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4ijpr8
|
why people say a college degree now is worth a high school degree from x years in the past?
|
Does it have to do with content, quality, or quantity of people with a degree?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ijpr8/eli5_why_people_say_a_college_degree_now_is_worth/
|
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"text": [
"No, it has to do with how many people *have* college degrees.\n\nI don't agree with the sentiment as a whole, but I can at least understand the logic of it.\n\nA few decades ago, fewer people went to college. You could get a good job out of high school, so college wasn't as important. Since then, a lot of those high school degree level jobs have gone overseas and the jobs that replaced them often require a college degree. So now your average person likely has a college degree because they need one to get a decent job.\n\nThus, a college degree today is \"worth\" the same as a high school degree from years ago because it is the minimum level needed to enter the work force in a lot of industries.",
"Entry level jobs that use to only require a high school education are now requiring a bachelors degree. So it is worth the same because it is what is needed for the average citizen to get a minimally decent job. ",
"College used to be unusual. For most people, high school taught all the advanced learning that was needed for functioning in society, having a job, running your own business, being a citizen, etc. College was for the really bright people who wanted to be in a learned profession or other fields demanding extra education.\n\nBut then employers started using a college degree as shorthand for intelligence and diligence. In the U.S., employers weren't allowed to use I.Q. tests for hiring, but you had to be smart to get into college and graduate, so that diploma became a useful substitute.\n\nAt first, this mattered to jobs of some responsibility, where one might be expected to manage or run things during one's career. But as demand for \"white collar\" jobs in general increased, the college degree became a basic requirement to even be considered.\n\nWhere once a high school diploma had been all you needed to get a decent white-collar job, now the college diploma was needed. And that's why people say a college degree is worth what a high school degree used to be worth. \n\n(And now the professional roles for which a bachelor's degree was once sufficient now require master's degrees or even doctorates. PhDs, for example, were once so rare as to be remarkable, and only granted to those who truly advanced the scope of their field's knowledge. Now they're often granted for doing a lot of academic research into already-known stuff, for being really academic, rather than pushing the limits, and are a prerequisite for getting many teaching jobs.)",
"Years ago (think late 1800's, early 1900's), a 6th grade education was considered \"educated\". You could read, write and do math. That alone would be enough to get you off the farm and working for a respectable company. A college education was only for rich people.\n\n\nLater... WWII or so - a high school education became more popular. You could still get a decent job with a 6th grade education, but you could do even better with a HS education. A college education guaranteed you a good, well paying job right after graduation. Companies would start recruiting people while they were still in college.\n\n\nAround the 60's the whole 6th grade education pretty much just dropped off the map. HS was required. College still guaranteed a well paying job, but getting a job before graduation became less common.\n\n\nOver the past, oh probably 20 years or so, a college education has replaced what a high school education used to be. A HS education is today what a 6th grade education was back in the 50's. A bachelor's degree is what a HS education used to be, and an advanced degree (masters/PhD) is what a college education used to be."
]
}
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[
[],
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eu8hj1
|
Why Australia, NZ, Canada, etc. decided to keep Queen as head of state?
|
As an Indian, I cannot get my head around why a country will keep the Queen of the UK as their head of state even after independence.
What are the reasons, is it Economical or social or something else?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/eu8hj1/why_australia_nz_canada_etc_decided_to_keep_queen/
|
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"Great response from u/VoilaVoilaWashington about Canada. I'll try to speak more about Australia.\n\nAs I understand it, India's experience with the British was caustic. The separation was relatively unfriendly, and things like the partition reflected the lack of understanding the British had. It thus made sense for India (and Pakistan/Bangladesh) to go their own way, having the only connection being through the Commonwealth, where the association is strictly voluntary, equal, and independent.\n\nThe Australian (and Canadian) experience was far less dramatic and conflicted. The UK had created the national governments, displacing the far less powerful and visible indigenous peoples and creating large immigration programs that meant the strong majorities of each population were immigrants. Those immigrants saw themselves as British, setting up new societies.\n\nThe governments created in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand were modelled on the UK. They didn't have to keep the Queen, but it made sense to do so as it was the simplest continuation of the governance model they had before, where the sovereign was represented by a colonial governor. It also reinforced the link between the new governments and the \"mother government\" back in London.\n\nSo, why has the monarchy survived? I'd suggest three reasons:\n\n1. No alternative is better. Every time an alternative model is suggested, a host of potential problems arise. (This includes the fact that the UK pays all the costs of the royal family, so virtually any alternative will cost more.)\n2. There is a lot of respect for the Queen. Whether that will transfer to her heirs remains to be seen, but if they follow her commitment to duty, then this is quite possible.\n3. It symbolises ties between a host of nations - including the UK, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, who tend to be extremely close and trusting. Speaking personally, I see the 3 other countries as basically brothers and trust them and wouldn't want to do anything to lessen that sentiment.\n\nLooking specifically at Australia, there has been (and is) a republican push, resulting in a referendum in 1999. It failed comprehensively. The model put forward (basically, replacing the Queen directly with an appointed president) was seen as having the undemocratic aspects of the monarchy but none of the benefits of independence from the elected government. The alternative - an elected president - was rejected in the earlier constitutional convention because it would create a competing centre of political power, cost a lot of money, encourage populist leaders, etc.\n\nSince 1999, the monarchy in Australia has become more and more popular. Given the failed referendum occurred only two years after the death of Princess Diana, when the popularity of the Queen/royal family/monarchy was at its lowest, you'd have to wonder whether there's really any prospect of it succeeding under more normal circumstances.\n\nHopefully that helps suggests why the monarchy is still in place in those 3 countries when it isn't in India."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
c2bi0j
|
when your phone is ringing, why are the electronics around it buzzing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c2bi0j/eli5_when_your_phone_is_ringing_why_are_the/
|
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"I don't think that's what OP is asking. You can have a phone on silent, sitting next to other electronic devices, and you'll often hear very distinct electronic buzzing type noises from the other devices specifically when the cell phone is ringing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
eehplg
|
why does the sunrise continue to get later after the shortest day?
|
I live in the Northern Hemisphere and have noticed that the sunrise is later today than it was on the solstice. I've tried to get my head around it via [this article](_URL_0_) but still don't really get it, so please can someone ELI5?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eehplg/eli5why_does_the_sunrise_continue_to_get_later/
|
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"From my understanding the solar day, the time it takes for the sun to move around the earth is not 24 hours but slightly less or more. We use a full 24 hour clock so they go out of sync.",
"In short: the length of the day isn't exactly 24 hours. It varies between 24 hours and 30 seconds, and 23 hours, 59 minutes and 30 seconds. However for convenience we always use the average of 24 hours. This means that if the sun rises at 8:00, then the next day it will rise around 24 hours and 30 seconds afterwards, i.e. at 8:00:30, and the next day at 8:01, even though it's December and the Sun should be rising earlier and earlier.\n\nWhy does this happen?\n\nBecause of earth's [sidereal day](_URL_1_) and [synodic day](_URL_0_). The sidereal day is the time is takes Earth to complete one revolution around its own axis, relative to the rest of the stars. This time is approximately 23 minutes, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. So why is the day 24 hours? Well, during that time, Earth also moves approximately 1/365 of its orbit around the Sun. So it needs about 4 more minutes to finish a revolution relative to the Sun, so that it faces the exact same direction as the day before. This is the synodic day, which is what we actually use day to day.\n\nHowever, Earth's orbit is elliptical - during the northern hemisphere's winter months Earth moves a bit faster, so it actually needs around 4.5 minutes extra, making the day 24 hours and half a minute long, and during the summer months Earth moves a bit slower, so it only needs around 3.5 minutes extra, making the day half a minute less than 24 hours."
]
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[] |
[
"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30549149"
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[],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synodic_day",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time"
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|
zyumc
|
marcus aurelius & niccolo machiavelli
|
Why are these two guys famous? I know a bit but what were they famous for? What was their famous thing about? What did these two guys? I don't just understand when people say Machiavellian politics etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zyumc/eli5_marcus_aurelius_niccolo_machiavelli/
|
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"Niccolo Machiavelli was an author; he wrote a book called \"The Prince\", which was written in the form of an instruction manual to a leader of the time. He was explaining about how politicians should manipulate, pay false praise to their superiors, exploit their inferiors, etc. etc. This is what \"Machiavellian politics\" refers to. Ironically, while many people think that Machiavelli actually said that this was what made a good leader, he was actually being satirical and making fun of the present leadership."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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3evc9a
|
how can you physically see things in a dream, colors and everything, even though your eyes are closed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3evc9a/eli5_how_can_you_physically_see_things_in_a_dream/
|
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"This is a commonly asked question here. Please see several previous postings among [these previous posts.](_URL_0_) If they don't entirely answer your question, you might create a new post with\na more specific question.\n\nTry our handy Search function sometime. :-)\nFor best results in most cases, use 2 or 3 general, common words\nthat refer to the key concepts in your topic.",
"You don't physically see them. You think about them and remember them. You don't physically see them, though. \n\nInterestingly enough, one of the only muscle sets that's not completely immobilized during sleep is those surrounding your eyes. Your brain still responds to its perceived visual stimuli (your memories and dreams) as if it was actually seeing them, causing your eyes to flicker about \"observing\" things, in what's called Rapid Eye Movement, or REM. Your eyes aren't actually seeing anything, but your brain is tricking itself into thinking that they are, thus involving your body in your dream. ",
"When we see things, much more is involved than just our eyes. The eyes receive light, turn that light into electrical signals and then they send those signals via the optical nerve into the brain.\n\nIn a dream, the part of the brain that does the image interpretation just goofs off without input from the eye.\n"
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||
dut1ue
|
What is the most isolated animal taxonomically?
|
I've read that some species is the only species in its entire genus, or even entire family. What's the most extreme example of this?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/dut1ue/what_is_the_most_isolated_animal_taxonomically/
|
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"The microscopic (about 0.1 millimeters long) animal species *Limnognathia maerski*, which was discovered living in warm springs on an island off the coast of Greenland in 1994, is the only known member of Micrognathozoa, a clade which has been described variously as a class, subphylum, or phylum. The almost equally tiny sea-dwelling species *Trichoplax adhaerens* was previously thought to be the only member of the phylum Placozoa, but within the last couple years 2 related species have been discovered.\n\nWhile it's a plant rather than an animal, the *Ginkgo biloba*, commonly known as the ginkgo or maidenhair tree, is the only remaining species in Ginkgophyta, a clade approximately at the level of a phylum. However, dozens of related plant species once existed, and are believed to have been quite widespread during the Mesozoic era (the time of the dinosaurs) before being driven to extinction with the emergence of flowering plants.",
"I think u/PersonUsingAComputer's answer is accurate, though I want to point out that taxonomic ranks are abstractions created by humans, and may not best represent the core sentiment of your question. It is fairly common for a group of organisms (or a single species) to be elevated to the same taxonomic rank as its sister group for the sake of neatness, but since there aren't really any set criteria for defining higher ranks this isn't guaranteed to be meaningful. To put it another way, it's hard to say for sure if a high level of *taxonomic* distinctness is matched by a similar level of actual *evolutionary* distinctness, though we can expect that these should be pretty strongly correlated. \n\nFor example, *Limnognathia* was initially described as a new class within the phylum Gnathifera by [Kristensen and Funch 2002](_URL_0_), and the justification for this was mostly the fact that it didn't appear to fit into the other classes very well based on morphological evidence. Though I will admit that this particular species has proven somewhat enigmatic even with the addition of DNA evidence (even if somewhat minimal by today's standards; see [Giribet et al. 2004](_URL_1_))."
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"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00004.x"
]
] |
|
2zyl80
|
why are the bottom of our feet so tough yet so ticklish?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zyl80/eli5_why_are_the_bottom_of_our_feet_so_tough_yet/
|
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"You got a lot of nerves on both your hands and feet, you use the ones on your hands to handle things and the ones in your feet to handle your balance, plus checking if you aren't walking over broken glass.\n\nIf you try it, its easy to notice that \"ticklish\" sensation on your hands, thing is, your hand is more used to these finer sensation, while your feet are more tuned for pressure differences, for balance \n\nIn short: Both your hands and feet are ticklish, but you feel it more on your feet because they aren't as used as your hands to these kinds of sensations."
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[] |
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[]
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155cbv
|
If one were to build a ladder into space, past the gravitational field of the earth, could you theoretically climb the ladder to escape the earth's gravity, without having to achieve escape velocity?
|
This question came to me last year,and it bugged me a little...do you necessarily HAVE to achieve escape velocity to break free of the Earth's gravitational pull? (Yes, I am aware of the technological impossibility of the construction, at least with current technology, but WERE it possible to construct such a ladder, could you break Earth's gravitational pull without achieving escape velocity?)
**EDIT** Why would someone downvote a simple question? Isn't that what we're here for, to ask questions?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/155cbv/if_one_were_to_build_a_ladder_into_space_past_the/
|
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"Yes, you do but you can accelerate to that velocity using the Earth's rotation if you happen to have a space elevator. That's the tricky part.",
"You don't have to achieve escape velocity: rockets seldom do. You just have to have constant propulsion to get you high enough. For a one-shot burst, escape velocity is required, but that's not a very effective way to launch rockets.\n\nAs for your ladder, gravitational fields extend forever, so the best you could do is climb high enough so that the sun or the moon becomes the dominant gravitational attractor. This region is generally called a Hill Sphere. For the Earth this is just over a million kilometers, but if you get within a few thousand kilometers of the moon it starts to dominate.",
" > past the gravitational field of the earth,\n\nThe gravitational field goes on forever. You can't get past it. While you could build a huge ladder (say anchored at a pole to ignore rotational issues) and get very far away by climbing up the ladder, to actually \"break free\" requires a velocity greater than the escape velocity (whatever it is - approaching zero as you approach infinity - at how far you are away).",
"If you want to escape completely from the Earth, you do, in fact, have to achieve escape velocity.\n\nThe thing is, escape velocity changes with distance from the center of the Earth - this is because your orbital energy gets larger and larger as you go higher and higher, so you get closer to escape *energy* without having to increase velocity. Escape velocity is given by\n\nv_e = sqrt(2*GM/r)\n\nwhere G is the Universal gravitational constant, M is the mass of the Earth and r is the distance from the center of the Earth. You can see that, at the Earth's surface (r~6,300 km), escape velocity is about 11.2 km/s; at the Moon's distance (r~380,000 km), it's about 1.4 km/s. Escape velocity reaches 10 m/s (a decent sprinter's pace) at about 8 billion kilometers away from the Earth - or somewhat more than the distance between Pluto's aphelion and perihelion (farthest and closest approaches to the Sun, respectively). This assumes the Earth is the only object in the Universe other than your climber. Of course, by the time you get 8 billion kilometers away, this assumption is a very bad one, and your escape velocity will likely be different due to the effects of other planets.\n\nPlus, at 8 billion kilometers in length, the mass of the ladder will probably not be negligible.",
"You do need to achieve escape velocity to escape the earth's gravity ... that is what [escape velocity](_URL_0_) actually means.\n\nNote however (from the formula on the page linked above) that escape velocity is a function of the *distance from the center of gravity*. This means that as you climb higher and higher on your postulated ladder, the distance from the centre of gravity gets larger and larger, and so the escape velocity (at that height) gets lower and lower. Eventually the escape velocity will be so low that it is lower than your rate of climbing the ladder, and at that point you will have achieved escape velocity. You can then let go of the ladder entirely, and you will still continue to move away from the earth.",
"While it is correct to say that the Earth's gravitational field extends forever, I really hate it when people ignore the spirit of the question in order to offer a correction and leave it at that. \n\nYes, it is possible to escape Earth simply by climbing a ladder, problems of implementation aside. That's exactly what you're doing by climbing a *normal* ladder - you're using the energy in your body to bring yourself up to a higher altitude where gravity's pull is just a little bit weaker. In this case, velocity is irrelevant. ",
"This is essentially the 'space elevator' idea. It would work, except the major technical problem is finding a cable strong enough to bear it's own weight all the way down from orbit. Arthur C. Clark wrote a whole novel about it, and I think there is a corporation trying to raise capital to build it. ",
"As you ascend to geosynchronous orbit, keeping up with rotation of the Earth becomes escape velocity. The force of planet rotation slings you into orbit. "
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17tvvg
|
why do some dogs never stop eating?
|
Like.. if you gave them unlimited amounts of food, they'd eat until they die.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17tvvg/eli5_why_do_some_dogs_never_stop_eating/
|
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"In the wild a wolf wouldn't have any idea when their next meal might be. So, overeating when there is an abundance of food will let that wolf build fat which will see it through during times when food is scarce. This instinct has continued on with domesticated dogs."
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
9mbki5
|
why does florida water taste weird?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9mbki5/eli5_why_does_florida_water_taste_weird/
|
{
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"text": [
"One thing to consider is not all of Florida uses similar water. There is both well and municipal sources, depending on which you got, and how it was treated or can have various different properties such as taste and smell. And well water is usually treated at location, which means system and treatment can vary even between neighbors to produce different results.\n\nOn top of this different counties also get their water supply from different places, which just like above can vary what is actually in the water, and effect how it is treated, which means even with municipal water two cities in Florida can have different tastes.\n\nLastly is subjectivity, in which it may also taste weird because it's not what your use to, while locals may not notice it."
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
6c1k6c
|
How does a changing magnetic field induce a current?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6c1k6c/how_does_a_changing_magnetic_field_induce_a/
|
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"If you consider electric and magnetic fields just as they are in maxwells equations, the question becomes more phillosophical. I am not aware of explanations for this in quantum mechanics but I do know how to explain it in terms of another mathematical approach. \n\nLooking at this question from the perspective of relativistic electromagnetism, the magnetic field contains information regarding relativistic effects of the velocities of charges. From different reference frames, moving objects experience length contraction which causes a change in the perceived charge density into a so called 'proper charge density'. So in other words, from the perspective of a moving electron looking at a current in a wire, the current might not be moving and instead, the wire is. Due to relativity, the wire undergoes length contraction which changes the charge distribution from the perspective of the moving electron and hence it perceives an electrostatic force. This force is exactly the same as from a 'stationary' observer which would explain this as a force caused by the magnetic field. So you could see that a changing magnetic field to a stationary charge looks like a change in the charge distribution which causes an electrostatic force and thus a current is generated. \n\nNote that allthough I explain this in a conceptual way, the math is quite precise and also difficult. I did not explain this in a very accurate mathematical way even though I could. If I made mistakes in my choice of words due to the lack of mathematical literacy, please correct me. "
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
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60estn
|
what would actually happen if you were ejected from an airlock into outer space without a space suit on?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60estn/eli5_what_would_actually_happen_if_you_were/
|
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"Micheal over at Vsauce does a good take on this.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nJump to 8:30.\n\n...on mobile and cant do all the fancy linking.",
"You would suffocate because there is no air to breathe.\n\nHowever, even if you're rescued slightly before dying, you are still really messed up.\n\nIf you don't close your eyes, the water in your eyes will start to boil due to the difference in pressure so your eyes will dry out. Same thing for the saliva in your mouth.\n\nYou will need freeze instantly, but steadily lose warmth.\n\nYou will get hard sunburn. On Earth, our atmosphere protectes us from a lot of sunlight. In space, you are not protected and will get dangerous burns.\n\nAfter two minutes you will be dead due to a lack of oxygen.\n\nHowever, if you are rescued after a few seconds, you would survive relatively unharmed.\n\nThe closest we ever got to this was in 1966, when NASA technician Jim LeBlanc's space suit had a leak in a vacuum chamber. He lost consciousness after 14 seconds and claims the last thing he remembers before passing out was how the saliva on his tongue started to form bubbles from boiling.",
"The vacuum would drain the liquid from any exposed part of your body. You would quickly suffocate, as there is obviously no air to breathe. \n\nYou would lose heat, but given there is nothing in space to actually conduct heat away from you, this would be far from what you see in fiction where people instantly freeze. To be sure, you would radiate heat out regardless, but it isn't nearly as \"cold\" in a vacuum as an equivalent temperature atmosphere.\n\nYou also would not explode, or anything ridiculous like that. You might have your surface blood vessels begin to get damage if you were outside long enough, but you would be dead long before that.\n\nBecause you would suffocate.",
"All the air would rush out of your lungs, and your ears would be very painful, if your Eustachian tubes were blocked at the time your eardrums would very likely burst.\n\nYour digestive tract would begin to swell up due to trapped gases, and some gasses would begin to leak out of your esophageal sphincter and anus.\n\nAny moisture on the surface of your lungs and other mucous membranes would start to boil off. This would feel chilly, but not cold. EDIT: I was inspired by a comment to do some math, over a minute or two it wouldn't matter much but over a longer period of time you'd get pretty cold. But you be dead so.\n\nDue to the lack of air your lungs would start working backwards and oxygen would start coming out of your blood.\n\nYour body would swell as small gas bubbles started forming in soft tissues, some small capillaries near the surface might burst.\n\nPreviously dissolved gasses would begin to form bubbles in your blood vessels, but your blood would not boil because your blood pressure is high enough to keep the boiling point above your body temperature.\n\nAfter 15 sec enough oxygen would have diffused out of your blood into your lungs that you would pass out.\n\nYour body would continue to swell to somewhere in the region of 2 times your typical volume, at which point your skin would have pulled taut enough to halt further gas formation.\n\n\nYou now have the worst sunburn of your life on whichever side of you has spent the past minute in the radioactive hellhole that is unfiltered sunlight.\n\nAt 1min 30sec brain damage starts to occur. Repressurization anytime prior to this results in full recovery with proper medical intervention.\n\nAt approximately 2min brain damage is extensive enough to be incompatible with life, beyond this point no amount of medical intervention can save you.\n\nEDIT 1: No don't hold your breath, your lungs will burst and you will be extra mega boned.\n\nEDIT 2: Water boils at a lower temperature in space, your body happens to be higher than space boiling.\n\nEDIT 3: We know this cause some poor sap (Jim LeBlanc) mega fucked up by managing to dislodge the air hose on his suit while in a vacuum chamber. For his bravery he earned 87 seconds of vacuum and a bad earache but was otherwise ok. Also some fucked up dudes thought that trying it out on some dogs would be an OK thing to do (another comment further down has the link).\n\nEDIT 4: Omg I get it Total Recall has a scene like this.\n\nEDIT 5: After some questions about the dog tests I have poached the [link](_URL_0_) from u/clocks212 bellow, go show him some love!",
"What if you had a scuba setup, or something like oxygen to keep you alive in space?\n\nEdit: Hey, I know, a space suit it pretty much just a pressurized oxygen setup with some perks like radiation shielding, but I just wanted to know how long you could live with the oxygen taken care of.",
"They've done these tests on dogs in vacuum chambers. They blew up like balloons, but if I remember right if pressure was restored within 90 seconds there were no lasting effects. Longer than that and they died. \n\n/edit why the downvotes? They weren't my dogs. Source _URL_0_\n\n\"But death is not instantaneous. For example, one 1965 study by researchers at the Brooks Air Force Base in Texas showed that dogs exposed to near vacuum—one three-hundred-eightieth of atmospheric pressure at sea level—for up to 90 seconds always survived. During their exposure, they were unconscious and paralyzed. Gas expelled from their bowels and stomachs caused simultaneous defecation, projectile vomiting and urination. They suffered massive seizures. Their tongues were often coated in ice and the dogs swelled to resemble \"an inflated goatskin bag,\" the authors wrote. But after slight repressurization the dogs shrank back down, began to breathe, and after 10 to 15 minutes at sea level pressure, they managed to walk, though it took a few more minutes for their apparent blindness to wear off.\"",
"So I've heard a lot of different things about what the radiation would do to you. Apparently it'd be one hell of a sunburn, but I've also heard that going out entirely unprotected would essentially fry you in a few seconds?\n\nJust how dangerous is the unfiltered sunlight and radiation around earth? ",
"So wait, you don't freeze? I know the vacuum is bad but no one is talking about the lack of heat. ",
"[This](_URL_0_) useful video should help explain the effects. \n\n* All the air from your lungs would evacuate rapidly.\n* Your bowels would evacuate.\n* Your skin would swell up.\n* Your saliva and blood would turn to gas. \n* You would get sun-burnt from radiation from the sun. \n* Your capillaries will burst.\n* After a few second, deoxygenated blood would flow to your brain causing you to pass out.",
"This is by far the most realistic video I can find on YouTube\n\n_URL_0_",
"There's a scene in the most recent episode of the expanse where a guy watched his girlfriend? Get blown out of the airlock. Nothing much happens she just breathes out, looks scared/uncomfortable and dies. I'm led to believe this is pretty accurate. Do not use total recall as a frame of reference.",
"The pressure that keeps stuff in your body goes away, so stuff - gas specifically - boils away. Not because it's hot, but because there's nothing pushing it into your body. That pressure starts at about 50k feet. It wouldn't be explosive. It would be painful, but you'd die when you stop breathing out. ",
"IIRC I think the scene in the incredibly terrifying \"Event Horizon\" where the younger guy is possessed and puts himself out of the airlock is pretty close to what happens. You have a little bit to be retrieved without devastating harm, but several things start happening (like fluids in your body starting to boil away) happening more rapidly the longer you're outside. At least I thought I read the scene was pretty accurate somewhere. ",
"Science fiction seems to state either you will explode, or nothing will happen and you suffocate. Neither of these is correct.\n\nThe first noticeable effect you would observe on someone ejected into space would be flushing of the skin. It would quickly turn red as the blood vessels get closer to the surface. Eventually the larger blood vessels with bulge out. Some may rupture leading to bruising. This is not comfortable. Folks on youtube occasionally stick their arms into vacuum chambers, they claim this is very painful. This may cause the victim to shout, exhaling early.\n\nFurther the victim could hold their breath. The vacuum of space is not so strong as to rip the air from their lungs, but holding their breath would be uncomfortable as well due to the negative pressure. this would provide a brief extension to their consciousness, but they would eventually exhale and begin to suffocate.\n\nduring suffocation the victim may indeed move their mouths open and shut, clutch at their throat, or tug at the collar of their shirt, and look *VERY* distressed. They would eventually fall unconscious in likely under a minute (varies)\n\nWhen they fall unconscious they would enter the fetal pose (knees slightly bent, arms loose, head down, as this is the natural position of the body without gravity or conscious interference. They may spasm once more before death, otherwise they will not move again."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://youtu.be/lD08CuUi_Ek"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/survival-in-space-unprotected-possible/"
],
[],
[
"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/survival-in-space-unprotected-possible/"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/RjkrqMm52JI"
],
[
"https://youtu.be/Z5TqD5xf0ic"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ebeo5
|
Who was in charge of soviet nuclear launches during the cuban missile crisis? Did they disobey orders to launch at any time?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3ebeo5/who_was_in_charge_of_soviet_nuclear_launches/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctdc7m5"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"There were a number of officers with launch authority. \n\nMany Soviet subs carried nuclear torpedoes as well as SLBMs; at one point during the crisis (accounts vary) a captain ordered his sub's torpedoes armed and fired at a US Navy ship that had been harrassing his submarine. His first officer persuaded him not to launch. In the event of a full-scale war, the Soviet subs could have launched their missiles even if Moscow was incapable of giving orders. \n\nNuclear missiles in the Soviet Union and Europe were more tightly controlled and would have required direct orders to fire; again, in the event of a full-scale war, they would have been able to act independently. \n\nGeneral Issa Pliyev, the Soviet commander in Cuba, was also under this standing order; his ballistic missiles (with 1-megaton payloads) were under central control but he had authority to deploy tactical weapons (12-kiloton warheads for his cruise missiles and bombers) if he was attacked. \n\nWhen the blockade began, Moscow revoked Pliyev's launch authority, terrified of escalating to a full nuclear exchange. Pliyev moved to combat readiness just in case, rushing deployment of his missiles and moving the warheads close to the launchpads. \n\nOn October 26, Pliyev told Moscow he would use \"all available means of air defense\" if attacked. The Kremlin approved this but again warned Pliyev not to arm his missiles with warheads unless specifically authorized. \n\nOn October 28, Pliyev received new orders, allowing him full control over his defensive actions. That meant that at the height of the crisis- a day after Pliyev's AA crews shot down an American U-2 and a Russian sub nearly nuked a U.S. Navy vessel, Khrushchev OKed the use of nuclear weapons to react to a conventional assault. Castro, although out of the nuclear command loop, was convinced a sneak attack was coming and urged Pliyev and Moscow to mount a pre-emptive nuclear war. Luckily, he was ignored. \n\nThe next day, Khrushchev ordered all nukes in Cuba stood down. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
240zd0
|
how come i can smell my fart when i'm running?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/240zd0/eli5_how_come_i_can_smell_my_fart_when_im_running/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ch2isi4",
"ch2jdmd"
],
"score": [
8,
5
],
"text": [
"Because you aren't running fast enough",
"You're on a treadmill."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
489yvk
|
When and how was February 29th accepted internationally as leap day?
|
I know there are still other calendars, like the Jewish calendar and Islamic calendar, but for the most part everyone uses the Gregorian calendar that includes February 29th as the leap day.
When and how did this international acceptance come about?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/489yvk/when_and_how_was_february_29th_accepted/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0iozbh"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"The ancient Romans originally had ten months, the forerunners of March - December. (this is the reason the later months have names which correspond to latin numbers two less than you would expect). Originally the season of Winter was outside the calendar, its days were undated, but eventually January and February were invented to allow all days to have a calendar date. \n\nThere was now a problem, however. Remember that a Month lasts around the time it takes for a Moon to turn full then turn dark again. However, it does not do this an exact number of times during the year. So some years, on an ad-hoc basis, they would end February a few days early and have a whole new month called Intercalaris in their place. March would then follow Intercalaris.\n\nA problem was that there was no set mathematical system for deciding this, instead a religious official would make the decision. Now, imagine this was happening today and the official was a Republican while the current leader was a Democrat. Since they'd want to keep the leader's term as short as possible, the temptation is to decide not to add the Intercalaris month. Now imagine both the official and the President are Democrats. The temptation would be to add the Intercalaris to keep him in power longer.\n\nWhen Julius Caesar took power, he shook quite a few things up. One of them was to end the idea that a Month correspond exactly to the lunar cycle. Instead of adding a whole month after February (which, remember, is the twelfth month if you start counting from March), he simply lengthened a festival towards the end of February by one day, every four years. Technically, the day he added was the 24th day of February, not the 29th, but in modern times we only think about the numbers rather than the ancient Roman festivals.\n\nTechnically they made an error and added the leap day every three years instead of every four, they realised their mistake after about a generation and corrected it.\n\nThis calendar was the Calendar of the Roman Empire, so as the Romans spread across Europe it was introduced to places that previously had no calendar. When the Roman Empire fell, the calendar remained among its former subjects."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
25dfih
|
- if the earth is a sphere, why is north america considered "the west?"
|
Why is American culture considered western culture?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25dfih/eli5_if_the_earth_is_a_sphere_why_is_north/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chg2o5s",
"chgai51"
],
"score": [
8,
2
],
"text": [
"Back in the day, if you started from Europe, you see Asia to the east and an undefined amount of water to the west. When we found out there's actually several Americas there the West/East dichotomy had already been established.\n\nAnd overall, USA is extremely similar with Europe in terms of culture. If the Chinese had found and conquered the new world we'd see it as \"East\".",
"Because our culture didn't start in America.\n\nYou could argue that it started in Europe but Europe was heavily influenced by the Romans, which were influenced by the Greeks, and by this point we're pretty much around the north side of the Mediterranean sea geographically speaking.\n\nThis is where map making started and where all of our geographical terms started as well. For all intents and purposes, the center of the world was the Mediterranean. Every naval engagement before the rise of England was there. The brunt of our ancient history and knowledge comes specifically from there. Western culture was typically more of a broad term for civilizations with Roman roots. The western side of the Mediterranean.\n\nEngland is western culture, so is France and Spain. It's become more of an American label because we're even more west than Europe geographically speaking.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5d5hjw
|
Why has nature been able to reclaim Chernobyl and Pripyat so well, but humans cannot safely live there? Has the life adapted?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5d5hjw/why_has_nature_been_able_to_reclaim_chernobyl_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"da2gtv1",
"da2gx49",
"da2hmrz"
],
"score": [
18,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Life hasn't adapted. There's more habitat for animals, but the animals there (that aren't miscarried) have a greater chance of mutation, cancers, cataracts:\n\n*Møller et al. (2005) suggested that the reproductive success and annual survival rates of barn swallows are much lower in the Exclusion Zone; 28% of barn swallows inhabiting Chernobyl return each year, while at a control area at Kanev, 250 km to the southeast, the return rate is around 40%.[62][63] A later study by Møller et al. (2007) furthermore claimed an elevated frequency of eleven categories of subtle physical abnormalities in barn swallows, such as bent tail feathers, deformed air sacs, deformed beaks, and isolated albinistic feathers.[64]*\n\neven:\n\n*\"The Chernobyl area has not received very much biological study, although studies that have been done suggest that apparently healthy populations may be sink instead of source populations; in other words, that the apparently healthy populations are not contributing to the survival of species.[53]\"*\n_URL_1_\n\nSome of the radioactive atoms bioaccumulate - instead of being evenly distributed through the water column, radiostrontium ends up preferentially in fish bone and more so in animals higher up in the food web.\n\nThere's other hazards as well, this is why for example they hand out iodine pills after nuclear leaks to fill up your thyroid before it accumulates radioactive iodine: \n\n*Residents who ate food contaminated with radioactive iodine in the days immediately after the accident received relatively high doses to the thyroid gland. This was especially true of children who drank milk from cows who had eaten contaminated grass. Since iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland, this was a major cause of the high incidence of thyroid cancer in children.*\n\nNote that the radioactive iodine has a short halflife of about eight days, so it's not a concern this late after a leak, when there's only (1/2)^(11000days/8days) < 9 * 10^-302 of the stuff around.\n_URL_2_\n\nIn order to adapt to these conditions, you'd need the environmental selection pressure (nicer tail feathers, wolves eating the weak, etc.) causing higher-fitness individuals to breed more successfully, by ... selecting for a random mutation that makes more antioxidant molecules in the body, or more \"error correcting?\" cell machinery snipping out broken dna. That would take many generations for a mammal or fungus.\n\nThe one organism that has adapted is a fungus that may use its melanin pigment to capture gamma rays and use the resulting chemical energy to run its metabolism like a plant's chlorophyl pigment captures visible light:\n\n*Radiotrophic fungi are fungi which appear to use the pigment melanin to convert gamma radiation[1] into chemical energy for growth.[2] This proposed mechanism may be similar to anabolic pathways for the synthesis of reduced organic carbon (e.g., carbohydrates) in phototrophic organisms, which capture photons from visible light with pigments such as chlorophyll whose energy is then used in photolysis of water to generate usable chemical energy (as ATP) in photophosphorylation or photosynthesis. However, whether melanin-containing fungi employ a similar multi-step pathway as photosynthesis, or some chemosynthesis pathways, is unknown.*l\n\n_URL_0_\n\n",
"Simply put, nobody is telling the animals and plants that the radiation there will give them cancer, so they just go there and grow there.\n\nFor the most of them, this is perfectly fine, too. The vast majority of the area is perfectly habitable and the radiation levels are not significant. In addition to this, many animals do not live long enough to see all the effects.\n\nAlso, as other posters pointed out, there are humans living in there. Most of the area is not particularly dangerous, and in addition to this, lower levels Radiation seem to be less dangerous than has traditionally been assumed (somebody could link the studies that contest the typical assumption of a linear dose to chance of harm -relationship).",
"Also, the radiation is distributed patchily:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n*A couple of dried freshwater bream, caught by settlers in the Pripyat river about 10 kilometres down stream from the power station, came up perfectly clean, in radiological terms, when the Telegraph had them tested. That’s not necessarily surprising, said Mr Bogdan, but it doesn’t mean that the river - or anything else - is safe.*\n\n*The truth, he said, is that you can’t talk about blanket contamination in a wide area. Maps show contamination varying widely across the zone, depending on where Caesium, Plutonium, and other particles from the explosion came to earth.*\n\n*“I can tell you how radioactive about three square metres of land are. But anything larger than that, and you’re going to see variations within it. That’s why we don’t let food out of the zone. It might be clean one day and contaminated the next,” he explained.*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_the_Chernobyl_disaster#Studies_on_wildlife_in_the_Exclusion_Zone",
"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr38/en/index1.html"
],
[],
[
"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/23/wildlife-returns-to-radioactive-wasteland-of-chernobyl/"
]
] |
||
s4s48
|
why countries sell each other guns
|
Im confused as to why countries sell each other guns and armaments such as tanks, surely its just a threat to their own security?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/s4s48/eli5_why_countries_sell_each_other_guns/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4b2nfa",
"c4b2nur",
"c4b3bt8"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"You sell things to other people to make money. For example, the US sells fighter jets to Israel to make money, yet national security isn't threatened because Israel is 1) far away and 2) a friendly nation (to the US). If you have surplus weapons and equipment sitting around at cost, then selling it makes sense.",
"The former USSR sold, or gave, millions of AK-47s to their allies. They did this to strengthen their allies. This sort of thing has happened throughout history.",
"1) Income\n\n2) They are allies protecting their interests. Or, the enemies of our enemies are our friends\n\n3) they're usually low-grade weapons that don't harm us. ie, we sell f14s to Israel. Even if they started war with us, we have f22s that would obliterate them"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
10rhde
|
What is this strange stuff growing on my lawn?
|
I live in the northeast US and every once in a while, I get these small patches on my lawn covered in [this.](_URL_0_) Is it a fungus? I get yellow patches and black patches.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/10rhde/what_is_this_strange_stuff_growing_on_my_lawn/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6g0zx9",
"c6g36hs",
"c6g9752",
"c6gf2d0"
],
"score": [
104,
40,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"This is called [slime mold](_URL_0_), which is actually a protist (like algae), not a fungus.\n\n[Here's a link to a GIS search for \"slime mold grass\"](_URL_1_). \n\nIt is not harmful to your lawn, as you can see by the healthy look of the plants upon which it's growing. ",
"Lawn Care provider for 11 years here. Most definitely Slime Mold. Consider watering your lawn in the morning between 6-10 a.m. deeply for one hour, once a week, versus frequent and shallow watering.",
"Slime molds are really interest life forms actually. Check out this old youtube video talking about how they exhibit group intellegence:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n(probably not the same species thats on your lawn, I just thought you might be interested)",
"I suggest a flame thrower."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/SgXCe.jpg"
] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_mold",
"https://www.google.com/search?q=slime+mold+grass&hl=en&safe=off&prmd=imvns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LsZpUJ-dCcnY2QXni4HoAg&ved=0CB0QsAQ&biw=1920&bih=1085"
],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVhLJLG7ug"
],
[]
] |
|
6vk7wl
|
why are sprouted grains touted as being so much healthier than non-sprouted?
|
What is it about sprouting the grains that makes them more nutritious? Does cooking make a difference? How exactly does the sprouting change the nutritional profile?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6vk7wl/eli5_why_are_sprouted_grains_touted_as_being_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dm0tqrp",
"dm0yb64"
],
"score": [
3,
4
],
"text": [
"sprouting grains increases the bioavailability of their nutrients. Unsprouted grains are harder to digest. Cooking grains can breakdown certain nutrients into more digestable forms but can also destroy some of the nutrients. so thats a toss up. ",
"The stuff that is in the grain is basically nutrient storage for the plant, packed tightly in a format that doesn't easily start rotting. That makes it difficult to digest - which is the reason we have to cook them before getting any nutrients out of there.\n\nNow when the plant starts sprouting, it converts all the starches into sugar and the protein into amino acids, which can then be used to grow the plant cells. The same process makes them easier for us to digest.\n\nThe plant also produces all the vitamins it needs itself, so they are not necessarily stored in the grain. For example, there is basically no vitamin C in the raw grain, but quite a bit in sprouts.\n\nCooking always destroys some of the vitamins, but it's not a big deal. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1b407g
|
Why did the Irish not think of fishing, during the Great Famine?
|
I'm Irish and this has actually fascinated me. Why did they not flock to the coast, which is not far from them? Especially in places like Cork or Dublin?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1b407g/why_did_the_irish_not_think_of_fishing_during_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c93gfb6",
"c93phin"
],
"score": [
205,
15
],
"text": [
"The following is a quote from [The Irish Famine](_URL_0_) by Peter Grey (1995):\n\n > ...the fisheries of Iraland, were undeveloped, and in Galway and Mayo the herring fishermen were too poor to buy salt with which to preserve a catch.\n\n > ... A large part of the Irish coast, in the south-west, west and north-west is perilous: there are cliffs, rocks, treacherous currents, sudden squalls and above all the Atlantic swell surging form America across thousands of miles of ocean. By the nineteenth centruy timber was short in Ireland; in the west, practically speaking, there was none, and fishing-boats were small, the largest being 12-15 tons. The national boat of Ireland is the 'curragh', a frail craft, often of considerable length, made of wicker work covered originally with stretched hides and latterly with tarred canvas. The curragh rides easily over the great Atlantic swells, is fast, and with four oarsmen can cover suprising distances. The Curragh was not suitable for the use of nets in deep-sea fishing, and according to an expert writing at the time the fish off the west coast of Ireland lay many miles out at sea in forty fathoms of water. A vessel of at least fifty tons was needed, capable of going out for several days, laden with nets, to face 'the frightful swell of the Atlantic'. If a gale blew from the east the nearest port of refuge was Hailfax, in Nova Scotia. The curraghs and small fishing-boats of the Irish were 'powerless in these circumstances'; and an inspector, reporting from Skibbereen, wrote that the failure of Irish fisheries was due to the want of boats suitable for deep-sea fishing, 'though this coast and the coast of Kerry about with the fines fish in the work' another report commented that the courage and skill of Irish fishermen were remarkable; 'the native fishermen' were 'out in thier frail curraghs whenever an opportunity offers, and in weather when nobody else could think of venturing themselves in such a craft'.\n > ...but the heavy swell off the west and south-west made deep-sea fishing in curraghs impossible. 'The poor cottier had a miserable curragh, fished for his family or neighbours and got paid in potatoes.",
"The places hardest hit by the famine, I believe, were the interior regions. Getting to the coast and back on foot, getting a boat which may or may not sink the rough North Atlantic waves, catching the fish, then returning home would have been a major investment of time and energy that the average smallholder just didn't have. Besides the Irish Famine wasn't about a lack of food it was about an extremely unfair tenant farming system. Irish farmers were required utilize most of their fields for growing grains and such that would be paid to the landowner, who were mostly Anglo-Irish, as rent. Any remaining lands would be used to grow potatoes for the farmers' consumption. When the blight destroyed the potatoes they couldn't eat the grain because if they did they couldn't pay the landlord and would be evicted. The system would eventually be reformed but millions of Irish had already died or fled."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Irish-Famine-Abrams-Discoveries/dp/0810928957"
],
[]
] |
|
261kb8
|
Did females entering the workforce cause a drop in wages due to a much larger supply of labourers?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/261kb8/did_females_entering_the_workforce_cause_a_drop/
|
{
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"Lets make this question more specific. After the U.S. entered world war II many females assumed jobs that were vacated by men who went to fight the war. This caused a surge in female employment. What happened to wages in the country when the men returned from the war?",
"This can be looked at from an economic view as well. There are countless number of factors that go into wages. but I will be using the Overcrowding model to look at one point of it since your question is dealing with females entering the labor market. \n\nTo keep it simple you have two markets A and B both with simple downward sloping demand curves and upward sloping supply [curves](_URL_2_) (think of price as wages). Men are free to move between the two markets, however women have barriers to entry for market B in the form of discrimination for example. As a result women are concentrated in market A. Because women are no longer in the labor supply for market B the labor supply curve shifts [left](_URL_1_) reflecting the decreased quantity of laborers and causing the equilibrium wage in market B to rise. *Since men are still free to move between markets* there is a surplus of labor in market A causing the labor supply curve to shift [right](_URL_0_) and lowering the equilibrium wage for market A. Theoretically (ceteris paribus) if these barriers are removed then wages in market A will rise since women can move out of the labor supply for that market and into the labor supply for market B putting downward pressure on wages in market B until both markets are at equilibrium.\n\n\nThat being said there are still many other variables, like percantage of women now in the work force verses say in the 50's and the relation of the average wage. You could also look at traditionally female dominated industries vs male dominated industries (education vs financial for instance) The number of women entering the workforce vs the number men leaving it. So from an economic perspective it all just depends on the question.\n\n\nSource -\n\n Economics of Women, Men, and Work - \n\n* Francine D Blau\n* Marianne A Ferber\n* Anne E Winkler\n\nEDIT: I said *literally millions of factors that go into wages* to express the countless number of variables that impact wages, changed it to countless to avoid confusion. ",
"Your question is a bit of a leading question. But, in short, the answer is no.\n\nHere's a [bunch of charts](_URL_0_).\n\nFor in-depth analysis, consider breaking down your question into following points:\n\nPart 1: In the United States, over roughly past 100 years, has the increase in workforce numbers resulted in decreased wages?\n\nPart 2: Is the decrease a result of increased workforce (e.g. by population growth) or is the decrease caused specifically by a particular demographic (in this case women) joining the workforce?\n\nPart 3: Can the decrease be explained in some other way, for example, changes to worker rights, other employer regulation changes (loosening or tightening), new technologies, social change, etc.?\n\n(EDIT: fixed link)\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://courses.byui.edu/ECON_150/ECON_150_Old_Site/images/3-3%20Equilbrium_09.jpg",
"https://courses.byui.edu/ECON_150/ECON_150_Old_Site/images/3-3%20Equilbrium_08.jpg",
"http://www.jongriffith.com/wp-content/uploads/basic_supply_demand.png"
],
[
"http://finance.townhall.com/columnists/politicalcalculations/2012/12/08/sir_issac_newton_explains_income_inequality/page/full"
]
] |
||
11g8kn
|
Within your area of expertise, do you feel that, in general, the course of history is inevitable?
|
I realize that my question is incredibly broad, but I'd like to see what the historians on Reddit have to say on this subject.
I've recently unearthed a personal enthusiasm for history, and am currently in the process of reading several historical books and biographies of influential figures in history.
These readings have lead me to wonder just how influential these figures were, and if their actions could have been, or would have been, replicated by others in their place in an alternate timeline of history where they didn't exist.
This subsequently led me to wonder if generally historical events are viewed as traveling down an inevitable course, or if the course of history could have varied widely depending upon the actions of key figures in history.
For example, here are but a few of the inquiries on my mind right now:
Was the abolition of slavery inevitable?
Was the widespread diffusion of belief in basic human rights and democratic rights inevitable?
Was the invention of various revolutionary technologies inevitable? (Like the light bulb, the nuclear bomb, computers, the Internet, etc.)
Was the ascension of the US and other countries to the role of of a major power in world affairs throughout history inevitable?
Was the formation and perpetuation (whether by revolution or however these things occurred) of the countries and religions as we know them today inevitable?
And so on.
Again, I realize that this is an incredibly broad question, but any constructive input whatsoever would be greatly appreciated.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/11g8kn/within_your_area_of_expertise_do_you_feel_that_in/
|
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"Napoleon and the French Revolution changed a lot. It doesnt matter what the Monarchs of other countries did, the revolution ideas eventually spread through Europe.\n\nKind of funny this exact case for Spain: When France invaded, Spain´s provisional government created the first constitution with a lot of novel and revolutionary ideas, many of them from the french. They still fought against the french and won with Anglo-Portugese forces. But when the king returned, he just erased everything that was done, even reintroducing the Spanish Inquisition.\n\nIn the following years-century, the Spanish had a lot of fighting for ideas that sparkled with the French Revolution.\n\n\nIt was also inevitable Napoleon´s fall. It doesnt matter how many times he defeated enemy armies, they were always more. He just was outnumbered so heavily. Of course, the Peninsula campaign and the Russia campaign at the same time didnt help, but even without those, it was a matter of time.",
" > Within your area of expertise, do you feel that, in general, the course of history is inevitable?\n\nAbsolutely not!\n\nI'm going to go to my secondary area of expertise here: the late Roman Republic, with an emphasis on Octavian/Augustus.\n\nThe transition from Republic to Empire, from oligarchic rule to autocratic rule was **not** inevitable. Far from it. The Republic as it was, was certainly showing cracks, and was most likely headed for a breakdown. However, the most likely outcome of this was that Rome would become the prize for various factions fighting in an endless civil war - with the provinces breaking away while Rome's back is turned. This would leave us with Rome being a decrepit backwater, ruled over by warlords.\n\nHowever, the luck of having a man like Octavian/Augustus being in the right place at the right time, with the right connections and the right resources, changed that. I truly believe that this was one of those cases where one man (with help from Agrippa and Livia!) changed the course of history. He had a talent for politics and diplomacy and administration which served him and Rome well. He also had Agrippa's military genius to call on. Not only did he conquer Rome, but he retained the provinces, and restructured Rome as an empire. This was **not** inevitable.\n\nRome's transition from oligarchic rule to autocratic rule was not inevitable: Augustus made it so.\n\nI don't know about your other questions, but I can only suppose that they are a combination of: wholly inevitable; wholly unlikely; part inevitable / part unlikely.\n\n",
"I'm heavy into American History and I can honestly answer yes and no. I think General ideas like the abolition of slavery and the acquisition of basic human rights, these things given a certain time period were inevitable. But the time, the place and the how of when things happen/happened and the specific changes that occurred are always in the air. \n\nI think the best example I have off the top of my head is Reconstruction after the Civil War and it's eventual downfall and corruption that lead to Jim Crow laws and the continued disenfranchisement of Blacks in America up till the Civil Rights movement. Had reconstruction been fully enforced for a good 30 years after the civil war, where blacks were being militarily escorted to the polls and laws that were protecting them were enforced by National troops we may have never needed a civil rights movement to get the country to finally enforce the laws that came out of the civil war. But due to the course of events reconstruction was ended early and the old guard of southern white conservatives were put back into power and immediately began the process of legally limiting black people as much as humanly possible. \n\nI do look for trends and they are there in the literature and I do enjoy conversing with a few of my like minded friends about how based on such and such circumstance or happening another such and such circumstance is more likely to occur it's just a matter of time. things like the colonizing of other planets, different military events, things like that. It's kind of fun and horrifying at the same time to look at the giant chess board that is the globe and figure out which piece you're living on and where it's probably headed. it's also fun to look back at your old predictions and realize how wrong or right you were. ",
"One of the major challenges in the study of history is rejecting the inherent desire to place events into a narrative. Narratives are great when you want to get a story across, but they can make us perceive things as inevitable. \n\nSpecifically, and this comes up a lot when talking about the industrial revolution until today, we need to consider the narrative of 'progress'. History isn't a linear development from one 'stage' to another, and it's very difficult to compare differing cultures and regions to each other. \n\nGenerally speaking, nothing is strictly 'inevitable', but given certain circumstances, some outcomes are more likely than others over a given time period; eg. the power of artillery but lack of mobility leading to fairly stagnant trench warfare, etc.",
"As someone who is focusing on the history of religion, the only inevitability within that field is change. Religions are constantly changing. Usually in completely unexpected and unforeseeable ways. Despite this, almost every single one considers their dogmas, moralities ańd philosophies to be eternal and unchanging. \"invention\" is often expressly forbidden. Muslims of today often denies (sincerely) that slavery ever have been an acceptable part of the muslim world despite the fact that religious authorities issued fatwas in support of slavery as late as the 1950's.\n\nBut, back to the subject at hand. The course of religions, and that of public religious opinions follows anything but a set path. Sometimes radical change sweeps across the landscape (like the abolition of slavery), at other times a frantic race towards an imagined golden age gets underfoot and religious authorities competes in who can be most like the original congregation (mostly within islam and christianity). And then utterly random stuff crops up, like the Taiping rebellion where a failed chinese official gets hold of a partially translated bible, decides that a dream confirms him as the new christ and sets of a circle of war and savagery that slaughters some 20 million people.\n\nThe course of history is many things (imaginary foremost as others here have mentioned) but it is in no way predetermined.",
"Honestly, I kind of dislike this line of inquiry in history, as I'm not sure what the value of it is or if one point of view can be better defended than another. It goes hand-in-hand with the philosophical debate on free will, which I'm not too fond of either.\n\nPersonally, I'm inclined to believe that everything that has happened was inevitable. Events are not part of a linear progression, but an insanely complex system of linear, cyclical and pendulous progressions that repeat, act as counterpoint to one another and interweave with one another that began at the beginning of time. This is probably because of my philosophical acceptance of [determinism](_URL_0_). \n\nSo as far as your examples go, it isn't that these great innovations in technology would have been created by someone else, it's that because of the sequence of events that proceeded these innovations they were always bound to happen in the same time and place and in the same minds. Nations were inevitable as an outgrowth of feudal kingdoms, which were an outgrowth of the ancient empires. Human rights were inevitable with the decentralization of power that came with capitalism, along with a myriad of other factors.\n\nLike I said, however, I'm not sure what the value is in reaching conclusions like this, because while I don't rationally believe in free will, I, along with virtually every human being, act as if it exists. We have to in order to function in our day-to-day lives.",
"The exact opposite, in fact. The more I look at a single period or event, the more it seems contingent -- that is, the event itself relied upon so many conflicting causes an shifting opportunities to come in to being, that it is a wonder that it happened at all, or in the exact way described.\n\nTake, for example, the civil rights movement in the United States. Early chroniclers, and the journalists who were observing it as it happened, emphasized the civil rights leadership as causal; as being unstoppable forces within their own selves. But, starting with Aldon Morris, historians started to pick up on the complexity of forces outside of leadership, from dynamics of group organizing, to the heritage of church and civil society, to the importance of economic forces on white city dwellers, to the influence of the cold war on politics (Mary Dudziak), to the fact that segregated society had created a limited and thus unified popular media network for black communities in the South, etc etc etc.\n\nUnderstanding multi-causal history, for me, isn't stacking all of the evidence on what side of the scale; it is, instead, emphasizing the complexity and variability of all possible outcomes. If there's more than one cause, then the outcome can be shifted with but a simple change in any one of dozens of factors.\n\nIn your particular case, you're coming to this thought after reading biographies of significant leaders. I'd say that one of the problems with biography as a form is that it always emphasizes narrative over analysis, and that, as a matter of course, biographers are invested in emphasizing the impact of their subjects in shaping history in a significant way. That's just part of writing biography -- as a means of summarizing historical transformation into a single personage, it's a good metaphor but tends to warp the complexity and contingency of history, like a black hole pulling all light towards it.\n\nIn the case of the civil rights movement, it took a skilled historian -- Taylor Branch -- to write a couple of volumes of biography on MLK without making him seem all-important to the events of the time. ",
"History is not on train tracks. People can affect it's outcome but there are also certain trends that start and build momentum over a lot longer period than a human life.",
"What you're describing is called Whiggish History : _URL_0_\n\nWithin British history, my field, there are almost camps of Whiggish historians and anti-Whiggish historians. They don't necessarily directly attack each other for being on one side, but subtleties in reviews and discussions make it clear which camp a historian sits in, and in some cases, a dismissal of another historian because they have/do not have a Whiggish perspective. What I find the most interesting is that Whiggish historians cannot be confined to a specific generation of historians (eg. post-structuralists) nor to a discipline (eg. labour history). That makes me believe it is a personal worldview that places a historian into the pro/anti camp, rather than their research. This is entirely problematic because we must overcome our biases before researching and arguing an idea.\n\nThe long nineteenth century in Great Britain is a great example of accepting Whiggish history or dismissing it. Beginning in the eighteenth century, Britons were fighting for the rights already won in America and France, yet it was not until 1914 that there was universal male suffrage. Some historians argue that Britain, in its essence, is conservative: it prefers gradual reform to revolution, but it will always reach the same end point as its neighbours. From my own studies, I tend to lean towards this idea, because it is clear, studying the period in its entirety, that each step was towards this final goal of liberty and equality. But I refrain from accepting it entirely because it assumes there is a perfect final goal which human beings are aiming towards, something I cannot accept.\n\nSo, I am torn. I do not have a strong opinion for the pro or anti camp, but I think this makes me a better historian. It allows for less bias when looking at sources for I am not searching for, nor refusing to see, a linear development in history."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_history"
]
] |
|
9h7bjy
|
what is arp cache poisoning?
|
Very basic knowledge of computers, networks and associated jargon, so very small words are appreciated.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9h7bjy/eli5_what_is_arp_cache_poisoning/
|
{
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"Every network device has a MAC address, it's just a number, and every network card is built with it's own unique number. When you connect to a network (like your home Network), your computer asks for an IP (an address on the internet). Unlike a MAC, IPs are made in such a way that you can narrow down where to send data based on just part of the address just like how mail says to Bob, 123 St, NY, NY, you can read it and send it to the NY office and let them figure out where in NY to send it, you don't actually need to find Bob's house on a map.\n\nAnyways, things in your home typically sort data just by MAC, they have a list of every MAC on your network (every computer in your home for example), and what wire it's connected through. Now people access stuff with IPs, so when you go online you need to first take the IP, then find what IP it needs to go to (your modem, to get to the internet), then you need to find the MAC of your modem, and then send the data to the MAC. The ARP cache is the list of IP to MAC mappings for all known devices on your network. The ARP protocol is used to allow other devices to tell you their MAC.\n\nARP cache poisoning is a network attack where you just listen on the network for other people's IP and MAC, and then lie and use the ARP protocol to tell everyone actually you have that IP. This will typically cause all devices to then send data to you, even if it wasn't supposed to be destined to you, you then look at it and or change it, and then using your old list of MAC-IP mappings send it to the right destination. This means that you can connect on WiFi on a home Network and see the traffic destined for the internet, even for devices not on WiFi (so you can force wired devices to transmit their data over WiFi for you to see)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1lix8h
|
Is Joan of Arc an historical anomaly? Are there other examples of young women in roles of military leadership?
|
For that matter, what are some examples of both very young men/women in significant military leadership roles? Other than Joan and Robb Stark, I can't think of any.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1lix8h/is_joan_of_arc_an_historical_anomaly_are_there/
|
{
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"cbztuuu",
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"text": [
"[Gustavus_Adolphus](_URL_0_) led the Swedish Army when he inherited the crown at age 16.\n\nEdward, Prince of Wales (known as The Black Prince) commanded the English vanguard at Crecy, being 16 years old.\n\nAlexander the Great led the left wing at the battle of Chaeronea aged 18 and was in overall command of the Macedonian army at age 20.\n\nCyrus the Younger was 23 or younger when he led the rebellion against his older brother described in the Anabasis.\n\nGeorge Custer was a (brigadier) general at age 23 during the American Civil War.\n",
"[Princess Pingyang](_URL_0_), a dauther of the founder of the Tang Dynasty, rose in rebellion and led a 70.000 strong army in support of her father, aged 20."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Pingyang"
]
] |
|
3ff7tv
|
why does a scale give different readings when i'm standing, crouching, or on my tip-toes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ff7tv/eli5_why_does_a_scale_give_different_readings/
|
{
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"text": [
"It has to do with the way your weight disperses across the internal plate that's connected to the scale. If you stand on a corner, it's going to affect the way your weight makes it to the sensor, if you crouch with your ass out, your center of gravity is off of center, and the same thing happens. That's why they have a little picture on most scales showing you how to stand and where to place your feet. ",
" Should not. You have a cheap and inaccurate scale. A good scale has multiple pressure sensors in the corners and adds them up, or is designed to move smoothly regardless of where your weight is on the platform. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3udxq9
|
why do school district have to pay for special aids for students who are deaf or with major disabilities? why not health insurance?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3udxq9/eli5why_do_school_district_have_to_pay_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxe0v0b"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Why should a school pay for health insurance? That's a private decision up to parents and families. They make these videos as it falls within their realm of responsibility to educate children regardless of condition of learning. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ctbe29
|
assuming they are not shot out if the sky. how long will satellites function without human interaction? what would make them fail?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ctbe29/eli5_assuming_they_are_not_shot_out_if_the_sky/
|
{
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"exjtmcn"
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"text": [
"Usually the limiting factor in sattelite missions is funding.\n\nIf the project stops being funded the sattelite is either deorbitted and burns up in the atmosphere or left dead in space.\n\nIf communications with the sattelite is severed then it will drift for a very long time. However due to different factors sattelites drift lower towards the earth and after many hundreds of years would burn up.\n\nThere are some orbits that a sattelite can occupy where it will never drift however currently there are no sattelite occupying these orbits."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
441lr4
|
Resurrection is recorded in the Bible. Where did the idea originate? Is this the first recorded instance of someone (or something) rising from the dead?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/441lr4/resurrection_is_recorded_in_the_bible_where_did/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czn0n1e"
],
"score": [
4
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"text": [
"I am not by any means a historian, but your question is more literary than historical, feel free to remove is any of this is viewed as questionable. \n\nFrom a purely literary perspective, the theme is pretty much as old as we have recorded stories in writing or pictures. It has been largely linked to agricultural cycles, the birth, death and regrowth of crops. An older sumerian mythology is actually referenced within the old testament of the bible - \n\n > Ezekiel 8:14-15 New International Version (NIV)\n > \n > 14 Then he brought me to the entrance of the north gate of the house of the Lord, and I saw women sitting there, mourning the god Tammuz.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe story of Tammuz, involves him being pulled into the underworld for half the year coinciding with the agricultural winter, his worshipers mourning his death at the solstice (as referenced above), then he returns from the underworld as the crop growth begins again. \n\nHe is just one of many dying and rising deities, so really what you are actually looking for is [Joseph Campbell's work regarding the Hero's Journey aka monomyth](_URL_1_), which says this structure of myth surrounding a heroic transformation, even if not a literal death and resurrection, is the same story repeated through all of time, all cultures and peoples. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=ezekiel%208:14-8:15&version=NIV",
"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1577315936/"
]
] |
||
6mh15t
|
why does something just smelling/tasting bad make some people physically sick, even though they haven't consumed any of the item in question?
|
Also the fact that some people are much more susceptible to it than others...
Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6mh15t/eli5_why_does_something_just_smellingtasting_bad/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dk1ityv",
"dk1kzrr"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"It is something called taste aversion. \n\nBasically, you have smelled something similar to the bad smelling thing in your past and it has done some sort of harm to your body, and your brain makes a copy of that smell so that your brain knows \"If we smell/taste this again, get it away immediately!\".\n",
"It's a defense mechanism. Back before modern food packaging, when our species was young, we hunted and gathered food. If meat was spoiled, or berries were bitter (most likely poisonous), it would smell and taste bad. Our body would reject the potentially harmful food to prevent illness.\n\nOne of the biggest gag inducers is watching someone else throw up. The smell will also trigger a gag reflex. Back when we travelled in groups in the wild, if one member ate something that made them ill, the whole group likely ate that same thing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
75pvre
|
how are the bubbles when you spit formed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/75pvre/eli5_how_are_the_bubbles_when_you_spit_formed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"do81af7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I'm assuming this is referring to when you simply spit on the ground.\n\nWhen you spit you are forcing saliva out of your mouth by mechanical (muscular) forces and also by forcing air out of your lungs. The gases you exhale when spitting do not all dissipate. Some of these gases may become \"trapped\" in the liquid saliva. Since the gases are going to be molecularly attracted to each other they will create bubbles. If you poke out all the bubbles in your spit you'll probably notice only the liquid remains. \n\nPicture cannonballing into a pool with goggles on. You'll see tons of bubbles all around you because your brought them in with you. Except spit holds onto these bubbles, most likely due to its lower viscosity (flow)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
18va1o
|
Can anybody recommend a good/best biography of Chiang Kai-Shek?
|
I visited Taipei last year and reading a good biography of Chiang Kai-Shek has been on my to-do list for a while. Can anybody recommend what would be the best book? Thanks in advance.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/18va1o/can_anybody_recommend_a_goodbest_biography_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8iisyi"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China by Jay Taylor. Taylor breaks from the common rhetoric of Chiang being an inept dictator who mismanaged China until he was ejected from the Mainland by Mao, after which he ruled Taiwan for the rest of his life under the protection of America. Instead he was able to keep an objective view and describe the chaos that was China in those days. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1jo6dq
|
liberalism vs socialism
|
If my understanding is right, socialism and liberalism have similar goals (distribute money democratically, break down private enterprises). However, when I visited /r/socialism, a guy mentioned that liberalism is 'evil'. What are the differences and beliefs of the two ideologies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jo6dq/elif_liberalism_vs_socialism/
|
{
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"One major difference is that liberals may acknowledge what they consider pragmatic considerations in their lives. It is possible to be a 1% top earning executive, and support social structures which narrow wage gaps. The executive may demand she be paid highly given the value of his specialized work. Yet, she may be also interested in seeing the lower earners in society be paid better.\n\nThere are indeed top paid individuals who vote for President Obama and accept high taxes. They will always want to be paid very well. But won't mind seeing others in society advance by a substantial degree.\n\nA socialist is stringent in the principle of redistributing wealth. They will demand that redistribution be explicitly and principally established. They will be ok if they are paid the same (or only marginally better) as the janitors and secretaries they hire.\n\nTo the socialist, the liberal is a hypocrite and undermines the pressures necessary to effect socialist change.\n\nEdit: interestingly, you'll see a similar reaction by radical capitalists against libertarians. They see libertarians, despite many of the same ideals, as undermining and short circuiting the social tide toward capitalism. Though I doubt capitalists are represented at all on reddit--you'll find they act the same as socialists against liberalism.",
"There is difference between \"Liberals\" and \"Liberalism\".\n\nWhen people talk about a liberal they are talking about someone who have progressive view on social issues. Due to historical precedents these people are often placed on the left-side of the political spectrum, where you also can find among others socialist and after a time they quickly there was an association between made between liberals and socialist, even if the groups had initially nothing in common beyond being on the left.\n\nNow, when people talk about Liberalism, they are talking about a philosophy that supports freedom, including (but not limited to,) freedom of the press and religion, democracy, civil rights, legal equality, freedom of the individual, free trade, and private property. In short, they are not adverse to people making money, private enterprises or anything like that, as long as everyone plays by the same rules. In fact, the idea of private property and enterprise is very important in Liberalism, as it is a way to support and promote the betterment of the individual and society.\n\nIn a way those who support Liberalism are much closer to Libertarians than to Socialists, the main difference being that Libertarians believe in small (or in variants the complete absence of) government, while Liberalism generally does not concern itself with the size of government as long as the government is democratic, and fair.\n\nAs with all things political, of course there are different, variants of each philosophy that make the whole thing harder to define, most of them equally right/wrong and many claiming to be the one true definition.\n",
"Making an assumption you are from the US - apologies if that is not the case. \n\nLiberalism everywhere apart from the US is the polar opposite of Socialism, it's what I think most people in the US would recognise as Libertarianism.\n\nFor some reason the US uses liberal as a bye-word for left wing. No idea why this has happened and it only seems to happen there. If the person who responded to you was not from the US then they were almost certainly using a different definition of the word.",
"Okay, the first thing to understand is that liberalism is not about the breaking down of private entreprises. Far from it. I'm sure someone else can describe that system with better clarity than I can, so I'll try to explain socialism - I am a democratic socialist and I am making no attempt to be unbiased here; I am pretty much only giving the positives of socialism and the real world is not the happy-go-lucky place of a five-year-old.\n\nOkay: ELI5 economics lesson. There are four main 'factors of production' that are used to create goods and services. These are land, labour, capital and entreprise. \nLand is basically any natural resources, be that space to build, space and a good climate to farm, a good fishing ground or a good mineral vein. Anything like that. Back in feudalist times, serfs used to be counted in the 'land' category.\nLabour is workers that can be employed, in return for a wage or salary. Capital is the technology and machinery used to extract and process stuff - so, if I want to get electricity from sunlight I need to buy a solar panel.\nEntreprise is the initiative to put it all together, start a company, lead a team and take on the risk of failure.\n\nSocialists believe that Capital and Land should be owned by those using them, and decisions should be made democratically.\n\nSo imagine that you're five years old and on the first day of school the teacher gets the class together and tells you that you will be doing paper cutting! You have to cut squares three inches by three inches, with straight edges (so no tearing them), and for each square to trade in to the teacher, you get a square of chocolate. You think - brilliant! I love using scissors, and I'm good at it too!\nExcept this one kid rushed into the room and took all the scissors and refused to give them up. Now you can't make anything because you don't have scissors... so you go up to him and ask for a pair.\nHe says \"Okay, but only if you give me half the squares you make.\" So you do - after all, it's the best option available to you at the time.\nSo pretty soon you have a nice little production line going - the paper (land, let's assume this is a non-scarce resource like sunlight, although it is possible for this to be hoarded too) is being ferried from the paper drawer to the drawing table, neatly marked with lines showing where to cut, ferried over to the cutting table, cut into squares, then ferried to the teacher's desk. This is using labour.\nYou even have an 'organiser' who is overseeing the whole thing and making sure that everything is going as well as possible (this is entreprise).\n The chocolates are collected and passed out one each. Except... because of your deal with scissors boy you have to give half of all the chocolates to him, even though he hasn't done anything at all! You tell him it's unfair and to give back the chocolates but he says no, and he threatens to take back all the scissors if you keep asking him.\nSo you go to the teacher (the state) and tell him that scissors boy is being unfair and mean and he shouldn't have control over the scissors just because he got into the room first. The teacher thinks for a moment and then says \"But he does own the scissors. He's letting you use them. You shouldn't complain about it.\" (This is the state upholding private ownership of capital)\n\nSo you continue along for a while and then you suddenly realise that all you have to do is persuade your people at the cutting table not to give the scissors back to scissors-boy. After all, he doesn't have them right there in his hands (your friends do though), and he's not using them. It shouldn't impact him too much, right?\nSo you go to him and tell him that he's not going to get any more chocolates for free and if he wants them then he has to work for them like everyone else. He gets angry. He draws back his fist to punch you...\n...and the teacher steps in and stops him.\n(Normally, this incites a violent and bloody revolution. It all depends on whether the owners of capital have enough influence among the political elite to have the state's army and weapons on their side. It can be also achieved democratically if the state sides with the majority of workers (e.g. if there is a functioning democracy and enough people want the change enough). Different strands of socialism disagree on how the revolution should be implemented).\n\nSocialism is generally pretty tied with the civil rights movement on the left. So is liberalism. Their main disagreement area is that liberals champion free markets and private ownership of capital/land, and socialists champion collective/democratic ownership of capital/land - some socialists disagree with free trade and some support it.\n\nThe fact that the two movements are so close to one another in some ways but so far apart in others means that they come into contact with each other very often having to, say, work together for a goal or being mistaken for the other by people who don't know the difference between the two (and that's why I think it's brilliant that you posted in ELI5 to find out more instead of blindly assuming you know what's what). This is very grating for both sides.\n\nBeyond that, there's the fractionary mentality of the far left which leads to even little differences being blown way out of proportion, best explained in this joke:\n_URL_0_",
"In my theory, Americans have for some reason mixed up the terms \"social liberal\" with \"socialist\". They want a strong government that cares for its people, by monopolising healthcare and so forth, but still allowing for a market economy for everyday goods. A socialist would reject that in favour for command economy that is collectively owned. I'm guessing because of all of the \"Red scares\" and what not, social liberals have been equated to socialists and the term \"liberal\" has been turned in to something pejorative. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/socialism/comments/1i1ymy/lets_lighten_it_up_a_little_bit_whats_your_best/cb085hx"
],
[]
] |
|
tvh38
|
What does our solar system orbit?
|
Title explains
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/tvh38/what_does_our_solar_system_orbit/
|
{
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"text": [
"It orbits the center of the Milky Way. [See here](_URL_0_).",
"To explain a little further than snooptray, everything in our galaxy (including our solar system) is orbiting a supermassive black hole that is in the center of our galaxy. It's generally accepted that most, if not all galaxies have black holes in the center, keeping its contents from expanding into (more) open space. ",
"OK, bonus question. Is our solar system orbiting any thing smaller inside the milky way while its swept along and orbits the center?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_system#Galactic_context"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
8arr35
|
how did "chinese" food in the u.s. get so standardized?
|
Pretty much anywhere in the country has the same menu items that come out almost exactly the same way. It's almost like they are all variants of the same chain.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8arr35/eli5_how_did_chinese_food_in_the_us_get_so/
|
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"They all buy from the same enormous restaurant supplier, much the same way that so many diners have pretty much the same menus. A big truck brings it all, prepackaged and ready to prepare. It keeps costs down and customers are more comfortable eating food they're familiar with; not everyone is looking for a unique dining experience. Note that not all restaurants do this, but a large number do. ",
"The Chinese Exclusion Act in the 1800s banned Chinese immigrants from doing pretty much any good jobs which drove Chinese Americans to slums. Chinese food was considered dirty and for poor people as a result. The act was repealed during WWII because China was considered an ally. As a result Chinese food didn't really catch on in the US until fairly recently. During this time, the majority of Chinese immigrants to America came from a handful of places in China, most of them ended up in New York, and most of them were illegal immigrants who found work in restaurant kitchens. They adopted their cooking styles to what was locally available, i.e. General Tso's Chicken is just chicken nuggets smothered in sauce. There's a very good documentary on Netflix called ~~General Tso's Chicken~~ The Search for General Tso which better answers your question.\n\nEdit: thanks u/deuce232 for the correction ",
"Training. Newly arrived Chinese immigrants in America typically find that fast food Chinese restaurants are one of the few sources of employment opportunities due to their lack of English language skills and often times, lack of formal education. \n\nSo they start out by working and learning under an established Chinese restaurant. Then they save up some money and move further in-land to start their own Chinese restaurant. In time they will hire other Chinese immigrants who are either their relatives, or perhaps friends of their relatives, and before you know it you got Chinese restaurants in say, South Dakota, serving up the same food as one in NYC. \n\nThey cook the same dishes that the original restaurant in which they worked at cook, because they understand that's what Americans like to eat e.g. General Tso's, Sesame Chicken, Fried Chicken Wings, Crab Rangoon, etc. The menu is basically off a template and again there's a \"standard\" because many of the restaurants use the same printing company. \n\nThere are no \"pre-made\" versions of most of the main dishes: they are simple enough to make from scratch i.e. General Tso's is breaded chicken, stir fried with a simple sauce. However many of the appetizer items are indeed pre-made i.e. crab rangoon, dumplings, spring rolls etc. because they are rather labor intensive. \n\n",
"I recently ordered General Tso and Orange Chicken thinking it has completely different sauces. It tasted the same so I called them back and they mentioned it uses the same orange zesty sauce. The only difference is that one is using dark meat and the other white! Blew my mind.",
"Have a watch of Netflix's Ugly Delicious \"Fried Rice\" Episode 7.\n\nAs others have already mentioned, essentially the cause is racism, population, and wealth. Now that all three factors are hitting a tipping point, at least in metro areas, there is a huge explosion in both the quality and also the variety of \"Chinese\" food.",
"Most Chinese food in the US is Cantonese food. One region of China has come to represent all of China in its cuisine. It's like if Creole food represented all of the US's cuisine.",
"Stop reading these answers and watch the documentary \"The Search for General Tso\". It will answer your question in more depth than anything you read here.\n\nJust watch it. Now.",
"Side hijack question... Why is Chinese food in north america so different from real chinese food yet Japanese food is very close to the real deal.",
"Same as any other food. Part availability of ingredients, part what the rest of us find appealing, and part why reinvent the wheel. Like our Mexican food is mostly tacos, burritos and quesadillas, but they have much more to offer if you actually went to Mexico. And if you were to start a Mexican restaurant today it would be expected that you have at least 2 of these items in some form. As a cook, you don't want to have to cook 50 different recipes every day, so you figure out what sells best and market that.",
"I don't know about America. But the equivalent in Australia is fried rice and spring rolls. Even some more \"authentic\" places have to add these to the menu specifically to cater for the whities who NEVER fail to put this on their order. "
]
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|
13hxm3
|
Can you tan from the moon?
|
The moon is lit up by reflecting the sun's rays, so by laying out under the moon for extended periods of time, would you receive tanned skin?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/13hxm3/can_you_tan_from_the_moon/
|
{
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"Nope, sorry. The theory is there, but it doesn't work out in real life. The sun is about a half million times brighter than the moon, so you would have to be out for half a million nights to get the same amount of sun you can get in one day. Also, the moon isn't as good at reflecting UV rays, the ones that tan you, so you would be getting even less than a millionth. \n\nBut hypothetically, yes. It is possible for a ray of light to travel from the sun, bounce off the moon, hit a receptor in a melanocyte, and generate some small amount of extra pigment in your skin."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
17e5i9
|
Chinese Imperialism
|
Despite my constant efforts over the past century China has been growing in power and influence in an alarming rate. And while the are flexing their geopolitical muscles today causing alarm in their neighbors I wonder if there is any significant precedent of them colonizing/annexing territory beyond what is commonly thought as China and if not, why?
A bonus question would be how well China's current borders correspond to it's historical ones. I know Tibet was pretty recently annexed and somehow Xinjang and Inner Mongolia seem like places hard to govern for long by any pre modern state.
Peace and may your air be ever breathable.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/17e5i9/chinese_imperialism/
|
{
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"text": [
"I am trying to determine what efforts you have made in the past century to stem the growth of power and influence of the Chinese. I cannot actually comment on this first question though, as it is far out of our rules for the subreddit. \nThe bonus question is another matter. \nThe borders of \"China\" and it's many neighbors have shifted countless times over the last 3000 years. Therefore, there are many possible answers to your question. I will work backwards.\nEarly 19th Century Qing borders were broadly similar to the PRC borders, except that Tibet was never officially a Qing territory, despite Qing military presence. However, before the Qing, large areas were under their own sovereignty at most times, but under the Empire at others, including Manchuria, inner and outer mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang provinces, Vietnam, most of southwestern China, Southeastern China around Fuzhou, and Taiwan. ",
"The modern territorial claims of the Republic of China and People's Republic roughly correspond to the Qing dynasty's as the former user said. Is the Qing sufficiently Chinese? They were ethnic Manchu who wore several hats so to speak. Take a look at articles or books on \"New Qing History.\" Rather than viewing the Qing dynasty as the story of a yet another assimilated ethnic group, its a narrative on the maintenance of a multi-ethnic empire. Emperor of China, Khan of Mongolia, etc. Not a monolithic Qing Chinese state. What id like to ask is, how do you define China?\n\nThe Qing have an undeniable claim to China and are Chinese yes, but Jan no (oh so many questions to answer..what is \"Han\" Chinese?) Are the Yuan Chinese? The Tang? \n\nAssuming you view the scope of Chinese history as a linear development from the Shang to the PRC, then yes. You.should be concerned if precedents worry you. \n\nHowever even if you look at Korea, expansion led to the present day borders. I hardly think China is an exception among other states with opportunity, and neither is it exceptional in it's expansionism. You should be more concerned with the notion of the nation-state more than. Territorial integrity, defined exclusive spaces is your problem here.\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
24ntr8
|
how does applying to college work, with paying, scholarships, admittance, and etc.
|
Applying, if you are accepted, do you go? Financial aid, the entire process. All the fun stuff about college.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24ntr8/eli5_how_does_applying_to_college_work_with/
|
{
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"Its a lot of paperwork, and it varies based on the school.\n\nBut the basics are these -\n\nYou apply to college by filling out an application. Many use the \"Common App\" or the \"Universal App\" but some schools have their own application they want you to use. In either case a quick trip to their website will direct you.\n\nApplying for financial aid is equally easy. You will need to fill out a FAFSA which will cover the majority of your financial aid. This is online and not very hard. Many schools will offer need or merit based scholarships to those who qualify and they will inform you if you qualify. Finally, some scholarships/grants are separate things. For these you will need to (again) go online and find out what the requirements are an apply. \n\nAs with everything else, its almost entirely online and not very difficult. This is a very common road to travel so Google will help you a lot.\n\nTo the question of \"If accepted do you go\" only you can answer that. Its a personal choice."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
a4r4u3
|
do people calmly wake up from comas?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a4r4u3/eli5_do_people_calmly_wake_up_from_comas/
|
{
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"text": [
"I've been in a coma( 2 days) and so have a few of my family members, from what I've seen no, they usually jump up or make a loud gasp, in my case it was screaming.",
"I feel bad for anyone who watched the 2013 YouTube rewind then got into a coma then saw the 2018 YouTube rewind "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4lnogu
|
What was the advent of 'modern' military R & D?
|
It was suggested I post [this](_URL_0_) as its own question.
To attempt rephrase it better, what was/were the first dedicated and sustained attempt(s) at improving military hardware (and/or tactics/strategy etc.) that we would recognize as such? That is to say, not including one-off reforms or the more general attempts at military intelligence/espionage, but more along the lines of a group of people were told 'here is our current pointy stick; go figure out how to make better pointy sticks.'
And as a side question, if the advent is associated with a no longer existent entity, what is the oldest continuous attempt at 'modern' military R & D?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4lnogu/what_was_the_advent_of_modern_military_rd/
|
{
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"The first documented instance (in Italy) when military engineering was specifically removed from the ad-hoc efforts of an officer or commander to the purview of a noncombatant specialist for a sustained period of time was in early 16th century Italy, when Leonardo Da Vinci was handed letters patent making him \"General Engineer and Architect\" of the Papal Armies by captain-general cesare Borgia. If you'd like a precise date, it happens to be August 18th, 1502. However, military engineering was so far in its infancy that Leonardo found himself falling back on art multiple times. \n\nSo how did Leonardo become the first military engineer? Well, let's go back twenty years: Lorenzo Medici, the behind the scenes ruler of the Republic of Florence, needed to get Ludovico Sforza of Milan in his good books: although Ludovico's teenage nephew Galeazzo Maria Visconti-Sforza was technically duke of Milan, Lodovico had managed to imprison the boy's mother, Bona of Savoy, in the castle of Abbiategrasso and have himself proclaimed regent. \n\nLorenzo's diplomatic modus operandi was to contrive, outside of the normal appointment of ambassadors, the employment of Florentine artists (normally painters) on projects commissioned by his allies. King Ferdinand of Naples, for example, had two Florentine painters working for him, while a group of painters had also been dispatched to Rome. This tactic got Lorenzo in everyone's good books, plus when he wrote to check up on how his dear artist friends were doing he could, by extension, find out what was going on in rival courts.\n\nThe Duchy of Milan had been a historic ally of Florence, but artistically didn't lag very far behind and Lorenzo Medici was more than a little unsure of where precisely he stood after Galeazzo Maria's death. Lorenzo's solution was to send Leonardo Da Vinci. \n\nLeonardo had some success as a painter, but there's a weird four-year \"blank period\" immediately following his breakthrough successes in the 1470's in which there isn't a trace of his work. Following this period, his questionable work ethic gets worse; starting some works without finishing them, even taking commissions without even starting them. \n\nSomehow, Leonardo entered the circle of Lorenzo de Medici. We know for sure he took up small-scale architectural drafting, but we don't know where he picked up Military Engineering. We can only hypothesize that his boredom with painting had (perhaps starting in his period off the grid) given way to more practical pursuits. Did Lorenzo know this? We don't know. What we do know is that in 1482 Leonardo da Vinci traveled to Milan with a golden lyre officially to take part in a music contest at the Milanese court, but unofficially to deliver a nine-paragraph letter to Lodovico Sforza. \n\n[The letter is preserved in its entirely in the Ambrosian Library in Milan](_URL_3_). In it, Leonardo outlines his skills (quite literally, as he includes copious sketches); and defines himself not as a painter, but as a multi-talented engineer. \n\nLeonardo's welcome was tepid, but he seemed determined to adapt quickly. While at first his rural Tuscan accent was a barrier to making headway in the Milanese court, even his personal writings would soon be peppered with Lombard-isms. He had been awkward and passè in the refined and lettered Florentine high society (he would bitterly describe himself a \"man without letters\" both figuratively and literally; his handwriting was so bad he asked a scribe to transcribe his letters to Lodovico) while in the Milanese court his military imagination was fueled by the veterans of Duke Galeazzo Maria's near constant campaigning and the uneasy peace over which his successor Lodovico presided. Milan had been bullying other cities in Italy for some two hundred years, this was the prefect environment for an aspiring military engineer. The ruling House of Sforza themselves were a cadet branch of the House of Visconti who had distinguished themselves as military commanders before Francesco Sforza came to the throne by marrying Duke Filippo Maria Visconti's only child and daughter, Bianca Maria. \n\nLeonardo's candid letters to Lodovico (which can often be summarized with, \"Give me more commissions!\") testify to how well he got on in the Milanese court. At first he had lodged with two fellow artists in a workshop near the Ticinese Gate, but by 1485 he had his own workshop with three apprentices, a servant and a housekeeper. Leonardo maintained himself by painting portraits, but was slowly entrusted with engineering commissions, first of which involved the city's [canal system](_URL_2_) and was sent multiple times to Pavia to oversee stones being cut for the city's cathedral (where he also took the chance to read up on anatomy). He built an elaborate model of the Solar System for the wedding of little Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza and Isabel of Naples, as well as plan an [absolutely massive equestrian statue](_URL_4_) of Lodovico which was never built. \n\nAlthough we can't know the extent to which Lodovico encouraged Leonardo's military drafting, Leonardo filled entire notebooks on his plans for war machines (the Codex Atlanticus, so called because it's nearly the size of an Atlas, has the greatest number of military contraptions, and it's digitized somewhere but I can't find it. The Codice Trivulziano also has a large section on military architecture). \n\nLeonardo's interest makes sense given military doctrine in Italy at the time, as I wrote in a [previous answer](_URL_0_), shovels, brick and mortar were just as important as swords and pikes: \n\n > In addition, even when armies were within striking distance few actual pitched battles were fought; maneuver and positioning became exponentially more important, as captains tried to keep their companies intact. When two armies finally gave battle, the encounter was often short and relatively bloodless; as soon as one side worked out an advantage, the \"loser\" often attempted to swiftly withdraw in good order (often to the frustration of their employers; \"They avoid defeat just as long as they avoid battle\" wrote Macchiavelli).\nSieges were more common, especially early in the century. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, the Milanese, Paduans, Veronese and Florentines were almost continuously involved in some kind low-level warfare, often bullying smaller surrounding towns into submitting in order to establish a ring of fortified burghs around their capital. Oftentimes, these sieges were perpetuated by the mercenaries themselves, who needed to be occupied lest they start pillaging; perpetuating a vicious cycle by which larger, richer cities were constantly hounding out weaker ones.\n\nBut Lodovico wouldn't give Leonardo his big break as an engineer. Leonardo would have to wait till 1499 when Louis XII of France [pressed his claim on Milan](_URL_1_). Leonardo first fled to Genoa with Lodovico's court (Genoa was a Milanese puppet-state at this point) before becoming somewhat itinerant around Italy, painting in Mantua, Venice and Florence. Somehow, he managed to come to be employed by Cesare Borgia, the most powerful vassal of the Papacy (and son of Pope Alexander VI). Here, he is finally employed as the first military engineer. Apart from examining enemy fortifications, in his letters patent (written by Cesare in a mix of Spanish and Italian) also entrusted to, \"see, measure, and well examine our encampments, fortifications and states [...]\" and to do what was needed to strengthen them. Leonardo also invented a new variety of gunpowder at this time. \n\nAfter the deposition of Cesare Borgia in 1503, Leonardo moved back to Florence, where he took a bizzarre interest in birds (perhaps due to melancholy caused by his father's recent death). He was very briefly employed by the Florentine state as a military engineer and dispatched to the siege of Pisa, where he was entrusted with diverting the river Arno in an attempt to starve out the city. However, a miscalculation caused the project to fail and infuriated the Florentine commander. He would then dedicate himself to painting until around 1509 when the French military governor of Milan offered him a generous stipend to come back to Milan (he had sold many paintings to the French in the past and was well-regarded by them). Unfortunately,the French were soon ousted before he could start any projects apart from personal studies of anatomy at the University of Pavia. His last feat of engineering would be draining swamps in the vicinity of Rome in the employ of Pope Leo X, a Florentine (and a Medici, to boot) in 1514. He would dedicate himself to painting thereafter, joining the court of the French king Francis I in his later years. "
]
}
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[] |
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4lkq2r/did_the_roman_military_have_anything_like_an_rd/d3oo67s?context=3"
] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4fy2gy/how_did_warfare_in_15th_century_italy_differ_from/d2r19rk?context=3",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3l9jox/when_spain_controlled_parts_of_modernday/cv8bm6i",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/MILAN-Navigli.JPG",
"http://www.leonardo-ambrosiana.it/leonardo-la-lettera-a-ludovico-il-moro-e-gli-studi-di-arte-militare/",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Leonardo_and_his_horse.svg"
]
] |
|
19tbf0
|
[Geology] Can metals be minerals?
|
When I look it up, I seem to get contradictory information. The definition I'm seeing is
"A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence"
This seems to include many metals, however when I see people asking whether metals are minerals, the answer is always "no." On the other hand, I see some sources that list copper as a mineral.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/19tbf0/geology_can_metals_be_minerals/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8r5q24",
"c8r6s12"
],
"score": [
2,
8
],
"text": [
"A long long time ago, Chemistry and Geology had kinda a bromance going on. Geology was particularly interested in mining, and chemistry was developed around purely pragmatic and industrial reasons at the time. (That is why we see Geologists like Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois developing periodic tables for chemistry). After a while, Chemistry became its own thing with its own new terms and ideas (elements). Geology kept its old names for everything (So for instance, Potassium Feldspar instead of KAlSi3O8...etc). But if you look at Sulfur for instance, its both considered an element and a mineral. Same for metals, but here is the trick: \"Metals are considered elements in their native state, not as alloys.\" So Native copper, gold, and silver are considered both elements and metals. Turn it into an alloy, its no longer a mineral of any kind, and has become a chemical mixture. \n\nSource: Geology major, Chemistry minor student. Senior year.",
"Yes. Minerals have five defining characteristics:\n\n1. Naturally occurring\n2. Stable at room temperature\n3. Represented by a chemical formula\n4. Usually abiogenic\n5. Ordered atomic arrangement\n\nNow, a metal meets those requirements. You seem to be talking about \"native metals\" (_URL_0_). These are usually rarer in nature, but still meet the 5 requirements (for ex, copper has a chemical formula that's simply Cu, since the element is the ~only constituent).\n\nMost of the time, metals are found in ores, basically minerals with a large metal component--for example, cinnabar (HgS) and sphalerite (ZnS).\n\nA man-made alloy isn't really a mineral by the given definition above, although 4 is debated (especially since we can make rubies and other gems)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_metal"
]
] |
|
7dvo07
|
what does it mean that a city was founded by someone ?
|
I read often that some great ancient leader founded a city, e.g. the various Alexandria founded by A. the great.
I am unsure what does that entails. For example: from where did the citizens come ? Is it just a matter of saying "this pre-existing conglomerate of abitations is henceforth to be known as Alexandria" ? Or was there an effort to relocate people more or less forcibly from the surrounding region ?
I understand that thing may be different from case to case, so I am after some generic answer.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7dvo07/eli5_what_does_it_mean_that_a_city_was_founded_by/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dq0nhq5",
"dq0nlm3",
"dq0rmfq"
],
"score": [
2,
10,
2
],
"text": [
"Practically speaking most founded towns in the old world were already small settlements and generals would add economy to them by basing resupply ports, garrisons, etc there and relocate populations from other conquered regions to make it work. There are some that were completely new though and those were usually chosen for strategic reasons like the confluence of rivers, high vantage points, important resources... Most of the various Alexandrias were renamed preexisting cities.",
"Generally a city is \"founded\" by whoever was in charge when it was decided there was going to be a city there. That can mean that Alexander the Great rolled up on some villages in a nice spot for a port and \"founded\" a city on top of them, or Peter the Great (lots of the Greats here) decided he wanted a new capital and forced thousands of people to die in a horrible swamp building it.\n\nCould also just be whoever lead the pilgrimage/wagon train/etc to a new spot and set up a town.",
"In the 1800s my great-great-etc.-grandfather founded a town in Georgia USA called “The Plains of Dura”, after a site in the Bible mentioned in a story of Nebuchadnezzar. \n\nThe founder was a banker and funded some of the cost from his own purse and loaned some from his bank. The land was previously occupied by native Americans who were forced out by the government. \n\nSo “founded” in this case means, arranged a sweetheart deal on land and then arranged financing for construction of the core of the town. \n\nThe town is now called just Plains, and is famous for being the birthplace of US President Jimmy Carter. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
vupxw
|
Were Christains killed for their faith in the Colosseum?
|
I looked and couldn't find this question asked previously. If it has been could someone link it?
I read [here](_URL_0_) that:
> Despite numerous accounts of saints’ lives written in the Renaissance and later, there is no reliable evidence that Christians were killed in the Colosseum for their faith
Can anyone explain further? I had thought that the mass killing of Christians in the arena was pretty much an established fact.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/vupxw/were_christains_killed_for_their_faith_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c580sox"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I don't have much time but I will eventually elaborate on this. =P\n\nBasically Christians we're being killed for not participating in the sacrifises all Romans must participate in. Ea. their personal \"contracts\" with their Gods. Not doing this was treason. The commentary with the sources will explain in a bit more detail.\n\n\n\nSources: \n\nTert. Apol. 10.1: Christians would neither worship Roman gods nor sacrifice to emperors,\nso they were accused of ‘sacrilege and treason together’; cf. 24.1, 28.2. At Smyrna\n(Mart. Pionii 15.2.1–2, 18.13–14) Christians were asked to offer sacrifice (and to eat of\nsacrificial meat) in the cult of Nemesis, associated with the emperor and with social\norder. Refusal was taken as both secular and sacral treason: see Hornum (1993) 130–\n1; Bowersock (1993) 29, 47, 53.\n\nL. Hertling and E. Kirschbaum, The Roman Catacombs and their Martyrs, rev. ed., trans.\nM. J. Costello (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1960) 82–3,\n\n | warn against believing fantastic numbers: ‘There were certainly not tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands of martyrs at Rome during the persecution of Diocletian since the Christian community\nat that time did not number a hundred thousand souls.’ They suggest that executions of\nmartyrs did not exceed, and were usually smaller than, groups of 40 or 50 in number.\nFox (1987), 592, estimating that around 5 per cent of the population around 300 was\nChristian, feels, 315, that martyrdom was a rare occurrence. He, 434, notes that no\ngovernor in Africa is known to have executed Christians before 180, and he cites\nOrigen’s comment (C. Cels. 3.8) in the 240s that ‘few’ Christians had died for their faith.\nFollowing de Sainte-Croix (1954) 102, 104, Fox adds, 597, that the numbers who\ndied in the ‘Great Persecution’ are uncertain, ‘but the impact of a persecution was\nalways greater than the numbers executed or sentenced to the mines’. Similarly,\nRouselle (1988), 130–1, correctly notes that the numbers may not have been that\nlarge, but that the fear of persecution greatly influenced Christian ideas; see Bynum\nbelow."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Secrets-of-the-Colosseum.html?c=y&page=3&device=iphone"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
e74z4o
|
how do christmas lights flash individual bulbs?
|
With most Christmas lights, they have a line of LED's. How do they light particular LED's individually?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e74z4o/eli5_how_do_christmas_lights_flash_individual/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f9vkr59"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Many are done as an arangement of 3 strings. If you look closely you can see three wires on many strings or icicle lights. If you really look closely, there's never a need for the entire string to be off and a individual bulb lit. You can get away with controlling 33% of the string at a time for it to look random.\n\nIt will iluminate each string independantly and it will look like every bulb is independantly flashing but in reality, every third bulb is iluminating at the same time.\n\nSometimes they switch up the order so its not uniformly every third connected for randomness.\n\n\nSome new light strings have a tiny IC on every light which is really interesting. Power, ground and data is shared for all lights and every single bulb understands a giant string of pulsed numbers and what ID it is and what colour and brightness it should be at. This happens every milisecond or quicker. Believe it or not, these are actually cheaper since the entire bulb and silicon processing core is integrated and produced in the billions without manual labor."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
382j2z
|
"The Umayyad Caliphate actively discouraged Islamic conversions because of the jizya tax" how true is this statement?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/382j2z/the_umayyad_caliphate_actively_discouraged/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crrydub"
],
"score": [
40
],
"text": [
"Quite true. It wasn't just because of the jizya either; Islam at the time of the Umayyads was not a cosmopolitan religion. It was supposed to be for the still-tribal Arabs--foreigners just wouldn't \"get it\". \n\nHowever, even though it was discouraged, Islam still did spread chiefly among the Iranian peoples, most importantly the nobility (I will explain why this is important later), who found understandably Islam to have much in common with Zoroastrianism, such as:\n\n* Monotheistic [I know someone will get pedantic and say that Zorastrianism is technically dualistic but for our present purposes I don't think that is very important]\n\n* Prayer 5 times a day\n\n* Heaven and Hell (interesting aside: in modern Persian we can interchangeably use both the Zoroastrian and Islamic terms even today: *pardiz* [paradise] and *doozakh* are the Zoroastrian terms w/ indo-european roots, *behesht* and *jahanam* are the Islamic terms w/ semitic roots)\n\n* Afterlife and judgement leading to end-of-time apocalyptic battle between good and evil\n\n* Omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence of God\n\nand many other things (Boyce's *Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices* for more). The Arabs had already mad much exposure to Zoroastrianism, and the Iranians had already much exposure to Abrahamic religions--both Judaism and Christianity--and I think it is quite easy to see the cross-cultural influences between the religions.\n\nI mentioned the nobility adopting Islam as important, this is because the nobility were also at the head of the Zoroastrian clergy. Whole noble families even converted (such as the Samanids), perhaps because they genuinely liked Islam, or perhaps because they wanted to keep their noble status. But with the gradual conversion of the nobility came the loss of influence of Zoroastrianism and the growing influence of Islam. It is also important to note that Zoroastrianism was not very uniform in practice--depending on where in Greater Iran you were, Zoroastrianism could very well be a mix of Indo-European semi-nomadic or tribal customs (Frye goes into this in great detail in *The Golden Age of Persia*) to where the Zoroastrianism practiced in one part of Iran could be almost like a totally different religion than in another.\n\nSo I mentioned the gradual conversion of the nobility to Islam--this started towards the end of the Umayyad reign. As more non-Arabs joined the ranks of Muslims, the more apparent the discrimination towards non-Arabs (or *Ajam*) became. This gradually led to the downfall of the Umayyads in place of the far more cosmopolitan Abbasids; in fact most of the Abbasid revolts were led by Iranians, most famously [Abu Muslim Khorasani](_URL_0_), who stormed Damascus and helped solidify Abbasid rule.\n\nI hope this makes sense and was understandable because I haven't really proofread it lol, if you have any questions please ask. The main sources for this were Frye and Boyce."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muslim"
]
] |
||
85aa5c
|
Was Middle/Late Bronze Age a time of societal and technological stasis in the Near East?
|
When I read about Bronze Age empires there's a period where we see new concepts appearing - law, societal structure, persistent trade routes, organized religion and so on.
However it looks like by the time we're getting to Babylonian Empire it's all... the same. Right up the Bronze Age Collapse. Cities change hands, empires rise - but it's hard to see anything really changing apart from who rules the land.
So is this just difficulties with narrative or was this period static and stagnant?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/85aa5c/was_middlelate_bronze_age_a_time_of_societal_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dvwjefu"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The Middle and Late Bronze Age spanned nearly a thousand years, and naturally there were quite a few changes during that time period. I wrote about many of these changes from an Egyptian perspective in [Ancient Egypt is often described as the longest continuous human civilization, and seems to have maintained a surprising amount of cultural continuity. How accurate is this description?](_URL_0_)\n\nFrom the Babylonian perspective, note that Kassite Babylonia has been massively understudied, and the majority of texts from the time period have gone unpublished. For example, the University of Pennsylvania excavated at Nippur back in the late 1800s, and the university's archaeology museum holds about 5000 tablets from the Kassite period. More were found in the excavations done by the Oriental Institute of Chicago, which ran from about 1950 to around 1990. All told, about 12,000 tablets from the Kassite period have been found, about 80% of which have yet to be published. These are mostly official archives, especially texts relating to the governor's activities.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6xrbm5/ancient_egypt_is_often_described_as_the_longest/dmiynng/"
]
] |
|
4olrp0
|
what is the point of image-based captchas if there are already lots of bots that can solve them? do ticket-reselling websites have some secret ocr/high performance photo recognition software that google doesn't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4olrp0/eli5_what_is_the_point_of_imagebased_captchas_if/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4dnnad",
"d4dp1zk"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Captchas don't need to be perfect to be useful. If robots are making 5 accounts an hour then it's not really the end of the world, if they are making 5 accounts a second then a service quickly can get overwelmed. A speed bump can be as useful as a stop sign. ",
"Ticket sellers hire people to solve Captchas. They have software that automate purchasing, but require humans to handle the data input.\n\nI did this for a living years ago. (So sorry.)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
aeoob9
|
how does comparable gpu's have completely different power needs?
|
I don't know if it's the right subreddit, but I wanna ask: how does nvidia geforce gt 1030 need 30W, and gtx 560 needs 150W, while they have basically the same performance? (In benchmarks gt1030 has 140th place, while gtx560 has 141th)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aeoob9/eli5_how_does_comparable_gpus_have_completely/
|
{
"a_id": [
"edr776h",
"edr8ve5"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"More modern manufacturing process, using smaller transistors that leak less heat during operation, and improvements to the arrangement of those transistors that results in a more efficient architecture.",
"The amount of transistors determines how well the GPU will perform (it is bit more complicated but good for enough for ELI5).\nAs the technology gets better manufacturers are able to made smaller transistors.\nThe transistor use the same voltage but as they are smaller they use less current. \nCurrent*Voltage=Power\nIf you use the same amount of transistors that are smaller you need less current so less power is consumed, but the performance will be the same.\nYou can also use more smaller transistors to keep the power consumption the same and gain proportionally better performance.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1i9m1b
|
Did medieval knights fight with any particular style?
|
The question came to me a while ago after doing a bit of research into martial arts. There are dozens of distinct styles of fighting originating in eastern Asia. Did anything similar come from Europe, specifically medieval period? Or was it mostly improvised?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1i9m1b/did_medieval_knights_fight_with_any_particular/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cb2bu0y",
"cb2kf2w"
],
"score": [
12,
6
],
"text": [
"In fact they did. It varied from the region and weapon used but many knights and fighters were trained in a specific style. Unfortunately not too many records exist before the 1300's but after that they are many training manuals and records from many different countries. If you're looking for an over view of all styles around that time try [this](_URL_2_). It's short but very well organized. If you're looking for historical European martial arts [this](_URL_1_) site is devoted to its study. [This](_URL_0_) is a wiki of western European fighting styles, but verify the information.",
"Wow, the other users have already provided some pretty good info!\n[Wiktenauer](_URL_2_) is probably the best resource on western martial arts there is. The people that maintain it work closely with academic institutions and many historical martial arts groups all over the world. \n\nThe name by the way is a play of words coming from Johannes Liechtenauer - one of the more influential figures in the Holy Roman fencing. There are manuscripts in two or three other HRE schools, but you'll have to check Wiktenauer for that. \n\nThe Italians had other schools - Fiore dei Liberi being one of the more influential figures of the one. The second is the Bolognese school, which was quite popular in the XV - th and XVI-th centuries. I've seen in HEMA (Historical European Martial Arts) circles discussed the possibility for a third italian school...\n\nOther countries have their own treatises, and probably schools - the Spanish for sure did, as well as the French, and the English. There is even a Persian manual surviving!!! A lot of the things in the manuals overlap, and you'll find a lot of common concepts with martial arts all over the world, ranging from wing-chun to modern military training. \n\nThe earliest surviving fencing manuscript is the so called [Tower Fechtbook](_URL_3_) (because it's kept in the London Tower) or simply I.33. It dates to late 13-th or early 14-th century and it presents fighting with sword and buckler - a pretty popular combination during the time. \n\nThere are references for fencing masters earlier than I.33, and imagery from the period often shows things that can also be seen in the later fencing manuals, so there was distinctive martial arts culture before I.33, but since we have nothing surviving a reconstruction is nigh impossible. There are separate images from all over the place - from Byzantium to Britain, and the Viking sagas also offer some hints, but it's only that. We do not have enough info to reconstruct the fighting styles before the 1300, and can only speculate, based on images and extrapolating form later mauals. Saying this, the guys at Hammaborg have done some very good research on viking sword and shield - [video](_URL_1_) (they are also one of the best sword-and-buckler groups out there. The guys from [Hurstwic](_URL_0_) also do viking related stuff. \n\n In general reconstructing the martial arts from the period is a difficult task, because there is no living tradition, and we have to rely on the manuals only. However the HEMA scene has been going strongly for more than 20 years now and I think we can say that we have reached a point where we have a somewhat good idea of how things looked like in practice. \nYou can find a lot more in /r/wma\n\n**tl;dr: There was a strong martial arts culture in Europe with many distinct styles. We have quite a lot of info on styles after 1300, enough for some serious practice. And we know that this culture was there before 1300 but have little knowledge on reconstructing it. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.wiktenauer.com/",
"http://www.hemac.org/",
"http://www.ejmas.com/kronos/NewHist1350-1699.htm"
],
[
"http://www.hurstwic.org/",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkhpqAGdZPc",
"http://www.wiktenauer.com/",
"http://wiktenauer.com/wiki/Walpurgis_Fechtbuch_(MS_I.33)"
]
] |
|
28wy6k
|
Relative value of Roman Currencies in Julius' Caesar's day?
|
I finished HBO's Rome and there were three currencies used: Denarii, Drachma, and I think Egypt had a unique one. What would the exchange rates between these be? I know correlating currencies even 200 years ago is notoriously hard, but can you give me an idea of how valuable these would have been? (How much for an average day's food, how much to have someone killed, etc.)
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/28wy6k/relative_value_of_roman_currencies_in_julius/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cifehm2"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Egypt would have used the Tetradrachm during this time period near the end of the Ptolemaic Empire. Rome would modify the Egyptian currency slightly but allow it's own form of currency since it was specially under the direct control of the Emperor.\n\nA denarius was supposedly a single days wage (the Romans manipulated their currency to be worth basically what they wanted, not necessarily it's actual metallic value) whereas a half a drachma was considered enough for subsistence for a day. Therefore by this calculation a drachma was roughly twice the value of a denarius and a tetradrachma would be worth 4 drachma and 8 denarius.\n\nOf course these are extremely rough and crude estimations, as actual conversions are nearly impossible to come by (especially given the fineness and purity of coinage regularly changed)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
78bfiz
|
if uranium has a half life of 4.5 billion years, why do uranium fuel rods used in nuclear reactors need to be replaced every six years?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/78bfiz/eli5_if_uranium_has_a_half_life_of_45_billion/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dosi6rf",
"dosia1p",
"dosjhpa"
],
"score": [
2,
19,
3
],
"text": [
"Because they are being spent. You can keep gasoline in a barrel for a really long time too, but need to refill your car at pretty regular intervals during use.\n\nThe same concept applies to all fuel, Uranium is broken down in the nuclear reaction, leaving less of it than there was before, at a rate much greater than its natural half-life.",
"Because half life is from natural decay, not fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, we're actively causing the fuel atoms to split at a much higher rate than decay would happen in nature.\n\nPlus there's also a significant difference between natural decay and atomic fission.",
"Uranium-238 has a half-life of ~4.5 billion years. However, Uranium-238 is not what drives a nuclear fuel cycle. Uranium-235, which has a half-life of about 700 million years, along with some other isotopes are the primary fuels in most nuclear reactors.\n\nSome nuclear reactors are designed to operate on refined Uranium with its natural isotope balance, while others require the fuel to be enriched by increasing the proportion of Uranium-235 in the fuel. Yet more reactors permit new fuel to be mixed together with old fuel, burning it again.\n\nWhat makes U-235 so different from U-238 is that U-235 is a fissile material whereas U-238 is not a fissile material.\n\nIn the right concentration, and under the right conditions, fissile materials are capable of sustaining a fissile chain reaction.\n\nFissiling is different than simple radioactive decay. Over time, Uranium-235 will naturally undergo alpha decay into Thorium-231 absent any external intervention. However, if a Uranium-235 atom collides with a thermal (slow) neutron, the atom can literally be blown into pieces.\n\nA single Uranium-235 atom may be broken into Barium-141 and Krypton-92 along with three free neutrons. If these neutrons are then slowed down, they can further interact with more Uranium-235 atoms.\n\nOn the other hand, Uranium-238 naturally decays into Thorium-234 over billions of years. However, unlike Uranium-235 Uranium-238 does not fissile with thermal (slow) neutrons. Instead, it captures them and becomes Uranium-239. Uranium-239 Undergoes beta decay into Neptunium-239 which in turn undergoes beta decay into Plutonium-239, a useful isotope in nuclear weapons. However, Plutonium-239 can capture slow neutrons and become Plutonium-240, a temperamental waste product.\n\nJust for the sake of completion, the radioactive particles emitted by alpha decay (two protons, two neutrons, or a helium-4 nucleus) and beta decay (electron) are not sufficient to start or sustain most fissile chain reactions. Spontaneous fission in Uranium isotopes is rare but does occur so care must be taken to keep concentrations of fissile material below a certain threshold.\n\nIn summary, nuclear reactors aren't powered by the natural radioactive decay of their fuel, but rather by a chain reaction caused by neutrons flying around colliding with fissile material causing said fissile material to break into pieces which in turn causes more neutrons to fly around. The rate of this reaction must be carefully controlled."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
c760a9
|
How do you increase tolernce to alcohol?
|
What exactly happens to your organism when you start to drink alcohol more often so that it starts to toletate bigger ammounts of alcohol? Does the pancreas starts to digest more of it, or your body becomes imune to it in a paticular way?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/c760a9/how_do_you_increase_tolernce_to_alcohol/
|
{
"a_id": [
"esfcae0"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Consumption-induced alcohol tolerance can be divided into functional tolerance and metabolic tolerance. There are some other minor changes but these are probably the most important.\n\nFunctional tolerance is when your body (particularly the central nervous system) adapts to compensate for the increased alcohol concentration by decreasing its response. This mainly acts by desensitising alcohol-sensitive GABA receptors in the CNS. In simple terms this just means that the receptors that alcohol would normally bind to don’t respond to it as easily so you need more alcohol to reach the same level of activation. \n\nMetabolic tolerance leads to increased breakdown of alcohol in the liver. It is unclear exactly how this occurs but it involves increased activity of the enzyme which breaks down alcohol (alcohol dehydrogenase) inside liver cells (hepatocytes). This means that more alcohol is being processed so you must consume more of it in order to reach the same blood alcohol concentration.\n\nYou also mention digestion by the pancreas but you should remember that no digestion occurs in the pancreas itself. It produces enzymes which help with digestion but it secretes these into the small intestine."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
ftq1dp
|
why do racecars have to change tires so often? usually tires are good for much longer than a day.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ftq1dp/eli5_why_do_racecars_have_to_change_tires_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fm8d1dq",
"fm8dlie",
"fm8e1sw"
],
"score": [
2,
20,
3
],
"text": [
"The quick and easy answer is race tires are designed for performance not longevity, as soon as racecars start to lose performance in the tire they change them so that they maintain an optimal race pace",
"Race car tires are quite different from the tires on your car and are experiencing a lot more stress\n\nRacing tires are quite soft at temperature compared to a normal tire, the softer tires give more grip than harder ones and more grip means faster laptimes. Even your softest street tire is still going to be on the order of a hard racing tire while many racing series have soft, super soft, and even ultra soft tires.\n\nYour touring tire is going to be a solid compound designed to give you 30-75k miles at sustained speeds of up to 85 mph, and cornering forces of about 0.5 gs max. An F1 tire will be experiencing 2 g acceleration, 5 g braking, and up to 6 g turns at speeds of up to 230 mph which will get them far far hotter than your car tire.\n\nRacing tires have traded tire longevity for grippiness and its up to the teams to balance the time loss of swapping tires in a pitstop against the time gain of running grippier tires",
"1) Racing tires are under pretty extreme stress during the race, stresses that normal tires don't really experience. Thus, it should come as no surprise that they degrade pretty quickly.\n\n2) If your goal is to win the race, you need optimized performance out of the car, which means you need optimal tires. Even if the tires are still perfectly functional, they may have fallen off the performance cliff and thus you're going to be going more slowly around the track than your competitors on newer tires.\n\n3) It actually *is* possible to design tires that will last the entire race. In many series this is objected to out of cost concerns, but in others the tire degradation is actually deliberate because it helps make the race more interesting. This is doubly true in Formula 1, as the only way to *ensure* teams come into the pits is to swap tires, given that mid-race refueling is banned."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
jq96p
|
jpeg compression
|
As a programmer, I see things like lossy data compression as sort of a black art. I believe that everything can be explained in simple terms, so if anyone out there can do it, please do!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jq96p/eli5_jpeg_compression/
|
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"text": [
"Let's take an image that is 1000 by 1000 pixels. Each pixel requires some number of bytes of data to tell you what color it is. Now, that's a significant amount of data, so a compression algorithm tries to reduce the amount of data you need to store that picture.\n\nI'm not sure if this is how JPEG specifically works, but one 'lossy' way to compress an image is to reduce the number of pixels you store. So, you could divide the picture up into clumps of 4 or 9 pixels, take the average color of that clump, and replace the clump with a single pixel of that color. Now you've cut the amount of data you need to store by 1/4th or 1/9th. Of course, you've also lost a lot of valuable information about the picture.\n\nOne way some algorithms compensate for that loss is in how they reconstruct the image when you open it to view or edit. For example, when re-expanding each pixel into the clump of 4 or 9 it came from, they adjust the color of each pixel based on both the clump's color and the colors of adjoining clumps. This works because images rarely have perfectly sharp lines between color spaces. Instead, colors tend to have gradients or blur together.",
"Well, there are some general ways of compressing data. For instance, there's the obvious \"run-length encoding\" (RLE), which does something like\n\n AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\n becomes\n A * 30\n\nThis is actually a pretty common pattern. Imagine you've just drawn a picture in mspaint, \"A\" here represents a pixel, and most of the next-door pixels are the same colour. In fact, BMP supports RLE compression.\n\nThe next step up is something like \"Huffman coding\". That's when you take a sentence - say, this entire post - and notice that E is the most common letter. Therefore, it makes sense to spend less bits on it. So if you would ordinarily use eight bits for every character in a post, you could spend say one bit on the E's, and maybe more than eight bits on the uncommon letters, giving you a net filesize reduction in average. Of course, then you have to store your own little lookup table, but generally this is a useful technique, especially if you look at larger blocks than single letters.\n\nSo RLE and Huffman coding are both lossless transforms. There are also more advanced arithmetic and dictionary coding methods, but the point is these approaches are general to basically any type of data. \n\nThe magic thing about JPEG is that you know something more about it than \"oh, it's just a set of bits\". JPEG (and audio, and video formats) represent a signal. A waveform, if you like. Tell you what: by some clever calculus known as the Fourier series, you can approximate any waveform in a finite number of steps. So, you can represent your waveform as a sum of sin() and cos() terms. JPEG doesn't specifically use the Fourier series, it instead uses something called a Discrete Cosine Transform (\"DCT\") which is basically the same idea.\n\n[This image](_URL_0_) sums it up pretty well; any eight-by-eight pixel image can be made up of some combination of each one of those blocks. Of course, you have to do this for every colour channel.\n\nOkay, so here's what we do:\n\n Break up our large image into 8x8 blocks\n For each block:\n Use the DCT to represent the block as a multiple of those wavey-looking blocks\n Store the result as a 8x8 matrix of coefficients\n\nNow we do something incredibly silly:\n\n Round everything\n\nYep, that's right, we just did a bunch of calculus and now we're going to throw half the result away to innaccuracies. We do it in a relatively clever way, though, and that is with a \"quantisation matrix\". You see that wikipedia image? The top-left image, the white square, that's pretty important. If that has a certain colour value associated with it, then it's going to permeate the whole block, and it's going to give a significant effect to the image as a whole. But as you get further along, maybe the other blocks arn't quite as important to the image.\n\nHave a look at [this](_URL_1_), now. This shows a DCT coefficient matrix, being rounded carefully with a fixed weighting matrix, such that we only lose the fiddly detailey bits, retain the important structural aspects of the image, and most importantly, it turns out that (because of integer operations) most of the resulting matrix is full of zeroes.\n\nSo anyway, now we have our entire image represented as... mostly zeroes! We can then apply the earlier mentioned lossless run-length encoding and other types of arithmetic coding like this, in order to really save a whole lot of space. And that's really all there is to it.\n\nCouple other things to note:\n\n* You can choose a level of rounding, or a level of quantisation - hence why if you save a JPEG in Fireworks or Photoshop or The GIMP it'll give you a quality slider from 1 to 100.\n* Basically every digital video format, from VCDs through H.264 also employs a DCT system. There have been a few attempts to replace it with the \"next-gen\" Wavelet approach, but they have immense drawbacks.\n* JPEG generally represents colours as YUV instead of RGB. That's not a big deal, there's just a formula for it. YUV represents brightness vs two colour channels; JPEG usually also drops every other colour pixel, since the eye is more sensitive to brightness detail than colour detail.\n* WebP and H.264 keyframes are both kinda similar to JPEG, but they can use variable block sizes and motion compensation, amongst other cool things.\n",
"Let's take an image that is 1000 by 1000 pixels. Each pixel requires some number of bytes of data to tell you what color it is. Now, that's a significant amount of data, so a compression algorithm tries to reduce the amount of data you need to store that picture.\n\nI'm not sure if this is how JPEG specifically works, but one 'lossy' way to compress an image is to reduce the number of pixels you store. So, you could divide the picture up into clumps of 4 or 9 pixels, take the average color of that clump, and replace the clump with a single pixel of that color. Now you've cut the amount of data you need to store by 1/4th or 1/9th. Of course, you've also lost a lot of valuable information about the picture.\n\nOne way some algorithms compensate for that loss is in how they reconstruct the image when you open it to view or edit. For example, when re-expanding each pixel into the clump of 4 or 9 it came from, they adjust the color of each pixel based on both the clump's color and the colors of adjoining clumps. This works because images rarely have perfectly sharp lines between color spaces. Instead, colors tend to have gradients or blur together.",
"Well, there are some general ways of compressing data. For instance, there's the obvious \"run-length encoding\" (RLE), which does something like\n\n AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\n becomes\n A * 30\n\nThis is actually a pretty common pattern. Imagine you've just drawn a picture in mspaint, \"A\" here represents a pixel, and most of the next-door pixels are the same colour. In fact, BMP supports RLE compression.\n\nThe next step up is something like \"Huffman coding\". That's when you take a sentence - say, this entire post - and notice that E is the most common letter. Therefore, it makes sense to spend less bits on it. So if you would ordinarily use eight bits for every character in a post, you could spend say one bit on the E's, and maybe more than eight bits on the uncommon letters, giving you a net filesize reduction in average. Of course, then you have to store your own little lookup table, but generally this is a useful technique, especially if you look at larger blocks than single letters.\n\nSo RLE and Huffman coding are both lossless transforms. There are also more advanced arithmetic and dictionary coding methods, but the point is these approaches are general to basically any type of data. \n\nThe magic thing about JPEG is that you know something more about it than \"oh, it's just a set of bits\". JPEG (and audio, and video formats) represent a signal. A waveform, if you like. Tell you what: by some clever calculus known as the Fourier series, you can approximate any waveform in a finite number of steps. So, you can represent your waveform as a sum of sin() and cos() terms. JPEG doesn't specifically use the Fourier series, it instead uses something called a Discrete Cosine Transform (\"DCT\") which is basically the same idea.\n\n[This image](_URL_0_) sums it up pretty well; any eight-by-eight pixel image can be made up of some combination of each one of those blocks. Of course, you have to do this for every colour channel.\n\nOkay, so here's what we do:\n\n Break up our large image into 8x8 blocks\n For each block:\n Use the DCT to represent the block as a multiple of those wavey-looking blocks\n Store the result as a 8x8 matrix of coefficients\n\nNow we do something incredibly silly:\n\n Round everything\n\nYep, that's right, we just did a bunch of calculus and now we're going to throw half the result away to innaccuracies. We do it in a relatively clever way, though, and that is with a \"quantisation matrix\". You see that wikipedia image? The top-left image, the white square, that's pretty important. If that has a certain colour value associated with it, then it's going to permeate the whole block, and it's going to give a significant effect to the image as a whole. But as you get further along, maybe the other blocks arn't quite as important to the image.\n\nHave a look at [this](_URL_1_), now. This shows a DCT coefficient matrix, being rounded carefully with a fixed weighting matrix, such that we only lose the fiddly detailey bits, retain the important structural aspects of the image, and most importantly, it turns out that (because of integer operations) most of the resulting matrix is full of zeroes.\n\nSo anyway, now we have our entire image represented as... mostly zeroes! We can then apply the earlier mentioned lossless run-length encoding and other types of arithmetic coding like this, in order to really save a whole lot of space. And that's really all there is to it.\n\nCouple other things to note:\n\n* You can choose a level of rounding, or a level of quantisation - hence why if you save a JPEG in Fireworks or Photoshop or The GIMP it'll give you a quality slider from 1 to 100.\n* Basically every digital video format, from VCDs through H.264 also employs a DCT system. There have been a few attempts to replace it with the \"next-gen\" Wavelet approach, but they have immense drawbacks.\n* JPEG generally represents colours as YUV instead of RGB. That's not a big deal, there's just a formula for it. YUV represents brightness vs two colour channels; JPEG usually also drops every other colour pixel, since the eye is more sensitive to brightness detail than colour detail.\n* WebP and H.264 keyframes are both kinda similar to JPEG, but they can use variable block sizes and motion compensation, amongst other cool things.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Dctjpeg.png",
"https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/JPEG#Quantization"
],
[],
[
"https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Dctjpeg.png",
"https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/JPEG#Quantization"
]
] |
|
5ickcc
|
why do people lose weight during sleep?
|
Basically the title. About 3 months ago I started to log my eating habits as well as weight loss/gain. Measuring at night, I noticed that in the mornings sometimes I could go down as much as 2 pounds. Anyone care to explain?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ickcc/eli5_why_do_people_lose_weight_during_sleep/
|
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"text": [
"water loss, either through sweat, pee, or just the humidity in your breath.\n\nthe other is carbon dioxide, inhale oxygen, exhale CO2. Add up all those carbons and you can get a measurable amount of weight.\n\nBut of your 2lbs, i would be sure atleast 75% of it was water.",
"You're still breathing, heart's still pumping, brain's still thinking right? All of that requires energy from food in your belly or fat reserves. \n\nThe mass lost leaves mostly through sweat, CO2 when you exhale, and that one time you pooped the bed. ",
"Two main things.\n\nOne is just that you exhale and sweat a fair amount of water all the time - at night, you aren't replacing that at all, so you lose some water weight. (Typically why a lot of people are thirsty first thing in the morning.)\n\nBut also because you are constantly exhaling weight - this is actually the main mechanism that you lose weight period.\n\nYou inhale oxygen (o2), and breath out carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Your body took the oxygen and reacted it with sugars in your body (made from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen), which result in the gases you exhale. When you lose weight, it's because of the carbon and hydrogen you are adding to your exhaled breaths.\n\nRelated fact - most of the mass of plants comes not from their roots but from the air - they take in CO2 and release O2, keeping the Carbon to build their tissues.",
"You body is taking in oxygen, and breathing out oxygen plus hydrogen (water) and oxygen + carbon (carbon dioxide). \n\nThat is basically how *all* long term weight is lost, and over the course of 8 hours, it adds up. Also, you perspire while you sleep, and that contributes too.\n\nIn addition, bathroom scales are not terribly accurate, and differences in temperature and humidity between evening and morning can skew their results."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
7v3lj7
|
the difference between men's and women's deodorant, aside from price
|
My friend notes that guys stick deodorant is cheaper, and obviously there's a lot that's just marketing spin to sell products, but is there any/much relevant chemical difference between them, and if so, what is it; and thirdly, does that drive the price difference at all?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7v3lj7/eli5_the_difference_between_mens_and_womens/
|
{
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"dtp7tzc",
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],
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3,
5
],
"text": [
"The ingredients. \n\nWomens products tend to contain more fragrances and moisterizers then men's products.\n\nThose extra ingredients don't come free.",
" > and thirdly, does that drive the price difference at all\n\nNo. The price difference is almost entirely due to marketing. The main differences between mens and womens is the scent and the packaging. It's the packaging you're paying more for in womens deodorant. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
a574s7
|
Were any of the prominent writers and thinkers of Enlightenment Age-era Europe aware of Buddhism? And if so, what were their thoughts on Buddhism as a religion and/or school of philosophy?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/a574s7/were_any_of_the_prominent_writers_and_thinkers_of/
|
{
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"text": [
"Most of the historical work on the West’s encounter with Buddhism has focused on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and it is generally assumed that there was not a great deal of information in Europe about Buddhism before this. It is true that Buddhist texts in Sanskrit and Pāli were not widely studied in the West until the nineteenth century (de Jong, 20), and there was little popular knowledge of Buddhism there until the end of that century (Almond), but Buddhism was known before 1800.\n\nUrs App has done a lot of research on the period prior to the nineteenth century and argues that some thinkers were indeed impacted by the knowledge about South and East Asia that was filtering back to Europe from the sixteenth century onward, mostly via Jesuit writings. A scholar of Zen Buddhism himself, App even argues that the Jesuits’ first systematic study of the texts of a non-Abrahamic religion was their study of Japanese Zen Buddhism (App, 9-10). The fact that the Jesuits served as the mediators in early European encounters with Asian religions naturally introduced some biases as their writings often focused on the religious arguments they were having with Buddhists and Confucians in China (Lee), and Brahmins in India. Nevertheless, App argues that their reports did allow some Enlightenment thinkers to learn about traditions such as Buddhism. Here are two of his examples:\n\n1. Voltaire helped popularize Jesuit writings on Asian religion. Although he was generally more interested in the Indian *Vedas*, he shared a general approval of the artistic and particularly humanistic traditions of China (App, 41). He also drew from Jesuit writings on Buddhists and Hindus to support his arguments for universal human history and a universal human religion that was Deistic in nature (App, 33-35).\n2. Diderot accepted the notion, which was becoming common among French intellectuals, that Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufi Islam were simply facets of a single Asian religious system, and that this system was fundamentally atheistic (App, 151-153). As with Voltaire, the existence of an ancient and supposedly atheistic tradition helped Diderot make his case.\n\nThus, Enlightenment thinkers tended to treat Buddhism as part of a larger, ancient pan-Asian religion that was atheistic or Deistic in nature, but which had become corrupted by priests who kept these esoteric teachings to themselves while teaching an exoteric doctrine that was ritualistic and superstitious. Of course, this attitude appears to be much influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers’ own philosophical commitments, but App argues that influence was a two-way street, and missionary writings about Asian religions actually contributed to the formation of these commitments.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n**Works Cited**\n\nAlmond, Philip. *The British Discovery of Buddhism*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.\n\nApp, Urs. *The Birth of Orientalism*. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.\n\nde Jong, J. W. *A Brief History of Buddhist Studies in America and Europe*. Tokyo: Kōsei Publishing, 1997.\n\nLee, Thomas H. C. *China and Europe: Images and Influences in the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries*. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
aogbzq
|
How do amino acids from food enter cells and become proteins?
|
I'm not asking about the translation steps, but about how amino acids actually enter the body. If we get amino acids from food, do they get broken down more and then remade? Do they just float into the cytoplasm? How does a cell "grab" a specific amino acid to use to make a protein?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/aogbzq/how_do_amino_acids_from_food_enter_cells_and/
|
{
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"eg0wtwf"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The family of proteins called solute carrier proteins comprise a very large number of proteins, that were identified early, but not quickly characterized. We know now that many of them serve the role of transporting various amino acids into cells. \n\nyou can read more in this review: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1223487/pdf/12879880.pdf"
]
] |
|
300gbo
|
why don't word processors like ms word have extensive autocorrect like smartphone keyboards do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/300gbo/eli5_why_dont_word_processors_like_ms_word_have/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpnxe9x"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Extensive autocorrect on smartphones exists because typing on them is hard for most people. When you have a full keyboard, and in a word processor for desktop you are expected to, it's more annoying than helpful for the program to make guesses about what you *meant*."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1sfg8e
|
Have there been any cases of sterile kings using "other" methods for producing progeny?
|
I'm looking to know if there have been any instances of kings that, because they were unable to produce any kind of offspring, had to resort to more unorthodox methods of continuing the royal bloodline.
For example:
* Would they adopt children to serve as heirs? (e.g. from their own family, from another noble family, etc)
* Is there any kind of historical evidence to believe a king would secretly request his brothers, cousins, etc. assistance in "matrimonial affairs"?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1sfg8e/have_there_been_any_cases_of_sterile_kings_using/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdx38kr"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
" > Would they adopt children to serve as heirs?\n\nIndeed, this is the practice in Roman empire, when emperors lack legitimate child. Most famously this was practiced by the first four of Five Good Emperors:Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. They chose their successor by adopting them. Marcus Aurelius, having his own natural, legitimate son in Commodus, did not practice adoption. Commodus, unfortunately, turns out to be shitty ruler and ended his reign violently.\n\nMedieval rulers in Christian Europe did not practice adoption. If they were childless they would arrange a cadet branch of their dynasty to succeed them or, lacking that, will have to settle with claimants who married woman of their dynasty to succeed the tittle. To an extent such practice survived into early modern Europe. The Capetian of France is the most famous example, when the main line died out, the Valois branch succeeded as king of France. And when the Valois branch died out, the Bourbon branch took over.\n\nOttoman sultans have plenty of women in their harems so succession is rarely a problem. Furthermore, in late Ottoman, succession is not primogeniture from father to son, but by seniority, namely a sultan will be succeeded by his eldest brothers, or lacking that, by eldest son of his brothers.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
wopq3
|
Are there any books regarding indigenous peoples of the extreme north?
|
I've been looking all over and I can't find anything substantive. I'm looking for information regarding people such as the Dorset, Independence I/II, Inuit, Sami, Siberian people, and generally any people who lived in harsh northern conditions. It seems to be a largely ignored group of people, which makes it that much more interesting to me.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/wopq3/are_there_any_books_regarding_indigenous_peoples/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5f5ej0",
"c5f6de9"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"The northernmost people in the world at the Inughuit and Jean Malaurie's *Ultima Thule* is a classic book about them and outside contact. Expensive but you can get it used. Not sure if [Báiki: The International Sámi Journal](_URL_0_) is still publishing but at least their website it still up.",
"Check out Yuri Slezkine,[ *Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North*](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.baiki.org/"
],
[
"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Mirrors-Russia-Small-Peoples/dp/0801481783"
]
] |
|
eepgaa
|
I'm hoping to make an in-depth timeline of events to help my research. To anyone who's done the same, do you have any software or method recommendations?
|
I'm trying to keep track of number of events in various parts of the world and I was hoping to make a timeline for easy reference for myself. For anyone who has made large-ish timelines, what software or method(s) do you recommend?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/eepgaa/im_hoping_to_make_an_indepth_timeline_of_events/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fbvsdo6"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I can recommend the free website Time Graphics. My example timeline is actually only semi-historical, as I used it to plot events in ancient history against the ancient timeline of the show *Steven Universe*, but hopefully it will serve as a good example of what the website is capable of: _URL_0_\n\nAs you can see, you can plot both individual events and long blocks of time. These can be colour coded (I personally colour coded according to continent since I was plotting broad brush strokes of world history.) You can also add images and descriptions to each item that you add. Hope that helps!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://time.graphics/line/117642"
]
] |
|
4zm67t
|
how do venus flytraps digest?
|
My only guess is they break food down with some secretion, but I really haven't a clue.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zm67t/eli5_how_do_venus_flytraps_digest/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6x0m7e"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"They secrete digestive enzymes. Interestingly enough, the digestive action of venus fly traps seem to have come from defenses against insects that were co-opted into carnivory. Jasmonic acid, which is used in other plants to activate defense mechanisms, is used by the venus fly trap to activate digestion."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
kj41n
|
how does a new show get on tv?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kj41n/eli5_how_does_a_new_show_get_on_tv/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2knfpo",
"c2knfpo"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Someone comes up with an idea and pitches it to a network. \n\nIf the network likes the idea they create a \"pilot episode\" so they can see if they still like it and show it to other people to see if they like it too.\n\nIf that goes well then the show is made and broadcast on TV.",
"Someone comes up with an idea and pitches it to a network. \n\nIf the network likes the idea they create a \"pilot episode\" so they can see if they still like it and show it to other people to see if they like it too.\n\nIf that goes well then the show is made and broadcast on TV."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3iwrhk
|
...why does flash seem to be universally hated?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3iwrhk/eli5why_does_flash_seem_to_be_universally_hated/
|
{
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5,
34,
16,
4,
3,
2
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"text": [
"A lot of people are just jumping in on the bandwagon because they see that you're supposed to hate it so they hate it. But they have no idea why.\n\nIn practice, it's a big security vulnerability in the browser. That's the main thing. There's also performance and the fact that its inherently tied to Adobe. If you want more information, googling \"why is flash bad\" will give you more information. I don't understand why you need to make an eli5 thread for this. ",
"It takes forever to load, \nsometimes you need to install shit to make it work at all, \nit takes control of your keyboard unless you click outside the flash box, \nyou can't search in it, I can't see it with my iPhone, \nit belongs to a big corporation that forced it down our throats.... \n\nShall I continue?",
"Flash isn't universally hated but there is a movement to eliminate it. A lot of the keenest supporters of this movement are people who design web browsers (like Firefox and Chrome). They hate Flash because running multiple Flash applications (like when you have several tabs open at once and they all have little animated video ads on the side) can overwhelm their browsers and make them crash. These events can also cause a huge memory leak and soak up a lot of CPU power, to the point other programs start shutting down on your computer. ",
"Flash is a program that lets you do many complex things in a web browser, without having to install separate programs for those things on your computer.\n\nIt sometimes does these things in an inefficient, insecure, and imperfect way.\n\nThat's not ideal, but the biggest part of why it's disliked is that it's used for relatively simple purposes that should not need it. When Flash is running for an \"obvious\" reason, you do not know what else it is doing. It could be doing something outrageous to try to steal your data, or it could just be displaying a video. It has the capacity to do so much that invoking such a powerful program for every little thing on the internet ends up being a huge security risk. Google is moving towards blocking ads that invoke Flash, and ads are actually a great example of flash run amok. It pops up out of nowhere and you don't always have the ability to prevent it from loading and wasting your bandwidth; you also can't always stop it from wasting your processing power and making noise even if you don't want that item to play. ",
"Have you seen that goofy outfit he wears? We get it dude, you like red and yellow.",
"It's not universally hated. It's just outdated. In the internet of 10 years ago, flash was the coolest thing ever. Newgrounds was the shit, man."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7y5u3s
|
I am a Soviet Army soldier fighting in 1980s Afghanistan. I have been captured by the mujahedeen. How will I be treated as a prisoner?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7y5u3s/i_am_a_soviet_army_soldier_fighting_in_1980s/
|
{
"a_id": [
"due8tx5"
],
"score": [
51
],
"text": [
"So the most infamous results of \"treatment\" were quite horrifying. Stories of death and mutilation abound, and certainly were the common image for the scared, 18 year old conscripts being sent to 'fulfill their international duty' of the fate that awaited them, but the Mujahideen was hardly a monolithic entity, and treatment could vary greatly, although the sample size is quite small, as prisoners, generally, were a rarity in the conflict.\n\nI'll start off with the worst of it, from Svetlana Alexievich's oral history of the war \"Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghanistan War\", and preface this by saying it is not for the faint of heart. It should also be said that as with any oral history project, it can sometimes be hard to separate fact from fiction, especially in the case of unattributed quotations. It undoubtedly captures the *feel* of the time, but this absolute most horrifying and striking mention of the treatment of prisoners is also one which offers no provenance, and may very well be nothing more than unsubstantiated rumor passed around. Alexievich attributes it simply to \"snatches of conversation\" overheard waiting for a flight to Kabul:\n\n > They do take prisoners. They cut off their limbs and apply tourniquets so they won’t bleed to death. They leave them like that for our people to pick up the stumps. The stumps want to die, but they’re kept alive.\n\nJust how true this *specific* account is, or how widespread it was, aside, it absolutely speaks to the more general expectation of treatment. A soldier who went missing would, far too often, be found by his comrades a few days later, his tortured and mutilated body purposefully discarded in a place to be stumbled upon. Even then, they might have been the lucky ones. The 860th Regiment saw one of its men, Pashanin, taken by the Mujahideen during an operation in 1984. It was reported back to them from spies that Pashanin had been castrated by his captors, who kept him alive in their village for over a month, kept naked and on a leash that attached to a ring put through his nose. Six months later, a local boy sold the regiment the location of the body, which was so unrecognizable that he officially remained listed as MIA.\n\nSuch brutal excesses were not always the case, but the high visibility of it was hard to ignore, and definitely dictated the general sense that capture should be avoided at *all* costs, even death. Simple execution out of hand, which also happened, would have been a blessing most likely, but death was by no means a *guarantee* in any case. Often, if a Muj commander had someone in mind - or just wanted a 'get out of jail free' card in his pocket - captives would be held for exchange. Of course this too could end badly. Evgeni Okhrimiuk, a civilian geologist captured in 1981 was held by a local Muj commander who wished to make a trade for his brother. The trade fell through due to the technicality that the brother had been executed. After a year of half-hearted negotiation for a ransom instead, Okhrimiuk was simply executed.\n\nThere were other types of exceptions. Almost two dozen defectors were able to make their way into Western hands eventually, a small propaganda coup. It also wasn't unknown for Russians to end up turning and fighting for the Mujahideen. Officially, of those who had gone MIA during the conflict, 44 were known to have taken up arms with the Muj, although the number may have been more. Unsurprisingly, this was most common for soldiers who defected or otherwise were willing to cooperate following their capture, although even then it could take years of captivity to earn real trust. Aleksei Olenin, a young Russian who had been captured and held prisoner eventually fought with the Mujahideen detachment for the next six years, and recalled that four other Russian defectors/captives fought in the unit during that time. Nominally though, he was still a prisoner. After the collapse of the of the Soviet efforts and their withdrawal, remaining prisoners were generally ransomed for return, Olenin one of them. He felt out of place upon his return in 1994 however, and soon went back to Afghanistan and married. He would eventually return to his russian village a decade later, family in tow, living as a devout Muslim. Similarly, an 18 year old draftee at the time, G.A. Tsevma deserted from his post in 1983 and after several years in captivity, eventually converted to Islam and began a family, and was still living in Afghanistan as of 2003, at least. \n\nNot all captives had quite the happy ending. Even for the above treatment could be terrible at first. Olenin was beaten repeatedly before finally being incorporated into the group, and for those who simply remained prisoners, again, it could run the gamut based on the whims of your captors. Although ransomed or otherwise released eventually, the poor quality of their treatment didn't compensate suspicion of desertion, and many faced prison sentences when they returned to Russia. \n\nIn fairness, it of course should be said that the Soviets themselves could be absolutely brutal in their treatment of prisoners too. One veteran, a private from a grenadier battalion, discussing the horrors of the conflict, and wondering whether he was a criminal for his participation, remarked:\n\n > Should I tell [the people back home] that I’m still scared of the dark and that when something falls down with a bang I jump out of my skin? How the prisoners we took somehow never got as far as regimental HQ? I saw them literally stamped and ground into the earth. In a year and a half I didn’t see a single live dukh in captivity, only dead ones. I can’t very well tell the school kids about the collections of dried ears and other trophies of war, can I? Or the villages that looked like ploughed fields after we’d finished bombarding them?\n\nSo anyways in short, there was no standard of treatment. As a soldier, you would likely *expect* something terrible involving torture and a slow, painful death. This certainly happened, but you might very well end up married with a family, and just trying to live a quiet life in a remote Afghan village two decades later...\n\nAfgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-1989 by Rodric Braithwaite\n\nZinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghanistan War by Svetlana Alexievich\n\nCarlotta Gall, \"A Stranger in Afghanistan, Too Torn to Go Home\" in the New York Times, July 31, 2003"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
25qd2d
|
Does writing helps us remember?
|
What literature is there that supports or refutes this claim?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/25qd2d/does_writing_helps_us_remember/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chki4nr"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Check out levels of processing. _URL_0_ \n\nI don't remember the citation, but the idea is that writing something down (specifically, putting it in your own words instead of copying it) forces you to process the information more deeply and thus retrieve the information better. It's outside my area of expertise but I remember it from my undergraduate courses."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levels-of-processing_effect"
]
] |
|
1mrbkh
|
what does the recent increase in arctic ice say about global warming and climate change?
|
An article on the front page today mentioned this, and I'm mostly oblivious to meteorology.
Article: _URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mrbkh/eli5_what_does_the_recent_increase_in_arctic_ice/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccbvxvf",
"ccbysjl"
],
"score": [
9,
6
],
"text": [
"One year does not a trend make on a long term global temperature graph. \n\nTherefore, this really says nothing at the moment. Come see me in a couple or 10 years.",
"Here is a sequence...\n\n88, 86, 84, 82, 80, 72, 76\n\nWhat does that tell you?\n\nLooking at the trend, you would say there is a clear and pretty obvious decrease of 2 per data point. But there is in an unexpectedly steeper drop at the penultimate data point. There is no explanation for it either.\n\nBut that if you ignore that value, the trend is still linear.\n\nThe Arctic ice is like that. We're seeing a steady decrease over time. Last years was unexpectedly worse (and out of sequence) but just because this years is back in sequence (and not as bad as last years) doesn't mean the trend is being reversed, or that the trend never existed."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/09/arctic-melt-season-over-leaving-behind-more-ice-than-recent-years/"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6kxkoi
|
when we first started measuring temperature how did we decide how large a degree would be? was it merely and arbitrary figure that worked, or was there a specific reason behind it?
|
I was laying by the pool today alone, immersed in my own thoughts and began to wonder about measuring temperature. I understand that time is divided into days because it is an observable phenomenon that occurs regularly, but what about temperature? Is there any history behind the decision to measure degrees at precisely the size we do, or is it just arbitrary? Is there any logical reason why we didn't decide that a degree should actually be measured larger or smaller or than it is?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6kxkoi/eli5_when_we_first_started_measuring_temperature/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djpkiof",
"djpknk0",
"djpr3td"
],
"score": [
6,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"It's based on water. They froze some water and decided that would be 0, they boiled some and decided that would be 100. So it's arbitrary in the sense that 100 is an arbitrary number but that's what it's based on.\n\nThe temperature of boiling water will always be the same whether they decided to say it would be called 100 degrees or something random like 41 degrees.",
"I assume you mean the Farenheit scale. \n\nFahrenheit's scale was based on the work of Ole Rømer. \n\nIn Rømer's scale, brine freezes at zero, water freezes and melts at 7.5 degrees, body temperature is 22.5, and water boils at 60 degrees. \n\nFahrenheit multiplied each value by four in order to eliminate fractions and increase the granularity. \n\nHe then calibrated his scale using the melting point of ice and normal human body temperature and adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees and body temperature 96 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two.\n\nThis allowed him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times.",
"There are different scales. Perhaps the easiest to see how we got it is Celsius.\n\nWe took the point where water freezes and the one where it boils and decided that one would be 0° and the other 100° and making each degree 1/100 of the difference between boiling ad freezing water.\n\nOther scales uses similar reasoning."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1oyy8d
|
How much blame could we actually give to Herbert Hoover for the Great Depression?
|
You hear about people naming their camps Hoovervilles during the Depression, but how much of the Depression can actually be attributed to Hoover?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1oyy8d/how_much_blame_could_we_actually_give_to_herbert/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccx2gh2",
"ccx46a8"
],
"score": [
18,
4
],
"text": [
"Hoover had, in my opinion, little to do with the actual ONSET of the Depression and merely suffered the wrath of the fact that people need to blame...someone. And you can blame the President, while you cannot blame faceless brokers at the NYSE.\n\nAn unregulated and unmonitored Stock Exchange, which had been doing...whatever it wanted since long before Hoover was essentially your primary cause.\n\nI'm sure you could argue Hoover could have done things, but that's like trying to say Louis 16 could have prevented the French Revolution. Several of Hoover's plans to fix the depression actually backfired or had to be labeled as a 'No Gain' at best. \n\nI would encourage a period-appropriate expert to weigh in!",
"The question should not be how much blame could we give to Herbert Hoover, but who would blame Herbert Hoover. Let's answer this question from the perspective of the two main schools of economic thought. Neither the keynesian or the monetary interpretation blamed Hoover for starting of the Great Depression. They both blamed the fault-lines in the roaring twenties' economy.\n\nSources:\n\n* [Interpreting the Great Depression: Hayek\nversus Keynes](_URL_1_) (p.4), by [Robert Skidelsky](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky,_Baron_Skidelsky",
"http://ineteconomics.org/sites/inet.civicactions.net/files/INET%20C@K%20Paper%20Dinner%201%20-%20Skidelsky_0.pdf"
]
] |
|
4yfetc
|
Why were the Americans able to fly such large bombers over Nagasaki and Hiroshima? Where were the air defences?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4yfetc/why_were_the_americans_able_to_fly_such_large/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6nded0"
],
"score": [
20
],
"text": [
"USAAF B-29s started bombing Japan in 1944, from China in July and the Mariana Islands in November. Similar to the strategy employed against Germany, they first targeted the Japanese aircraft industry. Though early raids were not always accurate or successful they did force the dispersal of aircraft production, the later area incendiary attacks continued the process. (*The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan: A Memoir*, Haywood S. Hansell, Jr; he includes [a Strategic Bombing Survey graph of aircraft production] (_URL_0_)).\n\nThe capture of Iwo Jima in March 1945 allowed long range fighters to escort the B-29s, but by this time attrition had already severely weakened the Japanese air forces: \"... by late spring and summer Japanese air strength in the home islands deteriorated so rapidly that bomber formations again went out unescorted\" (*The Army Air Forces in World War II: Volume V*).\n\nThe first practice missions of the 509th Composite Group, the unit formed to drop the atomic weapons, were flown in July; \"After June 26, Japanese fighters were rarely encountered in numbers (...) The JAAF was virtually powerless to react against the invaders, and it was told to keep its remaining aircraft in reserve for the final battle, expected in the autumn. Japan's industrial power had been weakened, and the means to defend its airspace was lacking.\" (*B-29 Hunters of the JAAF*, Takaki & Sakaida). \n\nThe 509th carried out several raids in July and August using \"pumpkin\" bombs that simulated the size and weight of the Fat Man atomic bomb. To gather data and gain experience the 509th first flew training flights around outlying islands such as Rota and Marcus Island, then from July 20th there were 18 bombing sorties of two to six Silverplate B-29s against targets in Japan, starting with Koriyama, Fukushima, Nagoka and Toyama. Only the heaviest anti-aircraft guns could threaten B-29s flying at 30,000ft, and these were in short supply; the 509th suffered no losses during the \"pumpkin\" missions, only one B-29 suffered minor damage.\n\n(Based on my post from a [lengthy thread on more or less the same subject] (_URL_1_) a few months ago that got a little messy.)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/Hansell/img/p226.jpg",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/47p7ig/how_could_the_enola_gay_enter_japanese_airspace/"
]
] |
||
450cfb
|
Why are the flags of the Mughal Empire of India and the Safavid Dynasty of Persia/Iran so similar?
|
I am an inner city high school history teacher, and we are currently covering the three major 2nd Millennium Islamic Empires. I always like to give my kids visual aids, like flags.
The flags of both the Mughal Empire and the Safavid Dynasty feature a leftward facing lion in front of a sunburst on a green background. The resemblance is way to uncanny to be a coincidence. What gives?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/450cfb/why_are_the_flags_of_the_mughal_empire_of_india/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czujqcc"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"With regards to Iran, you can find a great article about historical Persian flags on the [Encyclopaedia Iranica](_URL_0_) website. To summarize, the Lion and Sun symbol has a rather long history. Both the Sun and Golden Lion are symbols of kingship and royalty and were in use from ancient times, as reliefs carved into various temples and palaces attest. A Golden Lion is also the emblem of the house of Godarz, a character in the Shahnameh, an extremely influential epic poem and the national epic of Persia.\n\nFrom the Encyclopaedia:\n\n > The sun (imagined as a male) had always been associated with Persian royalty: “a crystal image of the sun” identified the royal tent of Darius III (Quintus Curtius, 3.3, 8); the Arsacid banner was adorned with the figure of the sun (Tertullian, Apologeticum 16); Sasanian crowns were surmounted by a ball symbolizing the sun. Malalas (18.44) quotes the salutation of a letter from the “Persian king, the Sun of the East,” to the “Roman Caesar, the Moon of the West” and the Šāh-nāma (Moscow, V, p. 90, vv. 76f.) quotes the Turanian/Turkish hero-king Afrāsīāb (q.v.) as saying: “I have heard from wise men that when the Moon of the Turks rises up it will be harmed by the Sun of the Iranians (ke čōn māh-e Torkān barāyad boland, ze ḵoršīd-e Īrān-š āyad gazand).\n\nThe Lion was also a very common symbol of royalty in the ancient and medieval world. Lion hunting scenes are somewhat common in Assyrian reliefs, showing the power of the Assyrian kings over nature. Persia was no different, and neither were the neighboring areas:\n\n > Islamic, Turkish, and Mongol traditions also stressed the symbolic association of the lion and royalty (Grünert; Kindermann; Ackerman; Köprülü; Spuler, Mongolen4, pp. 282 f.). They likewise reaffirmed the charismatic power of the sun (Milstein), and the Mongols re-introduced the veneration of the sun especially in its rising phase (Spuler, Mongolen4, pp. 140 f.). As a result of these developments the heraldic use of the lion and sun symbol gained popularity and was extended, appearing on banners (literary evidence in Mīnovī, p. 97) as well as on coins and textiles, metalwork, and luster tiles (Nafīsī, 1949, pp. 54-60).\n\nAlso:\n\n > Clavijo (pp. 207 f.) describes a palace which Tīmūr had seized from the former Chaghatay khans of Samarqand, and states that the lion and sun symbol ornamented the gateway of the main building and the arches around the courtyard. He was told (ibid, p. 208) that this emblem “was the armorial bearing of the former lords of Samarqand.”\n\nBy the time of the Safavids (at least Shah Abbas), the symbolism of the Lion and Sun was ubiquitous, and eventually was adopted as the symbol of Persia. It also had Shi'a implications, given that Ali ibn Abi Talib was known as *Asadullah* (أسد الله), the Lion of God, and the sun symbolizing God's glory.\n\nAs to the Mughals, they were a very heavily Persianized dynasty to begin with, to the extent that Farsi was the courtly language before the development of Urdu, which is a highly Persianized form of Hindustani. Also, during the initial political instability in the Mughal Empire, the second Mughal Emperor Humayun was given shelter in Persia during his exile before being restored to the throne. There were also many Persian officials in Mughal courts. The reasoning for adopting the Sun and Lion as a Mughal symbol is largely the same - both the Lion and Sun being symbols of royalty."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/flags-i"
]
] |
|
804ppu
|
why hasn’t cancer been bred out of the gene pool by natural selection?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/804ppu/eli5_why_hasnt_cancer_been_bred_out_of_the_gene/
|
{
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"dusx9fl",
"dusxe0c",
"dusxlh3",
"dusxupe"
],
"score": [
10,
13,
12,
3
],
"text": [
"Because cancer isn't solely genetical in origin. There are various causes, including viruses. Also, some cancers don't normally appear until middle age or after, so victims would have already had children.",
"Because cancer isn't an inherited disease. Cancer isn't even one single disease. You can inherit genes that predispose you to types of cancers, but cancer is just random mutations in cells that make them grow out of control. They can happen in in any person at any time; sometimes in response to carcinogens or mutagens, and sometimes just randomly for no reason at all. ",
"In addition to what the other people have said, most types cancer don’t show up until you are in your 60s or older, long past childbearing age. If you’ve already reproduced, there’s not a whole lot of selective pressure being applied towards any negative traits that appear after you’ve had your kids, and getting cancer at 60 isn’t likely to stop your kids from having their own kids at 25",
"if you wanted cancer to be bred out of a gene pool, you would need to have extremely elderly people continuing to give birth. species that appear to have reduced risks of forming cancers tend to be very long lived creatures, such as elephants and whales, which presumably also feature extended reproductive phases. this means individuals who died of cancer had fewer babies and thus had a smaller impact on the gene pool.\n\nthis is because the risk of cancer increases with time, meaning animals who finish reproducing in fewer years have a reduced risk of ever forming cancer in the first place before it no longer had any effect on the gene pool. so for example, lions and tigers don't usually live long enough for most cancers to be an issue, and their reproductive cycle matches that expectation, with large litters starting young. if one had an extended life (gene pool wise this is like domestic cats) they run risks of developing all sorts of health problems, including cancer. \n\n\nif a creature is likely to get cancer in its old age, but reproduced a lot when it was young, the gene pool will continue to feature genes that result in cancers. if however, old age still is viable reproductively, you would expect to see any individuals who *dont* get cancer influence the gene pool, resulting in a shift of increasing likelihood of an individual having a reduction in cancer rates. this only becomes true however once an animals reproductive phase is long enough in actual years for cancer to be a reasonable concern.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ioeaq
|
What did the understanding of the elements of the periodic table look like in the 1500s?
|
I am writing a fictional story that has elements of alchemy in it and i want to know what the knowledge of the elements looked like by 1500. I'm interested in views from throughout the world, not only Europe, but only before modern advances in science. Thank you!
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3ioeaq/what_did_the_understanding_of_the_elements_of_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuj3xlx"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"/u/billbillbilly nails it pretty well.\n\nThe modern atomic theory didn't exist until the early 19th century, and things like conservation of mass, etc until the 18th century.\n\nSo forget the periodic table. \"elements\" were the four elements that all matter was made of: earth, air, fire, and water, going back to aristotle, except add a millenia of arabic commentators adding to the theory.\n\nLike billbillbilly also mentioned, metal in 1500 was thought to be made up of mercury and sulphur. Salt minerals being needed to change the ratio. By changing the ration you change the metal.\n\nMetals were thought to \"ripen\" in nature. This is based off of empirical evidence: there are traces of silver in copper ore, and traces of gold in silver ore, etc.\n\nAnd so alchemists thought this process from lesser metals to precious metals can be done artificially. That's alchemy.\n\nBasically you can break things down to their \"elements\" (base earth, air, fire, water) and then build them back up carefully into what you want (gold). \n\nAlchemical recipes also have aspects of cabbalah, hermeticism, sympathetic magic, astrology, and all other sorts of mystyical aspects. See [the History of Alchemy Podcast](_URL_1_) for a lot more.\n\nFeel free to ask follow up questions if you want more details. You might also be interested in some of the [other alchemy questions I've answered](_URL_0_)\n\nThe periodic table itself is also interesting.. but not direct to your question. In the 18th century chymists started noticing that some matter really can't be brocken down, not matter what. The new \"atom\" (the old \"atom\" was from Democritus and was really just theoretical)... at some point they noticed that these new elements had characteristics and things in common with each other. In fact three elements often had things in common with each other. These trifecta were some of the first patterns noticed that lead to the periodic table."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/profiles/bemonk",
"http://historyofalchemy.com"
]
] |
|
z6u98
|
Does exercise reduce blood pressure by sweating out excess salt?
|
The head echocardiographer at a hospital told me recently that because you sweat out salt during exercise this in turn reduces blood pressure. I did a quick Google search, but didn't find anything to corroborate his theory. So I'm taking his explanation with a grain of salt. (har har)
So yes, how large of a role does sweating out salt play in reducing blood pressure?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/z6u98/does_exercise_reduce_blood_pressure_by_sweating/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c61zgrq"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Not a very large role, I'm afraid. BP is regulated by multiple different salts (and a host of other factors). I suspect if you sweat just pure NaCl, you would decrease blood pressure, but it would be fatal since the sodium to potassium ratio must be preserved. Therefore you [sweat out a mixture of salts](_URL_0_), which preserves this ratio, and thus you don't really get a BP decrease as a consequence of releasing multiple salts. That said, exercise in general is a great way to lower your BP by reducing stress and increasing cardiovascular health!\n\nActually, dehydration from profuse sweating would decrease BP, but that's another health issue in itself. :|"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.fluther.com/88775/what-salts-do-we-sweat/"
]
] |
|
3j1be9
|
the price of eggs have skyrocketed, but why hasn't the price of chicken gone up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j1be9/eli5_the_price_of_eggs_have_skyrocketed_but_why/
|
{
"a_id": [
"culfoq6",
"culhwxy"
],
"score": [
30,
12
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"text": [
"The chickens we eat are not the same chickens that lay the eggs we eat. Apples and oranges.",
"Because the chickens that lay eggs were severely impacted by the avian flu, killing more than 45 Mil birds while the chickens that are grown for eating were almost completely flu free. Turkeys were affected as well and the price for turkeys this fall are expected to be very high with shortages nationwide."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3nc21q
|
Is an invisible material physically possible ?
|
Is it possible, physically, to have a material which allow you to see through something - an object for example, if you place this invisible thing on it ?
If yes, what would be the physical characteristics of this material ? Will we ever be able to create such a thing ?
*PS : sorry for the eventual grammar mistakes, english isn't my language.*
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3nc21q/is_an_invisible_material_physically_possible/
|
{
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"text": [
"Yes, it is possible to a certain extent.\n\nScientists are currently working with \"metamaterials\" which are usually composed of metals and ceramics. \n\nScientists are making small things appear and disappear but for an invisibility cloak which is seen in Harry Potter - We are a long way from.\n\nThe Army are also developing some invisibility technology",
"Yes.\n\nYou can imagine a way of making an object invisible is warping the space around it; this way, light would just go *around* it, and you could see what is behind it. Is this science fiction? Yes, we can not bend space as we want. BUT some clever people discovered that the equations that govern the behaviour of light predict that a warped space in a given material is equivalent to an unwarped space in a *different* material (Maxwell's equations are invariant under geometric transformations if you change the constitutive relations). Not even they tell us this, they also tell us what properties such material must have! Then why aren't we all invisible by now? Well, there are some difficulties:\n\n* Those materials need to be very complicated and... don't exist. This is why 'metamaterials' are needed (materials *designed* to have the properties you need).\n\n* The response of light interacting with a given material is dependant of it's frequency. This means that, even if you can make an object 'invisible' to infrared, it can be visible to green.\n\nNot an expert on the subject, just attended a conference that addresed this issue. I hope I didn't say anything wrong!",
"A paper about this was recently published in Science! Researchers have successfully made a cloak that can make any arbitrarily shaped object of a couple of microns invisible. The reflected waves look exactly like they would off a flat surface.\n\nI don't have a science subscription from home so I can't provide the paper right now.. Sorry",
"One condition for making an object \"disappear\" is index matching. That is, the index of refraction of the two materials must be very similar for the wavelengths of interest. This is the principle behind the disappearing glass rod in mineral oil ([pictured here](_URL_0_)). The amount of light reflected off an object is related to the mismatch between indices of refraction. By ensuring the indices match, you get no reflection from interfaces."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000Lm5NL00np0g/s/860/860/Fphoto-51450104A-2RM.jpg"
]
] |
|
14lc1t
|
what exactly happens when a music producer "masters" a song/album?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/14lc1t/eli5_what_exactly_happens_when_a_music_producer/
|
{
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"When most people hear the term 'mastering', they are think of the mixing process, aka balancing volumes and adding effects, etc. Mastering is actually a specialized subset of mixing that is a form of audio quality control or quality assurance. Only a relative handful of people and studios are capable of mastering, compared to the thousands of mix studios out there. The goal of mastering is to get every track sounding as good as possible across multiple systems, meaning that the end product should sound great through your car, stereo, headphones and laptop speakers. Along with this, many artists' songs are recorded and mixed in multiple locations, and it's the mastering engineer's job to get them to sound like they all are polished to the same standard. Lastly, mastering produces the final CD or vinyl format for distribution and archives the tracks (often separated into clean lyrics versions, a capellas and instrumentals) for the publishing company. ",
"Mastering adds that final layer of polish to the track before it's sent for pressing and/or distribution. The engineer mastering the audio may also take in to account where the track will be played, so in the case of a pop single she'll make sure it will sound good when broadcast over FM radio.\n\nWhen a track is ready for mastering typically nothing is changed structurally. The focus is on how it sounds. The engineer will not add elements to the track, such as instruments, verses, choruses, they will not necessarily boost or lower the levels of particular instruments, and will not necessarily decide on fade-ins and fade-outs.\n\nThe engineer may want to make the track sound broader, brighter, or heavier, for example. To do this they use a bunch of tools, such as compressors and equalisers. We'll take a quick look at those two.\n\nA compressor can be used in lots of different ways but for mastering one technique is levelling out some of the dynamics of the track, this means the loud bits won't be too loud compared to the quiet bits. This could be useful for radio play, for example. (I have just vastly simplified and skipped over compression but this could be a whole ELI5)\n\nAn equaliser lets you target and boost, diminish, or even cut frequencies. High frequency sounds are things that have a sharp, cold, tingle to them (this is subjective but I'm trying my best), so the drummer's hi-hats are a great example. Low frequency sounds are things that are deep, warm, and have bass, so the drummer's kick would be a good example.\n\nRemember how I mentioned that the engineer might want to make the track a little brighter? She could use an equaliser to boost some of the higher frequencies in the track. If she'd like a little more bass, she could boost the lows. She's basically turning the volume up or down on very specific frequencies of the track, rather than the whole track.\n\nOur analogy could perhaps be that mastering is like adding salt, or pepper, to a dish once it has been prepared. You can vastly change the flavour but you cannot add or remove any ingredients. You could sprinkle salt on a particular area of the dish though. Ideally by adding salt and pepper you are enhancing the flavour of the entire dish.\n\nSource: I make music, signed to a record label, have been trained in engineering, just sent my latest track to be mastered two days ago.",
"Mastering has two parts. Firstly is taking the individual stereo tracks for an album and making them sound consistent with each other and with other music of the same genre. The simplest thing here is to make sure the tracks are the the correct level. You don't want a quiet ballad to be louder than your heavy metal track. There are other things to make consistent as well, like making sure one track has about the same amount of bass as the other tracks.\n\nThe second part is the technical stuff of making a the master recording that will get duplicated. This includes things like setting the correct gaps between tracks on a CD (and maybe making hidden tracks), or making sure there is not two much bass for a vinyl record (that could make the needle pop out of the groove).\n\n",
"Whee! This is an interesting topic indeed.\n\nMastering is the 'black box' of the audio world. The tracks are recorded, processed, mixed, and then sent to the mastering engineer.. and then when they come back.. they're just better. And completely ready for release. Nobody knows how. (There was a rumor that mastering engineers are trained in yoga and the Dark Arts).\n\nKidding apart, ideally mastering fulfills these goals:\n\n* Songs across an album/release are processed to sound similar in loudness and frequency;\n* Raw edges are polished,(noise and other strange stuff is removed) and the song is given that professional 'sheen' using good quality tools and a good system and room. This includes making sure the whole work sounds somewhat uniform in volume(even within a song), and emphasizing the right pitches to make it sound good with EQ.\n* The audio is also worked on to ensure that it sounds the same through as many music systems as possible. It'll be bad if your beautiful orchestral piece is too soft to appreciate on your daughter's iPhone 'buds right? And your vocalist will hate it if his vocals are inaudible for some weird reason(phase alignment?) when played in the nightclub. The mastering engineer sees to it that you don't get no unwanted surprises.\n* Special versions(a capella etc) are worked out\n\n* The audio is then converted to a format suitable to send to the CD factory guys or iTunes(or wherever), with the necessary information too: \ntrack name(s) embedded, artwork added etc.\n\nThat's it folks! \n\nWell, there's another thing I'd like to add: too many people think that mastering simply means making a song louder. That is absurd. Your music system has a big fat shiny volume knob for that. The mastering engineer WILL smoothen out sudden volume changes and overly soft parts, and maybe push up the softest parts sometimes. But that's all part of the mastering and volume is not really the ME's primary goal. ",
"There are a lot of solid but complex answers. Here is a simple eli5\n\nMixing is how it sounds. Take all your available sounds that you want to use and mix them together. This process is where all the instruments and vocals are balanced. This is where they do a lot of finer tweaking, like adding effects to individual instruments and vocals.\n\nMastering is where they make each track sound like one cohesive professional album.\n\nHave you ever heard a song where you thought \"those drums are louder than the vocals\"? That is a mixing issue.\nHave you ever had a mixed cd where each of the songs were at a different volume? That is a mastering issue.\n\nFor more in depth analysis, read the other high quality responses. ",
"This will explain the LIMITING aspect of Mastering (How they make things louder), it also clears up the difference between this compression and limiting people are talking about. \n\nHey little Jimmy! \n\nOk, compression and limiting are two different things buddy. They are done using the same tool but there is a difference! \n\nCompression - is like the limbo. Someone holds a pole 3m away from you at a certain height (Compressor Threshold), when you get close to the pole, you are taller than it, as you get closer to it, you start to duck lower. The speed at which you do this is called the 'attack', (a common setting of compressors). After you have gone under the pole you start to stand up again, the speed at which you do this is called the 'release', (another common setting of a compressor.)\n\nSo the compressor reduces tall people (loud sounds) in height (volume) by a certain amount (threshold) for a period of time controlled by your approach and stand up speed. (attack and release) This motion is rhythmic and flowing and makes drums sounds explosive and controls vocals among other uses.\n\nLimiter - This is a compressor which has a threshold (pole height) set at hip level over 10m (or a 4 minute song). Except your not using a pole, you're limbo-ing through a low tunnel. Your body length (dynamic range) is now smaller and closer/squished together as you go through the tunnel for a longer period of time than when it was just a quick duck under a pole.\n\nHow it makes things louder - During your 10m limbo through the tunnel, your body is now only 1m high. Imagine that the roof of the cave holding the tunnel your in, is 2 meters high (0dB). I can make your body seem really big overall (loudness), by making the tunnel you're in, as big as the cave! (turning up the volume to reach 0dB) Now your legs/head/shoulders etc are all double as big. \n\nUnfortunately, this now means your body is, out of proportion, unnatural and not as pleasant to listen to. However, every kid on the block is reeeeeaaaally big so you gotta compete with them, even though you're all just out of proportion kids that were fine to begin with! (Loudness War)\n",
"As its already been explained, if anyone is interested i can post a premaster/postmaster of a track of mine to show you the difference?",
"Meator's explanation covers a lot of it but that's not all.\n\nHe/she is correct in saying that most people confuse mastering with mixing.\n\nFor people who don't know: when music is recorded, many different things are often recorded at the same time. Drums are usually recorded with a minimum of six microphones (though there are exceptions). All of these different microphones are recorded at the same time and are saved to separate files so that they can be balanced during mixing. This is true for other instruments as well. A typical rock song might have fifteen or twenty 'tracks' or so.\n\nWhen you finally get all of those separate tracks sounding like you want them to, you mix them down to a single file, somewhat like something you could play on your iPod.\n\nThen we get to mastering. The mastering engineer basically polishes the whole thing up and makes sure the average track volumes are the same, along with the other edits mentioned by Meateor.\n\nVinyl is a whole different deal and it has to be mastered separately (you sometimes hear people refer to a 'vinyl master'). To understand why this is the case, you need to think of how a turntable works: a needle runs through a groove and one side of the needle picks up the sound headed for the left speaker and the other picks up the sound for the right speaker. This sound is represented on the record by tiny little ridges. Bass frequencies make larger ridges than high frequencies. So when doing the vinyl master they make sure that all of the sound that is lower (below a certain frequency) is mono (that is, it is equally loud in both speakers). Otherwise, when the listener plays the record, it could actually cause the needle to jump out of the groove resulting in a party fail.\n\nAnyway. Hope that was helpful.\n\nEDIT: TL;DR: It makes things sound a little shinier and it's a tad different for vinyl.",
"Audio guy here. I'll try to explain it really simple. Music producers don't master the album. \"Mastering Engineers\" do it.\n\nProducers oversee the entire album. I mean they used to. Now everybody \"does\" everything, so they call themselves producers. The producers' job is to make sure the album is the best that the artist or band they're working with can deliver. \nThe producer, depending on his/her skills can call the shots even on the song forms, the riffs, melodies or just sit back and wait around until the band finally comes up with something that sounds *usable*...\n\n\"Nowadays producers\" are people who can find their way around ableton live, or logic pro or whatever digital audio workstation you may need, and some kind of keyboard skills so that they can play their ideas in the studio and make a beat. Then hope for a singer to come up with a nice vocal line or whatever.\n\na mastering engineer does the final touches to the tracks in the album so you don't need to turn them up, or make additional EQ in your car or in your i tunes, or whatever.\n\nTo hear the difference on the mastering fashion, compare a Tim Buckley song to a Jeff Buckley song. Try to hear the difference on the sound levels.\nThen play a Katy Perry song. It'll be even louder. This is some other debate called the \"loudness wars\" if you're still interested google that and read the wikipedia article. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
eba5kp
|
what makes ab+ plasma and platelets a universal donor?
|
I’ve been donating blood regularly for years, and donating plasma and platelets more regularly recently. I understand some basics around blood interoperability, but don’t know what makes AB+ a universal platelet donor. Can someone fill me in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eba5kp/eli5_what_makes_ab_plasma_and_platelets_a/
|
{
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"text": [
"It get a bit more complicated, but to break it down into just the AB things, because that's what explains this mostly. You have two main blood cell factors, A and B. They interact a bit like puzzle pieces with some clotting factors, such as in a platelet donations. Some of these factors cause any blood cells with an A to clot up and some with a B to clot up and your blood does not have whichever makes your blood clot up. Because an AB donor has both A and B on his or her own blood cells, that person does not have clotting factors that interact with either of them. As a result, your platlet donations aren't going to cause any issue with anyone because you lack either of the two main factors in you platelet donations. \n\n\nNote that the opposite is true with regular blood donations. AB is a universal recepient for the same reason but can't donate to anyone other than another AB.",
"AB+ is a good platelet donor because their platelets dont contain any antibodies towards the other blood types. They have the A, B and + on their red blood cells so they dont see any of those as foreign if a donated cell has one of those on it"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1u0c34
|
With recent generations being immunized against the chicken pox, how will the frequency of shingles cases be affected?
|
Essentially I am wondering if one who has been vaccinated for chicken pox can get shingles. Currently the CDC website says that more than half of the people who live to be 85 get shingles and I am curious if medical professionals think that the popularity of the chickenpox vaccine with recent generations will reduce that drastically.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1u0c34/with_recent_generations_being_immunized_against/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ceddsew"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"That would be the idea. It's all herpes zoster infections - shingles is just the recurrence of the same infection. When there are no new cases of chickenpox then, eventually, there would be no new cases of shingles. But it'll take a long time - all the people who have had chickenpox need to get old and die and all the young ones need to be vaccinated, or otherwise avoid being infected."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
30fe29
|
what is an actual good strategy for taking those personality tests you find on job applications? what exactly are they looking for?
|
I work for a franchise retail store. A major one with locations everywhere. My franchisee just bought a new store last week and promoted me to GM. But before I could go through corporate training, I had to take a computer based "apptitude" test.
The test is basic reading, basic math, and then a personality test. The same kind I've taken a bunch of times on job applications. It's a list of statements that you either "agree" or "disagree" with. Some of them are job specific like "I think it's ok to take merchandise as long as it's only $5". Some of them are vague like "I worry about things to the point I can't sleep."
The problem I have is I overthink the shit out of these questions, especially the vague "life-philosophy" type ones. Just to take an example:
"Everything is possible."
Would you agree or disagree with that? I mean, technically it's not true, right? It's not possible for me to count all the integers out loud before i die. But saying that anything is possible reveals a positive attitude and might be the kind of person you'd want to hire. But, then again, I don't want the test to think I'm just telling it what it wants to hear, you know? What if I get flagged for being a "yes-man"?
And the one I mentioned earlier: "I worry about things sometimes to the point I can't sleep." Saying you do that is kind of neurotic, but it also could be good to worry about your job. It shows you care. I could just see both answers being good or bad depending on the reasoning.
So can anyone tell me what the test makers actually want? What would be considered a "good" answer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30fe29/eli5_what_is_an_actual_good_strategy_for_taking/
|
{
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"text": [
"the more elaborate ones have a combination of questions that let them see if you're honest. \n\nNot being able to sleep because of stress cannot be good in my view. Bad stress management. \nIt's like saying yes to the question \"do you have psychological problems?\". \n\nThe everything is possible one is trickier indeed, it depends on how shallow the test is. I guess that when in doubt, I'd just answer honestly. \n",
"Just tell the truth. The only time I've had to take such a test was when I worked at a movie theatre to sell tickets and popcorn (which I find somewhat ironic, as I've since held far more important jobs that didn't, including one that required national security clearance), and one problem with the test was that it weeded out answers it thought were fake. So if you answered in a manner that made you seem like Honest Abe reborn, it would fail you. \n\nSo I agree with Formagella, just answer honestly with respect to your own beliefs. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1ty5hk
|
Can we measure dark energy?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1ty5hk/can_we_measure_dark_energy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cecs9zq"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"That depends on what you mean by measure. For all practical intents and purposes, however, the answer is no. Dark energy is just the name we give a phenomenon about which we understand very little. So far, the only measurements we've made regarding dark energy is its relative abundance: we know it makes up ~75% of the observable universe. The remaining 25% is composed of matter and radiation.\n\nOther than that, we really know nothing about dark energy. For the moment we're firmly seated in the realm of speculation and hypothesis. Future instrumentation will help us to gather more clues, but we've a long road ahead!\n\nedit: grammar"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4akpiz
|
how does a program that is a 2mb download take up 30mb of space when installed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4akpiz/eli5how_does_a_program_that_is_a_2mb_download/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1173jw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It depends. There's really 3 scenarios:\n\n1. It's a compressed installer that extracts itself as part of the installation\n\n2. The installed runs a bunch of scripts that generate placeholder files\n\n3. It's a stub installer that actually is just downloading additional files as part of the installer (See: [Java](_URL_0_) Online installer (stub) - 718kb vs Offline (full program install) - 47.94mb\n\nEdit: Option 1 was extremely common back in the day, but option 3 is very prevalent nowadays, and is used for most update packages, mostly because it's implied in today's world that your computer is going to be always online, so they can use an online installer (stub) in order to always deliver new files as opposed to a single installer getting circulated inside a company for years."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://java.com/en/download/manual.jsp"
]
] |
||
2k7v2e
|
how are home run distances in baseball calculated as soon as the ball lands?
|
Even home runs hit out of the stadium seem to be known immediately.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2k7v2e/eli5_how_are_home_run_distances_in_baseball/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cliq0lj"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They point a laser range finder at the spot it landed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
md0zj
|
Can someone explain Lupus to me?
|
My mother has it and I have all the symptoms she has but have not been diagnosed, yet.
I understand that it affects the immune system, but I do not understand why it is so hard to diagnose and why it is so hard to get rid of.
Can someone give me something on it? I tried wikipedia but it talks in circles.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/md0zj/can_someone_explain_lupus_to_me/
|
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"text": [
"Aeina has a great explanation, so I won't retread any ground. I'd just add that in Lupus it's specifically diagnosed by the presence of a antinuclear antibody (ANA), meaning there's an antibody targeting the nucleus, or part of the cell that contains DNA. While there are actually a few variations on this disease, and ANA is associated with diseases other than Lupus, ANA is among the more common and important findings. If you're concerned, I would highly recommend making an appointment about seeing your PCP/GP, and asking about it. The good news is that Lupus can be fairly well controlled for a long time using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and earlier detection can help avoid a lot of the complications like arthritis or renal failure.",
"Lupus on a very basic level is when the body's own immune system confuses healthy tissues as being foreign invaders and attacks. Even more simply put, your immune system is attacking yourself. It is hard to diagnose because it is known as \"the great impostor\", it can mimic many other diseases. It is hard to get rid of because suppressing the immune system can be extremely tricky and not everyone responds to the same treatment. I am on a slew of different drugs to keep lupus activity suppressed. Talk with your doctor about getting a lupus lab work-up done and an ANA titer taken. Good luck!",
"Aeina has a great explanation, so I won't retread any ground. I'd just add that in Lupus it's specifically diagnosed by the presence of a antinuclear antibody (ANA), meaning there's an antibody targeting the nucleus, or part of the cell that contains DNA. While there are actually a few variations on this disease, and ANA is associated with diseases other than Lupus, ANA is among the more common and important findings. If you're concerned, I would highly recommend making an appointment about seeing your PCP/GP, and asking about it. The good news is that Lupus can be fairly well controlled for a long time using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and earlier detection can help avoid a lot of the complications like arthritis or renal failure.",
"Lupus on a very basic level is when the body's own immune system confuses healthy tissues as being foreign invaders and attacks. Even more simply put, your immune system is attacking yourself. It is hard to diagnose because it is known as \"the great impostor\", it can mimic many other diseases. It is hard to get rid of because suppressing the immune system can be extremely tricky and not everyone responds to the same treatment. I am on a slew of different drugs to keep lupus activity suppressed. Talk with your doctor about getting a lupus lab work-up done and an ANA titer taken. Good luck!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3fzn7e
|
why the american constitution is still the same yet laws change
|
As in, why has nobody decided that it may be a little out of date and thought to change it?
Bonus points for explaining how drawn out the process would be to change it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fzn7e/eli5_why_the_american_constitution_is_still_the/
|
{
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"cttfca9",
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20
],
"text": [
"We have amendments for this exact reason. Changing the original document can be dangerous, like in Animal Farm, where all four-legged were equal, then all four-legged were equal both some are better. We want to keep the original writings intact, while adding more to it as the times change.\n\nA lot of the problems with the Constitution is ambiguity. \"All men are created equal.\" Did they really mean all men, or just white men? Do women count? The 13th and 19th Amendments addressed those questions.",
"The Consitution has been changed 27 times (although the first 10 changes happened at the same time). These changes are called \"Amendments.\" The procedure for passing an Amendment is described in the Constitution itself. The way to pass an Amendment is to have it approved by 2/3 of both branches of Congress (the groups of people who are in charge of making laws), followed by having 3/4 of the states approve it as well. As you can see, lots of people need to vote in favor of a proposed Amendment for it to succeed, so you can only pass one if it's really popular. Time needed to approve an Amendment varies, but in some cases it has taken less than a year. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1sna0v
|
why does society have "girl stuff" and "guy stuff"
|
as an example: my brother has just had a daughter and also has a step son. The daughter is a newborn and the step son is 3. With the season being one for giving, I'm seeing a definite difference in the gifts being given to each of them. The step son is generally given "boy things" which are typically gi joes and toy tools. The daughter is given lots of pink things and baby outfits that say things like "Girl Power". I was shopping with my mom and she picked up a doll that was essentially a child(because who loves taking care of children more than children right?) and said, "oh this will be good for newborn girl in a year or two.
I've noticed that the same thing still applies as an adult. "guy things" are typically guns videogames and outdoorsy stuff. "girl things" tend to be books about romance, clothes, and jewlery.
Why are do these constructs exist? Is it more of a result of nature or nurture? Also, why would a child want to have a doll that is essentially a child to take care of? Especially the ones that pee themselves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1sna0v/eli5_why_does_society_have_girl_stuff_and_guy/
|
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"Because boys and girls are different.. Give boys barbie dolls and soon they're stripped naked and they're whacking things with them like hammers... give girls GI Joes and they play dress up and act out tea parties with them. Obviously I know this is a GROSS generalization so don't waste your time flaming me, but there's just inherent differences between the sexes that all the PC open-minded modernism in the world can't beat out of kids. ",
" > Is it more of a result of nature or nurture?\n\nThere is a lot to this subject, but I'm going to focus on this bit.\n\nThis question is generally bogus. Nature and nurture are both important aspects when understanding behavior. In this case, there are clearly biological differences between males and females and these differences are a reasonable explanation for the development of cultural gender differences, but many of the cultural differences are not consistent between cultures or across time (e.g. pink used to be considered too masculine for girls).\n\nWhen we look at infants, we find statistically significant differences between sexes in many ways, but just because they are statistically significant, doesnt mean that all boys are more geo-physically oriented and less emotional-socially oriented than girls. The numbers of sensitive boys and rowdy girls are very high and the degree by which these stereotypes are reinforced as they age varies between cultures.\n\nIn short, gender differences have their basis in biology, but culturally we have taken these biological foundations and amplified them in all sorts of interesting, and sometimes bizarre ways.\n\n > Also, why would a child want to have a doll that is essentially a child to take care of? Especially the ones that pee themselves?\n\nFor the same sorts of reasons that children might want toys which let them pretend to kill things or cook things. The impulse to care for each other is very deep and the ability for children to play to practice their impulses is very important for their development.",
"Most of the associations are society driven. As you can see, from birth, girls and boys are given different things. Marketing reinforces it as do peers who may ridicule those who like the \"wrong\" stuff.\n\nThat being said, I think there is some nature in it. When my daughter was born, we let her play with whatever she wanted, and we did our best not to discourage any particular toy or activity due to her gender. When she received a doll as a gift, it quickly became her favorite toy. She would often feed it, put it to night-night, and change its clothes. I've tried getting her interested in building toys (my favorite as a kid), but she still seems to prefer playing with her doll or stuffed animals most of the time.",
"If it makes you feel better it's almost certainly only the parents who are perceiving the pink to be girly and the blue to be manly and it *should* have no actual impact on the child.\n\nEven in my grandparent's lifetimes pink was the color for boys and blue was reserved for baby girls (Source: 'Parent's Magazine' 1939). Back then blue was associated with purity and the virgin Mary and all that while red was associated with masculinity and thus pink was seen as the younger (paler) version of manly.\n\nThe reason it changed? Hitler.\n\nNow now, before you throw Godwin's Law at me, hear me out...\n\nIn WW2 the Nazi party used pink triangles in the concentration camps to denote gay men. This was widely reported and thus a large number of the GIs coming back after WW2 associated pink for boys with homosexuality because history.\n\nThe more you know."
]
}
|
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[],
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|
83a2jx
|
sometimes police can enter a house saying they have a warrant, but do not need to produce it for proof to the people in the house?
|
I've been bingeing LivePD on YouTube, and in this episode the police officer said something I've never heard before:
(starting at about 30 seconds) _URL_0_
The women inside asks for them to produce the warrant, and the officer says that he has one but he is not required to show it?
Is this a state by state thing, or is this the case in most places? I've always heard the police must show you the warrant if you ask for it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/83a2jx/eli5_sometimes_police_can_enter_a_house_saying/
|
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"text": [
"Under the Federal Constitution there is no requirement to show the warrant. There is a standard of reasonableness with regard to the manner of execution of the search or arrest, and some decisions have cited the display of the warrant, but the Supreme Court has affirmatively held it is not a requirement. \n\nSome states do have statutes dictating the manner with which warrants are executed.\n\nKeep in mind, as with all personal rights (i.e. limitations on government power) under the Federal Constitution, states can always expand the proscription (i.e. give you more rights) but they can never limit your rights under the Federal Constitution. \n\nIn short, requiring a warrant to be shown is an additional right, but it is not required everywhere in the U.S.",
"I cannot speak for the law in the USA, but the relevant law in Canada is found at section 29(1) of the Criminal Code of Canada\n\n > 29 (1) It is the duty of every one who executes a process or warrant to have it with him, where it is feasible to do so, and to produce it when requested to do so.\n\nI am aware of only one case in which a search warrant was executed prior to the arrival of the physical copy of the warrant. In that case, the police presence was discovered inadvertently and destruction of evidence became a real possibility. The warrant arrived shortly thereafter and everything was deemed to be kosher.\n\nIn a different case, police officers entered a house prior to a warrant having been issued. The trial judge noted that the information on which the warrant was based was so defective that the police officers hadn't considered what would have happened if the warrant had not been issued. Needless to say, that evidence was excluded.\n\nThere is no requirement that the first person through the door be in possession of a copy of the warrant, but someone has to have it and that person must present it to those that have an interest in the warrant's execution (such as the occupants of a house, or the subject of a DNA order) when requested to do so.\n\nThe scenario that you describe \"I have a warrant but I am not going to show it to you\" would be manifestly unlawful in Canada. The officer would be the subject of a brutal judicial smackdown and any evidence would be excluded from trial."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJb4LIuaijY"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1vaqie
|
I am a merchant traveling along the Silk Road during the first century. What is life like for me and what kinds of things am I concerned about?
|
So I am currently doing my student teaching in a world history class and I was hoping AskHistorians might help me get a better sense of what life was like for traders and merchants traveling along the Silk Road (from all regions of the road). Are there any first hand accounts from people like this detailing their travels?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1vaqie/i_am_a_merchant_traveling_along_the_silk_road/
|
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"My suggestion to you is to read Susan Whitfields \"Life Along the Silk Road\", it is a historical fiction book, but it beautifully illustrates the trials that people faced along the Silk Road routes.\n\nThe Silk Road, as I'm sure you're aware was not just one long trail that stretched from East to West. There was just as much trade North to South between the newly settled civilizations thanks to the threat of violent reprisal from the Han and Qin Dynasty, who had eliminated the nomadic tribes such as the Hsiung-nu.\n\nThat being said, just because the routes had become settled enough to traverse with goods, it did not mean that one was entirely safe from brigands and the like. Very often you would hire protection if you could pay for it, the journey could take months if you were planning on going from one end to the other, which you often were as the silk in the East was a *very* precious commodity throughout most of the Silk Roads lifespan.\n\nSources:\n\nWaugh, Charles. University of Washington, \"Narratives of the Han Dynasty.\" Last modified 1999. _URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://books.google.com/books?id=uauW9cvqKGYC&pg=PA27&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false",
"https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hantxt1.html"
]
] |
|
30p9u4
|
why does my husband get an erection when he's tired?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30p9u4/eli5_why_does_my_husband_get_an_erection_when_hes/
|
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"text": [
"Your body needs to tense a muscle to *prevent* an erection. When you're tired this muscle relaxes and you become erect. Same reason you get morning wood.",
"His body is relaxed and that allows blood to flow to his penis. Normally, the blood flow is limited in that area. ",
"The autonomic nervous system controls lots of physiologic processes in the body without you having to consciously think about them. It has two components: sympathetics and parasympathetics. In general the sympathetic systems can be thought of as your \"fight-or-flight\" response and the parasympathetics can be thought of as your \"rest-and-digest\" or \"feed-and-breed\" response. These two components are in a constant balancing act with each other. When you exercise your sympathetics are more dominant than your parasympathetics. When you're on the couch and relaxing your parasympathetics are dominant. \n\nIn the penis the parasympathetic system controls erections, while the sympathetic system controls ejaculation and detumescence (softening). Your husband is in a parasympathetic state when he is tired and that leads to his erections. ",
"Is it too simple to say because he thinks you're hot? Sometimes I want sexy times with my wife, but my body is too tired for it, well most of my body is too tired. Appreciate it."
]
}
|
[] |
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[],
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||
5tud5h
|
Were there eunuchs in Pre-Columbian American civilizations?
|
So, in the course of trying to contextualize some of my dissertation arguments, I've come to realize that "what I know about eunuchs in world history" is really more "what I know about eunuchs in the history of Europe, Asia, and (sometimes) Africa." I'm most familiar with Byzantium, where eunuchs can be found across most levels of society, in political, religious, and even military roles. Was there ever an analogous place for eunuchs -- or a place for eunuchs at all -- in indigenous American cultures?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5tud5h/were_there_eunuchs_in_precolumbian_american/
|
{
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"text": [
"I've researched this a little, in precisely the same thinking as you! It's a solid *sort of...* If you, fellow eunuchologist, mean as I think you do \"other-gendered people occupying a distinct social role or roles with their gender made manifest through the act of literal castration\" then no. Which is boring. But if you mean any concepts of non-binary gender and social role for that, then yes, there are certainly some comparable concepts in different American cultures to eunuchs, including social roles you and I would consider very eunuchy, like religious leaders. But they didn't get physical about it. Katherine Ringrose actually makes the comparison in her Byzantine book, that they are all an approach to a universal social need for a \"liminal\" gender. As for instances of castration-yet-not-eunuch-creation, as castrating a man does not necessarily make him a eunuch with a proper eunuch's social role as we know, I believe castration was used as punishment/torture in some places, but frankly I'm really not interested in punitive/torture castration so I haven't researched it. \n\nUnfortunately this can be pretty tricky to research, as there's lots of secret words, some of the words are old and wince-y, and library catalogs are still stuck with a lot of old words for things, and of course, cataloging is an art practiced by human beings of varying skill and sensitivity, and we don't update old book entries if we can help it. There's MARC records in American academic libraries that got directly ported off the hard card catalog in 1975 and have been imported and exported unchanged from one cataloging software to another since then. I could go on a little subrant about the evolution of library cataloging terms but safe to say, to research this vein of history you need to think in a distinctly old-timey lens to really use a catalog. \n\nMore modern North American work has agreed on [Two Spirit](_URL_4_) as the umbrella term of choice in English, this is also a modern personal identity, for instance there were 2 separate PBS specials on two different people from cultures an ocean apart but both were identified as Two Spirit, so you see a lot of non-historical stuff here. You see some stuff classified under [berdache](_URL_2_), but it people stepped away from that word in the 90s, as it's pretty darn colonial. You do not find anything classified under the \"real\" words, i.e. native ones, but [Google Books can be fruitful here.](_URL_5_) [This subject heading](_URL_1_) is messy but has a few things of interest. [Other things clearly are in the vein of other-gender](_URL_3_) but are classified only under \"homosexuality,\" which can be a bit sticky, but in the 90s-00s they lumped a lot of disparate things under \"gay stuff, whatever\" and called it a day. North America has been written about a lot more than South America, or at least in English. And as you pick through these you'll probably see one name over and over again - Will Roscoe - because he's made himself a little cottage industry of non-Western LGBT+ studies. \n\nIf perhaps you weren't looking for a master-class in un-woke cataloging research methods and just a simple reading rec... if you want to read something short, easy to find in libraries, and eminently citable for your dissertation, I would recommend [the next-to-last chapter of this book.](_URL_0_) :)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/gender-and-sexuality-in-indigenous-north-america-1400-1850/oclc/819505027&referer=brief_results",
"http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3AIndians+of+North+America+Sexual+behavior.&qt=hot_subject",
"http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3Aberdache&qt=notfound_page&search=Search",
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/decolonizing-the-sodomite-queer-tropes-of-sexuality-in-colonial-andean-culture/oclc/61204318&referer=brief_results",
"http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=su%3Atwo+spirit",
"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Quariwarmi"
]
] |
|
bc78yz
|
how do people "let go" and choose to die?
|
I've heard countless stories of people waiting until family members show up to finally let go, or hearing about a spouse dying while you're both sick and one "lets go" after hearing. I just don't understand how anyone can command their body that way.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bc78yz/eli5_how_do_people_let_go_and_choose_to_die/
|
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"I'm no expert, but I think a lot of the time that person is actively fighting to stay alive for as long as possible whether it's a conscious or subconscious decision. Once they consciously decide that they no longer want to fight then the brain stops trying to coordinate the body's fight and they then slip away.",
"My mom promised my little sister that she'd wait for her. Even though she'd been in hospice for 3 days, and hadn't been [noticably] conscious for nearly 24 hours, she *knew* when my sister got there and said, \"hey, Mom.\" She died moments later, but she waited. Having watched her die, I can tell you they're sometimes capable of partial consciousness even when they're really close to death. So I believe she heard her voice, and then chose to stop forcing her body to keep going.\n\nWe've got more control over our autonomic nervous system than we realize/exercise. Think about those people who do extreme stunts where they literally *tell* their heartbeat to slow down enough that they can survive an unbelievable amount of time submerged in super cold water. Similarly, if your system is actively shutting down- but you *tell* your heart to keep beating- your body can use its very last reserves to do so. Not indefinitely, of course, but if I can will my heart to slow down when I begin to panic, then a dying woman can will hers to *keep* beating until she hears her daughter's voice.\n\nThat's not a very scientific response. But having witnessed what you're referring to, I think sometimes we have more control over our basic functions than what a healthy person would choose to exercise or explore (or even know how to, in most cases).",
"My friends grandparents just died last week. His grandma died first, and his grandad just stopped eating due to depression. He only lasted a couple days and passed away in his sleep. I guess it's because at their age it takes a lot of work to stay alive, and when you loose the will to keep that up it can end quickly.",
"It's a matter of survival situation. When in danger you release adrenaline to perform better. Here the situation is a psychological state of extreme willingness that activates survival/emergency mechanisms letting you stay alive for longer than if you were peaceful in your mind. After you had what you wanted you have no will to continue releasing those and \"let it go\".\n\nThink of two copies of the exact same person (physically) running a 10 Km race. At 9km both start to get really exhausted :\n- one is letting go and after 30sec can't finish the race cause the body has lost its \"high performing\" state and is now in resting state. It's lost now, even with all the will he can have now, he won't be able to make it.\n- the other one is willing to continue no matter what and so is still releasing adrenaline to his body which allows him to finish the race.\n\nThey were both the same exact person but the different psychological states had different influences on their physical states which led to different outcomes.\nThis is the same phenomenon appearing here.",
"I would add an alternative explanation: the (inopportunely named, in this case...) survivorship bias. \n\nFor every person who died at just the right moment to create a memorable and touching story about how they \"hung on\" until the right time, there are quite possibly 99 other people who died far too early or much later (or not at all!) to make it story-worthy. We only hear about those rare cases where people die at just the right moment, giving something of an illusion that the people may be exerting control over when they die.\n\nNot to say that's not what is happening, in some cases. But it is important to consider such observational biases which are often a simpler explanation for the stories we perceive."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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|
22o9ce
|
why are ncaa basketball rules so different from nba rules?
|
Since there's all this talk about if players are "NBA ready" (the same is said for football players) why are the rules so different? If they groom these players for success, why is there a longer shot clock and shorter games?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22o9ce/eli5why_are_ncaa_basketball_rules_so_different/
|
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"text": [
"The NCAA wants to differentiate itself from the NBA to minimize the perception that the players in one billion dollar league are very well compensated while the players in the other are lucky to get a scholarship.",
"The majority of college athletes don't have anywhere near the same amount of strength, speed and endurance as NBA players. Even the ones who are definitely going to the NBA don't get the same opportunities for training. That's why you see a lot of pro athletes bulk up a ton their first few years in the league. \n\nAlso remember that the vast majority of college athletes will never be close to being on the same level as professionals. Therefore, you need rule differences to reflect the disparity in athleticism."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
ilsnu
|
Why does Tyrannosaurus rex have a second set of rib bones?
|
What is the function of the bones in a *T. rex* that look like a secondary ribcage arranged opposite of the regular ribs? To clarify, I've only ever seen this in Tyrannosaurus skeletons, and it's a series of bones resembling smaller ribs, and it runs ventrally down to the pelvis. Not all *T. rex* skeletons that I have seen show these bones, but I don't recall ever seeing any other animal with the same bit of anatomy.
What are these? Why are they there? Why do other animals not have/need these? And, if you have time, why do most *T. rex* skeletons seem to be missing these?
As seen in this image, for example: _URL_0_
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ilsnu/why_does_tyrannosaurus_rex_have_a_second_set_of/
|
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"text": [
"They're called gastral ribs. Last I read we're not entirely sure what purpose they served or if they had any purpose. That's all I really know about the subject a paleontologist can tell you more. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/dinosaur/files/2009/03/sampson-tyrannosaurus-skeleton.jpg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
3b4c5l
|
modern germany's outlook and regulations on naziism?
|
To elaborate, is Nazi paraphernalia *completely* banned in the country? Is there like a common knowledge rule to just *not* bring up the Nazi era? Is Naziism a segment in German history courses?
Please and thank you very much!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3b4c5l/eli5_modern_germanys_outlook_and_regulations_on/
|
{
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"text": [
"They do acknowledge naziism in school. Nazi paraphernalia is banned for collecting purposes, although museums can display it. Same goes for Mein Kampf, not allowed to be sold or distributed.\n\nSource: My mother is German, told me about all this.",
"It is actually illegal to publicly display symbols from the Nazi party. [Here](_URL_0_) is a wikipedia article on the relevant law.\n\nIt dates back to the late 1940's and de-nazification. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a"
]
] |
|
3si1sp
|
if gas pumps can accurately measure high speed flow, why do they always slow to a crawl at the end?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3si1sp/eli5if_gas_pumps_can_accurately_measure_high/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwxefvf"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Think of it like filling a water bottle from a faucet. If you open the tap all the way and try to fill it you will have to stop when the water starts bubbling out of the top from the air trying to escape. The result is that you have a bottle that isn't actually full. Now if you start to close the tap and slow down the flow as the water reaches the top you let the air escape without causing the water to bubble up.\n\nThe same thing happens to the fuel tank in your car. To counteract this the pumps slow down the fill rate when it senses the tank getting full allowing for a full tank without the need to repeatedly restart the pump. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
cvu6am
|
Why does it hurt when disinfectant is applied to wounds?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/cvu6am/why_does_it_hurt_when_disinfectant_is_applied_to/
|
{
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"text": [
"Basically, this happens because of the contents of the antiseptic. When in contact with uncovered flesh, 2 ingredients in the antiseptic (ethanol and hydrogen peroxide) trigger 2 different receptors. Both of them cause you to feel the burning and apperant heat coming from the wound, when in reality, ethanol and hydrogen peroxide are simply making the 2 receptors go off. A similar thing happens when drinking alcohol. This is the reason you feel that burning sensation in your throat after having a drink.",
"Disinfectants are not picky about the type of cells they kill.\n\n[Alcohol](_URL_2_) dehydrates cells and denatures proteins. Proteins and cell walls have the shape they do partly from interaction with water and if you change the solvent everything dies. Antibiotics are an off switch for bacteria and disinfectants are nuking the site from orbit. \n\nEthanol burns partly because you're losing a few cells and partly because it triggers the same [VR-1](_URL_0_) heat receptors as spicy food.\n\nFor small wounds you usually [aren't really supposed to use disinfectants much.](_URL_3_) Cuts and scrapes should be [carefully washed with clean water.](_URL_1_) This is how I was trained as an EMT. If you really need topical disinfectants then they will probably be applied by a doctor or a nurse."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11378523_Ethanol_elicits_and_potentiates_nociceptor_responses",
"https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cuts/basics/art-20056711",
"https://sciencing.com/alcohol-kill-bacteria-5462404.html",
"https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/relieving-wound-pain#1"
]
] |
||
9lmohd
|
we always hear that the military is "fighting to protect our rights." but who are they fighting and why do they want to take away our rights?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9lmohd/eli5_we_always_hear_that_the_military_is_fighting/
|
{
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"score": [
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"text": [
"That statement is not meant to be taken literally. The implication is that if, *hypothetically,* someone were to bring us harm, the military would stop them.\n\nBy that logic, anyone who joins the military has signed up to (maybe, someday) die for our freedom."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
28acbm
|
what problems do modern mathematicians attempt to solve?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28acbm/eli5_what_problems_do_modern_mathematicians/
|
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"text": [
"How to make a living as a mathematician?",
"They're working on impossibly hard problems like:\n\n - Is every even number the sum of two primes? \n\n - Start with any natural number x. If it's even, go to x / 2. If it's odd got to 3x + 1. If you do this the cycle 1, 4, 2, 1... repeats forever. Are there any other cycles? \n\n - ~~A Pythagorean triple is three natural numbers so a^2 + b^2 = c^2. Are there any four numbers such that a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = d^2 ?~~ (Oopsies. I did *not* think this one through. Hat tip to /u/Usion and /u/RelentlessPessimist)\n\n - Corrected: A Pythagorean triple is three natural numbers so a^2 + b^2 = c^2. If you make a triangle with lengths a, b and c, it will be a right triangle. Now put two of those together to make a rectangle. Can you make a cuboid (brick shape) from rectangles like these?\n\n - Pick any number N, no matter how big. If you start adding up the fractions 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 ... the sum will eventually get bigger than N. This is called divergence.\n\n- When the gaps in a sequence 1, 3, 5, 7 ... are all the same size it's called an \"arithmetic sequence\". For any arithmetic sequence, the sum of reciprocals (1 + 1/3 + 1/5 + 1/7) also diverges.\n\n- Corrected: If the sum of reciprocals of a sequence diverges, it seems that you can always find arithmetic sequences inside (at least three numbers with equal gaps between them). Is this true? If it's true, can you always find longer sequences? How long? (Hat tip to /u/Spetzo and /u/FUZxxl )\n\n- When sequences do not contain an arithmetic sequence (e.g. 1, 3, 9, 27, 81...), the sum of the reciprocals do not seem to diverge. Are there any exceptions to that rule?\n\n - Pi is irrational and e is irrational. Is pi * e rational or irrational?\n\n - What is the [largest sofa](_URL_0_) that can fit around a 90-degree L-shaped corner between two hallways of equal width?\n- We know you can fit one that's 2.2 times bigger than the width squared. And we know that 2.83 times is too big. \n\n\nRecently solved very hard problems include:\n\n - Imagine you are coloring countries on a 2-dimensional map. How many colors do you need to keep the shapes distinct? You usually need three and sometimes you need four. Do you ever need five colors?\n- No.\n\n - Go back to Pythagorean triples (a^2 + b^2 = c^2). Finding triples a + b = c is easy, Pythagorean triples are a little harder but not too hard. Triples that satisfy a^3 + b^3 = c^3 seem impossible to find, but are they? What about other powers (a^n + b^n = c^n)?\n\n- There are no triples (a, b c), if n > 2.\n\nbut the proofs are very long.\n",
"\"Mathematicians\" means a ton of different things, and there's a big difference between academics doing pure research in universities, and people employed by \"the industry\" working on applications. I'll try to provide answers for a few branches of mathematics.\n\nComputer Science: There's a few well-known CS problems (the most obvious ones being P = NP and the [Traveling Salesman](_URL_2_)), and no shortage of stuff for theoretical Computer Scientists to work on. In the industry, Google and the NSA are probably the two biggest employers of computer scientists, with cryptography and AI being some of the most obvious problems they're working on.\n\nGeometry: Modern geometry is nothing like what you studied in school, and is incredibly abstract — one of my best mates wrote a dissertation on \"Equivariant Cohomologies\". Buggered if I know what that means. This is for the most part reserved for pure academics, and, from my experience, \"applied\" geometry/topology tends to mean theoretical physics, for the most part.\n\nNumerical Analysis: AFAIK, fluid dynamics (specifically the [Navier-Stokes equations](_URL_3_)) still provide academics with a ton of interesting stuff to work on. There's also a ton of practical applications for this stuff (a friend of mine did his _URL_0_. on something like detecting structural damage in concrete through the scattering of acoustic waves, and these days he's studying applications to oceanography).\n\nStatistics: Not sure what interesting theoretical problems are keeping academics busy, but in the industry there's a ton of demand for things like building [A/B testing](_URL_1_) models.\n",
"There are also more \"applied\" mathematicians working on equations describing phenomena such as fluid flow, random movement, pattern formation in crystalline structures ...\n\nThe questions one asks are usually of the form: Just starting from such and such property being satisfied, can we show that also this more interesting property will always hold?\n\nIf you want to get an overview have a look at [_URL_0_](http://_URL_0_), where new research papers are made available every day, so that other people can read and comment on them, e.g.:\n\nhttp://_URL_0_/list/math.MP/recent\n\nhttp://_URL_0_/list/math.AP/recent\n\n",
"Are there any math problems that would have rather immediate practical consequences if they were resolved?",
"Math grad student. Am currently trying to solve a variation of the following problem: Show that the [plurigenera](_URL_1_) of a [variety](_URL_0_) are invariant under certain types of [deformations](_URL_2_). Very few work on those type of number identities like stated in the top post (mainly, I would guess, because they tend to be very hard...). You can probably be more productive by exploring newer areas of mathematics than trying to solve age-old identities.",
"The [millennium problems](_URL_0_) are mostly still open. If you successfully solve one of these, you win 1 million dollars. I'm studying Computer Science and the one that is always brought up is P vs NP. Its probably the most important problem in that list, most people suspect that P != NP, but it is yet to be proven. \n \nEdit: Six of these seven problems remain unsolved, to be more exact. The Poincare conjecture was solved by Grigori Perelman who declined the monetary reward.",
"I think there's a lot of misinformation in some of the top-voted answers here. For context, I'm a year or so away from a math phd at a top-five department in the US. Here's what I tell people when they ask me what mathematicians actually do these days:\n\nFor starters, we don't sit around all day trying to solve the famous old problems that some of the other answers in this thread alluded to. At most, we might privately indulge ourselves occasionally in thinking about something big and unsolved, but it would be supremely unproductive to spend even a small fraction of our time attacking some monster problem that has a 100+ year record of going unsolved. As somebody whose field of study is far away from number theory, I would have little more of an idea of where to start in attacking the twin prime conjecture or the Riemann hypothesis than the man on the street. \n\nSo what do we do instead? Math research proceeds along similar lines to the way that other academic disciplines make progress in understanding the things they try to understand. In fact, it's a lot like observational science, in that we proceed from observing certain phenomena about mathematical objects, to coming up with encompassing theories that explain why the patterns that we observe will always be the case. Generally, these phenomena or patterns are happening in mathematical objects that are more complex than the sorts of things that people meet in math classes up to calculus, but pretty much everything we study has its roots in high school math. \n\nFor instance, elsewhere in this thread someone who studies algebraic geometry has commented. These days, algebraic geometry is a formidably difficult and technical subject, but it's possible to give an indication of the flavor of the subject from just high school algebra. At its core, algebraic geometry is about treating solutions to polynomial equations as geometric objects. While this might sound abstract, it is in fact something that we all do in high school algebra! Any time we look at the graph of a polynomial equation (eg going from the equation x^2+y^2=1 to the circle that it describes) we are translating from algebra to geometry. And the moment you start asking questions like \"why do some equations give curves with \"corners\" (eg y^2=x^3) and some don't, like the circle?\" or \"how many points can two such curves intersect in?\" you are asking simple versions of some of the big questions that people who actually do algebraic geometry work on. Some of the work we do is about building new technical frameworks in which to answer these questions (in effect, developing new language to talk about the phenomena we are interested in); other times we see that we can answer some special case of a Big Question, or else we come across some new interesting patterns, and make an attempt to describe them and explain why they are happening. And ever so rarely, someone realizes that they have a feasible approach to one of the Big Questions. But this never happens in isolation; it always happens because of all the incremental work to clarify the previously poorly-understood ideas that go into the proofs. \n\nI hope this helps a little bit. I know I've definitely stayed on the extremely general end of the spectrum. One unfortunate reality is that you do need a lot of preparation to understand the technical definitions of a lot of the objects that we work with and think about, but I do think that it's always possible to give some flavor of what it is that we think about. ",
"There are a lot of interesting, famous problems listed here. But most research Mathematicians are working on way more specific things that would be difficult for anyone outside of their branch of Math to understand. Most of the time, they start with one person's result and try to stretch it a little bit to make it stronger. For instance, someone may have proven A, B, C implies D. Someone else may come along and say, you know what, I think A and B imply D. \n\nSource: Married to a Mathematician. ",
"[Related Question from Quora and Best Answer] *What do grad students in math do all day?*\n\nA lot of math grad school is reading books and papers and trying to understand what's going on. The difficulty is that reading math is not like reading a mystery thriller, and it's not even like reading a history book or a New York Times article. \n\nThe main issue is that, by the time you get to the frontiers of math, the words to describe the concepts don't really exist yet. Communicating these ideas is a bit like trying to explain a vacuum cleaner to someone who has never seen one, except you're only allowed to use words that are four letters long or shorter.\n\nWhat can you say?\n\n\"It is a tool that does suck up dust to make what you walk on in a home tidy.\"\n\nThat's certainly better than nothing, but it doesn't tell you everything you might want to know about a vacuum cleaner. Can you use a vacuum cleaner to clean bookshelves? Can you use a vacuum cleaner to clean a cat? Can you use a vacuum cleaner to clean the outdoors?\n\nThe authors of the papers and books are trying to communicate what they've understood as best they can under these restrictions, and it's certainly better than nothing, but if you're going to have to work with vacuum cleaners, you need to know much more.\n\nFortunately, math has an incredibly powerful tool that helps bridge the gap. Namely, when we come up with concepts, we also come up with very explicit symbols and notation, along with logical rules for manipulating them. It's a bit like being handed the technical specifications and diagrams for building a vacuum cleaner out of parts.\n\nThe upside is that now you (in theory) can know 100% unambiguously what a vacuum cleaner can or cannot do. The downside is that you still have no clue what the pieces are for or why they are arranged the way they are, except for the cryptic sentence, \"It is a tool that does suck up dust to make what you walk on in a home tidy.\"\n\nOK, so now you're a grad student, and your advisor gives you an important paper in the field to read: \"A Tool that does Suck Dust.\" The introduction tells you that \"It is a tool that does suck up dust to make what you walk on in a home tidy,\" and a bunch of other reasonable but vague things. The bulk of the paper is technical diagrams and descriptions of a vacuum cleaner. Then there are some references:\n\"How to use air flow to suck up dust.\"\n\"How to use many a coil of wire to make a fan spin very fast.\"\n\"What you get from the hole in the wall that has wire in it.\"\n\nSo, what do you do? Technically, you sit at your desk and think. But it's not that simple. First, you're like, lol, that title almost sounds like it could be sexual innuendo. Then you read the introduction, which pleasantly tells you what things are generally about, but is completely vague about the important details.\n\nThen you get to the technical diagrams and are totally confused, but you work through them piece by piece. You redo many of the calculations on your own just to double check that you've really understood what's going on. Sometimes, the calculations that you redo come up with something stupid, and then you have to figure out what you've understood incorrectly, and then reread that part of the technical manual to figure things out. Except sometimes there was a typo in the paper, so that's what screwed things up for you.\n\nAfter a while, things finally click, and you finally understand what a vacuum cleaner is. In fact, you actually know much more: You've now become one of the experts on vacuum cleaners, or at least on this particular kind of vacuum cleaner, and you know a good fraction of the details on how it works. You're feeling pretty proud of yourself, even though you're still a far shot from your advisor: They understand all sorts of other kinds of vacuum cleaners, even Roombas, and, in addition to their work on vacuum cleaners, they're also working on a related but completely different project about air conditioning systems.\n\nYou are filled with joy that you can finally talk on par with your advisor, at least on this topic, but there is a looming dark cloud on the horizon: You still need to write a thesis.\n\nSo, you think about new things that you can do with vacuum cleaners. So, first, you're like: I can use a vacuum cleaner to clean bookshelves! That'd be super-useful! But then you do a Google Scholar search and it turns out that someone else did that like ten years ago.\n\nOK, your next idea: I can use a vacuum cleaner to clean cats! That'd also be super-useful. But, alas, a bit more searching in the literature reveals that someone tried that, too, but they didn't get good results. You're a confident young grad student, so you decide that, armed with some additional techniques that you happen to know, you might fix the problems that the other researcher had and get vacuuming cats to work. You spend several months on it, but, alas, it doesn't get you any further.\n\nOK, so then, after more thinking and doing some research on extension cords, you think it would be feasible to use a vacuum cleaner to clean the outdoors. You look in the literature, and it turns out that nobody's ever thought of doing that! You proudly tell this idea to your advisor, but they do some back of the envelope calculations that you don't really understand and tell you that vacuuming the outdoors is unlikely to be very useful. Something about how a vacuum cleaner is too small to handle the outdoors and that we already know about other tools that are much better equipped for cleaning streets and such.\n\nThis goes on for several years, and finally you write a thesis about how if you turn a vacuum cleaner upside-down and submerge the top end in water, you can make bubbles!\n\nYour thesis committee is unsure of how this could ever be useful, but it seems pretty cool and bubbles are pretty, so they think that maybe something useful could come out of it eventually. Maybe.\n\nAnd, indeed, you are lucky! After a hundred years or so, your idea (along with a bunch of other ideas) leads to the development of aquarium air pumps, an essential tool in the rapidly growing field of research on artificial goldfish habitats. Yay!",
"I'm only a math PhD student, but here's an attempt at a different type of answer. There's a a website called the [arXiv](_URL_2_) for the online, free-access publishing of articles in physics, mathematics, computer science, and a few other computational areas. Literally everyone puts their papers up on the arXiv, and it covers a very broad range of subjects. To be precise, they list about 35 different subject divisions in mathematics, many of which are broad enough to contain dozens of diverse, active subfields.\n\n\nWhile I'm generally ignorant of most fields of mathematics, including the one I'm trying to study right now, I can often make a little sense of the abstracts of papers. I'm going to select 5 random, recently published papers (preferably published today) in very different areas of math and describe them based on a casual reading of their abstracts. These should give the flavor of the problems and ideas that most mathematicians think about, which often consists of working out very technical problems that have a small place in a larger theory.\n\n\nIt would be helpful if experts clarified and corrected my uneducated attempts to parse these abstracts.\n\n\n* Algebraic Geometry [Today]: [Indecomposable vector bundles and stable Higgs bundles over smooth projective curves](_URL_2_abs/1406.3839). Vector bundles are these constructions where you take some sort of shape and glue a nice type of space to each point. That space might be a line, a plane, or something higher-dimensional, but it is always \"flat\" in any event. This construction comes up very often if you want to study the geometry of the shape you started with. The author claims that if we restrict our attention to vector bundles of some elementary nature (in the sense that it cannot be broken up into simpler pieces) where the underlying shape is of a certain simple but common form, and if we further fix some characteristic of the bundles we are interested in (like if the spaces we glue have to be lines or planes or whatever), the number of such distinct bundles can be computed by a polynomial equation using the algebraic data of the underlying shape. Moreover, the author gives an explicit way to find the polynomial and connects this with the problem of counting another sort of geometric construction: Higgs bundles.\n\n\nAs you can see, I only gave a very vague description of the words I could understand, and even so it all seemed very technical and hard to parse. This is common in algebraic geometry. But the gist of it all should be clear. We want to count the number of a certain type of mathematical object, and the author provides a way to do that in a certain family of cases. The author also demonstrates that the answer to the counting problem is provided by a polynomial that requires us only to know a specific set of data about the shape we started with.\n\n\n* Number Theory [Yesterday]: [On the trace and norm maps from Γ0(p) to GL2(A)](_URL_2_abs/1406.3879). The author talks about modular forms. These are certain types of functions satisfying very nice symmetries which turn out to have remarkable connections to number theory, but I couldn't begin to tell you how (I haven't a clue). The author considers a particular type of modular form, called a Drinfield modular form, and then describes a way of taking a modular form for a certain type of symmetry and building two modular forms for a different type of symmetry. The rest of the paper show how the data of the original form is connected with the data of the two new forms.\n\n\nNumber theory is another technical subject that I don't understand, but the idea of this paper is how to move tools from one context to another, and what happens to those tools along the way.\n\n\n* PDE (Partial Differential Equations) [Yesterday]: [Fully nonlinear long-waves models in presence of vorticity](_URL_2_abs/1406.4096). PDEs are equations that describe the way some system is changing through space and time. The authors analyze the behavior of large-amplitude waves in shallow water when one considers the complicating effects of vorticity -- the way a fluid spins. The problem seems to involve three independent dimensions of space and time but they manage to reduce it to a collection of two-dimensional problems which are easier to solve. Then they go on to talk about some of the additional technical features of this simplification technique they have developed.\n\n\nThis sort of paper is common in PDE. The authors take a very complicated physical situation and attempt to understand the behavior of a specific case (large amplitude, shallow water) with the presence of an additional complicating effect (vorticity). The task then becomes to show that the associated physical phenomenon has some nice dynamics and regularity properties: that is, it doesn't go crazy.\n\n\n* Logic [Today]: [Finitary reducibility on equivalence relations](_URL_1_). An equivalence relationship is a way of dividing a collection of objects into groups of things that are similar in some way. You might divide up a class into boys and girls, or the socks in your draw by their color. Another example is dividing up the whole numbers into the even and odd numbers. This paper talks the problem of comparing two such \"equivalence relations\" in a way that might make sense to a certain sort of computer. They claim that their comparison method has advantages over traditional comparison methods. For one, it allows one to talk about relations that are the \"most complicated\" in some context. They then go on to show that their comparison method is well suited for distinguishing things of arbitrary complexity, and apply their techniques to certain well-known equivalence relations. Lastly, they use their techniques to show that a certain well-known result cannot be extended.\n\n\nI don't know if this sort of problem is common in logic, but the authors are essentially trying to introduce their own way of comparing the complexity of \"equivalence relations\" and show that it has nice theoretical properties.\n\n\n* Statistics [Yesterday]: [Finding an ARMA(p,q) model given its spectral density or its correlogram](_URL_0_). An ARMA(p,q) model is a model for predicting the behavior of a sequence of events that seem to behave randomly within the guidelines of certain probabilistic behavior. One application might be economic data, such as stock prices. The ARMA model describes the way the average changes over time, as well as the way current events are related to past ones. Given such an ARMA model, one can look at information like its spectral density, which describes how it varies in different frequencies, and also at the various correlations it predicts. This gives three ways of thinking about the model: the spectral density, the correlations, and the original ARMA description involving the averages and the past relations. The author describes how to move between these three different perspectives.\n\n\n---\n\n\nLet me just say that the above descriptions are very poor and simplified (in accordance with my limited understanding and the sheer amount of words it would take to be much clearer). I also have only covered about a quarter of what might constitute a proper sampling of the various branches of math, including the area I study myself. Please let me know if you have questions or want me to look at a paper from a specific branch in mind."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_sofa_problem"
],
[
"M.Sc",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/B_testing",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations"
],
[
"arxiv.org",
"http://arxiv.org",
"http://arxiv.org/list/math.MP/recent",
"http://arxiv.org/list/math.AP/recent"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurigenera",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_theory"
],
[
"http://www.claymath.org/millennium-problems"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.4062",
"http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.3646",
"http://arxiv.org/",
"http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.3879",
"http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.3839",
"http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.4096"
]
] |
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