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lgcbr
|
How does current flow in two phases from a three phase system without a neutral?
|
As an electrical apprentice, I'd really like to know what is going on with voltage and current in this type of system. I've asked teachers and journeyman, but their responses boil down to, "it just works."
I understand using a single phase with a neutral, and I have a decent but not strong idea of three phase. Using two phases from a 120/208 wye system blows my mind. If the phases are 120 degrees apart in voltage, there is no point at which they are 208 volts apart. And in the case of a radiating heater I just installed, it only has two phases and a ground.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/lgcbr/how_does_current_flow_in_two_phases_from_a_three/
|
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"The 120V refers to [RMS](_URL_3_) rather than peak voltage. For sinusoidal electrical power, they are related as follows:\n\n V_RMS = V_peak / sqrt(2)\n\nwhere *sqrt(2)* is the square root of 2. So a 120V phase actually has a peak of around 170V with respect to ground.\n\nWhen you have two phases separated by 120^o you need to consider the potential difference between them. This is just the voltage of phase X with respect to ground minus the voltage of phase Y with respect to ground. [This plot](_URL_1_) shows the voltage between two 120V phases. You can see that the maximum potential difference is 295V which is 208V RMS, as per your original figures.\n\nIf you have a purely resistive load, voltage and current will be related by [Ohm's law](_URL_0_). Once you have an inductive load, however, current and voltage are no longer in phase, which leads to a possible need for [power factor](_URL_2_) correction.",
"The 120V refers to [RMS](_URL_3_) rather than peak voltage. For sinusoidal electrical power, they are related as follows:\n\n V_RMS = V_peak / sqrt(2)\n\nwhere *sqrt(2)* is the square root of 2. So a 120V phase actually has a peak of around 170V with respect to ground.\n\nWhen you have two phases separated by 120^o you need to consider the potential difference between them. This is just the voltage of phase X with respect to ground minus the voltage of phase Y with respect to ground. [This plot](_URL_1_) shows the voltage between two 120V phases. You can see that the maximum potential difference is 295V which is 208V RMS, as per your original figures.\n\nIf you have a purely resistive load, voltage and current will be related by [Ohm's law](_URL_0_). Once you have an inductive load, however, current and voltage are no longer in phase, which leads to a possible need for [power factor](_URL_2_) correction."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_law",
"http://i.imgur.com/Zq0yn.png",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_law",
"http://i.imgur.com/Zq0yn.png",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"
]
] |
|
23dls7
|
Why did the practice of Astrology go from being practiced by Popes and Kings to considered witchcraft in the Christian world?
|
The Bible makes several references to practicing Astrology to detect holy events, including the Magi finding Jesus, and David predicting the future. It seems like god is directly endorsing astrology, yet today it is considered satanic or an evil act by many Christian practitioners. What caused this shift?
Edit: I'm not aware of the Catholic church taking an official stance on astrology, this reflects more the general sentiment.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/23dls7/why_did_the_practice_of_astrology_go_from_being/
|
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"The phrasing of the question makes an argument which is not true: that astrology 'equaled' witchcraft at some point in time. This was never the case, at least in a European-North American context.\n\nThe first point, about witchcraft: astrology was never considered witchcraft in and of itself at any point as a matter of broad policy, neither by secular nor religious law. Here we can talk about late medieval through early modern period (note that accusations of witchcraft were rare in the medieval period before 1300), and we will speak very broadly. \n\nAccusations of witchcraft, over the course of hundreds of years and in different localities, was generally a question of *effect* or *result*, and then complainants would look for cause and evidence. So, someone would be accused of causing someone's death, causing an animal or crops to die, or causing various manners of injury to person or property. From there might proceed an accusation of being a witch (or necromancer, or sorcerer) and simultaneously finding sources to support the accusation. Those sources could be any of a wide-ranging collection of indicators: herbal remedies, songs and incantations, strange looks, and yes, astrology could be rolled up in it. \n\nAstrology continued to have a life long into the early modern period, even within monestaries and priesthood, sometimes forbidden, sometimes permitted. Astrology had a life even within Christian royal and noble circles across Europe.\n\nTo summarize: astrology was never the foundation of witchcraft accusations, it could be (rarely) dredged up as convenient support for the accusation. What's most important to understand about witchcraft accusations in this context is that anything could be used as evidence for an accusation so long as the community supported it being transformed into an act or habit of a witch. Being astrology, as a thing unto itself, was not especially relevant.\n\nAs a side note, astrology as a going concern was really demolished by scientific understanding of stars, planets, et al in the latter part of the early modern period, in particular the 17th century.\n\nFor a very readable introduction to astrology and magic in the middle ages:\n\n* Richard Kieckhefer, *Magic in the Middle Ages* (Cambridge University Press, 2000)\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2jbb2o
|
why is task manager more effective and faster rather than pressing the x or alt + f4 when something freezes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jbb2o/eli5why_is_task_manager_more_effective_and_faster/
|
{
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"Because being able to end a program that won't exit by normal means is one of the features of the Task Manager. \n\nWhether you hit X on a program window or press alt+f4 you are essentially asking the program: \"will you please exit?\". Under normal circumstances the program will then go through whatever it needs to do before ending, like asking you to save unsaved changes for example. \n\nWhen you end a program through the Task Manager you're no longer asking nicely. Instead you're telling Windows that you'd like the program to exit and if it won't exit willingly Windows should force it to. The downside is that a program that is forced to exit might not be able to go through the steps it would normally do before ending. ",
"Imagine you are sitting in the library doing work and the librarian comes in and tells you that they are closing and that you need to leave. So you gather your things and leave. In this situation you are asked so you clean up the area you have affected. \n\nNow, instead imagine that the swat team comes up to you. Grabs you and throws you out of the library. You don't have your things and you never got a chance to clean up your things. \n\nThat is basically the difference. When you go through the task manager you are forcing that program to end so there is a risk albeit generally very small. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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] |
||
5kyqy9
|
How good of a military leader was Pancho Villa?
|
[deleted]
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5kyqy9/how_good_of_a_military_leader_was_pancho_villa/
|
{
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"Villa had a lot of success early on with enthusiastic cavalry charges. He brought a lot of charisma to his command, was an excellent horseman and an excellent judge of horses, and could add mobility to his already mobile troops by putting them on trains. It worked well against demoralized, badly-supported troops in scattered defensive positions in the initial period of the Revolution , with Villa, Carranza and Zapata fighting against Huerta. Villa was also lucky to have the assistance of Felipe Angeles ( perhaps the most heroic character in the Revolution), who provided expertise in artillery. In the latter phase, though, it was not enough. After the successes of 1914 and Huerta defeated, the Convention of Aguascalientes allowed Carranza to assume more power, and put him in position to get assistance from the US government. After this, supplies, infantry tactics, and fortification began to be a problem for Villa. This was starkly shown at the Battle of Celaya, where Obregon essentially used the same techniques being used in the European war, employing trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns. After this defeat, Villa was more or less a bandit leader on the run until he could negotiate a surrender in 1919. \n\nKatz: The life and Times of Pancho Villa"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2gzx18
|
When an atom undergoes alpha decay, does it lose electrons and stay neutral or keep them and become an anion?
|
In alpha decay, an atom loses two protons right? Assuming it was neutral beforehand, will it lose two electrons to stay neutral?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2gzx18/when_an_atom_undergoes_alpha_decay_does_it_lose/
|
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"I came here with the idea that I was gonna answer your question, but then I thought about it and realised I didnt know the answer! \n\nIt is a very good question and something that most people would never consider (myself included). So I did a quick google and found this helpful site: _URL_0_\n\nSo it seems that you will get divalent anions, but that fact is pretty inconsequential as the energies involved in a nuclear reaction are so large that they will dictate the sort of chemistry that will occur post decay. I may be wrong with this here, as I have never actually looked into decay product chemistry. If anyone does know the answer I would be very interested in hearing it.",
"It will lose usually more than two electrons. Alpha decay releases around 3-6 MeV of energy. That alpha particle rips electrons out since they are bound with eV of energy. The ion will eventually become neutral if there are electrons around, which is usually the case. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=215"
],
[]
] |
|
45z0j4
|
Are there any potential ways to modify the human eye to see more of the electromagnetic spectrum?
|
We only see a small piece of the electromagnetic spectrum. Is it even possible for man to potentially see more? If that is a possibility, how might technology expand the visible spectrum of light?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/45z0j4/are_there_any_potential_ways_to_modify_the_human/
|
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"text": [
"Theoretically, this is absolutely possible. You take an opsin protein from another species, or one engineered to respond to a specific wavelength, you find out it's genetic code, you package it with a correct promoter into an appropriate virus, and you inject it into the eye. In theory, it is something we could do right now, and there are labs doing similar things in mice as we speak.\n\nIn PRACTICE there are some significant issues. The first is you only want the the gene to be expressed in rods/cones and not in all the other neurons in your retina. There are ways around this, I *think* using an appropriate promoter might help, but I'm not so sure. I'm not an expert on molecular biology. There theoretically could be problems with your body recognizing the foreign protein as an antigen, but my understanding is that this isn't that much of a problem in reality.\n\nI think the final issue is the most interesting. What are you going to see? Let's say you make your eye respond to infrared. What are you going to see when you look at something emitting bright infrared? Well, if we've made your red cones express this foreign opsin protein, you're going to see red; if green cones, green... blue cones, blue, or all of them, white. Your phone has reg green and blue sensors too. Point it at your TV remote (which emits Infrared) and press some buttons, you'll see a dark or whitest purple. It's the same situation. Without a special neural pathway to deal with this new information, you can only piggyback on what is there.\n\nAnd no, we do not know how to create a new neural pathway which would allow people to see a new color.\n\nThere are some other problems, like UV doesn't penetrate the medium of the eye, focusing wavelengths far from visual would cause trouble, but you would still be able to sense them (if not resolve them properly) if they were of enough power.",
"I would love to see some proper research into this, but note that a) the lens of our eyes filters out UV relatively well, and b) [some people](_URL_0_) claim to be able to see into UV after lens replacement surgery with a brand of artificial lens that doesn't filter UV.",
"You can stick a wire with visual data to the visual cortex and the brain manages to figure out into vision. This has been used to give partial monochrome vision to blind people by essentially by passing their eye by using an artificial one.\n\nThere are variants where a haptic output is applied to tongue in the pattern fo the light received (parts of tongue pressed). This also gives practical vision ability.\n\nYou could also for example just keep a camera recording different waveleghts to your face all the time. its not the most handy and it eats away at the ability to recognise standard colors. You could for example map the existsting colors to a narrower band to make room to new ones. That is map red-yellow-blue to red-orange-yellow and use yellow-green-blue for the new wavelengths.",
"the best way to do it is with an external sensor (e.g. an IR camera) that translates an invisible image into a visible image (on a nonliteral color display).\n\nyou could, in principle, change the receptivity of the retina by replacing the photopigments with something else (most earthly creatures have pigments that cover a similar range as ours - maybe a little UV here and there, but not a huge difference);\n\nbut then there's a much bigger problem, which is that the optics of the eye are suited only for a narrow range of visible light. there's something called *chromatic aberration*, where different wavelengths are refracted differently through a given medium - with the eye as it is, the short- and long-wavelength portions of a natural, visible-light image cannot be simultaneously focused, so if you expand the range of visible wavelengths, image quality will get worse and worse.\n\nso even if you did replace the photopigments, you would have to make further changes to optical structure of the eye, and then you'd lose your ability to focus the old \"visible light\" images. if you're going to replace virtually the whole organ, why not just use an electronic device at the front end?"
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.komar.org/faq/colorado-cataract-surgery-crystalens/ultra-violet-color-glow/"
],
[],
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|
4aq1w5
|
why do we have state troopers and municipal cops?
|
Why do we have state troopers and municipal cops? Can't we just have municipal cops patrol the the highways and allow them to chase criminals into other towns?
Or alternatively call them "highway patrolman" instead of state troopers...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4aq1w5/eli5_why_do_we_have_state_troopers_and_municipal/
|
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"text": [
"They have different jurisdictions and enforce different laws. \n\nMuni cops are responsible for the city and enforcing city ordinances. They'll pull you over for speeding on a city street, for example.\n\nState cops enforce state laws on highways and unincorporated areas of the state. They'll pull you over for speeding on the freeway.\n\nThere are also county cops (sheriff) and federal cops (FBI), each with their own jurisdictions and sets of laws to enforce.",
"Policing for the most part, is controlled at the state level (in the US). As such, each state has different uses for its State Troopers/Highway Patrol/State Police. But for the most part, highway patrol/troopers specialize in policing major federal and state highways, controling motor vehicle laws, and protecting the State Capital. Doing this allows local police forces to focus more on community policing. \n\n > Can't we just have municipal cops patrol the the highways and allow them to chase criminals into other towns?\n\nWhat would be the point of that? Police aim to capture criminals, not dump them on the next town over. Also police departments are expensive, and often small towns can only afford a few officers, so they couldn't afford the equipment or manpower needed to patrol the roads many miles away from the town center. ",
"State troopers focus on enforcing laws at a state level and have no problem chasing people beyond municipal boundaries.",
"Municipal cops in the US *can* often chase someone into other towns. For felonies, they can generally chase into other states as well. But that means they end up far away from the place that they are actually paid to be protecting. An LAPD cop who ends up in San Francisco then has a long drive home, on the clock, during which he is not able to protect the city of Los Angeles. For routine patrol, having to stay basically within your city doesn't mesh well with how highways normally work -- it makes a lot more sense to have someone who can stay on a highway and not worry about remaining within city lines. ",
"While there are differences depending on where you live;\n\nA Police Officer works for a Police Chief which is an elected or conferred (by a mayor) position and is responsible for an incorporated city or township.\n\nA Deputy is appointed by a Sheriff which is elected to provide law enforcement to a County.\n\nA Constable serves a court jurisdiction and reports to the court.\n\nState Police work for the State and are responsible for state controlled areas like government buildings and highways.\n\nFederal law enforcement (FBI) is internal to the United States however they liaison with other countries (as do other branches of law enforcement) \n\nThere are probably a lot of other definitions and local differences.\n\nIMHO or K "
]
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[],
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7h2wy8
|
can cycling in a well insulated room noticeably heat up the room?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7h2wy8/eli5_can_cycling_in_a_well_insulated_room/
|
{
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"text": [
"Yes. This is clearly evident when you get a large number of people exercising in an enclosed, insulated space.\n\nI remember Basic Training, ~40 people in a room doing Iron Mike's until the walls dripped with the excess moisture. Very clear increase of several degrees Fahrenheit.",
"People generate the equivalent heat of a 100 watt light bulb each hour. Exercising will increase this. And there is the heat from the laptop and any lights that are on. Add it all up for a couple of hours and it will get warmer."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
3z8woo
|
how propeller aircraft engines with different horsepowers but same rev speed make difference?
|
Let's say same aircraft is running with 200 hp engine at 3500 rpm. How would same aircraft affected if we run it with 400 hp engine at 3500 rpm? I am trying to understand how high power makes it faster while propeller speed is same.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3z8woo/eli5how_propeller_aircraft_engines_with_different/
|
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"text": [
"If you put the same propeller on two engines with different power, it will run at two different rpm's (speeds).\n\nTo run the weaker engine at the same rpm as the stronger engine, you must mount a less forceful propeller -- one that pushes less air per rotation.\n",
"Simply put, the more horsepower you have the heavier a propeller you can have. This can correlate to either the overall radius of the propeller or the amount of blades on the propeller. Both of which add weight and drag that the engine must overcome to spin it. Also adding more blades allows you to achieve the same thrust at lower rpm and a higher thrust at the same rpm as a propeller with less blades, as does making the blades themselves longer (though you can only make them so long before the blades striking the ground becomes an issue, see the [F4U-1](_URL_0_) Corsair for example)",
"Assuming both engines are running at full throttle, the only way the math checks out is for the 400hp engine to be moving more air at 3500rpm than the 200hp engine at the same speed. In order for this to be the case, the 400hp engine must be fitted with a bigger propeller, thus moving more air, and overcoming more resistance, at the same rpm. \n\nThis makes sense, since the propeller's ability to move air (a function of size and number of blades) is the limiting factor on the engine's speed. \n\nIf you were to take the big propeller from the 400hp engine and attach it to the 200hp engine, the 200hp engine could no longer reach 3500rpm at full throttle. Conversely (assuming the engine's tolerances were high enough) the 400hp engine, if fitted with the smaller prop, would reach much higher rpm at full throttle. \n\nEssentially, an engine's peak performance can be best thought of as the amount of air it can move at full throttle. Differences in propeller size allow an engine with more power to move more air at the same rpm as an engine with less power.",
"For a prop of given diameter and blade section (and tip profile and all the other stuff) you can change the amount of thrust it produces by changing the pitch of the blades.\n\nA shallow pitch will produce a lot of thrust at low air-speed, but will be incapable of pushing the air backward fast enough to cope with high-speed flight. A coarse pitch prop will impose much too much drag to be able to rev freely when the plane is taking off, making for very long take-off runs. The [Supermarine Spitfire S6B](_URL_0_) racer has, as you can see, a ridiculously coarse pitch prop, which meant it took ages to accelerate to take-off speed, but went like stink once up to speed.\n\nLater planes had variable pitch props. This allows the engine to rev freely (and produce plenty of power) for low-speed use, making for short take-offs and good acceleration. As the aircraft speeds up, the pitch can become steeper and steeper, to take bigger and bigger \"bites\" of air, allowing it to go fast. This is often automatic - the pilot selects and engine speed and the propeller adjusts the pitch and thereby the engine load, to maintain this speed.\n\nWhat's this got to do with engine power? Well, The engine doesn't always have to be at full throttle. You may need full power at fine-pitch to take off from a high-altitude field on a hot day, but throttle back once under way to lower power coarse-pitch.\n\nIt's like having a powerful engine in a car - you can use it to go faster, or accelerate faster, or pull heavier loads, but you don't *have to*."
]
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[],
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],
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]
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|
456iub
|
how does emptying the recycle bin on your computer work?
|
What happens to the files? Where do they go?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/456iub/eli5_how_does_emptying_the_recycle_bin_on_your/
|
{
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"text": [
"They stay right where they are! Sort of anyway. When you have a file on your computer, there is sort of a flag for the sector of memory containing that file saying \"do not write here. This bit contains a file\". When you empty your recycling bin, the flag just goes away, making it okay to write new files to that section of the hard drive.",
"Your hard drive is like a book with a table of contents in the front.\n\nWhen you write a file to the hard drive you've essentially written a page in the book, plus you've made an entry to the table of contents. Writing the page in the book takes some time, but there's no way around that.\n\nThen, when you delete it you go to the table of contents and you put an asterisk next to that entry that says \"Hey, this is in the recycle bin now.\"\n\nWhen you delete the file from the recycle bin you go to the table of contents and you erase the entry. Note that the page is still written with all the data, which is how un-deleting applications are able to restore files. At this point if you were to need to write another page you might select that page and write over it (our pencil in this case has the magical property of erasing whatever is already on the page as you write).\n\nThere's one more level of deleting, which is offered by some programs: you erase the entry in the table of contents, then you go to the page and you erase everything on the page. It has, in the past, been possible to still recover some data left on the page (hard drives are actually analog media, although they are used to store digital data). If you erase pencil from paper you're left with paper that is more blank than it is filled with writing, but under the right light you can see what was written before. Similarly, when you write all zeroes in a section of the hard drive you have a bunch of values that are closer to 0 than anything else, but a sensitive tool could tell the difference between a 0 that was overwritten with a 0 and a 1 that was overwritten by a 0. Modern hard drives tend to be too dense for this to work. To combat this some programs will write over the page with all zeroes, all ones, random combinations of zeroes and ones, and so on. This is obviously the slowest option, but for the very paranoid it offers peace of mind that the file has been completely deleted. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
eysvz8
|
[NSFW] - Did sexual positions evolve independently across multiple cultures, or can we trace certain positions from one culture to the next?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/eysvz8/nsfw_did_sexual_positions_evolve_independently/
|
{
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"text": [
"Hi there! After some discussion among the mods, we've removed your question. It's not a bad question - just one that's going to be difficult to answer as you're asking about multiple historical periods. (We think of these as \"throughout history\" questions) You're welcome to rephrase and ask about specific periods or places - i.e. how other societies responded to Kamasutra or if the texts were updated following exposure to other cultures and societies. Likewise, you may find better luck getting an answer at _URL_0_. Please feel free to reach out via modmail if you have any questions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskAnthropology/"
]
] |
||
2bcuw1
|
what kind of consequences will russia face if they are held legally responsible for the downing of mh17?
|
What sanctions will Putin have to face? And how could these consequences affect the ongoing battle with Ukraine?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bcuw1/eli5_what_kind_of_consequences_will_russia_face/
|
{
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"cj42pdb"
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"text": [
"The sanctions will be decided by some kind of UN vote most likely, and then individual countries can pursue whatever sanctions they wish. There's talk in the US already of not even waiting, they're convinced Russia did it and they want to push unilateral sanctions on Russia, especially for the Russian financial sector.\n\nRussia's economy is hugely based off of oil and natural gas (which Europe is dependent on) so if the sanctions don't include oil and natural gas, Russia will probably be just fine and will continue doing whatever it likes. If the sanctions do involve oil and gas, and they last a long time, who knows, they might just pressure Russia to pull back and stop supporting the separatists. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1g6uzg
|
Why don't we wet the bed after we're toilet trained?
|
We have no control over this as infants and toddlers, but somehow we do even when we're not conscious after we've been taught to use the toilet.
If normal, fully-grown men have nocturnal emissions well into adulthood, how do we then have control over our bowels and bladders while we're unconscious? Can trained behavior still take effect even while we're sleeping?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1g6uzg/why_dont_we_wet_the_bed_after_were_toilet_trained/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cahk9o0",
"cahw0ca",
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],
"score": [
6,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Nocturnal emissions have no bearing on bowel and bladder. completely unrelated. As a side note, daily sex and/or masturbation will prevent nocturnal emissions\n\n\nWhile the toiler per-se is not instinctive, it is natural for many mammals to have bathroom control. Dogs and cats would be two species you may be familiar with that do have control.\n\nHuman development is slow, so we have to toilet train so that our young know what to do about the sensations. it is perfectly natural and instinctive to not go instantly and to find a place to squat. We sublimate that into teaching our children to use the toilet instead of squatting where convenient. \n\nMost animals with control don't like to soil their sleeping area. we are no different than cats or dogs in that respect. ",
"...\n\nSpeak for yourself.",
"Your question is not completely informed. Infants do have control over their bladders. Just ask one of the millions of people in countries other than the US that has used elimination communication with their baby. The premise of the practice is that we are born with urges, like eating or sleeping, and infants will cute when they experience these things. When a newborn is hungry they open their lips into an \"O\" shape and move around trying to find a nipple. They can't feed themselves, but they know when they are hungry. Similarly, they can feel the pressure building when they need to eliminate, and will cue when that is going to happen a well. My daughter would kick her legs excessively before she needed to pee. I would undress her, hold her over a potty and make a \"shhhh shhhh\" nose, and she would go pee. We had a different noise for poop. After a while I could hold her over the potty before a left the house, make the noise, and she would pee if she needed to, at 6 months old. \n\nThis is standard practice in much of Asia. I will also point out that much like an adult, my daughter didn't pee herself at night, and if she needs to potty she wakes up. \n\nBy relying on moisture wicking diapers infants, into toddlerhood basically forget their natural urges and have to be taught again how to recognize the urge to eliminate. Diapers are a convenience item that people have come to rely on as a necessity of child rearing, but people lived for thousands of years with out them, and large populations still do. In countries where elimination communication is the norm baby wear includes basically crotchless pants, and public areas are sanctioned for pottying children."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4zeal7
|
what are the specific ingredients in beer that make it high in calories and carbs?
|
I know beer contains basic ingredients like barley, water, yeast and sometimes hops but what makes some beer higher in calories than other beer? What gives them their high carb count?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zeal7/eli5_what_are_the_specific_ingredients_in_beer/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6v2ydz"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"To make beer you let barley or other types of grain go through a process that extracts its starch and makes it into sugar. The wort you end up with have been sold as sweet energy drinks and is comparable to soda. The wort is then further put through a fermentation process where the sugar is being converted into CO2 and alcohol. Different factors determines how much sugar and alcohol you end up with. However even if you end up without sugar the alcohol is being broken down in your body producing energy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ok7vn
|
why is the menstrual cycle the same as a calendar month?
|
Is it coincidence that a calendar month ended up being the same length of time as a menstrual cycle?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ok7vn/eli5_why_is_the_menstrual_cycle_the_same_as_a/
|
{
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],
"score": [
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13,
3
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"text": [
"It is not. It is much closer to a lunar month, with a twenty eight day cycle. Everybody is a little different of course, and birth control can be used to regulate a woman's cycle to some degree. ",
"It's coincidental. See this specific part of the Wikipedia article on menstruation:\n\n > Even though the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the lunar cycle, in modern society there is no relation between the two. The relationship is believed to be a coincidence. Light exposure does not appear to affect the menstrual cycle in humans. A meta-analysis of studies from 1996 showed no correlation between the human menstrual cycle and the lunar cycle.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Periods don't run like clockwork sadly, some women may find them to be slightly irregular i.e. sometimes a week late, sometims a week early, 3 days long or even up to 7 days. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle"
],
[]
] |
|
45jzvy
|
equinox isn't equal
|
The 2016 pring Equinox will occur on March 20, but where I live sunrise and sunset will be nearest the same times on March 16 (7:43AM - 7:44PM). Why isn't the most equal day on the Equinox but 5 days earlier?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45jzvy/eli5_equinox_isnt_equal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czye5vt"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"The equinox isn't necessarily defined by when the days are most even where you live (rise vs set time) but rather when the sun crosses the celestial equator and appears in the north hemisphere in the sky. (For the north hemisphere) The autumnal equinox occurs when the sun crosses in the other direction. For the southern (ergh sorry, autocorrect nailed that word) hemisphere, the equinoxes are reversed"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1qonx6
|
Did the Germans count on being able to use the Czech tanks?
|
Was owning the Pzkfw35t and 38t an essential part of the German blitzkrieg, or was it just a lucky break?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1qonx6/did_the_germans_count_on_being_able_to_use_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdevzy3",
"cdf79hr"
],
"score": [
9,
2
],
"text": [
"Opening a can of worms here. There was actually no such thing as the Blitzkrieg so it'd be a bit hard for something to be an essential part of it. Blitzkrieg was more of a media term to explain things that they didn't understand and the whole idea that it was some well developed doctrinal way of waging war by the Germans just doesn't stand up to scrutiny. \n\nThat being said, the Germans did make a habit of appropriating captured enemy equipment, reddesignating with German names, and then using them. However, the Germans expected to have a few more years to prepare for a major war and so they expected to have more of their Panzerkampfwagen III and IVs, and possible even some heavy tanks since the Tiger had been in development since the late 1930s, by then instead of mostly the Is and IIs they went to war with, supplemented with captured Czech equipment. ",
"But were they a direct part of the plan to invade europe? Was it something along the lines of ''Go capture Czechoslovakia, nick their tanks, and then move onto the rest'' or did they just capture Czechoslovakia and realize that those fancy tanks of theirs would be nifty?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2l8nfb
|
why do softer tires have better grip than harder tires?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2l8nfb/eli5_why_do_softer_tires_have_better_grip_than/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clsguw0"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Because softer things deform and grip the imperfections in a surface. This isn't just tires, you'll probably notice that a softer a surface is, the easier it grips other surfaces. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
g1cmv
|
When my candle is lit, why does dust caught in the wax gather around the base of the wick?
|
I have a candle that has three wicks in it and is seated in a circular tin. I've used the candle enough such that all of the wax is liquid when it's lit.
I lost the lid for the candle so it just sits on my desk collecting dust. I try to wipe off the dust before I light it but obviously I can't get everything. Anyways, last night after I had been using the candle for an hour (and all the wax was liquid) I noticed that the remaining dust still caught in the wax had accumulated beneath each of the three wicks.
Why is that?
*EDIT TO ADD ANSWER: When the candle is burning, the capillary forces in the wick are drawing in the molten wax. So the dust gets carried there by the flow. (Thanks Platypuskeeper and everybody else who answered)
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/g1cmv/when_my_candle_is_lit_why_does_dust_caught_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c1k6ufk",
"c1k6uns"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"When the candle is burning, the capillary forces in the wick are drawing in the molten wax. So the dust gets carried there by the flow. That's my guess at least, I haven't researched it.\n",
"The wick is pulling up wax, the dust is caught in the flow"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1rv910
|
what is hdr, and why do "we" hate it?
|
Almost every other picture on Reddit has someone in the comment section hating on it for too much HDR, or a link to /r/shittyhdr. I have no idea what it is, but apparently camera phones have it. Can someone please explain to me what the fuck HDR is? And is it ever a good thing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rv910/eli5_what_is_hdr_and_why_do_we_hate_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdr92pb",
"cdr93it",
"cdr9lxd"
],
"score": [
3,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"HDR is a technique that combines photos taken at different exposures to get the most detail out of each.\n\n\n\nThis used to be done I image editing tools like photo shop but many cameras and phones can do it on the fly now.\n\n\n\nSome people hate it because the result looks artificial to them or they view it as lazy compared to taking one ideal shot.",
"HDR is a technique that is used to produce a wider range of brightness in photographs, it does so by taking several pictures and changing how much light is taken in each time.\nThese pictures are then combined into one photograph.\n\nThe reason the shittyhdr subreddit exists is because sometimes this isn't done very well resulting in light levels that look quite... bad.\n\nThe shittyhdr subreddit gives example of both [good HDR](_URL_1_) and [bad HDR](_URL_0_)",
"To add to what others have said, it seems like some people think the point of HDR is to produce a \"cool\" effect. It's actually intended to be used to produce photos that are closer to what a person would actually see with their own eyes if they were standing where the photo was taken. Often, especially in landscape photos, no matter what exposure you use to take a normal photograph, it will end up with certain parts looking either too bright or too dim in comparison to what our eyes would see. HDR attempts to correct this."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/C6frpWS.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/WjAzf5w.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
5oet4i
|
what has to happen to our recycled items before they actually get repurposed/what does the cleaning process of these items look like?
|
What actually happens after our recycling is collected and ~*magically*~ disappears into the abyss? Inevitably food residue makes it onto a lot of recyclables which then somehow have to be cleaned. How do recycling facilities sort through those incomprehensibly massive quantities of containers (of vastly differing shapes and sizes and textures, also waste items mistakenly recycled) at such high speeds before they're ready for repurposing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5oet4i/eli5_what_has_to_happen_to_our_recycled_items/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcjcdxm"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Newspapers: de-inking facilities separate ink from the newspaper fibers through a chemical washing process.\n\nGlass: A mechanical processing system breaks the glass into small pieces called cullet. Magnets, screens and vacuum systems remove metals, labels, bits of plastic, and caps.\n\nAny water etc left inside the glass bottle is most likeley going to be filtered out after the crushing of the glass. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2hnwpk
|
why are led headlights so bright?
|
Is it because the light emanates from a smaller area? Isn't safety compromised by hindering the vision of incoming traffic?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hnwpk/eli5_why_are_led_headlights_so_bright/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckue380"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"LED lights are more efficient at turning electricity into light. Most other lights use a lot of the energy in creating heat. \n \nLights that are too bright can be dangerous, but there's not a lot of standardisation for them. Some lights can have something on the front to diffuse or spread out the beam. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8gwhwn
|
why do batteries in parallel have a stronger current than batteries in sequence?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8gwhwn/eli5_why_do_batteries_in_parallel_have_a_stronger/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dyf8y45",
"dyfaigw"
],
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17,
3
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"text": [
"Let's say that I have an entrance to a building with two doors that guests have to pass through to get in. Each one can let 1 person through every 2 seconds. If I put them in series, each guest goes through one, and then the next. The total rate at which people get through is still the same as each individual door. If I put them side by side though, they can both have 1 person going through at the same time, for a total of 2 people every 2 seconds. Now replace the doors with batteries and the people with electrons. ",
"Let's say you have two squirt guns. If you squirt them at the same time and there is nothing blocking the way, they will put out twice as much water as if you squirted just one. It's important to note that there is nothing blocking the way, so you are getting the maximum water (or maximum current). However, if there is stuff blocking it (say they both get combined into a small pipe), you may not see an increase in water flow because the small pipe size controls how fast the water flows. \n \nSo while putting two batteries in parallel can increase the maximum amount of current you can draw, the actual current is dependent on the load resistance and the supply voltage (similar to water pressure) at the load.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
b1sv7v
|
How do zygotes gain totipotency?
|
So a zygote forms from the fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm, which are both specialized cells. What's happening on a molecular level that allows two specialized cells to fuse and become a totipotent cell?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/b1sv7v/how_do_zygotes_gain_totipotency/
|
{
"a_id": [
"einwmig",
"eioio84"
],
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"text": [
"Activation of a few enzymes returns the cell to totipotency. Adding these enzymes to regular cells can make them pluripotent, this the existence of ipsc: induced pluripotent stem cells, which can be stem cells that were skin cells with the enzymes added. I don't remember all of them but there is Nanog, and Oct4 among others.",
"Rather than thinking of totipotency as a gain of function, I would say a cell gradually loses the wide potential and instead become specialized cells. The first few cells -- embryonic stem cells -- are called totipotent because they can potentially develop into any types of cells. A specific cell's fate depends on various hormones and signaling molecules it receives. As the embryo continues to develop, some genes in DNA get inactivated or expression is reduced so that it doesn't respond to *all* signals that it once could. Eventually, our body end up with specialized stem cells that renew only specific type of tissues. For example, hematopoietic stem cells in our bone marrow continue to produce blood cells. There are also cardiac stem cells, intestinal stem cells, so on. They reside in their appropriate corners in the body, and replenish adult cells as needed. Adult cells, whether they are muscle cells or liver cells, etc, are completely \"differentiated\" and only carry out a narrow set of specific functions, again, by way of controlling which genes are expressed. (It helps to remember that all cells in the body have identical DNA, but different gene expressions determine what a particular cell looks like or what it can do or cannot do.)\n\nHere's a nice explanation of totipotent - > pluripotent - > multipotent cells: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)\n\nAs previous poster mentioned, a cocktail of transcription factors can reverse an adult cell back to a pluripotent state. These transcription factors are basically turning back on some of the genes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.technologynetworks.com/cell-science/articles/cell-potency-totipotent-vs-pluripotent-vs-multipotent-stem-cells-303218"
]
] |
|
j4ohk
|
explain the p=np problem li5.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j4ohk/explain_the_pnp_problem_li5/
|
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"text": [
"The P=NP problem is basically asking \"Is it just as fast to solve a math problem as it is to check the answer?\" P and NP are a couple ways mathematicians talk about how fast certain kinds of math can be done. Some think these might be just as fast as each other, but they haven't managed to prove it one way or the other yet.\n\nIf they could prove that they *are* the same speed, then they can look at all the NP-speed math for ways to make it faster. This would in turn make computers way faster.\n\nMost mathematicians think they're not the same because nobody's ever found a way to do NP math at P speed, and that's something they've been trying to do even before they were called P and NP.",
"We could call the P problems easy solvable, while the NP easy checkable. Solving a sudoku is a NP problem, but checking the correctness of the solution is not.\n\nA P problem is sorting a list, or **checking if a number is prime** (a number is prime if it has no divisors except one and himself, 3 is prime, 4 is not), whereas in NP there's the **factorization of numbers** (find the prime factors of a number, 21 = 7 x 3, both 7 and 3 are prime, 23=23 x 1, because 23 is prime).\n\nAs you can see if you have the solution of a NP problem it is easy to check if it is correct: it's enough to multiply the numbers. It's difficult find that numbers (you cannot easily find the prime factors of a number, 263=?). This is not bad: we use the difficulty of this problem to get a secret message that is difficult to decipher.\n\nMost computer scientist thinks that** P=NP is not true**. So, they think that nobody will ever be able to quickly solve a sudoku. However there is not a proof, so the Clay Mathematics Institute is offering a prize of one million dollars for the first proof that P = NP (or P not equal NP).",
"P and NP are ways of grouping math problems.\n\nIf a problem is in P, it means that the problem can be quickly solved, without having to check every possible solution until you find the right one.\n\nIf a problem is in NP, it means that if you're given an answer to the problem, you can quickly check if that answer is correct.\n\nThe group of problems in NP includes all the problems in P (so, everything that can be solved quickly can be checked quickly). However, there are some problems in NP that might not be in P. These are the NP-Complete problems.\n\nNP-Complete problems are problems which, if we could solve them easily, would make a lot of calculations (and therefore computers) faster. But since we're not sure if they're in P, we don't know if it's even possible to solve them easily.\n\nBut if we could prove that P=NP, then we'd know that every single problem in NP (including the NP-Complete ones) can be solved easily, like the problems in P can. So we'd know that those really difficult problems have a fast solution; we just need to find it.\n\nThat's the basic idea behind P=NP. And since the problem is so important, there's also a one million dollar prize to the person who proves that P=NP (or P =/= NP).\n\nOn a related note, a lot the NP-Complete problems are linked to each other (they \"reduce\" to each other, to use the proper term). This is because, in order to prove a problem is NP-Complete, you have to compare it to an already-known NP-Complete problem.\n\nSince they're all linked, if we manage to prove that one of the NP-Complete problems is in P, we'll also prove that all the problems it's linked to are in P as well. This is because we can use our quick solution to the first problem to solve the ones it's linked to, giving them quick solutions as well.",
"Do you have a bicycle? Does it have a lock? If not, nag your parents to get you one, those cheap bastards.\n\nIf I told you the combination, how hard would it be for you to check if I was right? It's quick. Use the numbers I gave you and see if the lock opens. Easy! People have found a whole bunch of jobs that are easy like checking lock combinations and grouped them together and called them \"P\". It's a terrible name, really. Let's call them \"Easy problems\".\n\nNow, what about the problem of finding out the combination? That's hard. Unless it's a bad lock, it's a HUGE job to try and figure it out. You're going to sit all day and fiddle with the lock and hopefully you'll figure it out in the end. If you're clever, you'll try every single combination one after the other. That's called \"brute force\". Maybe it'll take 1 day to open your little bicycle lock, but I've got a lock which has got *20* numbers on it. Trying every combination would take you far too long.\n\nPeople have taken all those types of problems and put THEM into a group too. They called that group \"NP\". Another dumb name. Let's call them \"NP hard problems\". I need to leave the \"NP\" in their name because NP hard problems are special. Not every hard problem is NP hard.\n\nSo here's the thing. We know that \"easy problems\" are easy, because we can solve them easily. But we don't actually KNOW that \"NP hard problems\" are hard. We strongly suspect it. We think that \"Easy Problems\" are different from \"NP hard problems\". Mathematicians write this like P != NP.\n\nSo, we've got this group of \"easy problems\", and this other group of \"NP hard problems\". What happens if someone comes up with a wild and brilliant way of solving the NP hard problems? If they did that, they would instantly all become easy problems. We could say that \"NP hard problems\" are the same as \"easy problems\". Mathematicians write it like P = NP.\n\nSo there's 2 different possibilities. We've never solved an NP problem, but nobody has been able to show exactly *why* NP problems can't be solved easily. So that's the big unsolved mystery. Are they really hard? And why.\n\nWhat does it matter? Well, it matters for 2 reasons. First of all, all NP problems are the same. And there's a LOT of them. What do I mean they're the same? It means that if you find a way to solve one, you can use that way to solve them all.\n\nThe second reason is because a lot of what makes humans different to computers is being able to look at an NP hard problem and make some progress even though it's \"unsolvable\" for a computer. Proving something is like an NP hard problem. Checking the proof is like a P easy problem. Often, only humans can write proofs, and then computers can check the proofs.\n\nIf we discover that P=NP, that all these hard problems are really easy, we will very very quickly be able to ask computers to do things that today seem totally impossible. We're not just talking about faster and better computers. Compared to what computers do today, they would be able to do stuff that would look like magic.\n\nBut don't get too excited just yet. 9 out of every 10 scientists think that P!=NP, which means that hard problems are really very hard, and there's no easy shortcut to solving them. And the other scientist is on LSD and basically has no clue what he's talking about.",
"Some problems are easy to solve and easy to check if a given solution is right.\n \nSome problems are hard to solve and hard to check if a given solution is right.\n \nSome problems _seem_ to be hard to solve _and_ easy to check if a given solution is right.\n \nThe p=np problem asks if the third case really is separate from both of the first two.",
"Well, there is something in computer science that we call complexity of a problem. You have time complexity and space complexity. \n\nTime complexity refers to how fast the number of steps required to solve a problem increases with respect to the size of a problem. For example, the number of steps required to add numbers from 1 to a number n increases depending on how big n is. If n is 3, there are 3 steps, for n=5, there are five steps. Now look at the number of ways you can arrange n things. You can arrange 3 things in 6 ways, 5 things in 120 ways etc(if you dont believe me, try to find the number of words(even the nonsensical words) you can create with the letters A to E using each letter only once). So now we have a problem, ie writing down all arrangements of n things, where the number of steps required increases way way more faster than our initial problem where we added numbers. So this problem had more time complexity that the first one. \n\nNow there are different classifications of maths problems based on their complexity. One of these classes is the class P. The exact definition of P is not important here, but lets just say that all problems in class P are similarly difficult(here difficult means that they have similar time complexity). Note: This applies only to the class P, this does not imply that all classes of problems have similar complexity.\n\nNow there is another class of problems(NP). Take this example.\n\nIf you remember our example with 5 letters, it is easy to figure out whether a given word of 5 letters was formed from the letters A to E using each letter only once. Now this problem of verifying the word has a similar time complexity as our problem of summing from 1 to n. So the problem of checking out if our word was correct is in the class P. This would mean that our problem of creating all words was in NP. So all problems where, \"verifying its solution\" is a problem in P, are problems that belong to the class NP.\n\nNow, the big question that perplexes folks everywhere is, whether NP is the same as P? One way of putting it is, if we can easily verify if an answer is correct, then does it imply that it is similarly easy to find that answer itself in the first place? \n\nI hope this made some sense. Oh and btw, you are too young to learn about space complexity.\n\nPS Is there anything I missed? Does anyone want clarification on any other point? And yeah, I know that summing 1 to n is O(1), but I am using a naive for loop here. I am gonna assume the 5 year old kid is not gonna use 0.5*n*(n+1)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
28shuz
|
Are we any closer to resurrecting humans from cryostasis yet?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/28shuz/are_we_any_closer_to_resurrecting_humans_from/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"No. The freezing process damages cells, as water turns to ice and expands. So they try to use different types of antifreeze, but [these are toxic](_URL_2_). And on top of that [not all cells are equally permeable](_URL_1_), especially in a state of reduced biological activity (or even none at all).\n\nHuman bodies are too large to freeze quickly. Doctors can't even effectively freeze hearts or other organs for later implantation, that's why almost every organ transplant is treated as an emergency situation. There are reasons [to hope this will be different in the future](_URL_0_).\n\nBut unfortunately, it will probably involve a new type of freezing process, so there's still no guarantee that the people who have already attempted cryopreservation of their remains will ever be able to be restored.",
"[Actually, suspended animation is already being done in at least one hospital](_URL_0_), UPMC Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh, albeit only for a couple of hours.\n\n > The technique involves replacing all of a patient's blood with a cold saline solution, which rapidly cools the body and stops almost all cellular activity. \"If a patient comes to us two hours after dying you can't bring them back to life. But if they're dying and you suspend them, you have a chance to bring them back after their structural problems have been fixed,\" says surgeon Peter Rhee at the University of Arizona in Tucson, who helped develop the technique. [... After their blood is replaced with cold saline,] The patient will be disconnected from all machinery and taken to an operating room where surgeons have up to 2 hours to fix the injury. The saline is then replaced with blood. If the heart does not restart by itself, as it did in the pig trial, the patient is resuscitated. The new blood will heat the body slowly, which should help prevent any reperfusion injuries."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15094092",
"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/09/09/1011614107.full.pdf",
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v183/n4672/abs/1831394a0.html"
],
[
"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129623.000-gunshot-victims-to-be-suspended-between-life-and-death.html?page=1#.U6bpz_mYK51"
]
] |
||
kxdi9
|
Why aren't animals that can see in the dark blinded by daylight?
|
Cats, for example, can see in light that’s six times dimmer than our lower limit, so why isn't normal daylight too powerful for their eyes?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/kxdi9/why_arent_animals_that_can_see_in_the_dark/
|
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"text": [
"Pupils dilate and contract so that the current light level is not overwhelming to whatever the eyes belongs to.",
"For starters, some species *are* 'day blind'. Mostly species that sleep during the day and are only active at night. So the question really is about 'why are *some* species able to see both in very low light and very bright light'. And it is complicated.\n\nVisual systems vary *a lot* across species so it is hard to give an answer that applies to all species. To keep it simpler, let's restrict ourselves to mammalian eyes for species that are not strictly nocturnal since I suspect that is what the OP means.\n\nA reasonable answer is that there are multiple mechanisms in the eye that compensate for varying light levels.\n\n* Bleaching of photoreceptors under bright light makes them *less* sensitive the more light there is. This is why it takes time for your eyes to 'dark adapt': Your eyes are actually increasing their sensitivity dramatically and the chemistry takes time. It takes roughly thirty minutes to fully achieve full dark adaptation.\n* There are two different photoreceptor systems: Rods for low light conditions and cones for bright light conditions (color vision is also a function of cones). If you don't have rods, you are night blind (can't see under low light conditions). If you don't have cones, you are day blind (can't see under bright light conditions).\n* Variation of the pupil size. This is actually the smallest part of your ability to see under varying light levels. It only adjusts by about factor of perhaps 10 in the total amount of light entering the eye. But it is a very fast mechanism.\n\n\nEven plain old human eyes actually can see over a brightness range of roughly 6 orders of magnitude (meaning the brightest light you can see acceptably with is about 1000000 times brighter than the dimmest light you can see acceptably with). Most of that is due to the varying sensitivity of the photoreceptors under different light conditions.\n\nA mere factor of 6 in there really isn't a huge difference between animals like cats and humans when you realize the incredible dynamic range even the human eye already handles.\n\nEdit: Fixed typo where I typed 'rods' when I meant 'cones'.",
"Pupils dilate and contract so that the current light level is not overwhelming to whatever the eyes belongs to.",
"For starters, some species *are* 'day blind'. Mostly species that sleep during the day and are only active at night. So the question really is about 'why are *some* species able to see both in very low light and very bright light'. And it is complicated.\n\nVisual systems vary *a lot* across species so it is hard to give an answer that applies to all species. To keep it simpler, let's restrict ourselves to mammalian eyes for species that are not strictly nocturnal since I suspect that is what the OP means.\n\nA reasonable answer is that there are multiple mechanisms in the eye that compensate for varying light levels.\n\n* Bleaching of photoreceptors under bright light makes them *less* sensitive the more light there is. This is why it takes time for your eyes to 'dark adapt': Your eyes are actually increasing their sensitivity dramatically and the chemistry takes time. It takes roughly thirty minutes to fully achieve full dark adaptation.\n* There are two different photoreceptor systems: Rods for low light conditions and cones for bright light conditions (color vision is also a function of cones). If you don't have rods, you are night blind (can't see under low light conditions). If you don't have cones, you are day blind (can't see under bright light conditions).\n* Variation of the pupil size. This is actually the smallest part of your ability to see under varying light levels. It only adjusts by about factor of perhaps 10 in the total amount of light entering the eye. But it is a very fast mechanism.\n\n\nEven plain old human eyes actually can see over a brightness range of roughly 6 orders of magnitude (meaning the brightest light you can see acceptably with is about 1000000 times brighter than the dimmest light you can see acceptably with). Most of that is due to the varying sensitivity of the photoreceptors under different light conditions.\n\nA mere factor of 6 in there really isn't a huge difference between animals like cats and humans when you realize the incredible dynamic range even the human eye already handles.\n\nEdit: Fixed typo where I typed 'rods' when I meant 'cones'."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2ago42
|
eli: how can a country simply write off debt of another country? wouldn't it put the country itself in deeper debt?
|
I don't understand the idea of writing off debt. How exactly would this work in real life?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ago42/eli_how_can_a_country_simply_write_off_debt_of/
|
{
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"text": [
"Say I owe Bob $10. Say it's been years since I paid Bob and keep telling him I'll repay him later. Bob can write of my debt by telling me to forget about the $10 altogether, so that I no longer owe him the $10."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
362r3f
|
Mathematical History
|
I'm not quite sure if anybody is an expert in the history of mathematics, but I would be interested to learn the history of some of the symbols used, particularly, the "curly d" symbol used to represent partial derivatives, but if you know any others, please do share. Where did these symbols come from and when were they first used?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/362r3f/mathematical_history/
|
{
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"cra6sj7"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"You're in luck, Cajori's History of Mathematical Notations is available online:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe partial derivative symbol was used here and there before 1841 when it was popularized by Jacobi (of Jacobian, or matrix of partials, fame).",
"The curly ∂ used for partial derivatives (as distinct from Leibniz’ use of *d* for regular derivatives) was introduced by the Marquis de Condorcet in 1770."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema031756mbp"
],
[]
] |
|
3m0mrh
|
how is the ceo of turing pharmaceuticals able to raise the price of daraprim (the aids drug) and make people pay the increase, without it being considered a monopoly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3m0mrh/eli5how_is_the_ceo_of_turing_pharmaceuticals_able/
|
{
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3
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"text": [
"Monopolies are not per se illegal. There is arguably nothing wrong here because anyone who wants to spend the time and money to manufacture a generic can do so. This is also not the only drug that can treat toxoplasmosis. ",
"It's not a monopoly because other people *could* produce the drug, they just aren't. An illegal monopoly is when you keep others out of the market, not when you just happen to have no competition."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
uu25v
|
Why do some people snap better/louder with their non-dominant hand?
|
Me and a few of my friends all noticed that we snap louder with our non-dominant hand. Why does that happen? Is it normal?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/uu25v/why_do_some_people_snap_betterlouder_with_their/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4ynnx0"
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"text": [
"The snapping sound is caused by your middle finger hitting your ring finger. If you haven't practiced this with your hand your middle finger will hit your palm and make a much quiter noise. However I don't know why you would only be able to do this with one hand and not the other."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9b1hw0
|
why are some electrical plugs so huge that they cover the outlets next to them? what is taking up all that space?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9b1hw0/eli5_why_are_some_electrical_plugs_so_huge_that/
|
{
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"text": [
"Many devices integrate a converter from mains-voltage Alternating current to a much lower direct current voltage in the wall plug as opposed to a block in the middle of the cable or into the decice itself.",
"Circuitry and electrical components that turn the electricity at the wall into electricity the device itself can use.\nIn the US it's approximately 120V AC current. My phone uses 5V DC to charge the battery. If I were to funnel 120V AC current into my phone without converting it I would damage my phone. \n\nAn electrical engineer would be able to explain it better but I can clear up some practical reasons for having large plugs at the wall.\n\nPortability is some of it and the rest comes from ease of use and ease of mass production.\n\nGoing back to my phone, it is a detachable device that uses a proprietary or universal cable depending on use case so it needs all of the electrical equipment at the plug since it can't count on the cord I use to have the proper parts in-line.\n\nMy laptop uses a special plug so it doesn't have to rely on cords that I provide, and they make it all one (mostly) continuous device. The big brick in the middle handles the conversion, in my case 120V AC to 19V DC, so it leaves the plug nice and compact. Expanding on that, a tower computer, a TV, or Blu-ray player have that part in the actual device most times so it can get away with \"universal\" power cords that only need to ferry the 120V AC to the unit and nothing else.\n\nThe big ones are frustrating at the outlet but it's probably also the sturdiest way to guarantee that it doesn't break. Big, sturdy block at the part of the cord that gets moved least.\n\nStealth Edit: Spelling, grammar, clarity.",
"The large component is the transformer. Household voltage can easily be stepped down to a few volts. However smaller the transformer, the lower the amps. If you look at all those power adapters around your house, you will see 2 numbers: volts (V) and amps (mA). The larger the amps, the bigger the brick.\n\nOf course, companies can slim down power bricks using more efficient transformers and other components but that requires cost. And of course, that cost is included in the equipment you’re buying."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
9el2xs
|
how does creatinine work in the body?
|
I know that creatinine can be measured to diagnose kidney or liver problems, but creatinine doesn't actually affect the liver or kidneys. How does this work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9el2xs/eli5_how_does_creatinine_work_in_the_body/
|
{
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"text": [
"Creatinine is a metabolic byproduct that is produced in muscle tissue. Specifically it is used as an indicator of kidney function because the kidneys are the only organs that filter it out of the blood. It is formed in the body, usually at a fairly set rate and the kidneys will remove it at a set rate. Normally we expect creat levels in the bloodstream to be 0.5-1.0 in adults. As that number begins to rise, it indicates that the kidneys are not functioning properly. It doesn’t tell us specifically what’s wrong with the kidneys, it just tells us SOMETHING is wrong with them. Hence, they call it an indicator of kidney function. Usual follow up testing for elevated creatinine levels range from imaging, ultrasound and possible biopsy. It doesn’t indicate liver function at all to my knowledge. ",
"Your muscles make creatinine. Your kidneys get rid of creatinine normally. If your kidneys don't work right, the creatinine doesn't leave your body and so the levels rise. Doctors can check the blood and see what your creatinine levels are. People with less muscle mass have lower creatinine levels to start with, so it is important to remember if you've got some frail 90 year old woman, and she has a Cr of 0.8, that might be high for her; you need to know what her baseline Cr is. \n\nPeople with bad livers don't make creatine, which is the thing that comes before creatinine. So if the liver doesn't work, there isn't much of the starting product to make the creatinine. But it is tricky because people who have bad livers may also have bad kidneys. They also tend to have less muscle.\n\nFor a non-5-year-old answer, you can read \"The evaluation of renal function and disease in patients with cirrhosis\" by Francoz et al.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1omiz9
|
Why are the people of a land as big as China relatively so culturally similar while Europe and the Middle East are so full of different people and cultures?
|
I know it is a rather large generalization to say the Chinese are all culturally similar, and that the culture can even vary from village to village, but looking at a global scale it would seem that china is much more culturally unified than other parts of the world of equal or smaller size.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1omiz9/why_are_the_people_of_a_land_as_big_as_china/
|
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"text": [
"That's because China is considered one nation, despite the fact that it encompasses such a huge geographic area. \n\nEthnically, it is comprised of a lot of different groups and there are many small differences between them. But they are still 'Chinese' because that is more of a national identity. China has a history of being invaded by foreigners such as the Manchu and the Mongols, who then became 'sinicized' and adopted Chinese cultures, customs and traditions. \n\nOver time it incorporated more land and more groups of people. Sometimes by sinicization (Manchuria), colonization (Taiwan), incorporation (Tibet), or conquest/annexation (Xinjiang). While they all have their own cultural and ethnic flairs, they largely identify as Chinese lands.\n\nEurope also had a lot of ethnic groups, some of which were unified into a nation state, such as France or Germany, but nothing on the scale of China. In fact, some of these ethnic groups 'split' such as the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic cultures.",
"Are you sure China is as culturally similar as you say it is, or are you just unable to pick out the differences? As an ethnic Chinese, I find there are differences in the food, speech and customs of every Chinese province, especially since I have a good sense of what should be familiar. \n\nBy contrast, when in India, everything feels similarly alien. I can't tell the difference between Hindi and Nepali, so as far as I'm concerned they're all lumped as \"Indian\". I objectively know India is culturally diverse, but I don't know enough to be able to tell the difference.",
"What you should do with this is repost it to /r/askasnthropology, and change the title to \"Why does China *seem* so culturally similar...\". Regional variation, using proxies such as cuisine, folklore and language, in China is absolutely enormous.\n\nThe perception of unity stems from the fact that China as a whole is culturally unfamiliar and that fact tends to flatten out all differences. So if you look at the food of, say, Sichuan and Jiangnan you might think \"oh, rice and little pieces of meat, basically the same\", while when looking at France and Germany you pick out more granular differences.",
"It's all relative. To an outsider, Europe and the Middle East look pretty homogenous.\n\n",
"Despite having such a gigantic population full of different ethnicities and cultures, China's had a really strong central bureaucracy since the Qin empire. Regardless of who was in charge (the Mongols, Manchus, etc., all got absorbed into China when they 'conquered' it), the government plugged along. So trade was open, people could mostly live out their lives, everyone gave the emperor at least nominal credit for being in charge, and there weren't any crazy upheavals where outside groups took over chunks of land and retained sovereignty. \nIt's like if Rome had absorbed the barbarians instead of kept them separate I guess... If powerful warlords like Odoacer and Stilicho had been given legitimacy by Rome, I think there'd be a lot more cultural overlap in Europe (although there's plenty already)."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
8cfy4f
|
What's the difference between the effects on the heart due to aerobic exercise and due to amphetamine use?
|
Specifically referring to an average daily dose of Adderall if that makes a difference. I know that regular aerobic exercise trains your hear to be more efficient, which is why athletes commonly have lower resting heart rates. However, regular amphetamine use can result in ventricular hypertrophies and heart failures. Is this solely due to the shorter duration of exercise's effect on the heart as compared to dosing Adderall daily? If so, would it be possible to create a very short half-life amphetamine to stimulate the heart and train it to be more efficient in patients who are immobile? Or would the fact that their skeletal muscles are not being utilized make this idea not possible?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8cfy4f/whats_the_difference_between_the_effects_on_the/
|
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"The heart is a muscle. When you exercise, the increased demand for blood to skeletal muscles cause the heart to pump harder and faster. Over time, the muscle in the heart is trained to more efficiently deliver blood by increasing the thickness of the muscle. So resting heart rate in athletes decreases because the muscle in the heart can push the same quantity of blood out with less effort so to say. \nAmphetamine use can stimulate heart rate but will not necessarily make the heart more efficient. Increased heart rate and higher blood pressure put a lot of strain on the heart and can eventually lead to heart complications. When the heart is overstimulated with an increase in blood pressure, the ventricular walls thin and the space in the ventricles can get larger. This causes the heart to work extra hard and continues to strain the heart. \nExercise allows for blood in the veins to be returned to the heart because the muscles physically push blood through the valves of the veins back to the heart. This increases the total amount of blood circulating whereas just increasing heart rate does not. When the heart has to deliver more blood and is receiving more blood, the cardiac muscles are trained to most efficiently do this over time. Stimulants can’t contribute the same physiological effects, so they strain the heart instead of training it. \n\nThis website goes into the mechanics of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Understanding how the three play a role can help understand how different situations effect the heart. \n_URL_0_",
"Others here have explained the exercise side to your question so I'll focus on the pharmacology aspect.\n\nAmphetamines work by inhibiting various termination mechanisms for catecholamine release (ie. norepinephrine and epinephrine), so you get stimulus from those neurotransmitters for longer. Usually amphetamine usage leads to a crash because those now-blocked termination mechanisms are usually involved in the reuptake and processing of those neurotramsitters, so you have a higher burst of activity at the synapse until your cells are depleted.\n\nGoing back to your other questions in your post: the association between amphetamines and ventricular heart failure is not solely due to sympathetic nervous stimulation of the heart, its also due to alpha 1 and 2 adrenergic receptor stimulation by norephinephrine, which induces vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure. Yes, this also makes the heart pump more volume more quickly, but its the higher pressure that the heart has to pump against that leads to the hypertrophy and heart failure. This is the key difference between excercise and hypertrophy: when you exercise, the heart isn't pumping against a higher pressure gradient, but with an amphetamine it would.\n\nFor your final question, I don't think a short-acting amphetamine would do much good. We already have a similar form of that in psuedophedrine (used to induce constriction to treat allergy's vasodilation) but the heart side effects don't really do much to people that use it occasionally for allergy treatment. Other drugs used for people with heart failure target adrenergic receptors, such as dobutamine, which is good at getting the heart to work harder without as much risk of hypertension due to its receptor selectivity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://courses.washington.edu/conj/heart/cardiacoutput.htm"
],
[]
] |
|
60bfmy
|
why do gas companies ever bother lowering their prices?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60bfmy/eli5_why_do_gas_companies_ever_bother_lowering/
|
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"If your competitor buys gas for a little less, they can sell it for a little less and make identical profits per volume. If they sell it for less, more people will buy gas there instead, which means more profits in the long run. \n\nTiny changes, sure they might not add up quickly, but if over a year or two your competitor had 50,000 more sales, that adds up to a lot.",
"Because there's more than one gas station in town. They could all leave their prices at $3 and people would still buy gas. However, if one company drops their price to $2.90 then they'll increase their market share. Perhaps everyone still buys the same amount of gas in total, but more people will choose to buy from the company with the lower price.",
"Not in economics in general but the fuel market is odd. Gas stations make little to no profit on fuel sales based on conversations I have had with some knowledgeable about the business. Its all about foot traffic. The stores know you have to stop in at some pretty high frequency and they want you in the store to buy all those extras (beer, cigs, candy, big money in soda fountain drinks). Most of them could not care less if you buy $8 worth of fuel or $100.\n",
"Gas is a perfect commodity -- people rarely are brand loyal and mostly shop price. So if any one station undercuts the rest it can expect most of the business. This they all lower their price to what t etc can or risk losing business to the station across the street, down the street, etc. for them to all agree to keep prices higher would be illegal collusion."
]
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|
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[],
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|
1mdqbr
|
If the world's population became completely vegetarian would the amount of farmland decrease or increase?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1mdqbr/if_the_worlds_population_became_completely/
|
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"It would decrease. Most farmland is dedicated to growing livestock feed. However, if you want to use the least possible amount of land, the way to go would be a \"farm-animal free\" diet which would include fish, so it wouldn't be vegetarian.\n\nEDIT: [Here I actually found a source.](_URL_0_) \"More than two-thirds of all agricultural land is devoted to growing feed for livestock, while only 8 percent is used to grow food for direct human consumption.\"",
"If you have ever heard someone say you cant be an environmentalist without being a vegetarian, this is logic behind that statement. Not to mention the waste products (=pollution) of raising animals. ",
"A good rule of thumb is that you reduce by 90% every time you go up a level in food.\n10 kg of plant matter makes 1 kg of meat on a cow.\n\nSo if everyone turned vegetarian, we'd need a lot less farmland.",
"Most of the meat consumed in the US is fed farmed food, so for Americans to eat less meat would mean less required farmland. However, in many parts of the world, meat primarily comes from pastured animals grown on marginal land not suitable for growing crops. If people in arid parts of Africa and Central Asia aren't able to eat, say, goats who've been grazing on otherwise unproductive scrubland, they're going to need to eat more farmed food, requiring more farmland.\n\nGoing to a zero meat world would probably result in less farmland being needed than we currently need, however zero meat certainly doesn't minimize farmland use. For minimized farmland, the world would have to eat less meat than we currently do, but not zero.",
"Follow up question I had for a while: If the whole world became vegetarian would farm animals become endangered or extinct? It seems like chickens in particular would be in danger the most. I can't think of anything they're good for beyond food and eggs, and I'm assuming vegetarian means no eggs. I use to have chickens, and saying there survival skills are sub par would be a massive understatement.",
"If I can add a follow-up question: how different would the answers to OP's question be if we all switched to hydro/aquaponics?",
"Another thing that I believe a lot of people miss is the fact that not all pastureland used is arable for crops. More or less the entire Western Half of South Dakota is so dry that any crops planted there would not survive. That region so heavily skewed towards beef production because that is all it is good for.",
"There's way too much layman speculation in this thread. Can we get some science in here please?",
"Why is it being assumed (in this thread) that for both now and into the future, it is the substance we eat that matters - and not the methods that produce it that matter?\n\nTake large scale aquaponics and cheap renewable energy, as an example (possibly growing GM duckweed to feed animals etc). We can grow algae, insects, yeasts - all kinds of things using newly developed methods and using newly developed technologies. This seems like a VERY blinkered question and debate, considering what influence engineering, biology and technology may (WILL) bring to bear.\n\nEssentially, its a dumb question (no offense OP) - the food type matters less than the method used to create it - especially when it comes to land use.\n\nYou can't pose an economic question in cultural terms (and expect a solid answer).\n\nEDITY: Finished editing....\n",
"I live in Kansas, and i was surprised to find the major crop is not wheat...it is sorghum and milo. both are used to feed the beef that is raised here. \n\nIn \"Recipes for a small planet\" the book describes how it takes many pounds of grain to raise one pound of lot-fed beef. Those that graze \"free range\" don't cost farm-produced grain, but are hard to track and protect from coyotes/wolves and broken legs from stepping in prairie-dog holes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://woods.stanford.edu/environmental-venture-projects/consequences-increased-global-meat-consumption-global-environment"
],
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[],
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||
13odrb
|
How does changing the tire pressure affect the car's traction?
|
Throughout my physics education it has made sense to me that the friction of the vehicle against the road should not be dependant on the surface area of the car's tires - F=uMG yada yada. So that is why I am confused about the tire pressure v. traction. Will you have the same traction with different tire pressures?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/13odrb/how_does_changing_the_tire_pressure_affect_the/
|
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"More lateral force can be applied through a larger contact patch given the same downforce because the contact pressure will be lower.\n\nTherefore the shear stress between the tire and the road can be greater before losing traction.",
"Actually traction is directly related to surface area of the tires. Anything you do to a car to increase traction either involves weight transfer of the vehicle onto the drive tires, or increasing tread contact area. Adding wider, taller, or ungrooved tires all three of those items increase the surface area of the contact patch."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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|
4zm611
|
why can an american go off to war and vote at age 18, but cannot buy a beer or a pistol until age 21?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zm611/eli5_why_can_an_american_go_off_to_war_and_vote/
|
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"text": [
"Mothers Against Drunk Driving heavily lobbied the federal government to withhold federal highway funding from states that refuse to set the drinking age to 21. They caved. 18-21 year olds are easy to beat in a lobbying/political influence fight because so few of them vote and virtually none of them hold public office.",
"Because it's the law, is the simplest explanation. \n\nhow it became the law is this: the age used to be 18 (although was set by the states, so depends on the state), but was changed because of a group called Mothers Against Drunk Driving. It was founded by someone who's kid died due to drunk driving. And they lobbied Congress to push that to 18, because kids were getting drunk, driving, dying, killing their friends, giving booze to high school kids, etc. So Congress passed a bill tying federal highway funds to changing the drinking age, and this was upheld in Court - that it's ok for federal money to have strings, and eventually all the states changed their laws because they wanted that extra road money. \n\nSo that's the direct reason; the indirect reason is that way more teens here drive; in Europe, people can drink before they can drive, and need to drive way less. So people are older and more experienced with drinking when they do get a car, and don't need it as often, leading to less 19 year old drunk driving. \n\nAlso, yes, we do view alcohol differently (historically); we're the only Western nation that outright banned alcohol during prohibition. ",
"If you want to be a cynic, you could say that it's in the government's interest to recruit immature people to the military, but it's not in the government's interest to have a bunch of drunk drivers crashing into shit or a bunch of hot-blooded youth shooting each other. \n\nRaising the drinking age does somewhat reduce the drunk driving rate overall, though part of it is just shoving the problem forward by a few years. No one really knows the \"best\" way to introduce people to alcohol. America is more uptight about booze than most European nations for a long list of reasons having to do with religion and leftovers of the prohibition movement. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4uz5z6
|
how do people get in the music industry?
|
Is just as simple as putting music on the internet and hoping someone important sees it. Or maybe get on one of those music shows and become famous from that? I never understood how some musical people become famous seemingly "out of nowhere".
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4uz5z6/eli5_how_do_people_get_in_the_music_industry/
|
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"Some really do get discovered on YouTube etc. But much more often, they ask to perform at bars and other public locations, where they play hundreds of times, working on their skills in front of a real audience and gradually improving (and moving to better venues). Once they get decent, some hire an agent to help get them better gigs and maybe even a deal with a record company.",
"Not out of no where. Start small. Play local venues. Play shows where record labels come out to see you. Put shit out on youtube to get noticed",
"The best way is to have connections to people already in the music industry. Otherwise you're just hoping to be in the right place in the right time, so that someone really important will hear you and think you're better than all the other good musicians they've heard.",
"Just find a Reddit thread where someone is asking a question like yours, then post a comment which includes a link to a video of you playing some music. That's all there is to it!\n\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nGOXnOkWTd8"
]
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|
3rosp0
|
what is so special about henrietta lacks and why is she contaminating things?
|
As the question states. I have read some of the Wikipedia and the TIL thread. But I'm on morphine post surgery and it's confusing me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3rosp0/eli5_what_is_so_special_about_henrietta_lacks_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"Henreitta Lacks died of cervical cancer back in the 50s. \n\nThe cancer that killed her made her cervical cells immortal. Almost every other cell we know about stops dividing after about 500 divisions. This is known as the [Hayflick limit](_URL_0_). \n\nHer cancer cells don't stop dividing. This makes them ideal for use in scientific experiments, which require human cells and repeatability. If I want to reproduce your experiment, the best way is for me to start by using the exact same cells you did. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayflick_limit"
]
] |
|
2jvueg
|
what is "bad gas" (or "bad diesel" in my case) and what are the complications it can cause for a motor vehicle?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jvueg/eli5_what_is_bad_gas_or_bad_diesel_in_my_case_and/
|
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"There are a few forms of bad diesel. Water or possible algea contamination being most common. Most diesels have a water trap that needs to be emptied every oil change. If the water is allowed to remain I've seen it rust out the fuel system internally. Diesel fuel has a lubricant in it and due to the lack of lubricity in the water it will start wearing down your pump and or injectors. Just replaced 10k worth of high pressure fuel system due to this. Algea will form if the diesel fuel sits in the tank for a long time usually will plug up the filters first.",
"(For non-diesel; not sure if it applies to diesel.) There is an \"perfect\" oxygen to fuel ratio that changes depending on contaminants. Vehicles are designed for a specific ratio, though the O^2 sensor can deal with a certain variation. \"Bad gas\" (defined as fuel that significantly deviates from the standard) can cause decreased fuel economy, harm to the O^2 sensors, and with extreme [cases] cause failure of the catalytic converter. If the contaminants are particulates (as opposed to most commonly nitrogen), over time the fuel filter can become clogged, causing damage to the fuel pump, and soot buildup in the engine."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
bkcdjn
|
what was the original purpose of the invention of the internet?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bkcdjn/eli5_what_was_the_original_purpose_of_the/
|
{
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"The internet has taken a lot of forms over the years. It began with the developement of ARPANET ( Advanced Research Project Agency Network) which was funded by DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency) for the sole purpose of having a defense network that could function in the time of a nuclear war.",
"There's another story that ot was invented at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. That's where the Large Hadron Collider is. Every second they record terabytes of data. So they needed a way to efficiency transfer it. They came up with what you could call and Intranet which later became the Internet\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://home.cern/science/computing/where-web-was-born"
]
] |
||
1e6evw
|
What was the nightlife like during the weimar republic?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1e6evw/what_was_the_nightlife_like_during_the_weimar/
|
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"text": [
"This is a question I would be very happy to answer, but to my utter shock and horror, my personal library has virtually no sources regarding pre-1900s German literature and culture. So, I will have to rely on my memory and wait for someone with more reference material to come along. That said, I do have an M.A. in German literature and we certainly did cover the Weimar Republic, i.e. 1919-1933.\n\nTo begin with, movies were increasingly popular. We had theaters opening up and film was becoming a mass medium. You may be familiar with the name Fritz Lang. He directed the movie \"M\" (i.e. \"Mörder\"). This was sort of a combination of thriller, crime film, social commentary and mystery. It was noteworthy for its use of Bauhaus forms and futurism. Prior to this we had another Fritz Lang film called Metropolis, which incorporated a lot of expressionist motifs and also plays to the science fiction angle. Put into its broader cultural and social context, these films were struggling to address the instrumentalization of the individual and the perceived \"mechanization\" of society. You see over- and undertones critical of fascism in these movies as well, if you pay attention.\n\nTaking a gander at \"Italian futurism\" in Google could also be rewarding.\n\nIn terms of cabaret we have a lot of left-wing and humorous elements, in particular if you look at Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill and the Threepenny Opera (Dreigroschenoper). Another, more correct name for this is 'Revue'. This popular performance was held in theaters thousands of times within a year or two of its creation; it would not be an overstatement to describe the Threepenny Opera as a \"blockbuster\" in 1928-terms.\n\nYou also had female entertainers like Marlene Dietrich who were able to break through socially conservative stereotypes on gender roles and become massively pop-culturally successful sex symbols, similar to Marilyn Monroe in the United States. Dietrich even achieved transatlantic popularity, which at the time was somewhat unusual (even then, the U.S., with its jazz music, had the pop-cultural edge).\n\nIn terms of music, as I just alluded, next to operettas and street operas and movies, in the music scene, revue and jazz were most popular. Berlin at the time was seen as a hotbed of \"foreign\" elements and non-German culture, and if you look at National Socialist propaganda, a lot of it was directed at the \"Jews\" (and Jewish entertainers) who were \"polluting\" the capital city with their allegedly \"non-German\" ideas. Likewise, the presence of foreigners in Berlin, which at the time was a global cultural magnet, was frowned on by Hitler & Co.\n\nI'll see if I can do better than this in terms of sources, but for now...",
"The musical Cabaret though fiction offers a good picture of the life of the employees and patrons of an old cabaret club set in 1931 just as the Nazis started to rise. \n_URL_0_",
"This won't be a sourced explanation, but I'm receiving a B.A. in German Studies next May and the head of my department told us about these bars in Berlin during the Weimar Republik where to hit on someone (i.e. a girl hitting on a man), she would buy a small \"beard comb\" (Bartkamm) at the bar and it would be brought out to the guy.\n\ntl;dr Facial hair and alcohol ",
"If I remember correctly, [War and Genocide](_URL_0_) by Bergen mentions that there was an active gay and lesbian nightlife in German cities before the rise of Nazism. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)"
],
[],
[
"http://www.amazon.com/War-Genocide-Holocaust-Critical-International/dp/0742557154/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1368413531&sr=8-2&keywords=holocaust+and+genocide"
]
] |
||
3hvfob
|
What are historians' assessment of Jimmy Carter's legacy, both of his presidency and his post-presidential activity?
|
Given the recent news regarding his health, I think this may be a good topic to have. When he left office, as I understand it, he was fairly unpopular. Today, perhaps due in large part to his humanitarian and advocacy work, he is viewed quite fondly. How do historians view his presidency? And how do they view the impact of his work with the Carter Center? In particular I am curious whether his humanitarian work was something new and unusual for ex-presidents, and whether it may have impacted the rise of "celebrity activism".
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3hvfob/what_are_historians_assessment_of_jimmy_carters/
|
{
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"text": [
"In Nancy Gibb's and Michael Duffy's [The Presidents Club: Inside the World's Most Exclusive Fraternity](_URL_0_), they describe his problems with his presidency as a result of his technocratic background from serving under Admiral Rickover in the Navy. Not only was he a Washington outsider, but his inability to delegate and fondness for detail often hurt his ability to govern. \n\nOn his post presidential career, they are also less than completely laudatory, detailing how some of his overseas \"peace trips\" were expressly against the wishes of the sitting administration. \nThis book provides unusual insights into many of the 20th Century's US presidents. Interesting read on Hoover especially.",
"I can give you my own assessment. Jimmy Carter was an incredibly consequential foreign policy president. The Carter Doctrine, along with the Monroe and Truman Doctrines, is one of the enduring concepts in American grand strategy. It defined the Persian Gulf as an area or American national interests. On the other hand, Carter also elevated human rights to a national interest. Those are two huge legacies. Carter facilitated the Camp David Accords and the Panama Canal Treaty. He also concluded and signed SALT II, established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and initiated covert aid to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan. Unfortunately, the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis really tarnished the public view of his presidency. It's quite similar to Truman's \"loss of China\" and his unpopularity in the later years of his presidency. I strongly suspect that Carter will go through a similar, if not as thorough, rehabilitation based on the legacy of his policymaking."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Presidents-Club-Exclusive-Fraternity/dp/1439127727"
],
[]
] |
|
34iamd
|
why do people from low social classes tend to be conservative?
|
(def) conservative: holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion.
It's a known social phenomenon that people from lower social classes tend to have more conservative values. I would think it would be the opposite since left-leaning policies tend to be more supportive of social programs designed to help the poor.
Is it because they are less educated? Is it a product of the environment they grew up in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34iamd/eli5_why_do_people_from_low_social_classes_tend/
|
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"Where do you get this from? I dont think the data transfered for example it is proven the poor areas of america almost always vote Democrat. Blacks also always vote Democrat. Highly populated areas typically poor inner cities always vote democrat. I dont think I understand .... ",
"I'd like to see your source for lower classes being conservative. If you're looking purely economically I don't think the Democratic base would back that claim. \n\nI think you have a false equivalency in your brain about what conservatives want/believe vs liberals and about the relative education (being a correlate to economic status) between the groups. Given that false equivalency, can't really answer your question. Being a conservative isn't just about keeping the status quo, it's about keeping what you earn, being responsible for yourself and your own actions, and keeping the government out of your affairs. \n\nLiberals - conceptually the original ones - were about the same thing, but they have become very different. The emphasis on government solutions/mandates to solve problems (real or imagined) has grown substantially in the last 100 years and continues to do so. That the plight of minorities and the inner cities has only gotten worse under Democrat party management is a pretty ironic historical reality. Especially given their almost unwavering support for that party."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1gwjz8
|
Why do beards get itchy?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1gwjz8/why_do_beards_get_itchy/
|
{
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"When you shave your hair you cut it off flat. Those flat edges are sharp enough that they grab onto the skin as they grow back out. You usually also pull on the skin as you're shaving to get a \"closer\" shave. This can result in the hair being cut back to below the level of your skin once you stop pulling on it. When the hair grows out it has to push it's way out of the follicle again.\n\nBoth of these combined, a large cross section pushing its way through your skin, irritates the skin. It's even more apparent if the hair starts to grow sideways rather than up. You then have an ingrown hair which may get infected. That irritation itches so that you'll scratch it and remove either the hair that's causing the problem or the skin that the hair is catching on.\n\nYou also tend to have razor burn after shaving. That's where the razor shaves off some skin along with the hairs. The skin is now doubly irritated.\n\nNew hairs are like needles. They don't have a large rough cross section. They grow up and out of the follicle smoothly without irritating the skin. Even if the hair does grow sideways (ingrown) it usually isn't pulling on skin because there's no rough edge to catch at it.\n\nI believe that waxing will cause the hair to grow back closer to naturally, so you don't get as many ingrown hairs. Anyone feel free to correct me on that one."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7m0edd
|
why are schools strict on females showing shoulders and exposing skin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7m0edd/eli5_why_are_schools_strict_on_females_showing/
|
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"Because they seem to believe the archaic and stupid notion that all teenage boys are slavering hormonal beasts and the mere sight of even the tiniest bit of skin will put them into a lust filled rage and they won't be able to learn. You know, since the only education that matters is the male's.",
"Because a teenaged girl can always come to school naked enough that anyone would understandably complain, and while that is an edge case, the rulebooks need a threshold to forbid, and this threshold has to be arbitrary.",
"There's another reason that I don't see mentioned. It's much easier to keep kids from misbehaving when there's a somewhat strict dress code.\n\nIf a kid walked in with a T-shirt that says \"F*** the police\" and short shorts, you can bet that the conversation is going to be about her instead of algebra class.\n\nObviously this is an extreme case, but the more expressive kids are, the more likely they are to cause problems. This is the same reason boys can't wear hats in many schools. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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ekggc5
|
why does the same water feel a different temperature to your body than it does to your head? for example when in the shower?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ekggc5/eli5_why_does_the_same_water_feel_a_different/
|
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"Nerves are distributed unevenly over our whole body, google human homunculus and you'll get the idea",
"Because some parts of the body have more nerves in one area than others. The hands/feet and face are notable ones because they are used quite often.",
"On top of what other people have mentioned the water will get cooler as it drops through the air to the floor. If you sit down in a shower the water will feel cooler than when stood up. I would think that as your head is the nearest to the water source it feels hotter as by the time it's reached your body is has cooled slightly.",
"Fun fact: you can’t actually sense temperature; not in the way we usually think of it.\n\nInstead, you sense the transfer of heat into or out of your skin. If different parts of your body are different temperatures, they will feel the same temperature differently.\n\nThere are a couple of experiments you can run to illustrate this:\n\n1. Get three bowls of water, big enough to stick your hands into. Fill one with icy-cold water, one with hot water, and one with luke-warm water. Put one hand in the cold water and one in the hot water, and hold them there for a minute or so. Then put both hands in the medium water at the same time, and notice how each hand reports the temperature of that water differently.\n\n2. Leave a block of wood, a piece of metal, and a plastic object in a room for a while, so they end up being the same temperature. When you feel them, they will feel different temperatures, because the different materials transfer heat more or less efficiently.",
"Your head (probably) has hair on it. It absorbs a little of the heat before it gets to your scalp, giving you more time to adjust to the temperature. It then stays wet, keeping the old water there longer to mix with and cool the new hot water. It's the same way a cold shower is more tolerable on your head than on your bare skin.\n\nWhen you feel heat it's the difference from your skin's current temperature. Which is why you can sit in a hot tub comfortably once you've adjusted, but warm water on cold feet feels like fire.",
"I’d imagine it’s because those body parts are different temperatures to begin with, no? For instance, my feet are always always freezing and a nice hot shower that feels great on my body and head is unbearably and agonisingly scalding on my feet",
"The shower is a bad example; your head is literally closer to the shower head, giving the water less time to be exposed to the air and cool down.",
"Yeah, I've been doing the cold shower thing, out of necessity because my water heater died, and I can eventually tolerate the icy water everywhere but my head, it hurts like hell up there!! I can hardly rinse the shampoo.. Would love to know why.",
"Because of your brain.\n\nYour brain consumes about 20% of the energy used by your body. All that energy use generates heat. The heat is released through blood vessels in your head.\n\nThe blood vessels in your head can also be a conduit for further heat loss or gain. Like u/Nova_Saibrock mentioned, you feel differences in temperature, not absolute temperature and since your head is smaller than your torso, it is more sensitive to temperature changes.",
"What you feel is not the temperature itself, but how fast heat is transferred in (hot) to your body or out (cold) of your body.\n\nLook around you and find some wood (or a book) or glass (table top of drinking glass), or maybe something metallic. Since they're in the room, all 3 of those are at \"room temperature\", but if you put your hand on them, they will feel different \"temperatures\". Metal will seem colder because it's able to remove head faster from your hand (heat conducts faster in metals, so as the heat leaves your hand, goes into the metal, and conducts away, to make room for more heat to leave your hand, so you feel colder). Wood will probably feel the \"warmest\" since it doesn't remove heat from your hand that fast (insulator).\n\nThe same happens on different parts of your body. The skin has different layers and depending on which part of the body you look at, it'll have different size of the fat layer which acts as an insulator of sorts. The more fat there is, the longer it'll take the neurons to feel like heat is leaving the body. Head/Forehead has less fat, so if the hot water is hitting it, heat will go in and the neurons will know right away and tell you it's hot. The same water hitting the body might dissipate some of the heat into the fat layer before hitting the neurons.\n\nThere's also the whole notion about wet-bulb temperature which is what you actually feel and can be colder than the actual temperature. (for example, you're in a pool, at a certain temperature, and leave, and immediately start shivering even though room temperature isn't that cold. You're feeling the wet-bulb temperature.)\n\nThis might be more than a ELI\"5\", but i can try to answer more questions in further comments!",
"I'm no expert on this, but I would imagine that the difference in temperature of different parts of the body plays a big role.\n\nParts of your head are likely closer to 35 degrees, while extremeties like hands and feet can fall below 25 degrees. Logically, 30 degree water would thus feel cold on your face and cold on your feet.",
"Relative temp. If the water is cooler than the skin/flesh it's touching, it will feel colder as the temp of the water drops. For example, if the temp of our mouth was normally 32 F, ice wouldn't feel cold and normal temps would feel like it's on fire. The same concept works for hot water.\n\nThe reason it feels different is because your body and head are different temperatures. 98.6 F is normal CORE body temp. Doesn't mean that's the temp of your skin everywhere.",
"Different parts of your body are different temperatures so they feel less or greater effects from the same temperature.",
"Well if you're talking about the shower the water is literally warmer by your head than it is by the time it gets down to your body. There's a lot of surface area on the droplets of water that come out of a shower head so it cools off plenty fron the time it comes out of the shower head to the time it hits the floor. Try submerging in a bath, does it feel different to you then? It doesn't for me.",
"Because YOU are different temperatures on different parts of your body.\n\nThat means the difference between you & the water is different, and that's what you feel.\n\nExample: \n\nWhere the water feels cold, you are hot.\n\nWhere the water feels warm, you are cold.\n\nBut the water is the same temperature (unless you change the shower)",
"I thought it was because your head is closer to the shower head and feels the water just as it exits and your legs are futher so they feel the water after its had time to cool down in the air."
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9y4lgl
|
what does 4k oled mean, and how does it differ from regular 4k?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9y4lgl/eli5_what_does_4k_oled_mean_and_how_does_it/
|
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"text": [
"it is a 4k tv but with a better screen. The screen is better because with oled the pixels can turn off. This means that you get better blacks. Instead of there being a glow from the backlight even on a black screen the screen is actually just off on any part of the screen not displaying something. Think of a smart phone that has a always on display. ",
"4K means 4K resolution; 3840 x 2160 pixels or 4096 x 2160 pixels.\n\nOLED is an LED technology which has a very low black level (can be very dark) and terefore giving much more contrast and \"life\" in the image.\n\nMost likely the 4K (without OLED) is a normal TFT or LED display, while the OLED has the OLED technology in it\n\nI hope I helped"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
169lq4
|
why does 'water' keep coming out of my nose when i have a cold? what's the purpose?
|
I think you can all relate. It's the stuff that's just transparent, no green/yellowish goo, just almost water...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/169lq4/eli5_why_does_water_keep_coming_out_of_my_nose/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7tzfq0"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"This question actually has a really cool answer. The stuff that's coming out is a result of your nasal mucus membranes going into overdrive. These membranes regularly generate a little bit of mucus to help flush dirt and things out of your nasal passages. However, when you have a cold, they go a little nuts and run like crazy.\n\nSo the question is, why do they generate *so much* watery mucus? The answer is that the cold viruses specifically evolved to cause your nasal membranes to do this, because it's a more effective way of spreading themselves to others! Imagine a cold virus that didn't cause you to snot all over, or cough, or sneeze. How would it spread to other people? It would be a lot more difficult. So viruses that caused your nose to spew all sorts of liquid ended up becoming more widespread."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
yt6jx
|
as a non-american, what exactly are electoral colleges and how do they affect the us presidential election?
|
I often hear the phrase being used as the election looms ever closer, and know that they are a large topic for discussion, am I right in thinking that they are linked to certain states?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/yt6jx/eli5_as_a_nonamerican_what_exactly_are_electoral/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5ym0wm"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"In the US the president is not elected by popular vote, instead he is elected by the electoral college. The representatives to the electoral college are decided by each state. Each state get's one electoral college member per member of congress they have (so the smallest states have 3 members, while large states like California have 55).\n\n\nMost states are winner-take-all, so that whoever gets 50%+1 of the vote gets all of the electoral college votes for that state. What this means is any state with a fairly partisan lean (like California for the Democrats or Texas for the Republicans) isn't really contested by the presidential candidates. That's because convincing hundreds of thousands of people to vote for you won't actually do anything if all it does is cause you to lose by 5% instead of 10%. What that means is there are only a handful of states that are 1) Close enough that campaigning can change who wins the state, and 2) Large enough for the electoral votes to really matter. Right now those states are Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Florida. There are other smaller swing states that can help (Virginia, Nevada, Colorado), but the rule of thumb is that if you can win 2 out of the 3 big swing states you win the election.\n\n\nPennsylvania leans a bit more towards the democrats, and Florida leans a bit more for the republicans, and Ohio sits in the center. That means Ohio is really the only state you need to win (because if you win Ohio is highly likely that you'll win the other more favorable state as well). Now this sounds really bad, that only 1 out of 50 states \"really matters\", but voting in individual states aren't independent (generally) of each other. Basically Ohio acts like a good sample of the country as a whole, so arguments that convince Ohioans to votes for you generally gets Americans in general to vote for you. Still the electoral college allows for situations where the person that got the most votes doesn't win (Such as Al Gore in 2000), because narrow victories in swing states are more important to running up the popular vote count in large states."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1ecdbj
|
why human immune systems cannot adapt to diseases like cancer, aids, etc. but can adapt/evolve to other illnesses that would've otherwise killed us centuries ago?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ecdbj/eli5_why_human_immune_systems_cannot_adapt_to/
|
{
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"text": [
"The main way the immune system recognizes threats is through the presentation of antigens. Antigens are proteins on the surface of cells. With most disease-causing things, the body can react to the antigens and recognize it as a threat. \n\nCancer is a large group of diseases where the body's own cells undergo slight changes, then grow uncontrollably. Because a cancer cell is formed from pieces of the patient's own body, it's really difficult for the body to recognize the bad cells. \n\nAIDS is the result of a virus called HIV. HIV is hard to fight off because it changes (mutates) really quickly. It's very difficult to recognize the virus if it keeps changing what it looks like. And as if that wasn't bad enough, HIV specifically attacks immune cells. These two factors make it so most people have very little chance of fighting off HIV and AIDS without medical help. ",
"I can't speak to cancer, but for AIDS, one large factor is time. If AIDS had hit centuries ago, firstly it would stay localized, and the population it afflicted would likely either developed resistance through a mutation, or slowly die out. \n\nThis has actually happened in Northern Europe, by accident. A small percentage of the population there carries a mutation that is beneficial to some other disease that was once common, and happened to give resistance to HIV. If HIV had spread to the whole human population, this group would survive and the human population would then be resistant.\n\nOur immune system itself cannot become immune to HIV at this point because of what /u/upvoter addressed, it mutates extremely rapidly, and with billions of copies of the virus in an individual, the immune system cannot keep up with all the variation. The immune system itself is geared towards the specific virus in a large immune response, and as it mutates so quickly, by the time it has the ability to combat, there is new mutation. ",
"It's not the whole of the story but your immune system is strongly focused on \"Self\" / \"Not Self\". Things that are recognised as \"Not Self\" get attacked whilest \"Self\" get a pass. \n\nCancer is a \"Self\" cell that's gone wrong and AIDS actually attacks the immune system preventing it from working at all (the Immune Deficiency part of the name)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3so9um
|
why don't companies bring back those discontinued products people miss so much?
|
I'm talking your Surges, Hi-C Ecto Coolers, Fruitaburst Gums, French Toast Crunches, basically anything on those listicles of awesome stuff we'll never see again. Even if only for a limited time they could make a killing. Just get their marketing team to hype the hell out of the re-release for months before they actually did it. You could get people lining up in the street for the right product with the right marketing campaign.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3so9um/eli5_why_dont_companies_bring_back_those/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwyzb7j"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"You assume that they haven't already considered and ruled out doing so behind closed doors. And sometimes they do, sometimes even on a recurring (annual/seasonal) basis.\n\nBut the bottom line is that the product was discontinued for a reason, and that reason was money. The hypothetical \"right marketing campaign\" you mentioned would be expensive, far more so than what they believe the product could bring in. From a profit point of view, a small, vocal fan/user/consumer base just isn't enough to justify the cost of reproducing an unsuccessful product."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3bgew7
|
What's the limiting factor in making bipedal robots?
|
After the somewhat recent DARPA robotics challenge, its pretty clear that we have a very long way to go before we get to machines like the police robots seen in chappie and the like.
My question is, what's stopping us? I'm referring mostly to the problem of balance/walking. I understand that this is certainly not a simple problem, but I would think that current accelerometers have a high enough polling rate and servos are fast enough that this wouldn't be an issue anymore. When it can get reading from sensors 100s of times per second and react with minute changes, wouldn't balancing and running be possible with good programming?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3bgew7/whats_the_limiting_factor_in_making_bipedal_robots/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csmp4wd"
],
"score": [
3
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"text": [
"If you just need it to move on an infinite plane, it would be easy. Walking up stairs and over obstacles is more complicated than just walking normally and trying to balance. And if the robot can't walk up stairs and over obstacles, wheels would be better."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bha4dc
|
what makes a meat "processed"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bha4dc/eli5_what_makes_a_meat_processed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"elr70oe"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Processed meat is any meat that is preserved by any of a number of methods, such as smoking, curing, salting, or addition of chemical preservatives. Examples of processed meat are bacon, salami, pepperoni, obviously bologna and hot dogs, most lunch meats, etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
aj1hip
|
the difference between a pun and a play on words.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aj1hip/eli5_the_difference_between_a_pun_and_a_play_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eerxx9v",
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"score": [
12,
5
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"text": [
"A pun is specifically a joke made using the multiple meanings of a word or exploiting that some words with different meanings sound the same. A play on words is much more broad as an exercise of wit where words are the main focus. It encompasses puns as well as double entendres, phonetic mix up, etc.",
"Puns are a specifc type of word play. Just like how a duck is a type of bird. \n\nPuns specifically use the sound and meaning of a word. Where the humour in explicit in the statement. \n\nFor example \"a boild egg every morning is hard to *beat* \" or \n\"the light was too bright in the chinese restaurant so the manager decided to *dum sum*\" \n\nThose are puns. \n\n\nBut you have other word play like double entendres is something that could be understood more than one way.\n\nThose \"thats what she said\" jokes are double entendres.\n\n\"Is it in yet?\" Definetly not a pun. But it's a double entendre. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3w2ncx
|
why do actors fake eating on tv and movies, rather than just eating the food?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3w2ncx/eli5_why_do_actors_fake_eating_on_tv_and_movies/
|
{
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"text": [
"Cos they have many takes to get a scene right and the food is cold by the time they get to it. Or theyre tired of eating it by take 20",
"I'm no expert, but I assume they'll need to re-do every act tons of times and they don't want to buy a dozen bananas, let alone forcing the acter to eat a dozen bananas.",
"Sometimes the scene has to be re-shot numerous times for the best take. They don't want the food to diminish for every take, so they fake it.",
"A few different reasons. Firstly, as mentioned by other responders, there may need to be multiple takes. Secondly, often the food has been carefully prepared to look good, or to look some other particular way, and might not actually be very good to eat. Thirdly, there are situations in media in which it would actually make it harder to do the scene if the actor had to finish chewing and swallowing every time they were scripted to take a bite. There are probably other small reasons that vary from situation to situation. Need your vegan actress to eat a burger in a scene? Need your actor to eat a notoriously sloppy food without damaging makeup or getting stuff on their face? Need your extras to be ready to react quickly by gasping at something happening, and don't want any to have partially chewed food in their mouths? Etc.",
"Because a scene can be shot and reshot dozens of times. Think of how much food the actors would have to pack away.",
"Food is expensive. Every dollar spent on food is one dollar less for other things like lighting or clapper boards. Some actors have tried to improvise by bringing their own food to the production, but this breaks guidelines set by the MPDG, the motion picture dietary group. All food on the set must be provided by a contracted caterer.\n\nOne well-known exception is Kirstie Alley, who negotiates a never-ending buffet of chicken wings, scampi, and those little sausages on a paper tray that look a bit nasty (but damn are they good) any time the cameras are rolling in lieu of cash payment for acting parts. This generally breaks-even for what other actresses receive in traditional salary.",
"I have acted in plays before. One included food and drinks, and I ate and drank them. However, I was very aware of when my next line was so I wouldn't be talking with my mouth full or miss a cue. On stage, you only get one take."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4xwjzh
|
what causes major isp's (brighthouse, comcast, etc) have frequent service outages?
|
I just had a service outage, second one in two weeks, that lasted for a few hours and it got me thinking. How do these massive companies have such unreliable services, and what causes their outages?
I also came here because all of my google results used some intense jargon that I didn't understand, and seemed to say that its mostly the consumers fault (Congestion, faulty router, and other things)
Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xwjzh/eli5_what_causes_major_isps_brighthouse_comcast/
|
{
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"text": [
"Simple. It's out dated technology that can't keep up with the demands of the country. Before anyone starts downvoting, let me explain. Coaxial cable have been delivering signal into our homes since before the internet was even invented. Then companies learned how to delivery internet using a infrastructure already laid down. (Coaxial cable) The problem is, this technology was invented for one way communication. Hence why your download speeds are hitting 100-150 Mbps and upload speeds of 10-15 Mbps. \n\nThis matters because of frequency issues. Farther away from transmitter you are, more static noise interrupts the signal. Keep in mind your connection is shared. Sure you have your own private hook up in your house, but your entire neighborhood/community shares a common access point. (The green boxes hidden behind bushes) Also Traditionally there's no redundancy incorporated into broadband infrastructures. \n\nTake all the flaws that come with old technology and now add human error. Some engineer fat fingering code, a frayed cable, people digging holes.....ect ect ect. Hope this helps. ",
"Hi i'm from a ISP in singapore.\n\nthere are multiple reasons that can create outage, from poor planning of network to physical damage of the network etc. i'm going to explain this in layman term bear with me.\n\nISP is basically a big version of a LAN, as you know, LAN consist of multiple computers and a router, but instead of multiple computers, we have multiple of servers (imagine that is about the range of near hundreds.) and instead of a single router, we have hundreds of switches and routers. if you don't know what is switch, it is basically something like a hub except that it is smarter then a hub.\n\nnow as we look further into this, in ISP we have different elements and cores, these are the servers, switch and routers in different functions. such as authentication, data hosting, DNS etc.\n\nlets look into 1 example of an element, for example the Diameter services, if let say there is only 1 server to cater this server and the server got a hardware failure, the entire network is busted. hence most ISP have at least 2 diameter with 1 running as primary while the other is on standby waiting for the primary server to clash and take over its' role. but what if both server clashed? this is why most ISP have site diversify the service which have 2 server (primary and standby) at site A and 2 server (primary and standby) in site B. \n\nthis is a basic model for most service in current times. some service require database to be hosted hence a model like this will consist of at least 8 servers, 2 router.\n\nnow, each server may clash, this can be due to wear and tear OR software misconfiguration OR error in patches. \n\nthe cable connected to them and each of these network equipment have a chance in failing. \n\nthis is why it is expensive to create an ISP and to maintain it, this is also why the cost of the subscription is expensive. \n\nnow expand out abit and look at ISP in worldwide point of view, each ISP is connected via both satellite and underwater sea cable, these connection may and often break.\n\nentire network systems are fragile in this sense. ",
"The ISPs in America are super greedy. Their profit margins are huge (the incremental cost on their part to server you internet is every month is less than a dollar), and they take most of those profits and give them to shareholders, CEOS, etc, rather than reinvesting in their companies equipment, infrastructure, etc.\n\nSince they don't reinvest, which is what any company concerned about competition does, their system rots, and occasionally goes down."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
8ju0hy
|
why is our immediate response to pleasure closing our eyes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8ju0hy/eli5_why_is_our_immediate_response_to_pleasure/
|
{
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"dz2ews8",
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"text": [
"By closing our eyes, we increase the sensation by limiting distractions so we can focus on the pleasure more. ",
"For perspective, vision is typically 90 of incoming sensory bandwidth. Your example if not the only time people do this. Watch for someone trying to listen *very* carefully and you'll see them so the same thing. It quiets the visual centers of the brain."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
mv2v8
|
the positions and opinions of the candidates of the 2012 us election to a non-american.
|
Ideally, I'd love for this to be as non biased as possible, though I understand that your personal feelings and opinions may get in the way of this.
Mostly, I'd just like to be able to understand what the r/politics posts are talking about when they mention the different candidates.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mv2v8/eli5_the_positions_and_opinions_of_the_candidates/
|
{
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"text": [
"If you could clarify which posts you're most interested in it would be much easier. There's quite a long litany of positions each candidate holds.",
"If you could clarify which posts you're most interested in it would be much easier. There's quite a long litany of positions each candidate holds."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
a88ja9
|
Will my phone charge faster/more if my portable battery is in a higher position than my phone?
|
I've been wondering if the battery has to "push" electrons, so that if the phone is in a lower position, charging will be more efficient.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/a88ja9/will_my_phone_charge_fastermore_if_my_portable/
|
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"text": [
"No. Or at least not noticeably so. The electricity uses the electromagnetic force to move, and the wire is built to take advantage of that fact. The force carriers (electrons) are affected by gravity, but the force at that scale is so miniscule that you would need extremely sensitive equipment to even detect it, let alone quantify it.",
"When charging a battery, you have equal amounts of electrons flowing in both directions between DC supply and battery. Batteries don't work by storing an excess amount of electrons, they store energy by moving ions from one electrode to the other.\n\nTechnically, since batteries store energy, they have a higher mass when charged, even though the energy of a battery divided by c^2 is probably far too small to measure. This tiny mass has an incredibly small gravitational force, which might have the effect that the phone charges faster when it is in a lower position, but the effect is unimaginably small if it exists at all.",
"As other users have mentioned, the electron is extremely light so the force of gravity doesn't matter very much. Even if it did, electrons flow in both directions during charging, so any effects due to the mass of electrons would cancel out.\n\nBut I want to look at this question from another perspective: what would be the most significant effect of gravity on your phone? Can we predict what effect there would be?\n\nThe battery in your phone and your portable battery are both most likely [Lithium Polymer batteries](_URL_0_), most likely with a Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) cathode and a graphite anode. During discharge lithium moves from the graphite anode to the LiCoO2 cathode, and during charge it moves the other direction (see [here](_URL_2_) for more details).\n\nLiCoO2 \\*contracts\\* when lithium is added to the material^(1) (by about 10%), while graphite expands when lithium is added to the material^(2) (by about 10%). Thus we can predict that the entire battery cell will expand (very slightly) during charging and contract (very slightly) during discharge.\n\nWhen you lift one battery above the other, the higher battery has a slightly higher pressure and thus there is a force pushing it to contract. The lower battery has a force pushing it to expand.\n\nAs a result, you would probably get better results if you **lift the phone** ***above*** **the battery, not the other way around**.\n\nOf course, the size of this pressure effect is probably miniscule. It is hard to say for certain, but I can say from experience measuring the voltage of batteries at multiple heights that I have never measured a height dependence. This suggests the pressure-voltage-effect for typical batteries is less than 1 mV (the typical accuracy of a voltmeter). Typical internal resistances for batteries is 10-100 ohms, so this translates to \\~10-100 microAmps of extra current, much less than typical charging currents of \\~5 Amps. **In other words, this will speed up your charging by** ***at most*** **0.0002%, and probably less**.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n^(1) **TECHNICAL PAPERS - Electrochemical Science and Technology:** N. Reimers and J. R. Dahn, **Electrochemical and** ***In Situ*** **X‐Ray Diffraction Studies of Lithium Intercalation in Li** ***x*** **CoO2**J. Electrochem. Soc. 1992 139(8): 2091-2097; doi:10.1149/1.2221184\n\n^(2) M.D. Levi, E.A. Levi, D. Aurbach, The mechanism of lithium intercalation in graphite film electrodes in aprotic media. Part 2. Potentiostatic intermittent titration and in situ XRD studies of the solid-state ionic diffusion, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Volume 421, Issues 1–2, 1997, Pages 89-97, ISSN 1572-6657, [_URL_1_](_URL_1_).\n\n & #x200B;",
"The battery doesn't 'push' electrons. The charging current is determined by the charging board and set to make sure your phone battery isn't damaged or exploded by too high a current or over-charging. So even if there was a teensy weensy gravitational effect on the electrons, it's not going to make any difference to what the charging board demands from the battery."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery",
"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(96)04833-4",
"https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/how-does-lithium-ion-battery-work"
],
[]
] |
|
1xaes9
|
why is it that internet routers seem to "go bad" after a few years?
|
I've noticed that many of my routers start dropping connections, requiring constant restarts, and some have simply stopped working after several years of use. Is this a universal property of routers or am I just unlucky?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xaes9/eli5_why_is_it_that_internet_routers_seem_to_go/
|
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"Little of both. You gotta remember that thing is working 24/7 365 days a year unless you unplug it or lose power. Eventually the components inside just warp and burn out from usage ",
"Planned Obsolesce. In industrial design is a policy of planning or designing a product with a limited useful life, so it will become obsolete, that is, unfashionable or no longer functional after a certain period of time. This is so that you need to buy more, so that the company can take in more money.",
"Man, I had a WRT54G that I kept for years. Did everything I wanted, and I would've kept using it but I bought a Netgear with more user friendly options. Things I could have done with the WRT54G but didn't know how to at the time.\n\nKept the WRT, it's my mom's router since I moved away. It does everything fine except it's Wireless N. Have a friend who is trying to buy them on the cheap because he wants to mod one out and put it on his truck for wardriving purposes.",
"These routers are cheap. People don't want to pay that much money for a router and the companies want to make their profit. \n\nQuality routers can be made but they would cost much more money and they would be far too complicated for people to maintain. Cheap router customers want a router which works like a toaster -- anything more complicated than that won't work. ",
"For a lot of routers, especially cheap ones, I think it's mostly an issue of cooling.\n\nRouters are really just little computers, with a processor to make decisions about where to send traffic, and memory to temporarily store information. Like all computers, they have to be kept cool to function properly. However, they're expected to be cheap, small, and silent, so they don't get the big heatsinks and fans used to keep normal computers cool. They have to make do with convection, and small heatsinks if any. Because of this cost-cutting, the chips inside tend to run pretty hot, sometimes close to their rated limits.\n\nAs dust builds up, or the device sits in a warm location for months and years on end, the chips run hotter and hotter. At high temperatures, they are more likely to make a mistake and cause a crash. So if the problem is mild, you might be able to correct it by cleaning out the dust or even adding a cooling fan.\n\nIf the overheating goes on long enough, though, the processor can actually start to degrade. This is sort of like wear and tear on the engine in your car, except it's microscopic, and the parts are carrying electrons instead of moving. Once the degradation gets bad enough, a transistor or two in the processor might start switching incorrectly and sending a signal down the wrong path. This sounds like it should just make the device stop working completely, but there's some error-correction built in. On top of that, there are probably 500,000 transistors inside the router's processor, and not all of them are used for every decision. So the router will crash when it tries to use a deteriorated area of the processor (or store data in a deteriorated part of the RAM, which can also suffer damage).\n\nYou can prevent this issue by buying more expensive routers with (hopefully) better thermal control, and by making sure you keep yours from getting too hot. There's no reason a router *has* to wear out over time, it's just something that many of them end up doing.",
"I have a linksys WAG354G, more than 10-15 years old.\n\nKept for years in the attic with hot summer/cold winter, used and abused; still rocking...\n\nI just reboot once a week (when i remember to...), but definitely doing his job!",
"Consumer grade.\n\nSource: I' ma sysadmin and those crappy quality consumer grade routers are junk. Heat and poor quality don't mix.",
"Computer scientist, software dev, general computer guy here.\n\nOne comment pointed out that there's a lot to go wrong in your average router, and that they take damage overtime (especially from heat) and this is true.\n\nHowever, even if most of the router holds up, the RAM will just eventually wear out. Routers have some built in memory to store information in the buffer and routing process, and so it gets used pretty heavily. The RAM effectively has a maximum usage, and home routers with regular use tend to wear through this in about 2 years (average, obviously differing with quality, model, etc). Business routers last a bit longer (I've heard on average 5 years) due to improved memory quality. This is most often the cause of old-router-syndrome.\n\n\nRegards.",
"I've used the same WRT54G for over a decade and it's still rock solid.",
"There are lot of factors that determine the effective life of electronic equipment. They've been pretty well covered here, but here are all of the things that can cause cumulative damage.\n\n*Thermal fluctuations* - It isn't just heat, but the fluctuations that can cause damage through expansion and contraction, which can cause electrical connections to break. Imagine you have a small wire, and you bend that wire back and forth over and over again, it's eventually going to wear and break. Sure, an overheated unit is at risk of damage, but most equipment won't overheat with normal use in a controlled environment. The trick is to keep equipment at a steady temperature.\n\n*Poor Power Regulation* - If your router is experiencing undervoltage or overvoltage conditions, it will malfunction. If it is subject to power outages and surges it will take damage.\n\n*Whiskers* - Metal, over time, will form what are called [whiskers](_URL_0_). In electronics this causes short circuits. They're not typically big enough to cause immediate problems, but cumulative damage is certainly possible and well documented.\n\n*EMP* - EMP, or [electromagnetic pulse](_URL_2_) can come from a nearby lightning strike or from ESD [Electro Static Discharge](_URL_1_), which comes from power surges, electric motors, or even from touching the equipment.\n\nAll of these things can be mitigated. The some you can mitigate yourself.\n\nUse a good quality battery backup on all of your electronics. This not only helps with surge protection and power regulation, but it also helps with thermal damage because the device is powered up unless there is an extended outage. This means that the hot/cold cycles that come with brief power outages and under voltage conditions don't happen any more. A good UPS will extend the life of your electronics by a huge margin, especially if you live in a place that is prone to spikes, brownouts, and outages.\n\nKeep your electronics in a properly climate controlled place. Keep temperatures within a reasonable range, and don't fluctuate rapidly. This will help to mitigate thermal damage.\n\nDon't touch it unless you need to, and discharge any static before touching it.\n\nJust doing these things has saved me a lot of money over the years. I have equipment that runs like new even 10 years after I bought it. Even cheap consumer grade equipment. In fact, I generally replace my electronics because they're outdated rather than not operational.",
"90% (ok, not 90%, but very often) as was mentioned down there somewhere, its going to be the Electrolytic Capacitors drying out.\n\nPut simply, Electrolytic caps are strips of damp cardboard and aluminium foil rolled up and put in a metal can.\n\nOver time, the moisture in the cardboard dries out, and the electrical properties of the cap start changing...\n\nThis will progress from no impact, through to weird behaviour (as the cap approaches borderline functionality) through to complete failure. The weird behaviour can last a *long* time though, before dying completely.\n\nI work in broadcast, and just about the first thing you do when a piece of kit blows up is check the caps. Its amazing how often just going through a board and replacing *all* of the electrolytics will bring a unit back from the dead.",
"Before tossing a router out, it's not a bad idea to try updating its firmware first. \n\nI've had a lot of routers miraculously spring back to life after a solid firmware update.",
"I blame everything on RoHS. Using solder with a high tin content eventually leads to the device going tits up",
"I have had the same problem. my explanation is that its planned obsolescence"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://preview.tinyurl.com/o46ysnm",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2yjpo2
|
shouldn't bi-weekly mean twice in the same week instead of once in two weeks?
|
I have always been confused with the usage of bi-weekly. Shouldn't it be used to mean twice in the same week and not once in two weeks?
For example: Bicycle = two cycles(wheels) in one frame; Bi-sexual = on person with two sexual preferences; Similarly shouldn't bi-weekly mean twice in one week?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yjpo2/eli5_shouldnt_biweekly_mean_twice_in_the_same/
|
{
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"cpa50ft",
"cpa5288",
"cpaa7iu"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Yes, it should. Look at bi-annual vs biennial. The former means twice a year, the latter means every other year.\n\nThough it seems as though bi-weekly can actually mean either twice a week or every other week _URL_0_ which is even more confusing.",
"Goose - Geese; Moose - Moose;\n\nnice, nicer nicest; good, better, best;\n\ntow - towed; go - went; \n\nEnglish is weird like that. The word's origin determines a lot of its variations. It is almost on the verge of making no sense; but if you study the language deep enough you will patterns emerging. That is why spelling bee participants are allowed to ask for word origin and usage, and also why there exists a spelling bee.\n\nEDIT: seek - sought; peek - peeked;",
"It's misused a lot but it should mean every 2 weeks. \"Bi\" means 2, \"semi\" means half. Bi-weekly means every 2 weeks, semi-weekly means every half week (i.e. twice a week)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biweekly"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
52a6ui
|
What caused the Age of Battles?
|
In medieval military history, it is generally taken as a given that decisive field battles were rare and unusual events, generally avoided by medieval generals to the extent possible. Instead, warfare revolved around ravaging and siege - a positional, attritional warfare based on grinding one's enemy down. It is also my understanding that this was largely true for early modern warfare as well. However, beginning in the 17th century, European generals seem to have shifted from avoiding the risks inherent in large battles to fervently seeking them.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/52a6ui/what_caused_the_age_of_battles/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7klqos"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"There wasn't an Age of Battles, to put it pithily. Battle has always been a part of war, but by their very nature, decisive battles are rare things. Siege, raid, and pitched battle are all tools available to a commander, and there are many problems in defining an age by one of them.\n\nBeyond the questions of methodology, though, the alleged shift towards seeking battle just didn't happen in the 17th/18th centuries. Chandler credits the Duke of Marlborough with 'reviving' decisive battle (earlier 17th century figures like von Wallenstein, who had a big financial stake in their units, obviously tended to use the most cost effective approach), but we should remember that he really fought four large battles and scores of sieges. The last of these four, Malplaquet, was furthermore fought as part of his attempts to put the fortress at Mons under siege; he was fighting a positional war, just like the Duke of Parma a century before him and Frederick the Great a half century later. \n\nFrederick the Great bears some investigation, too. Certainly, he fought a great many battles, but it's been commonly pointed out that he had little alternative to battle, since his kingdom lacked a solid fortified frontier (he liked to invade Saxony so as to knick their share of the Bohemian frontier). Furthermore, his writing and experience in warfare would indicate he considered strategic maneuver a superior tool to the tactical engagement. Contemporary writers like Lloyd and de Saxe joined him in agreeing with Vegetius, that it was better to destroy an enemy army by hunger than by the sword. Frederick got at least two bucketfulls of icewater to the face from Field Marshal von Daun, who at one point countered his invasion of Bohemia by maneuvering against Frederick's communications with Prussia (much of his army melted away in the precipitous retreat), and again at Kolin, where operations against the fortifications at Prague consumed his army to the point of being vulnerable to von Daun's counterstroke. Indeed, Frederick became quite a pessimist by the end of his career, declaring that the general symmetry of military skill and alliances made it impossible for a monarch to profit through military aggression.\n\nIf there was an 'age of battles', it was a very short one, lasting perhaps from 1805 to 1870. With Napoleon's Army Corps system, active use of partisans, general staffs, intensified foraging, more rapid marches, and professional officer corps, destroying an enemy army in a single battle (ideally by a concentric attack by separated army corps) and following up with a blistering pursuit became a possibility. While the Revolutionary levee en masse often fell short of expectations, the trend towards larger armies, which could simultaneously garrison their own fortresses, bottle up those of the enemy, and fight large field battles, was unmistakeable. Whereas the fortresses on the frontiers previously pointed like a knife at an invader's line of communications, now armies could leave behind troops to observe the garrison and proceed into the enemy's interior. This threat would force the enemy to accept battle, whereas for centuries prior the enemy army would as often opt to maneuver against your communications.\n\nThe great triumphs of decisive battle in the 19th century were quite short lived. The opening phase of the Franco-German War was as 'decisive' as any string of battles you could imagine, destroying both principle French field armies in a matter of months, but the increased mobilization of society that had made this short 'age of battles' possible would prove to be its undoing. After the destruction of their field armies, the French population itself took up arms against the German invaders, drawing out the war for months longer in a brutal national partisan struggle as well as several reconstituted Republican armies. von Moltke the Elder, one of the greatest theorists and practitioners of 'operations in the classic style' recognized as much by the mid 1870s, having calculated that a a preventative war against a rapidly rearmed France would no longer be possible. The world had left behind the Kabinetkreigen of the previous era, in which kings and princes fought battles on the field and made deals in palaces, and had entered the age of the Volkskrieg, the national struggle for existence.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
47ms94
|
why hasn't the leaning tower of pisa fallen over? will it eventually fall?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/47ms94/eli5_why_hasnt_the_leaning_tower_of_pisa_fallen/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0e2gbw",
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],
"score": [
28,
7
],
"text": [
"Because engineers have anchored it. They drove a ton of steel piles into the ground and connected them to the tower with steel cables.\n\nIt won't fall any time soon. With enough money, material and care, anything can stand forever. ",
"it might have, but its been reinforced. they removed the bells to save weight, they had it supported by guy wires for a while, and most recently excavated under the high side to straighten it. At this point its considered stable."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
63ov95
|
what does it mean to unlock your phone to another service provider? and why, depending on the brand, does it cost so much and take so long?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63ov95/eli5_what_does_it_mean_to_unlock_your_phone_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfvtlny",
"dfvtofj",
"dfvttlz"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Most phones are *capable* of talking to other carriers that use the same networking technology. For example, in the USA, AT & T T-Mobile and I think a couple others all use the same GSM system. \n\nHowever, if you buy a phone through one of those carriers, they put a piece of software in place that checks who you're trying to connect to, and will block it if it's not AT & T or whoever. Why? Because they gave you a bargain/contract when you bought that phone through them, and they want you to stay inside their network.\n\nThus they make unlocking the device and leaving their network challenging and/or expensive. If you leave, they don't make money billing you.\n\nCell phones not purchased through a carrier company are unlocked and can be used with any compatible network. ",
"Many phones are locked to a single carrier. If I have a locked Verizon phone, I can't use it with Tmobile or Sprint or whatever. Some phones come unlocked, so they can use any carrier you have a SIM card for.\n\nSome phones can be unlocked, which is simply removing this restriction in some way. It's usually expensive and inconvenient because they don't want you to buy their product and then use it with a competitors service.",
"Most cellphones in the US are locked to a specific network (AT & T and T-Mobile for GSM, and VZW and Sprint for CDMA). Unlocking a phone allows that phone to be used on any network which uses the same technology (GSM and CDMA are not compatible with each other). I've had two cellphones unlocked for a total of $40, and after I paid the fee I was given codes to dial into each phone which unlocked them from their respective carriers (one was T-Mobile and the other was AT & T), and it took me about twenty minutes total. I've since gotten around that by using Google's Nexus phones, which are compatible with all GSM networks out of the box by design and intent."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3b9x2a
|
how does 1080i work?
|
I just don't understand this. How can a TV not be able to maintain a consistent pixel resolution?? I get frame stuttering, but I've never been able to make sense of i resolutions.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3b9x2a/eli5_how_does_1080i_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csk8d2w",
"csk8g53"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"The i for \"interlaced\" means first your TV draws the even-numbered lines for the whole screen, then the odd-numbered lines. \n\nBy contrast in p for \"progressive\" mode your TV draws all the lines in order.",
"Interlaced video is to save size / bandwidth. Instead of making every frame full size, you delete half the rows from each frame alternating the even / odd rows. Now everything is half the size. Then the TV draws the frames skipping the missing rows. If things aren't moving fast it looks ok, otherwise it looks terrible. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
a5q3a4
|
why does the stomach flu (norovirus, rotavirus) present such intense, violent symptoms in most people?
|
Is causing intense pain, vomiting, and diarrhea beneficial to the survival of the virus, or is it just the body’s way of trying to get it out?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a5q3a4/eli5_why_does_the_stomach_flu_norovirus_rotavirus/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebolbi0"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Both. The pain is caused by the virus to basically make you immobile, noone wants to move much when in a lot of pain, vomiting and diarrhoea are two great ways to spread the virus to those taking care of you because you yourself are too sick to do anything. The Diarrhoea is most likely due to the virus' attacking the cells in your intestine causing them to leak water. That in combination with your body trying to berid most of the virus leads to those symptoms."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1zac39
|
If stars have more planets than previously thought, would this "add " enough mass to galaxies so we don't need dark matter for explaining their dynamics?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1zac39/if_stars_have_more_planets_than_previously/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfryjsm",
"cfrymma"
],
"score": [
27,
9
],
"text": [
"This can't explain astronomical observations. There is about 4-5 times as much mass as we can see in star form, and planets typically weigh at most a few tens of a percent of their stars, but often much less. If planets weighed more than stars, we wouldn't see the orbits that we do.\n\nThere was an idea that the missing mass might be in the form of starless brown dwarf planets or other massive objects (the MACHO hypothesis), but their existence has largely been ruled out by the non-observation of microlensing.",
"Sadly, no - planets only add a few percent to the mass of a stellar system at best, whereas we know that the amount of dark matter is at least several times that of the mass of both gas and stars (it varies depending on what scale you look at, but the larger the scale, the higher the proportion of dark matter). Additionally, it has also been observed that dark matter is not necessarily located where the stars and gas in a galaxy or cluster - the typically quoted example is the [Bullet Cluster](_URL_0_), where measurements of the system's distribution of matter show that most of it is nowhere near either the stars or the gas."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060824.html"
]
] |
||
8ibmp3
|
What separates the historical method from journalism?
|
Is there a clear line between the two? Is it purely a matter of the age of the topic?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8ibmp3/what_separates_the_historical_method_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dyqvwu5"
],
"score": [
15
],
"text": [
"I trained as an historian to doctoral level, but spent six years working professionally as a journalist and have continued to freelance since that time, so I hope that I'm in a decent position to draw some lines for you here. I should stress that these lines are not hard-and-fast, but I do think that the core differences between history and journalism are about a lot more than just the age of the topic.\n\nFirst, we need to bear in mind that there are different specialisms in journalism as well as in history. If you are a news journalist, your job is to report on events and developments that are important to your audience as promptly and as completely as possible. \"Important\" can mean different things. You might be a newspaper journalist reporting on world events that won't impact directly on your readers, but which, nonetheless, they feel it is important to know about because they change the shape of the world they live in, in a minor or a major way. But you might also be reporting in the trade press to a professional audience that needs to know about government policy, or new product launches, or something that's happening to competitors.\n\nEither way, the key point is that news journalism is *immediate*. You're conveying information that is significant or meaningful now, but will be less so the next time your publication actually publishes. Again, time is quite a flexible thing here - a daily paper is, famously, just tomorrow's fish-and-chips wrapping (at least that's how we express it here in the UK), but I've worked for weekly and monthly and even quarterly trade press titles that still had a major commitment to reporting news. So the imperative is to cover the news as completely, and in as balanced a way as you can, *against a deadline*. If you miss that deadline, you might as well not have bothered in the first place. Your competitors will be covering the story, so you are going to lose readers if you cannot keep pace with them. Of course the same applies if you cannot cover the news as well or as accurately - if you are constantly being scooped by rivals, you are also going to lose readers. The point is that there is a strong commercial imperative (which eventually translates for individual journalists into strong career imperatives, because you need to keep your job and you are being assessed on your ability to meet readers' needs as well as, or better than, your competitors) to be *timely*, which is ultimately more important than any other consideration.\n\nThis means that journalists accept from the start that the stories they write are only going to be \"complete\" in the most comparative sense. There will be things your sources won't tell you, and contexts you won't be aware of at the time you write. You publish anyway, and everybody involved, from your bosses to your readers, understands and accepts that you are confronted with problems and limitations that can't be overcome in the time available.\n\nOf course there are also journalists who write features, or commentary, who aren't confronted with precisely the same problems as \"hard news\" journalists. It's their job to contextualise, join dots, and even speculate in ways that news journalists aren't usually expected to do. But in pretty much every case, these writers still face rather similar limitations in terms of the *completeness* of the information they can access, and their reporting is assessed and judged in similar ways. No one really expects them to be complete, and in some contexts they wouldn't even be expected to be neutral or unbiased. If you're writing commentary for a conservative newspaper, you're usually going to be expected to write from a broadly conservative perspective.\n\nHistorians do face some of the same constraints that journalists do, which is why I say the lines between journalism and history are not absolutely hard and fast. If you're an historian, you don't expect to have access to every piece of information you might need; there are going to be gaps in the records you consult; sources still \"lie\" or seek to portray matters in a way that benefits the person or the group that created them, even if they are hundreds or thousands of years old. And historians themselves may still write in a way that is openly biased - they may approach history from a consciously Marxist perspective, for instance - and will be impacted by semi-conscious or unconscious biases as well. There really is no such thing as absolutely \"neutral\" history.\n\nNonetheless, if you are writing as an historian, you are supposed to do two things that are not expected of journalists. First, you are expected to have sought out, and read, and thought about, everything that matters to the topic you are interested in. Now, \"everything\" is a very moveable feast. If you are writing on very modern periods, a lot of stuff is still going to be restricted, and if you are looking further into the past there are going to be other sorts of problems to confront. It's possible to have pretty much literally read everything there is to read, if you are writing about eighth century Saxon England – though you'll certainly also be aware of the yawning gaps where you want to have something to read, and absolutely nothing exists. If you are writing about the French Revolution, it's simply impossible to have read \"everything\" - not only in terms of secondary sources, but primary sources too. And nowadays there's a lot of pressure on historians, and every other sort of academic, to publish regularly, and maintain some sort of publishing \"schedule\", if they want to get a job and win promotion.\n\nSo it's accepted, by your colleagues and your readers, that you are going to have to be selective. But, nonetheless, the expectation is that you are still going to have assembled your evidence in a way that's quite different to the way journalists work. You're going to be expected to have read *representatively* and you are also going to have to show, if required, that you have read *as completely as is reasonable* to expect in the circumstances – depending, that is, on where you are specialising. That includes reading and taking account of the findings and, just as importantly, the opinions of other historians, including those you have fundamental disagreements with - the latter being something that journalists, broadly speaking, rather rarely do. In addition, you are expected to contextualise. That may mean being aware of the historiographical debates that impact on your topic, or it may mean placing a very specialist study in a broader context of time or place. \n\nJournalists are expected to do most of these things as well, to a greater or lesser extent, I know, but I do think that it is here that the critical difference between history and journalism lie. For journalists, it's a matter of doing what you can to tell the whole story *in the available time*. For historians, it's a matter of taking whatever time is necessary to tell the whole story *in its fullest context*. And that's because, ultimately, it's an historian's job to render judgement on some complete problem, whereas it's a journalist's job to provide pieces of the jigsaw that combine with other pieces (published and yet to be published) to let the reader assemble a picture on which *they* will render judgement, and perhaps take action. And all the commentary and features journalism that runs alongside the news journalism has a similar purpose. \n\nIn other words, while both historians and journalists are in the business of persuasion, historians try to persuade by presenting findings that have already been both contextualised and assembled into a reasoned case, whereas journalists (who may try to be, and think of themselves as being, neutral, or may be just as keen to persuade as any historian) are more usually presenting information, and contexts, that are not fully contextualised, and which *somebody else* (the reader) is often going to assemble into a reasoned case.\n\nSo, to answer your question directly, the time element you are interested in doesn't operate in quite the way you are suggesting. It's not so much about how long it's been since the topic under consideration was current, or since the events concerned took place. It's much more about how much time the journalists, or the historian, will be expected to invest in researching and writing about that topic or problem."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
v7ufk
|
What is AskScience's opinion on /r/NoFap? Is there actual evidence that not masturbating will positively affect a person's energy and motivation?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/v7ufk/what_is_asksciences_opinion_on_rnofap_is_there/
|
{
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"text": [
"I want to know if there's any negative effects of masturbation. i.e. is it worth giving up? What are the health benefits to masturbation, if any?",
"[A potentially relevant TEDx Talk on the subject of porn and the effects of not watching it/not masturbating.](_URL_0_)\n\nEdit: TEDx Talk. (It matters, you see. Cheers buddy) It also isn't an answer.",
"[I don't know but your prostate cancer risk has a correlation to masturbation depending on how old you are.](_URL_0_)",
"* Refraining from masturbation influences the testosterone levels for men and most men will tell you that this is a positive thing. There has been an interesting [study](_URL_0_) about the abstinence of ejaculation for a longer period of time. In this study, it was found that after exactly 7 days, there was a significant increase of testosterone levels. \n\nFrom the abstract:\n > The authors found that the fluctuations of testosterone levels from the 2nd to 5th day of abstinence were minimal. On the 7th day of abstinence, however, a clear peak of serum testosterone appeared, reaching 145.7% of the baseline ( P < 0.01). No regular fluctuation was observed following continuous abstinence after the peak. Ejaculation is the precondition and beginning of the special periodic serum testosterone level variations, which would not occur without ejaculation. The results showed that ejaculation-caused variations were characterized by a peak on the 7th day of abstinence; and that the effective time of an ejaculation is 7 days minimum.\n\nI'd like to also refer to this great blog post that discusses this study together with some additional information:\n_URL_1_\n\nSome questions I have: \n\n* Perhaps someone can explain what the proven behavioral and mental consequences are of an increase in testosterone levels for men. \n\n* After the change on day 7, the testosterone levels decreased to their baseline again, at least, that's how I interpret this sentence: \n\"No regular fluctuation was observed following continuous abstinence after the peak.\"\nI would also be really interested in why there is a change occurring after exactly 7 days. Is sperm of higher quality after 7 days? Are there mental health benefits to ejaculate every 7 days? I.e. can it also be *unhealthy* to refrain from masturbation for longer periods than that?\n\n* Furthermore, I'd love to know if an increase in testosterone also influences the level of dopamine in the brain. Could it be that the level of dopamine steadily increases, the longer you refrain from masturbation as a male?\n\nedit: removed personal anecdotal experiences\n\n",
"LONG POST AHEAD! I ~~copied and pasted~~ adapted a response I made in another thread where the user asked if nofap leads to greater success with women. Many studies linked. Information abounds. Forgive the abundant use of the word 'fap'.\n\nIn order to address this issue lets take a look at some claims: \n \nThe fiirst issue is, do people who regularly masturbate have low testosterone as is being asserted? \n \nI would state that if not fapping raises testosterone past the levels you would have if fapping then yes, by relativity, those who fap have low testosterone. The second claim that must then be addressed is, does not fapping actually raise your testosterone? Well, it has been scientifically shown that not fapping raises your testosterone after 1 week: \n \n_URL_0_ \n\nHowever, what about long term effects? Well, it was stated by a redditor here that after the drop to his 'fapping' baseline post week one, he actually experienced a higher baseline testosterone during nofap. Can we believe his claims? According to this study which shows the same effect as the above over a longer time period, yes: \n \n_URL_1_\n \nSo if you are willing to make those logical jumps then yes, not fapping does raise your testosterone. \n \nThe next claim is, does a higher testosterone 'raise attractiveness on a primate level'[sic]? See:\n \n_URL_3_ \n \nAccording to that article, testosterone affects mating success, but not attractiveness. Attractiveness is by its very nature a subjective thing anyways. I would guess that mating success would be a better marker to go by. \n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNow let us return to this source: \n\n_URL_1_\n \nIt shows that after 3 weeks of abstinence, baseline testosterone, arousal, and sexual enjoyment is higher than it is if you don't practice abstinence. They measured this using PMO after 3 weeks of abstinence. You can check out the graphs or the abstract for a quick rundown. It's a little hard to read through though. \n \nCool stuff! \n \nNow lets put some puzzle pieces together. This study: \n \n_URL_4_\n \nSays that during intercourse there is an increase in prolactin of 400% vs masturbation alone. This means that our bodies can tell the difference between intercourse and masturbation (logical leap). This means that the first study measuring testosterone over time is actually flawed! They used masturbation as the marker of testosterone when they should have used intercourse! This means that the results might actually be lower than they should be.\n \nNow we are getting somewhere... \n \nNow check this article out: \n \n_URL_2_\n \nIt states that for an individual person, testosterone is higher during sexual activity, but across groups of people, higher testosterone is seen in those who abstain from sex/masturbation.\n \nSo, check those out, and formulate your own opinion. \n \nAlso, notice how none of those studies showed an immediate drop in test post masturbation, rather, they showed a lower baseline for those who participated in constant sexual release\n \n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n",
"There have been comments about a slight increase to testosterone levels in males after not masturbating. Is there any effect on females at all? ",
"Where the fuck are the mods in this subreddit? /r/AskScience threads shouldn't be allowed to reach this level of biased bs",
"I would really like to know if the increase in testosterone while abstaining applies to masturbation/sex without ejaculation. You can squeeze the spermatic duct while reaching orgasm. You have a fullblown orgasm but do not loose any sperms. Now, why exactly is this testosterone increase? Because of significant minerals and protein in the spermloads which get lost due to ejaculation? If so, masturbating/sex with squeezed spermatic ducts could be considered for the 7-day-testo-boost without taking the fun out of the process.",
"So can somebody post the answer to the simple question, Is nofap worth it?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://youtu.be/wSF82AwSDiU"
],
[
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016689"
],
[
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12659241",
"http://themodernsavage.com/2009/02/04/effects-of-male-masturbation-on-attracting-women/"
],
[
"http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus/2003/0302/030219.pdf",
"http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Endocrine_Response_to_Masturbation-Induced_Orgasm_in_Healthy_Men_Following_a_3-Week_Sexual_Abstinence.pdf",
"http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3803n2n9x3xw62p/",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347208001322",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051105001110"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
9ms1o2
|
what is title insurance
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ms1o2/eli5_what_is_title_insurance/
|
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"title insurance protects you from any financial loss due to problems with title. \n\nwhen you buy a house, it's recorded in public records. anyone that has a claim on the house is recorded as well. however, mistakes happen, reports get lost, public records might not be complete, etc. \n\nso if down the line, if it's discovered someone has a claim on the house, say it was sold to you \"free and clear\" by the previous owner, or some lien was discovered. title insurance would cover you. ",
"It's insurance that protects you if you buy a property and then later it emerges that the person who sold it to you (or the person who sold it to them) doesn't legally own all of it. It might happen that there was an assumption that only one person owned an area of land, but after you've paid for it someone new pops up and claims ownership of a part of the land because their great-granddad inherited it but never claimed ownership - the insurance financially protects you in case you have a legal challenge to your ownership or if you basically lose the land you paid for.",
"When one buys land, they depend on provenance of the land, to ensure that the seller really owns the land they're selling. That means tracing the ownership back to a governmental land grant (in parts of the US this may include a royal charter or the Louisiana purchase) and each owner between that and the current owner is researched, but land records may not be perfect, and as a result two people may have good reason to believe they own the same land. \n\nIf someone comes with a competing claim to own the same land, the courts decide whose claim is correct. However, you may lose if they're claim is senior to yours, and even if you win, the court case may cost lots of money. \n\nIf you lose your claim to land with your home on it, you can go after the seller, but they probably don't have the assets to make you whole. \n\nTitle insurance protects people from the risk that the seller doesn't have a full claim on the property they're selling. ",
"I am an attorney who has done some real estate work. \n\nAlright, so when you buy real property you are given a deed. Most people who buy land have a mortgage on the property. Different states handle this different ways. Just to simply things, let's say that you buy a piece of land called \"Blackacre.\" \n\nWhen your offer to purchase is accepted, you can have a title company do a \"title search.\" The title company goes down to the deed office and looks at the seller's deed. They look for easements (which are rights to use a part of someone's property for some purpose), liens (which entitle the person filing the lien to some amount of money), and they make sure that the deed is correct. Further, they make sure that any liens or mortgages were properly released when they were paid off. Then, they look at the deed from the previous owner to the seller. The title search goes back as far as the laws of the state require. In some cases, it's back 40 years. In some cases, it's back to the founding of the state. \n\nTitle insurance protects you if there is a defect in the deed. For example, maybe the deed sells you the wrong piece of land. Maybe a mortgage wasn't released. There could be any number of issues, but title insurance protects you from that. \n\nMost people don't buy title insurance. Most banks who holding mortgages on houses buy title insurance though. If there is a defect in the title, a mortgaging bank will not go through with the purchase. Still though, someone buying property should invest the $100-200 for the title search, and then purchase title insurance just in case."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6aorma
|
how are hummingbirds able to hover and fly in any direction? to clarify, what is going on aerodynamically that allows this to happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6aorma/eli5_how_are_hummingbirds_able_to_hover_and_fly/
|
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"The little wings flap in such a way that there is more turbulence above the bird than below it. \n\nThere's a general aerodynamic principle (bernoulli effect) that means that quickly moving air is at a lower pressure than the air around it. \n\nThis means that the difference in air pressure holds the bird up. ",
"Pretty much in the same way as a helicopter, except the wings don't go all the way around, but move back and forth instead. While flapping they generate lift/thrust, which supports the bird in the air.\n\nThere is a lot of aerodynamically interesting stuff going on around the wings, and the birds make small adjustments to the wing angles to control themselves, but that is rather beyond eli5. Just ask if you want more details."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
3vi2nz
|
What did Roman legionnaires actually do with the land they got after their tour of duty, and could it actually sustain their owners?
|
Since I was a kid I read about how Roman legionnaires, after finishing their tour of duty, would get some money and a piece of land to settle down on, as a reward. Lately it occurred to me that I never really thought about if that was actually a good deal; just checked if off as "oh, that's nice, guess they'll become farmers then." back then, naively picturing vast rows of neat rectangular plots covering the land.
So my question(s) is/are: Was the piece of land a legionnaire got actually enough to sustain him? Sustain a whole family? (by sustain I mean feed the people and provide enough excess products/materials to be traded for other necessities).
Expanding upon that two other questions:
1.) What did Legionnaires actually do with their land? Really just go their, build a house, start becoming a farmer? It must be more complicated, especially for people that have been professional solders half their life.
2.) How did those lots of land for legionnaires fit into the larger economic picture? Were they mostly isolated, sustaining their owners. Or did they play a larger role, maybe as provider for the military? Did they organize themselves, etc.?
Edit: I am aware of the broad socio-political reasons why Rome would want to settle their veterans in newly conquered lands; by all means feel free to explicate those aspects. The main focus of my question however are the micro- and macro-economic aspects of this topic.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3vi2nz/what_did_roman_legionnaires_actually_do_with_the/
|
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"I'm not 100% sure if this really counts as a follow up question, but somewhat related to this I guess. It's my understanding that giving land to soldiers was practiced by the Successor kingdoms too. Was that any different than the Roman system in how the land was distributed or used?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3j1kte
|
why are new smartphone processors hexa and octa-core, while consumer desktop cpus are still often quad-core?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j1kte/eli5_why_are_new_smartphone_processors_hexa_and/
|
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"its 2 quad cores working together\n\n\nwhen your phone needs high power (for gaming, etc), it reaches in for the red bull pack (the powerful 4 cores) \n\nwhen your phone doesn't need power (music playback, browsing), it just sips the coffee (the 4 weaker cores)",
"The name of the game is efficiency. Virtually everything done on the hardware side of cell phones is aimed at the goal of lowering power consumption. \n\nUsually, the best way to go about it with a processor is to lower the clock speed. Lower speed means lower heat dissipation, which means the electronics perform more efficiently and use less power, so you get longer battery life (or more juice for the giant screen). However, lower clock speed means slower performance. So in order to get performance speed up while balancing efficiency, they use more cores. \n\nOn a desktop processor, the name of the game is performance. They still go with multiple cores, but they also use higher clock speeds. They try to cram as many cores as they can in there, but it gets more expensive and you usually don't need as many for the same performance (unless you're using an AMD chip)\n\nIn addition to that, you have to keep in mind the cast majority of processors for cell phones are ARM while many desktop processors are Intel. Intel is able to do some crazy efficient processing with just four cores, and doesn't need to cram as many as they can into one chip. When they do, you get the top of the line i7s and Xeons, which are too expensive for most desktops. ",
"Its still only 4 running cores at a time.\n\nDepending on the task, either faster ones are being used for intensive tasks or the power efficient ones for the everyday stuff.\n\nAnd pc have gone past quad cores for some time now in the higher budget window.",
"I don't see this mentioned anywhere.\n\nIntel's desktop CPUs use very wide cores which can get a lot of work done per cycle. Most smartphone cpus are narrower and spread the workload over more (weaker) cores. Apple follows Intel's method with only 2 cpus which are very wide. They can get a lot of work done per cycle while running at much lower clocks compared its rivals and are much more power efficient.",
"Today's smartphones do indeed have 4 cores, but there's more to it than that. \n\nThere are 4 high-power cores in the chipset which are used for heavy workloads, and then there are 4 lower-power cores which are used for more basic applications that don't require a lot of horsepower. These processors aren't all used at the same time; the phone dynamically switches over to the high-power cores when it needs the processing power, then switches back to the low-power cores when it doesn't. In this way, the phone can save battery.",
"Side question. How is my iPhone 5s seeming the same speed as a phone that has 4x the processors? \nA few friends have brand new android phones with way more ram and power. The speed difference is negligible in regards to opening apps, pages, etc",
"big.Little actually doesn't answer this question either. This is implemented on dual/quad core CPUs as well. \nThe real answer is ***marketing***. Apple doesn't have this same marketing pressure since their marketing is about brand image and usability rather than the technical numbers, and they stick with dual core 1.4GHz in their latest and greatest when their competition are pushing 4-8 cores running up to 2.8GHz. Yet Apple scores top in most benchmarks.\n\nHere's a direct quote from [Anandtech](_URL_0_):\n\n*\"As we saw in our Moto X review however, two faster cores are still better for most uses than four cores running at lower frequencies. NVIDIA forced everyone’s hand in moving to 4 cores earlier than they would’ve liked, and now you pretty much can’t get away with shipping anything less than that in an Android handset. Even Motorola felt necessary to obfuscate core count with its X8 mobile computing system. Markets like China seem to also demand more cores over better ones, which is why we see such a proliferation of quad-core Cortex A5/A7 designs.*\n\n*In such a thermally constrained environment, going quad-core only makes sense if you can properly power gate/turbo up when some cores are idle. I have yet to see any mobile SoC vendor (with the exception of Intel with Bay Trail) do this properly, so until we hit that point the optimal target is likely two cores. You only need to look back at the evolution of the PC to come to the same conclusion. Before the arrival of Nehalem and Lynnfield, you always had to make a tradeoff between fewer faster cores and more of them. Gaming systems (and most users) tended to opt for the former, while those doing heavy multitasking went with the latter. Once we got architectures with good turbo, the 2 vs 4 discussion became one of cost and nothing more. I expect we’ll follow the same path in mobile.\"*",
"**TL;DR: in general day to day computing, multiple ( > 2) cores are useless. Android phone manufactures are instead taking advantage of their users being spec-conscious but technically uneducated - so they sell them an inferior product that sounds better.**\n\nWhile everything in these answers is technically true, their stated effect is far less significant than what I'm going to describe. \n\nMarketing. People who buy android phones typically think they're faster and more powerful than iPhones (they almost never are - just look at any benchmarking app right after the iPhone comes out; they're always the fastest). That's why, even though android phones always boast ridiculously high specs, they somehow manage to perform similar to - if not worse than - the iPhone. 16MP camera? That's gotta be awesome, right? Turns out your pictures are too grainy because your sensor isn't large enough to take advantage of all of those megapixels. In fact, they make the image *grainier* because they let less light through.\n\nIt's the same story with processors. Basically, programmers have been trying very hard for a very long time to take advantage of multiple core processing and they still *haven't figured out* a way to do it that doesn't cause make the company programmer jump out the office window. Here's a breakdown of what needs to be done to take advantage of a given number of cores: One core - nothing extra to take care of. Two cores - complicated operating system that does multitasking. Four cores - processor intensive tasks like compiling code that can be easily threaded. 8 cores - useless outside of a server setting or other specialized computing.\n\nIn conclusion: iPhone - two cores, wildly better single core performance, still good at multitasking. Octa-Core android - 8 cores, inferior single core performance, and small increase in efficiency in multitasking.\n\nEdit: on mobile, grammar.",
"The ELI5 answer is energy consumption. The processor of a mobile device is specifically engineered to only utilize as much cores as necessary. Newer processors also have different capability cores that vary in their power consumption, for example two of the cores will be very slow and power efficient, used to run background tasks and normal operations, then when you actually use the phone for high demand tasks the other two will be utilized.",
"There is a planet called Armintel filled with workers doing math for a living. Of course they are not all the same on how they do their work, but they all can finish any work they are assigned to do (they all finished the same degree). Currently very prevalent on this planet are the ordinary, average workers. But they're not only average, they're super lazy! They like to go get a nap as soon as they finish working, and because they're average, they tend to do things slow (scientific studies say their hearts beat slower), not to mention their intolerance for longer stress, leading them to deliberately lower their productivity to spite their bosses. The sad thing is, all of these *qualities* are innate to them, brought upon by evolution. And because they are so prevalent, and they make babies quickly, management tend to gather them in large numbers, dividing hard problems and handing them out as those workers crunch their way through the numbers.\n\nBut as said, this planet has a diverse people, and a very opposite of the lazy workers are the hardworking ones (but they have a dirty little secret, as we will see). Their hearts beat *FAST* (a few of them even take dru.. medicines to hasten the pumping!). They can work on hard problems for a much longer time before stress takes a toll and make them take things slowly. And they have four arms to chalk up the equations! And they always bring a large clipboard to take notes, compared to the post-its used by the lazy ones). Unfortunately, they are also slow to reproduce (lots of stillborn babies) and so are much more expensive to hire. Management tend to hire them in a small bunch, often in pairs, four for more demanding work. Also, they heat up and heavily sweat inside the small room they work in, greatly compounding workplace stress which could become intolerable.\n\nSo commonly on this planet, the easy work are often given to the lazy ones, with the hard ones to the hardworkers.\n\n**TL;DR: I'm a trying hard to explain something to a 5 year old entrepreneur.**",
"I'm surprised I didn't see anything about VMs and licensing in these comments. From a software licensing perspective, many companies charge per core, which would drastically increase cost with an unnecessary proliferation of cores. It makes more sense to have more powerful cores to run more complex software and environments.",
"Basically when we design a chip we see at what the application is. In the computer or even a laptop we have a lot of space compared to what we are having on the mobile device. When we look at cores, not all the cores are same. PC cores have a rich instruction set as compared to the ones in mobile devices. Thus when we want to some piece of work in a PC that one core is enough. That one core has a lot of power consumption as well. On the other hand in a mobile device we have a number of 2,4,6,8 smaller cores that divide the job and do it. These cores too have different purposes, some are optimized for graphics while some are optimized for pure computation. It all comes down to the application. In a desktop those 4 powerful cores are more than enough to get the job done. Whereas in the mobile we need more low power cores.",
"Read the history of the ARM processor and the history of the Intel x86 processor. Very different approaches to computing and silicon that have resulted in very different hardware platforms.",
"There are six and eight core desktop processors I am writing this comment on a desktop with 6 cores right now. In fact Intel even makes server processors with up to 18 cores. _URL_0_",
"8 cores, 4 active at a given time, one set uses low power, one is fast mode. It depends on the OS to be able to tell it to switch and takes ~60000 clock cycles to switch between set's.\n\nNow, looking at a Quad-core would be like comparing the number of cylinder's in a car but neglecting the RPM (clock speed) and horse power (instructions per clock cycle). These aren't really good analogues though.",
"Eli5: what is this question asking?",
"Marketing, mostly. We've already seen this battle in the desktop sector between AMD and Intel, and AMD didn't win because despite having more cores (8 vs 4), their per-core performance, as well as power consumption, was/is terrible. (Actually it's a little inaccurate to call it a battle, because Intel won by not playing; they just made better CPUs with fewer cores and let AMD's marketing team make fools of themselves.) \n\nThe top-rated comment is correct in that big.LITTLE is a power-saving exercise, but I honestly doubt that any smartphone really needs any more than 2 cores at any given time. Eventually the smartphone manufacturers will figure out that people want more battery life instead of MOAR CORES that they can't use, and this willy-waving of \"how many cores can we cram into a 5\" smartphone without causing it to melt when it's powered on\" will stop.",
"Consumer desktop CPUs come from Intel and use Intel Architecture, smartphone processors come from various companies who use ARM architecture. Intel uses various techniques to conserve power like variable voltage scaling. Arm implements a system where a big processor is used when speed is needed but switches to a little processor when power conservation is needed. \n\nSo, you have competing technologies, however, Intel is still trying to break in to the Mobile space but owns the desktop space, and ARM owns the mobile space, although I don't think they are trying to break into the desktop space.\n\n**TL;DR: Two different cpu architectures from different companies owning different spaces.**",
"**TL;DR Energy efficiency!** \n\nOne important factor is frequency (the GHz). It's a complex equation, but think of it like this: doubling the frequency more than doubles the power consumption. At some point (remember Pentium 4) the CPUs became ridiculously hot, and multi-core became de facto. \n\nIn a desktop, you can afford to have fewer, faster CPUs (which runs single-core programs faster), but in a smartphone, you want to save battery life at all cost (and thus make the apps utilise all cores, efficiently).\n\nI'm a electrical engineer.",
" EE Here Every Answer here is off a little\n\nCell phones use ARM cores or other small [RISC](_URL_0_) based cpus. The philosophy behind RISC is to use a simplified [instruction set](_URL_1_) (low level code) that makes the [processing pipeline](_URL_4_) that the instructions go down less complicated, faster, and smaller. The downside is that you may have to use 2, 3 or more instructions to accomplish what big boy intel does in 1.\n\nIntel uses a [CISC](_URL_3_) architecture that takes the the opposite approach with a hugely massive instruction set that has instructions for every type of thing you could invision doing with the cpu, meaning you need the hardware to interpret and process all of that, it has a long pipeline (20+ steps vs 3 in ARM) and is backwards compatible (seriously) going back to the 1980's . The addition of [hyperthreading](_URL_2_) is more complexity and silicon.\n\nKeep in mind as well, that the component price of even an 8 core cell phone cpu ($50, < $30 at volume) is a fraction of the cost of a high end desktop cpu ($800+).\n\n\nIt is much easier (in terms of making actual silicon) to stack RISC cores in your MPU and there are lots of parallel system tasks that cell phones need to do continuously that makes it marketable, it also helps that the kernels running the android flavors of linux have been multithreading efficient for years. Additionally, Intel and AMD do not really license their cores or designs out, on the other hand ARM has a widely used softcore (for FPGA/ASIC), silicon design, and other licensable IP for all their products that people like TI, Qualcomm,, etc license, make, and sell to cellphone companies which increases the competitive pressure among manufacturers to stand out.\n\nTLDR: RISC vs CISC has come again boys",
"Marketing is the right answer. 8 cores sound better.\n\nIn practice:\nOnly 4 cores are ever used: the more efficient 4 when saving power, and faster 4 when speed is required.\n\nThat's like buying a car and paying for 2 engines and only using 1 of them at a time. It's a waste.\n\nProper design would've been to have cores that are efficient, yet scale to high performance, and just have 4 of them.\n\nMoreover, multi-core is more suited for multi-tasking purposes. Since 90% of the time, a phone is probably only handling 1-2 tasks, it really only needs 2 cores.\n\ni.e. Instead of spending silicon space for 6 extra cores, they should've just improved a dual core setup. This means making 8 cores is mostly because it sounds better for advertising.",
"It's cheaper to pay eight kids to do eight jobs than it is to pay four adults to do eight jobs more effectively. In this case, the pay is energy, the jobs are phone processes, adults are desktop processors and kids mobile processors. ",
"This thread reminds me of those budget and people that believe their 8 core £100 CPU is better then a solid Intel 3/4 core",
"Mobile processor cores are very weak compared to desktop processor cores. A dual-core desktop processor is often faster than a quad-core or octa-core mobile processor. \n\nA single desktop core can handle multiple jobs at once just fine, while a weak mobile core can't. So instead of making them more powerful, which would produce more heat and require more power, they just divide the processor up into more of them, because mobile apps don't require lots of power to run, and more cores means more things can run at the same time.",
"The cores are weaker then the quad ones.\nIE. AMD 6300 has 6 cores\nan i5 4690k destorys it with 4 cores"
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"http://ark.intel.com/products/84685/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-8890-v3-45M-Cache-2_50-GHz"
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-threading",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computing",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
bdftu7
|
how do bike/car stuntmen learn to do it without dying?
|
So I saw [this video](_URL_0_) where the biker drove and made a jump from the ramp , went spinning in the air then landed un-harmed. While I understand this is due to him practicing it multiple times , possibly for months or years, I do not understand how do they practice such dangerous moves without risking death.
& #x200B;
Even when you start with your first jumps while learning without any spinning a newbie is very likely to crash with his bike a few times how do they survive it?. For more fancy jump the danger increases even more one miscalculation and you'd hit the ground instead instead of the landing ramp, this might happen more than often while they learning it.
& #x200B;
So how do they keep safe from falling and hitting things with such speed and height while learning, because I doubt you can learn anything without failing a few times .
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bdftu7/eli5_how_do_bikecar_stuntmen_learn_to_do_it/
|
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"Firstly, they can practice with safety equipment. You can have mats and nets and other things to soften the landing of a failed attempt.\n\nAlso, they start with smaller, safer types of tricks and work their way up.\n\nLastly, failing isn't necessarily a death sentence. Just broken bones and stuff. So they try - and fail - without dying, but not without injury. Evel Kinevel is reputed as having broken every bone in his body.",
"[Here's a quick video showing one method to safely practice stunts](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://img-9gag-fun.9cache.com/photo/amBR734_460svvp9.webm"
] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJzcqA2yU1w"
]
] |
|
3zc5fe
|
Were any African countries positively impacted by the colonial era?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3zc5fe/were_any_african_countries_positively_impacted_by/
|
{
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"cyl0btu"
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"text": [
"There is really no measure of whether a country was overall Positively or Negatively affected by the colonial era. Rather, there were positive effects and negative effects in different areas and to different peoples. A Black officer in the King's African Rifles could certainly consider himself positively impacted by the Colonial Era, though the same might not be said for a tribesman who found himself driven off his land to make way for a plantation.\n\nFor example, One could argue that Colonialism positively affected the continent by bringing with it: \n- Modern Technology and Agricultural practices\n- A Common Law Legal System\n- A Central, Stable authority\n- Democracy (Though this obviously wasn't always true)\n\nLikewise, one Could Just as easily note the negative impacts:\n\n- Artificially created borders leading to sectarianism\n- The Transatlantic Slave Trade\n- Resources were extracted with the profits going near entirely toward enriching the Colonizing power\n\nHistorians tend to avoid passing moral assessments on a topic so broad as this, simply because it clouds and simplifies the facts - That is instead more the focus of Politicians or Philosophers. Instead, one should simply look at the era's individual effects for what they are. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6c391u
|
What is the cause of diffusion and osmosis? How does it work?
|
I know the general gist of how diffusion/osmosis works, I just don't know *why* it works like it works.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6c391u/what_is_the_cause_of_diffusion_and_osmosis_how/
|
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"Diffusion is caused by the random movement of particles; anything with energy moves and shakes a little. From this random moving and shaking, it is much more likely that things get further apart from each other, so they do. This is simply because if they _can_ move in all possible directions, what are the chances that each will move toward those that are similar, even after bouncing into each other?\n\nOsmosis is a little trickier. Whilst it can possibly be explained using entropy and whatnot, I like to imagine it like this: in order for something to be dissolved in water, water needs to be able to bond with with it, and stick to it. Most of these things, like salts or sugars, tend to be either larger than water, or quite charged. This means they find it very difficult to pass through the fatty membranes of cells. So, if the water is 'stuck' to them and bonding with them, it is less likely to pass through the barrier as well. Water that has fewer things to bind to will be freer to pass through the membrane. In this way, water always seems to move towards things it likes to bind with, simply because going the other way is harder.\n\nAn inverse example of this is salt channels in membranes. They work by binding to the salt ion in the same way water does, replacing the bonds it would have to break to pass through. Because the bonds are being replaced, it is not energetically unfavourable for it to pass through. In this way, you can also think of the bonds 'pulling' the salt ions through, or the water being pulled back by the things it binds with.\n\n*TL;DR:* 1) things move around randomly. 'Away' direction happens more often.\n2) water is sticky. It sticks to stuff. More stuff=more stuck= less moving through things.\n\nSource: I study chemistry at uni",
" There is a chemical potential difference because of different free energy for the different concentrations. Systems tend toward the lowest energy configuration, which occurs when there is no chemical potential difference. \n\nBasically, the system is thermodynamically most stable when there is no concentration gradient. ",
"Diffusion is the random movement of anything away from its origin. This concept can be applied to many things, dye in water is a good visual example.\n\nOsmosis is the movement of water from a heavily concentrated area of other stuff (salts) to a less concentrat area. It will do move until both areas are the same concentration. A way to think about it would be people on a small boat. Not everyone wants to stand on the same side. They want to balance the weight of the boat so some of them go to the other side. Except with water... osmosis is strictly talking about the movement of water."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1zo6ma
|
Is there a search engine (of sorts) where you can search for the earliest recorded use of a certain word?
|
Currently I'm writing a paper on Menno Simons, and am looking for the earliest source I can that uses the word Mennonites. I was curious if you all might have a source you go to search of the earliest date of a word that perhaps users had contributed or that was centrally controlled.
Thank you!
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1zo6ma/is_there_a_search_engine_of_sorts_where_you_can/
|
{
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"text": [
"Unless I'm mistaken, I believe that's what the Oxford English Dictionary is supposed to do. I'd check there first."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ornqs
|
What is the most widely accepted explanation for the Late Bronze Age collapse?
|
Edit: amazing responses, thanks all!
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3ornqs/what_is_the_most_widely_accepted_explanation_for/
|
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"Well, the consensus is generally something like \"it was the Sea People, but it was also a bit more complex\". The Sea People raids leading to the collapse captures the imagination, yet the view of raids in the Levant being the sole reason is starting to fade a little. \n\nCline's recent book deals really well with this and I think reflects much of the scholarly consensus. He argues that it is not a simple explanation; that there was one cause leading to a collapse. There were a number of complex, intertwining factors at play in the last 50 years of so of the Late Bronze Age (See Cline, *1177 BC: The year civilization collapsed*). \n\nCertainly, the Eastern Mediterranean around 1200-1150 BCE did see large migrations and invasions, which are commonly attributed to the Sea People, though to it generally accepted that this this explanation of collapse is simplistic. There's certainly plenty of archaeological and textual evidence for attacks from the sea. For example, this is a letter from the king of Ugarit (coastal Syria-Palestine) to the king of Alashiya (Cyprus) reporting sea raids:\n\n > My father, now the enemy ships are coming (and) they burn down my towns with fire. They have done unseemly things in the land. My father is not aware of the fact that all the troops of my father’s overlord are sta-tioned in Ḫatti and that all my ships are stationed in Lukka. They still have not arrived and the country is lying like that. … Now, seven ships that are approaching have done evil things to us, now then, if there are any enemy ships send me a report somehow, so that I will know. (RS 20.238, from Schaeffer, Ugaritica)\n\nWhile this is all very dramatic and interesting, they only really tell part of the story. It does not explain how these attacks could have caused the near total destruction of a system that had been flourishing for 300 years, at least, according to the Sea People model. \n\nThe LBA in the Aegean and the Near East was extremely integrated. An international trade network, and advanced diplomatic and legal systems had been established between the imperial powers that had worked very effectively for several centuries. War had largely been abandoned between the Great Powers. Yet with such an integrated system, the failure of one part may affect the others. \nDuring the 13th century BCE, there is evidence of natural disasters, famine and a reduction of trade. Beginning around 1250 BCE, there is evidence of very dry weather, which almost certainly would have caused crop failures (Langgut et al, *Climate and the Late Bronze Collapse*; Drake, *The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages*). It is also at this point that we also see the resurgent Assyrian empire, which began aggressive expansion in the last quarter of the 13th century (Grayson, *'The Synchronistic History' in Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles*). Diplomatic relations start to decline, moving away from a model of cooperation. A combination of these factors and the integration of the system led to system decline.\n\nIt is unlikely that the Sea People raids would probably not have been so destructive without the system already being in decline. The weakening structure probably gave opportunity to those who wanted to take advantage of the situation. It was most likely a destructive mix of natural disasters; climate change and resultant agricultural problems; trade interruptions and economic failures; and migrations and invasions. ",
"Follow Up: Are there any major natural disasters - volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, climate change, etc - that coincide with the end of the LBE? I think I remember reading somewhere that climate change was a potential culprit, as it's often a push-pull factor in migration/invasions.",
"I think Chris Harman does a fairly good job of trying together a lot of different theories to provide a suitable explanation in his work 'A People's History of the World'. Essentially, he argues that it was internal pressures and dynamics which weakened various civilisations and left them prone to a variety of external threats such as slight climate changes and foreign invasion. He actually takes a broader view than most, arguing that the Bronze Age Collapse is actually part of a larger trend he terms 'crises of early civilisation', pulling Mesoamerican and Indus cities into the mix, across a much longer period of time.\n\nThe gist of his argument is heavily indebted to Vere Gordon Childe and argues essentially that the various ruling strata of these early civilisation grew ever more exploitative and consumed greater portions of economic surplus. He points to the work of Kemp (Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period) in detailing the growing consumption by the Egyptian court system and strain on agricultural resources as a chief piece of evidence. This in turn drove down living standards of the working population to the point where, despite some advances in bronze working, many craftsmen and farmers laboured instead with primitive neolithic tools and older techniques were used as last resort (e.g. plucking wool, per What Happened in History and Lloyd's Ancient Egypt: A Social History).\n\nRelated to this is a dynamic which Childe explains, claiming that early civilisations went through a lengthy period of stagnation during their 'peak'. While great monuments and other signs of civilisation certainly seem grand, advancement in science and technology was miniscule compared to the leaps of the early agricultural societies. What advances did occur, such as in pure mathematics and water wheels, were largely by peoples on the periphery of these large civilisations (Man Makes Himself). The theory provided is that the ruling castes, having turned to a strategy of intensifying work for labouring classes, had little need for investing time or resources into labour saving technologies. Bruce Trigger, for example, details the cease in advances made by Egypt during the Old Kingdom period as scribes and bureaucrats came to dominate surplus consumption (The Rise of Egyptian Civilization). \n\nThese weakened civilisation were hence more susceptible to those factors mentioned here by others, such as invasion and climate change. Harman also adds intensified social strife to this list of factors, using Mayan peasant revolts as a key example. Egypt and Mesopotamia are highlighted as odd examples where changes in the ruling layers of society and some development in trading meant that civilisation went through a period of turmoil, but then largely got back on track for several centuries more until the collapse came again, as the underlying dynamic had not changed. \n\nAlthough some of this work is getting a bit long in the tooth now, and certain archaeological evidence has been disputed, to my knowledge no one has ever really overhauled any of Childe's or Harman's basic approach or overarching theories.",
"This is a really great thread! What is the percieved origin of the sea people? Where did they come from? Black sea region? Do we know anything about them?"
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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|
2rv1fh
|
how do chinese people alphabetize?
|
EDIT: Oh shit, I need to get bored in class more often.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rv1fh/eli5_how_do_chinese_people_alphabetize/
|
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"I don't know that much chinese, but spoken chinese has a phonetic alphabet, and it has characters to represent the sounds. From there, there's some convention to organize which sounds go first.",
"They use the Pinyin system to \"collate\" a series of words that basically \"Englishes/alphabetizes\" Chinese. Its what you read when you learn Chinese as an English speaker (eg: Ni Hao). There many other ways, but this is the one I'm most familiar with. ",
"China, Taiwan and Singapore use a system called [Pinyin](_URL_0_) which transcribes the Manderin pronunciation of Chinese characters into the Latin alphabet and is alphabetized similar to in English.",
"Weeeee don't? We don't write chinese with any sort of alphabet system, words are written by different 'parts' of the word. There's no order to these parts, you just have to know them. In Chinese dictionaries, they list words by these simple parts, so if you know generally what part the word has in it and how many strokes it takes to write the word, you can find it in the dictionary.\n\nFor example, the word heart in chinese is 心, which has 4 strokes. It's also a very basic 'part', in the word for love, which is 愛 [(bigger image here)](_URL_0_). You can see that the word love has the part of 'heart' inside it. But it also has the 6 strokes on top of it that cover the 'heart' (another part with another name) and the bottom 3 strokes that represent another part.\n\nedit: This is also my knowledge from a traditional chinese writing POV, which has many more strokes than simplified chinese. I have no idea how simplified chinese works, but I assume its the same.",
"As per Wikipedia, via Google: \n\nWe have to start off by disregarding the term \"alphabetizing\" and instead use \"collating.\" Collation is the process of assembling written information into a standard order. Using the English alphabet, we'd call this process alphabetizing, but that's really just a specific form of collating. \n\nNow, lots of writing systems that don't use our alphabet have developed their own ways of collating written information. Japanese hiragana and katakana, for instance, use a syllabic structure based on their speech sounds. So you would learn the speech sounds in a given order from least complex to most complex: a - i - u - e - o, ka - ki - ku - ke - ko, sa - shi - su - se - so, and so on. Each syllable is comprised of a consonant attached to a base vowel.\n\nIn Japanese Kanji, the characters are generally collated by \"stroke order\" -- that is, the order in which you are supposed to make each stroke which comprises the finished character. The same is true of Chinese Hanzi. \n\nGranted, it can get more or less complicated from there, depending on which writing system you use. Traditional Chinese may, for instance, be collated differently from Simplified Chinese.",
"Just like everyone else; the English alphabet doesn't change if you're Chinese...\n\nOn a more serious note, there are two ways:\n\n1. You group in radicals (i.e. the radical 女 means \"woman\" and makes all characters that contain it have a feminine quality:\n\n- 妈 = Mother\n\n- 姐 = older sister\n\n- 好 = good\n\nWithin radicals, you group by number of strokes needed to write that radical:\n\n- 女 takes 3 strokes to write\n- 木 takes 4 strokes to write\n\nTherefore, words that contain 女 as a radical come before those that contain 木 in a dictionary. For a complete list of radicals in the order they come in a dictionary: _URL_2_\n\n2. The other way to alphabetize is quite modern since it's a western adaptation. Every character in mandarin Chinese can be pronounced using the western alphabet plus an accent, so in dictionaries that use this classification, they'll convert 女 to \"nǚ\", 妈 to \"mā\", 姐 to \"jiě\". It would work just like an English dictionary, j coming before m, 姐 would come before 妈.\n\nNow to classify accents, they follow this simple order:\n\n- Flat accent (horizontal line above the letter you want accented) comes first: - (e.g. ā)\n\n- Ascending accent comes second: / (e.g. é)\n\n- Valley accent comes third: v (e.g. ě)\n\n- Descending accent comes fourth and last: \\ (e.g. à)\n\nThere are of course special cases like ¨, but that's more advanced, and not incredibly relevant to the main question.\n\nThird way, mentioned by someone else that I didn't know about (probably the most ancient of all 3 methods): _URL_3_\n\nEDIT: WOW THANK YOU FOR GOLD!\n\nEDIT2: The proper word for \"accent\" is \"tone\" as some have pointed out. Also, for tones in Cantonese: _URL_0_\n\nEDIT3: changed \"neutral accent\" to \"flat\"\n\nEDIT4: Some have asked why 木 takes 4 strokes, when you can technically do it in 3. The ^ in 木 isn't a legitimate stroke (based on millennia of customs). List of legitimate strokes: _URL_1_\n\nEDIT5: Added \"sort by stroke\", 3rd method.",
"I'm Chinese and I think the reason learning how to read/write Chinese is so difficult is because there isn't really an alphabet. If you want to learn the language then you have to literally memorize 1000's of characters each with their own specific meaning. \n\nIt's pretty inefficient and even my parents who were born in Taiwan sometimes don't recognize certain letters and forget some because there are so many.",
"Actually, this is not a complete answer. While China *does* use Pinyin which is basically Chinese pronunciation in Roman leters and can be categorized in alphabetical order, there is also an alternative \"alphabetical order\" which is older and was used in the Olympics opening ceremony: 一 丨 丿 乀 乚\nIt goes in this order and has nothing to do with the 'radicals' or the number of their strokes. It breaks down in detail of this order: 一一，一丨，一丿，一乀，一乚 etc. \n\nThat is why 韩国 South Korea (first stroke 一) is before 美国 America (first stroke 乀) in stroke order and in the Beijing Olympics opening ceremony.",
"Long time lurker, first time poster. So let's get started shall we?\n\nI speak Mandarin as my second language, and am more familiar with the simplified version. There are two types of Mandarin: simplified and traditional. Trust me, the traditional version is much more convoluted than the simplified one.\n\nFirstly, in Mandarin, there is probably no equivalent of alphabetization, at least not in the conventional way. This isn't really surprising, since the characters descended from pictograms - images that convey a message. Thus, you can see that Mandarin characters more closely resemble pictures, rather than the normal alphabets that we see in English. Now then, how do we depict Mandarin characters?\n\nMost simple characters consist of a left side and a right side. In some cases, both sides tell a story. For example, the character 话 is made up of 言(this is the traditional version of the left side) and 舌. The left tells us that this word is related to speech, since 言 means speech. The right is the character for the tongue. Put them together, and you get the character for the English equivalent of word. Speech from the tongue = word.\n\nThen again, it isn't always so simple. For some characters, only one side tells a story. I'll take the example raised by /u/pudmedcentury. 姐 is made up of 女 and 且. 女 tell us that this character is referencing to something feminine. However, as far as I know, 且 does not give any meaning to 姐. For the record, 姐 means older sister, which addresses the feminine portion.\n\nSome characters operate in a different way - up and down. The character 烫 which means hot or scalded, is made up of 汤(soup) and 火(fire). In the past, people probably got scalded by hot soup most frequently, leading to this character. Fire + soup = hot (or if you are unlucky, scalded). \n\nThere are many more orientations to Mandarin characters, including single words (e.g. 人 which means person), top-left-right (e.g. 森 which means forest), left-top-bottom (e.g. 祸 which means disaster). As usual, some parts have meaning, some parts don't (as far as I know). There are just too many to list, and as such, I don't think that Mandarin characters can be alphabetized in an English sort of way.\n\nHow then do Mandarin dictionaries work? Every character has a pronunciation, which is translated to English alphabets. So 森 is sen, 人 is ren, 烫 is tang. Basically, all the characters are arranged in alphabetical order, which makes the foundation of the dictionary. However, every translation normally has 4 tones. In Mandarin we call them 声(shēng), or sound. In speech, the 4 tones of the same translation sound different, with each tone having many characters. So 汤(tāng - first tone), 堂(táng - second tone), 躺(tǎng - third tone), 烫(tàng - fourth tone) all sound different and have different meanings, 堂, 糖, 塘, 膛 (táng) all sound the same, but have different meanings. Characters in dictionaries are first arranged by alphabets, and within same translations, arranged by tones. This is probably the closest that we have to alphabetization in Mandarin.\n\nThere are many more aspects to Mandarin, like the fifth tone (ü) and the sequence to writing Mandarin characters. This is an incredibly complex language to learn with an incredibly large amount of vocabulary. Feel free to ask any questions or correct any mistakes that I made, or even to ask for the meaning of any characters that I used. \n\n",
"A Chinese dictionary is sorted by number of strokes.",
"I remember seeing a documentary on rural Chinese life (I think it was called Up The Yangtze, but I am unsure), and this topic came up in it. It was sometimes very problematic for some organizations/businesses when their secretaries would pass away, because the secretaries would organize files and documents in a way that (surely) made sense to themselves, but would take a great deal of time for someone else coming in to interpret and figure out, primarily because there was no one set way to organize things.\n\nThe best ELI5 answer is already given, I just thought it was a nifty contribution (and the documentary was really interesting)!",
"A follow up question that is somewhat related: Do Asian countries that use symbols have a tough time developing IT? It seems that coding would need to be changed pretty significantly to work for these countries.",
"This is an interesting question/post because I think it demonstrates how language very strongly affects (and potentially restricts) thought.\n\nAt the crux of this question is an inquiry about imposing order on a set of letters, and how that 'translates' to imposing a similar schema of order on a set of logograms.\n\nI would pose a couple related questions:\n\n1. What is the 'purpose' of alphabetizing letters? Is there some logical rationale for the ordering of letters in a specific manner?\n\n2. Whether there is a purpose, is there a related rationale that would be applicable to syllabograms or logograms? Letters do not have any inherent meaning. Syllabograms may, but are closer to letters in that they are (nearly) meaningless. Logograms are morphemes, unlike letters or syllabograms. Logograms can be associated via meaning and related context, unlike letters or syllabograms, which *may* only be ordered by the associated phoneme.",
"So do western letters and phonetics seem like a really weird concept to native Chinese speakers?",
"\nOur Student ID# were given out in order of stroke numbers in our last names. If people have the same last name (which is common), proceed to first name. So you'd have the 王 (Wang), 呂 (Lu) ahead of 張 (Chang), 劉 (Liu), 關 (Guan).",
"If you look up a Chinese dictionary, there are usually 2 \"table of contents\".\n\n1. By radical (and then by number of strokes)\n2. By mandarin pinyin",
"Alphabetization is for alphabets with letters. Chinese doesn't work that way. All of the other explanations are good (the ones by stroke & radical apply - if you've ever picked up a Chinese dictionary that's entirely in Chinese and isn't organized by Hanyu Pinyin, you'll see what they mean), but FYI \"alphabetization\" is a western concept. Chinese characters are put in order for the sake of a dictionary/organizational method in order of increasing complexity, and within that, by tone.",
"I've always wondered what a Chinese computer keyboard looks like. ",
"As various commenters have said, there's really no good way to arrange a Chinese dictionary. It is perfectly possible for serious scholars of the Chinese language to be unable to remember how to write \"[to sneeze](_URL_0_)\".\n\n(I rambled on further about this and related concepts [a while ago](_URL_1_).)",
"Most people are used to writing according to stroke order, so it's pretty easy. The rule of thumb is that Chinese characters are written right to left and then up and down. So 十 ten is written 一 丨 mouth 口 is written 丨 乛 一 a character which uses both of these 古 ancient would be 十 and then 口 so the entire stroke order would be 一丨丨乛一",
"I asked my parents this. This is strictly from their time (1970s-1980s).\n\nThey arrange names by rank of how well you preform in school. Think of it as our GPA system but the names are public.\n\nOur alphabet has 37 \"alphabets\", as a kid I remember a bit.\n\nIt goes \" b p m f d t n l ...\" Then we have the vowels \"a o e I u ü\"\n\nIn the Chinese dictionary there are two ways to find the character.\n\nThe old fashion way is finding the \"root word\", then find the number of stroke it has. The dictionary will have a section with a category of the root word plus the remaining strokes of the character.\n \nFor example \"hello\" is 你好\n\nFor \"好” the root word is \"女”，which is 3 strokes.\n\nYou would look under 3 stroke root words, find \"女” under a category with a page number\n\nAfter u go to the page number, it will categorize the remaining strokes . Since the remaining word is \"子” it would be under \"3 strokes\" \n\nYou then find \"好” with a page number. That page number is the definition.\n\nOr if you know the pronouciation, just flip to the \"hao\" section\n\nThe current Chinese dictionary are sorted like America alphabet A-Z\n",
"Just because some people have described alphabetization schemes that are possible and used in some special cases (dictionaries) here, does NOT mean Chinese normally have a way to order shit so you can find it. Hence I feel your question isn't being answered in an honest way. \n\nCase and point: I've spent HUNDREDS of hours collectively in a ton of Chinese bookstores browsing both books and CDs. When I've looked for something specific I could never find it on my own, they're not ordered by Pinyin or anything else. Shit is just thrown around haphazardly within shelves that specify different categories around the book store. Basically, bookstore workers memorize where books are and that's how they help you find them. Music CDs get thrown in two categories: Male Singers, Female Singers, they don't even have genres because Chinese artists will put out 1 album with everything from Back Street Boys to Rap to Rock on the same album (absolute whores). \n\nIt is MADDENING.\n\nOh and the other thing is that Chinese are trendy motherfuckers, so it is not as big a problem as you'd expect in a bookstore, even a GIGANTIC one. The selection is limited, because they have 20-40 copies of so many titles. I've gone looking for books published 5~10 years prior and when I told the store personnel how \"old\" the book was they looked at me like I was mad. Once a book has sold out, it seems, it is gone forever. There is no concept of once a book has been published you should be able to find it until the end of time, like we believe in the west. Chinese speake EXTREMELY derisively about things that are \"old\". They are a bunch of trend worshippers, blindly following what is \"cool\" or \"hip\" or \"in\" at the moment. (Of course not EVERYONE, just observing a trend which is much stronger there than in the West where being called \"trendy\" is a huge insult. It seems in Chinese you can't even use the word 流行 as an insult.)",
"All you need to know is how to break up each character into the 5 types of strokes 一 丨 丿 乀 乚 and the order they are written in. \n\nChina 中国\n\n中 = 丨乛一丨\n国 = 丨乛一一丨一丶一\n\nIn an \"alphabetical\" list, 国 would be first because of the 4th stroke.\n\nEDIT: the five stroke categories\n\n一\n\n丨（includes 亅）\n\n丿\n\n乀（includes 丶）\n\n乚（includes 乛乙ㄅㄣㄥㄑ and other stokes with change of direction）\n",
"For the organization of Chinese characters in a non-romanized system, pubmedcentury is right. But as a real linguist specializing in Chinese let me just clarify something. People don't SPEAK simplified or traditional Chinese. Those are writing systems - people in Taiwan and Hong Kong typically learn how to READ/WRITE traditional and people in Mainland and Singapore typically learn how to READ/WRITE simplified. The language we as English speakers typically call Mandarin is called 國語 guoyu 'National Language' in Taiwan and 普通话 putonghua 'Common Exchange Language' in China; so people SPEAK those languages which are more or less as different from each other as British English and American English (mutually-intelligible with minor differences in pronunciation and words). The system of how characters are organized in these systems is more or less the same - as pubmedcentury describes. Characters have had simplified variants since the beginning of Chinese writing and the terms \"Traditional\" and \"Simplified\" are 20th century coinings. At the onset of the Cultural Revolution on the Mainland roughly 20% of people were literate, so Mao and his circle of policy planning people decided to formally reduce the number of strokes for about 2,000 characters (they had two formal revisions). At present literacy in Mainland China is at about 85% and most of the completely illiterate people are elderly. In Taiwan and HK the literacy level is super high, I think at least 95-97% if I remember correctly.\n\nWhat is the bigger point I am trying to make? Well, this is a polarized debate and many people want to say one is better than the other. The point is that they are equally difficult systems in which to become functionally literate. Mainland, HK, and Taiwanese school children become functionally literate around the same time. On the other hand I won't argue against the point that Simplified is generally easier to write (when I was an undergrad I learned Simplifed in the States and Traditional when I studied abroad in Taiwan for a summer), but this mostly has to do with speed (less stokes, quicker to write), the underlying principles and organization of Chinese characters do not differ between Simplified and Traditional.",
"what if you were weird and wrote your symbols with different amounts of strokes \n\n\nI just thought of this because I write my lower case \"e\" and \"b\" different from the rest, probably because I'm left handed",
"Often Chinese characters are made up of more basic characters. \n1. Split the word into it's most basic characters.\n2. Take either the most left or top basic character unit, and count the strokes it has.\n3. Look up that basic unit in the dictionary. Then flip to the page with all the characters that begin with that basic unit. \n4. Now look at the rest of the word, excluding the basic unit character you just used. Count how many strokes it has. \n5. Flip to the appropriate page for the number of strokes. And now find the word. \n\nDone. ",
"There have been various schemes tried. No on has, in any Western sense Alphabetized Chinese.\n\nAlphabetical languages is one thing the Chinese continue to secretly admire about the West. \n\nAs one older Chinese immigrant who came to the US the same year my mother came here from Germany, 1956, told me, \"If you can figure out how to alphabetize Chinese, you'll make BILLIONS!! not Millions, BILLIONS!!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"
],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Love-zh.svg/2000px-Love-zh.svg.png"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_phonology#Tones",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/CJK_37_Strokes_%288%2B29%29.png",
"http://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/radicals.php",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rv1fh/eli5_how_do_chinese_people_alphabetize/cnjow6h"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/moser.html",
"http://www.dansdata.com/gz122.htm"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3yczko
|
What happened/happens to military dead on the losing side?
|
What happened to the dead after the battle was over? I assume the the winning side was able to recover their dead as they took the territory with the victory, but what about the losers?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3yczko/what_happenedhappens_to_military_dead_on_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cycghuv"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You should narrow it down to a time period, specific war or countries. This is too broad to give a good answer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9rf4ad
|
why do so many water droplets stay in place on a glass shower door after you are done?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9rf4ad/eli5_why_do_so_many_water_droplets_stay_in_place/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e8geaka"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Water molecules would kinda prefer to be close to other water molecules rather than to air molecules so they gather together in drops (you can Google water surface tension if you like). While the shower glass may look smooth to us its tiny bumps seem rough to the little water droplets so they cling where they are rather than running downwards, plus the tension which draws the water molecules towards each other as droplets isn't over powered by the force of gravity pulling them downwards"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3su47v
|
Any background info on this Greek artifact?
|
_URL_0_
Found it on another sub and people are either amused or disgusted.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3su47v/any_background_info_on_this_greek_artifact/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx0kvrs"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Probably a krater, illustrated with satyrs. Here they are pouring wine ( or, more precisely, likely wine mixed with water, from just such a krater). As satyrs were supposed to be constantly looking for sex ( therefore hypersexuality in men was once called satyriasis) it is perhaps a humorous comment on this one's priapic skills that he can balance a wine cup."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://i.imgur.com/b2NaZ02.jpg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
f2gktp
|
whats the difference between sugar in fruits, sugar in sweets, sugar in normal food (like potatoes, meat) and raw white sugar that i buy in supermarket? which one is worse for my health?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f2gktp/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_sugar_in_fruits/
|
{
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"text": [
"They are all sugar. \n\nThe only difference is that some foods (fruit for example) also have fiber in them, which very slightly slows down the rate at which your body absorbs the sugar. But that hardly matters unless you are diabetic. \n\nAlso some foods like fruits and potatoes have vitamins and minerals in them that are good for you. That doesn't make their sugars any less sugars. \n\nIn terms of calories, their sugars are for all intents and purposes just sugar. Try not to consume too much sugar.",
"Sugar is a category of molecules, including monosaccharides (one molecule, like glucose or fructose), disaccharides (two monosaccharides stuck together, eg 1 Glucose + 1 Fructose = 1 Sucrose), and polysaccharides (many mono or disaccharides stuck together, eg Starch which is a whole bunch of glucoses).\n\nThe sugar you find in fruit is mostly fructose. Fructose is a lot sweeter than glucose or sucrose, which means less of it is required to create the taste of sweetness. Many artificial sweeteners are fructose-based. Fructose is also less versatile than glucose in terms of what the body can use it for. \n\nThe sugar in sweets is typically sucrose, as is raw white sugar. Sucrose is broken down into 1 glucose and 1 fructose in your small intestine. The glucose is subsequently stored in the liver, whilst the fructose behaves like fructose. Generally, you need more sucrose to create a flavour of sweetness than you do fructose, however, sucrose is also *waaaaay* easier to make and also quite a lot easier to work with, which is why it's the go to sugar for things like baking. \n\nThe sugar in things like potatoes and meat *tend* to be glucose-based polysaccharides. In potatoes, this is starch. This kind of sugar you probably hear referred to most often as \"carbohydrates\". They're the carbohydrates that don't count as \"of which sugar\" on food labels. These sugars take quite a while for your digestive tract to digest, and are also very easily stored by the liver (the first stop of the blood after the small intestine, where glucose is absorbed), meaning that these large glucose-based polysaccharides are much less of an issue for blood sugar levels than sucrose is. Also, these polysaccharides don't taste sweet, which means they don't activate the brain's dopamine very much, and thus it's much harder to over-eat. \n\nBonus round: Lactose sugars found in milk and other dairy products are even less sweet than glucose, but is pretty much identical to glucose in terms of function since the body rapidly converts it into glucose. However, most humans can't actually digest lactose at all. \n\nNo sugar is directly worse for your health than any other. The real danger of sugar is that it can be addictive, and as a sweet substance, is also something we can be prone to eating far too much of just by accident. Sucrose in particular dissolves spectacularly well, so you can pack a *ton* of it into pretty much anything you want, like coke.",
"There are several types of sugar, the main ones being fructose, glucose and galactose. Sugar in fruits is mostly fructose. Raw white sugar and sugar in sweets is sucrose (which is half glucose and half fructose). Sugar in potatoes is eventually broken down into glucose.\n\nThe ones that are worse for your health are the ones that come already stripped out of the plant cells, so that eating it is like a junkie injecting it straight into their veins. The fancy term for that is **acellular carbohydrates**, because they aren't packaged in cells the way the fructose from fruit and the glucose from potatoes comes. Your digestive system absorbs the acellular carbs in one massive hit as you eat them rather than over hours as your body breaks down the fibre around the sugars in other foods.\n\nSo the 'bad' sugars are white sugar, things with white sugar in them, and sugary drinks. \n\nThe 'good' sugars are ones which come inside wholefoods like fruit, potatoes etc etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
30o9pc
|
why are med schools and residencies so selective when there is a national shortage of doctors?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30o9pc/eli5_why_are_med_schools_and_residencies_so/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because lowering the standards causes more harm to society than the shortage does. ",
"Because a sudden influx of tons of shitty doctors doesn't really help the problem of a shortage of competent doctors.",
"Wow, I'm so lucky the dropped the standards for becoming a Doctor, otherwise I would never have made it. So anyway, I'll be preforming an epend... apetand.... a procedure an you. This might fix the problem, I hope. If not we'll try something else. Hell, the body has 2 of most things for a reason so I can probably take most of them out.",
"That's why all your HMO doctors seem to be from other countries.",
"Because medicine in the us is a racket. The ama intentionally restricts the supply of mds because this makes doctors less numerous which has many effects, one of which is to make them easier to control. For all the posters mentioning some elusive standards, when was the last time you had to see a doctor for something that mattered? There are shit doctors / medical people all over the us.",
"Becasue that's what the medical profession wants.\n\nMore doctors means lower salaries for those who are currently doctors. It's supply and demand. Professions in general do this - lawyers, dentists etc. In fact, at least where I'm from, the average dentist is paid more than the average doctor.\n\nAs George Bernard Shaw said, \"A profession is a conspiracy against the laity\".\n\nObviously, professional organisations like the AMA present themselves as an organisation dedicated to the health of the nation. This is true to a good extent, but not their only reason for existence.\n\nMuch like unions, they exists to benefit their members.\n\nOften, however, things which are primarily done for self interest are presented as being for the good of the public, as this is obviously easier to sell.\n\nFor example, there clearly has to be basic standards for doctors. Yet there are plenty of people who could otherwise be competent doctors who are prevented from doing so. Also keep in mind that a limit on the number of doctors is not the same as a basic standard.\n\nYou could put forward a basic standard, which a greater or lesser number of people could meet. However, when you set a quota, the basic standard of successful applicants can differ.\n\nYou could, for example, require a basic score of, say 65 on the GAMSAT (the Australian and UK equivalent of the MCAT, a test which determines entry to medical school).\n\nYou might have 100 people meet this standard, or 20 people.\n\nWhat schools do, however, is instead set a number of places, like say, 100 places. Consequently, a score of 52 could get you in, or you might need a score of 75 to get in.\n\nIt all depends not on how you measure against some basic standard, but rather how well you do compared to others.\n\nHere's an example of how it has worked in practice.\n\nThe AMA (the *Australian* Medical Association) lobbied for certain standards on the test which foreign doctors are required to sit in order to become licensed in Australia.\n\nThis test was very difficult (even many Austrlalian trained doctors couldn't pass it). This was mostly because the AMA doesn't want too many foreign doctors coming to Australia, as this would lower the salaries of local doctors.\n\nObviously, there has to be some basic standard - you don't want incompetent doctors coming in. But the test was far too difficult if the intention was just to serve this purpose. The reason the AMA wanted the test was to reduce competition.\n\nThe problem was, even though the test was incredibly difficult, lots of people still kept passing it. Consequently, the AMA lobbied to make the test even more difficult. But people, who really wanted to be doctors and so would work hard to meet the standards, would still keep passing. This went on and on, with the test getting more and more difficult, but with people still passing, until the AMA just came straight out and asked for a quota on the number of foreign doctors allowed into Australia.\n\nClearly, a quota does nothing to address the competence of these doctors - all it does is reduce the number coming in.\n\nThis is common in many areas. Take, for example, some food imports.\n\nNow, once again, there obviously have to be some standards - you don't want poisoned, unhealthy food coming in.\n\nSo the agricultural industry lobbies for these standards. Sometimes, however, they simply ask for a complete ban on imports.\n\nWhile, on the face of it, setting standards is good, the ultimate motivation behind this is not to ensure the health of a country's food consumers, but to reduce foreign competition. If foreign food, which is of a similar quality but is a lot cheaper (Western farmers need to make more of a profit than, say, some poor farmer in Africa who lives in a country with a lower standard of living), consumers would tend to buy that over food made within the country.\n\nIt would benefit consumers, but would cost producers.\n\nPolitically speaking, however, a small concentrated group with a lot to lose (like farmers) will put in more effort and have more political influence than a large diverse group (like consumers) where, although the aggregate benefit is great (greater than the aggregate loss experienced by the producers) the individual benefit for any one individual is small.\n\nSaving 20 cents on a tomato won't cause me to lobby politicians, but a producer losing millions in profits will lead to them exerting whatever policital influence they can have. ",
"There are a two reasons:\n\n1. Restricting the supply of doctors drives up doctors' salaries.\n\n2. Hospitals need to pay for wages. If for example the Government cuts hospital funding, the hospital can't hire more staff.",
"There's actually a shortage of residencies at the moment. There's a disconnect between the amount of medical graduates and places to match them to.",
"There's not a shortage of docs. There is a shortage of primary care, internists, and emergency medicine specialists, yes, and that's because they all pay the least. The general public has a gross misunderstanding of the years (12 or more) of training it takes to become a physician, the incredible long hours (sleep? What's that?), the conflicting governmental regulations, and the near-constant threat of being fired if a patient you didn't write another narcotic prescription to complains to administration (it's happened to 4 docs I know personally). Docs graduate from residency with about $200,000 of debt and if they want to live somewhere other than Butthole, USA, they won't be paid anywhere near enough to enjoy the life they worked so hard for. More than 90% of the emergency med and primary care physicians I've met the past 5 years (well over 100 ppl) are looking for an escape route from medicine. They're miserable, they feel taken advantage of by the hospitals or groups they work for (and they are), and their options are very slim. They're stuck. And they're telling every college-bound person they know \"Don't go into medicine!!\". Yes, healthcare in this country is broken, and residencies and med schools are the least of our problems. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1lp9mt
|
why don't companies like boeing and rolls-royce use robots in their manufacturing processes?
|
I recently toured Boeing's manufacturing facilities, and the guide told us that every single part of their aircraft is assembled by hand. And other companies that make high-quality machines or vehicles, like Rolls-Royce, swear that they can make a better product when robots aren't involved; they say that the human can, for instance, paint a car better than a robot can. But I fail to understand how a human can be more accurate and do a better job than a robot; after all, isn't that why robots were invented?
Any insight on this? On what humans are capable of doing from a manufacturing or industrial standpoint that robots still can't do? Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lp9mt/eli5_why_dont_companies_like_boeing_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"While every industry has different manufacturing challenges, in complex and technically difficult builds I imagine having robots would be difficult for a few reasons. A robot why automated and efficient, may not always perform the best job. An analogy would be a robot grilling steaks, while it may be able to have repeatability it would be hard pressed cook each steak to the optimal tastiness given natural variation. Another challenge to specifically high-demanded quality industry is high tolerances, would you rather and highly trained team of technicians build your plane or a robot who is oblivious when it messes up. ",
"Huge amounts of automation are used.\n\nAutomating final assembly of these parts would be hard. If they made millions of engines, they would do it. But assembling a few per day is easier and more cost effective to do with people.\n\nIt's a matter of cost vs benefit. Do you spend millions automating something, or pay hundreds of thousands on labor?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
94zye7
|
why is plastic so bad for the environment if it's raw material literally comes out of earth ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/94zye7/eli5_why_is_plastic_so_bad_for_the_environment_if/
|
{
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"text": [
"Plutonium literally comes from the earth, too.\n\nEverything item we use comes from the earth. Some, however, are toxic.\n\nPlastic is made from petroleum, and petroleum isn't good for the environment. ",
"it is difficult for it to decompose, it can be toxic if it is in the form of microplastics used in cosmetics and generally has really bad effect on animals since they frequently eat it/get stuck in it\n\nchemically speaking i cant say much more, but generally if it decomposed faster/in an easier way it would be much much better. ",
"Oil, the raw material for plastic is a fluid, the big problem is that plastic is too durable and does not exist naturally, but does not behave like rock. It does not bream down like organic matter, but is not an inorganic molecule. Peat and pitch two close natural materials are toxic for animals but they tend to stay in place unlike plastic which floats in water and disperses. Because of its flexibility and the inability to break down it clogs gills and airways killing animals who would not normally die from biological materials ingested the same way because they would break down. \n\nTo make things worse the monikers and plasticisers act like hormones to many animals and so muck up animal development.",
"The raw materials are converted into something nature has never experienced before. There are no organisms capable of processing it, so plastic trash might as well be everlasting rocks, but with no positives and countless negatives for the environment (especially marine life).\n\nThe problem is that plastics are less robust than rocks. They break into micro-sized fragments which are absorbed by marine animals. Imagine eating a mouthful of sand with every meal. That will screw up your digestive system. Also, plastics can be made in Long thin shapes like plastic bags / ribbons. These can tangle easily, and choke animals to death, or block their digestive tract. Because it doesn’t degrade, there is no option but to slowly die.\n\nIf an organism evolved to digest plastic, there would be less problems with plastic trash. Floating bits would break down into hydrocarbons and become feed material for plants. Unfortunately, evolving an organism capable of doing so will be slow.\n\nLook up the Carboniferous period. The exact same thing happened with wood lignin. When woody plants first evolved, nothing digested wood pulp and it just littered the entire world. Literally miles deep of coal rocks were formed from this wooden layer not decaying and slowly being compressed. Eventually some fungi evolved to digest it and now we don’t worry about “wood pollution”.",
"It isn't a \"raw material\" that literally comes out of the Earth. It is a highly processed material that is extremely hard to break down."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5a3crr
|
why are large objects cgi in a normally 2-d animated movie or tv show?
|
I've noticed this and it's always weird to me. For example in The Iron Giant that's a 2-D animated film, the giant is CGI. Why is this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5a3crr/eli5_why_are_large_objects_cgi_in_a_normally_2d/
|
{
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"d9dcyt5"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's cheaper to animate. The hardest thing to animate is movement so that takes time and time=money. Why the giant is a cgi model is because it's easy to make it a 3D it model. Robots, cars and aircrafts are the things that mostly gets to be cgi in 2D animations because their movements are much easier to calculate and manipulate in a software were humans and animals are much more complex. And cgi metal does not look as weird as cgi skin."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2fospf
|
How does chlorine gas kill you?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2fospf/how_does_chlorine_gas_kill_you/
|
{
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"Chlorine is a reactive chemical, quite like oxygen actually (actually not as bad as oxygen), but our bodies are designed to deal with oxygen so we don't get poisoned by it. What chlorine does is it corrodes moist surfaces (like the inside of your lungs) by getting into the water and forming acids. If your lungs are dissolving from the chlorine, you won't be able to breathe, and that's how it will kill you.",
"Chlorine gas will react with the water in the mucous/linings of your lungs and form hydrochloric acid. This will destroy your lung's ability to take in oxygen and will be very painful. Enough gas and you will die from lack of oxygen.",
"Chlorine produces hydrochloric acid on contact with water as per the following equation:\n\n2Cl2 + 2H2O - > 4HCl + O2\n\nThus, it creates hydrochloric acid on any exposed water on your body, especially in your lungs. Since it also reacts with the water in your eyes, it was used as a chemical weapon in the First World War as it can cause blindness. But hydrochloric acid in the lungs can damage the alveoli and cause scarring of lung tissue. This, aside from being very painful, reduces ones ability to absorb oxygen, and can cause death."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
yxod1
|
What are the physics behind surviving a fall from 3km up without a parachute?
|
I thought that for hitting the earth at terminal velocity, death is 100% guaranteed. Would trees be enough to slow the fall? [How could this woman survive?](_URL_0_)
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/yxod1/what_are_the_physics_behind_surviving_a_fall_from/
|
{
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"score": [
3,
2
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"text": [
"Soft earth, aka lots of decaying matter could be enough. Generally not hitting anything overly rigid would increase your chances. \n\nPeople have occasionally survived falls from great heights over the years\n\n_URL_3_\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_1_",
"From numerous survivors, it seems the last few seconds are crucial, if you land in deep snowdrifts or rip through enough tree branches (or both) then de-acceleration is sub lethal. Wouldn't like to try it though.."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/ywqjj/til_a_17_yr_old_woman_fell_3_km_into_the_amazon/"
] |
[
[
"http://209.157.64.200/focus/f-news/1071076/posts",
"http://www.wikihow.com/Survive-a-Long-Fall",
"http://www.greenharbor.com/fffolder/ffresearch.html",
"http://www.oddee.com/item_96967.aspx"
],
[]
] |
|
1ud7vr
|
why do reditors get so upset over reposts?
|
Not everyone is on reddit 4 hours a day every day and they might miss some interesting posts; in which case, a repost from last month might be helpful
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ud7vr/eli5_why_do_reditors_get_so_upset_over_reposts/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cegv4ql",
"cegvdth"
],
"score": [
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2
],
"text": [
"Usually it's not the repost itself that upsets people, it's the reposter trying to take credit for a repost as original work.",
"Search before submitting with keywords from your topic. The search box is in the upper right corner of the subreddit.\n\nThat's why. It takes about 5 seconds. That and 9 times out of 10 they're reposting something in the same bloody subreddit that they read it in the first place which is why you suddenly get 20 reposts all on the same thing the same day the original was posted.\n\nThat or they see something on the news, or in TIL, and they think they're the first person in the 8 hours since to post about it (in the case of TIL in another subreddit on that actual topic) as if they're the only person who saw the brilliance of it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
16pgg1
|
If any of the planets orbiting stars that we have discovered had lights similar to earth (city lights that can be seen from space) could we see it with our telescopes?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/16pgg1/if_any_of_the_planets_orbiting_stars_that_we_have/
|
{
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"text": [
"Nope, not at present. Right now, we really can't distinguish the light from a planet remotely precise enough to do that. to tell that, you'd either want to have a way to uniquely identify that its a light, which would require a lot of light collected, or resolve the planet to see the patterns and the like, possibly (and even then, it would be hard to be sure its what you think it is there). We simply can't do that as it stands. These planets are far enough away from us, and close enough to their stars, that we can't really manage either.",
"I'm pretty sure we aren't capturing images of these planets but instead know they exist due to the light they block between our view and the sun they are orbiting. The representations of these planets that you see in the media are artist interpretations of what those planets might look like. In reality, NASA has a light graph that indicates the planet's presence based on light obstruction data. \n\nRight now they are having a hard time even finding planets smaller than the largest in our solar system so identifying lights on those planets is very unlikely. \n\nI'm actually in the process of developing a lesson about NASA's Kepler project for elementary students and was doing a lot of research on this today. You should check out [this website](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://kepler.nasa.gov/"
]
] |
||
1agohz
|
how old is that story about Alexander crying salt tears because there were no more worlds to conquer?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1agohz/how_old_is_that_story_about_alexander_crying_salt/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8xa94i"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"It doesn't appear in any ancient texts! \n\nSegrais writes that Greek Historians claimed that Alexander wept at hearing the legend of Achilles, Plutarch has Julius Ceaser weeping because he can't match up to Alexander's accomplishments. But no where does Alexander weep because 'he has no more worlds to conquer.' \n\nThe earliest version of the story doesn't appear until 1628, in Robert Hayman's book 'Quodlibets.' Which was the first English Poetry book published in Canada! It seems to be the result of a confusion between quotes attributed to Julius Ceaser *about* Alexander and quotes attributed to Alex himself. \n \n\"Great Alexander wept, and made sad mone, because there was but one world to be wonne.\"\n\nThe version that mentions 'salt tears' was the poetic wizardry of legendary darts commentator Sid Waddel \n\n\"When Alexander the Great was 33 he cried salt tears because there were no more worlds to conquer. Bristow is only 27.\" \n\nBristow had just won the World Professional Darts Championship.\n\nWaddel also said: \n\nThat was like throwing three pickled onions into a thimble!\n\nHe's about as predictable as a Wasp on speed\n\nLook at the man go, its like trying to stop a waterbuffalo with a\npea-shooter\n\nThe atmosphere is so tense, if Elvis walked in, with a portion of chips...\nyou could hear the vinegar sizzle on them\n\nIt is entirely right that people assume his quote must come from a classical source, the man was a genius. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2rvjlw
|
what is a purchase order?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rvjlw/eli5what_is_a_purchase_order/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's basically a contract. A company or government agency issues a purchase order when they have approved the purchase of a product or service from a certain vendor for a specific price. It's like saying, \"We agree on the terms of this purchase and we will pay the price in this purchase order upon billing.\"",
"a number to both authorize and keep track of purchases for companies...",
"A document that outlines what you would like to purchase, how many, and at what price, that is given to a seller. When the seller accepts the PO it is a business contract.\n\nThe document is usually given a number so that number can be referred to when the charges are being processed at the buyer's place and money can be exchanged.\n\nIn my personal experience at medium or large-sized businesses, it seems like they are less often used for smaller transactions these days if your company has good controls on expenses, purchasing, and so on. YMMV.",
"So, to explain why you NEED a purchase order, understand this: Regular employees can't actually promise to pay for anything on behalf of their employers. If a store clerk at KINKO's tells a paper company he needs 1000 pages of regular paper, that isn't actually a promise to buy them from the company itself. If the paper company sends over the paper, but the employee says, \"nevermind, we found some in the back,\" the paper company is going to have a hard time collecting its purchase price.\n\nWhy? A regular employee can't actually make promises on behalf of a company in any major contractual way. Only a Vice President or higher, in general, can \"commit\" a company to do anything.\n\nSo to verify that a company, not just an individual, is agreeing to pay a supplier, it can provide a purchase order. Unlike an employee's promise, a purchase order can actually be used to show that a company is legally promising to pay for something.\n\nA purchase order basically says, \"We as a company intend to buy this item for this amount of money.\" It shows that it isn't just an employee making a promise the company has no intention of honoring, because to get a purchase order, certain internal requirements have to be met and approved.",
"A purchase order is essentially a contract, coming from the company that wants to buy something... issued to the company that has the product or service.\n\nTypically the steps in procurement are this (let's assume you are the company that is looking for a product):\n\n* You call up a Company X who sells Product X and ask for a quotation for 100 X's\n\n* You get a formal quotation that says 100 X's will cost you $100\n\n* You issue a Purchase Order (usually referencing the above quotation) saying I want 100 X's for $100 as per your quotation on XX/XX/XX date\n\n* You receive the 100 X's\n\n* Company X will send you an Invoice for $100\n\n* You pay company X\n\nThe gist of it is, Purchase Order comes from the purchaser (detailing what you want and for how much, as agreed) - Invoice comes from provider of goods or services (saying how much you owe, as agreed)",
"We are both companies, you want something from me. \n\n-You request a quote \n-I sent you a quotation with my terms etc. \n-You either request some changes, some clarification and I send an update quote or you issue me a purchase order which is basically a copy of what I quoted you with your business details on. \n\nAt this point we are contractually bound, I have to provide the goods, you have to pay me. Unless of course we decide mutually to change something or cancel it"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
d0e9ii
|
How do you differentiate between history and mythology?
|
Like for example religious figures. What separates fact and fiction.
Aside from the European side, a bit Indian context would be appreciated.
I was arguing with my dad and he considers Ramayana and Mahabharata and the Vedas to be history. I can't quite digest that. He doesn't offer and explanation for that. I consider them mythology since we have no evidence that they existed and that we had flying vehicles and magical weapons.
I would like to know further about these things. And from my limited experience, history gets a lot more confusing when you go further back. There's too much information that you dunno if they are valuable or just noise or there is too little information to back up a claim and then the lines between fact and fiction gets blurry or as in the case of India, prey much disappears.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/d0e9ii/how_do_you_differentiate_between_history_and/
|
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"text": [
"This encroaches on a difficult topic because it implies an evaluation of a range of religious texts that are approached with faith rather than academic scrutiny. Most people tell legends (narratives generally told to be believed) that deal with past times. These historical legends include etiological legends (narratives that describe the origin of things). These were honest attempts to describe the past, and in some sense, they are an early generation of the historical process. In that sense, the Vedas - just like the story of Noah (and the origin of the rainbow), for example - are historical texts.\n\nLike all historical texts, these documents have been examined with academic scrutiny and they are often found to be wanting as historical documents. And yet, those who approach these documents with faith rather than academic scrutiny continue to find them as valid descriptions of the past or at least as having some \"truth\" embedded within the words of the text. The process of faith is very different from the historical process, however.\n\nIt is also important to point out that historical legends are often evaluated academically and are sometimes found to contain elements of truth: the Arthurian legendary cycle is history in some sense; they aren't particularly good or reliable historical texts, but there seem to be some elements of history embedded in them. Many scholars have created a field unto itself, chasing down the \"real\" Arthur and the \"real\" Camelot. Most of the Arthurian sources evaporate under the harsh light of historical evaluation, but enough survives that those who seek the core element are satisfied. This isn't always the case with historical/etiological legends: often there is no \"fact\" underlying the legend: the idea that there is always an element of truth beneath every legend is, in itself, an aspect of folk belief that is not entirely true. But that doesn't exclude these narratives as serving as the first attempt to describe and understand the past.\n\nWe can look at Gibbons, The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776) as both a history (a secondary source) about ancient Roman, and as a primary source that can be used to consider eighteenth-century culture and point of view. In the same way, we can look at the Vedas at an attempt to document and understand an ancient past - as a first attempt at the historical process - and as a primary source that describes religion, faith, and the society during the time when the Vedas took shape. \n\nWe would not look at ancient mythologies as particularly reliable descriptions of the past, but they were clearly honest attempts to achieve just that.",
" > Like for example religious figures. What separates fact and fiction.\n\nMultiple sources providing the same bits of information. The fewer sources, the more careful we need to be with what we put forward as fact. That's why archeology in all its forms is such an important component of ancient history. We have fewer written sources surviving so it's not always easy to distinguish fact from fiction. Historians do keep in mind the frame of mind of the respective authors when analyzing sources, it's their professional duty to heed potential biases.\n\nWhenever we analyze a source, we have to keep in mind why this specific source was written and by whom. This can tell us something about the probable factuality of the source in question. When a source was written due to practical reasons, such as a peace agreement, it's often far more likely to be factual. It's a bit more difficult to determine factuality when there are other motivations at play. Regarding written sources stemming from ancient history, many authors were either a part of the elite or being guided by the elite and their written product will often reflect that. So we always have to keep in mind the potential bias and the frame of mind of the author.\n\nThis doesn't mean that sources where we can't determine the factuality of their information are useless. We may not be able to accurately gauge the factuality of certain written sources or oral history, but they can still be extremely valuable to historians. They will often reflect the worldview of the society and timeframe in question and their more mundane pieces of information are often grounded in reality. Most importantly, they paint a certain picture which had value to both the author and his audience. This picture should also be valuable to historians when studying cultural history. That's why the last few decades cultural historians have been far less occupied with historical factuality than they used to be. \n\nRegardless of all that, if you are concerned with factuality, you would ideally want multiple sources providing the same pieces of information. Preferably backed up by archeological information. When multiple written sources describe the same event from different perspectives and written for different reasons all while being backed up by archeological evidence, we can make a solid argument for the factuality of said event. When historians have to base their research on a very limited amount of sources, the factuality is really a matter of how the historian analyzed his sources but it will most likely be up for debate. No historian worth his salt would dogmatically defend the factuality of an event when his research is based on a very select few sources.",
"I think the answer from /u/itsallfolklore is spot on, and (I believe) adequately covers the Ramayana, Mahabharatha and the Vedas.\n\nI'd like to provide an example that relates to the *Puranas*. Not many people realize that the famous Mauryan emperor Ashoka was virtually unknown (as a confirmed historical entity) till early in the 20th Century. A study of how that changed is briefly mentioned in R. Thapar's History of Early India:\n\n & #x200B;\n\n > Until about a hundred years ago in India, Ashoka was merely one of the many kings mentioned in the Mauryan dynastic list included in the Puranas. Elsewhere in the Buddhist tradition he was referred to as a chakravartin/cakkavatti, a universal monarch, but this tradition had become extinct in India after the decline of Buddhism. However, in 1837, James Prinsep deciphered an inscription written in the earliest Indian script since the Harappan, brahmi. There were many inscriptions in which the King referred to himself as Devanampiya Piyadassi (the beloved of the gods, Piyadassi). \n > \n > The name did not tally with any mentioned in the dynastic lists, although it was mentioned in the Buddhist chronicles of Sri Lanka. Slowly the clues were put together but the final confirmation came in 1915, with the discovery of yet another version of the edicts in which the King calls himself Devanampiya Ashoka.\n\nNow the *Puranas* are the closest to a historical tradition in ancient India, but are not accepted as history in the modern sense. Why? Thapar addresses that as well:\n\n > Such texts are not histories in any modern sense, but are attempts to capture the past in particular forms and to use it to legitimize the claims of the present. The narratives are set in linear time. Their writing involves the patron ordering the history, the authors formulating it, and an audience whom they seek to address and who acquiesced in the presentation. The forms are not disjointed, and they attempt to borrow from and adapt what has gone before. The *itihasa-purana* tradition presents a narrative of events, their explanation and an attempt at summation. These are not acceptable to modern notions of analyses and arriving at historical generalizations, but they provide insights into how the past was viewed at various points of time many centuries ago.\n\nSo the references to Ashoka from the *Puranas* and the Buddhist chronicles were put together with archaeological evidence that could then be tied back to a whole additional set of historical timelines to confirm the \"rediscovery\". \n\nA good read on the Ashoka bit would be, \"Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor\" by Charles Allen",
"Aborigines have a story describing the coastline and islands along the great barrier reef as it was 10,000 years ago. [It has been confirmed that 10,000+ years ago there were islands that were swallowed by the rising sea levels and that the original coastline matched the one in the story](_URL_2_). Meaning that this myth/story encoded highly detailed information for 10,000 thousand plus years.\n\n[There's a similar situation in southern India where they found a sunken city that dates back at least 5000 years ago.](_URL_0_)\n\nIts also worth mentioning that throughout southeast Asia and Indonesia, [there are legends of tiny hairy men that would sneak into the village and steal misbehaving children](_URL_5_). This story is used as a \"boogeyman\" of sorts. Then archeologists found homo floresiensis or those \"hobbit humans\". [There is hard evidence putting these guys as alive at 30,000-50,000 years ago and sediment suggesting as little as 12,000 years ago](_URL_3_).\n\n\n\nThe point that I'm trying to make with these examples is that ancient human societies didn't have the fundamental scientific knowledge to explain their experiences such we can understand directly, so they often codify information into stories, or as we call them today, myths, which get incrementally changed over the centuries. A man becomes a king. A king becomes a god, etc.. We can see this clearly in the ancient Greek myth of a sea monster named Charybdis who would drink the ocean and suck ships down to the bottom of the sea. It is now known that [Charybdis is how the Greeks made sense of a giant whirlpool in the Straits of Messina.](_URL_1_)\n\nWe also have to look at the cultural context in which these myths arose. For example, both the ancient Hawaiians and the Greeks had a manifestation of a volcano god. However, Each culture's god had different traits and characteristics according to their culture, so if they both somehow saw the same hypothetical eruption, it's likely that they would have wildly differents stories to explain what happened. \n\nIn the case of your father, while its very unlikely that ancient humans had flying machines, maybe it is possible they had some type of weaponized kites ([kites date back to 9000BC](_URL_4_)) and the story changed and became more fantastical over time. We're likely to never know the truth. However it's not really helpful to speculate on the specifics without evidence, because speculation gets us no closer to the truth.\n\nAs much as we would like to hand-wave the accounts of ancient people away, we have to remember, that they are no different from us. And while they might not have had the scientific understanding to explain what they were seeing/experiencing, they were still able to pass down that information encoded in culturally relevant myths stories and legends, and it is our job to interpret those stories and mine them for scientific data.\n\nBut often times there is no underlying nugget of scientific truth to be found and more often than not, stories are just stories."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1923794.stm",
"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scylla-and-Charybdis",
"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-sea-rise-tale-told-accurately-for-10-000-years/",
"https://www.nature.com/news/did-humans-drive-hobbit-species-to-extinction-1.19651",
"http://en.gocelebes.com/kaghati-worlds-first-kite/",
"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/1475280/Villagers-speak-of-the-small-hairy-Ebu-Gogo.html"
]
] |
|
18qp79
|
A question about artificial limbs.
|
I am just wondering if scientists that are working to create more realistic and capable synthetic limbs use people with fully functioning limbs to learn how our brains and bodies actually cause us to move our limbs in the way we do. I have read that a lot of problems with people who get these newer more sophisticated limbs is learning how to use them. Would it be beneficial to use these limbs on someone who still has the limb to know what the "signals" the body is sending means? Or is each person so different that it wouldn't work like that? Sorry if this is a little hard to understand, I am not quite sure how to phrase it properly.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/18qp79/a_question_about_artificial_limbs/
|
{
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"c8h7mrv"
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"text": [
"The problem you mention is an open research question, and lots of people are working on how such an artificial limb may work.\n\nA researcher at the University of Pittsburgh named [Andy Schwartz](_URL_1_) recently made headlines and [a 60 Minutes special](_URL_3_) on a brain machine interface for paralyzed patients. The Schwartz group uses what's called [the Utah array](_URL_2_) which connects the patient directly to the machine through leads that are implanted. The most recent iteration, if I'm not mistaken, is something like 100 leads, though I'm not all that familiar with their work.\n\nOne thing you will notice is that the arm in the 60 minutes special is HUGE. Well, huge compared to the patient and their own limb, at least. That's one of the biggest problems in artificial limbs today--being able to incorporate each and every degree of freedom in a human arm, all the way from the fingers, wrist, elbow, to shoulder. In addition, these artificial limbs must be lightweight, so the user is comfortable for long periods of time. On top of *that*, the limb must be *perfectly* reliable, working whenever called upon.\n\nAll of what I've mentioned already is focused just on the *mechanical* design of the arm. To get neural control, the Schwartz group looks at brain signals during typical arm movements, to try and isolate the waveforms and use them to control the arm. This is tough because the EEGs (I assume the signals are EEG, but if not please correct me!) are typically very noisy, but so far the Schwartz group has been able to find some correlations to different muscle and arm movements.\n\nThis accounts for the learning time required of patients as they adjust to their new arm. I can imagine some computer science methods in machine learning may help here, but in the end, since everyone is different, it will be a fact of life that there needs to be some training time before a patient is comfortable and able to use the arm with confidence.\n\nAND this hasn't even touched on the idea of providing a \"sense of touch\" to the artificial limb user!! [There is an article on the front page](_URL_0_) right now about a robotic hand that can \"feel,\" but I haven't had the chance to look more in depth on how that is accomplished. It seems to me like there are leads and wires from the hand that are able to provide this sense, but I am not yet convinced about how it will be received in the patient. The brain certainly has a lot of plasticity, and theoretically should be able to incorporate the robotic hand as its own, but questions remain as to if the patient would be able to keep it on all the time, or remove it for hours at a time to \"rest.\" In addition, I'm worried about the sensitivity of the sense--whether it is high fidelity enough or still too coarse to provide meaningful feeling. Finally, if the patient *does* adapt well to the hand, would they react badly if it was removed, or needs to be replaced?\n\nAs you can tell, lots of questions, and the field is certainly still evolving. In the future, we will be able to answer your question more fully, but at the moment, we're only scratching the surface of what's possible. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/a-sensational-breakthrough-the-first-bionic-hand-that-can-feel-8498622.html",
"http://www.neurobio.pitt.edu/faculty/schwartz.htm",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9129578",
"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57559345/breakthrough-robotic-limbs-moved-by-the-mind/"
]
] |
|
i9fmk
|
Has there ever been any experiments showing any kind of seemingly paranormal activity, such as objects floating on their own, with no visible explanation in sight, or episodes of mental illness with no known diagnosis?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/i9fmk/has_there_ever_been_any_experiments_showing_any/
|
{
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"No double blind study has ever produced plausible paranormal activity.\n\nThere have been lots of episodes of mental illness with no know diagnosis, but that really is just reflective of how complex and imprecise mental illnesses are.",
"Nope. The Randi Foundation has a still-unclaimed [million dollar prize](_URL_0_) for anyone who can prove one.",
"There have been several parapsychology studies which have reported finding evidence for paranormal activity of some kind; one which hit the headlines a few months back was Daryl Bem's [Feeling The Future](_URL_0_). The problem is that very few (if any) of these findings are replicable - Bem's certainly wasn't. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.randi.org/site/"
],
[
"http://caps.ucsf.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/bem2011.pdf"
]
] |
||
2k15au
|
US/Israel before and after Suez
|
So the common line is that the US and Israel have always been the closes friends as far as nation-states go. But I'm trying to write a paper on Israel's use of its great power benefactors to become a regional power, and i read somewhere that the US and Israel were pretty estranged until after the Suez Crisis when the US replaced France and Israels sugar daddy. So a couple questions if you don't mind:
1) What was the US stance on Israel at its inception? I imagine the US would try to win the favor of the whole Middle East (gaining foundational regional influence over the Soviets) but when the Soviets won the social favor of anti-imperialist Arabs, the US made an anchor out of Israel.
2) What did Israel's economy look like early on, and how/what did it develop into? Also, what/how did the US aid this (grants, resources, tech-transfers)?
3) When/why did the Soviets lose control of Israel when they were mostly socialist/leftist to begin with? Why did they gravitate to the US?
4) What is Israeli Grand Strategy? What is the Arab geopolitical/social perspective of Israel and, knowing this, how has Israel sought to most effectively cease Arab attacks and harassment?
5) I'm trying to gather an Israeli perspective, so how has partnership with the US helped their country (specific case studies if you have them)?
6) How/has Israel ever manipulated the US and/or other great powers to its advantage?
I'm looking for as much info as possible, so feel free to lay it on. If you have answers or thoughts on one, several, or all of these questions let me know... and I'd love to know some sources. Thank you all so much in advance!
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2k15au/usisrael_before_and_after_suez/
|
{
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"text": [
" > 1) What was the US stance on Israel at its inception? I imagine the US would try to win the favor of the whole Middle East (gaining foundational regional influence over the Soviets) but when the Soviets won the social favor of anti-imperialist Arabs, the US made an anchor out of Israel\n\nThe original US stance was slightly muddied. The US was very, very keen to stay out of supplying weapons or military aid to Israel, and was very stringent on keeping arms from flowing into the Middle East (for the most part). However, they did also become the first nation to provide *de facto* recognition to the state of Israel, within 11 minutes. While the Soviets were the first to provide *de jure* recognition, 3 days later, the US' quick response (or rather, Truman's hasty one) and *de facto* recognition was still pretty significant. Still, the US did not have any special affinity for Israel: it provided no military aid, and the main ally of the Israelis was the French. They were repeatedly rebuffed by the US when they came to the US for a strategic partnership throughout the 1950s.\n\n > What did Israel's economy look like early on, and how/what did it develop into? Also, what/how did the US aid this (grants, resources, tech-transfers)?\n\nAgain, the US was not particularly huge in influencing the early Israeli economy and military. The economy was fairly industrialized but not too first-world-y. The Israelis faced huge problems: they had just fought a war, and had (over the course of the 4 years following) doubled their population with refugees who were mostly displaced persons in Europe or refugees from Arab states that left all their livelihoods and belongings/valuables behind (Iraq, for example, supplied over 130,000 Jews, and forced them to leave all their jewelry behind when they left). International aid was forthcoming, but didn't mean the Israelis didn't suffer and struggle. They tried to succeed economically and deal with this problem through a few methods:\n\n1) Appealing for diaspora Jews to help - Golda Meir went on fundraising trips around the United States and other areas, and managed to raise far more than they even expected/asked for thanks to donations from Jews around the world. Still, this was not enough.\n\n2) Settling Jews on Arab lands - Arabs who fled over the course of the 1948 war and were left outside the borders and refused re-entry, or those who remained in the borders and had their lands seized thanks to the very selective laws about absentee land seizure, lost their lands to the Israeli government. The government then filled many of these lands and homes with Israeli refugees who came to Israel. Still, this was not enough, and many Israeli refugees were stuck in refugee camps (ma'abarot) similar to the Palestinians. These refugee camps were gone within a decade, however, thanks to the help of the international community, Israeli government, and land seizures.\n\n3) Appealing to the US for help - Israel received $100 million in bank loan format from the United States Congress at Truman's urging, for the absorption of new immigrants.\n\nIsrael didn't just build homes at breakneck pace, and resettle people that way. It also took huge steps to jumpstart the economy and get people employed and working. Because most of the immigrants were unskilled, a huge public works program was initiated, and afforestation was one of the main things the Jewish National Fund encouraged during this program (Israel is known for planting many new trees during this time, and past it).\n\nThat's a basic overview of that, but yeah. Throughout the rest of the 1950s Israel would receive some mixture of loans and grants from the United States, which helped it get on its feet, but militarily it didn't begin getting even loans until 1959, and aid didn't really start in earnest until after the 1967 and 1973 wars in terms of tech sharing and military grants/loans. Table [here](_URL_0_) on page 27.\n\n > When/why did the Soviets lose control of Israel when they were mostly socialist/leftist to begin with? Why did they gravitate to the US?\n\nThe Soviets never really had control of Israel. They had some pretty similar ideologies, but the Soviets were pretty firmly allying themselves with the Arab states, who were more willing to work with them to get military technology and weaponry. This was a solid shift but the US refused to give up on working with the Arab states too at first. But since Israel fell into the Western camp for working with France, and later Britain during the Suez Crisis, it was hard for the Arabs to take the US seriously. And when, during the 1967 war and the lead-up to it, the Soviets took even bigger steps to arm the Egyptians and Syrians, it became clear which side was which. The shift was gradual, but the Soviets had never been all too great of friends with Israel to begin with: Stalin wasn't the biggest fan. Klinghoffer in \"Soviet-Israeli Relations\" (1990) writes that the question of Soviet Jewry's loyalty was the unresolved source of hostility between them, and the Soviets had taken some pretty anti-Semitic positions in the past in their treatment of Soviet Jews. Klinghoffer notes, as I said, that relations were warm at the start: fuel, weapons, and the like were flowing through the Soviet's influence (through Czechoslovakia especially) and the Soviets were the first to extend *de jure* recognition. But this died fairly quickly: ideologically Israel was different because of its democratic ideals, and it backed the UN against North Korea in the Korean war. The Soviets feared that Soviet Jews would leave for Israel, so they banned emigration, and the anti-Semitism of the cultural purges in 1947-1948 was noted and remembered by Israelis. In 1953 the Soviets accused Jews of working for Israel and the CIA to kill Soviet officials, and then Israelis bombed the Soviet legation in Tel Aviv. Relations were severed, then reassumed, and the shift of Arab vs. Israel where the Soviets appealed to the Arab side and were doing better, and the Israelis went with the French, cemented. That's a basic overview of that, I suppose.\n\n > What is Israeli Grand Strategy? What is the Arab geopolitical/social perspective of Israel and, knowing this, how has Israel sought to most effectively cease Arab attacks and harassment?\n\nI don't know what you mean by Grand Strategy necessarily, but the Arab geopolitical view had been for a very long time that Israel had no right to exist and that it should be removed and replaced with an Arab state. This was the foundation of the Arab rhetoric socially, and geopolitically the Arabs sought to weaken Israel at any turn they could so long as it didn't also harm them. The Arab states also co-opted and used the Palestinian cause as the reason for their actions, refusing to integrate Palestinians effectively to keep them separate and keep their \"identity\" strong, and they also fostered false governments in the area like the \"All Palestine Government\" the Egyptians put in place that had no authority (placed in Gaza). They also allowed, and in some cases aided, Palestinian guerrilla operations against Israel, especially during the lead-up to the 1967 war (Fatah from 1965-1967 was especially important).\n\nThe general Israeli strategy was usually deterrence. They and the Arab states were engaged in a constant arms race, and there were rumors leading up to 1967 that the Israelis were building nuclear weapons capability, while they were also securing arms deals with the French that the Egyptians and Syrians would then seek to match through deals with the Soviet sphere. Israel's nuclear program does not appear to have been a huge contributor to the decision to go to war in 1967, but it definitely was a concern of the Egyptians in particular, who were also considering their own program and making longer-range missiles. Deterrence has always been a big strategy: when Egypt or Syria moved, Israel moved too. In the lead-up to the 1967 war, when Egypt mobilized, so did Israel. If Egypt backed down, so did Israel. And when guerrilla attacks came, especially from Syria, the Israelis retaliated harshly, sometimes prompting the Syrians to attack them so they'd have an excuse to \"punish\" the Syrians (as in April of 1967 with the air battle over Damascus that the Syrians lost badly).\n\n > I'm trying to gather an Israeli perspective, so how has partnership with the US helped their country (specific case studies if you have them)?\n\nIt's provided technology that helped the Israelis win wars and fight them (look at the Phantom F-4 deal in 1968, if I'm not wrong on the year), it's provided them with international cover (consider the UN Security Council proposals that have been vetoed or amended to be less harsh on Israel), it's provided them with a superpower that could counter the Arab superpower protection from the Soviet Union with funds and weapons (aid under Nixon increased greatly), and it's provided them with a backstop during times of war (the US airdrop didn't reverse the tides for Israel during the 1973 war, but it did embolden them and make it possible for them to keep momentum going their way without worrying about running out of supplies).\n\n > How/has Israel ever manipulated the US and/or other great powers to its advantage?\n\nManipulated? I guess by saying they had shared interests, attempting to use all methods possible to influence the government (ie. the Weizmann friendship with Truman or AIPAC), etc..\n\n > the US and Israel were pretty estranged until after the Suez Crisis when the US replaced France and Israels sugar daddy\n\nThis didn't happen until 1967. While the French and British became less involved in the Middle East after Suez, leaving the US to be the \"overseer\" of the region, France remained Israel's supplier until after 1967, by most accounts."
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