 - signal generator output level (dBm) NOTE 5: Guidance for deriving/calculating/finding the unknown values in the above formula for Transform Factor are given in table 40. These values should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). The resulting value for the Transform Factor should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). Table 40: Guidance for deriving Transform Factor Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss: Obtained directly from the calibration data. Measuring antenna attenuator loss: Obtained from calibration data. Measuring antenna balun loss: If not known from calibration data, the value should be taken as 0,30 dB. Mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factor between the test antenna and the measuring antenna: For ANSI dipoles (30 MHz to 180 MHz) values can be obtained from annex A: table A19. For frequencies > 180 MHz, this value is 0,00 dB. For non-ANSI dipoles this value is 0,00 dB. Antenna factor of the measuring antenna: For ANSI dipoles: Antenna factor = 20 log10 (f) - 31,4 dB dB/m (where f is the frequency in MHz) For other types the value can be obtained from calibration data. Sensitivity measurement on the EUT 9 The measuring antenna should be replaced on the turntable by the complete assembly of Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT. The EUT should be positioned on the turntable such that its phase centre is in the same place as formerly occupied by the phase centre of the measuring antenna. 10 The normal to the reference face of the EUT should point directly towards the test antenna. This is the 0° reference angle for this test. This orientation and mounting configuration should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 41). For analogue speech: 11a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a SINAD meter incorporating a telephone psophometric weighting network) through an AF load or by an acoustic coupler which is made from low relative dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s) for EUTs not fitted with a direct connection. See figure 91. 11b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation A-M1 (produced by the AF source) and its output level should be adjusted until a psophometrically weighted SINAD ratio of 20 dB is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). 11c The Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT complete assembly should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle, step 11b should be repeated. 11d The 8 values of signal generator output power level resulting from steps 11b and 11c should be converted into field strength values by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB) 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20) The resulting values in µV/m should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). 11e The procedure should now resume with step 12. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 165 10 dB attenuator Turntable Salty man / salty-lite EUT Acoustic coupler (pipe) Modulation source Digital voltmeter Power supply unit Modulation detection Signal generator Radio absorbing material Test antenna Range length 3 m or 10 m Figure 91: Anechoic Chamber set-up for Sensitivity tests on the EUT For bit stream: 11a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a bit error measuring test set, which should also receive a direct input from the bit stream generator) by a direct connection. See figure 91. 11b The signal generator output should be modulated by the test modulation D-M2 (produced by the bit stream generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). 11c The Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT complete assembly should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle, step 11b should be repeated. 11d The 8 values of signal generator output power level resulting from steps 11b and 11c should be converted into field strength values by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB); 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20). The resulting values in µV/m should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). 11e The procedure should now resume with step 12. For messages 11a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a response measuring test set) via an acoustic coupler (pipe) which is made from low relative dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s). See figure 91. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 166 11b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-3 (produced by the message generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a message acceptance ratio of < 10 % is obtained from the EUT. 11c The test message should be transmitted repeatedly from the test antenna, whilst observing for each message whether a successful response is obtained. The output level of the signal generator should be increased by 2 dB for each occasion that a successful response is NOT obtained. 11d Step 11c should be repeated until three consecutive successful responses are observed at the same output level from the signal generator. The output level from the signal generator should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). 11e The output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB. The new signal level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41) and the response of the EUT observed. 11f If a successful response is NOT obtained, the output signal level should be increased by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. If a successful response IS obtained, the input level should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. No signal levels should be recorded unless preceded by a change of level. 11g Step 11f should be repeated until a total of 10 recorded values for the signal generator output level have been entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). 11h The Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT complete assembly should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle steps 11b to 11g should be repeated. 11i For each angle, the 10 recorded values of the signal generator output level (dBm) should be converted to field strength (µV/m) by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB); 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20). The resulting values in µV/m should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). 11j For each angle, the 10 new recorded values of field strength in µV/m should be averaged according to the following formula: average field strength (µV/m) = ( ) 10 1 2 1 10 field strength V/m i i i µ = = The resulting 8 average values should also be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41). 11k The procedure should continue with step 12. 12 For the maximum sensitivity test only, the lowest of the 8 values of field strength (µV/m) calculated during the multiple-stage step 11 represents the minimum field strength to which the EUT responds. This lowest value of field strength (µV/m) should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41) as the maximum sensitivity. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 167 13 For the average sensitivity test only, the average of the 8 values of field strength (µV/m) calculated during the multiple-stage step 11 represents the average field strength to which the EUT responds. This average value of field strength in µV/m should now be calculated by the following: average field strength (µV/m) = ( ) 8 1 2 1 8 field strength V/m i i i µ = = This value of average field strength (µV/m) should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 41) as the average sensitivity. 14 Steps 2 to 13 should be repeated with both the test and measuring antennas oriented for horizontal polarization.
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8.2.1.6.1.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets
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All the necessary processing of the measured results is carried out during the course of the test procedure. The only calculation that remains to be performed is the determination of the expanded uncertainty of the measurement. This should be carried out in accordance with TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.6.1 and the resulting value entered in the overall results sheet (table 42). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 168
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8.2.1.6.1.4 Log book entries
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Table 41: Log book results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 2 Temperature:.........°°°°C Humidity:...............% Frequency:.............MHz Manufacturer of EUT:..................... Type No:.............. Serial No:.................. Range length:....................... Salty: Type:………………. Serial No:…………. Test equipment item Type No. Serial No. VSWR Insertion loss Antenna factor Test antenna N/A Test antenna attenuator N/A Test antenna cable N/A Measuring antenna N/A Measuring antenna attenuator N/A Measuring antenna cable N/A Ferrite beads N/A N/A N/A Receiving device N/A N/A Signal generator N/A N/A Digital voltmeter N/A N/A N/A Power supply N/A N/A N/A AF source (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A SINAD meter (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A AF load (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Bit stream generator (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Bit error measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Acoustic coupler (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Message generator (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Response measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Mounting configuration of EUT ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 169 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (analogue speech) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization Vertical offset from the central axis m Vertical offset from the central axis m Offset from axis of rotation m Offset from axis of rotation m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (bit stream) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization Vertical offset from the central axis m Vertical offset from the central axis m Offset from axis of rotation m Offset from axis of rotation m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 170 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (messages) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization Vertical offset from the central axis m Vertical offset from the central axis m Offset from axis of rotation m Offset from axis of rotation m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle Signal generator level (dBm) against angle level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Ave. Ave. MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna
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8.2.1.6.1.5 Statement of results
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The results should be presented in tabular form as shown in table 42. Table 42: Overall results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 1 Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB
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8.2.1.6.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane
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For Sensitivity testing in an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane reference should be made to the Open Area Test Site test method (subclause 8.2.1.6.3), since the procedures are identical. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 171 The test equipment set-up for the derivation of the Transfer Factor is shown in figure 92 whilst the set-up for the sensitivity measurement is shown in figure 93. Range length 3 m or 10 m Measuring antenna Test antenna 1 - 4 m Receiving 10 dB attenuator 10 dB attenuator Signal Ground plane Radio absorbing material device generator Figure 92: Equipment layout for the derivation of the Transform Factor during Receiver Sensitivity tests in an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 172 10 dB attenuator Range length 3 m or 10 m Turntable Salty man / salty-lite EUT Acoustic coupler (pipe) Modulation source Digital voltmeter Power supply unit Modulation detection Signal generator Radio absorbing material Test antenna Figure 93: Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane set-up for sensitivity tests on the EUT To complete the overall results sheet for this test, the value for expanded measurement uncertainty should be calculated according to TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.6.2.
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8.2.1.6.3 Open Area Test Site
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8.2.1.6.3.1 Apparatus required
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- Digital voltmeter; - Ferrite beads; - 10 dB attenuators; - Power supply; - Connecting cables; - Open Area Test Site; - Salty man or Salty-lite; - Test antenna (half wavelength dipole as detailed in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] recommended); - Measuring antenna (half wavelength dipole as detailed in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] recommended); - RF Signal generator; - Receiving device (measuring receiver or spectrum analyser). Additional requirements for analogue speech: - AF source; ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 173 - SINAD meter (incorporating telephone psophometric weighting network); - Acoustic coupler (alternatively: audio load). Additional requirements for bit stream: - Bit stream generator; - Bit error measuring test set. Additional requirements for messages: - Acoustic coupler; - Message generator; - Response measuring test set. The types and serial numbers of all items of test equipment should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 44). NOTE: The half wavelength dipole antennas, incorporating matching/transforming baluns, for the procedure are available in the following bands: 20 MHz - 65 MHz, 65 MHz - 180 MHz, 180 MHz - 400 MHz, 400 MHz - 1 000 MHz. Constructional details are contained in ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11]. In the recommended antenna scheme for this band, a shortened dipole is used at all frequencies from 30 MHz up to 80 MHz.
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8.2.1.6.3.2 Method of measurement
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1 The EUT should be mounted on the Salty man/Salty-lite at the height stated in the relevant Standard. It should be mounted in an orientation which matches that of its normal usage as declared by the manufacturer. Determination of the Transform Factor for the test site 2 For this part of the test, it is necessary to position the measuring antenna such that its phase centre is at the same point that the phase centre of the EUT (mounted on the Salty man/Salty-lite) will occupy in the second part of the test. The precise point should always be, where possible, on the axis of rotation of the turntable but at a height above its mounting surface that should either be measured remotely or determined by sitting the complete assembly of Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT on the turntable. The height above the turntable should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). NOTE 1: If the position of the phase centre within the EUT is unknown, but its antenna is a single rod which is visible and vertical in normal usage, the axis of its antenna should be used for alignment with the axis of rotation of the turntable. The base of the antenna should be used for determining the height. If the phase centre is unknown and there is no visible antenna, the volume centre of the EUT should be used instead. NOTE 2: The bulk of the Salty man/Salty-lite may offer little flexibility in positioning on the test site and some offset of the phase centre of the EUT from the axis of rotation might be necessary (see figure 94). Where an offset is unavoidable, its value should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). If the overall positioning of the phase centre cannot be achieved without the dipole approaching closer than 0,25 m to the ground plane, the test should not be carried out. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 174 Test antenna Salty man / salty-lite Offset Turntable EUT reference face Axis of rotation of the turntable Figure 94: Illustration of offset from the axis of rotation 3 The measuring antenna (in the recommended scheme: a tuned ANSI C63.5 (1988) [11] half wavelength dipole for frequencies of 80 MHz and above, a shortened dipole for frequencies from 30 MHz up to 80 MHz) should be adjusted to correspond to the nominal frequency of the EUT and positioned with its phase centre at the point identified in step 2. It should be oriented for vertical polarization. NOTE 3: For all frequencies below 80 MHz, a shortened dipole (as defined in subclause 6.2.3) should be used. The dipole arm length is defined from the centre of the balun block to the tip of the arm. From a fully extended state, each telescopic element, in turn, should be "pushed in" from the tip until the required length is obtained. The outermost section should fully compress before any of the others, and so on. Table 2 gives the dipole arm lengths and choice of balun for set frequencies. Where the test frequency does not correspond to a set frequency in the table, the arm length to be used should be determined by linear interpolation between the closest set values. 4 The measuring antenna should be connected via a 10 dB attenuator and the calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable associated with that end of the test site, to the receiving device. 5 The test antenna (identical to the measuring antenna) should be mounted on the antenna mast, tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT and oriented for vertical polarization. 6 The test antenna should be connected via a 10 dB attenuator and the calibrated, ferrited coaxial cable associated with that end of the test site, to the signal generator whose output is unmodulated. See figure 95. The signal generator should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 175 Signal generator Receiving device Test antenna Measuring antenna 10 dB attenuator 10 dB attenuator Turntable Range length 3 m or 10 m Reflected path Direct path Figure 95: Equipment layout for the derivation of the Transfer Factor during Sensitivity tests on an Open Area Test Site 7 The output level of the signal generator should be adjusted until a received signal level at least 20 dB above the noise floor is observed on the receiving device. 8 The test antenna should be raised and lowered through the specified range of heights whilst monitoring the received signal level on the receiving device. The test antenna should be positioned at the height corresponding to the maximum received signal. This height should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). NOTE 4: The true maximum may lie beyond the top of the mast, in which case the maximum receivable level should be at the top of the height range. 9 The measuring antenna should be rotated in the horizontal plane until the maximum level is detected on the receiving device. NOTE 5: This is to correct for possible misalignment of a directional beam i.e. dipoles used in horizontally polarized tests. This step can be omitted when dipoles are used in vertically polarized tests. 10 The maximum received signal level (dBµV) appearing on the receiving device along with the output level from the signal generator (dBm) should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). A Transform Factor for the test site (i.e. a factor relating the output power level from the signal generator (dBm) to the resulting field strength (dBµV/m) at the point of measurement) should be calculated according to the following formula: Transform Factor (dB) = received signal level (dBµV) + measuring antenna cable loss + measuring antenna attenuator loss + measuring antenna balun loss + mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factor (if applicable) + antenna factor of the measuring antenna - signal generator output level (dBm) ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 176 NOTE 6: Guidance for deriving/calculating/finding the unknown values in the above formula for Transform Factor are given in table 43. These values should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). The resulting value for the Transform Factor should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). Table 43: Guidance for deriving Transform Factor Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss: Obtained directly from the calibration data. Measuring antenna attenuator loss: Obtained from calibration data. Measuring antenna balun loss: If not known from calibration data, the value should be taken as 0,30 dB. Mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factor between the test antenna and the measuring antenna: For ANSI dipoles (30 MHz to 180 MHz) values can be obtained from annex A: table A20. For frequencies > 180 MHz, this value is 0,00 dB. For non-ANSI dipoles this value is 0,00 dB. Antenna factor of the measuring antenna: For ANSI dipoles: Antenna factor = 20 log10 (f) - 31,4 dB dB/m (where f is the frequency in MHz) For other types the value can be obtained from calibration data. Sensitivity measurement on the EUT 11 The measuring antenna should be replaced on the turntable by the complete assembly of Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT. The EUT should be positioned such that its phase centre is in the same place as formerly occupied by the phase centre of the measuring antenna. 12 The normal to the reference face of the EUT should point directly towards the test antenna. This is the 0° reference angle for this test. This orientation and mounting configuration should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 44). For analogue speech: 13a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a SINAD meter incorporating a telephone psophometric weighting network) through an AF load or by an acoustic coupler which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s) for EUTs not fitted with a direct connection. See figure 96. 13b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation AM-1 (produced by the AF source) and its output level should be adjusted until a psophometrically weighted SINAD ratio of 20 dB is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). 13c The Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT complete assembly should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle step 13b should be repeated. 13d The 8 values of signal generator output power level resulting from steps 13b and 13c should be converted into field strength values by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB); 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20). The resulting values in µV/m should be also entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). 13e The procedure should now resume with step 14. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 177 Test antenna EUT Salty man/ salty-lite Acoustic coupler Power supply unit Modulation source Signal generator 10 dB attenuator Modulation detection Digital voltmeter Turntable Range length 3 m or 10 m Reflected path Direct path Figure 96: Open Area Test Site set-up for sensitivity tests on the EUT For bit stream: 13a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a bit error measuring test set, which should also receive a direct input from the bit stream generator) by a direct connection. See figure 96. 13b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-2 (produced by the bit stream generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained from the EUT. The corresponding signal generator output power level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). 13c The Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT complete assembly should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle step 13b should be repeated. 13d The 8 values of signal generator output power level resulting from steps 13b and 13c should be converted into field strength values by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB); 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20). The resulting values in µV/m should be also entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). 13e The procedure should now resume with step 14. For messages 13a The EUT should be connected to the modulation detector (a response measuring test set) via an acoustic coupler (pipe) which is made from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s). See figure 96. 13b The signal generator output should be modulated with test modulation DM-3 (produced by the message generator) and its output level should be adjusted until a message acceptance ratio of < 10 % is obtained from the EUT. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 178 13c The test message should be transmitted repeatedly from the test antenna, whilst observing for each message whether a successful response is obtained. The output level of the signal generator should be increased by 2 dB for each occasion that a successful response is NOT obtained. 13d Step 13c should be repeated until three consecutive successful responses are observed at the same output level from the signal generator. The output level from the signal generator should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). 13e The output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB. The new signal level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44) and the response of the EUT observed. 13f If a successful response is NOT obtained, the output signal level should be increased by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. If a successful response IS obtained, the input level should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the output signal level from the signal generator should be reduced by 1 dB and the new level recorded in the results sheet. No signal levels should be recorded unless preceded by a change of level. 13g Step 13f should be repeated until a total of 10 recorded values for the signal generator output level have been entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). 13h The Salty man/Salty-lite plus EUT complete assembly should be successively rotated through 45° in the horizontal plane to new testing angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315° (thereby covering the entire 360° in 8 measurements). At each angle steps 13b to 13g should be repeated. 13i For each angle, the 10 recorded values of the signal generator output level (dBm) should be converted to field strength (µV/m) by firstly adding the Transform Factor to produce the field strength in dBµV/m and then secondly converting dBµV/m to µV/m i.e.: 1) field strength (dBµV/m) = signal generator level (dBm) + Transform Factor (dB); 2) field strength (µV/m) = 10^(field strength(dBµV/m)/20). The resulting values in µV/m should be also entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). 13j For each angle, the 10 new recorded values of field strength in µV/m should be averaged according to the following formula: average field strength (µV/m) = ( ) 10 1 2 1 10 field strength V/m i i i µ = = The resulting 8 average values should also be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44). 13k The procedure should continue with step 14. 14 For the maximum sensitivity test only, the lowest of the 8 values of field strength (dBµV/m) calculated during the multiple-stage step 13 represents the minimum field strength to which the EUT responds. This lowest value of field strength (µV/m) should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44) as the maximum sensitivity. 15 For the average sensitivity test only, the average of the 8 values of field strength (µV/m) calculated during the multiple-stage step 13 represents the average field strength to which the EUT responds. This average value of field strength in µV/m should now be calculated by the following: average field strength (µV/m) = ( ) 8 1 2 1 8 field strength V/m i i i µ = = ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 179 This average value of field strength (µV/m) should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 44) as the average sensitivity. 16 Steps 2 to 15 should be repeated with both the test and measuring antennas oriented for horizontal polarization.
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8.2.1.6.3.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets
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All the necessary processing of the measured results is carried out during the course of the test procedure. The only calculation that remains to be performed before the overall results sheet (table 45) can be completed is the determination of the expanded uncertainty of the measurement. This should be carried out in accordance with TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.1.6.3 and the resulting value entered in the overall results sheet (table 45). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 180
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8.2.1.6.3.4 Log book entries
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Table 44: Log book results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 2 Temperature:.........°°°°C Humidity:...............% Frequency:.............MHz Manufacturer of EUT:..................... Type No:.............. Serial No:.................. Range length:....................... Salty: Type:………………. Serial No:…………. Test equipment item Type No. Serial No. VSWR Insertion loss Antenna factor Test antenna N/A Test antenna attenuator N/A Test antenna cable N/A Measuring antenna N/A Measuring antenna attenuator N/A Measuring antenna cable N/A Ferrite beads N/A N/A N/A Receiving device N/A N/A Signal generator N/A N/A Digital voltmeter N/A N/A N/A Power supply N/A N/A N/A Audio frequency source (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A SINAD meter (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Audio frequency load (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Bit stream generator (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Bit error measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Acoustic coupler (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Message generator (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Response measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A N/A Mounting configuration of EUT ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 181 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (analogue speech) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Height of the test antenna m Height of the test antenna m Offset from the axis of rotation m Offset from the axis of rotation m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 20 dB SINAD 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (bit stream) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Height of the test antenna m Height of the test antenna m Offset from the axis of rotation m Offset from the axis of rotation m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER Signal generator level (dBm) against angle for 10-2 BER 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level level MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 182 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (messages) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization Height of the test antenna m Height of the test antenna m Offset from the axis of rotation m Offset from the axis of rotation m Received signal level dBµV Received signal level dBµV Output level from signal generator dBm Output level from signal generator dBm Transform Factor dB Transform Factor dB Signal generator level (dBm) against angle Signal generator level (dBm) against angle level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Conversion to µµµµV/m Conversion to µµµµV/m level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° level 0°°°° 45°°°° 90°°°° 135°°°° 180°°°° 225°°°° 270°°°° 325°°°° 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Ave. Ave. MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Sensitivity µV/m Values in the formula for Transform Factor Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna cable loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna attenuator loss Measuring antenna balun loss Measuring antenna balun loss Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Mutual coupling and mismatch loss (30 MHz - 180 MHz) Antenna factor of the measuring antenna Antenna factor of the measuring antenna
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8.2.1.6.3.5 Statement of results
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The results should be presented in tabular form as shown in table 45. Table 45: Overall results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 1 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB Expanded uncertainty (95 %) dB
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8.2.2 Co-channel rejection
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NOTE: This test is only usually carried out using a Test Fixture. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 183 Definition The co-channel rejection is a measure of the capability of the receiver to receive a wanted modulated signal at the nominal frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of an unwanted modulated signal also at the nominal frequency. For analogue speech: it is specified as the ratio in decibels of the level of the unwanted signal to the specified wanted signal level at the receiver input which produces, through a telephone psophometric weighting network, a SINAD ratio of 14 dB. For bit stream: it is specified as the ratio in decibels of the level of the unwanted signal to the specified wanted signal level at the receiver input for which the bit error ratio is 10-2. For messages: it is specified as the ratio in decibels of the level of the unwanted signal to the specified wanted signal level at the receiver input for which the message acceptance ratio is 80 %.
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8.2.2.1 Test Fixture
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8.2.2.1.1 Apparatus required
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- Digital voltmeter; - Power supply; - Connecting cables; - Ferrite beads; - 10 dB attenuator; - Test Fixture; - Climatic facility; - Accredited Free-Field Test Site; - 2 RF signal generators; - 50 Ωload; - AF source. Additional requirements for analogue speech: - 2nd AF source; - SINAD meter (incorporating telephone psophometric weighting network); - Acoustic coupler (alternatively: audio load). Additional requirements for bit stream: - Bit stream generator; - Bit error measuring test set. Additional requirements for messages: - Acoustic coupler; - Message generator; ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 184 - Response measuring test set. The type and serial numbers of all items of test equipment should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 46).
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8.2.2.1.2 Method of measurement
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1 The Test Fixture should have been verified for use, with the particular type of EUT, on an accredited Free-Field Test Site in accordance with clause 6. Four different measurements of the value of maximum usable sensitivity (for the particular type of data modulation i.e. analogue speech, bit stream or messages) should have been taken during the verification, each corresponding to a different configuration of the EUT, namely: a) the EUT by itself on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; b) the EUT secured in the Test Fixture, again on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; c) the power input to the Test Fixture's RF connector with the Test Fixture/EUT assembly on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; d) the power input to the Test Fixture's RF connector with the Test Fixture/EUT assembly in the climatic facility. The value recorded for configuration b) during the verification procedure should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). This value should be converted to dBµV/m (from µV/m) before entering it in the log book results sheet. For all modulation types, the maximum usable sensitivity limit (as stated in the relevant standard) as well as the calculated difference between this value and the b) value recorded during the verification procedure should both be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). 2 The EUT should still be secured in the Test Fixture and the Test Fixture/EUT assembly should be placed in the climatic facility in a repeatable position. This configuration should be noted on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 46). 3 The assembly should be connected to the test equipment as shown in figure 97 where acoustic coupling to the EUT is illustrated. Digital voltmeter Power supply Input Climatic facility EUT plus test fixture Ferrite beads 10 dB attenuator Modulation detection Signal generator A Audio frequency source Acoustic coupler Modulation source Signal generator B Combiner Figure 97: Co-channel rejection using a Test Fixture (shown with acoustic coupler) 4 Normal conditions (as stated in the relevant standard) should exist within the climatic facility. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 185 5 The output from signal generator B should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. It should be modulated with test modulation A-M3 produced by the AF generator. This is the unwanted signal as far as the test is concerned. For analogue speech: 6a The output from signal generator A should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. It should be modulated by test modulation A-M1 produced by the modulation source (an AF generator). This is the wanted signal as far as the test is concerned. 6b The output signal level of signal generator B should be switched off and the cable from its output should be disconnected at the combiner input. The vacated combiner port should then be terminated with a 50 Ωload. 6c The output signal level of signal generator A should be adjusted until the modulation detector (a SINAD meter incorporating a telephone psophometric weighting network) indicates a 20 dB SINAD ratio has been obtained. The signal generator level should be increased by the difference between the limit of the maximum usable sensitivity - the Free-Field Test Site measured maximum usable sensitivity. The corresponding output power level of signal generator A should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). NOTE 1: The output level increase is the difference between the limit for maximum usable sensitivity (as given in the relevant Standard) and the measured value of maximum usable sensitivity for the complete EUT/Test Fixture assembly recorded on the accredited test-site. 6d The cable from the output of signal generator B should then be reconnected to the combiner port (replacing the 50 Ωload). 6e The output of signal generator B should then be switched on and its level adjusted until the SINAD ratio (again as measured through a telephone psophometric weighting network) is reduced to 14 dB. The corresponding output power level of signal generator B should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). 6f Retaining its modulation A-M3, signal generator B should then be tuned, in succession, to frequencies 1 500 Hz and 3 000 Hz above and below the nominal frequency. For each frequency, step 6e should be repeated keeping the tuning and modulation of signal generator A as set in step 6a and its output level as set in step 6c. 6g The procedure should now resume with step 7. For bit stream: 6a The output from signal generator A should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the receiver. It should be modulated by test modulation D-M2 produced by the modulation source (a bit stream generator). This is the wanted signal as far as the test is concerned. 6b The output signal level of signal generator B should be switched off and the cable from its output should be disconnected at the combiner input. The vacated combiner port should then be terminated with a 50 Ωload. 6c The EUT should be directly connected to the modulation detector (a bit error measuring test set which should also receive a direct input from the bit stream generator) and the output signal level of signal generator A should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained. The corresponding output power level of signal generator A should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). 6d The output signal level of signal generator A should then be increased above the level noted in step 6c by the difference in the two values recorded in step 1. This new value of signal generator output level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). NOTE 2: The output level increase is 3 dB plus the difference between the limit for maximum usable sensitivity (as given in the relevant Standard) and the measured value of maximum usable sensitivity for the complete EUT/Test Fixture assembly recorded on the accredited test-site. 6e The cable from the output of signal generator B should then be reconnected to the combiner port (replacing the 50 Ωload). 6f The output of signal generator B should then be switched on and its level adjusted until a bit error ratio of about 10-1 is obtained. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 186 6g The wanted signal should be transmitted at the level set in step 6d whilst the level of signal generator B (the unwanted signal) is reduced in 1 dB steps until a bit error ratio of 10-2 or better is obtained. The corresponding output power level of signal generator B should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). 6h Retaining its modulation A-M3, signal generator B should then be tuned, in succession, to frequencies 1 500 Hz and 3 000 Hz above and below the nominal frequency. For each frequency, steps 6f and 6g should be repeated keeping the tuning and modulation of signal generator A as set in step 6a and its output level as set in step 6d. 6i The procedure should now resume with step 7. For messages: 6a The output from signal generator A should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. It should be modulated by test modulation D-M3. This is the wanted signal as far as the test is concerned. 6b The output signal level of signal generator B should be switched off and the cable from its output should be disconnected at the combiner input. The vacated combiner port should then be terminated with a 50 Ωload. 6c The output signal level of signal generator A should be adjusted until the modulation detector (a response measuring test set) indicates that a successful message response ratio of less than 10 % has been obtained. 6d The output signal level of signal generator A should then be successively increased in 2 dB steps for each occasion that a successful response is not obtained until 3 consecutive successful responses are observed. The corresponding output signal level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). 6e The output signal level of signal generator A should then be decreased by 1 dB and the new value recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). The message should then be continuously repeated. In each case, if a successful response is not obtained, the input level should be increased by 1 dB and the new value recorded. If a successful response is obtained, the input level should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the input level should be reduced by 1 dB and the new value recorded in the log book results sheet. No input signal levels should be recorded unless preceded by a change in signal level. The repetition should be stopped after 10 values of signal level have been recorded in the log book results sheet (table 46). 6f The 10 values of signal generator output level recorded should then be averaged and the resulting value should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). 6g The output signal level of signal generator A should then be increased above the calculated average level recorded in step 6f by the difference in the two values recorded in step 1 plus 3 dB. This new value of signal generator output level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). NOTE 3: The output level increase is 3 dB plus the difference between the limit for maximum usable sensitivity (as given in the relevant Standard) and the measured value of maximum usable sensitivity for the complete EUT/Test Fixture assembly recorded on the accredited test-site. 6h The cable from the output of signal generator B should then be reconnected to the combiner port (replacing the 50 Ωload). 6i Whilst repeatedly transmitting the message from signal generator A, the output of signal generator B should then be switched on and its output level adjusted until a successful message acceptance ratio of less than 10 % is obtained. 6j The output signal level of signal generator B should then be successively reduced in 2 dB steps for each occasion that a successful response is not obtained until 3 consecutive successful responses are observed. The corresponding output signal level from signal generator B should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 187 6k The output signal level of signal generator B should then be increased by 1 dB and the new value recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). The wanted signal (signal generator A) should then be repeatedly transmitted. In each case, if a successful response is not obtained, the level of the unwanted signal (signal generator B) should be continuously reduced by 1 dB and the new value recorded. If a successful response is obtained, the level of the unwanted signal should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the unwanted signal level should be reduced by 1 dB and the new value recorded in the log book results sheet. No levels of the unwanted signal should be recorded unless preceded by a change in signal level. The repetition should be stopped after 10 values of signal level have been recorded in the log book results sheet (table 46). 6l The 10 values of signal level recorded should then be averaged and the resulting value should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). 6mRetaining its modulation A-M3, signal generator B should then be tuned, in succession, to frequencies of 1 500 Hz and 3 000 Hz above and below the nominal frequency. For each frequency, steps 6i to 6l should be repeated keeping the tuning and modulation of signal generator A as set in step 6a and its output level as set in step 6g. 6n The procedure should now continue with step 7 7 The EUT and its power supplies should then be switched off and the climatic facility programmed to provide the upper extreme of temperature. 8 The climatic facility should be allowed adequate time at the extreme condition for all components to settle to the temperature required. NOTE 4: For tests at extreme conditions, the relevant standard will specify the extreme temperatures and voltages to apply, along with stabilization and operating periods which should both be completed before any measurements are carried out. NOTE 5: To avoid thermally shocking the EUT, it is recommended that the rates of change of temperature should not exceed 1°C per minute. The preferred rate of change of temperature is 0,33°C per minute. 9 The supply voltage to the EUT should be set to the upper extreme as given in the relevant Standard. Step 5 and the multi-stage step 6 should then be repeated. 10 The supply voltage to the EUT should then be set to the lower extreme as given in the relevant Standard. Step 5 and the multi-stage step 6 should again be repeated. 11 The EUT and its power supplies should then be switched off and the climatic facility programmed to provide the lower extreme of temperature. 12 The climatic facility should be allowed adequate time at the extreme temperature condition for all components to settle to the temperature required. NOTE 6: For tests at extreme conditions, the relevant standard will specify the extreme temperatures and voltages to apply, along with stabilization and operating periods which should both be completed before any measurements are carried out. NOTE 7: To avoid thermally shocking the EUT, it is recommended that the rates of change of temperature should not exceed 1°C per minute. The preferred rate of change of temperature is 0,33°C per minute. 13 The supply voltage to the EUT should be set to the lower extreme as given in the relevant standard. Step 5 and the multi-stage step 6 should then be repeated. 14 The supply voltage to the EUT should then be set to the upper extreme as given in the relevant standard. Step 5 and the multi-stage step 6 should again be repeated. 15 On completion of the extreme conditions, the climatic facility should be returned to the normal condition. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 188
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8.2.2.1.3 Procedure for completion of the results sheets
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Some final calculations need to be made before the overall results sheet (table 47) can be completed. The first of these calculations derives the difference in levels between the wanted signal and the unwanted signal for the stipulated reception (i.e. 14 dB SINAD for analogue speech, 10-2 bit error ratio for bit stream or 80 % message acceptance ratio for messages). In all cases, the relevant values can be found on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46) and the resulting level differences are co-channel rejection ratios. For analogue speech: For each frequency, the difference (in dB) between the signal generator A level and the level of signal generator B (for 14 dB SINAD) for each temperature/voltage combination should be calculated and entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). The actual calculation is: signal generator B level (for 14 dB SINAD) - signal generator A increased (step 6c) level dB For bit stream: For each frequency, the difference (in dB) between the increased level (step 6d) of signal generator A and the level of signal generator B (for 10-2 BER) for each temperature/voltage combination should be calculated and entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). The actual calculation is: signal generator B level (for 10-2 BER) - signal generator A increased (step 6d) level dB For messages: For each frequency, the difference (in dB) between the increased level (step 6g) of signal generator A and the average level of signal generator B for each temperature/voltage combination should be calculated and entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 46). The actual calculation is: average signal generator B level - signal generator A increased (step 6g) level dB For all types of data modulation, the co-channel rejection ratio for the EUT is the lowest of all the level differences between generators A and B. This value should be entered in the overall results sheet (table 47). The final value needed to complete the overall results sheet (table 47) is the overall measurement uncertainty. This should be calculated in accordance with TR 100 028-2 [7], subclause 8.2.2.1. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 189
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f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197
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100 027
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8.2.2.1.4 Log book entries
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Table 46: Log book results sheet CO-CHANNEL REJECTION Date: PAGE 1 of 2 Temperature:.........°°°°C Humidity:...............% Frequency:.............MHz Manufacturer of EUT:..................... Type No:.............. Serial No:.................. Test equipment item Type No. Serial No. VSWR Insertion loss Digital voltmeter N/A N/A Power supply N/A N/A Ferrite beads (for RF cables) N/A N/A Ferrite beads (for power cables) N/A N/A 10 dB attenuator Signal generator A N/A Signal generator B N/A RF cable within climatic facility RF cable, climatic facility output to combiner RF cable, combiner to sig gen A RF cable, combiner to sig gen B RF Combiner 50 Ωload N/A Climatic facility N/A N/A Accredited Free-Field Test Site N/A N/A AF source A N/A N/A 2nd AF source (if applicable) N/A N/A SINAD meter (if applicable) N/A N/A Acoustic coupler (if applicable) N/A N/A Audio load (if applicable) N/A N/A Bit stream generator (if applicable) N/A N/A Bit error measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A Message generator (if applicable) N/A N/A Response measuring test set (if applicable) N/A N/A Mounting configuration of EUT ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 190 CO-CHANNEL REJECTION (analogue speech) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Result of measurement on accredited Free-Field Test Site: Type of test site:................................................... 'b)' value of maximum usable sensitivity (dBµV/m):............................ Limit of maximum usable sensitivity (as given in relevant standard)(dBµµµµV/m)................................. Calculated difference between: Limit and measured 'b)' values (dBµµµµV/m)................................. Frequency Temperature: T(normal) T(high) T(low) Voltage: V(normal) V (high) V (low) V (high) V (low) f0 Sig gen A (for 20 dB SINAD): Increased level of sig gen A: Sig gen B (for 14 dB SINAD): f0 + 1 500 Sig gen B (for 14 dB SINAD): f0 + 3 000 Sig gen B (for 14 dB SINAD): f0 - 1 500 Sig gen B (for 14 dB SINAD): f0 - 3 000 Sig gen B (for 14 dB SINAD): Frequency Temperature: T(normal) T(high) T(low) Voltage: V(normal) V (high) V (low) V (high) V (low) f0 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 + 1 500 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 + 3 000 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 - 1 500 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 - 3 000 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: CO-CHANNEL REJECTION (bit stream) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Result of measurement on accredited Free-Field Test Site: Type of test site:................................................... 'b)' value of maximum usable sensitivity (dBµV/m):............................ Limit of maximum usable sensitivity (as given in relevant standard)(dBµµµµV/m)................................. Calculated difference between: Limit and measured 'b)' values (dBµµµµV/m)................................. Frequency Temperature: T(normal) T(high) T(low) Voltage: V(normal) V (high) V (low) V (high) V (low) f0 Sig gen A (for 10-2 BER): Increased level of sig gen A: Sig gen B (for 10-2 BER): f0 + 1 500 Sig gen B (for 10-2 BER): f0 + 3 000 Sig gen B (for 10-2 BER): f0 - 1 500 Sig gen B (for 10-2 BER): f0 - 3 000 Sig gen B (for 10-2 BER): Frequency Temperature: T(normal) T(high) T(low) Voltage: V(normal) V (high) V (low) V (high) V (low) f0 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 + 1 500 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 + 3 000 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 - 1 500 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 - 3 000 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 191 CO-CHANNEL REJECTION (messages) Date: PAGE 2 of 2 Result of measurement on accredited Free-Field Test Site: Type of test site:................................................... 'b)' value of maximum usable sensitivity (dBµV/m):............................ Limit of maximum usable sensitivity (as given in relevant standard)(dBµµµµV/m)................................. Calculated difference between: Limit and measured 'b)' values (dBµµµµV/m)................................. Frequency Temperature: T(normal) T(high) T(low) Voltage: V(normal) V (high) V (low) V (high) V (low) f0 Signal generator A level 1: Signal generator A level 2: Signal generator A level 3: Signal generator A level 4: Signal generator A level 5: Signal generator A level 6: Signal generator A level 7: Signal generator A level 8: Signal generator A level 9: Signal generator A level 10: Average sig gen A output: Increased level of sig gen A Signal generator B level 1: Signal generator B level 2: Signal generator B level 3: Signal generator B level 4: Signal generator B level 5: Signal generator B level 6: Signal generator B level 7: Signal generator B level 8: Signal generator B level 9: Signal generator B level 10: Average sig gen A output: f0 + 1 500 Signal generator B level 1: Signal generator B level 2: Signal generator B level 3: Signal generator B level 4: Signal generator B level 5: Signal generator B level 6: Signal generator B level 7: Signal generator B level 8: Signal generator B level 9: Signal generator B level 10: Average sig gen A output: f0 + 3 000 Signal generator B level 1: Signal generator B level 2: Signal generator B level 3: Signal generator B level 4: Signal generator B level 5: Signal generator B level 6: Signal generator B level 7: Signal generator B level 8: Signal generator B level 9: Signal generator B level 10: ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 192 Average sig gen A output: f0 - 1 500 Signal generator B level 1: Signal generator B level 2: Signal generator B level 3: Signal generator B level 4: Signal generator B level 5: Signal generator B level 6: Signal generator B level 7: Signal generator B level 8: Signal generator B level 9: Signal generator B level 10: Average sig gen A output: f0 - 3 000 Signal generator B level 1: Signal generator B level 2: Signal generator B level 3: Signal generator B level 4: Signal generator B level 5: Signal generator B level 6: Signal generator B level 7: Signal generator B level 8: Signal generator B level 9: Signal generator B level 10: Average sig gen A output: Frequency Temperature: T(normal) T(high) T(low) Voltage: V(normal) V (high) V (low) V (high) V (low) f0 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 + 1 500 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 + 3 000 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 - 1 500 Sig gen A - Sig gen B: f0 - 3 000 Sig gen A - Sig gen B:
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f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197
|
100 027
|
8.2.2.1.5 Overall results sheet
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The results should be presented in tabular form as shown in table 47: Table 47: Overall results sheet CO-CHANNEL REJECTION Date: PAGE 1 of 1 Co-channel rejection ratio dB Measurement uncertainty (95 %) dB
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f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197
|
100 027
|
8.2.3 Adjacent channel selectivity
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NOTE: This test is only usually carried out using a Test Fixture. Definition The adjacent channel selectivity is a measure of the capability of the receiver to receive a wanted modulated signal at the nominal frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of an unwanted modulated signal which differs in frequency from the wanted signal by an amount equal to the adjacent channel separation for which the equipment is intended. For analogue speech: it is specified as the lower value (of the upper and lower adjacent channels) of the ratios, in decibels, of the levels of the unwanted signal expressed as field strength to a specified wanted signal level expressed as field strength which produces, through a telephone psophometric weighting network, a SINAD ratio of 14 dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 193 For bit stream: it is specified as the lower value (of the upper and lower adjacent channels) of the ratios, in decibels, of the levels of the unwanted signal level expressed as field strength to a specified wanted signal level expressed as field strength producing a data signal with a bit error ratio of 10-2. For messages: it is specified as the lower value (of the upper and lower adjacent channels) of the ratios, in decibels, of the levels of the unwanted signal level expressed as field strength to a specified wanted signal level expressed as field strength which produces after demodulation a message acceptance ratio of 80 %.
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f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197
|
100 027
|
8.2.3.1 Test Fixture
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f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197
|
100 027
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8.2.3.1.1 Apparatus required
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- Digital voltmeter; - Ferrite beads; - 10 dB attenuator; - Power supply; - Connecting cables; - Test Fixture; - Climatic facility; - Accredited Free-Field Test Site; - 2 RF signal generators; - 50 Ωload; - AF source. Additional requirements for analogue speech: - 2nd AF source; - SINAD meter (incorporating telephone psophometric weighting network); - Acoustic coupler (alternatively: audio load). Additional requirements for bit stream: - Bit stream generator; - Bit error measuring test set. Additional requirements for messages: - Acoustic coupler; - Message generator; - Response measuring test set. The type and serial numbers of all items of test equipment should be recorded on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 48). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 194
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f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197
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100 027
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8.2.3.1.2 Method of measurement
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1 The Test Fixture should have been verified for use, with the particular type of EUT, on an accredited Free-Field Test Site in accordance with clause 6. Four different measurements of the value of maximum usable sensitivity (for the particular type of data modulation i.e. analogue speech, bit stream or messages) should have been taken during the verification, each corresponding to a different configuration of the EUT, namely: a) the EUT by itself on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; b) the EUT secured in the Test Fixture, again on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; c) the power input to the Test Fixture's RF connector with the Test Fixture/EUT assembly on the accredited Free-Field Test Site; d) the power input to the Test Fixture's RF connector with the Test Fixture/EUT assembly in the climatic facility. The value recorded for configuration b) during the verification procedure should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). This value should be converted to dBµV/m (from µV/m) before entering it in the log book results sheet. For all modulation types, the maximum usable sensitivity limit (as stated in the relevant standard) as well as the calculated difference between this value and the b) value recorded during the verification procedure should both be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 2 The EUT should still be secured in the Test Fixture and the Test Fixture/EUT assembly should be placed in the climatic facility in a repeatable position. This configuration should be noted on page 1 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 3 The assembly should be connected to the test equipment as shown in figure 98 where acoustic coupling to the EUT is illustrated. Digital voltmeter Power supply Input Climatic facility EUT/Test Fixture Ferrite beads 10 dB attenuator Modulation detection Signal generator A Audio frequency source Acoustic coupler Modulation source Signal generator B Combiner assembly Figure 98: Adjacent channel selectivity using a Test Fixture (shown with acoustic coupler) 4 Normal conditions (as stated in the relevant standard) should exist within the climatic facility. 5 The output from signal generator B should be tuned to the frequency of the adjacent channel immediately above the nominal frequency of the EUT. It should be modulated with test modulation A-M3 produced by the AF generator. This is the unwanted signal as far as the test is concerned. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 195 For analogue speech: 6a The output from signal generator A should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. It should be modulated by test modulation A-M1 produced by the modulation source (an AF generator). This is the wanted signal as far as the test is concerned. 6b The output signal level of signal generator B should be switched off and the cable from its output should be disconnected at the combiner input. The vacated combiner port should then be terminated with a 50 Ωload. 6c The output signal level of signal generator A should be adjusted until the modulation detector (a SINAD meter incorporating a telephone psophometric weighting network) indicates a 20 dB SINAD ratio has been obtained. The signal generator level should be increased by the difference between the limit of the maximum usable sensitivity - the Free-Field Test Site measured maximum usable sensitivity. The corresponding output power level of signal generator A should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 6d The cable from the output of signal generator B should then be reconnected to the combiner port (replacing the 50 Ωload). 6e The output of signal generator B should then be switched on and its level adjusted until the SINAD ratio (again as measured through a telephone psophometric weighting network) is reduced to 14 dB. The corresponding output power level of signal generator B should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 6f The output from signal generator B should then be tuned to the frequency of the adjacent channel immediately below the nominal frequency. It should retain the modulation A-M3. Step 6e should be repeated keeping the tuning and modulation of signal generator A as set in step 6a and its output level as set in step 6c. 6g The procedure should now resume with step 7. For bit stream: 6a The output from signal generator A should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. It should be modulated by test modulation D-M2 produced by the modulation source (a bit stream generator). This is the wanted signal as far as the test is concerned. 6b The output signal level of signal generator B should be switched off and the cable from its output should be disconnected at the combiner input. The vacated combiner port should then be terminated with a 50 Ωload. 6c The EUT should be directly connected to the modulation detector (a bit error measuring test set which should also receive a direct input from the bit stream generator) and the output signal level of signal generator A should be adjusted until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained. The corresponding output power level of signal generator A should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 6d The output signal level of signal generator A should then be increased above the level noted in step 6c by the difference in the two values recorded in step 1 plus 3 dB. This new value of signal generator output level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). NOTE 1: The output level increase is 3 dB plus the difference between the limit for maximum usable sensitivity (as given in the relevant Standard) and the measured value of maximum usable sensitivity for the complete EUT/Test Fixture assembly recorded on the accredited test-site. 6e The cable from the output of signal generator B should then be reconnected to the combiner port (replacing the 50 Ωload). 6f The output of signal generator B should then be switched on and its level adjusted until a bit error ratio of about 10-1 is obtained. 6g The wanted signal should be transmitted at the level set in step 6d whilst the level of signal generator B (the unwanted signal) is reduced in 1 dB steps until a bit error ratio of 10-2 is obtained. The corresponding output power level of signal generator B should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 6h The output from signal generator B should then be tuned to the frequency of the adjacent channel immediately below the nominal frequency. It should retain the modulation A-M3. Steps 6f and 6g should be repeated keeping the tuning and modulation of signal generator A as set in step 6a and its output level as set in step 6d. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 196 6i The procedure should now resume with step 7. For messages: 6a The output from signal generator A should be tuned to the nominal frequency of the EUT. It should be modulated by test modulation D-M3 produced by the modulation source (a message generator). This is the wanted signal as far as the test is concerned. 6b The output signal level of signal generator B should be switched off and the cable from its output should be disconnected at the combiner input. The vacated combiner port should then be terminated with a 50 Ωload. 6c The output signal level of signal generator A should be adjusted until the modulation detector (a response measuring test set) indicates that a successful message response ratio of less than 10 % has been obtained. 6d The output signal level of signal generator A should then be successively increased in 2 dB steps for each occasion that a successful response is not obtained until 3 consecutive successful responses are observed. The corresponding output signal level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 6e The output signal level of signal generator A should then be decreased by 1 dB and the new value recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). The message should then be continuously repeated. In each case, if a successful response is not obtained, the input level should be increased by 1 dB and the new value recorded. If a successful response is obtained, the input level should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the input level should be reduced by 1 dB and the new value recorded in the log book results sheet. No input signal levels should be recorded unless preceded by a change in signal level. The repetition should be stopped after 10 values of signal level have been recorded in the log book results sheet (table 48). 6f The 10 values of signal generator output level recorded should then be averaged and the resulting value should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 6g The output signal level of signal generator A should then be increased above the calculated average level recorded in step 6f by the difference in the two values recorded in step 1 plus 3 dB. This new value of signal generator output level should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). NOTE 2: The output level increase is 3 dB plus the difference between the limit for maximum usable sensitivity (as given in the relevant standard) and the measured value of maximum usable sensitivity for the complete EUT/Test Fixture assembly recorded on the accredited test-site. 6h The cable from the output of signal generator B should then be reconnected to the combiner port (replacing the 50 Ωload). 6i Whilst repeatedly transmitting the message from signal generator A, the output of signal generator B should then be switched on and its output level adjusted until a successful message acceptance ratio of less than 10 % is obtained. 6j The output signal level of signal generator B should then be successively reduced in 2 dB steps for each occasion that a successful response is not obtained until 3 consecutive successful responses are observed. The corresponding output signal level from signal generator B should be recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). 6k The output signal level of signal generator B should then be increased by 1 dB and the new value recorded on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). The wanted signal (signal generator A) should then be repeatedly transmitted. In each case, if a successful response is not obtained, the level of the unwanted signal (signal generator B) should be continuously reduced by 1 dB and the new value recorded. If a successful response is obtained, the level of the unwanted signal should not be changed until three consecutive successful responses have been observed. In this case, the unwanted signal level should be reduced by 1 dB and the new value recorded in the log book results sheet. No levels of the unwanted signal should be recorded unless preceded by a change in signal level. The repetition should be stopped after 10 values of signal level have been recorded in the log book results sheet (table 48). 6l The 10 values of signal level recorded should then be averaged and the resulting value should be entered on page 2 of the log book results sheet (table 48). ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 197 6mThe output from signal generator B should then be tuned to the frequency of the adjacent channel immediately below the nominal frequency. It should retain the modulation A-M3. Steps 6i to 6l should be repeated keeping the tuning and modulation of signal generator A as set in step 6a and its output level as set in step 6g. 6n The procedure should now continue with step 7. 7 The EUT and its power supplies should then be switched off and the climatic facility programmed to provide the upper extreme of temperature. 8 The climatic facility should be allowed adequate time at the extreme condition for all components to settle to the temperature required. NOTE 3: For tests at extreme conditions, the relevant standard will specify the extreme temperatures and voltages to apply, along with stabilization and operating periods which should both be completed before any measurements are carried out. NOTE 4: To avoid thermally shocking the EUT, it is recommended that the rates of change of temperature should not exceed 1°C per minute. The preferred rate of change of temperature is 0,33°C per minute. 9 The supply voltage to the EUT should be set to the upper extreme as given in the relevant Standard. Step 5 and the multi-stage step 6 should then be repeated. 10 The supply voltage to the EUT should then be set to the lower extreme as given in the relevant Standard. Step 5 and the multi-stage step 6 should again be repeated. 11 The EUT and its power supplies should then be switched off and the climatic facility programmed to provide the lower extreme of temperature. 12 The climatic facility should be allowed adequate time at the extreme temperature condition for all components to settle to the temperature required. NOTE 5: For tests at extreme conditions, the relevant standard will specify the extreme temperatures and voltages to apply, along with stabilization and operating periods which should both be completed before any measurements are carried out. NOTE 6: To avoid thermally shocking the EUT, it is recommended that the rates of change of temperature should not exceed 1°C per minute. The preferred rate of change of temperature is 0,33°C per minute. 13 The supply voltage to the EUT should be set to the lower extreme as given in the relevant Standard. Step 5 and the multi-stage step 6 should then be repeated. 14 The supply voltage to the EUT should then be set to the upper extreme as given in the relevant Standard. Step 5 and the multi-stage step 6 should again be repeated. 15 On completion of the extreme conditions, the climatic facility should be returned to the normal condition.
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