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Note: You should watch any chosen film twice—once to ensure that you have grasped the storytelling and once to take more specific notes on aspects of the film you wish to discuss. You may choose any appropriate director, but be sure to consider the three criteria of auteur theory before making your selection. Reflect on the film you chose in your Week 2 written assignment and look ahead to the Week 5 Final Paper guidelines to ensure that you choose a film for this assignment that will work with the requirements on the Week 5 Final Paper. You may opt to write about the same film in your Week 2 written assignment and Week 5 Final Paper, and applicable pieces of this assignment can be used to write both. If you do this, you should reflect on and revise this assignment based on the instructor’s feedback before you incorporate it into any future writing assignments.
Your paper should be organized around a thesis statement that focuses on how your chosen director and his/her films meet the criteria posed by auteur theory and advance the possibilities of storytelling through the medium of film. Review the Week 3 Sample Paper download, which provides a clear guide for developing a solid analysis as well as insight on composition.
In your paper,
Explain auteur theory.
Describe, using Chapter 8 of the text as a reference, the criteria for what makes a director an auteur.
Identify a director who meets the criteria posed by auteur theory
Summarize briefly the ways in which this director meets those criteria using examples from at least two of the director’s films.
Apply the lens of auteur theory in breaking down the director’s technical competence, distinguishable personality, and interior meaning using specific examples of his/her work (e.g., particular scenes or plot components).
Analyze the specific ways in which filmmaking techniques, consistent themes, and storytelling distinguish your chosen director as an auteur among his/her peers.
The Directors and Auteur Theory paper
Must be 900 to 1200 words in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center’s APA Style (Links to an external site.) resource.
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of Your Essay (in bold)
Your First and Last Name
University of Arizona Global Campus
Course Code: Name of Course (e.g., ENG 225: Introduction to Film)
Instructor’s name
Due Date
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Table of Contents
What is the GST?
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold in Singapore. This tax is charged at every step in the production and distribution process, from the manufacturer to the retail level.
All you need to know about the Good and Service Tax in Singapore here.
What is the GST rate in Singapore and how will it change over time?
Recently, the Government of Singapore released their scheme to gradually raise the goods and services tax (GST) rate from 7% to 8%, beginning January 1, 2023.
This is the first in a two-part series of GST hikes announced as part of the 2022 state budget; the second increase by another 1% point will follow in 2024.
Why is Singapore increasing the GST?
The Government of Singapore is increasing the GST rate in order to ensure that its financial health remains strong and resilient. This will provide additional revenue for the government to finance public expenditure, such as healthcare and infrastructure projects, the largest portions of government expenditure (With the rapid aging of the population, it is imperative to build new healthcare facilities to reduce costs and decrease future financial strain).
The additional revenue from this tax is also expected to help fund initiatives aimed at helping businesses remain competitive amid a challenging economic environment. Additionally, the rate increase is expected to help narrow Singapore’s budget deficit and ensure that the country remains on a sustainable path of growth.
By taking this step to adjust the rate now, it will also provide businesses with adequate time to prepare for any potential changes that may come in the future. This will ultimately help make sure that any disruptions to operations and customer experiences are kept to a minimum.
This increase will also ultimately benefit consumers, as it will ensure that Singapore remains competitive and attractive to investors, leading to more opportunities for job growth. This in turn will help increase wages and improve overall living standards for all citizens. The additional revenue from the tax rate hike is also expected to fund projects which will benefit individuals, families, and communities throughout the country. These include housing initiatives, healthcare subsidies, and educational support.
In the end, this tax rate increase is ultimately a necessary step for Singapore to ensure that its financial health remains strong and resilient in the long run.
How will the new GST rate impact businesses and consumers in Singapore?
Registered businesses in Singapore have a responsibility to ensure that their invoicing and accounting systems are up to date for the impending rate change, as well as effectively informing customers about how the tax increase will affect them. To be successful in these endeavors requires adequate preparation so that appropriate adjustments can be made accordingly.
In general, this tax hike will lead to an increase in the cost of goods and services for consumers. The impact is expected to be minimal, however, as businesses are likely to absorb some of the costs rather than passing them on completely. To counterbalance this, the Government has implemented a number of measures in order to help businesses remain competitive, such as providing additional support via the GST Voucher scheme.
Moving forward, it is important for businesses to take into account the potential impact of the tax rate increase on their operations and customers when making decisions about prices or other activities that may be affected. As with any kind of change, proper planning and communication will help make sure that the effects of the tax rate hike are as minimal and manageable as possible.
While the impending GST hike may appear daunting, it should be viewed as an opportunity to assess and improve business operations by ensuring that all processes are compliant with current regulations. By making these necessary adjustments now, businesses will be able to better anticipate any further changes in the future while also taking advantage of any potential benefits that come along with them.
Ultimately, this increase is a necessary step for the Government to ensure that Singapore’s financial health continues to remain strong and resilient. With adequate preparation and planning from businesses, any potential disruption caused by this change can be minimized and managed effectively.is tax
How should local businesses prepare for the GST increase?
In order to ensure that the impact of the GST rate hike is as minimal and manageable as possible, businesses should take some time to assess the potential implications of the change. This includes looking at existing processes and procedures to make sure they are compliant with current regulations, as well as assessing how competitors may be affected by the new rate.
In a more practical way, businesses should:
- Review existing pricing strategies and prepare to revise them to accommodate for the tax rate increase.
- Update their accounting software or systems with the new rate.
- Train the staff on how to comply with the new regulations.
- Develop a communication plan to inform customers of any changes in product prices or other activities that may be.
- Carefully evaluate contracts and agreements with suppliers or customers to ensure compliance with the new rate.
- Get help from professional advisors to apply for any advantageous tax schemes provided by the government. | https://topfdi.com/blog/singapore-goods-and-sales-tax-gst-increase-2023/ |
Maintenance Warning of website maintenance - Sunday 14th August
Detailed assessment will provide the necessary information to plan a support package which may consist of further adjustments in the classroom to improve access to the curriculum and/or specific intervention to improve speech and language skills that need addressed.
An intervention needs to be planned and documented in an Individual Support Plan (or equivalent) in order for all adults to be informed of the support that needs to be in place to support the child/young persons learning needs.
When planning any support, the emotional well-being and confidence of the child or young person should be prioritised, with all adults having a clear understanding of the child or young person’s individual needs.
Further adjustments may be needed for individual children in order to increase their ability to access the curriculum within the classroom. These following suggestions have been divided into the curriculum content, curriculum delivery and classroom resources.
Curriculum Content:
Curriculum Delivery:
Classroom resources:
Staff Knowledge and Understanding:
Records should be kept of all interventions that have been delivered and the impact they had on the child/young person’s progress and be available to be reviewed at regular intervals. The evidence of impact and the level of the child/young person's engagement with tasks needs to be accurately recorded over time to inform decisions about whether chosen interventions promote and maintain effective curriculum access.
If you have any feedback for this website, please tell us your thoughts.
For further information please see our disclaimer. | https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/Education/Access-to-learning/Graduated-response-toolkit/School-toolkit/Cognition-and-learning/SEN-support-in-school/Plando.aspx |
This is a second shift postion with hours: Monday- Thursday 2:30 p.m.- 12:30 a.m.
Training will take place on first shift for approximately 90 days - Monday-Friday 7:00 a.m.- 3:00 p.m.
JOB SUMMARY:
The Prepress Technician will accurately revise artwork based on customer and CRM feedback, while adhering to ever-changing deadlines and production schedules. The Prepress Technician will create proofing and plating files using the latest graphics software to create final layouts to meet the clients expectations. All supplied art for each job must be checked and verified to meet non-secure and secure card specifications. The ideal candidate will have the ability to work on multiple designs for multiple customers at any given time, and demonstrate strong attention to detail. Trap, impose and develop plates and film for both Press and Silkscreen departments. Work with Press department on press proofs and press checks. Maintain tidiness of work area, including keeping computers and plating equipment clean and in good repair. Perform light maintenance of equipment, including software updates and replacement of consumable supplies as needed.
DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES:
Create card layout and design utilizing customer supplied art files. Each job is to be placed within the tolerances as specified from MasterCard, Visa, Discover and Amex. Create special plating files if needed to produce finished product to include Hot Stamp files. Create customer proofs, and assist in plating process. Burn finished approved art files to CD for delivery to clients and other duties as assigned. Each Prepress team member will be required to cross train in all jobs within the department. Plating and layout abilities will be required by all prepress personnel. Adjustments to plating files will be required to improve print output.
QUALIFICATIONS & SKILLS:
- High school diploma or GED required
- Minimum of 3 years’ experience in Offset Print environment required
- Basic to Advanced Mac / PC Computer Skills and problem solving abilities
- Must be proficient in Creative Cloud software; Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign and Adobe Acrobat
- Pre-flight documents according to printing standards and make necessary adjustments
- Knowledge of the printing process, including spot colors, trapping art images and overprint
- Knowledge of Prinect workflow is a plus
- Film creation for Silk Screen printing is a plus
- Knowledge of how colors physically and visually interact with one another
- Good communication and time management skills
- Excellent proofreading skills
- Attention to detail and the ability to comprehend written and oral instructions
- Must be “Quality” conscious and motivated
- Excellent written and verbal communication skills
- Must be able to work well in a team oriented environment
Grading:
Requisition ID: 8942
Your HR Manager: Amanda Wagoner, Tel.-Nr.:
Are you interested in taking the next step in your career?
Please send your application to our Recruiting-System.
Thank you. | https://careers.gi-de.com/job/Twinsburg-Prepress-Technician-OH-44087/666076501/ |
This attractive stone - built property along the main road close to the River Arga has an elegant, rustic - style interior and two dining rooms, one reserved for guests ordering the tasting menu. Cuisine with an up - to - date feel, featuring fine textures, innovative touches and a focus on locally sourced products.
- n Two MICHELIN Stars: Excellent cooking, worth a detour!
Commitment to sustainable gastronomy
Initiatives
A commitment to local producers
The efficient use of ingredients to avoid waste
And the promotion of sustainable agriculture and animal rearing. | https://guide.michelin.com/en/comunidad-foral-de-navarra/urdaitz/restaurant/el-molino-de-urdaniz |
Chef Kang Min-goo's keen eye for detail shines in this relocated space of Mingles, from the ceramicware that highlights the beauty of Korean cuisine to the warm luxury of empty space apparent in the interior design. From the beginning, Kang has marched to the beat of his own drum, breaking down barriers by marrying the old with the new, but always with a deep respect for tradition. His journey and evolution continues, with dishes like Abalone and Cabbage Seon and Fish Mandu showcasing the creativity of the chef and his talented team.
- n Two MICHELIN Stars: Excellent cooking, worth a detour! | https://guide.michelin.com/en/seoul-capital-area/kr-seoul/restaurant/mingles |
Two MICHELIN Stars: Excellent cooking, worth a detour!
This restaurant from the Singaporean group is furnished in a black colour scheme and generously decorated with crystals, which befits the well-crafted dim sum, barbecued meat and seafood it serves. Specialities like scrambled ‘osmanthus’ egg with crabmeat, roasted chicken stuffed with glutinous rice, and diced chicken with tofu and salted fish in claypot all exhibit finesse and refinement. Double-boiled soups are also highly sought-after. | https://guide.michelin.com/hr/en/shanghai-municipality/shanghai/restaurant/imperial-treasure-fine-chinese-cuisine-huangpu |
Two MICHELIN Stars: Excellent cooking, worth a detour!
As with other branches around the world, this one boasts the iconic red-and-black colour scheme and a counter wrapped around an open kitchen. A highly skilled kitchen team prepare sublime French classics with clever modern touches, accuracy and aplomb. Sit at the counter to watch the alchemy unfold or ask for a table by the window to soak up the views of the Bund. It also opens at lunch, serving slightly less formal set menus. | https://guide.michelin.com/en/shanghai-municipality/shanghai/restaurant/l-atelier-de-joel-robuchon-506708 |
PARIS (AFP) – The restaurant of famed French chef Paul Bocuse, who died almost two years ago, has lost the coveted Michelin three-star rating it had held since 1965, the guide said yesterday.
The Michelin Guide told AFP the quality of L’Auberge de Collonges-au-Mont-d’Or, near Lyon, “remained excellent but no longer at the level of three stars”.
The restaurant, in France’s food-obsessed southeast, will have two stars in the 2020 edition.
The guide’s boss, Gwendal Poullennec, visited the restaurant on Thursday to deliver the news, spokeswoman Elisabeth Boucher-Anselin said.
The chef’s Bocuse d’Or organisation greeted the news with “sadness”.
GL events, which organises the prestigious Bocuse d’Or international cooking competition, “wishes to provide its unwavering support to ‘Maison Bocuse’”, it said in a statement.
Bocuse, one of the most celebrated French chefs of all time, died aged 91 on January 20, 2018, after suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
Dubbed the “pope” of French cuisine, Bocuse helped shake up the food world in the 1970s with the lighter fare of the Nouvelle Cuisine revolution and created the idea of the celebrity chef.
Bocuse’s restaurant was the only one in France to keep a three-star rating for more than four decades. | https://borneobulletin.com.bn/legendary-bocuse-restaurant-loses-third-michelin-star/ |
Shock waves rippled through the culinary world ten days ago when news broke that the historic Paul Bocuse restaurant The Auberge du Pont de Collonges would no longer be given a three-star listing in the France Michelin Guide for 2020.
A move compounded by the fact that the demotion came just two years after the death of a culinary legend and founder, Paul Bocuse and that the restaurant's "exceptional cuisine" status had been held for a record-breaking 55 years. Elisabeth Ancelin, director of communications for the Michelin Guide, said at the time: “the restaurant is no longer at the level of three stars.”
In a Michelin first, the ceremonious dismount was handled personally by the guide's director, Gwendal Poullennec, who traveled to Lyon in the South East of France to relay the news to the devastated restaurant team. Bocuse's son, Jerome, was said to be shocked and upset but defiant that they will once again shine bright with three stars, "I guarantee it" he told local newspaper Lyon Capitale. The restaurant is scheduled to reopen on 24 January after several weeks of renovations.
Poullennec told France Inter radio: “I understand the team’s emotion. It’s a difficult decision but for Michelin, it’s a fair decision.” Changing the ranking to two stars was based on meals eaten there in 2019, according to Poullennec, who said the decision was reached collectively by Michelin inspectors. A restaurant rating always “reflects the current value of a meal. There is no special treatment in a Michelin guide”, he added, explaining in other interviews that stars are not "inherited" and "must be earned every year".
In an interview with The Washington Post, Poullennec said that during their visits in 2019, they had found "a variation in the level of the cuisine, but it remains excellent" a stance from the guide that that has sparked anger from some.
Food critic Périco Légasse called it "an absurd and unfair decision". Speaking on the radio station FranceInfo, he added: "Michelin cannot be so stupid," claiming that critics all agreed that the food at the restaurant had improved since Bocuse's death. He said: "today its discredit is total, the institution is dead."
The move also generated ripples of anger beyond the culinary world and into the public arena, there was even a show of support from loyal Lyon football supporters. During the Coupe de le Ligue win against Lille on Tuesday, fans in the stands held up a giant banner that read "Mr Paul, personne n’enlèvera une seule de vos étoiles du cœur des Lyonnais" (M.Paul, no one will remove a single one of your stars from the hearts of the Lyonnais.)
Lyon has a fierce culinary tradition and Paul Bocuse was officially known as the "Pope of Gastronomy" where one of the world's most challenging cooking competitions, The Bocuse d'Or is just one of his huge culinary legacies.
Gwendal Poullennec stands by the prestigious guide's decision, "All establishments are evaluated anonymously by our inspectors every year... whether you are an iconic chef or a young chef who takes the risk of being plunged into debt by opening a restaurant." he goes on to say.
Should any other three Michelin star restaurants be worried about bad news in tonight's reveal? Apparently not. Poullennec told AFP "no other three-starred restaurants ran the risk of being downgraded in this year's guide."
We'll bring you the news of the new France Michelin Guide 2020 when it drops this evening. | https://www.finedininglovers.com/article/michelin-bocuse-third-star |
That you have to wander the aisles of a supermarket in search of the entrance merely adds to the feeling that you have the code to something secret, something special, something exclusive. Some two and a half hours later you leave this stunning restaurant feeling joyously replete but also with some regret that it’s all over. There are tables around the edge of the attractive room but sitting at the walnut counter watching the focused and practiced movements of the team is an integral part of the experience. Everyone is served at the same time by a smart black-suited team who prove that when service is really good, you barely notice it. Chef César Ramirez’s cooking is an almost subtractive form of cuisine, with the emphasis on allowing the natural flavors of ingredients to come through. The 13 or so small but perfectly formed dishes confirm a chef at the height of his powers as there is nothing showy or extraneous here. It’s just an absolute meticulousness in ensuring that the key ingredient, whether that’s a Scottish langoustine or A5 Wagyu beef from Miyazaki, delivers its true essence. The sauces, which are of extraordinary depth, play their part in this.
- o Three MICHELIN Stars: Exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey!
- ô Very comfortable restaurant; one of our most delightful places.
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MICHELIN Inspector Field Notes: December 2019
Highlights of the latest thoughts from our MICHELIN inspectors.
Michelin Inspectors' Best Dishes of 2017
Our famously anonymous inspectors spill the dirt on their 17 favorite food and drink items for the year. | https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/new-york-state/new-york/restaurant/chef-s-table-at-brooklyn-fare |
Portugal has nine new Michelin Stars for 2017, almost doubling the 14 from 2016. Two eateries, the Yeatman in Porto and Il Gallo d’ora on Madeira, got a second Michelin stars from the famous red dining guide.
The two star restaurants include Belcanto in Lisbon and Vila Joya in the Algarve. New single stars went to the Casa de Chá da Boa Nova and Antique in Porto, Loco in Lisbon, LAB in Sintra and William in Funchal. L’And in the Alentejo rejoins the list.
Michelin stars are a rating system used by the red Michelin Guide for restaurants on quality. The guide was developed in 1900 to help French drivers. According to the Guide, one star signifies "a very good restaurant", two stars are "excellent cooking that is worth a detour." The listings restaurants are updated once a year. | https://www.azores-adventures.com/2016/11/nine-new-michelin-stars-in-portugal-in-2017-for-23-total.html |
Chef Jöne Pan
You could say that Chef Jöne was born with a tasting spoon in her mouth. Born and raised in Saratoga, California, she was introduced to the culinary arts at a young age watching Jacques Pepin and Julia Child on television. Despite her early passion for all things food related, her career path took a little detour, earning a BS in Computer Science from Santa Clara University, then working for 7 years in corporate finance for the biopharmaceutical industry, leading to an MBA from Arizona State University. However, the passion for cooking never left and it was inevitable that the gastronomy bug would bite again – and this time with a much bigger bite.
It was during Jöne’s time studying for her MBA that she concluded passion and career may not necessarily have to be mutually exclusive. Jöne took her initial step staging for Christopher Kostow at Chez TJ in Mountain View, CA. Within a few months, she was off to France to study at the prestigious École Supérieure de Cuisine Française – Ferrandi in Paris. With a concentration on French Cuisine, Jöne began to immediately build an impressive resume while working with some of the world’s top chefs, including: Hélène Darroze (**Michelin stars), Mauro Colagreco (Mirazur, **Michelin stars), and Jean-François Piège (Les Ambassadeurs, **Michelin stars). She graduated and received her C.A.P., but her desire to continue learning would not stop there. Ironically, Jöne met and assisted Chef David Kinch (Manresa, **Michelin stars) at the Gastronomy by the Seine event in Paris. She received a brief stage at Manresa in Los Gatos, CA while on a return visit back home. She also assisted with the vegetable harvest at Love Apple Farm.
Upon Jöne’s final return to the U.S., she immediately looked for more ways to further her experience in the kitchen. Soon after, she was awarded the position of Chef de Cuisine at The Institute, a private golf course in Morgan Hill, CA. In this position, Jöne had the vehicle to drive her cooking creativity. She was given the flexibility to create tasting menus on a weekly basis and had the freedom to apply a variety of techniques, including fairly nouveau approaches such as molecular gastronomy.
After some time, and despite her love of the kitchen, inexplicably Jöne found it increasingly difficult to maintain the physical endurance needed to manage a kitchen. Despite youth and an active, healthy lifestyle, she suffered from random bouts of fever, chronic rhinitis, fatigue, and insomnia and had to take an extended time off from the rigors of the kitchen. Jöne took this as an opportunity to learn about the science of espresso and textured milk, honing her skills with roasters such as Cafe Venetia, Stumptown Coffee, Blue Bottle, and Sightglass Coffee.
Despite leaving the restaurant kitchen, Jöne continued to experience chronic health problems. After paying a visit to Dr. Daniel Auer, she soon came to learn that she had a myriad of food intolerances, the worst being gluten, dairy, and eggs. It was clear why her symptoms continued, and worsened, even with a change in environment. Gluten, dairy, and eggs are staples in any kitchen, and she was unknowingly ingesting that which was causing all her problems. To battle her condition, Jöne implemented the Anti-Candida Diet and then the Paleo Diet into her lifestyle, which has all but eradicated her chronic fatigue and insomnia.
Chef Jöne wants to use her newfound knowledge to help others live a healthier, cleaner lifestyle. As they say, “You are what you eat.” Having a good, clean diet and an active lifestyle is the best health care anyone can administer to themselves, leading to disease prevention and unmatched long term benefits for the mind, body, and soul.
Chef Jöne resides between Paris and San Francisco. | http://www.chefjonepan.com/about-jone |
PAVILLON De Paris
Created by two aficionados of French cuisine, Rodolphe Rodet and Jean-Claude Fédou, in 2010 saw the opening of a new French restaurant in Budapest, inaugurated in the presence of Marc Meneau, a well known French chef with two stars in the Michelin guide.
Living abroad since the early 1990s, we have always wanted to make the “rich cuisine of our country” better known and more appreciated.
Our ambition is to bring to Budapest, one of the most visited capital cities in Europe, a French restaurant reknown for its excellent cuisine as well as its atmosphere, which will contribute to the international prestige of the city.
Restaurant manager: Tamás Juhász, Chef: Ferenc Szabó.
French
-
- = average meal 3000 Ft or less
-
- = average meal 3000Ft - 6000 Ft
-
- = average meal 6000 Ft or more
An average meal includes a starter and a main course with a side dish and a non-alcoholic beverage.
- Indoor Smoking:
- 0
- Indoor Non-Smoking:
- 45
- Terrace:
- 35
- Cellar:
- 0
- Gallery: | http://www.tablefree.hu/pavillon-de-paris/191/20 |
French chef Joël Robuchon dies
Revered French chef Joël Robuchon, who at one point held the most Michelin stars in the world, has died at the age of 73.
According to French newspaper Le Figaro, Robuchon died from cancer on 6 August, a year after receiving treatment for a pancreatic tumour.
He was named “chef of the century” by French restaurant guide Gault Millau in 1989 and at one point held a total 32 Michelin stars across his international portfolio of restaurants. His current portfolio of 13 restaurants holds a total of 24 Michelin stars.
Michelin released a statement offering its condolences to the family, friends and associates of the chef.
“He made his mark in the history of gastronomy and shone the spotlight on French cuisine and culinary art on all continents. From Paris to Tokyo, as in New York, he displayed his signature style and unique know-how,” the statement said.
Jean-Dominique Senard, president of the Michelin group, described Robuchon as a “unique man” and an “extraordinary chef who revolutionized French cuisine”.
“Through his talent and creativity, he has contributed to the highest degree to restore gastronomy to its nobility and elevate it to the status of a recognized art,” he says. | https://www.hospitalitymagazine.com.au/french-chef-joel-robuchon-dies/ |
(Note: Please be advised that in light of the current Covid-19 pandemic situation globally, always refer to your local authorities for all essential travel updates and restrictions before arranging travel plans to ensure a smooth travel experience.
As an avid traveler and a city girl at heart, Hong Kong is my top destination in the world.
Hong Kong is one of the busiest and the most developed metropolitan hubs in Asia in terms of trade, finance, business and tourism. It consists of the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories and over 200 outlying islands. These areas are connected by sprawling train and bus networks.
Thanks to its highly efficient public transportation system, the city is incredibly easy to navigate and get from one place to another. Hong Kong is also often compared to the city of New York due to its many similarities and overall vibe.
Although officially a part of China, Hong Kong is worlds apart from the rest of the country culturally, economically and politically because of its unique history.
Since then, Hong Kong was a colony of the mighty British Empire, except during World War II, when it was occupied by Japan. Britain maintained its rule of the territory until its handover back to China in 1997.
Today, Hong Kong is a considered a Special Administrative Region of China. It is part of China but with its own economy, currency, and immigration laws. Interestingly, even a mainland Chinese person would need to go through Immigration checks upon entering the region.
The best time to visit this marvelous city is from the months of October to March, which are a good time to tour Hong Kong. The most ideal is from October-December when the temperature is cooler (ranging from 5-15 degrees) with relatively sunny skies.
Here are my top 3 recommended things to do on your visit to Hong Kong:
Attractions
Avenue of the Stars
The Avenue of Stars was officially launched in April 2004, along the Tsim Sha Tsui Waterfront Promenade. It showcases the prominent personalities of the Hong Kong film industry, having their names, signature, and handprints etched on the stars scattered throughout the promenade’s floor. One of the most celebrated attractions along the promenade is the bronze statue of Bruce Lee, Hong Kong’s martial arts legend.
The Hong Kong’s local version of “walk of fame, the Avenue of Stars is a popular scenic spot along the waterfront of Tsim Sha Tsui, which honors important figures in Hong Kong’s film industry.
Long considered the “Hollywood of the Far East”, Hong Kong has been an important center for film for more than a century, producing iconic movies, as well as actors and actresses who rose to worldwide fame.
If you are a film buff, you may recognize a lot of the names of not only film stars, but also directors and producers.
There are several statues, the most popular being that of Bruce Lee, with not only fists of fury; along with his chiseled abs. Many fans and visitors love to come here to try and recreate the pose of the iconic actor.
Another favorite set of statues are the life-sized ones of a director and a cameraman on set, the boom operator trio, a film camera and a lighting stage crew. They bring nice shots with the incredible skyline of Hong Kong Island in the background.
All along the Avenue of Stars are the handprints of celebrities such as Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Chow Yun Fat, John Woo and Michelle Yeoh (of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon fame) just to name a few.
Apart from seeing the statues & hand-prints of movie stars, Avenue of Stars is also one of the best sites to watch the Symphony of Lights, a nightly spectacle of synchronized lights display with musical accompaniment, featuring 44 of Hong Kong’s skyscrapers — both in Kowloon and Hong Kong sides of Victoria Harbor.
Best of all, visitors can watch the lightshow absolutely for free and enjoy the marvelous city skyline!
Location: Take MTR Train and get off at East Tsim Sha Tsui station. Use Exit J. From here, turn left. It is around a 3-minute walk. If you are coming from Nathan Road or Tsim Sha Tsui Station, you can walk through the pedestrian subway to East Tsim Sha Tsui Station. Follow the signs that lead to Exit J and walk towards the Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade
Average cost per person: USD $2-3 per person for metro train roundtrip ticket or you can take the local Star ferry for less than USD $1 (both coming from Central district)
Dining
Tim Ho Wan
In the eyes of the visitors, one of the most intriguing attractions in Hong Kong is food. Talking about cuisine, Hong Kong cuisine is famous for its intriguing street food, its distinctive flavor and reasonable prices. Moreover, Hong Kong has many Michelin Star restaurants therefore the city offers vast of food options for locals and visitors alike.
With mixed style of Asian-European cuisine, there are many Michelin Star restaurants in Hong Kong, but of course the price is not cheap at all. However, there are exceptions; that is the restaurant Tim Ho Wan.
The first Tim Ho Wan restaurant was opened a decade ago in Sham Shui Po. At first, the bar had only about 20 seats, but thanks to the dim sum quality, the restaurant has become a popular destination for Hong Kong people and tourists over the years. Thanks to the cheap food and excellent quality, in 2010, the restaurant received a Michelin star and has also entered the cuisine scene in Macau.
If you’re a dim sum lover looking for an authentic Hong Kong meal experience – Tim Ho Wan is the place you should not miss. Gaining the label as the “world’s cheapest Michelin-starred restaurant”, the HK chain were founded by former Four Seasons Hong Kong chefs Mak Kwai Pui and Leung Fai Keung. Tim Ho Wan is known for offering bite-sized Chinese delicacies that rival the quality of some upscale hotel kitchens.
Currently, there are six Tim Ho Wan locations in Hong Kong. The menus are almost similar to one another, with only slight variation. Shops offer about 35 dim sum options categorized by: steamed, deep-fried, rice, congee & snacks, rice noodle rolls and desserts. Popular classics including the shrimp dumplings (har gow) and the delicious barbecue pork buns (char siu bao) are on every menu. It’s worth noting that some dishes are only offered at a particular branch. Prices also differ in every restaurant.
Hong Kong is one of the most expensive destinations in the world. But in here, there is a Michelin Star restaurant where the price is very affordable and when you are traveling to Hong Kong – it’s a must-try. Upon hearing Michelin stars, one would think of the best food but very pricey. However, at a Tim Ho Wan’s restaurant, you can enjoy Michelin standard dishes starting from USD $3.
Tim Ho Wan is considered the Michelin Star restaurant has cheapest price in the world. Specializing in dim sum, what’s more, coming to Tim Ho Wan, you can also enjoy the delicious cakes with affordable prices and you will be in for an authentic local cuisine experience!
What dishes to order? Sticky rice in lotus leaf in traditional style, Steamed Rice Roll,
Steamed Prawn Dumplings & Baked Barbecued Pork Bun Pastry are extremely popular dishes
Location: Tim Ho Wan Restaurant, IFC Mall, Central
Average cost per meal per person: USD $15-20
Shopping
Temple Street Market
As a shopping mecca, Hong Kong boasts an extensive selection of shopping destinations, offering a different experience per location making it a shopper’s paradise.
It has something to offer for various types of shoppers — luxury boutiques, outlet stores, wholesale shops, street markets, and night markets. The options seem inexhaustible.
Hong Kong Temple Street Market has a modest area on a long and narrow road but it is still one of the most popular night markets in Hong Kong. The variety and plenty of goods, especially all at cheap prices, is what draws visitors here.
It is also known for its food stalls with many delicacies. The Temple Street Night Market is a very popular tourist attraction known for its variety of products with reasonable prices.
Catering to both tourists and locals, The Temple Street Night Market is Hong Kong’s busiest and liveliest night market, it is noisy and crowded with rows of stalls with all sorts of cheap merchandise, fakes, souvenirs, clothing, electronics as well as open-air food stalls.
Aside from the Night Market, one of the popular shopping destinations in Hong Kong is Mong Kok. The streets are always bustling with activities, especially at night. Old shops and restaurants blend in with the modern ones, giving it a unique characteristic that is so unlike the rest of Hong Kong. Being in Mong Kok is a feast for all the senses. It houses a great number of shops and markets, selling various kinds of items — from clothes to jewelry to cosmetics to electronics; the list goes on.
This is the place to bargain, and bargain hard. You will likely see the same merchandise in several different stalls as you walk from one to the other, so you might want to check out several stands to get a feel for the prices and the types of merchandise. The market is not very big, so you can always go back at your convenience.
The night market officially opens in the afternoon, with most stalls setting up by 6:00 p.m. and shutting down by midnight, it is most lively from 9:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.
TIP: Don’t forget to bargain as most items are overpriced and the hawkers are nice enough to give a discount!
Location: Temple Street runs parallel to Nathan Road, to reach the market, take the MTR to Jordan station, exit A and just follow the signs and you can walk all the way to Mong Kok road for more shopping choices
Average cost per person: USD $1 to unlimited, you can shop to your heart’s content (or budget!)
Final thoughts
Visitors will find everything they could possibly want from a city break at their fingertips. The urban city offers dazzling architecture, fantastic food, excellent shopping and a bustling nightlife.
Hong Kong is an intriguing combination of an ultra-modern and an historic city, blending traditional and modern-day Chinese influences with those of its colonial past.
Hong Kong distinguishes itself from its Chinese city counterparts such as Shanghai and Beijing with its vibrant, multifaceted culture and stunning cityscape. This British-Chinese hybrid astounds visitors with its striking dense skyscrapers and lush landscapes.
Hong Kong is one of the most exciting places on earth and, even after countless visits to other countries, the city remains in my top five places to visit.
From traditional street markets and beautiful temples to the fast-paced, skyscraper-dotted streets, with endless food and drink options; I find the city of Hong Kong one of the most vibrant, eclectic and diverse in the world.
With a lot of research and planning ahead; you can save a lot of money upon your visit.
Keep in mind these are average spending per activity per person on a daily excursion – expect that most of the days you’ll spend more.
While Hong Kong certainly isn’t cheap, but since it’s such a diverse and massive city, there’s something here for every budget and preference!
Embodying the soul of the “east meets west” along with great food and attractions, Hong Kong – the “ Asia’s World City” is truly an ideal destination.
Sure there are a lot of great cities around the world worth exploring. However, whenever I come for a cityscape in Asia, most of the time I choose Hong Kong as a preferred destination or when there is a layover opportunity.
The city never ceases to impress me each visit. I always leave fulfilled and feeling delighted.
There is quite truly no modern metropolis more fascinating and exciting than Hong Kong. | https://www.yoair.com/blog/travel-guide-visiting-hong-kong-on-a-budget/ |
Miguel Navarro began his professional career at the age of 16 as an apprentice at the family restaurant on the island of La Gomera. He then studied hospitality in Tenerife, where he also worked in various hotels on the island.
In 2000 he started his first internship at 3-star Restaurante Martín Berasategui in the Basque Country and in 2005 he joined the Ritz-Carlton Abama Hotel, where he was part of the team which, under the direction of Martín Berasategui, achieved its first Michelin Star for the MB Restaurant. In 2010 he went to Germany to work with Chef Sven Everfeld, at the Restaurant Aqua awarded with 3 Michelin Stars, at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Wolfsburg.
He has completed periods of learning in several Michelin Star restaurants such as Piazza Duomo, 3 Michelin Stars in Italy, Azurmendi 3 Michelin Stars, in Bilbao or at the restaurant El Celler de Can Roca in Girona. For three years he was part of Martin Berasategui's team in Barcelona, serving as Second Chef de Cuisine of Paolo Casagrande in Lasarte restaurant, awarded in 2016 with 3 Michelin Stars.
Since 2017 he is the Executive Chef de Cuisine of the Restaurant Es Fum awarded 1 Michelin Star, located at the Hotel St Regis Mardavall. Returning to his roots in Mallorca, homeland of his grandmother.
Daniela Wittig
Daniela Wittig
Daniela Wittig began her apprenticeship in hospitality with only 17 years of age in the region of the Lake of Constance. After studying for 3 years, she started working at the Grand Hotel Kronenhof in the Restaurant Kronenstübli in Switzerland, before moving to the Relais & Chateaux Sheen Falls Lodge in Ireland.
In 2008 Daniela came to Mallorca where she started as Chef de Rang at the Relais & Chateaux Hotel Valldemossa. At only 23 years old, she was promoted to Restaurant Manager. After this, she gained experience at the Steigenberger Frankfurterhof in Germany for a year, before coming back to Mallorca to start at the Sheraton Mallorca Arabella Golf Hotel. In March 2017 she took up the position of Maître of the Restaurant Es Fum, awarded with 1 Michelin Star, at the St. Regis Mardavall Resort Mallorca. | https://www.restaurant-esfum.com/meet-the-team |
Michelin stars do not fall from the sky. The Girona region’s blend of traditional cuisine and innovative spirit has led to a veritable constellation of extraordinary restaurants. This is Michelin-star territory, with a total of 18 Michelin stars awarded to 13 restaurants that offer unforgettable dining experiences. | https://en.costabrava.org/what-to-do/wine-and-gastronomy/michelin-starred-restaurants |
Holistic physical wellness is a belief that physical wellness can only be achieved by incorporating all aspects of life into your routine. You won’t achieve holistic physical wellness by solely focusing on diet and exercise or solely focusing on relaxation techniques. It’s the combination of all these areas that results in holistic physical wellness.
There are many benefits to following a holistic approach to physical wellness, including stress reduction, increased energy, and an improved immune system. A holistic approach encourages you to look at your entire life and find areas where you can improve your well-being from multiple angles. Holistic physical wellness isn’t just about healthy eating and exercise but also about stress reduction, body image, relationships, spirituality, and other aspects of life.
What is holistic physical wellness?
Holistic physical wellness refers to a focus on all aspects of life when it comes to achieving optimal physical wellness. While a traditional approach to wellness might only focus on diet, exercise, and doctor visits, a holistic approach also looks at stress levels, relationships, sleep, etc. The goal of holistic physical wellness is to achieve overall wellbeing by incorporating multiple aspects of life, not just diet and exercise. This means looking at different areas of your life and improving each of them to create a more balanced, healthier life. The term “holistic” refers to the belief that the human being is a totality, i.e. an organic, indivisible whole, in which all parts are interrelated and interdependent. It is an approach to health that values wholeness and interconnectedness in people’s lives.
Start with a self-assessment
The first step in following a holistic approach to physical wellness is to evaluate your current state of health. This means tracking your diet, sleeping habits, stress levels, and other factors. Take stock of your current situation, noting areas where you could improve. Start by tracking your diet, sleep, and exercise. These three factors are often neglected by people trying to improve their health but they are essential. Once you’ve incorporated these areas into your routine, you can begin to explore other aspects of your life.
Incorporate mindfulness into your routine
Mindfulness is the practice of being fully present in every moment. It’s about slowing down, enjoying the moment, and focusing on what’s happening in your life instead of worrying about the future or dwelling on the past. When you’re mindful, you stay in the moment, focused on what’s happening and how you’re feeling in that moment. You’re less likely to get caught up in negative thoughts and emotions.
Being mindful is a great way to reduce stress and improve your overall physical health. People who regularly practice mindfulness report a decrease in stress levels and an increase in positive emotions. They also report better sleep quality and improved focus during the day. There are several ways you can incorporate mindfulness into your physical wellness routine. You can practice mindfulness when you’re eating, walking, or even when you’re at work.
Commit to physical activity you enjoy
If you’re only eating healthy foods and getting plenty of sleep, yet you aren’t following a regular fitness routine, you’ll likely feel unfulfilled and unsatisfied. You’ll also miss out on the benefits regular exercise provides.
Regular exercise is an essential part of any physical wellness routine. It has been shown to reduce stress, increase energy, improve mental health, and improve sleep quality. Exercise also increases your metabolism, helping you to lose weight. And it can improve your sleep quality, allowing you to fall asleep faster and get more restful sleep. While exercise should be enjoyable, if you dread it, you’ll never follow a regular fitness routine. Find a form of exercise you enjoy and incorporate it into your routine. Hiking, running, yoga, swimming, playing a sport, and many other activities can provide the benefits you need. | https://mparkestudio.com/holistic-physical-wellness/ |
Although working remotely has numerous advantages, it also presents several social, mental, and physical challenges. These could include body pains, trouble staying motivated, feelings of isolation, lack of exercise, and difficulty maintaining a healthy diet.
Fortunately, there are a few things you can incorporate to stay fit and maintain your health while working remotely. These rules include avoiding isolation, staying hydrated, exercising, and others. Here, we’ll explore eight healthy remote working tips that will ensure you are at optimal levels always.
1. Stay Hydrated
One of the best ways to stay healthy while working from home is to drink plenty of water. Drinking plenty of water helps to prevent dehydration, a condition that causes mood swings, tiredness, constipation, and even kidney failure.
The ideal beverage to stay hydrated is water, but you can also have small amounts of tea and coffee. It’s best to avoid energy drinks, sodas, and any other sugary beverages.
2. Eat a Healthy Diet
Maintaining a healthy diet will help your body and mind function optimally. A nutritious diet is one that prioritizes foods like whole grains, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, and fruits. Also, ensure you eat plenty of nuts, fish, eggs, lean meat, and poultry.
Avoid or limit foods high in salt, sugar, and saturated fat. Examples include processed foods, red meat, and salted nut.
3. Keep Healthy Snacks Close
Besides maintaining a healthy diet, ensure you aren’t skipping meals, most importantly, your breakfast. You may find that you are more aware of your hunger when working from home than you would be at your workplace.
Most people who work from home develop the habit of mindless snacking. However, you can solve this issue by keeping healthy snacks on hand. We recommend munching on healthy snacks such as smoothies, fruits, energy bites, chia pudding, and protein bars.
4. Exercise Regularly
Exercise helps to improve both physical and mental health. The goal of exercising is to avoid long periods of physical inactivity. Regular physical activity helps enhance your cardiovascular system’s performance, muscle strength, endurance, and the delivery of nutrients to your tissues.
You’ll have more energy to complete daily chores when your lung and heart are in excellent condition. You can stay physically active by taking a brisk walk in your local area, pacing during phone calls, or using a mobile app to exercise.
Also, you can practise some yoga or work out on your stationary bike or treadmill. Set a reminder on your phone to exercise so that you don’t miss out on your workout routine. Lastly, replacing your sitting desk with a standing desk may also help you avoid long periods of physical inactivity.
It’s okay if you can’t hit the gym every day. However, you can make your home workout effective by making it a habit. Pick up something you like and know you can take up to 30 minutes of your time every day. Creating a workout routine helps to keep your mind relaxed and your body fit.
You can use a fitness watch to help you keep track of the calories you have burned for the day.
5. Avoid Isolation
At the workplace, people can socialize and share ideas with friends and co-workers. Remote workers, on the other hand, don’t enjoy the benefits of one-on-one interaction. Most people who work from home communicate with friends and co-workers using Meet or Zoom calls.
As social beings, we need connection, and working from home may make it more difficult to create that connection. The lack of human interaction may increase the risk of mental health issues like depression and anxiety. However, you can avoid isolation or social loneliness by keeping in touch with your friends and family.
Set aside time every day to connect with your family members, friends, neighbours, and co-workers, whether in person, over the phone, via text, email, or social media. Discuss your feelings about your job, life, or anything else troubling you with people you trust. Also, you can suggest a game, task, or activity to help strengthen existing relationships.
6. Protect Your Eyes
One of the most important parts of the body is the eyes. Without it, it is impossible to carry out tasks on a computer. Anyone that works long hours on screen should take steps to protect it.
There are many ways to take care of the eyes. One of the simplest ways to do this is to reduce eye strain. You can do this either by using anti blue light glasses when working on your home system or using the eye comfort shield setting on your device.
7. Follow a Schedule
Create a schedule that suits you and ensure you stick to it. Don’t live an erratic lifestyle simply because you are working from home. Working from home has many benefits, so take advantage of them.
Also, get enough rest. Get at least six hours of sleep to rejuvenate your body and mind Use the weekends to relax and stay awake from work. Leave your worktable when the day is over and move on with other tasks.
If you intend to work from home regularly, ensure you make plans that won’t affect your personal and family life. If not, you risk damaging your physical and mental health.
8. Take Breaks
Making out time for breaks prevent your stress levels from soaring. That is why your work schedule should specific times to pause, play around, and stretch. Avoid making a daunting to-do list that could threaten your psychological well-being.
Have a general idea of the task you’ll like to accomplish for the day and when you will work on them and take breaks.
Conclusion
The quality of your health cannot and should not be sacrificed for work. Burning yourself out only puts your health at risk, and overworking yourself quickly results in stress and fatigue. A healthy lifestyle is something you owe both to yourself and your family.
We’ve provided you with eight healthy remote working tips. These health tips include staying hydrated, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and creating breaks in your work schedule. Use these tips to stay healthy while working from home. | https://accessorite.com.ng/2022/07/29/8-healthy-remote-working-tips/ |
We understand that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected many of us in our ability to venture outside of the house and be active. Lack of physical activity can impact not only our physical health but also our mental and emotional health. Over the last two years, many have discovered just how beneficial daily movement and exercise can be to our overall health and feeling of well-being. In the spirit of National Health Education Week, we want to take a moment to educate our patients on the importance of moving your body and maintaining your overall sense of wellbeing!
An Active Approach
Daily physical activity strengthens your bones, muscles, and joints while improving your physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing. Additionally, a lack of movement and physical activity may lead to weight gain and increase your risk of joint pain, injuries, cardiovascular health problems, and other musculoskeletal conditions. This makes moving your body even more important! Here are some tips you can use to get you moving throughout the day.
Exercises for the Workplace
When in the office, we understand it can be difficult to exercise, but there are ways of strengthening your body. Remember to sit straight with both feet on the ground, as this helps you maintain good posture and evenly distribute your weight across your body preventing muscle pain and inflammation. Keep your head at an even position by moving your screen to eye level. This will prevent you from straining your neck.
Take small exercise breaks throughout the day. Every 20 minutes would be great even for light stretching. Other ways to increase movement in the workplace include using the stairs, gently shaking out your limbs, rolling your shoulders and ankles, and stretching your back throughout the day.
Get Outside
Studies show that being outdoors and interacting with nature does lower stress levels, reduce anxiety, and enhance your mental and emotional wellbeing. Exercising outdoors is a great way to get the best of both worlds. Popular outdoor activities to do during the fall include nature walks, running along forest trails, hiking in local areas, and recreational sports such as football, soccer, and basketball. Be mindful of your body and rest when necessary. If you have pre-existing medical conditions, we encourage you to consult with your doctor about healthy ways to exercise and increase movement.
At Home
Even if you don’t own a home gym, you can still exercise at home. There are many virtual classes or online exercise routines you can follow to help you exercise in the comfort of your home. Though it is recommended that adults get at least 30-60 minutes of exercise a day, don’t feel pressured to do it all at once. Even raking the leaves outside can contribute to your daily movement!
Regular exercise reduces the stress on your ligaments and joints minimizing the chance of injury, muscle strain, and muscular pain. This month, though we are encouraging patients to get out and move, it is important to note there is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to exercise. Take time to find the right combination of activities that work best for you. Remember, the key is to sit less and move more so that you can live a healthy life. We are here to help you get a head start on better health and wellness by getting you moving. For more information on our services and how we can help you or to schedule an appointment, contact Functional Health Center today. | https://fhccarolinas.com/national-health-education-week/ |
How Do Work Breaks Help Your Brain? 5 Surprising Answers
For productivity and creativity, take one of these 10 relaxing breaks.
Posted April 18, 2017 | Reviewed by Abigail Fagan
Have you ever gotten stumped by a problem, decided to take a break, and then later found that the answer magically came to you in a burst of inspiration? If so, you know the power of strategic breaks to refresh your brain and help you see a situation in a new way.
A “break” is a brief cessation of work, physical exertion, or activity. You decide to give it a rest with the intention of getting back to your task within a reasonable amount of time. But when you give it a rest, what part of your brain actually needs that break?
For “think-work,” it’s the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the thinking part of your brain. When you are doing goal-oriented work that requires concentration, the PFC keeps you focused on your goals. The PFC is also responsible for logical thinking, executive functioning, and using willpower to override impulses. That’s a lot of responsibility—no wonder it needs a break!
Now you know that breaks can help you keep your goals in the spotlight. But research shows that there are numerous other benefits of downtime. Of course, as everyone knows, breaks can bring you fun, relaxation, conversation, and entertainment, but we’ll focus on evidence that links periods of rest with greater work productivity. Then we’ll reveal the best ideas for work breaks.
As always, consider which of the ideas below fits you—your personal work preferences, job rules, energy level, priorities, goals, and values. If your work habits already work for you, no need to change!
Why Take Breaks?
Here is a summary of recent research and thinking on the value of taking breaks:
1. “Movement breaks” are essential for your physical and emotional health. The benefits of taking brief movement breaks have been well-researched. Constant sitting—whether at your desk, the TV, or the lecture hall—puts you at higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, depression, and obesity. Getting up from your chair to walk, stretch, do yoga, or whatever activity you prefer can reduce the negative health effects from too much sitting. Just a 5-minute walk every hour can improve your health and well-being. (Details here.)
2. Breaks can prevent “decision fatigue.” Author S.J. Scott points out that the need to make frequent decisions throughout your day can wear down your willpower and reasoning ability. Citing a famous study, Scott notes that Israeli judges were more likely to grant paroles to prisoners after their two daily breaks than after they had been working for a while. As decision fatigue set in, the rate of granting paroles gradually dropped to near 0% because judges resorted to the easiest and safest option—just say no. Decision fatigue can lead to simplistic decision-making and procrastination.
3. Breaks restore motivation, especially for long-term goals. According to author Nir Eyal, “When we work, our prefrontal cortex makes every effort to help us execute our goals. But for a challenging task that requires our sustained attention, research shows briefly taking our minds off the goal can renew and strengthen motivation later on.”
A small study summarized here even suggests that prolonged attention to a single task actually hinders performance. "We propose that deactivating and reactivating your goals allows you to stay focused," psychology professor Alejandro Lleras says. "From a practical standpoint, our research suggests that, when faced with long tasks (such as studying before a final exam or doing your taxes), it is best to impose brief breaks on yourself. Brief mental breaks will actually help you stay focused on your task!"
4. Breaks increase productivity and creativity. Working for long stretches without breaks leads to stress and exhaustion. Taking breaks refreshes the mind, replenishes your mental resources, and helps you become more creative. “Aha moments” came more often to those who took breaks, according to research. Other evidence suggests also that taking regular breaks raises workers’ level of engagement which, in turn, is highly correlated with productivity.
5. “Waking rest” helps consolidate memories and improve learning. Scientists have known for some time that one purpose of sleep is to consolidate memories. However, there is also evidence that resting while awake likewise improves memory formation. During a rest period, it appears that the brain reviews and ingrains what it previously learned.
Science writer Ferris Jabr summarizes the benefits of breaks in this Scientific American article: “Downtime replenishes the brain’s stores of attention and motivation, encourages productivity and creativity, and is essential to both achieve our highest levels of performance and simply form stable memories in everyday life … moments of respite may even be necessary to keep one’s moral compass in working order and maintain a sense of self.”
Those last two possible benefits are intriguing. Could it be that mental fatigue affects our ability to make ethical decisions because we're too tired to remember who we are and what we value?
When Not to Take a Break
There are times when it makes no sense to take a break. One of those times is when you are in a state of “flow.” Flow is characterized by complete absorption in the task, seemingly effortless concentration, and pleasure in the task itself. Simply enjoying what you are doing may be a sign that you still have plenty of energy for your current activity.
In short, if it ain’t broke, don’t “break” it.
Good Breaks
A good break will give that goal-oriented PFC of yours a rest by switching brain activity to another area. Eyal explains it this way: “Doing activities that don’t rely heavily on prefrontal cortex function but rely on different brain regions instead is the best way to renew focus throughout the work day.” The activities below have a special power to refresh and recharge your mind and body because they use brain regions other than the PFC.
1. Walk or exercise. Many famous writers were also famous for their walking prowess, as described in this blog by PT blogger Linda Wasmer Andrews. Andrews cites work by Stanford researchers who studied the link between walking and creativity. They discovered that a walking break led to more creative ideas than a sitting break. The creativity afterglow lingered even after the subjects returned to their desks.
2. Connect with nature... or a streetscape. Do you need calm or excitement in your day? Describing a study from Scotland, Wasmer writes that “that walking on a nature path induced a calm state of mind, while walking along city streets amped up engagement.” Know what state of mind you are aiming for when you take breaks.
3. Change your environment. Briefly leaving your work environment and going to another area will serve to help your brain rest and switch gears.
4. Have lunch or a healthy snack. Why not recharge the mind and body at the same time? A twofer.
5. Take a “power nap”—if it won’t get you fired. Although I am not fond of napping myself, this article by Elizabeth Scott offers evidence that short power naps have amazing health, productivity, and relaxation benefits. Studies suggest that you can make yourself more alert, reduce stress, and improve cognitive functioning with a nap.
6. Take a few deep breaths. They don’t call a rest “taking a breather” for nothing. Deliberately taking slow, deep breaths and focusing on your breathing just for 30 seconds is a mini-meditation that can relax your mind and body. (For more mini-meditations, see here.)
7. Meditate. Mindfulness meditation offers a temporary respite from goal achievement. Ferris Jabr offers an interesting perspective here: “For many people, mindfulness is about paying close attention to whatever the mind does on its own, as opposed to directing one’s mind to accomplish this or that.”
8. Daydream. Daydreaming gives the prefrontal cortex a break, taking you on a brief journey to your unconscious mind where chaos and creativity reign.
9. Get creative. If your work requires you to use your logical, linguistic left-brain, deliberately choose a break activity that will activate your creative and visual right-brain—like drawing or just doodling.
10. Drink coffee (or tea). Every day there’s a new piece of research touting the health benefits of coffee-drinking in moderation. Sipping coffee can be a mindful pleasure in itself. And for productivity purposes, coffee is unparalleled. When the caffeine kicks in, you’ll realize there’s no task you can’t conquer. (Just don’t drink too much. As with any drug, the effects become less potent when you develop tolerance.)
When You Can't Take a Break
If you can’t take a break, consider switching work tasks. Changing your focus—say from writing an essay to choosing photos for a presentation—can often feel like a break because you are using a slightly different part of your brain. You could also switch from solitary work to consulting with a colleague. When you return to the original task, you’ll experience some of the break benefits.
Monitor Yourself and Learn
As you take breaks, be mindful of the results. Which kind of breaks seem to help you become more creative, motivated, and productive? Which kind of breaks just seem disruptive to your work? Notice what works and what doesn’t. Research on breaks is a generalization; only you can decide what particular strategies work best for you.
Meanwhile, give it a rest!
© Meg Selig, 2017. All rights reserved.
References
Andrews, L.W. "To Become a Better Writer, Be a Frequent Walker"
Selig, M. "12 Quick Mini-Meditations to Calm Your Mind and Body"
Jabr, F. "Why Your Brain Needs More Downtime"
Scott, S.J. "Psychology of Daily Routines (Or Why We Struggle With Habits)"
Scott, E. "Power-Napping for Productivity, Stress Relief, and Health"
Eyal, N. and Robertson, C., “5 Research-Backed Ways to Take Better Breaks to Improve Your Work"
Korkki, P. "To Stay on Schedule, Take a Break" | https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/changepower/201704/how-do-work-breaks-help-your-brain-5-surprising-answers |
Just as we are slowing down from all the activity and excitement of the holiday season and entering the winter months when people often experience a situational mood depression and are tempted to hibernate, the New York Times is talking about research on the minimum amount of physical activity necessary to prevent psychological distress.
More than 19,000 Scottish citizens were included in this study, utilizing Scottish Health Surveys and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The researchers took into account participants’ differences in age, gender, social economic status, marital status, BMI, long-term illness, and smoking when compiling the results. It is not surprising that they found that daily physical activity was correlated with a lower risk of psychological distress. Activities noted as physical exercise included athletics, walking, gardening, and housework. Although even daily vacuuming and dusting can improve your mental health (and your physical environment), researchers did report less risk of psychological distress for those participating in athletics.
The most surprising result is that mental health benefits were observable with only 20 minutes of physical activity (even housework) per week! That is less than three minutes each day!
What excuses do you have left? Research is showing that a minimal level of physical exertion for a minimal amount of time each week will likely make a positive impact on your mental health. In addition, if you are active for a longer period or with more exertion, the benefits will increase. Take your dog for a walk, do calf raises while you brush your teeth, squeeze your glutes while you prepare dinner, do jumping jacks before you jump in the shower, do crunches on commercial breaks, park at the back of the lot, take the stairs, vacuum more frequently; find ways to increase your activity and improve your mood. Every little bit will help!
This minimum amount of physical activity may improve your mental health without having any impact on your physical health. | https://dietsinreview.com/diet_column/01/minimal-physical-activity-necessary-to-improve-mental-health/ |
Helpful Tips to Achieve an Improved Work-Life Balance
As we navigate the realities of heavy workloads, maintaining personal and professional relationships, and squeezing in time for hobbies and personal interests, it's no wonder 1-in-4 Americans consider themselves "super stressed" and feel bogged down by their day-to-day.
As stress levels rise, productivity decreases, creating a cycle of feeling overwhelmed. On the health side, increased stress impacts our immune systems, making us more susceptible to other health concerns.
In today's new landscape of working from home, personal time and space can become blurred, and a greater need to implement boundaries emerges. A healthy work-life balance is possible, and below are some practical ways to achieve this goal.
All Aspects of Health Is Top Priority
The first step toward improved balance is prioritizing your health. Most people will want to strike a balance when they look for ways to manage stress levels, as employees' physical, emotional, and mental health are the main concerns.
If therapy would be a helpful option for managing challenges associated with anxiety or depression, consider contacting the Integrity HR Management benefits department to assess your options.
Engaging in an open and transparent dialogue with your supervisor helps establish boundaries and signals a helpful way to manage workload and meet expectations.
Asking for help is not a weakness. Rather, it demonstrates an individual's commitment to improvement to work as efficiently as possible.
Set Daily Goals
Setting and meeting priorities allow you to create a sense of achievement and control. Researchers suggest that the more control people have over their work, the less they are inclined to feel stressed.
Create realistic deadlines and manageable workloads for yourself. Daily to-do lists are a great way to stay organized and keep on task. If a project or task becomes overwhelming, consult your manager and discuss with team members to identify a solution. Staying ahead of anxiety triggers is an efficient way to manage stress and fulfill job expectations.
Disconnect to De-stress
Taking a break to unplug gives you time to unwind and process the day or put it behind altogether. Giving yourself the time and space for creativity and ideas outside of your routine paves the way to take up other interests and hobbies (i.e., reading, painting, exercising, etc.).
Finding moments throughout the day to meditate lets you take mini-breaks to avoid burnout. That time used to unwind sets you up for success and be more productive and energized in your day.
Consistently working outside regular hours can lead to a trap of constantly wanting to work more to get ahead. The reality is that implementing a consistent routine at work that incorporates breaks throughout the day will improve productivity and may keep you from getting behind on projects and tasks.
Exercise Self-Care and Take That Vacation
Develop a daily self-care routine and work to keep it as consistent as your workload. A healthy lifestyle is the cornerstone of stress management, and studies show it is a principal way to achieve the mythical work-life balance. Eating well, proper sleep, hygiene, and physical activity are all key to helping you feel fresh and perform at a high level.
If your company's benefits offer their employees time off, consider booking a vacation when needed. Exploring new and exciting outlooks recharges you and often helps identify the areas for growth when going back to a normal routine.
Takeaway
There's no direct path toward achieving a work-life balance. It's a continuous re-evaluation and improvement amid dynamic circumstances. For meaningful change to occur, an individual must remember to pause and evaluate their priorities to make the necessary changes when the time calls and ultimately be the ones to take the first step toward achieving a healthy work-life balance. | https://www.integrityhrm.com/post/work-life-balance |
In 2017, 69.4% of Tennesseans engaged in some form of physical activity during the past 30 days, a decrease from previous years. This measure does not take into account the regularity, length, or intensity of physical activity, just whether or not adults participated in some form of physical activity at least once during the past 30 days.
National health care costs associated with inadequate physical activity are estimated at $117 billion annually. Meanwhile, the CDC estimates that adequate physical activity could prevent 1 in 10 premature deaths nationwide. These heavy economic, social, and personal costs indicate that inadequate physical activity remains a significant public health challenge. Physical activity is important for both physical and mental health, but many schools and workplaces are not conducive to physical activity. The fact that more than 30% of Tennesseans are not engaging in any regular physical activity presents a considerable challenge to the state and is indicative of Americans’ increasingly sedentary lifestyles.
Community design and infrastructure is an important predictor of physical activity. Communities that are walkable, connected, and safe allow residents to be physically active and mobile without a vehicle. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that adults get 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity, or 75-150 minutes of vigorous physical activity per week. Physical activity is beneficial for people of all ages, and those benefits can include: reduced risk of dying from heart disease, reduced risk of developing colon cancer, reduced risk of developing diabetes and high blood pressure, weight control, development of lean muscle, and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Disparities in levels of physical activity continue to constrain efforts to improve health in Tennessee. Rural populations often experience reduced access to public parks or well-lit and maintained outdoor spaces to walk and exercise when compared with suburban populations. Urban populations have reduced access to parks and greenways compared to suburban populations and often the spaces they can access present safety challenges. Older Americans are more likely to face health concerns that make physical activity challenging, and are likely to fear injury due to physical activity. Women report safety concerns and time constraints as barriers to physical activity, as women are more likely to be caregivers for children, the elderly, and the infirm. People of low socioeconomic status cite facility cost, access to childcare, access to transportation, and safety as barriers to experiencing enough physical activity. Black and Hispanic populations are less likely to have regular contact with a health care provider and less likely to receive official physical activity recommendations. Additional barriers to physical activity for individuals and communities of color include safety, access to facilities/resources, and lack of time. The barriers preventing these different groups from getting regular physical activity frequently overlap, so similar solutions can be implemented and adapted to increase levels of physical activity for each group.
Vital Sign Actions Guide
The following are lists of intervention strategies that you, your health council, and other local stakeholders could use to address physical activity in your community.
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1. Activity Breaks in the Classroom (GoNoodle, Morning Movement)
Physical activity breaks in the classroom setting are scientifically supported and recommended by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. GoNoodle is an online program that uses short, engaging videos to get kids moving during school or at home. These “brain breaks” include running or jumping, dancing, stretching, and other activities. This program can also be used outside of the classroom, such as at after-school programs, at home, and in child care settings. Morning Movement is a physical activity program that aims to get students moving every morning before school starts.
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Bike Share Programs allow individuals to rent a bicycle at a self-serve station and return it at any other self-serve station. This program encourages individuals to engage in active transportation in their daily lives, especially for those who can’t afford to buy a bicycle. Similarly, a “bike library” allows an individual to “check out” a bike for a short period of time. These bike sharing programs are ideal for popular downtown areas, college campuses, and parks or greenway systems. Further, this idea can be expanded to other type of recreational equipment such as skateboards, stand up paddleboards, or kayaks.
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The National Recreation and Parks Association and the Centers for Disease Control promote three programs that specifically target older audiences and individuals who suffer from arthritis to increase daily physical activity. These programs are Walk With Ease, Active Living Every Day, and Fit & Strong. Each program is evidence-based and provides a safe location for seniors to engage in physical activity with other participants of a similar age and ability. Example settings for program implementation include parks, recreational facilities, in downtown public squares, at an outdoor mall, and many other indoor and outdoor spaces. Programs that serve seniors may also partner with local gyms to provide access to an indoor walking track for participants.
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4. Install a Walking/Jogging Track
Walking and jogging trails provide safe spaces for individuals to engage in physical activity. Ideally, tracks should be easily accessible to individuals of varying ability, clean and aesthetically appealing, and accommodating of other needs such as water fountains and trashcans in order to increase perception of park quality and community involvement. Some ideas on where to implement tracks include at schools, rural community centers, in parks, around sporting stadiums, around a business or building, in or around malls, or other public places.
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Walk or Run clubs are designed to encourage students to run before or after school in a group with their peers. Unlike athletic teams, walk/run clubs allow students of any physical activity level or skill to join. By naming a program “Mile Club”, the club can be inclusive of students who might wish to walk or those who need wheelchairs or other assistive devices. This type of program can be expanded to local hospitals (Walk with a Doc), faith-based organizations, and local businesses such as breweries or outdoors stores.
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6. Organized Physical Activity Event
Supervised and organized activities increase the duration and intensity of physical activity. Supervised activities should target various demographics, ages, and levels of physical ability. Some ideas include youth organized sports, a community race, yoga classes, “boot camp” classes, and more. These events can be held at after-school establishments, in parks and greenways, at a downtown square/public space, in a hosting restaurant or business, or at other indoor or outdoor recreational facilities. Additionally, it’s important to consider individuals with various levels of physical ability. Modified 5K races or a Special Olympics event is a great way to involve disabled individuals.
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An open-air fitness zone is an area in a park and other public space that has permanent fitness equipment (such as pull up bars or an ab station) for the public to access for free. Studies show that these fitness zones increase the level of physical activity that individuals engage in when visiting a park. These fitness zones can be installed in parks, at schools, or at other public spaces such as near a downtown square. When designing an outdoor fitness zone, consider individuals with disabilities and how to increase access for all persons. To teach individuals about new equipment and help familiarize the public with an outdoor fitness zone, consider organizing a class or other programming with a skilled instructor.
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8. Physical Activity Program fror Caregivers
Caregivers of chronically ill patients often suffer from poor mental and physical health, as a result of the demanding attention required of care giving. Physical activity programs in hospitals, senior centers, and adult care centers that are specifically for caregivers can decrease stress and depression, and help manage physical wellness. Caregivers who aren’t able to commit to an entire physical activity session may benefit from tips such as breaking up a workout into “mini-workouts.” See the link below for more advice and an infographic for caregivers.
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Ride & Read is a program that gets kids active and reading during school. Schools can either buy new stationary bikes or collect unused ones from the community to offer for kids to ride while reading through magazines or books. This program promotes physical activity and a stress-free reading activity for children to practice literacy skills. This is a great opportunity to partner with Coordinated School Health or the Project Diabetes.
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10. Safe Routes to School and Walking School Bus
Safe Routes to School is a federally funded program that aims to encourage students to walk or bike to school. Its programs aim to improve safety for children and the community and provide opportunities to increase daily physical activity. Creating safe routes for children to walk can include mechanisms for enforcing traffic laws, changes to the built environment (complete streets, connecting sidewalks, etc.), walking school bus, and simply educating families on the importance of daily physical activity.
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11. StairWELL To Better Health
Studies show that when prompted at the point-of-decision, individuals are more likely to choose the stairs over an elevator, increasing daily physical activity and improving health and wellness. These prompts can be as simple as a sign encouraging stair use or bright paint and arrows on the walls. Similar signage can be used to prompt individuals to park farther away or walk around a building or in the parking lot. See the link below for more examples of how to encourage stairwell use.
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12. Universal Park/Playground Design
Universal Design allows parks to be used by all people of all abilities. Universal Design differs from Accessible Design by building infrastructure that is fully usable by all individuals with a range of ability. Accessible design meets only the minimum requirements set by the American Disability Act, and can tend to segregate children with disabilities from those without. Existing and future parks should consider the needs and abilities of all residents when designing infrastructure and planning community activities. For example, play equipment should be nonspecific to ability, sidewalks and walking tracks should be level and wide enough to accommodate a walker or wheelchair, stairs should have handrails, and there should be ample seating and for rest during physical activity.
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1. Access to Health Built Environment Grants (TDH)
Purpose: The Tennessee Department of Health offers two grants through the Office of Primary Prevention to increase options for daily physical activity—the Access to Health through Healthy Active Built Environment grants. One round is not competitive and is distributed to all 95 counties, and the other round is competitive and application based. These grants can be used for convenings, programs, planning and infrastructure related to increasing publicly accessible opportunities for physical activity through the built environment.
Duration: 1 year (non-competitive); two years (competitive)
Amount: $20,000 per county (non-competitive); Up to $85,000 (competitive)
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2. America Walks Community Change Grants
Purpose: America Walks awards grants of $1,500 for projects that aim to create healthy, active, and engaged places to live, work, and play. Grant funding supports walkability initiatives that increase physical activity and improve health outcomes for an entire community.
Duration: One year
Amount: $1,500
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3. BlueCross BlueShield Grants
Purpose: BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee awards funding for programs that help to create active, healthy spaces across the state. BCBS manages two funding opportunities—BlueCross Healthy Place and Community Trust grants. Click on the link for specific funding criteria and exclusions.
Duration: Varies
Amount: Varies
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4. Cultivating Healthy Communities Grants
Purpose: The Cultivating Health Communities grant, administered by Aetna, provides funding for programs that make underserved communities healthier places to live, work, learn, play, and pray. The primary focus of this grant program is addressing social determinants of health. Specific activities that are funded through the CHC program include walkability/bike-ability projects (including tactical urbanism and educational campaigns), public safety, increased physical activity, and built environment policy work.
Duration: 1-2 years
Amount: $50,000-$100,000 (total)
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5. Fuel Up to Play 60: Jump Start Healthy Changes
Purpose: Fuel Up to Play 60 manages the Jump Start Healthy Changes grant that provides funding to K-12 schools to implement nutrition and physical activity “Plays” from the Fuel Up to Play 60 Playbook. To qualify, schools must participate in the National School Lunch Program.
Duration: 1 year
Amount: $300-$4,000
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6. National Recreation and Park Association
Purpose: The National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) funds parks and recreation departments and affiliated nonprofits to increase physical activity and the use of parks and green spaces. Recent NRPA grant funding examples include “10-Minute Walk Technical Assistance” and “Grants for Physical Activity Programs.” NRPA also provides grant funding to train instructors on evidence-based programs that address chronic disease and physical activity (limited to Walk With Ease, Active Living Every Day, and Fit and Strong!; see option 2.g).
Duration: Varies
Amount: Varies
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Purpose: People For Bikes is an organization that supports and funds projects that focus on bicycling, active transportation and community development. Specifically, grants can be used for bike paths/lanes/trails/bridges, mountain bike facilities, bike parks, BMX facilities, bike racks and storage, open streets, and campaigns. Projects must have other funding sources such that People For Bikes funds up to 50% of project costs.
Duration: One year
Amount: Up to $10,000
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8. Racial and Ethnic Approached to Communiy Health (REACH)
Purpose: The REACH grant is administered by the CDC, focusing on reducing racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes. In particular, this grant funds programs that address disparities in chronic diseases including hypertension, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and obesity—all of which are affected by the lack of physical activity. Programs must be culturally tailored and address preventable risk behaviors of these chronic diseases.
Duration: 1 year
Amount: Up to $800,000
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9. Safe Routes to Park/Safe Routes to Schools
Purpose: Safe Routes to Parks is a program that provides grants for communities who wish to increase safe access to parks. Safe Routes to School is a similar, federally funded program that provides grant funding to increase safe, walkable routes to schools. These programs aim to increase physical activity in communities across the U.S. while advancing racial and social equity.
Duration: 1 year (SRTP)
Amount: $12,500 (SRTP)
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10. Tennessee Project Diabetes
Purpose: The Tennessee Department of Health administers Project Diabetes grants that focus on reducing the rate of Tennesseans who are overweight or obese. One goal of Project Diabetes is to encourage physical activity as an integral and routine part of life by enhancing the physical and built environment. Grants are administered in two categories, Category A and Category B.
Duration: Up to 3 years (Cat. A); up to 2 years (Cat. B)
Amount: Up to $150,000 per year (Cat. A); up to $15,000 per year (Cat. B)
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11. Transportation Alternatives Program (TDOT)
Purpose: The Tennessee Department of Transportation awards grants annually to communities for projects that improve access and provide a better quality of life for Tennesseans by increasing access to alternate modes of transportation. Grants must be applied for through local planning organizations. Projects may include management of sidewalks, bike lanes, abandoned railways, scenic overlooks, and other activities to improve access. Additionally, the Tennessee Department of Transportation funds cities and counties that fall outside of an MPO planning boundary in order to develop community transportation plans for future transportation systems, land use, and growth management.
Duration: $250,000 - $1,000,000 (general); up to $125,000 (transportation planning)
Amount: 1 year
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American Heart Month is sponsored by the American Heart Association each year in February. This campaign aims to educate the public about the risk factors associated with heart disease and how to combat it. Click on the link for a toolkit of ideas for American Heart Month.
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Child Health Week occurs in Tennessee each year during the first week of October, with Child Health Day occurring on October 1st. Child Health Week is a great opportunity to promote activities and programs that improve the health of children in Tennessee communities. See the Tennessee Department of Health website below for a calendar of events and toolkit from the 2018 CHW.
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Every Kid Healthy Week is a campaign that celebrates school-based initiatives that get kids eating healthy and physically active. This campaign occurs during the last week of April each year. Schools can host events for families including games and educational sessions. Click on the link for more ideas, fliers, and a toolkit of resources to plan your school’s Every Kid Healthy Week.
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4. Go4Life
Go4Life is an exercise and physical activity campaign, from the National Institute on Aging at NIH, designed to help older adults fit exercise and physical activity into their daily life. Go4Life provides workout recommendations, posters, and other promotional materials to member partners. Go4Life promotes September as Go4Life Month with the goals of encouraging older adults to prepare to be more active, get moving with all four types of exercise, stay on track with exercise, and make regular exercise a habit.
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5. Healthy Parks, Healthy Person App
The Tennessee Department of Health’s Healthy Parks, Healthy Person website encourages Tennesseans to get outside and exercise. Participants earn points for spending time outdoors, which can in turn be used to redeem rewards provided by Tennessee State Parks. This program also includes prescription pads for clinicians to prescribe park time to patients. The app is designed to be used by people of all ages and abilities, so all Tennesseans can participate.
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Move Your Way is a website managed by the Department of Health and Human Services that encourages adults and parents to incorporate more physical activity into their daily lives and their families’ daily lives. The Move Your Way websites provides users with workout tips, fact sheets for adults and older participants, and an interactive weekly activity planner.
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7. National Physical Fitness and Sports Month
The National Physical Fitness and Sports Month is celebrated each May. This time can be used to educate families about the importance of physical activity and get individuals engaged in fun activities or sports.
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8. National Walk/Bike to School Day
National Walk to School Day encourages children across the U.S. to walk or bike to school. By supporting a community walk, families and individuals are shown that walking or biking to school is possible and safe. This event may also spur changes to local policy about street design and traffic laws. Walk to School Day can be expanded to include adults as a Walk to Work Day.
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9. Promote Running/Walking Trails
The Trail Run Project relies on crowd-sourcing to produce a map of local walking and running trials. Each trail includes information such as difficulty, photos, parking, etc. A county can boost its number of accessible walking and running trails by crowd-sourcing local favorites, including trails that run through neighborhoods, a downtown square, or in a park. This tool is a great addition to a running or walking club, to motivate participants and encourage others to join. The Park Path App is a similar tool that allows users to locate parks near them and parks with particular amenities.
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10. Silver Sneakers
The Silver Sneakers is a program administered through Medicare that aims to get seniors to engage in more physical activity. The program includes access to fitness centers, physical activity classes in parks and recreation centers, and an app to track progress. Promoting Silver Sneakers to seniors can help improve health outcomes and quality of life.
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11. Small Starts (Healthier Tennessee)
Small Starts is an initiative within Healthier Tennessee that encourages individuals to make small, incremental changes to their lifestyle to become healthier one step at a time. Healthier Tennessee focuses on physical activity, nutrition, and tobacco use, among other healthy behaviors. Promoting this tool to families, employees, faith-based congregations, and other groups can help to change the health behaviors of a community.
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12. Worksite Wellness Recognition/Awards
One way to publicly promote worksite wellness is by recognizing businesses that have comprehensive and supportive wellness policies. Small awards or public recognition create a sense of accomplishment among local organizations. Click on the source for award examples.
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The Gold Sneaker initiative is a voluntary certification program that provides policy and programming recommendations to licensed child care facilities in Tennessee. These policies aim to set standards regarding daily physical activity, nutrition requirements, screen time limits, and other health-promoting behaviors in schools and child care facilities. Gold Sneaker is managed and funded through the Department of Health.
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2. Joint Use Agreement or Open Use Policies
Schools, faith-based organizations, or other community organizations with a recreational area or playground can implement a Joint Use Agreement or an Open Use Policy to allow the public to use their space without fear of legal liability. Additionally, consider informing the community of policies that already exist through press releases or signage at playgrounds. These policies expand access to outdoor recreational space at little to no extra expenses. Creating more spaces for the public to engage in physical activity is important to increasing health equity in a community.
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3. Walkability and Connectivity Zoning Policies
Daily physical activity is increased in a community when individuals are willing and able to walk from their homes to schools, places of employment or other routine establishment. Several factors can lead to safer, more walkable routes including proper (connected) sidewalks and lighting, lower speed limits for adjacent traffic, shade to mediate warmer weather, and adequate pedestrian signage. These zoning policies increase access to walkable areas and encourage more daily physical activity. Communities can push for walkability and mixed use policies when new businesses apply for zoning approval.
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4. Workplace Wellness Policies
A comprehensive worksite wellness program should encourage physical activity during work and outside of work. Increased employee physical activity benefits the individual and the business by decreasing loss of productivity due to sick leave absences and increasing work efficiency. Worksite wellness programs can provide opportunities for physical activity such as a walking track, wellness breaks, standing desks and sitting cycles, walking meetings, or an on-site workout room, as well as providing incentives such as health club memberships and changes in health insurance benefits. Some organizations may be able to partner with local gyms to provide worksite fitness classes to employees.
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1. Physical Activity Counseling for Pregnant Women
Clinical policies should encourage clinicians to carefully review physical activity recommendations with their pregnant patients and encourage activities such as prenatal yoga and walking when possible. The Physical Activities Guidelines for Americans, published by the Department of Health and Human Services, notes that pregnant and postpartum women benefit from continuing to exercise during and after pregnancy. Specifically, moderate-intensity activity yields very low risk of adverse effects for the mother or infant. Another recommendation is that pregnant women should avoid physical activities that include contact or collision sports, and activities that involve women lying on their backs as this could restrict blood flow to the fetus.
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2. Universal Physical Activity Assessment and Prescribing
Provider policy should encourage assessing the physical activity level of all patients, and the use of physical activity prescription or the referral of patients to a certified fitness professional. Research shows that physical activity assessment and counseling in the clinical setting can lead to increased levels of physical activity in youth. The Exercise is Medicine Initiative supports health care providers in prescribing physical activity to patients as treatment and management of various chronic diseases. Exercise is Medicine provides exercise prescription pads, office flyers, and physician action guides for providers.
*State employees are prohibited from engaging in
political activity not directly a part of that person’s employment during any
period when the person should be conducting business of the state (Tenn. Code
Ann. § 2- 19-207). For further information on State Employee Political
Participation, please visit: https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/hr/documents/12-012_Political_Activity.pdf
This document is not a Department endorsement of legislative policy. | https://www.tn.gov/health/health-program-areas/tennessee-vital-signs/redirect-tennessee-vital-signs/vital-signs-actions/physical-activity.html |
Australia has one of the best education systems in the world that attracts many international students. The states of Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia have some of the best schools in the country when you consider the education ranking by state.
Despite the good education system, a health problem arises. Students spend 70 percent of their time sitting down, exposed to a very serious health risk. This happens not only in Australia but in most schools all over the world.
While at school, most classes require sitting down 100 percent of the time. While going home, students may opt to take a bus or be picked up rather than walking home. At home, many children spend more than 5 hours in front of the television or laptop. Thus, in a day, children do little on physical activity, a serious issue that can lead to serious health issues in their adulthood.
Consequences of Physical Inactivity
Physical inactivity can lead to health issues, both mentally and physically. Some of them include:
- Obesity
Food is eaten 2 to 3 times a day by all whether you are physically active or not. For people with a sedentary lifestyle, risk becoming obese since they are taking in many calories and burning very few.
- Heart Disease
As you develop obesity, other health issues also crop up. Increased cholesterol can affect arteries, resulting in heart disease. An increase in body weight also makes the heart overwork to pump blood to all parts of the body, an issue that will have negative effects later on. However, exercise improves the function of the heart, contributing to a healthy cardiovascular system.
- Death
It may seem unreasonable that a sedentary lifestyle can lead to death but it can happen. According to the World Health Organization, physical inactivity is one of the leading causes of death in both developed and developing countries. That is why on April 7th of every year, World Health Day is observed in order to educate people on the importance of leading a physically active life.
How Active Lessons Boost Learning and Health
Physical activity contributes to physical and mental health in the following ways:
- Improved Mood
Physical activity leads to the release of chemicals in the brain that makes you relaxed and happy. As stress and anxiety are reduced in children, they experience improved moods which can greatly contribute to being active in class and also socializing with classmates.
- Reduces the Risk of Diseases
Physical activity increases blood flow which contributes to good health. The risk of developing diseases such as high blood pressure is reduced. Additionally, bad cholesterol is also eliminated from the body. The risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, anxiety, depression, stroke and arthritis among others is also reduced in children if they are physically active.
- Improves Sleep
Regular physical activity leads to improvement of sleep in the long-run. Sleep problems such as insomnia can lead to a lack of concentration in class which leads to poor grades. Although the improvement of sleep is not experienced immediately, children will experience these benefits after a few days or weeks. Improved concentration and more energy will be noticed in children.
- Controls Body Weight
Exercise helps children maintain healthy body weight, considering they eat a lot at their age. Physical activity can help them lose weight if they are overweight or it can help them maintain healthy body weight.
Healthy body weight will make them feel good and it will also make it easy for them to move around and take part in activities without getting tired fast.
As much as exercise helps control weight, a healthy diet is also important if body weight is to be controlled effectively. Plant-based diets are beneficial especially when it comes to losing weight. Such a diet helps you lose weight permanently as long as you follow a healthy lifestyle.
- Improves Memory and Thinking Skills
Physical activity improves brain health both directly and indirectly. It does so indirectly by eliminating stress and anxiety thus improving mood and sleep problems. Such problems can contribute to cognitive impairment.
Exercise also contributes to the stimulation of brain chemicals that contribute to the growth of brain cells and stimulation of new ones to be created. This contributes to improved memory and better concentration, something that is vital for students.
- Increased Blood Volumes
If you have been wondering how to increase blood in the body, you may be surprised that exercising is one way to do this. Performing endurance exercises such as swimming can increase blood volume thus improving physical performance.
By now, you must have noticed how important physical activity is, for both children and adults. If you are a university student, you must have so much work to do that you may not get time to exercise. However, it is important to do so. You can schedule regular times to exercise either on a daily basis or at regular intervals during the week. If you are asking yourself ‘Who can help write my essay?’ while you are busy exercising, you can always ask for help from professional writers online. That way, you get time to keep healthy and your assignments will be done on time.
How To Incorporate Physical Activity in School Children
Although most children spend 70 percent of their time sitting down while in school, this does not have to be the case all the time. If you are a teacher or head of a school, what can you do to ensure the children get enough physical activity while still learning?
- Make Your Lessons Active
Whether you are teaching Mathematics, English or Science, there is always something you can do to incorporate physical activity in your lessons. Taking an example of a science lesson on plants and their characteristics, you can take the lesson outdoors instead of doing it in class. The students can take a walk to places with the plants you are teaching about so that they can see them physically instead of seeing them in books or videos.
If it is a Mathematics lesson on addition and subtraction, the students can do it practically as you incorporate physical activity. They can play physically active games that are still educative.
- Make Sports Interesting
P.E may not be a favorite time for some students. What can you do to make this an interesting time for all? Not all children are the same. Hence, one may enjoy dancing but does not enjoy running and skipping rope. Others may enjoy playing sports such as football but they do not enjoy skipping rope. For the P.E lesson, divide students into a group of what they like to do as this will motivate them to take part in the physical activity of their liking.
- Take Breaks During Class
If you have a 1-hour class, you can take a break in between. Children running, playing, walking or even dancing during this short break can have a huge positive impact. Having 5 to 10-minute breaks every 30 minutes can largely contribute to the good physical health of students.
- Field Trips
If you have organized for a field trip for students and it is a place near the school, you can make arrangements for students to walk to the premises instead of using a school bus. Of course, for those who have health issues, arrangements can be made for them to be transported to the premises. | http://www.andysowards.com/blog/2019/active-lessons-can-boost-childrens-learning-health/ |
What type of study would you use to determine incidence?
Cross Sectional
Conducted at ONE point in Time, Sample population surveyed at one time, cohort study sample may be borrowed for one point in time for ? ? study analysis
Prevalence
the main outcome for a cross sectional study is the measure of ?. Other outcomes of possible associations between variables and outcomes are possible
Case-Control
Begin with the outcomes and DO NOT follow people over time. Researchers choose people with a particular result and interview the groups or check their records to ascertain what different experiences they had
Case Control
for the outcome: COMPARE THE ODDS OF HAVING AN EXPERIENCE WITH THE OUTCOME TO THE ODDS OF HAVING AN EXPERIENCE WITHOUT THE OUTCOME
Cohort
Study starts with an at risk population, measure characteristics at baseline, follow-up the population over time with Surveillance and Re-examination. Compare event rates in people with an without characteristics of interest
Cohort
in a ? study the disease status cannot influence the way subjects are selected, so a ? study is free of certain selection biases that seriously limit other types of studies
Forward
the primary advantage of COHORT studies is ? directionality
cohort
in a ? study, the INVESTIGATOR can be reasonably sure that the hypothesized cause preceded the occurrence of disease
Cohort
Design is less prone than other observational study designs to obtaining the INCORRECT information of important variables
Cohort
studies can be used to study SEVERAL diseases, since several health outcomes can be determined from follow up
Cohort
? studies are useful for examining rare EXPOSURES. (The investigator selects subjects on the basis of exposure, he can ensure a different number of exposed subjects)
Cohort
study can be large, small, long, short, simple, elaborate, local or multinational. To find rare outcome you need many people and/or lengthy follow-up (not best ? use) Many have to decide what characteristics to measure long in advance
Cohort
Studies are designated by the timing of data collection, either prospectively or retrospectively
retrospective
Studies collecting data on events that have already occurred have been labeled as ?, historical or nonconcurrent
Cross Sectional
Relatively short duration, but does not establish a sequence of events. Not feasible for rare predictors or outcomes
Cross Sectional
Good first step for cohort/clinical trial. Yields prevelance of multiple predictors and outcomes. Does NOT yield evidence
Case Control
Useful for rare outcomes. Bias and Confounding sampling 2 populations. Differential measurement bias
Case Control
Short Duration, Small Sample Size, Relatively inexpensive, Yields ODDS ration
Case Control
Limited to one outcome variable
Sequence of events unclear. DOES NOT YEILD PREVALENCE, INCIDENCE, OR EXCESS RISK
Cohort
establishes sequence of events, multiple predictors of outcomes. Often REQUIRES LARGE SAMPLE SIZES
Cohort
Less feasible for rare outcomes, Number of outcome events grows over time, Yields incidence, relative risk, excess risk
Experimental
Active intervention NOT by the investigator (should not be part of the study design). (Type of study) (E_______)
Experimental
Randomized
Hypothesis involved
Cause and Effect
Pre-Planned
Assignment to a Group is an E______ study
Experimental and Analytic
Use data to describe sample populations, Involve analyses, Can Have Two Groups, Examine Associations between variables and/or subjects (Both ____ and A____)
Study Design
Fully Formed, Clearly Stated and Focused Research Question. A single Primary outcome. What are the basics of a _____ ____?
Validity
The best available approximation to the truth of a study's conclusion.
Threats to Validity
Can be found in all types of study design, ie Observational, Assigned (randomized v. nonrandomized)
analytic
determination of what effect one variable has on another variable (dependent y and outcome x)
internal
are the results a true reflection of the effect of the intervention in THIS population? Type of validity
External Validity
Can the results of this study be generalized to other populations
Internal validity
is an estimate of the degree to which conclusions about casual relationships can be made based on measures used, the research setting, and the research design
Good Experimental Techniques
? ? ?, in which the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is studied under highly controlled conditions, usually allow for higher degrees of internal validity than, single case, obs, or uncontrolled pre/post designs
History
Specific Events unrelated to the study, occurring between the first and second measurements in addition to the experimental treatment
History
While the study is ongoing, something occurs EXTERNAL to the study that may influence outcome in some study participants
Maturation
General events/experiences occurring to participants over and extended period of time. While study is ongoing SOMETHING INTERNAL within the participant may influence outcomes
Testing
Pre-Test influence effects a person taking one test. Subjects can learn about the DEPENDENT variable by just taking the pretest---confounding results
Selection
Bias in a GROUP COMPOSITION
Selection
Biases of conveniences in creating comparison groups that cannot be assumed to be equivalent (the groups were not equal because they were not randomly chosen! (difference between study groups)
Statistical Regression
Changes in Scores over time due to regression to the mean, especially troublesome when using subjects selected on the basis of extreme scores. Subset of EXTREME scores are followed by results that are LESS extreme but more average
Attrition (Experimental Mortality)
Loss of more subjects from one group than from the other. This may make groups unequal or differential ? between test and control group
Attrition (Experimental Mortality)
Loss of study participants leading to potentially reduced power of study
Recall
Memory distorts or reduces information, negative events remembered better than positive events. Near events better than far events (? Bias)
Measurement
Changes in the assessment instrument, Observers, Equipment
Selection of Outcome Measures
May not be the best measure to capture change in an important variable that is important in evaluation of the impact of an intervention population
Selection of Outcome Measures
May not be sensitive enough or not appropriate to detect change if a change really happened
Selection-Maturation Interaction
Biases in the selection of groups to be included in the study may be differentially affected by the TIME between measurements
Hawthorne Effect
Being in an experiment sometimes changes the response of the subjects, new treatment methods may be exciting and people improve overall due to the thrill and increased attn
internal validity
AS YOU ADD PRE-TEST measurements the CONTROL population, and then ADD RANDOMIZATION. Progressively strengthening the ____ _______
External Validity
Is Dependent on the adequacy of the sample, if the sample is representative of the desired population then our results will generalize
Discovery Science
Describing events in populations using INDUCTIVE reasoning. Moving from specific to general
Hypothesis based
this type of science is ?-?, explaining phenomenon as they exist or as they occur by using DEDUCTIVE reasoning (general to more specific)
Non-Analytic
These studies are DESCRIPTIVE and gain information, generate theories (usually unexplained), exploratory, used in describing new disease or side effect in treatment. Used to gain more info about a subject and use to generate theories
Analytic
tests hypothesis, determines strength of a possible relationship, uses findings of descriptive studies
High
Meta Analysis and Systematic Reviews are at the ? end of the strength of associations
Lowest to highest
Case Reports, Cross Sectional Study, Case Control. Cohort, Non-Randomized CT and RCT all rank from ? to ? strength of findings of associations
Clinical Trial
Any form of a planned experiment which involves patients and is designed to reveal the most appropriate treatment for future patients
Clinical
Trials are Prospective, Human Studies, Employs Intervention, has a Control or Comparison Group
RCT (Randomized Controlled Trials)
Only Study Design that proves causation, required by FDA for new drugs and some devices, Most influential for clinical practice
RCT (Randomized Controlled Trials)
Expensive, Time Consuming, Can only answer a single question
RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Primary Endpoint, must be predefined, clinically important, Measurable, basis for sample size determination
RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Select Participants, Obtain consent, Measure Baseline variables, Randomized, Apply intervention, follow up according to protocol, measure outcomes, analyze a report
Randomization
Attempts to assure equal distribution of measure and known confounders and unmeasured/unknown confounders
Randomization
Need for formal process, true random allocation using appropriate or recognized methodology. Tamper proof. Process may not truly be ? (type of method)
Randomization
Major advantage of ?, it eliminates Selection bias if done properly, balances the known and unknown factors in the sample
Randomization
Permits the use of probability theory in expressing the likelihood of outcomes. The only difference in outcomes of groups is more than just by chance
Randomizations
helps with BLINDING or MASKING the ID of the treatment to investigators, participants, and evaluators
Successful Randomization
Depends on 2 inter-related aspects, Adequate generation of and unpredictable allocation sequence, Whether the schedule is known or can be predicted by those involved in allocation or assigning participants to treatment groups.
Unblinded
For ? Studies, must keep assignments secret in order to implement randomization
Blinding
to perform the implementation of randomization, typical methods include sealed envelopes in fixed order or clinical sites, vials already labeled for distribution (what is?)
Blocking
The process by which the number of patients assigned to a treatment are equalized after the number of assignments
Blocking
To assure equal number of patients to each treatment or strata. Blocks of 4 or 6 (modifications of simple randomization)
Stratified Permuted Blocks
In order to implement randomization to balance prognostic variables, S___ P___ Blo__s are used. Block within strata using PROGNOSTIC variables. Example in transplantation, living donor vs. dead donor. Used limited number of risk factor
Masking
In clinical trials ? is used to AVOID BIAS, Enrollment, ascertainment, and evaluation of outcomes. Three types include Single, Double, Triple
single blind
Either patient or evaluator does not know treatment (typically applies to treatment)
double blind
Neither the patient nor treating physician know the treatment
triple blind
Neither the patient, physician, nor evaluators know the treatment
Deductive
Type of reasoning that works from the more general to the more specific. Informally called the top down approach. Start with theory then form hypothesis
Inductive
Moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Bottom Up. Begin with specific observations and measures, begin to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypothesis that we can explore, and end up developing conclusions
Discovery Science
D E S C R I B I N G events in populations (inductive reasoning)
Hypothesis-Based
This type of science is involved in explaining phenomenon as they exist or as they occur (deductive reasoning)
Descriptive
Usually opportunistic, unplanned. Examples of studies include single case studies, case series, ecological studies, planned exploratory studies, or add ons to an existing study. All useful for generating hypothesis but DO N O T TEST THEM
Analytic
Pre-Planned and tests one or more pre-stated hypothesis. Usually motivated by one or more hypothesis generating studies. Sometimes called evaluative as it determines the strength or a possible relationship between an EXPOSURE OR AN INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME
Observational Studies
studies in which the investigator does NOT control the therapy but observes and evaluates the results of ongoing medical care
Observational studies
These are study designs that do not involve randomization, namely cross sectional, case control, cohort studies
Occurrence
Generally employed by epidemiologists or pharmaco-epidemiologists who are investigators and study the ? of diseases or other health related conditions or events in defined populations
Risk Factors
Observational studies id ? ? for a disease after it is noted to have occurred looking for modifiable factors.
Observational studies
these type of studies can be used to evaluate the efforts of disease control and look into the future to assess the burden of disease on a population
Observational studies
Can study conditions of ILL health, or things of negative nature, such as homelessness, what happens to people w/o insurance. Can catch segments of population at risk, missed by RCT
Non-Analytic (descriptive)
Observational studies can Describe the patterns of disease distribution, geography, and occurrence over time. Serve mainly to record observations and activities. Used to generate hypothesis and may serve as foundation of subsequent analytic studies. (N________)
Analytic
Observational studies are ? studies. Investigators collect data to specifically determine whether a certain risk factor is associated with a particular disease or health outcome. Can be either observational or those where subjects are randomly intervened upon
Cross Sectional
Since the presence of a risk factor and disease are assessed at the same point in time, temporal relation between the risk factor and disease is blurred and unclear
Cross Sectional
Important for monitoring health status and health care needed of populations over time. Useful for suggesting possible associations between risk factors and disease
research question
Is the UNCERTAINTY about something in the POPULATION that an investigator wants to resolve by making MEASUREMENTS on participants or subjects
Uncertainty, Population, Sample, Inference
The Components of a Research Question ar
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In our last installment we looked at the validity of medical claims based on the source of the claim, whether there is cited research, whether the research was published in a peer-reviewed journal, and whether the authors had any conflicts of interest. Let’s assume you are researching the effectiveness of drinking beet juice to improve your running. A friend shares a link to an article on Facebook. The article quotes and references some research studies one of which was published in the peer-reviewed journal Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism . You search for and find the original research article on pubmed.gov. So far you are doing good, the article’s author referenced a research study to back up their claims, the research was published in a peer-reviewed journal, and you can read the abstract online. Now, how do you know if this study is any good? You need to determine what type of study was done and how much evidence that type of study imparts to the research question posed.
Levels of evidence (sometimes called hierarchy of evidence) are assigned to studies based on the methodological design quality, validity, and applicability to patient care. Here’s a chart describing the basic types:
You should always search for studies with the highest level of evidence, i.e. meta-analyses or systemic reviews that analyze many, many randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) to look for consistent results across large numbers of subjects and conditions. A randomized, controlled trial (RCT) is, according to Wikipedia: “a type of scientific (often medical) experiment that aims to reduce certain sources of bias when testing the effectiveness of new treatments; this is accomplished by randomly allocating subjects to two or more groups, treating them differently, and then comparing them with respect to a measured response. One group—the experimental group—receives the intervention being assessed, while the other—usually called the control group—receives an alternative treatment, such as a placebo or no intervention. “
Level 1 evidence would be the “gold standard” upon which we can make some good medical conclusions regarding our research question. Level 2 evidence is also very persuasive in our decisions to implement new medical treatments based on research findings. Level 3 and below may provide useful information on trends and indications for future research. Our beet juice study appears to be level 3 – placebo controlled, but not randomized because there were only 14 subjects who performed with both beet juice and without beet juice (i.e. a crossover study.) Therefore, you may not want to rush out and buy a huge jug of beet juice to chug before your runs just yet – but the research is intriguing.
They key words you want to look for when reading about scientific research in the mainstream media or on social media are the words “meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.” This means that a number of RCTs have been pooled together and analyzed to provide Level 1 evidence. Lower levels of evidence may be good starting points for new directions in research. For example, if a coach writes an article about how she has noticed her runners performing better with beet juice supplements that may qualify as an expert’s opinion (Level VII.) It could be an accurate description of her experiences but may also be biased by the coach’s desire to sell beet root supplements. She may want to help athletes avoid the temptation of illegal sports-enhancing drugs or she may just want to improve her notoriety in the running community. A RCT on the use of beet juice designed to avoid these biases would help us see if beets really do have a physiological effect on running.
No research study methodology is perfect. That’s why research is published, so it can be carefully reviewed by experts and the general public for any flaws, mistakes, or biases that could impact the author’s conclusions. When flaws are identified, new research studies aim to fix those problems and glean further information on the question. Thus, the scientific method is an iterative process where we gradually gather more and more information on a subject to clarify our understanding and produce better and better medical treatments. Yes, sometimes we get it wrong. It’s always important to challenge established conventions when new evidence comes to light. But it’s equally important to understand that new and unusual claims demand a high degree of scrutiny. Learn as much as you can about science and its methods, and you will be able to make better, more informed decisions on your own.
If you don’t have the time or interest to become adept at evaluating research, you may want to search out expert opinions you can trust. How do you know if an “expert” is trustworthy? How can you avoid getting scammed by disreputable fakes? That will be the topic of the next installment in this series.
If you’d like to experience the difference evidence-based, hour-long, physical therapy sessions can make resolving your pain or healing from injury, call OrthoSport Hawaii at 808.373.3555 for more information on scheduling a free online or in-person consult. | https://orthosport.com/category/exercise/ |
The beauty (and truth) of randomization
One very important distinguishing feature of many studies is whether it is a randomized controlled trial, or just a regular controlled trial.
In a regular controlled trial (also referred to as a parallel cohort, or a study with a control group), subjects are either selected or self-selected to go into one group or another. You often see studies in which they simply refer to some control group. Sometimes (particularly in fitness studies), subjects are asked to bring a friend along who is going to act as their control.
The big downside to this sort of selection process is that there’s really no way to assure or even attempt to assure comparability between the two groups. Self-selection is notoriously known to bias one group from another group. And so-called “arbitrary” selection or assignment is similarly tricky. This includes assignments that are alternating (i.e. subject 1 goes into group 1, then subject 2 into group 2, subject 3 into group 1, subject 4 into group 2, and so on) as well as assignments according to birth date (e.g. all subjects born in odd years/months into one group) or ID numbers (e.g. drivers license numbers, hospital numbers, student numbers).
It is the non-randomzied study that has really given a lot of research a bad rap. And it also the reluctance on sport science researchers to embrace the randomized controlled trial that has caused so many lay-people reading articles and abstracts to give the obvious critique, “Well, this study isn’t useful because it’s impossible to track everyone’s diet/exercise/sleep/loading/unloading/rest/age/height/weight/hormones, and thus we can’t say that group A did better than group B because of the exercise program/diet/primary intervention.”
The big difference between a randomized controlled trial and non-randomized one is that a randomized trial DOES enable us to draw exactly that kind of conclusion.
The goal of randomization is not to control for every single variable that could possibly affect the outcome, but rather to create “equal”, or comparable groups without selection bias. With two groups that are essentially the “same”, with only the actual intervention being different, we are able to draw conclusions about the intervention’s effects (or lack thereof).
Randomization (particularly in large sample sizes) ensures that whatever confounding variables exist that might affect the outcome (known or unknown to the researchers), that they are equally distributed between the two groups. Since every subject has an equal chance of being in either group, any characteristics they might have also have an equal chance of landing in either group; and thus the distribution of any characteristic is going to be equal in one group compared to the other.
So, if we’re thinking about confounding variables like caloric intake, randomization basically ensures that there will be an equal number of high calorie consumers in both groups and equal number of low calorie consumes in both groups. And, if the study happens to show that exercise causes weight loss, compared to no exercise, that means that in spite of the calories consumed by individuals, exercise still causes weight loss.
In the case of the HIIT vs Steady State study out of Australia, there were some comments on JPFitness about tracking diets and caloric intake. Now, the randomization method used in that study was less than ideal, but if we assume for the sake of argument that it was passable, then what randomization does for that study is basically ensure that there were equal numbers of people who ate lots of calories in both groups. So, despite there being subjects who ate a lot being in _both_ groups, the groups still performed differently based on whether they were in the HIIT or steady state group (even if that difference was very small). One of the reasons why the study falls short, however, is that there is the possibility of some post-randomization bias (alas, a topic for another day).
Now, sometimes, randomization schemes don’t work. It’s more rare in large sample sizes and at higher risk in small sample sizes. After all, if you’re assigning people totally at random, those same random forces could theoretically put all the fat people into one group and all the thin people into the other group by chance alone. (Understanding why this is, or how likely it’s going to happen requires understanding binomial probability theory). In a case like this, as a research designer, if there’s a variable you’re not willing to leave entirely up to chance because it’s a really important variable, you can do what’s called stratified randomization, which basically is still random assignment to one group or another, but also ensures that you’ll have equal numbers of the variable you’re concerned with (in the case of fat and thin people, you’d be randomly assigning people to exercise or no exercise, but also making sure that there was an equal number of fat people in each group, and an equal number of thin people in each group).
Randomization is almost a field of study unto itself. There are a myraid of randomization schemes–almost as many as there are training methods! And just as there are poor training methods and good training methods, there are poor randomization methods and good ones as well. But the take home message here is that if you’re reading a study, or abstract, you should pay careful attention to whether subjects are randomly assigned to groups or not–because it makes a HUGE difference in a study’s interpretation. | https://evidencebasedfitness.net/the-beauty-and-truth-of-randomization/ |
Why Is Researching "Diet and Acne" Difficult?
Randomized Controlled Trials, the Most Reliable Type of Study, Present Challenges
Last updated: January 29, 2020
The Essential Information
Studying the impact of diet on any disease, including acne, is difficult because to determine a cause-effect relationship a study would need to control the diet of the people studied over a long period of time, and this can be impractical and expensive.
Because of this, researchers have never performed this type of study on acne. Therefore, we are left relying mostly on surveys, which provide inconclusive evidence.
Until we have several long-term, randomized studies that control diet over a substantial period of time, determining any relationship between diet and acne will remain elusive.
The Science
Investigating the relationship between diet and acne is difficult. To date, researchers have not performed randomized controlled trials to confirm that diet improves or worsens acne.
As an acne sufferer, you can experiment with a particular diet to see if your acne improves. From the research thus far, there is evidence that consuming a low-glycemic diet, including colorful fruits and vegetables and omega-3 fats, may help with acne symptoms. However, until we see repeated randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on various diets over long periods of time, we cannot know how diet affects acne.
Be Careful Not to Confuse Diet-and-Acne Hypotheses with Facts
The relationship between acne and diet, in particular, is difficult to study because researchers need to consider the different types of food people eat while at the same time examining all the other variables in their lives that might also affect acne, for instance, how much sun exposure they get and their level of stress. Furthermore, acne is caused by multiple factors, including genetics, inflammation, hormones, skin cell overproduction, skin oil overproduction, and acne bacteria. Because of this complexity, combined with the fact that we have not yet seen long-term randomized controlled trials looking into diet and acne, any hypotheses regarding diet and acne are just that, hypotheses.
A quick internet search will lead you to hundreds of seemingly credible sources claiming that a particular diet works for acne, and that the "results are in," and "diet causes acne." Beware of such claims. While researchers have made progress, and evidence is mounting that eating a low-glycemic diet rich in colorful fruits and vegetables and omega-3 fats may in fact help with acne, we simply do not have the hard science we need to definitively conclude anything about diet and acne.
From here on out in this article, we will begin diving into the types of studies available to researchers. It will be a deep dive, and we're about to get very scientific. So if you're feeling interested and focused, read on! Once you understand how studies are performed, you may better understand the challenges of studying diet and acne.
What Are the Different Types of Studies?
Researchers perform studies in order to find the cause of a disease or the best treatment for a particular disease.1-4
Sometimes these studies center on how diet affects a disease, like acne.
Some types of studies are more suitable than others for answering a particular question. Before a researcher chooses a study-design, he needs to consider:
- The type of question he wants to answer. For example, "Does a certain food cause acne?"
- How many participants have acne and are available to be studied?
- How much time he does he have to complete the study?
- How much funding does he have?
Answering these questions helps the researcher determine what study-design to employ.
Types of Studies
Some studies are lower on what is called the "research heirarchy" and produce data that is less dependable, while others are higher on the hierarchy, producing data that is more reliable.
All studies can be broken down into two main categories:
- Observational (lower on the research heirarchy)
- Experimental (higher on the research heirarchy)
Observational studies are studies in which the researcher only observes what happens to the participants without subjecting participants to something called an exposure, as they do in experimental studies. An exposure is what the researchers newly-expose participants to, such as a new diet.
Observational studies are further broken down into two types:
- Descriptive
- Analytical
Descriptive studies describe certain situations, such as symptoms of acne. In this type of study, researchers look at only one group. Descriptive studies particularly on acne simply describe its symptoms, without trying to explain the cause. Descriptive studies are lowest in the research hierarchy because their purpose is only to introduce new symptoms, and sometimes new diseases, that had not been studied previously. Scientists then make hypotheses, which compel other scientists to further study the new symptoms or disease. An example of a descriptive study is a case report, which introduces a disease or symptoms of a disease that had not been seen or studied before. For instance, a case report on acne would be a description of its symptoms as seen in only one or a few people.1
Analytical studies compare symptoms of a condition between two different groups of participants, without introducing an exposure. For example, a researcher may compare symptoms of acne between a group of acne sufferers and a group of non-sufferers. The latter group would be the control group, also known as the comparison group.
Types of Analytical Study
Analytical studies represent the majority of studies performed thus far on diet and acne. There are three types of analytical studies:
- Cross-sectional
- Case-control
- Cohort
A cross-sectional study, also known as a frequency study or a prevalence study, is a kind of analytical study that observes two separate conditions at the same time. For example, a researcher may measure a participant's sugar intake while noting whether she has acne or not.
Cross-sectional studies on acne involve two groups of participants: one group of people who have acne and another group of people who do not. If there is only one group, a researcher cannot determine a correlation between, for example, sugar and acne. However, the researcher may find a correlation if there are two groups, which allows him to see, for instance, that the group who consume more sugar experiences more acne compared with the second group who consume less sugar and do not experience acne.
In a cross-sectional study, it is impossible to answer the question, "Is there is a difference in acne between the two groups?" This is because results from a cross-sectional study do not look for a cause. They show only that a condition is more frequent in one of the groups.
A case-control study is a kind of analytical study in which the researcher begins with the outcome: for instance, in the case of acne, the researcher starts with a group of patients who already have acne and then compares it to a similar group of people (same age, gender, etc.) who do not have acne.
The researcher then questions the patients or looks at their medical charts to check whether they had been subjected to any prior exposures (e.g., a medication). If the exposure is higher in either of the groups, the researcher can conclude that the exposure is associated with an increased or decreased risk of acne.
A case-control study is useful when the outcome or disease is rare because researchers can intentionally search for participants of a specific outcome or those who have a certain disease. It also requires less time, effort, and money, compared to other types of studies.
However, a case-control study can be challenging because the researcher has to find the appropriate participants for the control group. The participants in this group must be similar to those in the other group, the only difference being that they do not have the disease.
Another challenge in performing case-control studies is that participants may not remember their past exposures when asked, so they may not be able to provide accurate answers. This leads to false information, also known as recall bias.
A cohort study is a type of analytical study that follows one or more groups of people from the time they receive an exposure to the end of the study. For example, a researcher may follow a group of teenage girls who have had severe acne for 20 years in order to see if a low-calorie diet causes a significant reduction in acne.
In the above example, the researcher would follow two groups: the first group would have severe acne, while the second group (control group) would have mild or no acne. When the study ends, the researcher can conclude whether a low-calorie diet reduces acne more in one of the two groups or not. In addition, the researcher may find a causal relationship between a high-calorie diet and a flare of acne.
There is less concern about recall bias in cohort studies than in case-control studies. Participants do not need to "recall" or remember past exposures since the researcher follows his journey closely from the time of exposure.
One major advantage of cohort studies is that they allow scientists to make accurate calculations. Some examples of calculations scientists obtain from cohort studies include:
- Incidence rates of acne - number of acne cases in a population during a number of years
- Relative risks of acne - ratio of acne probability in a population of people who consume low-calorie diets to that in a population of people who consume high-calorie diets
- Attributable risks of acne - the difference in rate of acne between a population of people who consume low-calorie diets and a population of people who consume high-calorie diets
However, cohort studies come with disadvantages:
- A cohort study requires much time. In the example above, it may not be useful to follow the participants for a short period, such as a month, as it may take years to show a consistent relationship.
- If the researcher were studying a rare disease, he would need a large group of participants (ten thousand or more) to show that there is an increased risk.
- A cohort study may become too expensive to fund because of the length of time it requires.1
Now let's take a look at the two types of experimental studies, which unlike observational studies, includes the introduction of an exposure:
- Randomized (highest on the research heirarchy)
- Non-randomized
There are two groups in a randomized study. Researchers let chance decide which participants go into which group. The participants in one group receive a placebo (a "treatment" that does not have an effect) and those in the other group receive the study drug (e.g., an acne medication). A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard in the research hierarchy.
Randomized studies are useful for observing small to moderate effects of an exposure. For example, if a researcher studies a new drug, one group receives it, while the other group receives a placebo. The researcher then can study any outcomes or slight effects of the exposure in the two groups.
A problem that researchers encounter in most studies is bias, which is favoring someone or something over someone else or something else. In a study, bias can lead to a false conclusion. Randomized studies help to reduce or avoid this. Examples of bias include the following:
- Selection bias, which occurs when a researcher selects the participants for the study based on her preference. Because she may not select an accurate representation of the population, the result of the study may not be reliable.
- Information bias, which occurs when a researcher knows certain things about the participants. This can result in her assuming things, potentially skewing the result of the study. The researcher is "unblinded" in this case, meaning she sees what groups the participants are assigned to. Randomized trials eliminate information bias by "blinding" both the researchers and the participants so that they do not know which participants are in the exposure group and which are in the control group.
- Bias due to confounding factors, which are factors that have a relationship with both the exposure and the disease. When confounding factors are present, the researcher may associate the result of the study with the exposure and not realize the result is in fact due to one or more confounding factors.
The following are examples of possible confounding factors when studying diet and acne:
- Sugar in diet: Some studies suggest that high glycemic (high sugar) diets affect acne. Assuming a researcher is studying the effects of a low-calorie diet on acne, it is important to keep the levels of sugar the same in both groups of participants. Otherwise, any acne fluctuation may not be the result of a low-calorie diet but rather the high sugar content. In this case, sugar is the confounding factor.
- Weight loss: Studies show that weight loss can reduce acne as someone loses weight. Let us assume that a researcher wants to study the effects of a low-calorie diet on acne and that there are two groups of participants: one group is given a low-calorie diet, and the other is given a normal diet. It is possible that the acne patients in the low-calorie diet group lose weight. In this case, weight loss is the confounding factor.
- Other confounding factors: There are other confounding factors, such as smoking, family history, and medications. Researchers should consider all factors before drawing a conclusion.
Although a randomized trial is the gold standard for diet-and-acne studies, randomized trials present some challenges, including:
- Exclusion criteria: This consists of rules that prevent a category of people from participating in a study so that the results are accurate. For example, if a researcher wants to study a new diet in association with acne, he may exclude vegetarians if the diet contains meat. Because of the exclusion, the researcher is not able to apply the results to an entire population since he did not represent every population member.
- Ethical considerations: For ethical reasons, it is not always possible to perform a randomized trial. For instance, when investigating the relationship between drugs and acne, randomly assigning participants to a particular drug without their consent would be unethical.
- Costs: As with cohort studies, randomized trials can be costly because they require much time to complete.1
In a non-randomized study, the researcher is not blinded. Rather, she is tasked with choosing who will be in the study and ultimately assigning participants to particular groups.
There also is the possibility of information bias since the researcher knows which participants are in which groups. Therefore, non-randomized studies can produce inferior results when compared to randomized studies.
However, sometimes non-randomized studies have to be performed when randomization is not possible. For instance, a randomized study would not be ethical if the exposure harmed certain people. In a diet-and-acne study, it would be unethical to perform a randomized study if the diet contained peanuts or other food items that are known to cause allergies in some individuals.
Study-Design Limitations in Diet-and-Acne Studies
So far, most studies done on diet and acne are cross-sectional studies and case-control studies. These studies have not shown that diet causes acne, but that diet may make acne worse or affect it to some degree.
The best study to provide evidence for the cause of acne would be a randomized study because it generally is free of bias. However, to date, no researcher has performed a randomized study investigating the relationship between diet and acne because of:
- Too many confounding factors: A study on diet and acne could present many confounding factors, such as different types of foods people eat and whether they are processed or organic. In addition, participants must control various influences on diet: for example, calorie or sugar intake.
- Length of time: Participants need to maintain a particular diet for the duration of the study, which could be a long time. It is difficult to ensure that participants maintain these strict diets for an extended period of time.
- Expensive/limited funding: Large randomized controlled trials are expensive because they take a long time. In addition, big food and beverage companies may not want to sponsor studies on diet and acne because they may expose ingredients in their products that worsen acne.
Study-designs come with both strengths and limitations. The best study to investigate the relationship between diet and acne would be a randomized controlled trial.3 However, due to many confounding factors, length of time, and the expensive nature of randomized studies, researchers have not performed any on diet and acne. For this reason, we are left without complete knowledge regarding the effects of diet on acne.
References: | https://www.acne.org/why-is-researching-diet-and-acne-difficult.html |
Mutation-biased adaptation reaches the mainstream
The most recent issue of PNAS includes a report by Galen, et al linking enhanced mutation at a CpG site to altitude adaptation in Andean house wrens (Troglodytes aedon), based on clear biogeographic and biochemical evidence of adaptation. I’ve been waiting for this, both in the narrow sense that I’ve been waiting for this particular study to appear in print, and also in the broader sense that I have been waiting for any paper on mutation-biased adaptation to appear in a prominent venue. Results like these, one hopes, will overturn the “raw materials” doctrine of neo-Darwinism and stimulate the development of a new understanding of the role of mutation in evolution.
Some parts of this story need further work, as suggested in the PNAS commentary.
However, I want to discuss broader implications, rather than dwell on uncertainties. So, I’m going to assume that Galen, et al are right, and that we see the Ile55 change in high-altitude wrens partly because it is beneficial, and partly because its occurrence is favored by a roughly 10-fold higher rate of mutation. That is, the higher mutation rate probabilized this particular adaptive change.
Furthermore, I’m going to assume that this is just the tip of the iceberg. If we look at other cases, we’ll see more evidence for a role of CpG hotspots. We’ll find that this effect applies to other types of mutation biases, e.g., transition-transversion bias, insertion-deletion bias, and so on. Furthermore, we will find that, when objective measures of effect-size are applied, the effects of mutational bias will be substantial. When I make this suggestion, it is not idle speculation. I’ve been tracking the evidence for years, and I reviewed some of it previously in The Revolt of the Clay and a followup (this is a more extensive list than appears in the PNAS commentary). For instance, in a study that I neglected to mention previously, Pepin and Wichman (2008) carry out repeated adaptation of phiX174, and the results show a clear bias toward transitions (above Table).
Excavating the memory hole
If all that is true, the implications for evolutionary theory are staggering. If “staggering” sounds like an exaggeration, a brief history lesson should set the record straight. Let’s review what leading authorities said throughout the latter half of the 20th century about the role of mutation and the influence of mutation rates (sources):
“The large number of variants arising in each generation by mutation represents only a small fraction of the total amount of genetic variability present in natural populations. … It follows that rates of evolution are not likely to be closely correlated with rates of mutation . . . Even if mutation rates would increase by a factor of 10, newly induced mutations would represent only a very small fraction of the variation present at any one time in populations of outcrossing, sexually reproducing organisms.” (Dobzhansky, et al., 1977, p. 72)
“mutations are rarely if ever the direct source of variation upon which evolutionary change is based. Instead, they replenish the supply of variability in the gene pool which is constantly being reduced by selective elimination of unfavorable variants. Because in any one generation the amount of variation contributed to a population by mutation is tiny compared to that brought about by recombination of pre-existing genetic differences, even a doubling or trebling of the mutation rate will have very little effect upon the amount of genetic variability available to the action of natural selection. Consequently, we should not expect to find any relationship between rate of mutation and rate of evolution. There is no evidence that such a relationship exists.” (my emphasis) (Stebbins, 1966, p. 29)
“Those authors who thought that mutations alone supplied the variability on which selection can act, often called natural selection a chance theory. They said that evolution had to wait for the lucky accident of a favorable mutation before natural selection could become active. This is now known to be completely wrong. Recombination provides in every generation abundant variation on which the selection of the relatively better adapted members of a population can work.” (Mayr, 1994, p. 38)
“The process of mutation supplies the raw materials of evolution, but the tempo of evolution is determined at the populational levels, by natural selection in conjunction with the ecology and the reproductive biology of the group of organisms” (Dobzhansky, 1955, p. 282)
“It is most important to clear up first some misconceptions still held by a few, not familiar with modern genetics: (1) Evolution is not primarily a genetic event. Mutation merely supplies the gene pool with genetic variation; it is selection that induces evolutionary change.” (Mayr, 1963, p. 613)
“if ever it could have been thought that mutation is important in the control of evolution, it is impossible to think so now; for not only do we observe it to be so rare that it cannot compete with the forces of selection but we know this must inevitably be so. “ (Ford, 1971, p. 361)
“Each unitary random variation is therefore of little consequence, and may be compared to random movements of molecules within a gas or liquid. Directional movements of air or water can be produced only by forces that act at a much broader level than the movements of individual molecules, e.g., differences in air pressure, which produce wind, or differences in slope, which produce stream currents. In an analogous fashion, the directional force of evolution, natural selection, acts on the basis of conditions existing at the broad level of the environment as it affects populations.” (Dobzhansky, et al., 1977, p. 6)
“Novelty does not arise because of unique mutations or other genetic changes that appear spontaneously and randomly in populations, regardless of their environment. Selection pressure for it is generated by the appearance of novel challenges presented by the environment and by the ability of certain populations to meet such challenges.”(Stebbins, 1982, p. 160)
According to this theory, every species has a “gene pool” that serves as a kind of dynamic buffer, soaking up and maintaining variation so that selection never has to wait for a new mutation. This buffer effectively insulates evolution from effects of mutation. As a result, mutations do not play a direct role in evolution, and they do not initiate change; rates of mutation are not determinative, so we don’t expect to see any correlation of the rate of evolution with the mutation rate. In general, mutation merely supplies raw materials, while selection is a higher cause, acting at a higher level to determine the direction and rate of change.
Near the end of this post, I will try to explain why the architects of the Modern Synthesis were so committed to a theory they could not have proved, and that seems hopelessly wrong today. For now, I just want to point out that this is a consistent position presented in forceful language, based on direct and confident appeals to concepts from population genetics.
A lopsided legacy
No one literally defends the “gene pool” theory anymore, nor does anyone (except Richard Dawkins) dismiss the role of mutation rates. Alas, this shift in mainstream beliefs was not accompanied by a revolution or any conscious restructuring of evolutionary theory. The reformist energy that should have gone into developing a mutationist alternative was sucked away by the Neutral Theory. Over time, Mayr and his cohort died off, and their intellectual descendants just stopped saying the things that were clearly wrong. Today we are left with a confused mixture, a Franken-theory with some zombie parts that just won’t go away.
Consider the neo-Darwinian catechism on the role of variation in evolution, which consists of 3 concepts. The first 2, which go back to Darwin’s time, are that mutation is merely a source of “raw materials” and merely a source of “chance.” The view of mutation and selection as opposing forces was developed by the Modern Synthesis.
Apparently, it is not widely known that the raw materials doctrine refers to raw materials (e.g., crude oil, seawater, logs, coal, etc), and that it evokes Aristotle’s 4-fold classification of causes— “material” causes being the lowest kind. For instance, a shirt is made from fabric, fabric is woven from thread, and the thread is spun from either (1) natural fibers, in which case the raw materials are cotton, silkworm cocoons, etc, or (2) synthetic fibers, in which case the raw material is crude oil. Fabric is a material, but not a raw material. “Raw” materials are raw, unprocessed, unrefined.
Materials do not make the shirt happen, and do not dictate the size or shape. Some agent has to spin the thread, weave the fabric, cut it, and sew the pieces together. More generally, material causes are passive, and provide substance only, not form or initiative or direction. The final product is not implied or embodied in the materials. Instead, some active force or agent gives shape and form to the materials.
That is, the “raw materials” doctrine is a deliberate attempt to depict variation as a kind of passive clay that can be molded into anything, with selection as the agent— the active force shaping outcomes. In the Darwinian “gradualist” view, a single variation contributes to adaptation in the same way that a single grain of sand contributes to a sand-castle (see Why Size Matters: Saltation, Creativity and the Reign of the DiNOs). I suspect that if scientists stopped to consider what the “raw materials” doctrine intends, they would stop repeating it. For instance, one sees “raw materials” in the evo-devo literature, but no one in evo-devo actually believes this— they are all searching for developmental mutations that change body plans and reconfigure toolbox genes and generally make fantastic things happen.
The view depicting mutation and selection as opposing forces, with mutation too weak to overcome selection, arose from an early mathematical result called the mutation-selection balance, which represents how often we would expect to see a particular disease-causing mutation. This view makes mutation-biased adaptation seem like an impossibility. Below, I’ll use a population-genetics model to explain why this view misleads us.
Finally, if mutation is merely a source of “chance”, then how can a bias in mutation make evolution more predictable?
These old ways of thinking aren’t helpful. They don’t make the possibility of mutation-biased adaptation suggested by Galen, et al. comprehensible. We’ve inherited a lop-sided legacy. When 3 generations of scientists are taught that mutation merely supplies raw material, that it is a weak force, a source of chance, etc., we can’t expect this to promote a deep understanding of mutation. Like the character of Reggie in M. Night Shyamalan’s The Lady in the Water, we’re only flexing our intellectual muscles on one side
Re-thinking the role of mutation
To develop a new understanding of the role of mutation in evolution, let’s start by re-thinking the common metaphor of evolution as a climbing algorithm. Imagine, as an analogy for evolution, a climber operating on the jagged and forbidding landscape of Les Drus (Figure). A human climber would scout a path to a peak and plan accordingly, but a metaphor for evolution must disallow foresight and planning, therefore let us imagine a blind robotic climber. The climber will move by a two-step mechanism. In the “proposal” step, the robotic climber reaches out with one of its limbs to sample a point of leverage, some nearby hand-hold or foot-hold. Each time this happens, there is some probability of a second “acceptance” step, in which the climber commits to the point of leverage, shifting its center of mass.
Biasing the second step, such that relatively higher points of leverage have relatively higher probabilities of acceptance, causes the climber to ascend, resulting in a mechanism, not just for moving, but for climbing.
What happens if a bias is imposed on the proposal step? Imagine that the robotic climber (perhaps by virtue of longer or more active limbs on one side) samples more points on the left than on the right during the proposal step. Because the probability of proposal is greater on the left, the joint probability of proposal-and-acceptance is greater (on average), so the trajectory of the climber will be biased, not just upwards, but to the left as well. If the landscape is rough, the climber will tend to get stuck on a local peak that is upwards and to the left of its starting point.
Now, let us take this idea and make it into a population-genetics model, following Yampolsky and Stoltzfus (2001).
We’ll start with an ab population and evolve either to Ab or aB. That is, we are going on a one-step climb, and we’ll climb either to the left, or to the right. Obviously, if Ab is the more fit alternative (i.e., if s1 > s2) and the mutation rate to Ab is higher (u1 > u2), then Ab is favored. But what if Ab is the more fit alternative, and mutation favors aB? That’s the critical case.
The results are shown at right. The upward slope indicates that the bias in outcomes (toward the mutationally favored peak) increases with increased mutation bias. In the smallest population, we are looking at neutral evolution, where only the bias in mutation (dashed line showing B = u1/u2) matters. As population size increases, we enter the regime of origin-fixation dynamics (or what Gillespie calls “strong selection, weak mutation”), where there is a proportional effect of both mutation bias and fixation bias, shown by the dotted line, which is (s1/s2)*(u1/u2)
As population size gets larger and uN is no longer small, we depart from strict origin-fixation dynamics, but there is still an effect of mutation bias (uN is about 1 and 10 for the 2 largest populations).
Evolution doesn’t have to work this way. In a previous post I invoked 2 different styles of self-service restaurant— the Buffet and the Sushi Conveyor— to compare and contrast 2 different regimes of population genetics. The sushi conveyor offers a dynamic, iterated process of proposal and acceptance.
We choose (we select), but we don’t control what is offered or when: instead, we accept or reject each dish that passes by our table. This is like origin-fixation models of evolutionary dynamics, which depict evolution as a discrete 2-step process of mutational origination followed by fixation or loss (by selection or drift).
The architects of the Modern Synthesis viewed adaptation differently, according to the buffet model. Just as the staff who tend the buffet will keep it stocked with a variety of choices sufficient to satisfy every customer, the gene pool “maintains” abundant variation sufficient to meet any adaptive challenge (selection never has to wait for a new mutation). Adaptation happens when the customer gets hungry and proceeds to select a platter of food from the abundance of available choices.
A bias in variation will operate completely differently in the two models. Let us suppose that the buffet has 5 apple pies and 1 cherry pie. This quantitative bias in what is offered to the customer makes no difference. A customer who prefers cherry pie will choose a slice of cherry pie every time; and likewise a customer who prefers apple will choose apple. But at the sushi conveyor, the effect of a bias will be different. Let us suppose that occasionally a dish of sashimi comes by on the conveyor, with a 5 to 1 ratio of salmon to tuna. Even a customer who would prefer tuna in a side-by-side comparison may end up choosing salmon more frequently— a side-by-side comparison simply is not part of the process.
The reason I like this metaphor is that we can relate it directly to population genetics. The sushi conveyor corresponds to the origin-fixation regime in which the chance of making a choice is directly correlated with the mutation rate, because each change depends on a new mutation. By contrast, in the “gene pool” (buffet) regime, all the variants relevant to the outcome of evolution are present initially. Using the model above, if we put the alternative genotypes aB and Ab into the starting population at just 0.5 % frequency, this kills the effect of mutation bias completely, as shown by the flat lines in the figure below.
Why is selection so much more effectual in the buffet regime? The probability of fixation of a new beneficial mutation is about 2s. If sAb = 0.02 and saB = 0.01, this 2-fold difference in s corresponds to a 2-fold preference for Ab in the origin-fixation regime. In the buffet regime, the impact of exactly the same fitness difference is far greater: if we have 2 alternative alleles already in a population and they have escaped the drift barrier, selection pretty much always establishes the more fit alternative.
Why is mutation bias so important in one regime but not in the other? The bias operating so effectively in the origin-fixation regime is a bias in the introduction process, i.e., a bias in the rate of introduction of new alleles. This kind of bias is a profoundly important effect that directly impacts the course of evolution. But in the buffet regime, there is no bias in the introduction process, because there is no introduction process— all relevant alleles are present already. Once the alleles are present, mutation can shift their relative proportions in a biased way, but such shifts are quantitatively trivial compared to the shifts caused by selection (or even drift). This is why the architects of the Modern Synthesis said that mutation is a “weak force”.
Let’s return to metaphors one last time. For a century, we have understood that mutation and selection are both necessary. But the role of mutation has been depicted as supplying raw materials or chance. When seen as a force, mutation is said to be weak. We have imagined selection in charge without any mutational effects, or mutation in charge when selection is absent (neutral evolution), but making them co-pilots is a new way of thinking (Figure).
How the Modern Synthesis got population genetics wrong
I promised earlier that I would explain why the architects of the Modern Synthesis were so committed to a view that they had not proved, and which led them to believe that the rate of evolution would not reflect the rate of mutation.
First, let’s review the classic consensus on the genetic basis of evolutionary change. Prior to the molecular revolution, the Modern Synthesis held that change consists of a smooth shift, in the interior of a gene-frequency space, from the previous optimal multi-locus distribution of allele frequencies to the new optimum. The “shifting gene frequencies” consensus equated evolution with adaptation, and stressed that evolutionary change is
- initiated by an environmental shift (which disrupts the current optimum)
- driven by selection
- fueled by available variation + recombination (“gene pool”)
- not dependent on new mutations
- multi-factorial, involving many loci each with small effects
Why were the architects of the Modern Synthesis so strongly committed to an elaborate view that they hadn’t proved? Welcome to the world of science. In science, there are theories, conceptual systems for generating explanations and predictions through formal and informal reasoning (e.g., the metaphors and analogies used above). The predictions of theories like the Modern Synthesis are not always bottom-up predictions. If some high-level proposition Y is accepted as true, a lower-level proposition X is implied if X is the only way to get to Y. This is not the logical fallacy of affirming the consequent: if the theory asserts the truth of Y, and X is necessary for the truth of Y, then X (and of all of the implications of X) are predictions of the theory. We can put this in more flexible Bayesian terms to the effect that, if Y is more likely when X is true, then evidence for Y increases our belief in X.
In this case, what are X and Y? The Modern Synthesis was committed to the buffered “gene pool” view (X), because this is the particular view of population genetics that justifies Darwinian doctrines of gradualism, the creativity of selection, the subordinate status of variation as a source of random raw materials, and the control of selection over the direction of evolution (Y). Stripped of all nuance, the core claim of Darwinism is that, because organisms are exquisitely adapted, down to the finest detail, the mechanism of evolution must supply abundant infinitesimal raw materials for selection to shape the organism precisely to conditions. The Modern Synthesis “gene pool” view provides the needed mechanism. Alas, it’s mistaken.
Synopsis
Once again, I’ve said way too much, so let’s review the big picture.
For decades, a minority of evolutionists have been fascinated by the influence of biases in mutation in shaping genes, proteins and genomes. For decades, mainstream scientists have been dissecting natural cases of adaptation, and also carrying out adaptation in the lab. Those previously separate research directions come together in Galen, et al, and in some other studies such as Couce, et al., 2015 and Meyer, et al (see The Revolt of the Clay). The results suggest that the textbook doctrine on the role of mutation in evolution is incorrect:
- raw materials: mutation is not merely supplying raw materials because, in the case reported by Galen, et al, a single mutation changes affinity by 34 % (i.e., its not like 1 sand-grain among thousands)
- mere chance: mutation is not merely a source of chance because, in this case, the bias in mutation makes evolution more predictable, not less predictable
- weak force: evolution does not follow the logic of opposing forces where either selection or mutation must prevail, but instead allows simultaneous dual causation
For those who don’t care about theory, concepts, or history, the point of Galen, et al (and the other studies cited above) is that ignoring non-randomness in mutation means ignoring a potentially important source of information about what is likely to happen in evolution, and conversely, studying the rates of mutations gives us more leverage to predict and explain evolution. | http://www.molevol.org/mutation-biased-adaptation-reaches-the-mainstream/ |
Does selection bias affect validity?
Does selection bias affect validity?
Selection bias can affect either the internal or the external validity of a study. Selection bias adversely affecting internal validity occurs when the exposed and unexposed groups (for a cohort study) or the diseased and nondiseased groups (for a case-control study) are not drawn from the same population.
What does it mean when someone says you’re biased?
Being biased is kind of lopsided too: a biased person favors one side or issue over another. While biased can just mean having a preference for one thing over another, it also is synonymous with “prejudiced,” and that prejudice can be taken to the extreme.
Is selection bias internal or external validity?
A distinction of sampling bias (albeit not a universally accepted one) is that it undermines the external validity of a test (the ability of its results to be generalized to the rest of the population), while selection bias mainly addresses internal validity for differences or similarities found in the sample at hand.
What do you call someone who constantly needs attention?
Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in early childhood, including inappropriate seduction and an excessive desire for approval.
What do you call someone that shows no emotion?
Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by the subclinical inability to identify and describe emotions experienced by one’s self or others. Alexithymia occurs in approximately 10% of the population and can occur with a number of psychiatric conditions as well as any neurodevelopmental disorder.
What do you call someone who doesn’t like attention?
Reticent can refer to someone who is restrained and formal, but it can also refer to someone who doesn’t want to draw attention to herself or who prefers seclusion to other people. Don’t confuse reticent with reluctant, which means unwilling. Definitions of reticent. adjective. reluctant to draw attention to yourself.
What do you call someone who is biased?
Some common synonyms of bias are predilection, prejudice, and prepossession. While all these words mean “an attitude of mind that predisposes one to favor something,” bias implies an unreasoned and unfair distortion of judgment in favor of or against a person or thing.
How do you control information bias?
How to Control Information Bias
- Implement standardized protocols for collecting data across groups.
- Ensure that researchers and staff do not know about exposure/disease status of study participants.
- Train interviewers to collect information using standardized methods.
What is the opposite of being biased?
favoring one person or side over another. “a biased account of the trial”; “a decision that was partial to the defendant” Antonyms: impartial.
What do you call a person who notices everything?
If someone calls you perceptive, they mean you are good at understanding things or figuring things out. Perceptive people are insightful, intelligent, and able to see what others cannot. If you are upset but trying to hide it, a perceptive person is the one who will notice.
Why is it important to reduce bias in research?
Understanding research bias allows readers to critically and independently review the scientific literature and avoid treatments which are suboptimal or potentially harmful. A thorough understanding of bias and how it affects study results is essential for the practice of evidence-based medicine.
How do you control selection bias?
How to avoid selection biases
- Using random methods when selecting subgroups from populations.
- Ensuring that the subgroups selected are equivalent to the population at large in terms of their key characteristics (this method is less of a protection than the first, since typically the key characteristics are not known).
How does bias affect research?
Bias in research can cause distorted results and wrong conclusions. Such studies can lead to unnecessary costs, wrong clinical practice and they can eventually cause some kind of harm to the patient.
What causes information bias?
Information bias is a distortion in the measure of association caused by a lack of accurate measurements of key study variables. Information bias, also called measurement bias, arises when key study variables (exposure, health outcome, or confounders) are inaccurately measured or classified.
What does bias mean in simple terms?
Bias is a tendency to lean in a certain direction, either in favor of or against a particular thing. To be truly biased means to lack a neutral viewpoint on a particular topic.
What is it called when you don’t like a group of people?
It’s natural to feel self-conscious, nervous, or shy in front of others at times. When people feel so self-conscious and anxious that it prevents them from speaking up or socializing most of the time, it’s probably more than shyness. It may be an anxiety condition called social phobia (also called social anxiety).
What does possible bias mean?
Bias, prejudice mean a strong inclination of the mind or a preconceived opinion about something or someone. A bias may be favorable or unfavorable: bias in favor of or against an idea.
How can research bias be avoided?
There are ways, however, to try to maintain objectivity and avoid bias with qualitative data analysis:
- Use multiple people to code the data.
- Have participants review your results.
- Verify with more data sources.
- Check for alternative explanations.
- Review findings with peers.
Why do I never show emotion?
Lack of strong emotions can indicate emotional detachment or the presence of mental health or personality disorder. Emotional detachment is the avoidance of emotional connections. Being emotionally detached, often referred to as having a flat affect, involves the lack of positive or negative feelings or emotions.
What does it mean to not be biased?
1 : free from bias especially : free from all prejudice and favoritism : eminently fair an unbiased opinion. 2 : having an expected value equal to a population parameter being estimated an unbiased estimate of the population mean. | https://www.thegatheringbaltimore.com/2021/12/18/does-selection-bias-affect-validity/ |
This protocol has been developed in accordance with the PRISMA-P 2015 17-item checklist for the development of systematic review protocols .
This study has been registered prospectively with Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) Initiative.
CA completed the protocol with significant input and oversight by SF. CA is the guarantor of the review. This protocol has not been amended since it was published.
This is the first protocol and has not been amended since initial publication.
This systematic review has been completed without funding support.
Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) has an incidence of 10 to 11 cases per 100,000 /year and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Reducing the burden associated with aSAH remains an area of ongoing interest in the medical community. there is currently no international consensus on appropriate outcome measures to use in clinical research of aSAH although a transition towards core outcome sets (COS) is occurring in other areas of clinical research. The authors have conducted a systematic review of outcome measures employed in aSAH clinical trials to provide a foundation for further research and the eventual development of a COS.
The objective of this systematic review is to answer the question; What outcomes have been measured in randomized controlled trials of patients with aSAH.
Randomized clinical trials that included patients exclusively with subarachnoid haemorrhage were selected for inclusion in the review. The studies included had a minimum of ten patients and reported at least one outcome. There was no restriction regarding interventions and comparators used. All studies were original research articles; we excluded review articles, letters and editorials. We limited inclusion to studies published in English.
The search strategy used the following electronic databases Ovid Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Included studies were published from January 1996, which corresponds with the publication year of the first CONSORT document .
Data management will be performed using the EPPI-Reviewer 4 web based program developed and maintained by Social Science Research Unit at the Institute of Education, University of London.
CA performed initial screening based on the article abstract and title using the eligibility criteria. CA and EF then screened the remaining full documents independently. Following reconciliation disagreements were resolved via discussion. In the event of uncertainty SF was consulted.
The data extraction form was developed a priori and refined following testing on ten randomly selected papers. CA and EF extracted the data from each paper independently and analysis was performed to identify discrepancies. A consensus was reached when there was disagreement.
See the attached data extraction form (Appendix 1) for the data items collected.
The design of this study is to examine the different outcomes employed in clinical trials. All reported outcomes in the selected randomized controlled trials would therefore be included. Both primary and secondary outcomes will be recorded.
There was a wide range of different outcomes across multiple domains and therefore assessment of selection bias, performance bias and an overall assessment of risk of bias in individual studies was not attempted. Attrition bias and the handling of missing data however may represent a measure of functionality with respect to outcome measures and was therefore assessed. Detection bias and selective reporting bias also provide relevant insights to the use of outcome measures and was also included in the analysis.
The data synthesis will primarily consist of the frequency of reported outcomes, individually, between different domains and within domains.
All studies will be assessed for protocol registration. Where possible an assessment of selective reporting of outcomes will be made.
This study is primarily descriptive with multiple different interventions and comparators included across multiple domains and as such no attempt was made to assess the strength of the evidence.
1 Shamseer et al., “Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation,” BMJ, vol. 349, no. g7647, January 2015.
2 C Begg et al., “Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement.,” JAMA, vol. 276, no. 8, pp. 637-9, 1996.
Study not a randomised controlled trial. Trials which are observational in nature based on a previous RCT (substudies) are also excluded. Trials which look at additional outcomes from a previously published RCT (different duration of follow up, other outcome measures such as resource use) and maintain the same intervention and comparator are not excluded.
The investigators describe a random component in the sequence generation process such as: Referring to a random number table; Using a computer random number generator; Coin tossing; Shuffling cards or envelopes; Throwing dice; Drawing of lots; Minimization*.
The investigators describe a non-random component in the sequence generation process. Usually, the description would involve some systematic, non-random approach, for example: Sequence generated by odd or even date of birth; Sequence generated by some rule based on date (or day) of admission; Sequence generated by some rule based on hospital or clinic record number.
Insufficient information about the sequence generation process to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’.
Participants and investigators enrolling participants could not foresee assignment because one of the following, or an equivalent method, was used to conceal allocation: Central allocation (including telephone, web-based and pharmacy-controlled randomization); Sequentially numbered drug containers of identical appearance; Sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes.
Participants or investigators enrolling participants could possibly foresee assignments and thus introduce selection bias, such as allocation based on: Using an open random allocation schedule (e.g. a list of random numbers); Assignment envelopes were used without appropriate safeguards (e.g. if envelopes were unsealed or nonopaque or not sequentially numbered); Alternation or rotation; Date of birth; Case record number; Any other explicitly unconcealed procedure.
Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’. This is usually the case if the method of concealment is not described or not described in sufficient detail to allow a definite judgement – for example if the use of assignment envelopes is described, but it remains unclear whether envelopes were sequentially numbered, opaque and sealed.
Any one of the following: No blinding of outcome assessment, but the review authors judge that the outcome measurement is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding; Blinding of outcome assessment ensured, and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken.
Any one of the following: No blinding of outcome assessment, and the outcome measurement is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding; Blinding of outcome assessment, but likely that the blinding could have been broken, and the outcome measurement is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding.
Any one of the following: Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’; The study did not address this outcome.
Any one of the following: No missing outcome data; Reasons for missing outcome data unlikely to be related to true outcome (for survival data, censoring unlikely to be introducing bias); Missing outcome data balanced in numbers across intervention groups, with similar reasons for missing data across groups; For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on the intervention effect estimate; For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in means) among missing outcomes not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on observed effect size; Missing data have been imputed using appropriate methods.
Any one of the following: Insufficient reporting of attrition/exclusions to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’ (e.g. number randomized not stated, no reasons for missing data provided); The study did not address this outcome.
This is identified in the article when there is a cox analysis of the time to event of survival. It is useful for assessing what is the proportion of a population which will survive past a certain time.
S100β , Neuron specific enolase (NSE), etc. | https://icuprimaryprep.com/a-systematic-review-of-outcomes-in-aneurysmal-subarachnoid-haemorrhage-research-protocol/ |
It is a common observation that many multicenter randomized controlled trials (mRCT) performed in critically ill patients do not achieve the positive findings often seen in single center studies (sRCT). This has, of course, relevant consequences for clinical practice, as mRCTs have higher scientific validity compared to sRCTs. The aim of this manuscript was to review and discuss the several potential causes of this phenomenon and to relate them to the future of mRCTs in critical care medicine. Overall, this seems to recall the old mythologic story of Achilles and the tortoise: although mRCTs (i.e. Achilles) are much more powerful, indeed, they always arrive later in time compared to the sRCTs (i.e. the tortoise) from which they were powered. However, sRCTs are more prone to several bias compared to mRCTs, such as local effect bias, selection and performance bias, detection and reporting bias, analysis and attrition bias, concomitant therapy bias, low fragility index and publication bias. In this sense, it is high time the critical care community should see the positive findings of sRTCs with a very high level of scientific caution, unless they are confirmed by mRCTs. MRCTs represent the final step of the process of evidence-based medicine and in the end (however slowly and painfully) such evidence catches up with sRCT and truly helps changes practice worldwide. | https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/why-do-multicenter-randomized-controlled-trials-not-confirm-the-p |
Enterprise IT has been around for few decades and most companies have already deployed several IT systems. In most cases the different IT systems and applications of an enterprise have been developed and deployed independently from each other based on distinct procurement processes and by different vendors. Therefore, enterprise IT systems tend to form disaggregated silos that do not talk to each other, each one dedicated to supporting business processes in key functional areas of the enterprise such as finance, accounting, sales, marketing, production, human resources and more. For example, there are finance and accounting systems that support budgeting and payable accounts processes, as well as human resources systems supporting functionalities such as payroll and tracking of employee benefits. Nevertheless, enterprise processes cannot always be aligned to the “vertical” nature of legacy IT systems, given that a large number of business processes transcend the boundaries of different functional areas. A very common example is a typical order fulfillment process, which involves the reception of an order through a sales system, its invoicing through the finance & accounting system, as well as the scheduling of its production through a manufacturing and production system.
In order to support cross-functional processes, there is a clear need of integrating systems and modules that serve functions across different areas. In practice this requires an integration of diverse software applications and hardware systems, in order to enable previously isolated systems to “talk to each other”. This integration is termed EAI (Enterprise Application Integration), which refers to both the middleware technologies and the specification of the integration processes that empower it. EAI is one of the main IT-related concerns of most modern enterprises, since it enables the streamlining of business operations while facilitating improvements to managerial decision making. From a technological perspective, the goal is to alleviate the heterogeneity of existing distributed systems in terms of their platforms and interfaces. The latter interfaces will provide the common language that systems will use to exchange data and services. From a business perspective, the goal is to express the functionalities of the various systems as services, while at the same time providing the means of combining and integrating services in complex service workflows that align to the desired cross functional business processes.
There is a host of approaches and products for successful EAI implementations, which satisfy the above-listed technology and business requirements. One of these approaches involves the deployment of new IT systems, which support integrated enterprise processes in addition to vertical functionalities and modules. In particular, the well-known Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems support end-to-end cross-functional business processes and provide a unified view of the whole organization. Nevertheless, ERPs are not a good option for organizations wishing to protect their existing investments in legacy IT systems and related processes. To this end, enterprises can opt for EAI approaches that reuse and integrate the majority of legacy IT systems, notably solutions based on distributed middleware platforms. One of the most prominent approaches in this category is the design and deployment of Service Oriented Architectures (SOA), which emphasize the modeling of legacy IT systems in terms of the services they provide and enable the combination of services in order to support cross-functional business processes. SOA approaches have different flavors, since they can be implemented based on the integration of on-premise systems with cloud-based systems in a variety of deployment configurations. Beyond SOA and ERP, there are also other integration approaches which can be used for simpler or specialized problems, such as direct sharing of databases.
With so many technology options, making the right choices is challenging. A rich set of parameters should be considered, including the total cost of ownership of the EAI project, the existing and target states of the integration, the amount of investment in legacy IT systems, as well as the way technology choices align and support the company’s business strategy. Special emphasis should be given in the assessment of optimal and worst case scenarios, including trade-offs between integration efficiency and cost. Beyond technology and business issues, EAI projects have also to cope with complex change management issues stemming from the need to deal with internal resistance to change, while at the same time taking into account politics and cultural issues within the organization.
In order to cope with these challenges, enterprises need to have strong commitment from senior management, while establishing partnerships with experts that can help them both in taking the right decisions and in the overall management of the EAI project. The right people, the right organization, the right management and the selection of the right technology are the keys to EAI’s success. | https://www.itexchangeweb.com/blog/enterprise-applications-integration-making-the-right-choices/ |
Bachelor's degree in Information Technology, Engineering and/or related field or equivalent experience, plus 10 years of related experience or Master's degree and 8 years of related experience.
Due to the nature of work performed within our facilities, U.S. citizenship is required.
General Dynamics Mission Systems has an immediate opening for a Applications Developer. This position provides an opportunity to further advance the cutting-edge technology that supports some of our nation’s core defense/intelligence services and systems. General Dynamics Mission Systems employees work closely with esteemed customers to develop solutions that allow them to carry out high-stakes national security missions.
REPRESENTATIVE DUTIES AND TASKS:
Consults and collaborates with business leaders, end user, IT staff, vendors, and other third parties and is involved in every phase of application development lifecycle
Predominately the role uses development and applications administration / support skills in the configuration, customization, maintenance, and interfacing of Commercial of the Shelf (CoTs) business applications in the GDMS infrastructure
Their responsibilities include requirements specification, solution design, prototype plans, developing and testing code, solution release, and supporting issue analysis and resolution
Collaborates with a team of IT professionals to set specifications for new applications
Designs creative prototypes according to specifications
Writes high quality source code to program complete applications within schedule deadlines.
Ensures application interoperability with IT infrastructure components while ensuring compliance with wide-ranging information security requirements
Ensures application integration interoperability with other applications or subsystems (e.g. interface management, data integration systems, job automation)
Performs unit and integration testing before launch
Tests code using sample data sets to ensure the output from the program meets the requirements
Conducts functional and non-functional testing
Troubleshoots and debug applications
Evaluates existing applications to reprogram, update and add new features
Develops technical documents to accurately represent application design and code
Recommends coding fixes to resolve outstanding issues and work to enhance applications to automate business process as best possible
Leads, plans, and executes projects, small initiatives, and/or cross-functional teams
Manages high risk, high profile, tight schedule, and complex outcomes with composure
Breaks down "barriers to progress" & motivates less experienced members of the team to action
Performs other duties as directed
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS AND ABILITIES:
A history that illustrates flexibility and adaptability to changing business needs and shows the ability to recognize need for change
Significant ability to program in at least on programming language (e.g., such as C#, Java, .Net) and SQL scripts and other scripting languages
Act with speed, personal accountability, energy, and determination to overcome adversity, maximize team productivity, and deliver effective business results
Certified application developer indicating a degree of appropriate foundational knowledge is strongly preferred
Demonstrated analytical thinking and complex problem-solving capability.
Significant knowledge of programming for diverse operating systems and platforms using development tools and languages
Significant knowledge of software design and programming principles
Evidence of ability to act highly independently on large and unique tasks and wide-ranging initiatives using a subject matter expertise of the Application Development discipline
Demonstrated presentation, oral/written communication, and inter-personal skills including the ability to: anticipate, influence & adapt to a wide range of audiences; cultivate relationships and leverage organizational understanding to facilitate decision making and buy-in
Exhibits subject matter expertise on how IT solutions are constructed and in-depth expert application administration knowledge
Has ability to evaluate intangibles in the analysis of significant and unique initiatives, situations, alternatives, proposals, designs, architectures, risks, data, systems, and constructs
History of providing work direction and leadership to others
Demonstrated experience as an application developer and designing and building applications
Significant experience developing solutions to extremely complex, cross-domain, problems requiring significant business acumen, technical knowledge, ingenuity, creativity, and innovation
Significant organizational skills including: superior ability to lead initiatives and cross functional projects; a facility to handle multiple tasks and deliverables simultaneously; a track record of exercising independent judgment appropriately; and the ability to quickly understand and execute complex assignments when working on high profile outcomes with inherent risk
Demonstrated track record of being capable of working with significant uncertainty, resistance, barriers, issues and challenges; converting uncertainty into quantifiable impact, risk and mitigating actions
Significant understanding of solutions development methodologies (e.g. DevOps, Agile, Software Development Lifecycle, etc.)
Significant experience as a developer, systems integrator, systems engineer, or solutions architect
Demonstrated experience in leading teams and/or technical leadership including: ability to coach, supervise, & influence team/stakeholder(s); establish a compelling vision then plan and coordinate actions to achieve goals
Demonstrated knowledge of organizational change management principles including; leading change; building a coalition; anticipating resistance to change; designing / implementing appropriate strategies; institutionalizing change
Significant understanding of business stakeholder requirements, gain a thorough understanding of their desired business outcomes, and how they translate in application features
General Dynamics Mission Systems (GDMS) engineers a diverse portfolio of high technology solutions, products and services that enable customers to successfully execute missions across all domains of operation. With a global team of 13,000+ top professionals, we partner with the best in industry to expand the bounds of innovation in the defense and scientific arenas. Given the nature of our work and who we are, we value trust, honesty, alignment and transparency. We offer highly competitive benefits and pride ourselves in being a great place to work with a shared sense of purpose. You will also enjoy a flexible work environment where contributions are recognized and rewarded. If who we are and what we do resonates with you, we invite you to join our high performance team! | https://careers-gdms.icims.com/jobs/32796/applications-developer-specialist/job |
Technology is playing a vital role in improving the performance of Scotland’s infrastructure
Our infrastructure supports our communities, public services, wellbeing and economic growth. It encompasses all assets that enable the delivery of public services, including schools, hospitals, transport, digital connectivity and housing.
Improving its performance is a key enabler for the Scottish Government’s ambitions for a sustainable and inclusive net zero carbon economy. This ambition is relevant to both new and existing infrastructure, as most of the underlying infrastructure that will be used in 30 years’ time already exists today.
When looking how we plan, deliver and manage our infrastructure, technology is essential. We are seeing unprecedented investment in technology which aims to improve the performance of our infrastructure, such as 3D-design modelling, virtual reality, building sensors, machine learning, robotics and cloud-based data sharing.
How we measure performance is often inconsistent and siloed across the industry but we are seeing improvements across four key areas of performance:
Commercial – increased use of 3D modelling of buildings during the design and construction stage that reduces risk, time and ultimately the cost of construction. Evidence from design teams working across large infrastructure projects has shown working with a 3D model of a project is five times more efficient than traditional methods, improving both productivity and profitability.
Design – application of virtual reality (VR) is enabling new conversations at the design stage, with teachers, clinicians and the general public helping shape the design process and deliver a better product. We have already seen exciting collaborations in Scotland, including the new Bertha Park High Schools, with Perth & Kinross Council and Microsoft exploring the value of technology and data to support asset-management and educational outcomes.
Environmental – technology supports the design and delivery of energy-efficient buildings and how they are managed effectively. The design team for South Queensferry High School used enhanced computer modelling to improve energy efficiency, while the Centre of Excellence for sensing, imaging and the Internet of Things (CENSIS) worked with Scottish SMEs to develop new sensor technologies to enable more efficient use of space and reduce energy consumption.
Social and Economic – is the least-developed area, but could still provide significant value. Digital tools are available to help public-sector bodies better specify community benefits during the construction phase, while database systems can give decision makers enhanced knowledge of the impact of an investment at a local, regional and national level.
SUPPORTING PERFORMANCE LED INFRATECH
The infrastructure technologies market continues to evolve. The public sector experiences challenges in adoption, unlocking investment and overcoming complex implementation. In response, we have launched Infrastructure Technology Navigator, which quickly links users to a list of performance improvements that can be enabled through infrastructure technology.
The navigator provides guidance, benefits and templates to help put the technologies to use. Public bodies are already experimenting with these technologies and Scotland is seeing applications across sectors, geographies and at various stages of the asset lifecycle.
THE INFORMATION IMPERATIVE
These technologies will both create significant amounts of new data and offer the ability to analyse data more effectively, to derive new insight and support better decision making. Good information management processes and systems are fundamental to this.
In Scotland, the platform for developing strong foundations to information management and change across public sector infrastructure is Building Information Modelling (BIM), the process of accurately creating, managing and exchanging digital information within the built environment.
SFT leads the BIM programme on behalf of the Scottish Government and supports its implementation. BIM is creating a new capability – focused on data and TRUST
technology – for improving infrastructure performance. Adoption of BIM processes will help things move faster and in a more informed manner.
PEOPLE-CENTRED TECHNOLOGY
Technology will challenge the existing silos and procurement models within the built environment and will require increased collaborative working. As technologies evolve, so will the skills required by building owners, delivery teams and decision makers.
Industry and academia continue to support this skills challenge through the work of the Construction Scotland Innovation Centre in supporting industry, investment by industry in training programmes and alignment by college and universities to respond to these new skillsets. Scottish colleges have also led the UK in developing and delivering new curriculum to address these skills (recognised with New College Lanarkshire students winning gold and bronze in the Digital Construction & BIM category at the Worldskills UK event last November). | https://futurescot.com/making-the-most-of-scotlands-public-buildings/ |
Summary / Description
We are seeking motivated, career and customer oriented Configuration/Data Management Analysts interested in joining our team in the Washington, DC metro area and exploring an exciting and challenging career with Unisys Federal Systems.
In this role you will deliver world class solutions to Unisys’ customer. You will leverage your experience to drive high efficiency, quality, and completeness of all customer work products.
Duties/Tasks and Responsibilities
- Responsible for the effective development and implementation of programs to ensure that all information systems products and services meet minimum company standards and end-user requirements.
- Administers the change control process for zero defects software development. Responsible for configuration management of requirements, design, and code.
- Evaluates and selects configuration management tools and standards.
- Prepares configuration management plans and procedures.
- Administers problem management process including monitoring and reporting on problem resolution.
- Ensures adequate product testing prior to implementation. Coordinates with users and systems development personnel on releases of software.
- Verifies the completeness and accuracy of release libraries before implementation and ensures that correct versions of programs are included in specified releases.
- Makes recommendations to superiors regarding the acquisition and/or implementation of software to increase information systems efficiency, configuration management activities including product identification, change control, status accounting, operation of the program support library, and development and monitoring of equipment/system acceptance plans.
- Operates and manages program support library.
- Monitors library structure and procedures to assure system integrity, including procedures for collection, release, production, test, and emergency libraries and the movement/migration of components between libraries.
- Monitors end-item acceptance plans.
- Analyzes and evaluates major system project requirements of considerable complexity requiring a thorough understanding of all parameters affecting and interfacing with the system.
Requirements
Position Requirements:
U.S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED
Minimum ability to obtain public trust clearance, Secret or higher clearance a plus
Bachelor’s degree and a minimum of 8 years of relevant experience
Relevant certifications, such as ITIL are a plus
Must have demonstrated capability for oral and written communications
Solves complex problems; takes a new perspective using existing solutions
Works independently; receives minimal guidance
Acts as a resource for colleagues with less experience
About Unisys
Do you have what it takes to be mission critical?
We are always looking for team members that have what it takes to be mission critical. At Unisys Federal Systems, our team supports the Federal Government in their mission to protect and defend our nation, and transform the way government agencies manage information and improve responsiveness to their customers.
Our team members gain valuable career-enhancing experience as we support the design, development, testing, implementation, training, and maintenance of our federal government’s critical systems.
Apply today to become mission critical and help our nation meet the growing need for IT security, improved infrastructure, big data, and advanced analytics.
Unisys is a global information technology company that solves complex IT challenges at the intersection of modern and mission critical. We work with many of the world's largest companies and government organizations to secure and keep their mission-critical operations running at peak performance; streamline and transform their data centers; enhance support to their end users and constituents; and modernize their enterprise applications. We do this while protecting and building on their legacy IT investments. Our offerings include outsourcing and managed services, systems integration and consulting services, high-end server technology, cybersecurity and cloud management software, and maintenance and support services. Unisys has more than 23,000 employees serving clients around the world.
Unisys offers a very competitive benefits package including health insurance coverage from first day of employment, a 401k with an immediately vested company match, vacation and educational benefits. To learn more about Unisys visit us at www.Unisys.com.
Unisys is an Equal Opportunity Employer (EOE) - Minorities, Females, Disabled Persons, and Veterans.
#FED#
Solving Complex Client Challenges with Reliable IT Solutions
We’re a worldwide technology services and solutions company dedicated to providing clients with reliable, secure IT solutions to cut costs and optimize performance. We apply Unisys expertise in consulting, systems integration, outsourcing, infrastructure, and server technology to help our clients achieve their business goals. We give our clients the visibility to see their business more clearly—ahead of decision points, investments, and risks.
An Innovative Company with a Global Reach
And we’re not just in one or two countries—we're global, operating in over 100 countries and in both hemispheres. So no matter where you are in the world—we’re there too. | https://success.recruitmilitary.com/job/27385258 |
5 Questions For Your Content and Commerce Implementation Partner
In their quest to improve the experiences they deliver to their customers and under pressure to move more business online, companies are increasingly looking at upgrading or replacing their existing web content management systems (WCMs) and their ecommerce systems at the same time. Due to the complexity of adding just one business-critical platform, let alone two, this means looking for help from external partners to lead and manage the effort. What’s the best way to identify the best prospective content and commerce implementation partner?
There is no silver bullet, but there are ways to minimize risk. In our VOCalis research program, for which we conduct in-depth interviews with customers involved in complex digital technology integration projects, we’ve begun to identify key areas where projects commonly go off the rails, and conversely the necessary foundations of successful projects. Ultimately, the latter tend to be cases where the partner demonstrated a combination of technical and project management expertise, coupled with superior customer service (about which I will write about in more depth in a future post).
If you are in the process of evaluating potential content and commerce implementation partners, there are several important criteria that you’ll need to consider. No two such projects are the same, even if they include virtually the same technology systems and the same implementation partners, due to the vagaries of legacy infrastructure and processes each company has.
- Do they have demonstrable prior experience with integrating the WCM and ecommerce platforms you currently use or are considering purchasing? Here, “demonstrable” is key: APIs and connectors exist in theory between many of the major platforms for both types of technology systems. In practice, however, getting those systems to work together and to integrate with an organization’s legacy technology is no simple task.
- If they don’t have this demonstrable experience, what kinds of incentives or deal terms can they offer you to compensate for the extra time and resources they will require as they learn on the job? For example, can they offer extended support to your internal users for no additional fees? Are they willing to referee troubleshooting between your platform vendors? Will they do post-implementation check-ins to ensure the systems are working properly? Will they train your power users so they can handle potential problems in the future? In short, are they willing to treat this integration as an investment in building their expertise, not an opportunity to add on service fees?
- Can they explain how your content and commerce integration will work using scenarios that show they understand your business dynamics, industry, and customers? For example, say you are a global manufacturer that deals with various channels: direct, online via your website, distributors, and so on. Can your potential partner explain how the integrated content and commerce system will include one set of processes for your largest distributors, which are familiar with your products and buy in large quantities at set discounts—versus a new customer that wants to make a one-off purchase?
- Can they demonstrate expertise in rich content, user experience, and design, as well as in technology integration, and explain how their project teams are set up to collaborate on these diverse challenges? While more and more traditional systems integrators have been acquiring or building up user experience and design expertise, in practice, they may not yet have a smooth collaboration and hand-over process between these different sides of their businesses. This may be the case with companies that have much of their technology delivery in separate countries and time zones from the design-focused newer parts of their businesses. Similarly, digital agencies may have the user experience piece in spades, but lack the depth of technical knowledge to handle integrations.
- Are they clear with what your responsibilities will be so that they have access to the systems and information they need about how your organization works? And will they work closely with you throughout the implementation, rather than going off for a few months and coming back with a finished product?
Content and commerce integration is a complex challenge for even the most experienced implementation partners. Choosing a partner that understands the challenge—and takes the time to understand the uniqueness of your organization’s infrastructure and what you want to be able to do—will be essential to your project’s success. | https://digitalclaritygroup.com/content-and-commerce-implementation-partner/ |
IT systems management
What is systems management?
Systems management is the administration of the information technology (IT) systems in an enterprise network or data center. An effective systems management plan facilitates the delivery of IT as a service and allows an organization's employees to respond quickly to changing business requirements and system activity. In a hybrid IT environment, this involves overseeing the design and day-to-day operations of the data center. It also includes oversight of the integration of third-party cloud services.
The chief information officer or chief technology officer usually oversees IT systems management. The department responsible for architecting and managing the systems is sometimes known as management information systems, information systems or IT infrastructure and operations. Tasks for these teams include the following:
- gathering system requirements;
- buying equipment and software;
- distributing, configuring and maintaining the equipment;
- providing enhancements and service updates to equipment;
- implementing processes to address problems;
- provisioning services;
- monitoring IT systems performance; and
- determining whether objectives are being met.
The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) provides a best practices guide for operations and systems management in the data center and cloud.
Why is systems management important?
Systems management maintains the IT functions that keep a business operational and running efficiently. Most business functions involve some sort of IT system. Each IT system or subsystem must function independently and be integrated with related subsystems to ensure business success.
IT systems must operate at a certain service level for the business to succeed. Systems management ensures that each component is performing as expected so that the business can operate as expected. Good systems management simplifies IT service delivery, allowing employees and workgroups to do their jobs efficiently. It also helps businesses be proactive, spending less time fixing problems and more time planning for the future and making improvements.
Systems management has become even more important as IT systems have grown more complex. As businesses grow and adopt emerging technologies, they must manage IT systems more efficiently. For example, IoT requires new ways of providing DCIM as companies rely on distributed sensors to identify issues with heating, cooling and power use.
However, as new technology is added, a company's IT operations requirements and challenges also grow. Customers and businesses alike require high levels of uptime from increasingly complex IT networks. Lapses in IT system performance can lead to serious consequences, such as financial loss or reputation damage among the business's customer base.
Subsystems of IT systems management
IT infrastructure consists of various subsystems that fulfill specific goals, such as data management, network management or storage. IT subsystems work together as part of the overall IT system.
It is helpful to think in terms of subsystems because IT encompasses a variety of technologies. Specifying the subsystem helps to define the context. Some examples of IT subsystems are the following:
Application lifecycle management. This is the oversight of all stages in the life of a software application, from planning to retirement. ALM involves documenting and tracking changes to an application, as well as enhancing user experience, application monitoring and troubleshooting.
Asset lifecycle management. This involves all stages in hardware and software life, from planning and procurement to decommissioning and retiring. The IT asset lifecycle covers software licensing, from hypervisors to business applications, and analysis of asset cost versus value or revenue generated.
Automation management. This is the use of automatic controls to monitor and carry out IT management functions.
Capacity planning management. This involves estimating the amount of certain resources needed over a future period of time. These resources include data center floor space, cooling, hardware, software, power and connectivity infrastructure and cloud computing.
Change management. This is a systematic approach to dealing with change from the perspective of both the organization and the individual. Change management ensures that changes are approved and documented, and it improves a company's ability to adapt quickly.
Cloud lifecycle management. This is the exercise of administrative control over public, private and hybrid clouds.
Compliance management. This ensures that an organization adheres to industry and government regulations as specified in its compliance framework.
Configuration management. This encompasses the processes used to monitor, control and update IT resources and services across an enterprise. Configuration management lets a business know how its tech assets are configured and how they relate to one another.
Cost management. This is the planning and controlling of IT expenditures. Cost management enables good budgeting practices and reduces the chance of going over budget.
Data management. This determines how data in an organization is created, retrieved, updated and stored. Data management can also include data backup and disaster recovery.
Data center infrastructure management. This combines data center systems management with building and energy management. The goal of DCIM is to provide a holistic view of a data center's performance.
Help desk management. This involves reporting and tracking problems that pass through the help desk, as well as managing resolutions to those problems.
IT service management. This is the creation and management of a strategic approach to designing, delivering, managing and improving the way IT is used so an organization can meet its business goals. ITSM lets businesses manage IT services throughout their lifecycle.
Network management. This is the administration of both wired and wireless networks. The FCAPS (fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security) framework for network monitoring and management and ITIL best practices are popular administrative tools for this subsystem.
Performance management. This is the oversight of an organization's IT infrastructure to ensure that key performance indicators, service levels and budgets comply with the organization's business goals.
Security information and event management. This is a holistic view of an organization's IT security. SIEM combines security information management and security event management (SEM) functions into one security management system.
Server management. This is the consolidation and management of servers in a homogeneous or heterogeneous environment. It involves the supervision of patch management, efficiency, power use and performance, as well as predictive maintenance.
Storage management. This is the establishment and management of procedures, services and standards for managing storage infrastructure and third-party cloud storage services.
Virtualization management. This is the provisioning and management of a virtual infrastructure, including virtual machines, containers and virtual desktop infrastructure. It includes monitoring and correcting performance problems that are unique to virtualization.
Challenges of systems management
IT systems management involves many challenges. Some universal challenges come with managing any IT system, and each IT subsystem has its own challenges, including the following:
- Cost. Systems management costs money for IT staff, systems management tools and the training it takes to use those tools and learn industry standards.
- Disaster recovery. Systems management is a key part of any disaster recovery plan. When disasters happen, data and systems must be back online as fast as possible.
- Interoperability. One of the biggest challenges is getting all subsystems to work together in a consistently changing IT environment. It can be difficult to integrate systems management software with various hardware and other software. It may also be difficult to integrate newer IT systems with legacy ones.
- Training. IT staff and systems managers need to understand how systems management tools integrate with one another and existing infrastructure. Training staff to do this takes time and resources.
- Software updates. As systems change and become more complex, it is difficult to ensure that software in all subsystems is updated. Software updates can cause compatibility issues, and missed updates can create security vulnerabilities.
- Security. Securing IT systems gets more challenging as infrastructure becomes more complex. Maintaining the security of the systems management software is particularly important. This software touches many IT systems and, if infected, can compromise network security. One example of systems management software being targeted is the SolarWinds breach of 2020, in which the Orion network monitoring platform was infected.
What to consider when buying systems management software
A variety of systems management software options are available, and no one product will work for every business. Companies should consider several factors when searching for systems management tools and developing an overall systems management strategy. These include the following five elements:
- company size
- available budget
- existing equipment and resources
- quantity of IT devices and resources
- infrastructure complexity
Companies should also decide if they need systems management services and software at all. A small business with fewer than 10 computers and a simple infrastructure may find it makes sense to maintain them manually rather than to buy expensive management software.
Conversely, a large enterprise might opt for a centralized management service to manage its distributed and complex IT infrastructure. Some companies may choose a hybrid environment, which features a mixture of in-house personnel and managed services.
Examples of systems management software
Systems management software often handles several functions. Below are examples of some of these tools:
- Jira Service Management. This ITSM software provides ITIL-certified change- and service-management features. It also has customizable templates that require little software development
- Mitratech Compliance Manager. This product provides compliance and risk management features. It also shows a business its compliance obligations.
- Paessler PRTG. This tool monitors network infrastructure, including routers, firewalls and servers, to spot bottlenecks and improve performance.
- Progress WhatsUp Gold. This remote network monitoring and management tool is for Windows, LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) and Java
- SAP Master Data Governance. This software simplifies enterprise data management and automates functions such as data replication.
- SolarWinds Systems Management Bundle. This product handles many systems monitoring functions, including application and dependency monitoring, server monitoring and log management.
- Syxsense Manage. This cloud-based endpoint management system provides security and patch management for third-party software updates and Windows feature updates.
- Zabbix. This free, open source tool monitors network resources, such as servers and databases.
A large part of the decision to use a systems management service depends on the capabilities of the company's IT team. One type of systems management is server management. Learn the most important skills a server engineer needs to monitor, maintain and manage servers. | https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/definition/systems-management |
How to make the case for a single front-to-back office platform
In collaboration with WatersTechnology, we recently sponsored the webinar, Improving trading performance through single front-to-back office platforms, in which I was joined by Samer Ojjeh, Principal at EY, as well as a representative from a global asset manager.
Rather than summarizing the entire hour-long discussion, I thought I would share some of my key takeaways from the discussion.
We all agreed that since the global financial crisis, asset managers of all shapes and sizes have been trying to consolidate their systems. This is especially true for those investment firms still struggling with legacy or so-called “best of breed” systems. If we could agree on the problem, what then are some of the reasons for not taking action? How can these firms get started? And most importantly, how can they make the business case to the decision-makers in their organization?
The panelists, from left to right: Terry Flynn, SimCorp Front Office Product Expert, SimCorp; Samer M. Ojjeh, Principal, Financial Services - Asset Management, Ernst & Young LLP
Hamstrung by legacy and fragmented systems
The discussion started by covering one of the key challenges that firms have. After years of M&A and geographic expansion, many large and medium-sized asset managers have accumulated a host of different and intertwined systems (some of which are legacy) that simply cannot keep up with the pace of change. In many cases, asset managers are investing in asset classes that had not been invented when their systems were designed so it is no surprise that these systems experience problems as firms expand their reach.
Utilizing multiple vendor or legacy in-house solutions to support front to back multi-asset workflow results in higher costs and increases both risk and inefficiency. The resulting complex processes and interfaces limit firms' ability to comply with regulations, launch new products or enter new markets quickly. Perhaps most critically, this makes it very difficult to have an accurate, firm-wide view of cash and positions. Without an accurate, up to date investment book of record (IBOR), compliance, risk, portfolio managers and traders are flying blind…or at least flying on last night’s information.
My key point was that technology has often been approached as an evolutionary process, with firms fixing problems as they arose, rather than taking the time to make the right strategic decisions. “Best of breed” may have seemed like an easy path until firms realized that they needed to work with and see data across silos within their businesses. This is where best of breed really breaks down. If a firm manages fixed income on one system, equities on another, maybe FX on a third and finally uses a fourth vendor for their investment accounting, is anyone surprised that risk and compliance management are a mess?
The hidden cost of maintaining all these systems can be huge. It means configuring, documenting and training users on multiple systems and trying to keep multiple systems working together across asynchronous upgrade cycles. Each disparate system also means an additional interface that must be maintained and likely will require daily, if not intraday, reconciliation to ensure data integrity.
Fixing the issue at hand
In terms of technology, the panelists agreed that firms have for too long been focusing on short term solutions. As the pace of change in the industry continues, this is simply no longer viable. It is time for these firms to take a step back and take a strategic view of their business. Decisions to address issues today must also be viewed in terms of their impact 3, 5 and 10 years down the road. What are the current and future needs of your global operating model and what infrastructure requirements do you need to support this service offering?
We all agreed that it is time to take a more holistic view of technology platforms, from order management, all the way through to fund accounting. Only a long-term view will get you the right technology and vendor.
Decisions to address issues today must also be viewed in terms of their impact 3, 5 and 10 years down the road. Terry Flynn, Senior Sales Manager, SimCorp
Ensuring quality data flow from the back to front office
For US elections, it might have been all about “the economy, stupid” – but for asset managers, it’s all about the data. This point was stressed many times throughout the webinar by all participants, even the best system in the world is not very effective if the underlying data is poor.
For the front office in particular, trust in data is critical. Without it, portfolio managers and traders cannot do their jobs properly. Each integration point between systems means an interface and will need reconciliation, and this always brings the chance of errors. Errors mean not only financial risk, but also regulatory and reputational risk. Losing a few dollars on a trade is one thing, getting fined by a regulator or losing a client is quite another. Sometimes these reconciliations are done behind the scenes in the back office, but there is a lot of evidence that because it is their job on the line, front office personnel are forced to spend their time trueing up cash and positions at the start of day.
Asset managers are increasingly seeing data as a potential competitive advantage. Those who master it will have the edge over their competitors. For some firms, data management borders on an obsession and may include a dedicated Chief Data Officer who makes it an integrated part of the operating model and ensures clear ownership and governance. These firms believe that it is not enough just to have the best systems, but that the data must be right as well. Without accurate data, even the best system in the world is still going to produce the wrong result.
How to make the business case – a few ideas
One really interesting takeaway from the webinar was the point about making a business case for a change/upgrade of investment management systems. This is certainly not a trivial exercise. It has long-term impacts and can cost a lot of money.
What was made clear by the panelists though, was that while it is a significant project to take on, the benefits can be significant too. Outdated legacy systems or a cobbled together host of fragmented solutions hinders agility and growth and can be a drag on performance. While inertia can be attractive because it is easy, the cost of doing nothing can be huge.
Outdated legacy systems or a cobbled together host of fragmented solutions hinders agility and growth and can be a drag on performance. While inertia can be attractive because it is easy, the cost of doing nothing can be huge. Terry Flynn, Senior Sales Manager, SimCorp
Three interesting points came up, when it came to convincing decision-makers of the need for a change.
- Your reputational risk is on the line. Fragmentation and legacy systems increases your chances of data errors, compliance violations and security breaches, etc. You don’t want to end up on the SEC website or on the cover of the Wall Street Journal, so this needs to be managed properly.
- Attracting talent. In the battle for alpha, asset managers should not under estimate the importance of being able to attract the best and brightest. They want top technology in the front office. It is not just about cash to invest, top tier talent demands the infrastructure to support them.
- Due diligence for asset owners. It is easier to trust asset managers with modern technology.
Finally, the size and scope of projects like these can be daunting so it is critical to identify areas where easy wins can be achieved. Bringing business value early in the project validates the strategy and is beneficial to overall project morale. It also makes selling the business case much smoother. It is easier for senior management to embrace a project that produces some return on investment within a year. Even though investment managers stress a long-term view to their clients, they sometimes fail to heed their own advice when planning their technology strategy.
What are your thoughts? Feel free to leave a comment below, or connect with me on LinkedIn to continue the conversation.
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One of DOT&E's Title 10 statutory responsibilities is to "review and make recommendations to the SECDEF on all budgetary and financial matters relating to OT&E, including operational test facilities and equipment." Within DOT&E, the responsibility for operational test facilities and equipment is assigned to the Deputy Director for Resources and Administration (R&A). This section covers R&A initiatives and test resource activities during FY97.
Our view is that DoD testing should be a single continuum from the beginning of the development process through production, deployment, and system upgrades. While each phase of testing makes its own unique contribution to the process, weaknesses in one phase can affect the adequacy of the overall test program. Accordingly, DOT&E urges the elimination of T&E resource shortfalls, regardless of where in the testing cycle they appear.
During FY97, DOT&E reviewed critical resource elements of T&E, including physical infrastructure, facilities and ranges, human resources, funding, and management. These areas were examined from three distinct time perspectives: today's capability, the path that the T&E community is on as it moves toward the future, and the projected capability to meet the testing challenges of 2010 and beyond.
T&E Resources Today
Today, the effects of T&E resource shortfalls are increasingly acute as demands to do more with less are imposed on the T&E establishment. Today's situation would be far worst were it not for the remaining cadre of experienced and innovative test personnel who must strive to overcome our facilities and equipment shortfalls. Obsolete facilities and equipment increasingly fall short of data collection requirements. Taken together-the people, facilities, and processes-the T&E infrastructure is under great stress.
The two charts shown on the next page help to illustrate the root cause of today's T&E shortfalls. The T&E infrastructure funding has dropped 34 percent and the T&E investment funding has dropped 35 percent below the FY87 level as of FY97. These decreasing funding trends are exacerbated by the fact that T&E did not share in the build-up of RDT&E that peaked in FY87 and FY88. In the general environment of increasing defense resources during the mid-to late 1980s, investment in T&E remained essentially flat. T&E workload, however, continued to rise and today is still higher than it was in the early 1980s.
The data in the two charts are derived from reporting by installations
in the Major Range and Test Facility Base (MRTFB). The MRTFBs comprise
ranges and facilities that are national test assets, and which are owned
and operated by individual Services. The ranges and facilities that make
up the MRTFBs are shown on below.
DoD's MRTFB T&E complex includes many of the largest
and most technologically sophisticated test facilities in the world. These
facilities support a multitude of activities
T&E's Path to the Future
Not only must we work to eliminate existing shortfalls, we must keep pace with advancing technology. In many areas, T&E resources are being outpaced by new technology, and we have significant ground to make up if we are to deal effectively with the challenges of tomorrow. For example, the National and Theater Missile Defense programs all present current and future T&E challenges. We also are not well prepared to deal with information warfare, with "systems of systems" tests, or with future systems interoperability issues. Our ability to apply modeling and simulation lags far behind current technology. Well before we reach 2010, demands of emerging technology will severely stress and likely exceed our capabilities to conduct necessary measurements and deliver essential information.
During this period of rapid change, a significant percentage
of our most valuable and experienced T&E personnel will be lost to
retirement or higher-paying employers. In addition, hiring and promotion
freezes, personnel drawdowns, contracting out, and limited funding make
difficult the hiring and promotion of outstanding, younger members of the
workforce. Consequently, the T&E community lacks the ability to attract
and retain the best and brightest of available technical experts.
On the plus side, we do have a corporate level strategic plan that helps to point our way to the future, and we are developing detailed roadmaps. We have done a major share of the preparation and planning necessary to meet future demands; we just are not able to fund the implementation. The real problem today is not lack of planning. It is limited resources to implement these directions.
T&E in 2010 and Beyond
Joint Vision 2010, and the other documents noted in the Introduction, provide a vision of the military environment ten or more years hence and offer valuable guidance concerning required test capabilities. It is certainly a safe prediction that the weapons we will be called upon to test will be more sophisticated with more advanced technology. Without the resources and funding required to sustain, maintain and modernize T&E, one sees the inescapable conclusion that T&E will reach a point in the foreseeable future where the quality of testing and the information provided will deteriorate below reasonable and acceptable limits. Without some new investment, our T&E capabilities will not support our nation's defense readiness.
While money is critical, an additional factor is a management structure and process that makes it difficult to get out of this situation. The current Executive Agent management structure is a labyrinth of boards, councils, and committees that makes decisive action cumbersome and protracted. If we are to put T&E on a firm footing to face the future, streamlining the Service management structure is an imperative companion to infrastructure modernization.
Modernization Is an Imperative
Assuring the effectiveness of our weapons requires an adequate test and evaluation infrastructure. Maintenance and upgrade of that infrastructure is not an option, but current funding programmed for T&E resources is not sufficient to sustain and modernize that infrastructure. DoD cannot continue on this path and expect to maintain objective confidence in its weapons. That confidence can only be achieved through testing under realistic conditions.
With downsizing and reduction, funding for infrastructure is often viewed as less important than funding allocated for weapon system procurement. Infrastructure in general is considered to be part of the "tail," not part of the "teeth" of the fighting force. In fact, T&E infrastructure is far from the "tail." T&E, along with military training, is what sharpens the teeth and keeps them sharp. T&E is also how we know how sharp the "teeth" really are. In the desire to increase the "tooth to tail" ratio, T&E infrastructure modernization often suffers. DOT&E supports the need to reduce the cost of the T&E infrastructure, but this must be accomplished with a program that balances further reductions with revitalization, modernization, and new investment.
DOT&E serves as a voice for T&E modernization within the Pentagon and is proactive in helping to shape strategic planning and guidance for T&E resources. Frequently, DOT&E has been instrumental in preventing or reducing budget reductions that might negatively impact needed T&E capabilities. Sometimes the proposed reductions resulted from a lack of understanding by decision-makers on the contribution of the area to be reduced. In these cases, DOT&E quickly compiled and provided impacts and additional information that influenced the final decisions.
Limited funding during the last 10 to 15 years has consistently delayed efforts aimed at modernizing the T&E infrastructure. Consequently, many of our most critical test facilities date back to the 1950s when we were engaged in early stages of the Cold War. The average age of two-thirds of the T&E physical plant is over 30 years old. To bring down the average age to an acceptable limit, we must both increase the level of investment in our infrastructure and carefully eliminating obsolete, inefficient, or underutilized capabilities and test facilities.
T&E Manpower (RDT&E Funded MRTFBs)
The DoD T&E workforce is declining significantly, as illustrated above. The chart shows the decreasing institutionally funded workyears for military, civilian, and support contractors in FY87, FY97 and FY00. This decline in personnel has many causes, including budget cuts, government drawdowns, higher pay in the private sector, incentives for early retirement, and broadly applied hiring and promotion freezes. The lack of stable T&E funding combined with the continued decline of available human resources underscores the compelling need to revitalize T&E.
Some personnel reductions in specific skill areas have had disproportionate impact on T&E. For example, loss of military spaces for Soldier, Maintainer, Tester, and Evaluator personnel at test ranges prevents the evaluation of equipment by actual military personnel under field conditions as part of development testing. This results in problems, that previously would have been discovered and corrected during development tests, being overlooked or undiscovered until much later in the program.
Implementing Defense Guidance in Test and Evaluation
As a result of the QDR, DoD is now implementing broad direction to build a solid financial foundation for weapons modernization that is largely financed by offsetting reductions in other areas, particularly infrastructure reductions. T&E was viewed by the QDR as a part of the acquisition infrastructure, and QDR infrastructure reductions may impact T&E. The QDR, as DoD's strategic plan, serves as the capstone of the T&E strategic planning process.
Joint Vision 2010 is a Joint Chiefs of Staff planning document created to highlight the weapons and operational strategy required to achieve dominance in the joint warfighting environment of the early 21st century. For DOT&E, it provides insight into how future warfighting concepts might drive development of weapons systems and the testing challenges associated with these new weapons and technologies. Accordingly, Joint Vision 2010 provides a starting point for much of our resource planning.
The FY99-03 Defense Planning Guidance (DPG) is the first DPG to positively address significant testing issues, including the importance of widespread T&E infrastructure modernization. Much of the favorable T&E language in the DPG was suggested by DOT&E during development of the document. In particular, the DPG states:
"Components should seek efficiencies that result in lower operating cost through the use of more advanced technology, simulation, outsourcing and privatization and any other means for reducing cost. Where practical, savings from such alternatives should be used to accelerate the modernization of T&E facilities."
A Corporate Strategy for T&E Resources and Investments
For a number of years, DOT&E has emphasized that neglect of T&E infrastructure modernization cannot continue without loss of significant capabilities. We have already lost critical T&E capability simply because we cannot afford to continue operating certain facilities and test equipment. DOT&E has worked proactively to stop these downward trends by establishing a modernization program. Underfunding in past years has resulted in increased dependence on equipment that is increasingly costly to maintain. Infrastructure maintenance costs are consuming too much of range operation and maintenance budgets. This leaves little money for much needed modernization. This leads to a situation where modernization of T&E capability must be delayed indefinitely and consequently our ability to conduct meaningful tests steadily degrades year after year.
DOT&E recognized that the T&E community needed a comprehensive strategic plan for the future that clearly lays out directions for investments in the infrastructure. Discussions with the Office of the Director, Test, Systems Engineering and Evaluation (DTSE&E) indicated that they shared the view that a strategic plan was necessary to take charge of our future. Accordingly, DOT&E and DTSE&E jointly developed a strategic vision for investment in test and evaluation resources. We have crafted a corporate strategy that points the way to the realization of that vision. This vision is to:
The four goals that are essential if we are to realize this vision are:
- A Strong T&E Infrastructure for Efficiency and Productivity
- A Foundation for the Future T&E Infrastructure
- A Corporate Investment Process, Integrating OSD and Service Priorities
- Strategic Partnerships, Leveraging "Win-Win" Outcomes
Nine strategic planning implementation teams have been created and assigned milestones for accomplishment of the 24 specific objectives. These nine teams are: Skill Base Team, Industry Team, Process Team, CTEIP Team, Science and Technology Team, Range Team, Interface Team, Management Team, and Technical Team. Each team's activities will be reviewed monthly against established metrics to ensure that progress is being made toward accomplishment of the assigned objectives.
Planning for Revitalization of T&E Infrastructure
Using future warfighting concepts outlined in Joint Vision 2010, we can begin to develop a vision of which capabilities must be retained or upgraded between now and 2010. With DoD placing increased emphasis on weapon modernization, we cannot neglect a parallel modernization of T&E infrastructure. The future challenge for T&E comes from the numbers of new and highly technical weapons to be tested, as well as from advanced technology upgrades to existing systems. The number of new and upgraded systems, not production quantities, is the stressing element for T&E. To be ready to meet the challenges of the future, DOT&E has outlined a program for infrastructure modernization. During FY97, DOT&E surveyed the test community to identify major test resource capability shortfalls. This included discussions with test range personnel, headquarters personnel, T&E Action Officers, and with organizations such as the Test and Evaluation Resources and Investment Board and the Range Commanders Council. All agreed we need to take action to change the course of T&E investment. Examples of needed projects are:
- Realistic 3 km/sec Live Fire T&E Capability for Theater Missile Defense (estimated cost $27 million). Current live fire testing using realistic interceptor models is limited to closing velocity of approximately 2 km/sec. This proposal will upgrade the rocket sled track at Holliman AFB to 3 km/sec, using conventional rocket sled methodology. This will allow testing at the full range of intercept velocities on THAAD, PAC-3, Navy Theater Wide, and Navy Area Theater Ballistic Missile Defense.
- Realistic Threat Characteristics (estimated cost: Phase I - $100 million). The ability to provide realistic threat characteristics and adequate threat density is a major shortfall of today's testing. An improved ability to realistically replicate the latest threats and threat environments on our ranges or in test chambers is required. This includes population of realistic threat densities in both digital and physical simulations. Threat emissions may be multi-spectral and include IR, UV, RF, acoustic, magnetic, etc. Some shortfall examples are future rotary wing targets; surrogate ground, sea and aerial targets; and surrogate tactical ballistic missile targets. Today, testing is often conducted against threats that are not realistic representations of the current, full-spectrum threat. This capability will support programs in all Services. Representative programs that need this capability include F-22, JASSM, ALE-50 Towed Decoy, ASPJ, ATACMS, SADARM, and torpedoes.
- Information Warfare Test Capability (estimated cost $60 million). Our capability to test information warfare including technology such as spoofing, anti-spoofing, resistance to viruses, etc., is inadequate. This is a new challenge for the military tester, and we have very little in the way of facilities or processes to conduct such exercises. The Services have a number of systems that may be vulnerable to information warfare scheduled for testing in the future. This capability is required to conduct and determine results from such tests.
- Shallow Water Test and Evaluation Range (estimated cost $40 million). A capability to test submarine weapons, ASW, mines, and countermeasures in a realistic range environment not limited to few systems in small and unrealistic areas is required. For example, the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) range is limited to simultaneous engagement of two submarines, two weapons, and five countermeasures. There is also an increasing need to test and train in the undersea environment at locations far remote from an existing instrumented range. A range like AUTEC while very valuable for torpedo and submarine testing, is too small, too deep, and too quiet to replicate other realistic environments. The Shallow Water Range instrumentation currently planned for installation off the Carolina coast is not accurate enough for weapons and mine testing and is in water that is deeper than the Navy standard for shallow water (600 feet). A typical exercise might require an 800 square mile shallow water area, although the highly instrumented portion could be smaller. Proposed solutions are instrumentation that can be carried onboard the submarine or target or a system of expendable or recoverable sensors using GPS for self-location.
- Non-Intrusive Test and Training Instrumentation (estimated cost $78 million). We need to emphasize reductions in the weight, size, and power requirements of instrumentation packages, and-for the individual soldier-increased battery life is also needed. To combine tests with training exercises, there will be an increased need to instrument individual troops in ways that do not interfere with the training objective. Current instrumentation systems for OT, such as Mobile Automated Instrumentation Suite, require significant improvements in size, weight, and battery life. A closely related requirement is the need for embedded instrumentation that can be used to collect data from opportunities presented during training exercises. Future training exercises are quite likely to be less frequent and of shorter duration to save money, and testers will require immediate feedback of data as they work to quickly solve problems discovered on the training battlefield. Non-intrusive, imbedded instrumentation will be essential in this process.
- Integration of Live, Constructive, and Virtual Test Objects (estimated cost: $80 million). The capability to routinely and seamlessly integrate actual test objects in operation on ranges with simulated or virtual objects must be developed. Today's realistic testing typically requires many-on-many scenarios that cannot be adequately populated with real objects. For example, realistic numbers of threat anti-aircraft weapons that are simultaneously attempting to defeat several modern fighter aircraft are not practical to implement in hardware. Pure simulations are not satisfactory, as live players are essential to ensure anchors to the real-world environment. We must develop a capability to effectively marry the live and virtual test environment. This capability will also be of significant benefit to weapon systems developers and to the training community. This would support a wide range of weapons systems under test by all Services.
Each project below is categorized with the letter (A), (B) or (C) to indicate the impact of not completing by 2010. The (A) indicates that, without this project, we will not be able to deal effectively with the technology inherent in the weapons we will be called upon to test; for example, Information Warfare. The (B) indicates that we will not be able to do a complete test unless we acquire that capability; for example, Shallow Water Test and Evaluation. The (C) indicates that reductions in the cost of testing will not be achieved if the capability is not acquired.
Testing and Training
- Multi-Range Integration and Scheduling (C)
- Non-Intrusive Test and Training Instrumentation (B)
- Integration of Test and Training Synthetic Environments (B)
- Multi-Functional Electromagnetic Airborne Test and Training System (C)
- Integration of Live, Constructive, and Virtual Test Objects (A)
- BMD Intercept Lethality Assessment Methodology (B)
- Roadway Simulator (B)
- Air Warfare Mission Simulator (B)
- Multi-Spectral Simulation Facilities (A)
- Captive Flight Testing for BMDO Hit-to-Kill Vehicles (B)
- Realistic Threat Characteristics (A)
- Surface-to-Surface Missile Target (B)
- Undersea Warfare Targets (B)
- VANDAL Target Launch Capability on East Coast (C)
- Improved Realism in Test Environments (B)
- Improved Communications and Spectrum Utilization (C)
- Improved Data Processing And Analysis (B)
- Test Control Center for Ship Defense Engineering (B)
- Improved Data Archival and Retrieval (B)
- Realistic Live Fire Capability for Theater Missile Defense (B)
- Information Warfare Test Capability (A)
- Improved, Integrated C4ISR Test Capability (A)
- Cooperative Engagement Capability, Distributed Theater Level Test Bed (B)
- Shallow Water Test and Evaluation Range (B)
- Open Air Facility for High Power Microwave Live Fire Testing (A)
- Combined DT/OT/Training Range for Combat Vehicles (C)
- Debris Tracking and Modeling (B)
- Very High Precision Space Position Tracking (A)
- Mobile Range Complex (A)
- Large Missile Hardware-in-the-Loop Facility (B)
- Low Probability of Intercept Underwater Tracking (C)
- Icing Tanker (B)
- Joint Data Acquisition System (C)
- Addressable Airborne Data Recorder (C)
- Improved Field Data Collectors (C)
- Kwajalein Missile Range Upgrade "Remoting Roi" (C)
The Services have undertaken extensive efforts to realign, reduce, and consolidate their T&E infrastructure. The Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission, Defense Management Review Decisions, and the Services? internal consolidation efforts have all contributed to reductions in T&E capacity. In general, the T&E community has implemented these actions with minimal impact to scheduled testing. For example, BRAC directed that the US Navy's turbine engine test capability at the Navy Air Warfare Center (NAWC) Aircraft Division, Trenton, NJ, be transferred to the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC), TN, and the NAWC, Patuxent River, MD. The possibility of transferring common, shared, and unique capabilities from Trenton was identified early and plans to ensure an orderly transition were already developed when final closure of Trenton was mandated. A 1995 BRAC decision also resulted in the transfer of the PHOENIX Nuclear Weapons Effects (NWE) radiation simulator from the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) at White Oak, MD, to the DECADE NWE facility at AEDC. Similarly, the NSWC's CASINO and TAGS NWE radiation simulators were transferred to the Army Pulse Radiation Facility at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
The Services are continuing to consolidate their technical activities into a shared RDT&E infrastructure. Instead of performing R&D and T&E work at different sites with similar but separate support infrastructures, the Services are moving towards the conduct of R&D and T&E for many programs at a single site, using the same facilities, equipment, personnel, and support activities throughout the life of those programs.
Some examples of the Army, Navy, and Air Force BRAC and other T&E related realignments, reductions, transfers, and consolidations that are complete or will be completed by the end of FY01 are:
- Army Laboratory Command, Meteorological Teams transferred to T&E Command (TECOM).
- Army Missile Command (MICOM) Small Missile Testing transferred to TECOM Redstone Technical Test Center, AL.
- Army Small Arms Test Facility, Fort Dix, NJ, transferred to TECOM Aberdeen Test Center (ATC), MD.
- AF Electromagnetic Test Facilities, Kirtland AFB (KAFB), NM, realigned under TECOM White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), NM.
- Marine Corps Light Armored Vehicle Testing and Management Organization, Twenty Nine Palms, CA, transferred to TECOM Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), AZ.
- Army Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) Tropic Testing Mission transferred to TECOM YPG.
- Army TECOM Airworthiness Qualification Test Directorate, ATTC, Edwards AFB, CA, transferred to Fort Rucker, AL.
- Army Operational Evaluation Mission for all Non-major Weapon Systems, Training and Doctrine Command transferred to Army Operational T&E Agency (OTEA).
- Army Test and Experimentation Command (TEXCOM) combined with OTEA and Operational Threat Support Activity (OTSA) to form the Operational T&E Command.
- Army Personnel, Fort Ord, CA, transferred to Army TEXCOM, Fort Hunter-Ligget, CA.
- Army TEXCOM, Fort Hunter-Liggett, CA, transferred to Fort Hood, TX.
- Army TECOM Electronic Proving Ground consolidated with Test Directorate of TECOM WSMR.
- Army Cold Regions Test Activity restructured as a Test Directorate of TECOM YPG.
- Closed - Army TECOM Jefferson Proving Ground, IN; function transferred to TECOM YPG, AZ.
- Navy Underwater Component Shock Testing consolidated with TECOM, ATC, MD.
- Navy PHOENIX Nuclear Weapon Effects (NWE) Radiation Simulator, NSWC, White Oak, MD, transferred to AEDC, TN.
- Navy CASINO and TAGS (NWE) Radiation Simulators, NSWC, White Oak, MD, transferred to TECOM, ATC, MD.
- Naval Air Propulsion Center, Trenton, NJ, transferred to AEDC, TN, and NAWC, Patuxent River, MD.
- Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) small Training RDT&E Division co-located with Army training systems efforts, Orlando, FL.
- Navy C3 RDT&E and Acquisition and West Coast In-Service Engineering (ISE) consolidated with NCCOSC, San Diego, CA.
- Navy Subsurface RDT&E and ISE consolidated with Naval Underwater Warfare Center (NUWC), Newport, RI, and Keyport, WA.
- Naval Research Laboratory Ocean and Atmospheric R&D functions consolidated from two to one Research Laboratory.
- Air Force Test Aircraft, Hanscom AFB, MA, transferred to Wright Patterson AFB (WPAFB), OH.
- Air Force System Command merged with Air Force Logistics Command and restructured under Air Force Materiel Command.
- Air Force 4950th Test Wing Residual Assets, WPAFB, OH, relocated to Edwards AFB, CA.
- Sled Track Testing Operations and Outdoor Static RCS Measuring Facilities consolidated with Holloman AFB, NM.
- Closed - Air Force Nuclear Electromagnetic Radiation Test Facilities, KAFB, NM.
- Naval Telecommunications Systems Integration Center consolidated with Joint Interoperability Test Center, Fort Huachuca, AZ.
- Defense Special Weapons Agency, DOE's Nevada Test Site personnel reduced.
CURRENT T&E INVESTMENT PROGRAMS
DOT&E and DTSE&E jointly provide oversight of the Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program and the Threat Systems Program.
Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program
The Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program (CTEIP) was established to provide funding for critically needed multi-Service and multi-program T&E applications. In FY97, CTEIP supported projects totaling $143 million. The FY97 funds were used to provide capabilities required by multiple Services to execute testing, resolve test shortfalls, and explore the use of state-of-the-art technologies in test and evaluation.
DOT&E and DTSE&E jointly manage the CTEIP and review the execution of CTEIP projects. CTEIP consists of three types of projects: (1) Joint Improvement and Modernization (JIM) ($111 million), (2) Resource Enhancement Project (REP) ($24 million), and (3) Test Technology Development and Demonstration (TTD&D) ($8 million). Groups overseeing the JIM and REP projects are chaired by DOT&E or jointly by DOT&E/DTSE&E. Membership includes the Services and Defense Agencies.
DOT&E chairs the Operational Test and Evaluation Coordinating Committee (OTECC) that oversees the REP. The REP subprojects were prioritized by the respective Services and Defense Agencies and approved by the Defense Test and Training Steering Group.
The REP is an invaluable tool that allows the operational tester to acquire essential capabilities and resolve near-term operational test resource shortfalls, particularly those that could introduce high risk in the evaluation of new weapon systems or system upgrades. REP also responds to late-breaking operational test issues and new technologies.
In FY97, the DoD Comptroller issued a Program Budget Decision (PBD) to phase out the REP program. DOT&E immediately provided information to the Comptroller on the value of current and future REP efforts. The analysis and reclama were endorsed by DTSE&E and the three Services and were forwarded to the Comptroller under the signatures of DOT&E, DTSE&E, and the three Service T&E principals. When this effort failed to accomplish full restoration of the REP request, DOT&E submitted a major budget issue paper that successfully addressed the PBD and retained REP at current levels.
The following are examples of FY97 accomplishments by REP subprojects:
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Threat Systems Program
The Threat System Program is focused on the development of realistic and affordable threat simulators and targets. DOT&E is an advisor to the CROSSBOW Committee and the Joint Targets Oversight Council (JTOC) both of which provide technical and management oversight of the Service's development and acquisition programs for targets, threat systems, and threat related hardware simulators, emitters, software simulations, hybrid representations, and surrogates.
DOT&E and DTSE&E are co-chairs of the Foreign Materiel Program Review Board T&E Subcommittee (TES). In FY97, TES reviewed the entire Foreign Materiel Exploitation process and is developing recommendations for improvements that will be included in a final report. DOT&E and DTSE&E leadership in this area has ensured that T&E requirements are an integral part of the decision process to either acquire an actual threat system or meet requirements by use of simulation or surrogates. The following are examples of threat systems program accomplishments:
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- Joint Modeling and Simulation System (J-MASS). J-MASS continues to evolve as the DoD architecture and simulation support environment to be used in the development of digital models of threat and friendly systems. J-MASS supports the Radar Directed Gun systems; Generic Aircraft Target Model; and the SA-5, SA-6, and SA-8 threat digital models.
- Threat System Validation. The validation of representative threat systems, i.e., measuring and documenting the differences between the representative and the DIA-approved threat, is essential to the integrity of T&E, modeling and simulation, and training programs. Formal validation of threat simulators began in 1989 and has now produced a current inventory of 69 approved validation reports. Of these, 49 have been accomplished within the last two years.
- Targets Program. The goal of the targets program is to maximize commonality, interoperability, and utilization of targets and related systems in support of T&E. The Services participate in efforts to share target resources and jointly manage targets capabilities in response to target user needs.
Through early involvement and the Test and Evaluation Master Plan review process, DOT&E continues to ensure targets are adequately representative of the current and projected threats for OT&E. This results in the development of targets that represent the threats in the kinematic capabilities and physical characteristics that are significant to the weapon systems undergoing OT&E. In the area of Theater Ballistic Missile (TBM) Defense, for example, targets will be available to represent the TBM threat spectrum. In the area of air-breathing targets, the greatest challenge is that of adequately representing the latest and projected near-term anti-ship missile threats. During FY97, the Navy conducted the first successful flight of a supersonic, sea-skimming target that executes maneuvers and represents a current threat. However, efforts to obtain supersonic, sea-skimming targets that represent the projected threats have been less successful. Progress was made in modification of an existing subsonic target that will execute terminal maneuvers, representing current threats, and first flight is scheduled for early 1998.
Modeling and Simulation
The increasing complexity of DoD weapon systems and the decrease of T&E infrastructure funding dictate the need for improved and more efficient capabilities to ensure combat effectiveness and suitability of the items tested. More effective use of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) is central to the success of DoD acquisition programs.
The Defense Planning Guidance states that programs should invest in modeling and simulation to reduce costs and cycle times and to reveal systems performance issues early in the acquisition process. DOT&E believes that there are numerous benefits to be gained from the integration of M&S with T&E and is aggressively pursuing this merger. The following M&S initiatives are currently in process:
- Simulation, Test, and Evaluation Process (STEP). A DOT&E and DTSE&E initiative, STEP significantly changes the way M&S is integrated with T&E to foster more effective testing. STEP is an iterative process that integrates modeling, simulation, and test throughout all acquisition phases.
- The Foundation Project. This is a CTEIP project under which various efforts to integrate T&E and M&S will be conducted. The project comprises five subprojects, each addressing a specific initiative. The subprojects are:
- Joint Advanced Distributed Simulation (JADS). JADS is identifying critical constraints, concerns, methodologies, and future requirements for using distributed simulation for test and evaluation.
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Test and Training Enabling Architecture (TENA). TENA
will develop network definitions and architecture to enable seamless interoperability
between test and training ranges and facilities.
-
Virtual Test and Training Range (VTTR). VTTR
will identify, develop, and validate an ability to combine virtual, and
live simulations, and provide a set of tools to enable operation of synthetic
resources with ranges and facilities.
-
Common Display, Analysis, and Processing System (CDAPS).
CDAPS will define, develop, and validate a common set of modular data analysis,
processing, and display software components and applications.
- Joint Regional Range Complex (JRRC). JRRC will identify, develop, and demonstrate coordination tools and communications/interoperability components that are easily re-configurable and enable inter-operation of multiple test and training ranges and facilities.
While the conduct of training operations on testing ranges and of testing events on training ranges are fairly common occurrences at many ranges today, the processes and procedures in place are not conducive to integration. Most integration takes place as a result of ad hoc measures and arrangements pursuant to expensive operations such as missile firings.
The DOT&E, DTSE&E, and the Deputy Under Secretary
of Defense (Readiness) are sponsoring a Prototype Training and T&E
Range Study to identify ways to facilitate the integration of training
and testing activities on DoD ranges. The study will focus on four inter-related
areas: range operations, infrastructure modernization planning, funding
for operations and investment, and organizational structures.
CONCLUSION
This nation owes its warfighting force weapons that are second-to-none. Performance on the battlefield can only be assured by subjecting these weapons to rigorous test and evaluation. Lack of necessary investment in the maintenance and modernization of essential capabilities compromises future testing and threatens our competitive edge. DOT&E will continue to strive to retain and upgrade essential capabilities, including test ranges and the associated land, air, and sea space. If lost, these capabilities will be virtually impossible to recreate in the future.
FY97 did not see a turning point for T&E resources. In FY98, DOT&E will continue to emphasize the importance of new investment in T&E. Unfortunately, a gradual turnaround in support for T&E resources will not be sufficient. Even if we halt the downtrend and stabilize funding at current levels, we cannot meet the challenges of 2010 and beyond. The downward trend must not only be halted, it must be dramatically reversed.
During FY97, we created a corporate investment plan and proposed investment projects to revitalize our infrastructure. However, increased funding is absolutely essential to transform these plans into reality. Today's T&E capabilities barely provide adequate testing and evaluation of weapons before they are fielded. Without upgrades to our infrastructure, much of the technology called out in Joint Vision 2010 and the Revolution in Military Affairs will remain a promise without proof.
The DPG offers a challenge to "earn" money for new investment
from savings in T&E efficiency and consolidation. This challenge will
be a high priority for DOT&E in the coming year. | https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/budget/fy1997/dot-e/accessories/97ra.html |
Advanced Technologies' services are designed with best practices in thought leadership in the science of technology and technology management by providing solutions that enable your organization to respond and proactively manage IT challenges.
Organizations are constantly challenged with the management of a broad portfolio of information technology (IT) resources. At Auburn Montgomery Outreach, we research your organization, assess the technology and business environment, and provide strategic alternatives to accurately address your current and future IT needs.
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IT Project Management has emerged as its own field, supported by a body of knowledge and research across many disciplines with recognized professional certification. Although information technology is becoming more reliable, faster and less expensive; the costs, complexities, and risks of IT projects continue to increase.
Widely cited reports and studies reflect the majority of IT projects are either canceled or completed over budget and/or over schedule and did not meet the original specifications. Failure can be attributed to many factors but most could have been easily managed. Organizations must recognize information technology as an investment to be managed and not just an expense to be controlled.
New methods of IT project management embrace the socio-technical approach and view the implementation of new IT systems as planned organizational change. We have extensive experience in the management of complex information technology projects. The Advanced Technologies team at Auburn Montgomery Outreach has more than 40 years of experience in the field of information technology. They understand the broad scope of challenges that face your organization on a daily basis in the implementation of IT systems and applications.
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Business Process Simulation describes the organization in a structured, systems-like manner from different perspectives, such as the organizational structure, processes, staff, and resources, taking into consideration how they interact together. This quantitative approach provides the opportunity for organizations to systematically enhance the efficiency and quality of their operations while typically recognizing significant cost savings. This effort can often be described as business transformation. Auburn Montgomery Outreach has extensive experience in Business Process Simulation (BPS) and the integration of complex information technology systems. The Advanced Technologies team has a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between IT and organizational change with the capability to solve problems and improve organizational performance. We can customize our approach to your organization’s specific needs.
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IT strategic planning is a collaborative process involving organizational stakeholders and technology professionals in sessions designed to better understand the future direction of the organization and how technology can enable the organization to be successful. Each organization is unique; therefore, each strategic plan should be unique as well, and should be exclusively written for an organization’s specific mission.
Auburn Montgomery Outreach has extensive experience in the facilitation and development of comprehensive IT strategic planning. The Advanced Technologies team has more than 40 years of experience in the field of information technology and understands the IT challenges that face organizations, large or small, on a daily basis.
Let us help you develop an IT strategic plan for your organization so you will not only know where you are going, but know when you've arrived and how well the process went.
IT Procurement Government agencies are faced with the need to acquire various types of technology services including infrastructure, application development, and consulting. Citizens of these state and local governments expect an open, equitable, and unbiased bid process as a means to enhance the trust of government. The development of service requirements and solicitation instruments are critical to the successful procurement of vital technology services.
Understanding the many facets of state and local government procurement requirements and statutory oversight requirements can be an overwhelming effort for any agency - large or small. The development and coordination of a solicitation effort can be time-consuming and disruptive to normal operations. A major procurement effort can divert critical staff away from their daily support roles.
Auburn Montgomery Outreach can assist your government agency by partnering in any or all of the process phases or by acting as an overall procurement coordinator for the project.
The benefits of using our team in IT procurement process include the following:
We have extensive knowledge and experience in all phases of the procurement process. Initially, we’ll perform a comprehensive analysis of the agency’s current infrastructure and IT organization. Based on this analysis, we’re able to assist the agency in development of the scope of services required and solutions that best meet the agency needs.
The Advanced Technologies team at Auburn Montgomery Outreach can develop complex solicitation instruments such as invitation-to-bid (ITB), requests-for-information (RFI), and requests-for-proposals (RFP) for technology services. These procurement instruments are designed to be comprehensive in defining the contractual expectations and scope of services required. | http://outreachtechnology.aum.edu/it-strategic-management |
The goal of the NLPQT project is development of country-wide infrastructure to enable practical utilization of properties of individual quantum objects, with particular emphasis on the possibility of using single photons in quantum communication. NLPQT infrastructure will enable research and development work, leading to the design, launching and development of complex and secure systems using quantum key distribution (QKD) techniques and quantum communication, as well as integration of these solutions with other mechanisms used at present to secure data transmitted over IT and telecommunication systems. Further, test workstations enabling the development of applications of properties of single quantum objects, such as electrons, quantum dots, or atoms will be established within the framework of the NLQPT project.
We will establish local QKD and quantum communication networks in Poznań and Warsaw, on the basis of urban network infrastructures. Moreover, a long-distance QKD connection will be established between Poznań and Warsaw by the uses of the academic PIONIER optical fiber network infrastructure. The links will support installation and integration of one production system and one R&D system. The Quantum Technology Labs quantum communications infrastructure will be completed by test workstations for innovative quantum communication solutions and photonic quantum network interfaces. Additional workstations will address quantum-enhanced imaging, atomic interferometry, photon-matter interactions, and solid-state based quantum technologies.
We anticipate the Quantum Technology Labs infrastructure to enable the following R&D activities:
- research leading to designing, launching and developing complex and secure systems using QKD and quantum communication techniques and integration of these solutions with other mechanisms used to secure data in other layers of IT systems/ transmission channels,
- providing industrial partners with new solutions in terms of encoding and security of data transmitted, as well as integration of various security mechanisms,
- integration of the NLPQT network in the cryptographic key quantum distribution network on the European scale,
- advanced quantum communication research, such as:
- research in the field of long-distance quantum communication using the fiber optics technology and a satellite receiver,
- research in the field of optical transmission encoding and authentication (including time and frequency),
- development of quantum cryptography methods based on transmission of single photons, characterized by exceptionally high information capacity,
- implementation of high performance QKD protocols with guaranteed safety levels, requiring no authentication of the transmitter and receiver stations,
- high-performance quantum authentication in distributed architectures.
(to learn more about these topics please contact Piotr Rydlichowski, PSNC or Michał Karpiński, UW)
Another application of single photons is long-distance transmission of quantum information. Optical links based on single photon transmission make it possible to generate quantum superpositions between remote physical systems, making the quantum Internet concept come true. In this field, the planned infrastructure will allow for:
- development of methods for long-distance transmission of quantum superpositions and quantum entanglement to generate quantum superpositions of various types of objects,
- development of quantum computation and quantum simulations,
- application of large-scale superpositions in metrology, in particular, time and frequency metrology.
(to learn more please visit: photon.fuw.edu.pl)
Quantum properties of light also play a significant role in issues associated with detection of light signals of very low intensity, e.g. in medical imaging. As a part of the project, we will offer the interested companies and researchers support and cooperation in research in the following fields:
- development of new quantum imaging techniques and application of the existing ones,
- development of new high temporal and spatial resolution detectors (e.g. for fluorescent microscopy),
- characterization of detectors and cameras in the weak light regime.
(to learn more please visit: quantumoptics.fuw.edu.pl)
The equipment developed as a part of the NLPQT will also be used to conduct innovative research in such fields as:
- quantum photonics (analysis of atom nanostructures and systems under the conditions of coherent excitation at cryogenic temperatures, quantum yield measurements of single photon detectors using a method based on time-resolved photon pair detection, dispersion measurements in materials undergoing the second harmonic generation process and parametric frequency splitting). Responsible researcher: Piotr Kolenderski (NCU), http://spa.fizyka.umk.pl/
- physics of ultracold atoms and particles (including spectroscopy of ultracold particles consisting of at least three atoms, research on Kondo effect and its presence in boson-fermion mixtures, quantum simulations of dipole systems with long-distance effects, quantum calculations using internal particle levels as qubits). Responsible researcher: Mariusz Semczuk (UW), http://ultracold.fuw.edu.pl/
- layered materials (production of high-performance solotronic emitters that allow for recording and storage of information in ion quantum state, development of methods for quick optical characterization of semiconductor layers and multi-layers for optoelectronics, designing of semiconducting nano- and microsensors of a new type, based on the technology for production of transducers and microgenerators of acoustic waves propagating on the semiconductor surface). To find out more please visit the website of the Laboratory for Ultrafast Magnetospectroscopy. | http://nlpqt.fuw.edu.pl/?page_id=1393 |
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The Change/Mol is the change of the total moles for the reaction from it's initial point to the point it has reached equilibrium.
Initially, NO has 2 mol concentration and O2 has an initial concentration of 1 mol. As we are not told the initial concentration of NO2 we assume this is 0.
We are told that at equilibrium the concentration of NO2 equals 1.2 mol. As a result from it's initial concentration of 0, NO2 has become +1.2 mol. Therefore, this is +1.2 change/mol.
To calculate the moles of NO and O2 at equilibrium we must use the value we are given for NO2. From the equation we know that 2 moles of NO2 are equal to 2 moles of NO. Therefore, as they are a 1:1 mole ratio, we can take the mole value of NO2 at equilibrium away from the initial value of NO to calculate its concentration at equilibrium. 1.6-1.2= 0.4 moles of NO at equilibrium. Therefore, the concentration of NO has decreased by 1.2. Hence the value of -1.2 change/mol.
From the equation it is evident that 2 moles of NO2 are equal to one mole of O2. As a result to calculate the moles of O2 at equilibrium we must divide the moles of NO2 at equilibrium by 2, and take that away from the initial mole value of O2. Therefore, 1.2/2=0.6. 1.4-0.6=0.8 moles of O2 at equilibrium. As we have subtracted 0.6 the change/mol = -0.6.
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They change because you have to use the molar ratios in the equation to work out how many moles you have of your reactants left @ equilibrium. If we made 1.2 moles of NO2 then as per the molar ratio we had to use 1.2 moles of NO and 0.6 moles of O2, taking these values away from our initial values we are left with 0.4 (1.6-1.2) moles of NO and 0.8 moles (1.4-0.6) of O2.
Then you can / by your vol to get conc and punch the values into the equation.
This video will really help: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tT-2xk9ZG_A
Hope that helps.
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CHEM MOLES !@@!
Mole Calculation Worksheet 1) How many moles are in 15 grams of lithium? 2) How many grams are in 2.4 moles of sulfur? 3) How many moles are in 22 grams of argon? 4) How many grams are in 88.1 moles of magnesium? 5) How many moles
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the value for the Ksp of silver chromate is reported to be 1.1 x 10^-12. in a saturated solution of silver chromate, the silver ion concentration is found to be 2.5 x 10^-4M. what must the chromate ion concentration be?
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chemistry
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 How many moles of oxygen are produced if 4 moles of potassium chlorate decomposes? 4?
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Chemistry - Help
Please help..Write the equation for the equilibrium constant (K) of the reaction. 2K2CrO4 + 2HCl -->
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chemistry
What is the molar solubility of lead(II) chromate (ksp=1.8x10^-14) in 0.13 M potassium chromate?
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science
2KCIO3 → 2KCI + 3O2 For the reaction above, use the balanced equation to determine how many moles of Oxygen would be needed to produce 8 moles of potassium chlorate.
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chemistry
0.10 M potassium chromate is slowly added to a solution containing 0.50 M AgNO3 and 0.50 M Ba(NO3)2. What is the Ag+ concentration when BaCrO4 just starts to precipitate? The Ksp for Ag2CrO4 and BaCrO4 are 1.1 x 10-12 and
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Chemistry
which of the following is insoluble ? (1)calcium chloride (2)ammonium phosphate (3)barium sulfate (4)potassium chromate so its 3 ?
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Chem 2
What is the molarity of a solution composed of 8.210g of Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4),dissolved in enough water to make .500 L of solution
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chemistry
CALCULATE THE NUMBERS OF MOLES OF POTASSIUM CHLORATE THAT MUST DECOMPOSE TO PRODUCE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AND 1.80 MOLES OF GLYCOGEN GAS
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chemistry
I just can't do this... Two moles of potassium chloride and three moles of oxygen are produced from the decomposition of two moles of potassium chorate. What is the balanced equation? How many moles of oxygen are produced from
You can view more similar questions or ask a new question. | https://www.jiskha.com/questions/364610/how-many-moles-of-potassium-chromate-were-in-15-ml-of-k2cro4 |
What is being taught lesson by lesson:
- Relative Formula Mass – also called Mr and RAM. How to calculate it and link it to isotopes studied last year.
- The conservation of mass. This links to experiments, calculating masses of reactants or products and balancing equations.
- Measurements and uncertainty. While we are doing lots of maths, it is time to address accuracy of the equipment we use and quantify it.
- Moles! The bit of chemistry that can be scary but one you’ve practised it, you’ll love it. It is the key part of all chemical calculations…Thanks Avogadro!
- Calculations using moles such as the reacting masses and involving limiting reactants.
- Solutions. Use moles to calculate concentration of a solution in both gdm-3 and moldm-3. This can then be used in calculations to find unknown concentrations too. (Titrations)
- More practice of the above (practice really does make perfect).
Key Terms for this topic (Tier 3 vocabulary)
Relative atomic mass – isotope – relative formula mass – mole – Avogadro’s constant – conservation of mass – reacting masses – limiting reactants – concentration – neutralisation – dilution.
Quantitative Chemistry
Are you ready for your assessment in this topic? Try out this simple quiz.
Question
Your answer:
Correct answer:
What everyone needs to know:
The law of “conservation of mass” states that the total mass at the start of a reaction is the same as the mass after – not atoms are gained or lost.
By adding the Ar (relative atomic mass) of atoms in a compound, you can work out the Mr (relative formula mass). You can calculate the percentage mass of an element in a compound and use this to calculate what mass of an element there is in a known mass of a substance.
When one or more of the products in a gas, the reaction may appear to lose mass, it doesn’t, some of the atoms simply escape as a gas but if they were trapped, conservation of mass prevails. Likewise, burning metals appear to get heavier, this is simply gaseous oxygen combining with the metal to form a metal oxide. The mass does not “appear”, it was always there in the atmosphere.
Depending on the measurements you take and the equipment you use, there is a level of uncertainty. You need to be able to describe the uncertainty and suggest ways of improving it.
When a solid is dissolved in water, you need to be able to calculate its concentration in g/dm3.
Extra topics needed for the Higher papers:
You need to be able to find out the number of moles (mol) in a substance using its mass and relative formula mass. This is linked to the Avogadro constant of 6.02 x 1023. Link this to equations, e.g. 1 mole of sulfuric acid reacts with 2 moles of sodium hydroxide.
Using balanced symbol equations, calculate the mass of a product or reactant using the mass of one that is known (reacting masses). Need to be able to apply ratios here too.
The limiting reactant is the one to “run out” first. You need to identify which one this is (other reactants are in excess) and use it in your calculations.
As well as the solutions noted in the foundation topics above, you need to be able to measure and calculate concentration in mol/dm3. | https://www.sciencedepartment.co.uk/chemistry-curriculum-gcse/quantitative-chemistry/ |
Just a coupe of uni level chem questions! If you have any issues especially in the second one, read the uploaded document to get an idea. Question 1 – iodine solution standardisation: a) Calculate the mean (average) volume of the titre values you have chosen. Justify any exclusions you have made. [Average is found to be: 0.74 Litres] b) What is the number of moles of Vitamin C present in the 25.00mL you pipette into each conical flask? c) Using the balanced Equation C6H8O6 + I2 = C6H6O6 + 2I- + 2H+ , how many moles of iodine, I2, must have been present in the amount of iodine solution you titrated? d) Given this number of moles and the average titre value, what is the concentration of your iodine solution? Question 2 – Apple juice investigation a) Calculate the number of moles of iodine, I2, that was involved during the redox reaction. (Hint: you are calculating n because you know c and V. What equation should you use? [n = CxV] b) The equation for the redox reaction between iodine and Vitamin C is provided again below. Using this balanced equation, how many moles of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in the apple juice reacted with the I2 on average in each titration? C6H8O6 + I2 = C6H6O6 + 2I– + 2H+ c) Given the number of moles of ascorbic acid and original pipette volume, what is the concentration of Vitamin C in the apple juice you tested? d) The concentration you calculated in Part c) is in mol.L-1 . Convert your concentration from Part c) to g.L-1 (hint: What equation relates number of moles and mass?) e) Convert the concentration from Part d) to milligrams per litre (mg.L-1 ) f) Now convert the concentration from Part e) to milligrams per 100 ml. g) How does your experimentally determined Vitamin C concentration compare with the value given on the juice bottle? h) List the experimental errors that could lead to a discrepancy between the determined and the advertised value. i) Considering your experimentally determined value and the possible sources of error, make a comment about the accuracy of the advertised amount of Vitamin C present.
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Lab: Moles of Iron and Copper Introduction: In this experiment, you will the test tube with copper II chloride solution and record observations in the data table.
This reaction has a 1:1 mole ratio between iron used and copper produced. The iron Do them together, not separately and record the mass in the data table.
Explain to students that in this experiment, they will determine the formula for a Record in your data table the number of drops of NaOH that you added to the iron how many moles of NaOH are needed to react with each mole of iron chloride? solution of copper chloride as either copperI chloride or copperII chloride.
DATA & CALCULATIONS DATA COLLECTED Variable mass of Table 1. The measurements taken for the Lab. CALCULATIONS MASS OF COPPER PRODUCED WHOLE NUMBER RATIO OF MOLES OF IRON TO MOLES OF COPPER.
Mole Lab. Iron FilingsCopper Sulfate. HChemistry. Introduction: Iron filings will react Create a suitable data table, using the information in the procedures.
In this lab, iron and copper II sulfate react according to the following. BALANCED Data: mass of copper II sulfate mass of iron filings mass of filter paper and Cu mass of Calculate the number of moles of iron used in the reaction. SHOW ALL in the experiment from your data table to calculate the % yield of copper.
In this experiment we will use stoichiometric principles to deduce the Your task is to find out which equation is consistent with the results of your experiment. 1 equation 1 is correct, the moles of copper should equal the moles of iron.
56 Experiment 6A Stoiohiometric Analysis of on Irena-Copper Single Replocement OBJECTIVES 1. to determine the number of moles of iron reacted 2. to of a clean, dry 250 ml. beaker in your copy of Table 1 in Experimentai Results.
-Quantitative Data Table- Final Moles of Copper= 3.53 g Cu 1 mol Cu = .0555 mols Cu The main theory used in the lab was the conservation of mass.
Return to Mole Table of Contents Determine identity of an element from a binary formula and mass data This is a 1:1 molar ratio between Cu and O. Ir and oxygen O, was produced in a lab by heating iridium while exposed to air. Problem #6: A sample of magnetite contained 50.4 g of iron and 19.2 g of oxygen.
Empirical Formulas and mol: The empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of Obtain about 25 mL of copper chloride solution in a graduated cylinder. use tongs to place the evaporating dish on a wire gauze on the lab bench.
The method of continuous variations will be used to determine the mole ratio of two The following data were obtained in a continuous variations experiment When iron nitrate is in excess of the stoichiometric ratio, the precipitate will of the ferric nitrate solution to each 100-mL graduated cylinder as shown in Table 1.
convert the mass of anhydrate to moles: 2. 2. 2. 2. CaCl mol. 0.0321. CaCl g. 110.98 A sample of copper II sulfate hydrate has a mass of 3.97 g. Data Table.
The primary objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of an unknown copper II Test the absorbance of a copper II sulfate solution of unknown molar concentration. • Calculate the molar . unknown CuSO4 solution and record the concentration in your data table. e. Dispose of Concentration molL.
Objectives of the Data Analysis: Evaluate results using stoichiometry and error analysis In terms of the mass of each element per mole of compound. 3.
Jan 10, 2015 In order to determine the empirical formula for copper sulfide or for any doing a lab experiment in which you heat a mixture of copper and sulfur in by its molar mass to get the mole ratio of the two elements in the formula.
The iron and copper react to form iron ions in solution Fe+2aq or Fe+3aq nails are completely dry, find the mass of the nails and record it in your data table.
Consequently, the average rate moles of hydrogen peroxide consumed per The catalyst is iron II ions Record the result immediately in the Data Table.
Oct 9, 2005 Synonym: Blue vitriol; Copper II Sulfate Pentahydrate Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Copper sulfate pentahydrate: ORAL LD50: Acute: 300 mgkg Lab coat. Molecular Weight: 249.69 gmole In water, it will bind to carbonates as well as humic materials, clay and hydrous oxides of iron and.
If a sample of either of these metals is treated with HClaq, the moles of H2 the experiment, prepare your laboratory notebook, including a data table Give the reasons why some alloys cannot be analyzed by this method. FeNi. CuSn. | http://congressoabes2017.com/Rev/12983/moles-of-iron-and-copper-lab-data-table-2018-10-16.html |
These pages are designed to give you problem solving practice in volumetric titration calculation questions - most involve some kind of volumetric analysis where you titrate exact volumes of solutions, an accurately weighed mass. PART 1 of A Level an chemistry volumetric titration analysis worksheet of structured questions: Worked out titration questions - Q1-8 and Q13-14 & 19 based on acid-base titrations (acid-alkali, oxide, hydroxide, carbonate and hydrogencarbonate) and Q15-18 based on alkali (NaOH)-organic acid titrations e.g. standardising sodium hydroxide solution or like Q20 about aspirin analysis. Q9 includes useful exemplars for coursework on how much to use in titrations including EDTA, Q10-12 are on silver nitrate-chloride ion titrations, further Q's will be added in the future. Appendix 1. information on EDTA structure and function of EDTA in titrations.
Q1 A solution of sodium hydroxide contained 0.250 mol dm-3. Using phenolphthalein indicator, titration of 25.0 cm3 of this solution required 22.5 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid solution for complete neutralisation.
(b) what apparatus would you use to measure out (i) the sodium hydroxide solution? (ii) the hydrochloric acid solution?
(c) what would you rinse your apparatus out with before doing the titration ?
(d) what is the indicator colour change at the end-point?
(e) calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide neutralised.
(f) calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid neutralised.
(g) calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid in mol/dm3 (molarity).
(b) calculate the molarity of the barium hydroxide solution.
(c) calculate the moles of barium hydroxide neutralised.
(d) calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid neutralised.
(e) calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid.
(b) calculate the molarity of the sulphuric acid solution.
(c) calculate the moles of sulphuric acid neutralised.
(d) calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide neutralised.
(e) calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide in mol dm-3 (molarity).
(a) give the equation for the neutralisation reaction.
(b) calculate the moles of sulphuric acid neutralised.
(c) calculate the moles of magnesium hydroxide neutralised.
(d) calculate the concentration of the magnesium hydroxide in mol dm-3 (molarity).
(e) calculate the concentration of the magnesium hydroxide in g cm-3.
Q5 Magnesium oxide is not very soluble in water, and is difficult to titrate directly.
Its purity can be determined by use of a 'back titration' method.
4.06 g of impure magnesium oxide was completely dissolved in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, of concentration 2.00 mol dm-3 (in excess).
The excess acid required 19.7 cm3 of sodium hydroxide (0.200 mol dm-3) for neutralisation using phenolphthalein indicator and the end-point is the first permanent pink colour.
This 2nd titration is called a 'back-titration', and is used to determine the unreacted acid.
(a) (i) Why do you have to use excess acid and employ a back titration?
(ii) write equations for the two neutralisation reactions.
(b) calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid added to the magnesium oxide.
(c) calculate the moles of excess hydrochloric acid titrated.
(d) calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid reacting with the magnesium oxide.
(e) calculate the moles and mass of magnesium oxide that reacted with the initial hydrochloric acid.
(f) hence the % purity of the magnesium oxide.
(g) what compounds could be present in the magnesium oxide that could lead to a false value of its purity ? explain.
(i) for an insoluble carbonate you might need to use methyl orange/screened methyl orange indicator because of dissolved carbon dioxide?
(ii) work out another problem like this where 25cm3 aliquots are titrated, more efficient and accurate than a one off titration.
(a) give the equation for the reaction between limestone and hydrochloric acid.
(b) how many moles of hydrochloric acid was spilt?
(c) how many moles of calcium carbonate will neutralise the acid?
(d) what minimum mass of limestone powder is needed to neutralise the acid?
calculate the minimum mass of magnesium oxide required to neutralise it.
Q7 A 50.0 cm3 sample of sulphuric acid was diluted to 1.00 dm3. A sample of the diluted sulphuric acid was analysed by titrating with aqueous sodium hydroxide. In the titration, 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide required 20.0 cm3 of the diluted sulphuric acid for neutralisation.
(a) give the equation for the full neutralisation of sulphuric acid by sodium hydroxide.
(b) calculate how many moles of sodium hydroxide were used in the titration?
(c) calculate the concentration of the diluted acid.
(d) calculate the concentration of the original concentrated sulphuric acid solution.
Q8 A sample of sodium hydrogencarbonate was tested for purity using the following method. 0.400g of the solid was dissolved in 100 cm3 of water and titrated with 0.200 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid using methyl orange indicator.
(b) Calculate the moles of acid used in the titration and the moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate titrated.
(c) Calculate the mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate titrated and hence the purity of the sample.
Q9 This question involves theoretical calculations to do with 'how much to weigh out' for titrations and a common requirement to show development in coursework projects. They involve reagents such as pure anhydrous sodium carbonate, standardised hydrochloric acid and EDTA titrations (theory).
9(a)(i) Write out the equation, complete with state symbols for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate.
(ii) A pipetted 25.0 cm3 aliquot of a solution of sodium carbonate is to be titrated with an approximately 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid to be standardised.
What mass of dried anhydrous sodium carbonate must be dissolved in 250 cm3 of deionised water, so that a 25.0 cm3 aliquot of the carbonate solution will give a 20.0 cm3 titration with the hydrochloric acid?
What is the molarity of the sodium carbonate solution, assuming 100% purity.
9(b)(i) The simplified molecular structure of 2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid ('Aspirin') is CH3COOC6H4COOH.
Give the equation of its reaction with sodium hydroxide.
(ii) A sample of aspirin was to be analysed for purity by titrating it with standardised 0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein indicator. Assuming 100% purity and access to a 4 decimal place electronic balance, calculate the mass of Aspirin that should be weighed out to give a titration of 23.0 cm3 of the alkali.
(iii) The main contaminant is likely to be unreacted 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. Why is this likely to be an impurity? and how will this affect the % purity you calculate i.e. why and how will the % purity be in error?
9(c) Pure calcium carbonate can be used to make a standard calcium ion solution to practice a complexometric titration of calcium ions with EDTA or determine the molarity of the EDTA reagent.
See Appendix 1. for theoretical information on EDTA structure and function in titrations (advisable to read).
(i) Give a simple equation to show the chelation reaction between hydrated calcium ions and the EDTA anion at pH10 and what sort of reaction is it?
(ii) To make a standard calcium ion solution 0.250 g of A.R. calcium carbonate was dissolved in a little dilute hydrochloric acid and made up to 250 cm3 in a calibrated volumetric flask.
Calculate the molarity of the calcium ion in this solution.
(iii) Approximately 1.0g of the solid disodium dihydrate salt of EDTA was dissolved in 250 cm3 of water in a volumetric flask. 25.0 cm3 of this was pipetted into a conical flask and ~1 cm3 of a conc. ammonia/ammonium chloride pH10 buffer was added. After adding a few drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator, the EDTA solution was titrated with the standard calcium ion solution (from part ii) until the reddish tinge turns to blue at the endpoint. If 25.7 cm3 of the EDTA solution was required to reach the equivalence point, what was the molarity of the EDTA?
(iv) In human teeth, approximately 96% of the outer enamel and 70% of the inner dentine are composed of the apatite mineral, calcium hydroxy phosphate.
calculate the % calcium in the apatite mineral.
(v) A dried 1.40g human tooth was dissolved in a small quantity of hot conc. nitric acid. A drop of methyl orange indicator was added followed by drops of 6M sodium hydroxide until the indicator turned orange to neutralise the solution. The solution was then made up to 250 cm3 in a volumetric flask. 10.0 cm3 of this solution was pipetted into a conical flask and ~1 cm3 of a conc. ammonia/ammonium chloride pH10 buffer was added.
This solution was then titrated with 0.0200 mol dm-3 EDTA using Eriochrome Black T indicator. The indicator turned blue after 22.5 cm3 of EDTA was added. Calculate the average % by mass of calcium throughout the tooth.
Q10 25.0 cm3 of seawater was diluted to 250 cm3 in a graduated volumetric flask.
A 25.0 cm3 aliquot of the diluted seawater was pipetted into a conical flask and a few drops of potassium chromate(VI) indicator solution was added.
On titration with 0.100 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution, 13.8 cm3 was required to precipitate all the chloride ion.
(a) Give the ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate and chloride ion.
(b) Calculate the moles of chloride ion in the titrated 25.0 cm3 aliquot.
(c) Calculate the molarity of chloride ion in the diluted seawater.
(d) Calculate the molarity of chloride ion in the original seawater.
(e) Assuming that for every chloride ion there is a sodium ion, what is the theoretical concentration of sodium chloride salt in g dm-3 in seawater?
Q11 0.12 g of rock salt was dissolved in water and titrated with 0.100 mol dm-3 silver nitrate until the first permanent brown precipitate of silver chromate is seen.
19.7 cm3 was required to titrate all the chloride ion.
(a) How many moles of chloride ion was titrated?
(b) What mass of sodium chloride was titrated?
(b) What was the % purity of the rock salt in terms of sodium chloride?
Q12 5.00 g of a solid mixture of anhydrous calcium chloride(CaCl2) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was dissolved in 250 cm3 of deionised water in a graduated volumetric flask. A 25.0 cm3 aliquot of the solution was pipetted into a conical flask and a few drops of potassium chromate(VI) indicator solution was added.
(a) Calculate the moles of chloride ion titrated.
(b) Calculate the equivalent moles of calcium chloride titrated.
(c) Calculate the equivalent mass of calcium chloride titrated.
(d) Calculate the total mass of calcium chloride in the original 5.0 g of the mixture.
(e) The % of calcium chloride and sodium nitrate in the original mixture.
Q13 A bulk solution of hydrochloric acid was standardised using pure anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, a primary standard).
13.25 g of sodium carbonate was dissolved in about 150.0 cm3 of deionised water in a beaker.
The solution was then transferred, with appropriate washings, into a graduated flask, and the volume of water made up to 250 cm3, and thoroughly shaken (with stopper on!) to ensure complete mixing.
(a) Calculate the molarity of the prepared sodium carbonate solution.
(b) Write out the equation between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, including state symbols.
(c) How many moles of sodium carbonate were titrated?
(d) How many moles of hydrochloric acid were used in the titration?
(e) What is the molarity of the hydrochloric acid?
Q14 For this question, the relevant formula mass and equation are in the answers to Q13.
A 1.35g sample of impure sodium carbonate was titrated with standardised 1.00 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid with methyl orange indicator.
(c) the mass of sodium carbonate titrated and hence its % purity.
Q15 (a) Describe a procedure that can used to determine the molecular mass of an organic acid by titration with standardised sodium hydroxide solution. Indicate any points of the procedure that help obtain an accurate result and explain your choice of indicator.
0.279g of an organic monobasic aromatic carboxylic acid, containing only the elements C, H and O, was dissolved in aqueous ethanol. A few drops of phenolphthalein indicator were added and the mixture titrated with 0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.
(b) How many moles of sodium hydroxide were used in the titration?
(c) How many moles of the organic acid were titrated? and explain your reasoning.
(d) Calculate the molecular mass of the acid.
(e) Suggest possible structures of the acid with your reasoning.
(d) a possible structure of the acid.
Q17 The % purity of an organic acid can be determined by the procedure outlined in the answer to Q15(a).
0.236g of benzoic acid required 19.25 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide for complete neutralisation.
(c) % purity of benzoic acid from this assay titration.
(c) the molarity of the alkali.
Q19 The solubility of calcium hydroxide in water can be measured reasonably accurately to 3sf by titrating the saturated solution with standard hydrochloric acid.
(a) If the standard hydrochloric acid is made by diluting '2M' bench acid, what volume of the '2M' acid is required to make up 250 or 500 cm3 of approximately 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and how might you do it?
(b) Why must the 2M acid be diluted and why must the diluted acid be standardised?
In the calculation below assume the molarity of the standardised hydrochloric acid is 0.1005 mol dm-3.
At 25oC, a few grams of solid calcium hydroxide was shaken with about 400 cm3 of deionised water, and then filtered. 50.0 cm3 samples of the 'limewater' gave an average titration of 15.22 cm3 of 0.1005 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein indicator.
(c) If the acid is in the burette, how would you measure out the calcium hydroxide solution? and why is phenolphthalein indicator used?
(d) Give the equation for calcium hydroxide reacting with hydrochloric acid.
(e) What is the reacting mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 : HCl and hence calculate the moles of them involved in the titration.
(f) Calculate the molarity of the solution in terms of mol Ca(OH)2 dm-3.
(g) What is the approximate solubility of calcium hydroxide in g Ca(OH)2 per 100g water?
Q20 ASPIRIN ASSAY ANALYSIS This question follows on in some respects from Q9b which I'd forgotten I'd already written, apologies for some repetition!
2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid (acetylsalicylic acid), known commercially as aspirin, can be analysed by titration with standard sodium hydroxide solution when a sample of it is dissolved aqueous alcohol (a mixture of ethanol and water) and using phenolphthalein indicator (pKind = 9.3, useful range pH 8.3-10). In the pharmaceutical industry, aspirin is manufactured by reacting 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) with ethanoic anhydride. Prior to this reaction, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid is manufactured by reacting carbon dioxide with phenol, the mixture is heated under pressure sodium hydroxide in the so called Kolbe Reaction. Aspirin, therefore, always contains a small percentage of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid as an impurity!
(a) Give the equation for the Kolbe synthesis of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.
(b) Give the equation for the formation of aspirin from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.
(c) Give the molecular formulae and calculate the molecular masses of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and aspirin.
(d) Why must ethanol be added to the water prior to doing the titration?
(e) Five samples of aspirin were titrated with commercially purchased precisely 0.1000 mol dm-3 (0.1000M) sodium hydroxide solution and the results are given below.
The titration values were recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm3, which is reasonable of a burette calibrated in 0.1 cm3 increments.
In each case calculate the titre/mass and work out its average value for the five titrations.
(i) What volume of 0.1000 M NaOH is equivalent to 1.000 g of aspirin?
(ii) Give the reaction equation for the titration.
(iv) from (iii) calculate the theoretical mass of aspirin titrated.
(v) From (iv) calculate the theoretical % purity of the aspirin!
(g) Why is the theoretical % purity based on this titration method always likely to be over 100%?, ignoring any titration errors - which does not necessarily explain why via this method of analysis you will always tend to get >100%, especially if you do the titration very accurately!
(ii) From the average molecular mass, and a little bit of algebra, using x as the % of the 2-hydroxybenzoic acid impurity, calculate the value of x.
(i) Suppose for the sake of argument, there was an error of 0.1 cm3 on the titration value which is likely to be the biggest source of error. Obviously there are errors associated with the NaOH molarity, the weighing, burette reading.
(i) What is the approximate % error on the titration value?
(ii) What error range of values for Mr(av) would this give?
(iii) Using the minimum and maximum values from (ii), recalculate the % of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid in the aspirin using the method indicated in (h) and quote the range of possible values.
(iv) Comment on the results of your calculations, a bit worrying for some coursework projects! yes?
(v) In principle, what must an alternative method be capable of doing? Can you suggest an appropriate method - and forget acid-alkali titrations!
EDTA is an acronym abbreviation for the old name EthyleneDiamineTetraAcetic acid and is used in equations.
It is a hexadentate ligand i.e. it can donate 6 electron pairs to form 6 dative-covalent bonds and binds strongly with many metal cations Mn+ where n is usually 2 or 3.
The full unionised structure is (HOOCCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2COOH)2 which we could abbreviate to H4EDTA since theoretically four hydrogens from the four carboxylic acid groups are ionisable.
of which H2EDTA2- is the most prominent chelating species in solutions of pH10 in titrating calcium ions though the complex is actually formed by the combination of a metal ion and the EDTA4- ion.
The theory behind the titration of calcium ions with EDTA reagent is a bit complicated and the titration should be carried out in the presence of magnesium ions, usually included in the EDTA volumetric reagent, but if not, they must be in the mixture being titrated. This may seem to prelude an incorrect titration for calcium since magnesium ions reacting with EDTA, but it doesn't (see explanation later).
Both calcium and magnesium EDTA complexes are strongly formed i.e. virtually 100% to the right BUT the Kstab for the formation of the EDTA-calcium ion complex is greater than that for the EDTA-magnesium ion complex i.e. the calcium ion complex is more stable and calcium ions will displace magnesium ions from their EDTA complex.
The indicators used e.g. Eriochrome Black T (represented in a 'free' anionic form as HIn2-) weakly complexes with ions such as the magnesium ion.
Both metal ions form a weak complex with the indicator at the start of the titration, but the indicator is displaced by the stronger binding EDTA (ligand displacement reactions), but much more slowly from the calcium complex than the magnesium complex i.e.
and this means without the presence of magnesium ions, the end-point is sluggish giving an inaccurate with just the calcium ions present, because (eq 6) is too slow.
Therefore the order of complex ion stability is [CaEDTA]2-(aq) > [MgEDTA]2-(aq) > [MgIn]-(aq) and this order of stability is crucial to the success of the titration as the ensuing argument will show.
In the EDTA solution are the Mg-EDTA complex ion plus excess uncomplexed EDTA ions. As the EDTA reagent is run into the calcium ion solution the calcium ion-EDTA complex is formed by reactions (eq 7) or (eq 8).
In (eq 8) the magnesium ion is displaced from its EDTA complex on a 1 : 1 molar basis by the calcium ion and then the free magnesium ions form a red complex with the blue indicator (eq 4) below. This continues as long as there are still Ca2+ ions to titrate and magnesium ions to be displaced i.e. no blue colour is seen yet.
so giving the sharp end point from red to blue at pH10.
In the case of analysing a mixture of calcium and magnesium ions in the same mixture, one method is to analyse for Ca2+ as above (VCa). Obviously, you do NOT add magnesium ions to the EDTA or the mixture being titrated if you wish to estimate the total (Mg2+ + Ca2+). You add a known excess of standardised EDTA solution (Vexcess) and then back titrate with another standardized M2+ ion solution (Vback) and the end point is blue to red.
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Quantitative chemistry is a very important branch of chemistry because it enables chemists to calculate known quantities of materials. … Quantitative analysis is any method used for determining the amount of a chemical in a sample. The amount is always expressed as a number with appropriate units.
Quantitative Chemistry with Wilson, science made simple through innovative videos and content that aid understanding of this GCSE content.
For other content head over to Physics, Biology or back to Chemistry.
If you are looking for the videos that accompany this content then head over to the YouTube channel: Science with Wilson
Lessons
Lesson 1 – Relative formula mass, Calculating numbers of atoms and Balancing equations
In this lesson we look at the basics of quantitative chemistry starting with understanding how many atoms make up a compound, then using this to calculate relative formula mass. A simple method of how to balance any equation is also used.
Click on the resources below to accompany the lesson video.
Lesson 2 – Conservation of mass and apparent changes in mass
The Law of the conservation of mass states that no atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction so that the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants. This lesson looks at apparent increases and decreases in mass and explains them using the particle model. Resources also focus on chemical measurements, the distribution of results and uncertainty.
Resource 1 & 2 should be used to plot a graph and discuss uncertainy and relate this to apparent changes in mass.
Lesson 3 – Moles HT only
Moles are a measure of chemical amounts. This lesson explains how one mole of a substance is a measure of the number of atoms, molecules or ions of a given substance and is know as Avogadro’s constant with a value of 6.02 x 1023. The mole equation is then used to calculate the mass, or number of moles of an atom or compound.
Lesson 4 – Amounts of substances in equations HT only
It is possible to calculate masses of either the products or the reactants using the mole equation. This lesson focuses on a simple, yet effective way of solving those types of questions. It finishes with an explanation and step by step guide of how to balance equations using the masses of certain substances.
Lesson 5 – Limiting factors HT only
It is common in a chemical reaction to use an excess of one reactant to ensure that all the other reactant is used up. The reactant that is completely used up is called the limiting reactant, this lesson looks at how the limiting reactant can be calculated from given masses of reactants.
Lesson 6 – Concentrations of solutions
Many chemical reactions take place in solutions, this lesson looks at calculating concentrations as a measure of the mass of a solute in a given volume of solvent in grams per dm3, it then moves onto the HT only content of calculating concentrations as a measure of moles per dm3
This lesson does not cover titration calculatiuons, as this is covered in lesson 9.
Lesson 7 – Percentage yield (Chemistry only)
Even though no atoms are gained or lost during a chemical reaction it is not always possible to obtain the calculated amount of a product. This lesson looks at the factors effecting yield and explains how to calculate the percentage yield of a product for it’s actual yield
Lesson 8 – Atom economy (Chemistry only)
In this lesson we look at how atom economy is a measure of the amount of starting materials that end up as useful products and how this can be quantified and then compared.
Lesson 9 – Titration calculations (HT Chemistry only)
Concentrations of unknown substances can be calculated if their volumes are known and the concentration of one of the substances is known. Typically, in schools this is done as a titration where a neutralisation takes place that allows the concentration of either the acid or the alkalis to be calculated.
Lesson 10 – Use of amounts of substances in relation to volumes of gases (HT Chemistry only)
Equal amounts in moles of gases occupy the same volume under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. This lesson explains how to calculate the volume of products and reactants from a balanced equation. | https://sciencewithwilson.com/quantitative-chemistry/ |
When we are titrating acid/base using ph meter we add distilled water to immerse the ph electrode. Won't this affect the concentration of the acid/base: I mean isn't this dillution. Won't this affect our calcultion of the concentration at the end.
What's important to note in this situation is that the number of moles of the titrand isn't changing. This matters because all acid/base reactions go to completion, so every drop of titrant that falls into the solution will react with the titrand until there are no moles of titrand left regardless of concentration, at which point you've reached the equivalence point.
Adding a little water here or there doesn't really change the pH at the equivalence point, because ideally there are no moles of acid or base present in solution.
The reason this doesn't mess up your measurement for the concentration is because you measured the volume of titrand before the titration, and then recorded the volume of the known titrant needed to reach the equivalence point. From this information, you can calculate the moles of titrant needed to reach equivalence, which in most cases equals the number of moles of titrand present, and with the original volume of titrand noted previously, you can calculate the original concentration of the solution the sample was taken from. voila! | https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/5364/effect-of-dillution-on-titration/5366 |
How do you calculate molality of a solution?
1 Answer
Molality is a measurement of the concentration of a solution by comparing the moles of the solute with the kilograms of the solvent the solute is dissolved in.
If a solution of salt water contains 29 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) and that salt is dissolved in 1000 grams of water, the molarity can be determined by converting the grams of sodium chloride to moles and dividing that by the mass of the water converted to kilograms.
Since the molar mass (gram formula mass of sodium chloride is 58 grams per mole ( Na = 23 g and Cl = 35 g , 23 + 35 = 58 g/mol)
the mole value of the NaCl is 0.5 moles (29 g / 58 g/mol = 0.5 moles).
The mass of water is 1000 grams which is converted to 1.0 kg.
Molality = moles of solute / kg of solvent. | https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-calculate-molality-of-a-solution |
The amount of a product obtained is known as the yield. When compared with the maximum theoretical amount as a percentage, it is called the percentage yield.
The atom economy (atom utilisation) is a measure of the amount of starting materials that end up as useful products. It is important for sustainable development and for economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economy.
If we have a high atom economy, then the majority of the atoms we put into the equation are what we get out!
A reaction that only produces one product, will have a 100% atom economy.
Usually, there is more than one way to make a particular chemical. A reaction pathway describes the sequence of reactions needed to produce the desired product.
The units for concentration are mol/dm3, but they may also be written as moldm-3 - don't worry as these mean the same thing.
You need to be able to calculate concentration in gdm-3 and be able to convert these units into mol/dm3.
For example, a solution of sodium hydroxide has the concentration of 5 g/dm3.
To convert it into mol/dm3, we divide 5 ("the mass") by 40 (the Mr of NaOH).
This gives a concentration of 0.125 mol/dm3.
During a titration, 25 ml of sodium hydroxide was used to neutralise hydrochloric acid. This is the same as 0.025 dm3.
If the concentration of the alkali is 0.12 mol/dm3, then the amount of moles used is 0.025 x 0.12 = 0.003 moles.
If hydrochloric acid (unknown concentration) completely neutralises the alkali then we know that 0.003 moles of acid were also present (because the balanced symbol equation shows a 1:1 ratio of acid reacting with alkali).
If 26.8 ml of acid were needed to neutralise 25 ml of alkali, we know 0.0268 dm3 acid were used.
When completing a titration, you will have multiple readings which you need to calculate an average reading for.
It is important that the titres you include in your calculation are concordant. If they are not, you will lose marks in an exam.
Below are some results from a titration experiment.
The average titre for these results would only include the values from run 1, 2 and 3 as these are the only concordant results.
Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules (this only applies at room temperature and pressure, 20°C and 1 atmosphere pressure).
The molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of molecules of any gas at room temperature and pressure.
The molar volume is 24 dm3 or 24000 cm3.
5.0 g of sodium reacts fully with water. Calculate the volume of hydrogen produced.
If sodium completely reacts with water, then we know that 0.217 moles of sodium will make 0.109 moles of hydrogen (because the balanced symbol equation shows a 2:1 ratio of sodium reacting to make hydrogen). | https://revisechemistry.uk/GCSE/AQA/C3-QuantitativeChemistry/quantitativechemistry.html |
What does mM mean in moles?
A mole per liter (mol/L) is the common unit of molar concentration. It shows how many moles of a certain substance are present in one liter of a liquid or gaseous mixture. A millimolar (mM) is the decimal fraction of a molar, which is the common non-SI unit of molar concentration.
How do I calculate moles?
How to find moles?
- Measure the weight of your substance.
- Use a periodic table to find its atomic or molecular mass.
- Divide the weight by the atomic or molecular mass.
- Check your results with Omni Calculator.
What is the formula for moles to grams?
Moles to Grams Conversion Formula. In order to convert the moles of a substance to grams, you will need to multiply the mole value of the substance by its molar mass.
What do big moles mean?
Moles that are bigger than a common mole and irregular in shape are known as atypical (dysplastic) nevi. They tend to be hereditary. And they often have dark brown centers and lighter, uneven borders. Having many moles. Having more than 50 ordinary moles indicates an increased risk of melanoma.
How many micromoles make a mole?
How many Moles are in a Micromole? The answer is one Micromole is equal to 0.000001 Moles. Feel free to use our online unit conversion calculator to convert the unit from Micromole to Mole.
What does mM stand for in concentration?
Units
|Name||Abbreviation||Concentration|
|(mol/L)|
|millimolar||mM||10−3|
|micromolar||μM||10−6|
|nanomolar||nM||10−9|
How many moles are in KCl?
One mol of KCl is equal to 74.6 grams (from the periodic chart, the gram-atomic mass of potassium is 39.0 and that of chlorine is 35.5. Add together for the gram-molecular mass of 74.6). If you took 74.6 grams of KCl and diluted this to one liter with water, you would have a 1.00 M KCl solution.
How much atoms are in a mole?
The value of the mole is equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure carbon-12. 12.00 g C-12 = 1 mol C-12 atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms • The number of particles in 1 mole is called Avogadro’s Number (6.0221421 x 1023). | https://miosalonoakland.com/skin-problem/how-do-you-convert-mm-to-moles.html |
Liter and mole both are measurement units used to measure different concentrations of a substance. There are many physical methods to carry out these conversions but the easiest and quick method is to use liters to moles calculator. This online calculator is 100% accurate and free to use. Here in this article, we will discuss the conversion of liters to moles.
What is liter?
A liter is the measurement unit that is used to measure different volumes of a gas or a liquid. Volume is the amount of space something takes up. It describes how much a container can hold or how much gas can be filled in a container. Measuring cups, droppers, measuring cylinders, and beakers are all tools that can be used to measure volume. Other units for volume are milli liter and quartz. A liter is used to measure larger volumes of gas.
Liters to moles formula
Mole is the SI unit of the large concentration of a substance. In the case of atoms, one mole is equal to 6.02 x 1023 atoms while in the case of liters, one mole is equal to 22.4 liters at standard temperature and pressure. Following is given the formula to convert liters to moles
Mole = Given Volume (in L) / 22.4 L
And;
Volume in liters = Moles x 22.4 L
One can use these formulas to carry out liters to moles conversions and vice versa. Liters to moles calculator also uses the above formula. Let us solve the following example for practice
Example # 1
Calculate the number of moles present in 29 liters of nitrogen (N2) gas.
Formula
Moles = Given volume / 22.4 L
Moles = 29 / 22.4
Moles = 1.29
Answer; 29 liters of nitrogen (N2) gas contain 1.29 moles of nitrogen gas.
Example # 2
Convert 2.5 moles of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas to liters.
Formula
Liters = Moles x 22.4 L
Liters = 2.5 x 22.4
Liters = 56 L
Answer; 2.5 moles of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is equal to 56 Liters of Carbon dioxide gas.\
FAQ's
What is a Milli Liter and How many Milli Liters are Equal to one Liter?
A milli liter is the smallest unit of volume and one liter is equal to 1000 milli liters. A milli liter is denoted by mL.
How to convert 2500 mL to L?
L = given volume in mL / 1000
L = 2500 / 1000
L = 2.5
How to operate Liters to Moles Calculator?
Enter the given volume in the liter section and press the “calculate” button. The calculator would do the rest and your answer would appear on the screen. | https://calculatores.com/liters-to-moles-calculator |
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Open Structures is a set of standards allowing product designers and architects to create hackable items — for instance, a sink or a bicycle — which could be recombined into new inventions. The system’s starting point is a 4x4cm grid that all components must accommodate.
[The] project explores the possibility of a modular construction model where everyone designs for everyone on the basis of one shared geometrical grid. It initiates a kind of collaborative Meccano to which everybody can contribute parts, components and structures.
What’s especially interesting is that OS doesn’t paint itself into a corner by specializing in one area — participants have adapted the standard to facilitate product design, architecture, and interior design. Intriguingly, one of the core components of the system is the proposition that an item created should be easily disassembled and reassembled. | https://makezine.com/2010/02/23/open-structures-help-create-an-open/ |
Every physical or digital object in our lives has been designed in some way. Design is a broad term, but the Montreal Design Declaration defines design as ‘the application of intent: the process through which we create the material, spatial, visual and experiential environments’.
There are 160 million designers of all types in the world, and not all of them have the word ‘design’ in their title. In product design, the designer plans the form, function, materials and use of the product. They also consider how the product will interact with other systems.
The problem is that, for hundreds of years, the dominant industrialist model has had designers working in a vacuum separated from questions about where resources are sourced from and what happens to them (and the planet) when the product is discarded.
We can see that in a company like Apple, whose designers prioritise form and function, and actively build in obsolescence, encouraging consumers to replace the products regularly. It’s not their job to worry about the wasted resources that go into their designs and the environmental catastrophe they’re contributing to.
As we move from an industrialist to a circulist mindset, the definition of design may need to broaden even further to solve the major challenges of our lifetime.
In the industrialist era, the dominant ‘linear’ model has been all about mass-producing goods in the most cost-efficient way as often as possible.
The invention of the assembly line and automation, and availability of cheap resources, enabled businesses to design, manufacture and sell products quickly and inexpensively to meet (and even create) customer demand.
The model is linear because the product’s life cycle is a straight line that starts with taking the resources from the ground, before the product is produced, sold, used and discarded.
In this model, an industrial designer’s role is to create customer-pleasing products that can be mass produced as quickly and inexpensively as possible. Traditionally they haven’t been concerned with the other stages of the life cycle, such as how resources are acquired and used or how the product is discarded.
They have been concerned primarily with the product’s manufacture and use – typically single use.
Unfortunately, this model has turned out to be very destructive. It’s led to an oversupply of products, fast fashion, planned obsolescence and very short product life cycles.
Cheaper products have enabled consumers to discard and replace products regularly, such as smartphones and clothing. Swapping, selling, repairing and other options have not been part of the consumer culture. Precious resources are being lost often after just one use.
In fact, smartphones are an environmental disaster – as only one-fifth are recycled and they’re replaced every 2–3 years. These products have made e-waste one of the fastest growing waste streams.
Unfortunately, every time a product starts a new cycle, energy and finite resources are consumed. In the industrialist era, the design of the product doesn’t consider how to get the most life out of it – there hasn’t been a financial or policy incentive for businesses to do so.
This has created an environmental crisis, not just in terms of waste but resource use and emissions. Additionally, there are increasing ethical questions about how these products are produced (exploitation) and where (global, not local).
However, the growing issues created by the industrialist age haven’t gone unnoticed by consumers.
The linear model has been dominant for decades, but there are positive signs that the way businesses and consumers think about the products they create and use is changing. The transition from the industrialist era to the circulist era has begun.
To save the planet and ourselves, we need to fundamentally change the way we design, produce and use products. And it all starts with design—it informs so many decisions and investments – and it’s hard to reverse once it’s been done.
There are many signs that this transition is starting to occur:
Beyond circular design, there are other signs the circular economy is not only possible but on its way, including:
Unlike the industrial designer within the linear economy, the circular designer is passionate about maintaining a product’s value and performance – and their materials and components – for as long as possible.
Rather than a linear life cycle that ends with the product being discarded, circularity keeps the products and materials recirculating, as they are recycled, reused, repaired, redistributed, remanufactured and refurbished.
Extending a product’s life cycle uses fewer resources, produces less waste and creates less greenhouse gas emission. It’s the key to achieving the targets we set to combat climate change and other environmental crises.
Until now, discussion of circular design has focused heavily on efficiently using resources and reducing waste, particularly recycling. But design also needs to consider how a product can be repaired, refurbished and remanufactured, as well as how it interconnects with other products and systems.
Here are some fundamentals of circular design:
Biomimicry involves looking to animals and plants to show us how to improve the functionality and sustainability of our designs. The Biomimicry Institute states that there are 3 types of biomimicry:
By examining and taking inspiration from nature’s design, we can solve some of our fundamental problems.
We have seen examples of this in:
Biomimicry is not a new concept, but it’s one that could help us find more effective ways to minimise and reuse our resources, and create more sustainable, reusable products.
A product with modular design is made up of parts or components that can be removed, and repaired or replaced. We’ve seen this in furniture design for a long time and, to a lesser extent, housing design.
But in other areas, like electronics, there has been a distinct lack of modular design. Some companies deliberately make it impossible to take a product apart and keep its repair instructions a secret. Or the parts are sourced from overseas, making the product very expensive to repair – it can cost more to repair than replace the product. Which is exactly what consumers do.
Modular design is circular because it reduces the resources needed, maintains the product’s value and performance, and keeps the product in circulation longer.
Cars have a modular design, so you can take a part out and replace it rather than replace the entire car. The goal is for many more products to work like this – easy to take apart and easy to put back together.
(Although newer cars are so complex, and the parts so interconnected, that only the manufacturer can understand and repair them, so they’re becoming less modular.)
Fairphone have already proven that you can make a modular smartphone that can be repaired rather than replaced.
And the Right to Repair movement is a reaction to electronics and gaming companies refusing to sell replacement parts to independent repair shops.
The EU and the US have right to repair legislation, but Australia is still working on it. However, if businesses started with modular design from the initial concept, it would resolve many of these issues.
Dematerialisation involves finding way to use fewer resources. We’ve already seen this over the last few decades with our rapid technological advancement. Digital music has replaced physical CDs, tapes and records. Email has replaced physical letters. Ebooks are now accepted reading material.
It’s vital that we continue down this path towards a fully circular economy. This means design must reconfigure products to use the fewest resources possible. Digitising is one way to dematerialise, but there are others, such as optimising the current product to be better.
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing can also reduce the use of materials in products, and print components locally as needed rather than shipping from overseas.
Generative design is a newer concept that uses AI and cloud computing. It involves plugging a host of design parameters into a system – including how much raw material is required – and producing many, perhaps thousands of, design ideas that meet the criteria.
Users can find a range of creative, optimised design concepts that they might never have considered.
One of the most important aspects of circular design is that it must consider the whole system, not just the products they're designing.
Today’s industrial designers often work on a product in a vacuum
Remember, products in today's PoV, become points across a connected network where we can track real time usage and behaviours to proactively manage when to replace points and also improve future designs use of materials, recycle, remanufacture, and energy efficiency.
The transition to a circular economy requires new technologies, business models, government policies, and consumer behaviours and beliefs.
But, mostly, it needs a circular mindset. This starts with passionate, innovative designers and communities people who genuinely want to make positive changes locally and globally.
All these stakeholders – businesses, governments, consumers – are interconnected. It won’t take one brilliant person to solve climate change and other environmental problems, like depleting resources and waste.
It will take an army of committed, innovative business leaders focused on customers using (not consuming) products, eliminating waste, maximising reuse and sustainability. It will take strong, engaged communities chipping away at the problem.
And as the stakeholders are interconnected, so too are the 12 circulist princples.
Until now, most people who have wanted to apply circular economy principles have focused on only one or two features of it – namely, increasing recycling and reducing waste. It’s a start but what we need now is a global community of leaders who use all 12 principles together to form one coherent system.
Only then will we really start to see successful circular business ventures, more resilient local communities (rather than the current dependency on global supply chains) and a solution to the climate crisis that threatens us all.
Businesses may be fearful about what this will do to their bottom line, but we’re already seeing examples of business leaders that are thriving under circulist principles.
Arrival, an electric car company is bucking the trend of creating car manufacturing plants, and instead creating a series of micro-factories closer to where the cars are being sold.
They can deploy them quickly using existing warehouses, rather than purpose-building facilities. It’s a huge cost savings, reducing resource use, keeping manufacturing and jobs local. They have also designed the vehicle parts differently to reduce or even eliminate the need for large equipment.
Arrival has rethought its operations along circulist lines and managed to reduce their costs and create a high-quality product! And in only five years, they’ve grown to more than 1200 people across 11 cities in 8 countries.
In the beginning, not every change will have positive impacts. Because our systems are interconnected, a positive impact in one area may create a negative impact somewhere else.
It’s a complex web that requires more investigation, research, government policy and a community of passionate people.
The important thing is that designers start with circularity in mind. It’s a work in progress – but it starts with a willingness to move towards it. | https://www.circulist.com/insight/industrial-design-going-circular-designers-shifting-towards-circular-systems-thinking |
1) Please post documentation of your experiment with either kombucha leather or natural dyeing. How did it go? Are you pleased with your results? What challenges did you face? What would you do differently next time?
Yes, I am pleased with my results. My partner and I used purple broccolis, and I was surprised how the color came out so differently because I was expecting to get purple color schemes. Next time I would try dying on different natural dye fabrics.
2) Write a short mid-term reflection. What has been the most challenging part of the class so far? What have you enjoyed most? Do you feel like you are gaining new, useful skills and practices? Are you doing your best work? What can I do to best support you in class for our remaining weeks? Additional questions/comments/feedback for me?
I enjoyed natural dye and natural water color making. I think those are the most useful / practical skills that I could use in the future. I think I am doing my best but I would like to know more about the general information/explanation when we are learning new concepts because I am interested in getting more background knowledge of what we are doing.
3) Please watch the following design talks video on Regeneration Design and answer the following questions on your LP.
1) At the start of the program Industrial Designer Fumikazu Masuda says, “we cannot continue like this, there is no future in mass production and consumption.” Do you agree?
Yes, I agree because I see most of my friends (my generation) consuming so much on buying new and trendy items. Also in stores I see so many products under sales/ cleaning up, which I think is because there were too much production than consumption.
2) What was the transformative experience that made Matsuda realize he had a responsibility for what he designed?
When he was walking along the river in Kyoto, he saw some trash there and he realized it was the washing machine that he had designed. Since then, he thought that designers have responsibility for their design.
3) Do you think you would take better care of objects if you had to repair them?
Yes I think so because it takes time to repair and I think it is best to maintain products long without repairing if I can.
4) What are examples of other materials that you could design with today, that could later return to the “natural cycle” (such as the bamboo that Masuda mentions)?
Straws, because straw is an agricultural byproducts that could easily return to the natural cycle later. In Korea, there is a traditional craft method using straws to make shoes called “Jipsin”. I think this method could be used to make other products as well.
5) Masuda says, “nobody wants to leave the next generation with nothing but trash.” Do you think designers should consider the ability for their designs to be repaired, as part of their initial design process? What else might help create less waste?
I think designers should definitely consider the ability for their designs to be repaired because it is designer’s responsibility to make products last longer. Designing products with excellent quality is a way of extending the life of a design. Therefore I think it is important to make products easily repaired in the initial design process.
6) What are the two things that Masuda says designers should be mindful of when designing (see timecode 20:00)? Why does he say this is important? Do you agree?
I agree with what he said about creating something that is simple and don’t use a lot of resources because a lot of resources and materials being used nowadays are hazardous to the environments (such as chemicals used to dye clothes). Another thing that he said is using natural materials, which I also agree. Practicing using environmentally friendly materials are especially important for young designers who will lead the future design industries. Using natural materials will let thrown out materials to be easily recycled.
7) What are you overall thoughts on this video? Did you enjoy it?
Yes I enjoyed the video. There were many ways to practice “regeneration” that I could not imagine. Masuda’s designs were very creative and I thought I should also learn his philosophy as a student designer. | https://portfolio.newschool.edu/katechaeyeonroh/2019/10/23/mid-term-reflection-regeneration-design/ |
On October 7, 2015, the Repair Round Table was founded in Berlin with the goal of encouraging repair as a societal good. Representatives of environmental organizations and consumer protection groups, as well as representatives of the repair economy, industrial manufacturers, scientists, and repair initiatives were on hand to participate. The following explains the background that led to the founding of the round table and presents its shared recommendations.
The Repair Economy Must be Reinforced
We are not consuming goods in a sustainable manner. Mountains of garbage are growing, and the high level of energy and resources we consume endangers our climate. To reduce our ecological footprint, we have to begin using products for significantly longer periods of time. This will require all of us to create conditions in which goods can be repaired—an issue that has, to date, been practically ignored by political authorities.
Resource Preservation
Resources used during manufacturing are the dominant source of environmental utilization throughout the entire life of nearby all products. A new, highly energy-efficient laptop, for instance, must be used for several decades just to recuperate the energy that was expended to manufacture it . Aside from energy, a variety of other resources are also used during the manufacturing process. Mining for the tiny quantities of gold contained in each cell phone, for instance, creates 100 kg of tailings . High-quality recycling processes can never be more than a second-best solution: even the most sophisticated recycling operations can only return a fraction of the raw materials used in modern products back to economic circulation. From an environmental perspective, there is no more alternative than extending the lifespan of products and repairing them as needed.
Local Economy
Social and economic arguments, as well, support the promotion of repair as a social good. Repairing goods creates skilled jobs. If the societal conditions were improved to encourage repair, new jobs could be created in many areas of our economy . In Germany today, for instance, there are still around 10,000 specialist retailers and independent workshops that repair major appliances. If more IT products, household items, and office products could be maintained and repaired, the repair industry would account for well over 100,000 jobs in Germany alone.
Repair is also seeing a significant grassroots revival: repair initiatives have been created all over Germany—proof that the topic is of interest to a growing number of citizens.
Up to now, the repair sector has been neglected in the political realm and local repair shops are increasingly disappearing from communities. This development affects both manufacturer repairs and repairs undertaken during and after warranty periods, which are usually completed by independent repair shops. A small number of European brand-name manufacturers advertise their maintenance services effectively alongside their partners in the repair sector. Still, the number of products on the market designed to be used for only a short time period is growing. These disposable products either can’t or shouldn’t be repaired—not by the owner and not by repair professionals. Given the rise of products that are essentially designed for the dump, it is now all the more important to significantly improve societal conditions for product repairs in general.
Even where products are fully repairable, independent organizations still face significant barriers to repairing and returning products back to the marketplace. Today, organizations employing the disabled and long-term unemployed, small retailers, craftsmen, independent workshops, and Repair Cafés are all affected by the fact that manufacturers aren’t willing to make replacement parts, service information, or software tools available to the public. Other times, replacement parts for products are overpriced—a tactic that tacitly encourages consumers to replace the entire product instead of merely replacing the broken part.
Why Should the Political Sector Intervene Now?
The topic of repair has become a political issue in many European countries. In 2014, France introduced a law encouraging repair and consumer independence . No such law is on the horizon in Germany, even though the most recent study financed by the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA) confirmed that the operating life for many electronic products has dropped . The same trend is evident in many other consumer goods markets. From an ecological standpoint, the sharp decline of product life spans is not sustainable and must be curbed. Our ability to repair all products must be increased—and repair must be made a more attractive and more competitive option in every respect. We need a true repair revolution to ensure a shift in thinking and a change in the direction of our society and our politics.
Currently, reducing resource dependency and finding effective potential approaches for future-oriented economic reforms is a major topic of discussion in various areas of environmental politics. These approaches include, for instance, a series of measures on the EU level to encourage the recycling economy and ProgRess in Germany. Goal 12 of the Sustainable Development Goals also needs to be rethought in this regard. This is why the Repair Round Table is requesting that political authorities include lengthening product life spans through repair as an important aspect in these debates. This could occur, for instance, through a new series of measures on the recycling economy in the EU, strengthening the national program for resource efficiency, implementing a waste avoidance program, further developing the EU eco-design guidelines, or elaborating the lower-level regulations of the Recycling Management Law or the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Act. In this way, governments could advance the goal of resource preservation while stimulating local labour markets and advancing climate protection.
Political Recommendations
We call upon the German political sector to promote repair as a significant element of resource preservation. This has not occurred to a sufficient extent in the past. The following measures should be taken:
1) Access to spare parts:
Manufacturers, retailers, and importers must be obligated to make spare parts available throughout the entire useful life of the product to all market participants.
2) Access to affordable spare parts:
The price of spare parts must be reasonable and well-founded in relationship to their manufacturing costs. A legal right to the availability of spare parts under these conditions must be ensured. Furthermore, devices must be constructed in such a manner that the price for functional spare parts does not exceed 20% of the non-binding recommended purchase price from the manufacturer.
3) Access to spare parts from used equipment:
Repair shops and initiatives must be allowed access to used equipment in a suitable manner in order to remove spare parts from them. Since manufacturers are legally obligated to prove that they dispose of all the devices they place on the market, removal of replacement parts from this equipment must be taken into consideration during disposal.
4) Germany needs a reduced VAT rate for repair services and used goods:
A reduced VAT rate for repair services and used goods makes repairs more attractive. This strengthens the repair sector and creates incentives for manufacturers to market products that are easier to repair. In some European countries—including France, for instance—these tactics are already in use.
5) Repair-friendly product design:
The design of a product determines, to a great extent, whether it will be possible to repair the product and adapt it to new technological standards. Gluing in components, such as batteries, can render the product non-repairable and greatly decreases its useful lifespan. Fixed, installed elements can make it impossible to replace parts. The ever-increasing integration of components can also prevent repairs or make them unaffordable—since individual components cannot be repaired or exchanged on integrated parts. The demand for repairability should be anchored in binding product requirements.
Repairability must be made visible to customers: Taking a cue from Austria’s standard ONR 192102 2014, we urge that long-lasting, easy-to-repair products be identified as such for consumers in a transparent and reliable manner. Existing environmental seals, such as the “blue angel” should take repairability and long useful lives into account more seriously in their distribution criteria—making it easier for consumers to recognize truly long-lasting products.
6) Inform consumers:
Consumers must be informed about the importance of maintenance measures and options for repair. This is why we call for the following:
a) that information on the importance of maintaining products and options for product repair be included with products and provided on the internet.
b) that wide-ranging informational and educational campaigns be initiated and funded in order to make the value of an extended product use for resources and environmental protection clear. These should also highlight the importance of maintenance and repair options. Publicity campaigns by repair initiatives and workshops aid this goal, and should receive funding for this reason
c) confusing advertisements must be monitored and discouraged. Advertisements for purchasing new products associated with environmental concerns must refer to the raw materials and energy used in their production.
7) Provision of technical data and diagnostic software:
- Technical documentation/data relevant for repairs, diagnostics software, and product-specific tools must be provided to all repair businesses and voluntary repair initiatives. This should preferably be done through digital means and should be free of charge.
- Validated quality assurance systems by manufacturers can provide consumers with useful information on the qualifications of repair businesses. The mechanisms established for many years in the field of independent vehicle repair (the availability of replacement parts, comprehensive service documentation, and diagnostics software for all independent workshops) must also be a matter of course in other product sectors.
- Gathering information relevant for repairs should be supported. Associated activities such as the digitalization of “older” operating manuals cannot be criminalized.
- Manufacturers should be obligated to provide construction data on unavailable spare parts free of charge, or at a price that stands in a reasonable and well-founded relationship to the manufacturing costs of the spare part. This ensures that replica spare parts can be produced (for instance, through 3D printing).
8) Authorize repairs for more specialist companies, even during warranty periods:
We call for specialist companies to be authorized to complete necessary repairs during warranty periods, and for the hurdles for this authorization to be as low as possible.
Prakash et al (2012) Time-optimized use of a laptop computer in view of ecological concerns: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/zeitlich-optimierter-ersatz-eines-notebooks-unter. | https://en.runder-tisch-reparatur.de/our-claims/ |
This warranty is the only warranty offered by City Heat Geysers and is limited to the repair/replacement of the electric geyser only.
- The decision to either repair or replace a defective product is at the sole discretion of City Heat Geysers. Any concluding decision in this regard will be considerate of the Consumer Protection Act and mutual fairness to the customer and the company.
- Consequential losses/damages suffered directly or indirectly as a result of the product failure/non performance is excluded and does not form part of this product warranty.
- The warranty is applicable in accordance with the period as described below. The warranty period is applicable from the initial date of sale. Where the date of sale cannot be verified, the warranty will apply from the date of manufacture.
|Inner Copper Tank||5 Year||Draincock||1 year|
|Electrical element||1 year||Temperature / Pressure valve||1 year|
|Electrical Thermostat||1 year||Gaskets & Sealing rings||1 year|
- Any component of the geyser installation not mentioned above, weather supplied and or fitted by City Heat Geysers does not form part of this warranty. Any claim for this product failure and/or damages suffered (direct, indirect or consequential) does not form part of the product warranty.
- Any geyser or part thereof that has been replaced/repaired in terms of this warranty shall only carry the balance of warranty of the original product purchased. Where the balance of warranty expires less than 6 months from date of repair/replacement, a minimum period of 6 months shall apply to the replaced/repaired component only.
- Any defective geyser or component replaced in terms of this warranty shall become the property of City Heat Geysers.
- The quality of water being heated by the geyser will influence the lifespan and operational capabilities accordingly. Poor water conditions will reduce the lifespan of the product and will render this warranty invalid. This warranty remains applicable only where water conditions are equivalent to Metropolition quality of supply (Class 1 as defined by SANS 241).
- The geyser / products must be correctly installed by a qualified plumber in accordance with SANS 10254. Any electrical connections pertaining to the installation must be in accordance with SANS 10142 and must be carried out by a qualified electrician.
- Where a warranty claim has been approved, the customer will be responsible to ensure access to the geyser to effect repair / replacement should the trap door access be insufficient. Where the geyser is installed at elevated heights greater than 3m, the customer will be responsible for the provision of scaffoldings to gain safe access to the geyser.
Further to the above, the geyser warranty will be deemed invalid under any of the following conditions:
- Incorrect installations, incorrect products and/or incorrect product ratings being used as part of the installation.
- The installation is not carried by an registered plumber or an approved City Heat installer.
- The name plate has been removed, damaged or tampered with.
- The geyser has been damaged and/or shows signs of vandalism, tamper or modification.
- The geyser is being operated beyond its designed parameters and /or its designed environment
- The failed geyser / component is removed or tampered with, prior to inspection by City Heat Geysers or its authorised equivalent. | http://geysers.co.za/products-3/warranty/ |
Scientists have shown that they can change one letter and create healthier, longer-lived mice. Their study demonstrates a tool that can correct the kind of single-letter genetic mistakes that cause thousands of diseases.
There’s a long road before the tool, called a base editor, can be used to treat a genetic disease, says the paper’s senior author, David Liu, a chemist at Harvard University. But establishing that a base editor can correct a mutation that causes a systemic and devastating genetic disease in an animal, rescuing many of the symptoms of the disease, and greatly extending lifespan is a good start!
In this case, they repaired a gene that, when mutated, causes progeria, an ultra-rare disease leading to premature aging. The average lifespan of someone with progeria is just 14, and they die of conditions such as heart disease that usually kill people decades older. Previous gene editing tools work like scissors to cut the double-stranded DNA that serves as life’s blueprint. | https://www.pioneeringminds.com/new-tool-offers-promise-treating-genetic-diseases/ |
Consumers should be able to benefit from durable, high-quality products that can be repaired and upgraded.
MEPs therefore propose measures to tackle planned obsolescence for tangible goods and for software in a non-legislative resolution being put to the vote on Tuesday.
The recommendations include:
- robust, easily repaired and quality products: “minimum resistance criteria” to be established for each product category from the design stage,
- if a repair takes longer than a month, the guarantee should be extended by the same period,
- member states should give incentives to the production of durable and repairable products, boosting repairs and second-hand sales - this could help to create jobs and reduce waste,
- essential components, such as batteries and LEDs, should not be fixed into products, unless for safety reasons,
- spare parts which are indispensable for the proper and safe functioning of the goods should be made available “at a price commensurate with the nature and life-time of the product”,
- an EU-wide definition of “planned obsolescence” and a system that could test and detect the “built-in obsolescence” should be introduced, as well as “appropriate dissuasive measures for producers”. | https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/agenda/briefing/2017-07-03/1/making-goods-more-durable-and-easier-to-repair |
What Is Mechanical Assembly?
Industrial assemblies are mainly 2 categories:mechanical assemblies and electro mechanical assemblies.
Mechanical assemblies consist of parts that are put together to perform a mechanical function, such as lenses and other non-electronic components.
Electro mechanical assemblies include products that use electronic components to perform mechanical operations, such as disk drives and motorized devices.
Mechanical assembly is a term that is sometimes used to describe the process of putting together components on an assembly line. The term may also be applied to an assembled product or part made in this way. In either case, mechanical assembly carries the connotation of putting component parts together to make a complete product or perform a function.
Mechanical assembly requires special engineering techniques to ensure cost-effective and on-time assembly of products. To design products for mechanical assembly, engineers must essentially build the product in the design and then disassemble it. By doing so, the engineer can decide the steps necessary to build the product in a logical order using assembly line technology.
Products manufactured in this manner can be easily disassembled and reassembled in remote locations. Production costs are often lowered as component parts can be created off site and assembled in the factory. These products can also be repaired easily with in-stock replacement parts. With the ability to easily take apart mechanical assemblies and reassemble them, these products can be upgraded easily. | http://www.jinbo-china.com/news/8.html |
Context and description
In Europe, an item of clothing is worn for an average of 3.3 years. Extending product life duration permits recourse to new items to be reduced, significantly influencing the environmental impacts linked to production.
To extend product life duration, three main levers can be activated:
• Improve product sustainability (its quality, its capacity to be repaired, its guarantee, its multi-functionality);
• Give the product a second lease of life thanks to repair and reuse ;
• Optimise usage, thanks to good product care or product sharing between several users. | https://refashion.fr/eco-design/en/improving-product-quality-extend-life-duration |
- [기술동향]Self-healing concrete...
- Preparing regular concrete scientists replaced ordinary water with water concentrate of bacteria Bacillus cohnii, which survived in the pores of cement stone. The cured concrete was tested for compression until it cracked, then researchers observed how the bacteria fixed the gaps restoring the strength of the concrete. The engineers of the Polytechnic Institute of Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), together with colleagues from Russia, India, and Saudi Arabia, reported the results in Sustainability journal. During the experiment, bacteria activated when gained access to oxygen and moisture, which occurred after the concrete cracked under the pressure of the setup. The "awakened" bacteria completely repaired fissures with a width of 0.2 to 0.6 mm within 28 days. That is due to microorganisms released a calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a product of their life that crystallized under the influence of moisture. After 28 days of self-healing experimental concrete slabs retrieved their original compressive strength. In the renewed concrete, the bacteria "fell asleep" again. "Concrete remains the world's number one construction material because it is cheap, durable, and versatile. However, any concrete gets cracked over time because of various external factors, including moisture and repetitive freezing/thawing cycles, the quantity of which in the Far East of Russia, for example, is more than a hundred per year. Concrete fissuring is almost irreversible process that can jeopardize the entire structure." Says engineer Roman Fediuk, FEFU professor. "What we have accomplished in our experiment aligns with international trends in construction. There is pressing demand for such "living" materials with the ability to self-diagnose and self-repair. It's very important that bacteria healed small fissures-forerunners of serious deep cracks that would be impossible to recover. Thanks to bacteria working in the concrete, one can reduce or avoid at all technically complex and expensive repair procedures." Spores of Bacillus cohnii capable of staying alive in concrete for up to two hundred years and, theoretically, can extend the lifespan of the structure for the same period. This is almost 4 times more than the 50-70 years of conventional concrete service life. Self-healing concrete is most relevant for construction in seismically risky areas, where small fissures appear in buildings after earthquakes of a modest magnitude, and in areas with high humidity and high rainfall where a lot of oblique rain falls on the vertical surfaces of buildings. Bacteria in concrete also fill the pores of the cement stone making them smaller and less water gets inside the concrete structure. Scientists have cultivated the bacteria Bacillus cohnii in the laboratory using a simple agar pad and culture medium, forcing them to survive in the conditions of the pores of the cement stone and to release the desired "repair" composition. Fissures healing was assessed using a microscope. The chemical composition of the bacteria repairing life product was studied via electron microscopy and X-ray images. Next, the scientists plan to develop reinforced concrete, further enhancing its properties with the help of different types of bacteria. That should speed up the processes of material self-recovery. A scientific school of the scientific school of geomimetics run at FEFU. Engineers follow the principle of nature mimicking in the development of composites for special structures and civil engineering. Concrete, as conceived by the developers, should have the strength and properties of natural stone. The foundations of geomimetics were laid by Professor Valery Lesovik from V.G. Shukhov BSTU, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences. 출처 : https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/fefu-scf021721.php
2021.02.22
- [기술동향] Self-healing Concret...
- Report OverviewThe global self-healing concrete market size was valued at USD 24.60 billion in 2019 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 37.0% from 2020 to 2027. Rising demand for reliable and durable constructions, such as infrastructure, commercial, industrial, and residential, is expected to drive the demand for self-healing concrete over the forecast period. Ascending growth of the construction industry across the globe, coupled with a rise in demand for reduction in the structural maintenance of the buildings, is further likely to support the market growth. However, the COVID-19 pandemic across the globe has impacted the construction output in the second quarter of 2020, which has hampered the market for the product. To learn more about this report, request a free sample copy In the U.S., the market for self-healing concrete is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 34.9% in terms of revenue from 2020 to 2027. The construction industry in the U.S. is anticipated to witness significant growth over the forecast period on account of growing inclination towards industrial development and rising demand for commercial constructions in the country.The market is expected to expand at a high growth rate in the upcoming period owing to the rise in demand for less maintenance of building and infrastructure. To enhance the lifespan of buildings and structures, self-healing concrete offers feasible solutions, thereby gaining traction in the construction market.Traditional concrete and its related substances are subject to crack over a period of time, resulting in increased tension on walls and beams. To support the crack repairs and reduce maintenance of the buildings, self-healing concrete is used in the construction process. This specialized concrete produces limestone with the help of bacteria present in the concrete substances.The rise in demand for eco-friendly and sustainable constructions with high endurance is expected to drive the demand for self-healing concrete. However, nowadays, the proportion of non-hardening cement in the construction process is less, along with growing trends of fast construction. Moreover, unskilled labor is scaling the proportion of natural cracks in walls and columns of buildings. Thus, the service and repair activities of the construction are likely to ascend the demand for self-healing concrete over the forecast period.Report Coverage & DeliverablesPDF report & online dashboard will help you understand: Competitive benchmarking Historical data & forecasts Company revenue shares Regional opportunities Latest trends & dynamicsForm Insights In 2019, the vascular form of self-healing concrete accounted for the largest revenue share of 62.18% and is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period. This form is used when a series of tubes filled with concrete healing substances are passed through the concrete structure from the interior to the exterior of the building walls. These tubes need to be placed at anticipated locations wherein the crack is likely to occur, which makes the system non-pervasive.Capsule-based self-healing concrete is expected to witness notable growth over the forecast period owing to the ease of convenience the technique offers for large-scale usage. These substances when poured into the gaps react with air or another embedded concrete matrix and create hardened substances that fill gaps in walls and other building components.Bacteria-based capsules for self-healing are preferred in the market as these have an extended lifespan and can stay active for over 100 years. Whereas the chemical-based capsules may lose healing capabilities over a period of time and thus are less popular in self-healing applications. Cylindrical shaped capsules take up larger areas and can be built at higher lengths, and thus have a better healing mechanism than spherical shaped capsules.Vascular-based healing technology is used when a series of tubes filled with concrete healing substances are passed through the concrete structure from the interior to the exterior of the building walls. This technology can be implemented through a single or multi-channel approach depending on factors, including building shape, concrete strength, and a number of healing agents.Application Insights The infrastructure application segment held the largest share of 58.3% in 2019 in terms of revenue and is likely to witness significant growth over the forecast period. The rising initiatives by the construction companies to commercialize the product for the durability of infrastructure by collaborating with the product development companies are expected to ascend the product demand.Industrial construction needs to withstand harsh mechanical impacts owing to heavy-duty operations, including carriage of vehicles, operating heavy machinery, and heat treatments that require rigid surfaces with durability. Hence, self-healing concrete is expected to gain traction in industrial construction since these structures need strong resistance to various physical and chemical factors to comply with the technological requirements for a safe and convenient surface to carry out industrial operations. To learn more about this report, request a free sample copy The use of self-healing concrete in residential and commercial buildings is expected to help reduce the permeability of the construction and manage cracks. Foundations, grade slabs, floorings, basements, and walls are the key applications areas where reinforcement of the concrete is required to increase the lifespan of these structures.A rise in the number of construction activities for office buildings, institutions, healthcare centers, education centers, hotels, restaurants, and other commercial complexes is anticipated to provide growth prospects for the market. Furthermore, the adoption of technical changes in building practices for enhancing the durability of the structures is likely to support the market growth on a positive note.Regional Insights Europe dominated the global market in 2019 with a revenue share of more than 53.0% and is expected to witness significant growth in the projected time. In Europe, positive indications in private and public debt are fueling the growth of the construction industry, which is expected to favorably contribute to market growth.Western European countries including Germany contribute significantly to the growth of the global construction industry. The various projects undertaken by the government and initiatives put forth have propelled the market growth. The country during pandemic has taken superior supportive measures for its economy, which resulted in the positive growth of the country as compared to the U.K. and France.North America is one of the mature markets for concrete products. The region has a significant presence of multinational companies dealing with concrete products and related raw materials. Product innovation and investment in R&D capabilities by these companies have contributed magnificently to the overall growth of the market.The growth of the construction industry in the Asia Pacific is attributed to the rising needs of a growing population. Furthermore, the growing economic prominence of Southeast Asian countries, China, India, and other countries owing to the presence of a large consumer base, low labor cost, abundant resources, and increasing per capita income among the middle class in countries, like China and India, is anticipated to fuel the growth of the construction sector. This is indirectly expected to drive the construction materials market, thus fueling the growth of the market.Key Companies & Market Share Insights The market is moderately competitive on account of the limited presence of concrete manufacturers and less awareness about the product in the market. However, the competitive environment for materials used in self-healing concrete is moderately high as the procurement practices and material prices are dynamic. Raw material suppliers, concrete manufacturers, healing agent suppliers, and end-users are the different entities of the market. Key players are engaged in the manufacturing and supply of healing agents for concrete products. Some prominent players in the global self-healing concrete market include:Basilisk PENETRON Kryton Xypex Chemical Corporation Sika AG BASF SE Hycrete, Inc. Cemex Oscrete GCP Applied Technologies RPM InternationalSelf-healing Concrete Market Report Scope Report AttributeDetailsMarket size value in 2020USD 25.83 billionRevenue forecast in 2027USD 305.38 billionGrowth RateCAGR of 37.0% from 2020 to 2027Market demand in 2020338,000.0 cubic metersVolume forecast in 20276,672,347.1 cubic metersGrowth RateCAGR of 50.0% from 2020 to 2027Base year for estimation2019Historical data2016 - 2018Forecast period2020 - 2027Quantitative unitsVolume in cubic meters, revenue in USD million/billion, and CAGR from 2020 to 2027Report coverageVolume forecast, revenue forecast, company ranking, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trendsSegments coveredForm, application, regionRegional scopeNorth America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Rest of WorldCountry scopeThe U.S.; Canada; Mexico; The U.K.; Germany; France; China; India; Japan; BrazilKey companies profiledBasilisk; PENETRON; Kryton; Xypex Chemical Corporation; Sika AG; BASF SE; Hycrete, Inc.; Cemex; Oscrete; GCP Applied Technologies; RPM InternationalCustomization scopeFree report customization (equivalent up to 8 analysts working days) with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope.Pricing and purchase optionsAvail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options 사이트 : https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/self-healing-concrete-market
2021.01.04
- [기술동향]SMARTINCS
- SMARTINCS will implement new life-cycle thinking and durability-based approaches to the concept and design of concrete structures, with self-healing concrete, repair mortars and grouts as key enabling technologies. This will create a breakthrough in the current practice of the construction industry, which is characterized by huge economic costs related to inspection, maintenance, repair and eventually demolition activities and additional indirect costs caused by traffic congestions during maintenance and environmental effects. SMARTINCS will train a new generation of creative and entrepreneurial early-stage researchers in prevention of deterioration of (i) new concrete infrastructure by innovative, multifunctional self-healing strategies and (ii) existing concrete infrastructure by advanced repair technologies. The project brings together the complementary expertise of research institutes pioneering in smart cementitious materials, strengthened by leading companies along the SMARTINCS value chain, as well as certification and pre-standardization agencies. They will intensively train 15 early stage researchers to respond to the clear demand to implement new life-cycle thinking and durability-based approaches to the concept and design of concrete structures, minimizing both the use of resources and production of waste in line with Europe’s Circular Economy strategy. The new generation of researchers will be immediately employable to support the introduction of the novel technologies Europe has the key advantage to host pioneers and specialists in self-healing disciplines who can make the ambitious goals become a reality. They teamed up in the SMARTINCS consortium and include actors in all parts of the value chain, having the capacity to create the needed break-through to introduce the novel innovative self-sensing and multifunctional self-healing strategies and advanced repair technologies into the market. The scientific objectives are attained by joint PhD research and envisage:(i) To develop and model innovative self-healing strategies for bulk and local application, including optimization of mix designs and development of multi-functional self-healing agents with attention to cost, applicability and environmental impact.(ii) To scientifically substantiate and model the durability of self-healed concrete and repaired systems for an accurate service life prediction and to integrate self-healing into innovative service-life based structural design approaches to foster the market penetration through an innovative life-cycle thinking.(iii) To quantify and prove the eco-efficiency of newly developed smart concrete / mortars by life cycle assessment modeling.The planned activities within the ETN are represented in the work package structure. Training is given to the early stage researchers by their individual PhD projects which all fit within the scientific work packages 1-4, dealing with improved self-healing concrete (WP1), advanced local (self-)repair (WP2), durability, service life and sustainability (WP3) and technology transfer and entrepreneurship (WP4). 사이트 : https://smartincs.ugent.be/index.php/about-us
2020.12.17
- [기술동향]Self-healing As preve... | https://healcrete.re.kr/ |
1. In order to ensure the good performance of the product, the fan should be cleaned and maintained in time according to the use environment and the required electrostatic protection requirements, that is: use an electrostatic brush, a dust-free cotton swab, or a dust-free cloth dipped in absolute alcohol to gently remove Discharge the dust on the electrode, discharge bracket, fan, and metal mesh cover. note:
A. It must be operated 10 minutes after the power is cut off.
B. During the use of the fan, the electrode needle cleaning cycle should be set according to the use environment; the more humid and dusty the environment, the cleaning cycle should be appropriately reduced.
C. After cleaning, you must wait for the alcohol to completely evaporate before turning on the power to work. You cannot use any other organic solvents to clean the fan.
D. The alloy electrode is a consumable product and is not covered by the warranty. The company must charge for replacement when repairing for the customer.
2. The control buttons on the fan panel should not be pressed or rotated with excessive force. Otherwise, the device will be permanently damaged.
3. If the working indicator on the front panel of the fan is not on or the red light alarms, stop using it and check and repair it by professional maintenance personnel. It can be used after the electrical performance indicators are normal.
◆ After-sale service
The AP-DJ 27 series DC ion blower has undergone rigorous testing and aging treatment before leaving the factory, and its performance has fully reached the relevant indicators marked in the instructions for use.
AP&T makes the following promise to users: Within one year from the date of purchase, the company will repair or replace any parts that have been inspected by the company for free. However, this commitment does not apply to the following situations:
1. The equipment is used or installed incorrectly;
2. Damage caused by negligence or accident during use;
3. It has been modified, disassembled or repaired by other service departments not authorized by Anping Company.
Except for the repair or replacement of parts within this regulation, AP&T does not assume any obligations and related responsibilities of product users. | https://www.electrostaticeliminator.com/sale-13402576-ionizing-dc-24v-hanging-static-electricity-eliminator.html |
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Showing 1131-1140/1182 results for Agricultural Engineer.
Technical writers create content for printed and online media, such as user guides, manuals, intranet and website pages, and present it in a way that can be easily accessed and understood.
Crane operators use cranes to move objects such as materials on construction sites, containers on wharves, and heavy parts in factories.
Graphic designers create artwork or designs for published, printed or electronic media such as magazines, brochures, television advertisements and websites.
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Coachbuilders manufacture and assemble frames, panels and parts for vehicles such as buses and motor homes. Vehicle trimmers install and repair the upholstery of vehicles.
Marketing specialists develop and implement plans for promoting an organisation's goods, services and ideas.
Property managers look after the daily running of residential and commercial properties.
Pulp and paper mill operators operate, maintain and repair machines that make pulp and paper. | https://www.careers.govt.nz/searchresults?q=Agricultural+Engineer&action_search=Search&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoolpoint.co.nz&start=1130 |
Material:
Dimensions: H 36 cms x L 40 cms x D40 cms
Designer info:
Maximilian Schmahl and Fabian Schnippering are two talented German designers who studied product design together and found that they share a profound love for decisive details and soft shapes. With a belief that designs are a part of our culture, they create products designed to integrate and interact with people as a natural part of their daily life.
Woud are a Danish design brand with a drive for creating new originals. Each of our designs are handpicked to ensure that it shares and strengthens our vision of creating timeless design where every product has a meaning, a purpose and a function. We collaborate with upcoming talents and established designers from a wide range of countries. Each of the designers have individual expressions - but all with a coherent modern interpretation of the Scandinavian design heritage.
In our designs, whether it being in form, function or material, we strive to add a touch of innovation while staying true to the simplicity and quality anchored in our Nordic design tradition.
We hope that our designs radiate 'love at first sight' for you. They surely do for us. | https://luumodesign.com/new-arrivals/woud-sentrum-side-table-taupe |
I nearly lost my LVM thin pool on my laptop recently due to the metadata nearly filling up (99.4%). I first noticed this when trying to install something and the root filesystem was read only. Rebooting the machine re-mounted the root partition as RW. Trying to get this pool into a healthy shape gave me all sorts of transaction id and meta errors so hopefully this post will assist someone.
My LVM Layout
I use LVM on my Fedora 27 system along with encryption; it is probably useful to share the layout so the rest of the blog makes sense.
Using the LVS command:
Unfortunately I don’t have any screenshots from the unhealthy system but the layout is the same.
Running “lvs -a” will show you the hidden meta data volumes:
The meta data is currently 220m but it was only 40m before with the meta percent around 99.3.
Extending the MetaData
I don’t have the exact command I used as I was on a LIVE CD but if the syntax isn’t quite right then run ‘–help’ with the command. You will will need to do this from a live CD but remember to unlock the disk if it is encrypted otherwise the LVM won’t show.
I found a few ways to increase the metadata size on the internet but I found this worked well. This will increase the metadata by an additional 128M.
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lvextend vg-fed/thin-fed --poolmetadatasize -L+128M
The next step would be to try and run the repair utility HOWEVER this didn’t work for me; it listed some errors about can’t automatically run without a spare. If this is the case then you will have to do it manually like I did.
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lvconvert --repair vg-fed/thin-fed
Manually extending MetaData
This should work if the metadata is recoverable.
Create a temporary small logical volume to swap the metadata to.
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lvcreate -an -Zn -L200M --name temp vg-fed
Now you need to swap the pools metadata with the temp volume.
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lvconvert --thinpool vg-fed/thin-fed --poolmetadata temp
Create another volume for the repaired metadata to be stored.
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lvcreate -L220M --name repaired vg-fed
Then run the repair command.
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thin_repair -i /dev/vg-fed/temp -o /dev/vg-fed/repaired
Now swap back.
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lvchange -an vg-fed/repaired
lvconvert --thinpool vg-fed/thin-fed --poolmetadata repaired
Now you should see something similar to the above screen shots when running ‘lvs -a’.
The pool should be back and running. Unfortunately I got transaction id mismatch errors when trying to activate the thin pool. This was likely due to the fact I tried to remove two thin snapshots when the metadata was nearly full which threw an error. The volumes disappeared from the volume list but there was likely a mismatch between the kernel and LVM.
Fixing Transaction ID Mismatch
The error will probably state something like “Was expecting transaction id 40 but got transaction id 42”.
Backup the lvm volume configuration to a file which can be edited.
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vgcfgbackup vg-fed -f /home/<user>/backup
Now open the file in a text editor and find the transaction id against the thin pool, change this to the correct value and save the file.
Restore this backup the LVM configuration.
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vgcfgrestore vg-fed -f /home/<user>/backup
Now you can activate the ‘root’ volume
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lvchange -ay vg-fed/root
Fingers crossed; it should work. | https://blog.monotok.org/lvm-transaction-id-mismatch-and-metadata-resize-error/ |
Reuse and recycling are at the heart of the Circular Economy, the European strategy aimed at maintaining the value of products, materials and resources within the economy for as long as possible, and to minimise the generation of waste. It is an opportunity to do more with less, better use available resources and reduce waste in the first place while promoting new forms of employment and tackling inequality.
Reuse and recycling contribute to this vision by extending the lifespan of products and materials respectively. By 2030 the European Commission expects reuse, recycling and other measures to save the European economy €600 billion per year. According to environmental services company Veolia, adopting a circular economy could create €1.65 billion of GDP in Ireland.
Reuse ensures that goods – like clothing, appliances or furniture – stay in our economy for as long as possible. It includes trading or swapping (e.g. in charity shops, second hand stores or online), repairing, borrowing, leasing and upcycling. For example, if you buy a second hand bicycle or repair your laptop instead of throwing it away, you are reusing.
Reuse is the preferred environmental option for managing our resources because it prevents a product from becoming waste and reduces demand for new products. About 40% of a country’s greenhouse gas emissions are associated with the manufacture and distribution of products, so by reusing more we can reduce our climate impact.
Nearly all of the reuse activity in Ireland is considered to be on the waste prevention tier of the waste hierarchy. Preparation for reuse, on the second tier of the hierarchy, only takes place if something is discarded and therefore is considered to be a waste.
CRNI members are involved in reuse by facilitating the exchange of goods for reuse (online or in retail stores) and by refurbishing or upcycling IT equipment, furniture, textiles, bicycles and much more.
Recycling ensures that the material in products – such as paper, plastic or aluminium – is circulated in our economy for longer. This means that new materials do not have to be extracted from natural resources in order to replace them and the material is prevented from going for recovery or disposal.
CRNI members are involved in recycling materials that cannot otherwise be reused, including mattresses, electrical and electronic goods, textiles, paper and card.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 to provide a common approach for peace and prosperity for people and the planet. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are at the core of the agenda and include strategies to tackle climate change, preserve oceans and forests, improve health and education, end poverty, reduce inequality, spur economic growth, and more.
CRNI member activities contribute to SDGs 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).
Sign up to our quarterly newsletter for more information on reuse and recycling and be part of Ireland’s only reuse and recycling network. For information about our privacy practices, see here.
CRNI supports its members and works to mainstream reuse thanks to core funding provided by the EPA under the National Waste Prevention Programme.
For more information about the programme see here.
CRNI received funding from the Department of Agriculture, Environment and rural Affairs in 2020 to carry out a pilot establishing a reuse and repair network in Northern Ireland.
For more information about the project see here.
CRNI is part of a research consortium working on the Q2Reuse project, which aims to develop a methodology for the qualification and quantification of reuse. This project will be concluded in 2021.
For more information about the project see here. | https://crni.ie/about-reuse-recycling/ |
This product is used to repair damaged hose or join two hoses together.
Hoses can be quickly and easily repaired without tools. The damaged hose part is simply cut out and the joiner/ repairer is inserted on the affected area. | https://www.vanuatukps.com/product-page/pope-12mm-soft-grip-joiner-repairer |
all parts and labor are included.
Interapids
requiring "only minor adjustments and cleaning" are $60.00
and a minimum charge of $35.00 for other instruments. We will always
send you an estimate after inspection; prior to repairing, if requested.
There is never an evaluation charge if the repair is declined. All
instruments to be repaired are completely disassembled and go through
a three step cleaning process, examined for damaged or worn parts,
repaired, reassembled and calibrated to OEM specifications.
Copyright ©1988~2011 Precision Indicator &
Tool. All rights reserved. | http://gagecal.com/cost/cost.htm |
New Product Launch: Cleantech Subsea Bristle Blaster
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Cactus Projects: Rubber Repair and Protection of an FPSO Offload Hose
Rubber Repair and Protection system ensured this critical piece of equipment was repaired and ready to return to offshore operation rapidly. When a client detected significant damage to an offload h...
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Plate Bonding is a solution to repair areas damaged by corrosion while extending the life of the structure. A bespoke training course was created to reflect the planned work at a TR (Temporary Refuge... | https://www.cactusindustrial.com/category/offshore/ |
# Subcooling
The term subcooling (also called undercooling) refers to a liquid existing at a temperature below its normal boiling point. For example, water boils at 373 K; at room temperature (293 K) the water is termed "subcooled". A subcooled liquid is the convenient state in which, say, refrigerants may undergo the remaining stages of a refrigeration cycle. Normally, a refrigeration system has a subcooling stage, allowing technicians to be certain that the quality, in which the refrigerant reaches the next step on the cycle, is the desired one. Subcooling may take place in heat exchangers and outside them. Being both similar and inverse processes, subcooling and superheating are important to determine stability and well-functioning of a refrigeration system.
## Applications
### Expansion valve operation and compressor safety
Subcooling is normally used so that when the refrigerant reaches the thermostatic expansion valve, all of it is in its liquid form, thus allowing the valve to work properly. If gas reaches the expansion valve a series of unwanted phenomena may occur. These may end up leading to behaviors similar to those observed with the flash-gas phenomena: problems in oil regulation throughout the cycle; excessive and unnecessary misuse of power and waste of electricity; malfunction and deterioration of several components in the installation; irregular performance of the overall systems, and in an unwatched situation, ruined equipment.
Another important and common application of subcooling is its indirect use on the superheating process. Superheating is analogous to subcooling in an operative way, and both processes can be coupled using an internal heat exchanger. Subcooling here serves itself from the superheating and vice versa, allowing heat to flow from the refrigerant at a higher pressure (liquid), to the one with lower pressure (gas). This creates an energetic equivalence between the subcooling and the superheating phenomena when there is no energy loss. Normally, the fluid that is being subcooled is hotter than the refrigerant that is being superheated, allowing an energy flux in the needed direction. Superheating is critical for the operation of compressors because a system lacking it may provide the compressor with a liquid gas mixture, situation that generally leads to the destruction of the gas compressor because liquid is uncompressible. This makes subcooling an easy and widespread source of heat for the superheating process.
### System optimization and energy saving
Allowing the subcooling process to occur outside the condenser (as with an internal heat exchanger) is a method of using all of the condensing device's heat exchanging capacity. A huge portion of refrigeration systems use part of the condenser for subcooling which, though very effective and simple, may be considered a diminishing factor in the nominal condensing capacity. A similar situation may be found with superheating taking place in the evaporator, thus an internal heat exchanger is a good and relatively cheap solution for the maximization of heat exchanging capacity.
Another widespread application of subcooling is boosting and economising. Inversely to superheating, subcooling, or the amount of heat withdrawn from the liquid refrigerant on the subcooling process, manifests itself as an increase on the refrigeration capacity of the system. This means that any extra heat removal after the condensation (subcooling) allows a higher ratio of heat absorption on further stages of the cycle. Superheating has exactly the inverse effect. An internal heat exchanger alone is not able to increase the capacity of the system because the boosting effect of subcooling is dimmed by the superheating, making the net capacity gain equal to zero. Some systems are able to move refrigerant and/or to remove heat using less energy because they do so on high pressure fluids that later cool or subcool lower pressure (which are more difficult to cool) fluids.
## Natural and artificial subcooling
The subcooling process can happen in many different ways; therefore, it is possible to distinguish between the different parts in which the process takes places. Normally, subcooling refers to the magnitude of the temperature drop which is easily measurable, but it is possible to speak of subcooling in terms of the total heat being removed. The most commonly known subcooling is the condenser subcooling, which is usually known as the total temperature drop that takes place inside the condenser, immediately after the fluid has totally condensed, until it leaves the condensing unit.
Condenser subcooling differs from total subcooling usually because after the condenser, throughout the piping, the refrigerant may naturally tend to cool even more, before it arrives to the expansion valve, but also because of artificial subcooling. The total subcooling is the complete temperature drop the refrigerant undergoes from its actual condensing temperature, to the concrete temperature it has when reaching the expansion valve: this is the effective subcooling.
Natural subcooling is the name normally given to the temperature drop produced inside the condenser (condenser subcooling), combined with the temperature drop happening through the pipeline alone, excluding any heat exchangers of any kind. When there is no mechanical subcooling (i.e. an internal heat exchanger), natural subcooling should equal total subcooling. On the other hand, mechanical subcooling is the temperature reduced by any artificial process that is deliberately placed to create subcooling. This concept refers mainly to devices such as internal heat exchangers, independent subcooling cascades, economisers or boosters.
## Economizer and energetic efficiency
Subcooling phenomena is intimately related to efficiency in refrigeration systems. This has led to a lot of research on the field. Most of the interest is placed in the fact that some systems work in better conditions than others due to better (higher) operating pressures, and the compressors that take part of a subcooling loop are usually more efficient than the compressors that are having their liquid subcooled.
Economizer capable screw compressors are being built, which require particular manufacturing finesse. These systems are capable of injecting refrigerant that comes from an internal heat exchanger instead of the main evaporator, in the last portion of the compressing screws. In the named heat exchanger, refrigerant liquid at high pressure is subcooled, resulting in mechanical subcooling. There is also a huge quantity of systems being built in booster display. This is similar to economizing, as the compressor's efficiency of one of the compressors (the one working on higher pressures) is known to be better than the other (the compressors working with lower pressures). Economizers and booster systems usually differ in the fact that the first ones are able to do the same subcooling using only one compressor able to economize, the latter systems must do the process with two separate compressors.
Besides boosting and economizing, it is possible to produce cascade subcooling systems, able to subcool the liquid with an analogous and separate system. This procedure is complex and costly as it involves the use of a complete system (with compressors and all of the gear) only for subcooling. Still, the idea has raised some investigation as there are some purported benefits. Furthermore, the United States Department of Energy issued a Federal Technology Alert mentioning refrigerant subcooling as a reliable way of improving the performance of systems and saving energy. Making this kind of system operationally independent from the main system and commercially possible is subject to study due to the mentioned claims. The separation of the subcooling unit from the main cycle (in terms of design) is not known to be an economically viable alternative. This kind of system usually requires the use of expensive electronic control systems to monitor the fluid thermodynamic conditions. Recently, a product capable of increasing the system's capacity by adding mechanical subcooling to any generic unspecific refrigeration system has been developed in Chile.
The subcooling principle behind all these applications is the fact that, in terms of heat transfer, all the subcooling is directly added to the cooling capacity of the refrigerant (as superheating would be directly deducted). As compressors that are subcooling work on this easier conditions, higher pressure makes their refrigerant cycles more efficient, and the heat withdrawn by this means, cheaper than the one withdrawn by the main system, in terms of energy.
## Transcritical carbon dioxide systems
In a common refrigeration system, the refrigerant undergoes phase changes from gas to liquid and from liquid back to gas. This enables to consider and discuss superheating and subcooling phenomena, mainly because gas must be cooled to become liquid and liquid must be heated back to become gas. As there are little possibilities of completing this for the totality of the flowing refrigerant without undercooling or overheating, in conventional vapor-compression refrigeration both processes are unavoidable and always appear.
On the other hand, transcritical systems make the refrigerant go through another state of matter during the cycle. Particularly, the refrigerant (usually carbon dioxide) does not go through a regular condensation process but instead passes through a gas cooler in a supercritical phase. To talk about condensation temperature and subcooling under these conditions is not entirely possible. There is a lot of actual research on this subject concerning multiple staged processes, ejectors, expanders and several other devices and upgrades. Gustav Lorentzen outlined some modifications to the cycle including two staged internal subcooling for these kind of systems. Due to the particular nature of these systems, the topic of subcooling must be treated accordingly, having in mind that the conditions of the fluid that leaves the gas cooler in supercritical systems, must be directly specified using temperature and pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcooling |
The ground source heat pump comprises the Refrigerant Loop of the Geothermal System to provide Heating and Cooling to your home. The geothermal heat pump can be designed to achieve 100% of the heating load requirement, even during the coldest days of the year in Central and Northern BC. The geothermal heat pump is the primary mechanism used in the heat energy exchange process used to transfer heat from the ground into your home.
A fluid is circulated in piping that is placed below the earth’s surface (the Ground Exchanger). As the fluid circulates through the piping, heat is transferred from the ground to the cooler circulating fluid. The warmed fluid flows through a heat exchanger within a ground source heat pump, where the heat is transferred to vaporize the refrigerant.
The vaporized refrigerant is heated further within the heat pump by compressing it. The hot refrigerant then flows through a second heat exchanger, within the ground source heat pump. Here, the heat is exchanged with either air or water, depending on the distribution system within your home. During the heat transfer to the distribution system, the refrigerant cools and condenses back into a liquid for the cycle to start all over again.
Air conditioning of your home works in a similar manner as heating with the following exception. A reversing valve, within the geothermal heat pump, redirects the refrigerant to enable heat to be drawn from your home and transfers it to the earth through the geothermal ground exchanger. The same heat pump can be used for heating and cooling; air conditioning is a benefit from a Geothermal System, even in a heating dominated climate such as Central and Northern BC.
Once the heat has been extracted from the Ground Exchanger and compressed (ie: increase in temperature) in the Refrigerant Loop (ie: geothermal heat pump), it is ready to heat your home. The heat (or cool air in air conditioning mode) can be moved through the house’s Distribution System. | https://www.earthfire-energy.ca/geothermal-refrigerant-loop/ |
The pulp industry is one of the most energy-intensive industrial sectors. A significant proportion of the energy used has been largely discarded as unused waste heat via exhaust air or wastewater. This heat can be used in an economically viable way to improve energy use and therefore reduce energy costs.
What to do with excess heat?
There are three options for the utilization of surplus thermal energy:
- Internal-process waste heat utilization: The waste heat is reintegrated into the same process (e.g. waste heat from the flue gas of a furnace is used to preheat the combustion air)
- In-house waste heat utilization: The waste heat is fed to an in-plant
consumer and reused in another process. It is also possible to use the waste heat to heat the plant buildings and heat water. Suppose waste heat is below the required energy level. It may be economical under certain conditions to use heat pumps to generate higher-temperature process heat from lower-temperature waste heat.
- External waste heat utilization: The waste heat is extracted and fed into
an external district heating or local heating network if there is no internal
plant utilization option. At present, external heat utilization is still rarely
implemented, but it will become increasingly important in the future.
Efficient utilization of waste heat through cascade utilization
Excess heat at higher temperatures is frequently used in industrial processes in a cascaded manner. The waste heat passes through several phases connected in series with a decreasing temperature level to utilize the waste heat as efficiently as possible.
Example: Cascade utilization in a pulp mill
The waste heat is initially used to generate high-pressure steam or supplied to consumers that require high temperatures. Furthermore, this, in turn, creates waste heat but at a lower temperature level. Such waste heat is available as additional waste heat potential, which can be used, for example, to heat products, as feed water, or as boiler water.
What remains is waste heat at low temperatures below 100 degrees celsius, for which there are often no internal consumers. Instead of disposing of this energy, the best option is to transfer it to a district or local heating network, which usually operates at specific temperatures of 70 to 100 degrees celsius.
How are waste heat sources evaluated?
The production process in the pulp and paper industry involves numerous sequential production steps that take place at specific pressure and temperature conditions. Consequently, excess heat energy is generated whenever lower temperatures are required in a process step than in the upstream process step. For efficient use of such waste heat, the potential of existing waste heat sources must be pinpointed and matched with existing waste heat reduction.
1. Identifying the potential of waste heat sources
The following parameters define the potential level of waste heat sources:
- The temperature level of the waste heat source (the higher the temperature, the higher the value of the heat., the lower the temperature, the harder it is to find a customer).
- Heat quantity or thermal power available in the waste heat medium (maximum and average power).
- Medium of waste heat (specific heat capacity and composition)
- Time availability (continuous or fluctuating, seasonal, number of full load hours per year).
Safety and material requirements of the waste heat medium (e.g. toxic or flammable substances, aggressive or corrosive components).
When assessing the potential for heat recovery in pulp mills two main prerequisites are important: firstly, sufficient residual heat must be available at the highest possible temperatures, and secondly, there must be consumers who can "utilize" the surplus heat.
In summary, the criteria for evaluating waste heat potential can be presented as follows:
2. Adjustment of waste heat source and waste heat reduction
The prerequisite for the economic implementation of heat recovery systems is the conformity of the waste heat source and the heat consumer. The most important criteria in this regard are:
- Temperatures of waste heat and heat requirements: Since energy only ever flows from the warmer to the colder medium, the temperature of the waste heat should be higher than the temperature of the medium to be heated, as a general rule, the higher the temperature difference between the heat source and the heat sink, the more compact the design of the heat exchanger.
- Heat quantity and heat output: Furthermore, the heat quantity or output of the heat source should be greater than the demand of the heat sink. Otherwise, an additional heat generator may have to cover the peak load.
- Time sequence of waste heat production and heat demand: The better the match and time sequence of the heat source and heat sink , the greater the utilization of the heat source. The availability of waste heat should therefore correspond as closely as possible to the demand profile of the waste heat sink. Heat storage systems can be used if there is a time lag between heat availability and heat consumption.
In-house waste heat utilization
Suppose waste heat is used internally in a process or plant. In that case, this is done either directly via a heat exchanger or indirectly by feeding it into a plant-internal steam network. If certain conditions are met, then heat pump technology is also an option.
1. Waste heat utilization via heat exchanger
The utilization of waste heat through heat exchangers is usually the simplest and most cost-effective option from a technical point of view. A heat exchanger is worth considering in almost all cases where unused heat energy is produced as a "waste product" in order to increase the efficiency of the overall plant.
Heat exchangers make waste heat usable for processes at a similar or lower temperature level. They transfer the thermal energy of a medium (gas or liquid) to a medium of lower temperature without the two media touching or mixing. For this purpose, the warmer medium transfers its energy to the colder medium via the heat exchanger surface, which largely determines the performance of the apparatus.
Heat exchanger design criteria
Choosing the appropriate heat transfer technology depends on a variety of factors:
- State of aggregation of the waste heat and process medium (liquid/liquid, gaseous/liquid, gaseous/gaseous)
- Phase transition (evaporation or condensation of one or both media)
- Pressure level and pressure difference between the media
- Contaminated media require designs that are less susceptible to contamination and easy to clean.
- Corrosive, aggressive or hazardous media may require specific materials or special designs.
2. Feeding into the plant's internal steam network
Large mills in the pulp industry supply a wide variety of consumers via complex steam networks. For example, suppose sufficient waste heat with a temperature of well over 150 degrees celsius is generated at one point in the process. In that case, installing a steam generator to feed the waste heat into the mill energy network is an obvious solution. Most plants already use internal cycle closure to reduce the use of primary steam. As a result, almost all waste heat with a temperature level of over 140 °C is reused internally.
3. Heat utilization using industrial heat pumps
Heat pumps represent an efficiency-enhancing technology that will gain significant importance in the coming years. Their application can significantly reduce the use of fossil energy sources to provide process heat by boosting process waste heat to usable temperature levels and thus enabling it to be fed back into the processes (e.g., as process steam).
Focus is on low temperature waste heat
Low-temperature streams that cannot be used directly in heat exchangers are particularly relevant for waste heat utilization by heat pumps. Potential areas for their use in the pulp and paper industry are mainly washing and drying processes and evaporation and distillation. Low-temperature waste heat can also be fed into a local or district heating network as an alternative.
Mechanical vapor recompression in the pulp industry
Mechanical vapor recompressors are primarily used in the pulp industry as they are considered superior to other types of heat pumps in terms of efficiency and economy. Vapor compressors are open heat pump systems that do not have a refrigerant circuit. Instead, the gaseous waste heat medium is drawn in by a compressor and raised directly to a higher temperature level by increasing the pressure. The field of application covers all thermal separation processes.
For chemical recovery in both the sulfite and sulfate processes, the technology is used to raise the process steam (vapor) generated during caustic evaporation to a higher temperature and thus higher energy level and then fed back into the process as working steam. The energy required to create live steam is considerably higher by comparison. Mechanical vapor recompression has proved particularly successful for projects which increases the existing plants' performance and pre-evaporation.
External use: From waste heat to local and district heating
If no suitable users are found within the pulp mill, waste heat can be sold to third parties via low-temperature heat networks rather than being destroyed. Another option is to take over peak loads in district heating networks, mainly where plant operators handle their own energy supply.
Decoupling to heat networks offers high flexibility
Local and district heating networks have the advantage of using a large number of different heat sources flexibly, which can be both centralized and decentralized. In addition, the heat network takes in different energy sources at different levels and points, regardless of summer or winter.
So whatever waste heat is generated and is economically viable in the pulp mill can be extracted and profitably fed into the heating network. As a result, the company saves cooling water costs, generates income from the sale of heat energy, and also makes an essential contribution to reducing CO2 emissions, as the heat fed in would otherwise have to be generated elsewhere.
Complexity requires comprehensive potential analysis
The majority of pulp mills in Europe have grown historically and expanded over time. Consequently, each mill is unique with its specifics, operating points, and feeds. In addition, energy use is very complex, and specific energy consumption varies widely among pulp mills. Therefore, each plant must be analyzed comprehensively to evaluate the waste heat potential. Then, once it has been cleared which energy surpluses need to be extracted on the process side, the heat exchangers can be optimized according to the boundary parameters.
Large heat pumps as a promising technology for the future
Pulp processes frequently generate waste heat below the 50 to 70 degree celsius temperature spectrum and are therefore not suitable for low-temperature district heating networks. In the coming years, large heat pumps will become increasingly common for utilizing such energy sources.
Large heat pumps are a cost-effective way of integrating previously unused waste heat into internal processes as well as local and district heating networks. They extract thermal energy from waste heat sources at a comparatively low-temperature level and make it available to the local or community heating network at a higher temperature level.
Open systems similar to vapor recompression or closed systems with an auxiliary medium are used. However, even waste heat below 50 degrees celsius still offers a considerable temperature level and can be raised to a low-pressure steam level with heat pumps based on a multistage compressor system at a reasonable cost.
Heat pumps are technologically advanced and operate reliably, efficiently, and economically. Today, the most significant challenge no longer lies in the heat pump technology but in the optimal design and integration of the heat pump into the overall system.
Maximum efficiency with compression heat pumps
Electrically driven compression heat pumps are crucial in local and district heat extraction as efficient heat transformers. In contrast to vapor compressors with an open circuit, compression heat pumps have a closed system that operates according to the cold vapor principle and is driven by a mechanical compressor:
- The heat exchanger (evaporator): By adding waste heat, the auxiliary medium (refrigerant) is evaporated due to the low boiling temperature.
- Compressor: The refrigerant in the compressor is brought to a condensing
pressure and temperature.
- Condenser/liquefier: The auxiliary medium releases the heat via a heat
exchanger and condenses in the condenser.
- Expansion valve: The condensate is decompressed, causing the auxiliary medium to liquefy completely again and the temperature to drop below the level of the waste heat. This allows heat transfer from the waste heat to the refrigerant.
Conclusion: Industrial waste heat utilization in the pulp industry
In addition to measures taken to reduce energy consumption, waste heat utilization is one of the company's most profitable ways of minimizing energy consumption through the appropriate plant technology. In particular, vapor recompression and large-scale heat pumps are becoming increasingly important and, together with energy extraction in local and district heating networks, will be increasingly used in the coming years.
In the pulp industry, GIG Karasek has a high level of expertise in analyzing and evaluating waste heat flows and their potential utilization. In addition, we have many years of experience in integrating heat recovery systems in pulp mills and manufacturing the necessary equipment. | https://www.gigkarasek.com/en/blog/industrial-waste-heat-utilization |
Refrigerators work by causing the refrigerant circulating inside them to change from a liquid into a gas. This process, called evaporation, cools the surrounding area and produces the desired effect. You can test this process for yourself by taking some alcohol and putting a drop or two on your skin.
What is the formula of refrigerator?
For a refrigerator the coefficient of performance is COP = Qlow/(-W). Details of the calculation: (a) COP = Qlow/(-W). (-W) = Qlow/COP = 120/5 J = 24 J.
How do you calculate work done by a refrigerator?
What is refrigerator in thermodynamics?
A refrigerator is a device which is designed to remove heat from a space that is at lower temperature than its surroundings. The same device can be used to heat a volume that is at higher temperature than the surroundings. In this case the device is called a Heat Pump.
How a refrigerator works step by step?
To put it simply there are 3 steps by which a refrigerator or a fridge works: Cool refrigerant is passed around food items kept inside the fridge. Refrigerant absorbs heat from the food items. Refrigerant transfers the absorbed heat to the relatively cooler surroundings outside.
What is the basic principle of refrigeration?
The absorption of the amount of heat necessary for the change of state from a liquid to a vapor by evaporation, and the release of that amount of heat necessary for the change of state from a vapor back to the liquid by condensation are the main principles of the refrigeration process, or cycle.
How do you calculate refrigerator energy?
To summarise the above calculation, we have: Fridge Wattage x Hours Per Day = Watt-hours per day. Watt-hours / 1000 = kWh per day.
What is COP in refrigeration formula?
For a refrigerator the coefficient of performance is COP = Qlow/(-W). Details of the calculation: (a) COP = Qlow/(-W).
Is COP of refrigerator always greater than 1?
Generally, T1 and T2 difference is less than T2 so efficiency is always greater than 1. Hence the correct answer is option (A). Thus, we can say that the COP of the refrigerator and air-conditioner can be less than one or greater than one.
What is the formula of efficiency of refrigerator?
The coefficient of performance of the fridge is the refrigerating effect per cycle, Q1, divided by the net work done on the fridge per cycle, and, for a Carnot cycle it can be calculated from T1/(T2 − T1).
What energy runs a refrigerator?
Refrigerators use electricity, which is then turned into kinetic energy by fans. Refrigerators are machines that work on the principle of removing heat from a cooler environment and transferring it to a warmer environment.
What is the output energy of a fridge?
The average home refrigerator uses 350-780 watts. Refrigerator power usage depends on different factors, such as what kind of fridge you own, its size and age, the kitchen’s ambient temperature, the type of refrigerator, and where you place it.
What is entropy in refrigeration?
Entropy is the work performed during the phase change. It is the quickening and separation of the molecules as they adopt a gaseous form. The opposite is true for the condenser.
How is heat transferred in a refrigerator?
In the evaporator, heat transfers from the process recirculating fluid (higher temperature) into the refrigerant (lower temperature). The condenser transfers this heat from the refrigerant (higher temperature) to the cooling source (air or water) at a lower temperature.
Why refrigerator is a closed system?
Kitchen refrigerator: Closed system. No mass flow. Electricity is supplied to compressor motor and heat is lost to atmosphere.
Which law is used in refrigerator?
The second law of thermodynamics claims that it is impossible for heat to spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot body, but it can move in that way if some form of work is done. This is how the refrigeration process works, and an example can be seen in Figure 1.
Which gas is used in refrigerator?
Modern refrigerators usually use a refrigerant called HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane), which does not deplete the ozone layer, unlike Freon. R-134a is becoming much rarer in Europe. Newer refrigerants are being used instead.
What are the 5 parts of refrigerator?
The main working parts of a refrigerator include a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, an expansion valve, and a refrigerant.
What are the 3 types of refrigeration?
- Evaporative Cooling. Evaporative cooling units are also referred to as swamp coolers.
- Mechanical-Compression Refrigeration Systems. Mechanical compression is used in commercial and industrial refrigeration, as well as air conditioning.
- Absorption.
- Thermoelectric.
How does refrigerant get cold?
When the Freon gas is compressed, its pressure rises, making it very hot. Next, the hot Freon gas moves through a series of coils, which has the effect of lowering its heat and converting it to liquid. The Freon liquid then flows through an expansion valve, which causes it to cool down until it evaporates.
What is refrigeration temperature?
Use an appliance thermometer to be sure the temperature is consistently 40° F or below and the freezer temperature is 0° F or below. Refrigerate or freeze meat, poultry, eggs, seafood, and other perishables within 2 hours of cooking or purchasing. Refrigerate within 1 hour if the temperature outside is above 90° F.
How much current does a refrigerator draw?
Amperage for most household refrigerators, is anywhere from 3 to 5 if the voltage is 120. A 15 to 20 amp dedicated circuit is required because the in-rush amperage is much higher. The average amperage is lower because the compressor isn’t running all the time, this is often measured in kilowatt hours KWH.
How many watts is a fridge compressor?
Running wattage for most household refrigerators, is usually between 350 to 750 if the voltage is 120. However, the average wattage will usually only be between 100 to 300 watts, because the compressor only runs about 30% of the time.
How many watts does a fridge use per day?
Conventional refrigerators typically have a starting wattage of 800-1200 watt-hours/day, and a running wattage of around 150-watt hours/day. Refrigerators are reactive devices that require additional power to start because they contain an electric motor, but significantly fewer watts to run as they remain on.
What is the 1 ton of refrigeration?
It was originally defined as the rate of heat transfer that results in the freezing or melting of 1 short ton (2,000 lb; 907 kg) of pure ice at 0 °C (32 °F) in 24 hours. | https://physics-network.org/what-is-the-physics-behind-a-refrigerator/ |
Thermodynamic constraints on temperature distribution in a stationary system with heat engine or refrigerator
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- Citation:
- Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2006, 39 (19), pp. 4269 - 4277
- Issue Date:
- 2006-10-07
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In this paper we consider a stationary thermodynamic system that includes a transformer of mechanical energy into heat energy or heat into mechanical energy. We derive conditions that determine temperature distribution (temperature field) inside such a system permitted by thermodynamics. We obtain conditions that divide feasible temperature fields into two classes - one where mechanical energy has to be spent and another where it is extracted. Closed-form expressions for the minimal supplied/maximal extracted power are derived. It is shown that for a linear heat transfer law and heat engine operating at maximal power the ratio of engine working body's temperatures during contact with reservoirs is equal to the square root of the ratio of reservoirs' temperatures irrespective of the system's structure and whether the engine is internally irreversible or not. Therefore, an engine's efficiency at maximal power does not depend on its internal structure. The problem of maintaining given temperatures in a subset of inter-connected chambers is considered. The conditions that determine optimal temperatures in the chambers where temperatures are not fixed which minimize energy are derived. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: | https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/10453/455 |
An investigation was conducted to determine the response of landfills to the operation of a vertical ground source heat pump (i.e., heat extraction system, HES). Elevated landfill temperatures, reported various researchers, impact the engineering performance of landfill systems. A numerical model was developed to analyze the influence of vertical HES operation on landfills as a function of climate and operational conditions.
A 1-D model of the vertical profile of a landfill was developed to approximate fluid temperatures in the HES. A 2-D model was then analyzed over a 40 year time period using the approximate fluid temperatures to determine the heat flux applied by the HES and resulting landfill temperatures. Vertical HES configurations simulations consisted of 15 simulations varying 5 fluid velocities and 3 pipe sizes. Operational simulations consisted of 26 parametric evaluations of waste placement, waste height, waste filling rate, vertical landfill expansions, HES placement time, climate, and waste heating.
Vertical HES operation in a landfill environment was determined to have 3 phases: heat extraction phase, transitional phase, and ground source heat pump phase. During the heat extraction phase, the heat extraction rate ranged from 0 to 2550, 310 to 3080, and 0 to 530 W for the first year, peak year, and last year of HES operation, respectively. The maximum total heat energy extracted during the heat extraction phase ranged from 163,000 to 1,400,000 MJ. The maximum difference in baseline landfill temperatures and temperatures 0 m away from the HES ranged from 5.2 to 43.2°C. Climate was determined to be the most significant factor impacting the vertical HES.
Trends pertaining to performance of numerous variables (fluid velocity, pipe size, waste placement, waste height, waste filling rate, vertical landfill expansions, HES placement time, climate, and waste heating) were determined during this investigation. Increasing fluid velocity until turbulent flow was reached increased the heat extraction rate by the system. Once turbulent flow was reached, the increase in heat extraction rate with increasing fluid velocity was negligible. An increase in the heat extraction rate was caused by increasing pipe diameter. Wastes placed in warmer months caused an increase in the total heat energy extracted. Increasing waste height caused an increase in the peak heat extraction rate by 43 W/m waste height. Optimum heat extraction per 1 m of HES occurred for a 30 m waste height. Increasing the waste filling rate increased the total heat energy extracted. Heat extraction rates decreased as time between vertical landfill expansions increase. Total heat energy extracted over a 35 year period decreased by approximately 21,500 MJ/year for every year after the final cover was placed until HES operation began. For seasonal HES operation, the total heat energy obtained each year differs and the fourth year of operation yielded the most energy. Wet Climates with higher heat generating capacities yielded increased heat extraction rates. Maximum temperature differences in the landfill due to the HES increased by 16.6°C for every 1 W/m3 increase in peak heat generation rate. When a vertical HES was used for waste heating, up to a 13.7% increase in methane production was predicted.
Engineering considerations (spacing, financial impact, and effect on gas production) for implementing a vertical HES in a landfill were investigated. Spacing requirements between the wells were dependent on maximum temperature differences in the landfill. Spacing requirements of 12, 12, 16, and 22 m are recommended for waste heating, winter-only HES operation, maximum temperature differences in the landfill less than 17°C, and maximum temperature differences in the landfill greater than 17°C, respectively. A financial analysis was conducted on the cost of implementing a single vertical HES well. The energy extracted per cost ranged from 0.227 to 0.150 $/MJ for a 50.8 mm pipe with a 1.0 m/s fluid velocity and a 50.8 mm pipe with a 0.3 m/s fluid velocity, respectively. A vertical HES could potentially increase revenue from a typical landfill gas energy project by $577,000 per year. | https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1223/ |
An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. The principle can also be used to. Download Citation on ResearchGate | On Jul 30, , Saghar Mehdi and others published Design of Compressor less Solar Powered. design and fabricate a compressor less refrigerator system flywheel. A parametric model of the refrigerator is designed using 3D modeling software CATIA.
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Thermodynamics The classical Carnot heat engine. History General Heat Entropy Gas laws. An absorption refrigerator changes the gas back into a cokpressorless using a method that needs only heat, and has no moving parts other than the refrigerant itself.
Absorption refrigerator
Thermodynamic cycles Heat pumps Cooling technology Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning Gas technologies. The company marketed refrigerators for recreational vehicles RVs under the Dometic brand. Humidity is removed from the cooled air with another spray of salt solution, providing the outlet of cool, dry air. Ammonia evaporates, taking a small amount of heat from the liquid and lowering the liquid’s temperature. The less humid, warm air is then passed through an evaporative coolerconsisting of a spray of fresh water, which cools and re-humidifies the air.
Equations Carnot’s theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law Maxwell relations Onsager reciprocal relations Bridgman’s equations Table of thermodynamic equations. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. The system is pressurized to the pressure where the boiling point of ammonia is higher than the temperature of the condenser coil the coil which transfers heat to the air outside the refrigerator, by being hotter than the outside air.
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. The pure ammonia gas then enters the condenser. Archived from the original PDF on The now-vaporized refrigerant then goes back into the compressor to repeat the cycle.
The refriterator cycle starts with liquid ammonia at room temperature entering the evaporator. Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency.
Retrieved from ” https: Classical Statistical Chemical Quantum thermodynamics. At the TED ConferenceAdam Grosser presented his research of a new, very small, “intermittent absorption” vaccine refrigeration unit for use in third world countries.
The condensed liquid ammonia flows down to be mixed with the hydrogen gas released from the absorption step, repeating the cycle.
The presence of hydrogen lowers the partial pressure of the ammonia gas, thus lowering the evaporation rate cmopressorless the liquid below the temperature of the refrigerator’s interior.
Archived copy as title.
A single-pressure absorption refrigerator takes advantage of the fact that a liquid’s evaporation rate depends upon the partial pressure of the vapor above the liquid and goes down with lower partial pressure. The classical Carnot heat engine. Conjugate variables in italics. In comparison, a compressor refrigerator uses a compressor, usually powered by either an electric or internal combustion motor, to increase erfrigerator pressure on the gaseous refrigerant.
Absorption refrigerators are a popular alternative to regular compressor refrigerators where electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is available e.
The orifice or throttle valve creates a pressure drop between the high pressure condenser section and the low pressure evaporator section. Carnot’s theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law. Material properties Property databases Specific heat capacity.
Free energy Free entropy. Architectural acoustics Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Building information modeling BIM Deep energy retrofit Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing Mold growth, assessment, and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing, adjusting, balancing.
Absorption refrigerator – Wikipedia
The resulting hot, high-pressure gas is condensed to a liquid form by cooling in a heat exchanger “condenser” that is exposed to the external environment usually air in the room.
In this heat exchangerthe hot ammonia gas transfers its heat to the outside air, which is below the boiling point of the full-pressure ammonia, and therefore condenses.
The intake of warm, moist air is passed through a refrigerafor solution of salt water. In the early years of the twentieth century, the vapor absorption cycle using water-ammonia systems was popular and widely used, but after the development of the vapor compression cycle it lost much of its importance because of its low coefficient of performance about one fifth of that of the vapor compression cycle. | https://karturaja.xyz/compressorless-refrigerator-27/ |
A clear understanding of the device and the processes occurring inside the refrigeration unit helps to extend the life of the equipment. It’s easy to understand how the refrigerator works. It consists of the formation of a cold environment by absorbing heat in the internal part of the object and its subsequent removal outside the device.
You will learn all about how refrigerators with different operating principles work from this article. We will talk about the features of the device and related operating rules. Our tips will help protect your unit from premature breakdowns and save you the trouble of repairing them.
Depending on the intended purpose and scope, there are several main types of devices: absorption, vortex, thermoelectric and compressor.
The compressor type is the most common, so we will consider it in more detail in the next section. Now let’s outline the main differences between all 4 types.
The operation of absorption technology
Two substances circulate in the system of absorption type refrigerators – refrigerant and absorbent. The functions of the refrigerant are usually performed by ammonia, less often acetylene, methanol, freon, lithium bromide solution.
The absorbent is a liquid that has sufficient absorption capacity. It can be sulfuric acid, water, etc.
Elements of the system are connected by tubes, with the help of which a single closed cycle / loop is formed. The cooling of the chambers happens due to thermal energy.
The process is as follows:
- a refrigerant dissolved in a liquid penetrates the evaporator;
- ammonia vapors boiling at 33 degrees C are released from the concentrated solution, cooling the object;
- the substance passes into the absorber, where it is again absorbed by the absorbent;
- the pump pumps the solution into a generator heated by a special heat source;
- the substance boils and the ammonia vapors released go into the condenser;
- the refrigerant cools and transforms into a liquid;
- the working fluid passes through the control valve, is compressed and sent to the evaporator.
As a result, the ammonia circulating in a closed circuit takes heat from the cooled chamber and enters the evaporator, and gives it out into the environment, being in the capacitor. This process runs non-stop.
Since the unit cannot be turned off, it has an increased energy consumption. If such equipment fails, you will most likely fail repairing it.
In the design of devices there are no bulky moving and rubbing elements, so they have a low noise level. The devices are relevant for buildings where electrical network is subjected to constant peak loads, and places where there is no constant power supply.
The absorption principle is implemented in industrial refrigeration units, small refrigerators for cars and office premises. Sometimes it is found in individual household models that operate on natural gas.
The principle of operation of thermoelectric models
The temperature reduction in the chamber of the thermoelectric refrigerator is achieved using a special system that pumps heat. It implies the absorption of heat in the area of the connection of two different conductors at the time of passage of electric current through it.
The design of refrigerators consists of thermoelectric elements in the form of a cube made of metal. They are combined by one electrical circuit. Along with the movement of current from one element to another, heat moves as well.
The aluminum plate absorbs it from the inner compartment, and then transfers it to the cubic working parts, which, in turn, perform a redirection to the stabilizer. There it is lead out of the chamber, thanks to the fan. Portable mini-refrigerators and bags with a cooling effect work according to this principle, too.
This equipment is used for camping, passenger cars, yachts and motor boats, is often placed in cottages and in other places where it is possible to provide the device with power supply with a voltage of 12 V.
Thermoelectric units are provided with a special emergency mechanism which turns them off in case of overheating of working parts or a failure of the ventilation system.
The advantages of this method of operation include high reliability and a fairly low noise level during the operation of a device. Among the disadvantages are the high cost and sensitivity to external temperatures.
Features of vortex systems
In devices of this category there is a compressor. It compresses the air, which further expands in the installed units of the vortex coolers. The object cools due to a sharp expansion of compressed air.
The vortex cooler method did not succeed in being widely used, and was limited only to test samples. This is explained by high air consumption, very noisy operation and relatively low cooling capacity. Sometimes such devices are used in industrial enterprises.
Compressor units overview
Compressor refrigerators are the most common type of household equipment. They are in almost every home – they do not consume too much energy resources and are safe to operate. The most successful models of reliable manufacturers have been serving their owners for more than 10 years. Consider their structure and the principles by which they work.
Features of the internal device
A classic household refrigerator is a vertically oriented cabinet equipped with one or two doors. Its body is made of rigid sheet steel or durable plastic that facilitates the weight of the supporting structure.
For high-quality sealing of the product, paste with a high content of vinyl chloride is used. The surface is primed and covered with high-quality enamel using spray guns. In the production of internal metal compartments, the so-called stamping method is used, plastic cabinets are made according to the vacuum molding method.
Between the inner and outer wall of the unit, a thermal insulation layer is necessarily laid, which protects the chamber from heat trying to penetrate in there from the environment, and prevents the loss of cold formed inside. Mineral or glass felt, polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam are well suited for these purposes.
The interior space is traditionally divided into two functional areas: refrigeration and freezing chambers.
According to the layout, they distinguish:
- one- / single-;
- two-;
- multi-chamber devices.
Side-by-Side units, including two, three or four cameras, are a separate option.
Single chamber units are equipped with one door. In the upper part of the equipment there is a freezer compartment with its own door with a folding or opening mechanism, and in the lower part there is a refrigeration section with shelves adjustable in height.
Lighting equipment with an LED or an ordinary incandescent lamp is installed in the chambers in order to see what there is in the refrigerator.
In two-chamber units, the internal cabinets are isolated and separated by their own doors. The location of compartments can be European and Asian. The first option involves the lower layout of the freezer, the second – the upper.
Constituent structural elements
Compressor-type refrigeration units do not produce cold. They cool the object by absorbing internal heat and redirecting it outside.
The procedure for the formation of cold happens with the help of:
- cooling agent;
- capacitor;
- evaporative radiator;
- compressor unit;
- thermostatic valve.
The refrigerant used to fill the refrigerator system is called freon – a mixture of gases with a high level of fluidity and fairly low boiling / evaporation temperatures.
A compressor is the central part of the design of any refrigerator. This is an inverter or linear unit that provokes forced circulation of gas in the system by pumping pressure. Simply put, a refrigerator compressor compresses the freon vapor and makes them move in the right direction.
The equipment can have one or two compressors. Vibrations arising during operation are absorbed by the external or internal suspension. In models with a pair of compressors, a separate device is responsible for each chamber.
There are two subtypes of compressor classification:
- Dynamic. Forces the refrigerant to move due to the force of movement of the blades of a centrifugal or axial fan. It has a simple structure, but is rarely used due to low efficiency and rapid wear.
- Volume. It compresses the working fluid using a special mechanical device that is started by an electric motor. It happens piston and rotary. Such compressors are installed in most refrigerators.
The piston unit is presented in the form of an electric motor with a vertical shaft enclosed in a one-piece metal casing. When the start relay connects power, it activates the crankshaft, and the piston mounted on it starts to move.
A system of opening and closing valves is connected. As a result, freon vapors are pulled from the evaporator and pumped into the condenser.
In rotor mechanisms, the necessary pressure is maintained by two rotors moving towards each other. Freon enters the upper pocket located at the beginning of the shafts, is compressed and exits through the lower hole of a small diameter. To reduce friction, oil is added into the space between the shafts.
Capacitors are made in the form of a grid-coil, which is fixed to the rear or side wall of the refrigerator.
They have a different design, but they are always responsible for one thing: cooling hot gas vapors to preset temperatures by condensing the substance and dissipating heat in the room.
Thermostatic valve is needed in order to maintain the pressure of the working fluid at a certain level. Large units are interconnected by a system of tubes forming a tight closed ring.
The optimum temperature for long-term storage of food in compressor devices is created during work cycles that are carried out one after another.
They proceed as follows:
- when the device is connected to the mains, a compressor starts compressing the freon pairs, simultaneously increasing their pressure and temperature;
- under the force of excess pressure, a hot working fluid in a gas state of aggregation enters the capacitor;
- moving along a long metal tube, steam releases the accumulated heat into the environment, cools down to room temperature and turns into a liquid;
- a liquid fluid passes through a filter drier that absorbs excess moisture;
- the refrigerant penetrates through a narrow capillary tube, at the outlet of which its pressure decreases;
- the substance cools and is converted into gas;
- chilled steam gets to the evaporator and, passing through its channels, takes heat from the internal compartments of the refrigeration unit;
- freon temperature rises, and it goes to the compressor again.
In other words, the process looks like this: the compressor distills the refrigerant in a never-ending circle. Freon, in turn, changes the state of aggregation due to special devices, collects heat inside and transfers it outside.
After cooling to the desired parameters, the temperature controller stops the motor, breaking the electrical circuit.
When the temperature in the chambers begins to rise, the contacts close again, and the compressor motor is activated by a protective start-up relay. That is why, during the operation of the refrigerator, the hum of the motor constantly appears and then disappears again.
Recommendations for proper use and care
There is nothing complicated in the operation of the equipment: it operates automatically around the clock. The only thing that needs to be done the first time you turn it on and when you periodically adjust it during operation is to establish the optimum temperature regime.
The desired temperature is set by the thermostat. In an electromechanical system, values are set by eye or in accordance with the recommendations specified in the manufacturer’s instructions. In this case, the type and quantity of products stored in the refrigerator should be taken into account.
The regulator knob, as a rule, is a round mechanism with several divisions, or, in more modern and more expensive models, control can be carried out using the touch panel.
To maximize the life of a home refrigerator, you should not only understand its principle of operation, but also take care of it. Lack of proper service and improper operation can lead to rapid wear of important parts and malfunctioning.
You can avoid undesirable consequences by adhering to a number of rules:
- Regularly clean the condenser from dirt, dust and cobwebs in models with an open metal grill on the rear wall. To do this, use an ordinary slightly moistened rag or vacuum cleaner with a small nozzle.
- Correctly install the refrigerator. Ensure that the distance between the condenser and the wall of the room is not less than 10 cm / 4 inches. This measure will help ensure unhindered circulation of air masses.
- Defrost it in a timely manner, preventing the formation of an excessive layer of snow and ice on the walls of the chambers. On the other hand, it is forbidden to use knives and other sharp objects to eliminate ice crusts that can easily damage and disable the evaporator.
- It should also be borne in mind that the refrigerator should not be placed next to heating appliances and in places where it will constantly and for a long time be in direct contact with sunlight. Excessive influence of external heat adversely affects the operation of the main components and the overall performance of the device.
If you plan to transport it from place to place, it is best to transport the equipment in a high truck or van, fixing it in a vertical position only.
That way you can prevent breakdowns, oil leakage from the compressor entering directly into the circulation circuit of the cooling agent.
While refrigeration equipment is working properly, consumers are rarely interested in its way of work and in how to take care of it. However, this knowledge should not be neglected. It is a very valuable information because it allows you to quickly determine the cause of the breakdown and find the problem cause, preventing serious malfunctions. | https://thelovelyfeathers.com/how-the-refrigerator-works-principle-of-operation-of-the-main-types-of-refrigerators/ |
Everything You Need To Know About The Working Principle Of Refrigerator
This article contains details about the history, working principle of refrigerator, and its components. Read on to know more.
Machines have made our life easier and comfortable. Whether outside or inside, machines have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. Needless to say, science has made it possible for us. With its ever-developing technology, science has changed and shaped our ways of living. Refrigeration is one revolutionary invention that has changed the way we live.
For all of us, it has made it possible to preserve for days. Indeed, it is one such machine which is very useful. They are used in the household as well as in industry and commerce. But do you know how a refrigerator works? What is the best refrigerator? Let us see the working principle of the refrigerator and refrigerator working process.
What is a Refrigerator?
As per the dictionary, a refrigerator
- It is kitchen equipment used by us to preserve our food at a cold temperature.
- It uses electricity to run.
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What is the function of the refrigerator?
Before we talk about the Working Principle of the Refrigerator, we will discuss the function of a refrigerator.
- The fundamental reason behind keeping a fridge is that it keeps your food cool.
- The cold temperature helps to keep the food fresh for a long time.
- Refrigeration slows down the activity of bacteria present in the food so that the bacteria take time to spoil the food.
For example, if we leave milk outside the fridge at room temperature for 2-3 hours, it gets spoiled. Keeping it in the fridge will reduce the temperature of the milk, and it stays fresh for more than a week. So, the refrigerator working principle is: the cold temperature of the milk decreases the bacteria’s activity.
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How Much Electricity Does A Fridge Use: Let’s Find it out?
History
Before we learn about the Working Principle Of The Refrigerator, let us know about its history. Previously, when machines and science didn’t take over our lives, people used the natural way to do things. They used to bring down the temperature naturally. In winter, people harvested ice from rivers and lakes. They kept it in the ice houses until it was required in summer. These ice houses were used for most of the year for cold storage. Later in the early 17th century, the word “refrigeratory” was used.
In 1755, Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine, which slowly changed the world.
So,
What was the refrigerator mechanism?
-
- He used an ancient method of refrigeration known as cooling by evaporation.
- He created a partial vacuum in a container containing diethyl ether by using a pump.
- Diethylz ether started to boil and required energy to evaporate.
- Gradually, it started absorbing heat from the surrounding air by lowering the temperature of the air.
- Thus, a meager amount of ice was produced, and this gave birth to artificial refrigeration.
Sadly, it had no practical application at that time. It couldn’t be used for cooling, but it was a stepping stone towards the artificial working of a refrigerator.
Later on, scientists, engineers, and physicists worldwide kept on experimenting and developing the system. They were-
- American inventor Oliver Evans, in 1805, produced ice by ether under vacuum.
- In 1820, Michael Faraday, a British scientist, used high and low pressures to liquify ammonia and other gases.
- Jacob Perkins, in 1834, designed the first working vapor-compression refrigeration working. It could operate continuously due to its closed-cycle feature.
- John Gorrie, an American physician in 1842, tried to build a prototype, but it was a big commercial failure.
- James Harrison was the first person to build the first practical vapor compression refrigerator. He also introduced a commercial vapor compression fridge to commercial places like breweries and meatpacking houses. By 1861, many of his systems entered into commercialization and started to operate.
- Ferdinand Carre in 1859 developed the first gas absorption system using (aqua ammonia) gaseous ammonia dissolved in water and gave the patent in 1860.
- In 1876, an engineering professor Carl von Linde improved the method of liquefying gases. He used gases, such as ammonia, sulphur dioxide, and methyl chloride as refrigerants. These gases were widely used until the 1920s.
How does a refrigerator work?
There are three steps to how the fridge works-
- When food items are kept in the fridge, the cool refrigerant is passed.
- The heat from the food items is absorbed by the refrigerant.
- The heat absorbed by the refrigerant gets transferred to the relatively cooler surroundings outside.
What is the working principle of the refrigerator?
The working principle of refrigerator is a simple one-
- It removes heat from one region and deposits to another region.
- If one passes a low-temperature liquid close to a liquid substance that one wants to cool, heat from those objects gets transferred to the liquid. In that process, it evaporates and takes away the heat.
If you compress the gas, it warms up and cools down when it is expanded. The same principle is applicable when a bicycle pump feels warm when one uses a pump to pump air inside it, whereas it feels cold when one sprays perfume. This principle of Physics, along with the help of a few components, helps the fridge keep the food cool.
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What is the working of refrigeration system?
- The refrigerant circulates inside the fridge by changing the state of liquid to gas. This process is called evaporation. It cools the surrounding area and produces the desired effect. You can understand this by doing a simple experiment. Put a few drops of alcohol on your skin. You will feel a chilling sensation as it evaporates. This is the basic principle that gives proper food storage.
- To keep the fridge working, the refrigerant’s pressure is reduced through an outlet called a capillary tube. The pressure needs to be reduced to start the evaporation and change the refrigerant from liquid to gas. Example-The same thing happens with your body/hair spray. The contents inside the bottle are the pressure or liquid. The outlet is the capillary tube, and the open space is the evaporator. It turns from liquid state to gas when we release the liquid/pressure into the lower pressure open space.
- The gas refrigerant needs to be back to the liquid state. For that, the compressor compresses the gas to a higher pressure and temperature. A similar effect is felt with the bike pump. You can understand that the heat increases while you pump and compress the air.
- The gas gets heated up and is under high pressure. This needs to be cooled down in the condenser. This is present on the back of the refrigerator so that the air can cool the contents.
- The condenser cools off the gas inside and thus changes back into the liquid.
- This changed liquid refrigerant goes back to the refrigerator evaporator, and then the same cycle starts over once again. This keeps the refrigerator working.
This is the mechanism of refrigerator. The process seems to be complicated, but it’s based on principles of science, making it possible.
What is the principle of refrigeration?
As now we know about the Working Principle Of Refrigerator, let us talk about the refrigerator principle. It uses the principles of
- Pressure
- Condensation
- Evaporation of a fluid in a closed circuit to remove heat and reduce the temperature inside it.
What are the refrigerator components and their working?
So, we already know how refrigerator works and its fridge working principle. The fridge maintains a low temperature to reduce the growth of harmful bacteria. The working of refrigerator is that it transfers the inside heat to the outer environment. When you touch the backside of the fridge or near the metal pipes, you feel warm.
There are 5 components in a fridge.
These are
- Compressor
- Condenser
- Evaporator
- Capillary tube
- Thermostat
- Capacity control system
- Receiver
1. Compressor
- It is the heart of the fridge.
- The compressor circulates the refrigerant throughout the system.
- It makes the refrigerator hot by putting pressure on the warm part of the circuit.
- It consists of a motor that sucks in the refrigerant from the evaporator and compresses to make a hot and high-pressure gas.
- It can compress and convert low-temperature to high-temperatures.
- It causes an increase in pressure, and heat can be easily released.
2. Condenser
It sits in the back of the fridge.
- It extracts heat from the refrigerant.
- It cools down the refrigerant and changes the matter. That means it changes gas back into liquid. This is the refrigerator cooling system.
- Fans above the condenser unit draw air over the condenser coils. These fans are placed above the condenser.
- -12 degree to -1degree C should be the range of temperature of condensation.
- The vapor cools down to become liquid refrigerant.
3. Evaporator
- The evaporator in the refrigerator is located inside a fridge and makes the items in the refrigerator cold.
- It removes the unwanted heat from the food items through liquid refrigerant.
- The pressure of the liquid refrigerant must be low.
- Two factors determine the low pressure- first, heat gets absorbed from the product to the liquid refrigerant and the second one is the removal of air pressure by the compressor.
- Through evaporation, the refrigerant turns liquid into a gas and cools down the area. Hence, it produces the appropriate environment for storing and preserving food.
4. Capillary tube
- It is an expansion device and a thin piece of tubing.
- Through the capillary tube, the liquid refrigerant is routed and sprayed into the low-pressure environment of the evaporator.
5. Thermostat
- It controls the cooling process in the fridge by monitoring the temperature and switching the compressor on and off.
- When it’s cold enough inside the fridge, the sensor can sense that and turn off the compressor.
- When it senses too much heat, it switches the compressor on, and the cooling process begins again.
6. Capacity control system
- It regulates the power and energy consumption
- It manages dehumidification and decreases the compressor cycling.
- It has an on/off option, which is the simplest form of capacity control.
7. Receiver
- The receiver acts as a vapor seal.
- These are made for both horizontal and vertical installation.
Working principle of refrigerator with diagram
The following diagram shows a visual representation of how does a refrigerator works. The diagram shows the components that make a fridge and how they fit into the cabinet. The arrows are given to make the visual clear.
The working of domestic refrigerator
- The compressor and the electric motor are placed in a single enclosed container.
- The compressor used in the fridge is a reciprocating type.
- There are no moving parts in a domestic fridge except the compressor. That’s why this type of fridge lasts long.
- The capacity of the fridge is defined as liter. The liter is the volume of storage space.
Conclusion
Nature has its own way of guiding us. A simple natural phenomenon led to the working principle of refrigerator. It is interesting to see how William Cullen’s invention and curiosity led to the fridge’s working principle. And later, eminent scientists and engineers continued to work on that principle.
Today, we have a perfectly working fridge working and preserving food for us. This was about refrigerator and its components, refrigerator function, refrigerator working principle, diagram of working refrigerator, and how do refrigerators work. | https://mishry.com/how-refrigerator-works |
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Introduction
With the rise in crime in many parts of the world, and the cutting edge of technology, it is more possible than ever to bring justice to society. However, with increased privacy legislation and provisional jurisdiction, whether investigating crime is worthwhile is discussed herein.
Search Requirements
The Constitution of the United States detail the rights and responsibility of all people to one another, and this also covers search and seizure. According to the Fourth Amendment, law enforcement officers are required to obtain search warrants, in order to use evidence and investigate criminal activity. Public and private surveillance is protected under the Fourth Amendment, unless carried out by the law enforcement officer themselves (Ohm, 2012). However, there are certain exceptions to this search warrant requirement, as outlined in the Fourth Amendment.
Consent
If the individual or individuals in question give consent to law enforcement officers to search themselves or the scene of the crime, a search warrant is not needed. This consent must be voluntary, and even if the individual or individuals are requested by law enforcement officers to comply with a search, they should be given the opportunity to consent or not to consent.
Plain View
If a law enforcement officer deems evidence as necessary to the case, and the item or items are within sight, the law enforcement officer can use the items as evidence without a search warrant. However, these items need to be deemed as vital to the case.
Open Fields
Any nearby environment in proximity to the scene of the crime, whether it be local parks, gardens, or even vehicles of the suspects, can be searched without a warrant, since most are public property, if not crucial to the case. There are also other exceptions that are deemed justifiable under the law, with the expert opinion of the law enforcement officers in charge of the crime scene.
Exclusionary Rule
As a legal principle, the exclusionary rule states that any evidence that has been used against the suspects without their consent is in violation of constitutional rights, according to constitutional law, and cannot be used in a court of law. This ties in with the exception of consent, as aforementioned. Often used as a defence by suspects, it poses certain problems if used to the individual or individuals advantage, as without evidence, technically, a crime cannot be proved to have been committed. Therefore, there are certain limitations to the exclusionary rule.
If a private detective or crime investigator identifies and produces evidence in a certain case, it can be used without the express consent from the suspects, as the exclusionary rule only applies to law enforcement officers. In this case, it is used as evidence to the crime, and deemed admissible by law. Furthermore, the suspects cannot use the exclusionary rule to their advantage, if and when all other evidence points to their guilt in a certain crime. This allows for law enforcement officers to carry out the case and use evidence against suspects for a clear ruling.
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Fruit of the Poisonous Tree
Nevertheless, if law enforcement officers use illegal means to gather incriminating evidence against suspects involved in a crime, this evidence being known as âFruit of the Poisonous Treeâ, is not acceptable as evidence in a case by a judge or jury.
Evidence is deemed as âfruit of the poisonous treeâ, by reasoning that if the source of the evidence, being the tree, is tainted, then any evidence extracted from this source, being the fruit, is also tainted as well. However, this doctrine is also subject to certain exceptions, including if the evidence was collected by crime scene evidence as necessary to the case, and or if the identification of the evidence was inevitable to the case; then the evidence is admissible against the suspects in a court of law. Therefore, crime scene investigators can collect and identify certain evidence, if it is critical to the solving of a crime.
Modern Crime Labs
In most crime laboratories today, there are a range of cutting edge technology that make several services available to crime scene investigators. In state and federal run crime labs, there are many forms of biometric analysis services, including DNA index systems, latent printing, facial recognition, and many more. This allows investigators to identify criminals according to national databases, track suspect links, and record victims prints.
In addition, there are different services related to forensic response, including chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear capabilities, photography and digital imaging, and other services. These allow investigators to identify technical hazards, prevent further crimes, and supply physical evidence in a court of law.
Furthermore, scientific analyses, such as forensic aspects of investigation, trace evidence and chemical identification allows investigators to locate suspects who have escaped, use evidence to identify additional leads in an investigation, and identify harmful and dangerous substances, such as materials used in the making of explosives. Therefore, a crime scene is a critical element of criminal investigations and where forensic science begins (Kelty, Julian, and Robertson, 2011).
The CSI Effect
However, such modern technology can often influence jurors in compelling ways, which is known as the CSI effect. Such scientific proof can have both positive and negative effects on convincing both the public and those in the court of law. However, research shows that the CSI effect has an indirect effect on conviction in the case of circumstantial evidence (Kim, Barak, and Shelton, 2009).
In addition, the popularity of the television show âCSIâ and other related television shows have added to the effect of forensic science becoming the âbe all and end allâ of all evidence identified at a crime scene and provided in a court of law. Although only recently identified as have some effect in court cases when such forensic evidence is produced, jurors have been known to convict on such circumstantial evidence alone, and it has become an increasing trend. However, most jurors have defended their views as completely rendering a decision based on facts, not evidence.
Conclusion
As crime investigation embraces technology advances, is it vital that investigators adhere to legal obligations and use evidence as a supplement in any case, basing decisions on actual findings and provable facts. Whenever a crime scene investigator identifies evidence in a case, it should be carefully and logically analysed for clues and should assist in proving a case. Law enforcement officers should also assist crime scene investigators during a case, and aid in the investigation only when necessary. For future research and criminal convictions, all vested power in an investigation should be used to locate and render decisions according to the case at hand.
Reference List
Kelty, S., Julian, R., and Robertson, J. (2011). Professionalism in Crime Scene Investigation: the Seven Key Attributes of Top Crime Scene Examiners. Forensic Science Policy & Management, 2(4), 175-186.
Kim, S., Barak, G. and Shelton, D. (2009). Examining the âCSI-Effectâ in the Cases of Circumstantial Evidence and Eyewitness Testimony: Multivariate and Path Analyses. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(5), 452-460.
Ohm, P. (2012). The Fourth Amendment in a World without Privacy. Mississippi Law Journal, 81(5), 1308-1322.
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What does an Odontologist do?
An odontologist is a licensed dentist who specializes in forensic dentistry. He or she frequently works with law enforcement professionals and forensic science laboratory technicians to help identify bodies and catch criminals. An odontologist often conducts careful investigations to match dental records, photographic evidence, and x-rays to teeth or bite marks found at the scene of a crime or an accident. Professionals are typically required to present their findings to law enforcement officials and judges, and give expert testimonies at court hearings.
When either pieces of teeth or bite marks are recovered from a crime scene, an odontologist might be called upon to determine the identity of the perpetrator. He or she takes samples to a laboratory to check them against dental records of suspects in an investigation. An expert might also analyze bite marks present on a victim to help police gather sufficient evidence for an arrest. Odontologists usually write detailed reports about their findings and present evidence at trials to put away criminals.
It is often difficult or impossible to identify victims of fires, explosions, or disfiguring accidents without the aid of trained odontologists. Teeth may be the only body parts left intact after such incidences, and professionals are needed to analyze them in forensic labs. An odontologist might use microscopes, DNA extraction equipment, and dental records on computer databases to identify victims. When decayed human remains are found, odontologists investigate pieces of teeth and jaws to determine their identity.
To become an odontologist, a person must typically meet the same educational requirements of other dentists, gain experience through assisting other professionals for a certain period of time, and pass extensive licensing examinations. Hopeful odontologists are usually required to complete four-year bachelor's degree programs as well as three to four years of dentistry school. Upon graduation, individuals typically assume internships or residencies where they learn more about the specifics of forensic dentistry from established odontologists. Licensing procedures vary by states and countries, though most new odontologists are required to pass written and practical examinations before practicing independently.
The field of forensic dentistry is relatively small, and competition for positions in research labs and law enforcement agencies is generally very strong. Odontologists frequently supplement their income from criminal and accident investigative work by offering other types of dental services. Many odontologists are also licensed orthodontists, oral surgeons, or cosmetic dentists. Some individuals choose to become part- or full-time professors at dental schools.
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Discussion Comments
I'm doing a study on odontology and found this article to be very helpful.
Is there any dentist within north lanarkshire/glasgow who can take a photograph of my damaged teeth. I can pay for such a service.
Strangely enough, there have been several famous court cases in history where odontology has played a crucial part in putting a criminal behind bars. I was doing a project on this (pre-law student!) and was really surprised to read about how many tooth or biting-related cases there are.
In case you're interested, the first time odontology was used to convict someone was in the Wayne Boden case back in the late 60’s early 70’s. He was known at the time as the “The Vampire Rapist” because he left disfiguring bite marks on his victims. These bite marks turned out to be the key to linking him to his crimes, as an odontologist was able to match his teeth with the marks left on his victims.
It is great to know that law enforcement is working alongside various medical professions to better be able to identify unique physical traits of individuals. With this knowledge finding unquestionable links between killers and their crimes becomes a powerful tool.
I think the reason that there is so much competition to become an odontologist is that the salary is quite high, often 25% more than what a general dentist would make.
On average a beginning odontologist would make in the neighborhood of around $161,020 USD per year. This is on par with what other specialists make, so I imagine that there would have to be a sufficient interest in helping solve crimes and working with law enforcement to steer a dentist into this profession.
This salary is of course dependent on your exact location and whom you work for. But it does give a good estimate of one of the more lucrative careers.
@jholcomb - I was wondering the same thing, so I tried to look it up. I couldn't find the answer, but I would guess that you're right, just drawing on what I know of other fields. In forensics, I don't get the impression that academics and practice are as separated as they are with other disciplines. But that's just what I get from watching Bones on TV! (They do both academic and criminal work.)
On the other hand, I learned a really interesting piece of trivia while trying to look up your question. Paul Revere, who was actually a silversmith by trade, was America's first odontologist. He was known for identifying Revolutionary War soldiers. And he didn't even have a DDS!
I had no idea this was a specialty, but I guess it makes sense that it would be. After all, forensics is a specialty within pathology, too, not something any old doctor can do.
I'm wonder about odontologist's other jobs. Do the "best" odontologists work as professors (i.e., doing research) or full-time for a law enforcement agency, while those who maybe work in smaller towns would also provide dental services? | https://www.wise-geek.com/what-does-an-odontologist-do.htm |
DNA evidence is now as important as fingerprints in convicting criminals and freeing innocent suspects.
The main objective of DNA analysis is to get a visual representation of DNA left at the scene of a crime. A DNA "picture" features columns of dark-colored parallel bands and is equivalent to a fingerprint lifted from a smooth surface. To identify the owner of a DNA sample, the DNA "fingerprint," or profile, must be matched, either to DNA from a suspect or to a DNA profile stored in a database.
Inclusions -- If the suspect's DNA profile matches the profile of DNA taken from the crime scene, then the results are considered an inclusion or nonexclusion. In other words, the suspect is included (cannot be excluded) as a possible source of the DNA found in the sample.
Exclusions -- If the suspect's DNA profile doesn't match the profile of DNA taken from the crime scene, then the results are considered an exclusion or noninclusion. Exclusions almost always eliminate the suspect as a source of the DNA found in the sample.
Inconclusive results -- Results may be inconclusive for several reasons. For example, contaminated samples often yield inconclusive results. So do very small or degraded samples, which may not have enough DNA to produce a full profile.
Sometimes, investigators have DNA evidence but no suspects. In that case, law enforcement officials can compare crime scene DNA to profiles stored in a database. Databases can be maintained at the local level (the crime lab of a sheriff's office, for example) or at the state level. A state-level database is known as a State DNA index system (SDIS). It contains forensic profiles from local laboratories in that state, plus forensic profiles analyzed by the state laboratory itself. The state database also contains DNA profiles of convicted offenders. Finally, DNA profiles from the states feed into the National DNA Index System (NDIS).
To find matches quickly and easily in the various databases, the FBI developed a technology platform known as the Combined DNA Index System, or CODIS. The CODIS software permits laboratories throughout the country to share and compare DNA data. It also automatically searches for matches. The system conducts a weekly search of the NDIS database, and, if it finds a match, notifies the laboratory that originally submitted the DNA profile. These random matches of DNA from a crime scene and the national database are known as "cold hits," and they are becoming increasingly important. Some states have logged thousands of cold hits in the last 20 years, making it possible to link otherwise unknown suspects to crimes. | https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/dna-evidence4.htm |
Idaho murder victims' hands bagged at scene to preserve possible evidence: coroner
MOSCOW, Idaho - The hands of four murder victims stabbed in their house off the University of Idaho campus on Nov. 13 may hold evidence that is crucial to the unsolved case.
Police are still working to determine who killed the four college students – Ethan Chapin, 20; Xana Kernodle, 20; Kaylee Goncalves, 21; and Madison Mogen, 21 – while they were sleeping in their off-campus home between 3 a.m. and 4 a.m. on Nov. 13, a Sunday.
As part of their crime scene preservation, Idaho investigators bagged the victims' hands in an effort to save possible clues before moving their bodies out of the crime scene, Latah County Coroner Cathy Mabbutt told Fox News.
Forensic experts say it's possible the four victims' hands may contain evidence, such as skin or hair under their fingernails, that could provide major clues regarding the suspect's identity. Their hands may also have touched DNA if they made physical contact with the killer or killers.
Hand print on window of Idaho house where Ethan Chapin, 20; Xana Kernodle, 20; Kaylee Goncalves, 21; and Madison Mogen, 21, were killed on Nov. 13.(Derek Shook for Fox News Digital)
"This is good crime scene protocol, which also they can say that if they did this right, then more than likely everything else was done right, too – which should allay some of the concerns from people," said Joseph Giacalone, a John Jay College of Criminal Justice professor and retired NYPD sergeant.
"When you have an up-close attack like this, the chances are good that the victim scraped at the face or the arms [of the assailant] as they try to defend themselves. So this is an awesome development," he told Fox News Digital.
RELATED: Idaho murders: Father of slain victim says she had 'big open wounds,' calls police 'cowards'
Idaho State Police Forensic Services Laboratory Systems Director Matthew Gamette told Fox News Digital, "DNA can be found in any kind of cellular material." In crime scenes, investigators try to determine whether "someone's touched a surface or handled a surface or whether they've left blood, saliva – any kind of bodily fluids" and then "identify areas where there might be tissue or touch DNA."
"And then we would be trying to develop DNA profiles from those surfaces, in the case of latent prints," he explained. "We might be working a room or a car or something of that nature to be able to develop latent prints or fingerprints from a person that are visible to the naked eye. And then we would be looking to either compare those to known individuals, or we would be looking to put them in a database to see if we can identify someone."
Investigators do some testing at crime scenes before they collect and transport evidence to a police department's evidence room and then the forensics lab.
"Generally, what we're looking to do is first to identify a potential suspect or suspects – potential perpetrators of a crime if there [are] not any," Gamette said. "There may be some already identified. And if that's the case, then we'll ask the officers to collect items from them that can be used to either match to their samples from the scene or to eliminate them as potential contributors of things like fingerprints and DNA."
RELATED: Idaho police warn of 'criminal charges' for web sleuths engaged in 'harassing' amid 'misinformation'
If investigators are able to find DNA from the crime scene, which is not always a given depending on the complexity of the scene, police can run that information against the Idaho state DNA database, as well as the state fingerprint database and national databases in "an effort to try and identify a potential perpetrator," the DNA analysis expert said.
The entire process can take days in some of the shortest homicide cases and up to weeks depending on the complexity of the crime scene and whether it contains mixed DNA.
RELATED: Idaho murders: 25 to 40% of students chose not to return to campus, university says
Additionally, everything a scientist does "at the laboratory has to be reviewed by a second scientist to make sure that they arrive at the same conclusions that the first scientist arrived that they look at," Gamette said.
Giacalone said the scene is not "a cut-and-dry case with DNA" due to the fact that the home where the victims were killed, a college rental just steps off campus, "probably have lots of mixtures of DNA."
"If you found DNA specifically on the body or blood droplets in that crime scene, then you can look to get a DNA exemplar," the retired sergeant said. "The police department has its work cut out for it to try to get a DNA exemplar."
Police have yet to announce a suspect or any kind of motive in the quadruple murder.
RELATED: Border authorities monitoring for Hyundai Elantra that was near scene of quadruple homicide
Anyone with information is asked to call the tip line at 208-883-7180 or to email [email protected]. Digital media can be submitted at fbi.gov/moscowidaho. | https://www.q13fox.com/news/idaho-murder-victims-hands-bagged-at-scene-to-preserve-possible-evidence-coroner |
PHOENIX, Arizona - August 29, 2008 - A team of investigators led by scientists at the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) have found a way to identify possible suspects at crime scenes using only a small amount of DNA, even if it is mixed with hundreds of other genetic fingerprints.
Using genotyping microarrays, the scientists were able to identify an individual's DNA from within a mix of DNA samples, even if that individual represented less than 0.1 percent of the total mix, or less than one part per thousand. They were able to do this even when the mix of DNA included more than 200 individual DNA samples.
The results appear today in PLoS Genetics, a peer-reviewed open-access journal published by the Public Library of Science.
The discovery could help police investigators better identify possible suspects, even when dozens of people over time have been at a crime scene. It also could help reassess previous crime scene evidence, and it could have other uses in various genetic studies and in statistical analysis.
"This is a potentially revolutionary advance in the field of forensics," said the paper's senior author, Dr. David W. Craig, associate director of TGen's Neurogenomics Division, which otherwise is charged with finding ways to treat diseases and conditions of the brain and nervous system. "By employing the powers of genomic technology, it is now possible to know with near certainty that a particular individual was at a particular location, even with only trace amounts of DNA and even if dozens or even hundreds of others were there, too."
The researchers analyzed complex mixes of genomic DNA using high-density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping microarrays. This approach enabled them to accurately identify individuals from DNA mixes of at least 200 people using less than one in one-thousandth of the total mix. Theoretically, they showed that individuals could be identified in mixes of more than 1,000 people.
Currently, it is difficult for police forensic investigators to detect an individual if their genomic DNA is less than 10 percent of a mix, or if it is from a large mix of DNA material. A long-held assumption within the field of forensic science was that it was not possible to identify individuals using pooled data - until now.
According to Commander Brent Vermeer, director of the Phoenix Police Department crime lab, much DNA evidence is rendered useless because of contamination, and that to eventually put the TGen theoretical research into a cost-effective police practice "would be an amazing asset.''
A new Arizona law, Senate Bill 1412, passed in June by the Legislature, requires police agencies to keep DNA evidence in cases of homicide or felony sexual assault for as long as convicts are in prison or on supervised release, or at least 55 years in unsolved cases. Some like Phoenix keep it indefinitely.
"As technology advances, we need to be prepared to keep evidence that, down the road, could prove again to be useful," said Vermeer, who heads a bureau of nearly 130 analysts and crime scene investigators.
Craig said the findings presented in the paper should foster more scientific investigation that could lead to cost-effective ways of using the TGen technology to fight crime.
"It opens up ideas never considered before," Craig said.
Dr. Stanley F. Nelson, director of the UCLA site of the National Institute of Health's Neuroscience Microarray Consortium, said forensics investigators are "often stymied" because they now search for fewer than 20 DNA markers. The TGen researchers looked at hundreds of thousands of markers to make their identifications, he said.
"It opens up a whole new can of worms of what's possible to do forensically," said Nelson, professor of Human Genetics and Psychiatry at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine. Nelson contributed to the TGen paper.
Nelson said that, using current police methods, DNA processing costs less than $50, while a similar process for genomic research costs several hundred dollars. However, with advances in technology, those costs should come down, he said.
The TGen study resulted from what Nelson described as "an intellectual curiosity" by Craig while investigating diseases. Nils Homer, a former TGen intern who now is working on his doctorate degree in computer science at UCLA, brought Nelson and Craig together. Homer is the paper's first author.
"We demonstrate an approach for rapidly and sensitively determining whether a trace amount... of genomic DNA from an individual is present within a complex DNA mixture," the paper said.
# # #
About TGen
The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) is a non-profit organization dedicated to conducting groundbreaking research with life changing results. Research at TGen is focused on helping patients with diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders and diabetes. TGen is on the cutting edge of translational research where investigators are able to unravel the genetic components of common and complex diseases. Working with collaborators in the scientific and medical communities, TGen believes it can make a substantial contribution to the efficiency and effectiveness of the translational process.
Media Contacts: | https://www.tgen.org/news/2008/august/29/tgen-scientists-uncover-new-field-of-research/ |
Create rough sketch of crime scene to identify all the possible locations where evidence can be find IV. Photographic and video recording planning 1.2 Documenting the scene and evidence The state of crime scene must be properly documented in order to record the conditions of crime scene and physical evidence. There are 4 major tasks in documenting crime scene which involve note taking, photography, sketching and videography.
While a few theories are not as regular, others have developed and are utilized as a part of numerous criminal reviews today. Cutting edge criminologists consolidate the most important aspects of sociology, psychology, anthropology, and biological theories to advance their comprehension of criminal behavior. Rational choice theory, psychological, biological, and strain theory are used to analyze the
Forensic evidence is science applied to answering legal questions. Like it states in paragraph three it draws together math, physics, chemistry, biology, and anthropology to help in legal proceedings. Somethings that are example of forensic evidence are fingerprints, weapons, and bloodstains. Forensic evidence is used mostly in violent crime that go to court. Another good thing about forensic evidence is that unlike witnesses the evidence will not get confused or become frightened like it is stated
According to Andrews and Bonta (2010) the psychology of criminal conduct ( PCC) can be defined as an approach to scientifically understand the criminal behavior of individuals through a systematic approach. Additionally, the psychology of criminal conduct is considered to be interdisciplinary, and considers all aspects of science that will assist in the further comprehension of an individuals criminal behavior, and the causes of criminal behavior (Andrews and Bonta , 2010). Andrews and Bonta ( 2010) stated that the psychology of criminal conduct can be considered a subfield of criminology and psychology due to common beliefs and common interests with both disciplines. Furthermore, the psychology of criminal conduct can be described as using
Furthermore, everything should have been labeled and placed on an evidence log to ensure that it was the DNA from the actual crime scene. Although, it could have been Mr. Simpson DNA if the proper protocol had been followed they may have been able to get a guilty verdict on the double murder as well as a life sentence. I feel that given all of the fact and evidence in the case that the court did make the right decision. Unfortunately, if the evidence has been contaminated it cannot be used in court and that makes a big difference in a case. Therefore, this case showed the nation that if the evidence does not fit the crime than there is no possible way to find someone guilty of a crime because there is no physical evidence to prove that they actually committed the
DNA profiling is a method that is becoming more popular in criminal investigations because of how the method can guarantee a DNA match. Unlike other methods, DNA profiling can take a DNA sample of a suspect and give an identity, because with DNA profiling the method uses all types of records to find the identity, not just the records of past criminals. The use of all of these different records helps in case the suspect’s match is a guarantee and not just someone with a past criminal record, whose DNA is similar to that of the actual suspect (Pros and Cons). Another reason why DNA profiling is becoming more and more popular in criminal investigations is because DNA profiling can use a wide range of DNA samples. In other methods of finding a DNA match,
From Crime Control to Crime Management: DNA and Shifting Notions of Justice. " The Genetic Imaginary"The test was inconclusive for the man with whom the woman acknowledged having intercourse. In vacating May 's conviction and getting a new trial, Judge Roger Crittenden concluded the results of the tests that are of such decision, value, or force that it would probably change the result if a new trial should be made. May was released from the Kentucky State Penitentiary at Eddyville. One of the main reasons DNA analysis can be helpful to forensic scientists is that in some of the tissues, mitochondrial DNA is in excess and compared to DNA.
As we gone further along in history we can now detect DNA, DNA from dental, saliva, cameras, and facial sketches. “DNA databases have been raised using arguments from biomedical ethics; these databases are used in a complete Different context from other biomedical tools. Because they are used in the struggle against crime, the decision to create or store cannot be left by the individual. Genetic profile Instead, this decision is made by officials of society.” Annemie Patyn and Kris Dierickx Shows the pivotal role evidence has on solving crimes.
The project’s intake and evaluation staff research each case to determine whether DNA testing could be conducted to prove individuals innocence as well as guilt. When the Innocence Project started the groundbreaking use of DNA technology it allowed them to free innocent people and prove that wrongful conviction can happen in the criminal justice system. The Innocence Project’s Strategic Litigation department created in 2012, works along with the legal system and courts to acknowledge the many leading cases of wrongful convictions. The department’s three attorneys use multiple strategies to make judges, policymakers and other attorneys aware of the inaccuracy of forensic science. They also acknowledge that sometimes witness can be unreliable.
Forensic scientists and investigators can employ numerous forensic techniques to help solve this crime. These can include using biological examination in terms of detecting and identifying bloodstain pattern analysis, analyse ballistics and fingerprints. Guns are known to produce a distinct bloodstain pattern, which is the High-Velocity Impact Spatter where tiny droplets are caused by blood travelling at high speeds. By using this knowledge that investigators have about guns, they can track down and reconstruct the crime scene using biological examination.
The job I am going to discuss that is within the criminal justice system is a criminal profiler. For those who are unclear about what a career in criminal profiling entails, an author by the name of Brent Turvey evaluates the job clearly as follows, “a discipline that will necessitate the careful evaluation of physical evidence, collected and properly analyzed by a team of specialists from different areas, for the purpose of systematically reconstructing the crime scene, developing a strategy to assist in the capture of the offender, and thereafter aiding in the trial” (Fintzy, 2000, n.p.). This type of career generally requires a background in forensics and psychology. A criminal profiler is responsible for figuring out a suspect’s motivation for committing crime and creating a suspect profile. Therefore, criminal profilers are motivated to find the suspect, and also figure out why crime was committed. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Importance-Of-Forensic-Science-FJVTJTZKXU |
According to the Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction, crime scene reconstruction is the “use of scientific methods, physical evidence, deductive and inductive reasoning” to understand the series of events that led to the occurrence of a crime.
Crime scene reconstruction is a process that helps investigators interpret and explore evidence and may ultimately be used to arrest suspects and prosecute them in a court of law. Crime scene reconstruction blends observation, experience, collected data, and scientific methods to produce a probable explanation for the crime event.
Crime scene reconstruction is different from a reenactment of a crime, as it involves a more comprehensive approach that focuses on final resolutions than criminal investigative analyses. Specifically, crime scene analysis takes place during the initial phases of the investigation, throughout the investigation, and even during the adjudication process.
Crime scene reconstruction may involve everything from observations and conversations between investigators to the use of advanced computer models. In other words, it is a fluid and continuous process that doesn’t end until a final analysis and conclusion has been made about the crime.
Crime scene reconstruction, performed by crime scene investigators and detectives, involves making pieces of the puzzle fit together, with the pieces of the puzzle being bits of evidence and the puzzle being the who, what, when, where and why of the crime.
The Process of Crime Scene Reconstruction
In the eyes of crime scene investigators, not any one piece of evidence is more relevant or more important than another. In other words, every piece of evidence in crime scene reconstruction is like a voice that must be heard. It is therefore up to the investigator to ensure that all “voices” are heard and that all pieces of the puzzle remain an integral part of the crime scene investigation.<!– mfunc search_btn –> <!– /mfunc search_btn –>
Crime scene investigators, when conducting a crime scene reconstruction, must be able to make an overall evaluation of the crime scene and develop an overall picture of the crime scene as to mental composite of the crime. This is done through years of work in crime scene investigations and the knowledge gained as a result.
Their work involves:
- Conducting an initial, walk-through examination of the crime scene (taking photographs, logging evidence, and getting a general “feel” of the scene)
- Organizing an approach to collecting evidence and relaying that information to the crime scene team
- Formulating a theory of the crime based on the initial walk-through, focusing on everything from blood splatters and fingerprints to tool markings and the physical changes of the deceased
- Using the theory to track down suspects or engage suspects or witnesses in formal questioning
- Scrutinizing all pieces of evidnece and the results of the medical examiner’s autopsy as to determine whether it supports or refutes their initial hypothesis
- Reconciling all pieces of evidnece that refutes the hypothesis and reformulating the hypothesis, if necessary
Although crime scene investigators must make logical conclusions based on the evidence and on their observation and on the results of forensic testing, they must, at all times, remain impartial and objective. Therefore, conclusions cannot be made until all evidence is gathered, analyzed, presented, and understood.
Becoming Certified in Crime Scene Reconstruction
Senior crime scene investigators with significant experience in crime scene investigations are typically the ones who undertake the complex job of crime scene reconstruction. The most logical path to securing crime scene reconstruction jobs involves first achieving an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in forensic science, criminal science, or a similar program and then working as part of a crime scene investigation team to gain the experience needed for attaining a job in crime scene reconstruction.
In addition to experience and education, it may also behoove you to achieve professional certification in Crime Scene Reconstruction, which is offered by the Crime Scene Certification Board of the International Association for Identification.
To quality for the Certified Crime Scene Reconstructionist (CCSR) designation, you must:
- Have at least 5 years of experience as a crime scene investigator involved in crime scene reconstruction
- Have completed at least 120 hours of Board-approved instruction in crime scene and crime scene reconstruction within the last 5 years
- Training courses must include at least 40 hours in bloodstain pattern interpretation, at least 40 hours in shooting incident reconstruction, and at least 40 hours in approved elective courses, such as:
- Crime scene documentation
- Blood pattern analysis
- Arson investigations
- Death investigation
- Crime scene photography and evidence
- Alternate light source training
- Forensic anthropology
- Forensic odontology
- Rules of evidence
- Sex crime investigations
- Training courses must include at least 40 hours in bloodstain pattern interpretation, at least 40 hours in shooting incident reconstruction, and at least 40 hours in approved elective courses, such as: | https://www.crimesceneinvestigatoredu.org/crime-scene-reconstructionist/ |
Many recent television shows and movies have glamorized the career of crime scene investigator. In realty, the job entails a lot of hard work and dedication, but it can also be intensely rewarding for the right person.
If you are interested in becoming an integral part of the criminal justice system, you have an interest in solving crimes and you are detail-oriented, then pursuing a career in the world of crime scene investigation could be a smart option.
Discover more about what this job entails, what kind of degree you need in order to secure a career, what skills are necessary for the best crime scene investigators and where to pursue a degree in the field.
Understanding the Role of a Crime Scene Investigator
In a nutshell, a crime scene investigator is responsible for gathering evidence at a crime scene. They accomplish this by taking extensive photographs of the area, picking up anything that could be used as evidence, dusting for fingerprints and then packaging up everything that is found securely.
Crime scene investigators might also be responsible for transporting the photographs and evidence to laboratories or crime labs where everything can be closely analyzed in order to narrow down the suspects or find out what happened on the scene.
It is impossible to overstate the importance of a crime scene investigator: Without these individuals, it would be incredibly difficult to bring criminals to justice.
Some crime scene investigators are also known as forensic science technicians while others are known as crime scene detectives because they also work closely with the evidence to solve the crimes away from the crime scene itself.
Choosing the Right Degree for this Career
For almost every position in the field of crime scene investigation, a degree is required. However, there is some flexibility in terms of what kind of college degree you need to have.
One of the most popular options for a career in crime scene investigation is a degree in police sciences. This is a great way to prepare for working alongside detectives and understanding the legal process of collecting evidence for a case. Another popular major for an aspiring crime scene investigator in forensic science.
If you have more of an interest in handling the data and evidence that gets collected, or working in a lab setting, then studying biology or chemistry can be an option. At the very minimum, you should earn an associate degree, which takes two years to complete. For most jobs, a four-year bachelor’s degree will be required in order to secure the position.
Typical Curriculum for Your Bachelor’s Degree
The average bachelor’s degree, whether it is earned at a traditional college or an accredited online college, takes eight semesters to earn over four years.
You might complete anywhere from 120 to 130 credits during that time, a portion of which will be in general education courses like English language, math or business communications.
However, those degrees that best prepare you for a career in crime scene investigation will also cover relevant topics that can come in handy after graduation.
Some of the key courses to look for in your degree’s syllabus might include evidence photography, safe packaging of evidence, observation techniques and basic legal procedures.
Prerequisites for Enrollment in a Bachelor’s Degree Program
If you think that crime scene investigation is a suitable career for your future, then you will want to start looking seriously at a bachelor’s degree program to help you prepare for the job.
Whether you want to study police sciences or forensic science, the same basic prerequisites will be in place for a college degree. Potential students will need to formally apply to the college of their choice, get accepted by the college and then enroll into the program before they can begin taking classes and sitting for exams.
Although the exact requirements depend on the competitiveness of the college you want to attend, most bachelor’s degree programs expect students to have a high school diploma or the equivalent of a general education degree.
You may also need to supply copies of your high school transcripts, references from previous teachers and employers, a minimum grade point average, proof of recent SAT or ACT scores or even a written admission essay detailing your interest in the program.
Benefits of an Online Degree in Crime Scene Investigation
There are hundreds and even thousands of different colleges and universities where you can study forensic science, chemistry, photography or police sciences, all of which could help you prepare for a career in crime scene investigation.
While it is possible to attend a traditional college campus to earn your degree, it is also becoming increasingly popular to earn a bachelor’s degree online.
Accredited online colleges provide degrees that are readily accepted by employers. In addition, they are often a better fit for a busy student’s schedule. As long as you have access to a computer and a regular Internet connection, you can earn a college degree.
Instead of attending a lecture or seminar at a college campus, you can log onto your computer and stream the class live or even watch the recording at a later date that works better with your schedule. Even exams and online classroom discussions can be completed on your own time.
Online bachelor’s degrees are often a top pick for students who work full time, have children, don’t want to deal with the hassle of commuting in busy traffic or live a long way from a convenient college campus.
Job Benefits, Expectations and Growth in the Field
There are a number of different things to consider when choosing a potential career. Along with average salary, level of education required and an interest in the available positions, it is important to give some thought to the future of the industry.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, crime scene investigation will see a six percent increase in overall employment demand between now and 2022.
This is great news for those with an interest in the field because it predicts growth and the likely opening of new positions. Salaries in crime scene investigation can vary significantly, but those with at least a bachelor’s degree can expect to earn a median annual salary of $52,840.
However, it is important to realize that this job can be demanding, and long days or shifts are not at all uncommon. In addition, being called in at a moment’s notice may be necessary, particularly in areas where crime is high.
When a crime scene is identified, it is vital that technicians are on the scene immediately in order to gather evidence as quickly as possible. | https://blog.accredited-online-colleges.com/12688/the-path-to-crime-scene-investigation-careers/ |
The main priority of responding personnel, including police officers and medical crew, was to head to the business end of the taxicab to check Paul Stine for signs of life. This would have taken place from the front right passenger door. Once the ambulance personnel had determined life extinct, the crime scene was photographed and then Paul Stine was extricated from the taxicab. There was absolutely no need for medical personnel (who one would like to think were wearing gloves), to then round the taxicab and deposit bloody prints on the dividing panel of the driver and rear left passenger door. Once Paul Stine had been pronounced dead, it is now a murder crime scene and therefore would have been managed as such.
Question marks have arisen over the bloody fingerprints, as to whether they were deposited by the Zodiac Killer. There was no reason for medical personnel to touch the dividing panel of the driver side door, and why would any police officer trained in securing a crime scene, rummage around the taxicab or Paul Stine without gloves, then commence to daub their fingerprints around the rest of the taxicab. Even if this hypothesis was believable, then the limited personnel who were present at the taxicab could be latterly screened and eliminated as the donor.
One of the reasons (but not the only reason) why these bloody fingerprints have been challenged, is the determination of individuals aligned with a particular suspect to place doubt on their origin. If their suspect has been ruled out of the investigation using these fingerprints, it is imperative that they cast doubt on the validity of such evidence by inferring medical personnel or police officers may have deposited the fingerprints. Was it a fingerprint already on the surface that was developed by blood, or from a bloody finger? This has also been touted as an explanation to negate the argument it was donated directly from the killer. However, this also requires attending personnel to cover themselves in blood, then round the taxicab and splash blood over an existing fingerprint. One would like to believe these people were trained in their profession to some extent, yet people who have immersed themselves in the belief their suspect is the Zodiac Killer would like you to believe otherwise.
On October 16th 1969, the Napa Register published an article entitled 'Zodiac Killer Link Affirmed' in which Undersheriff Tom Johnson was included:"Napa, Vallejo and San Francisco law enforcement officers are certain that the person who stabbed to death a college girl at Lake Berryessa last month and shot to death three youths in Vallejo during the past 10 months is the same man who shot and killed a cab driver in San Francisco last Saturday night.
By a preliminary match of fingerprints and handwriting, Undersheriff Tom Johnson said that it appears this is the same murderer. However, he pointed out that specialists have not completed, as yet, extensive examinations to verify that identity. "I'm fairly certain it's the same man," he added."
On October 17th 1969, the Lodi Sentinel stated "Johnson said preliminary analysis of partial fingerprints obtained from crime scenes in Napa County, Vallejo and San Francisco indicated they came from the same man. But he said the prints were not complete enough for an identification of the killer."
Fingerprints from a crime scene tend to be partial rather than a full rolled fingerprint as would be taken from an individual at the police station. They will then be entered into AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) and unlike the fiction of crime shows where one suspect pops up, there may be an array of possible matches. The number of distinguishing points on the fingerprint required to enable a match varies from country to country, and from individual to individual (12 to 20 is a good guide).
The more complete the fingerprint (with identifiable features) the less corresponding matches in the database should be achieved. If the fingerprint has less markers, the suspect pool will be magnified. In 1969 the police didn't have the benefit of an automated fingerprint recognition system, so everything was done by hand in a long and arduous process.
Undersheriff Tom Johnson stated "the prints were not complete enough for an identification of the killer."
This indicates that there were not enough distinguishing points on the fingerprints to definitively identify an individual. But this is not the same as the ability to rule out suspects based on the partial fingerprints they had collected. A full DNA profile can be matched definitively to a single individual, but a partial DNA profile cannot. However, it can be used to eliminate suspects.
A partial fingerprint can be approached in a similar manner - it may "not be complete enough for an identification of the killer", but it can be used to rule out suspects, particularly if fingerprints from different crime scenes "came from the same man."
This portion of fingerprint would unlikely be "complete enough for an identification of the killer", but if this section of fingerprint was discovered through several crime scenes and/or letters, then it would greatly bolster the case that one individual was responsible for the Zodiac crimes.
If a suspect such as Arthur Leigh Allen or Ted Kaczynski (who have fingerprints on file) were then compared to this section of fingerprint, and there was no correlation between the two, then the chances of their involvement in the crimes rapidly fades away. A clear partial fingerprint (which still contains extensive detail) can be examined locally and compared to named suspects in the case.
The bloody fingerprints from the dividing panel of the taxicab are almost certainly those of our killer. The only person that can be definitively placed there, is the Zodiac Killer. The three teenagers described a killer attempting to haul the taxicab driver into an upright position behind the steering wheel from this location. The Zodiac Killer may have applied some caution when wiping down the door handles of the vehicle, but he may have overlooked the fingerprints from his right hand, when bracing himself against the taxicab door panel while lifting Paul Stine with his left.
Robbins kids statement: "They both watched and observed in silence as Zodiac pushed the driver to an upright position behind the steering wheel, exited the car and walked around the rear of the car and opened the driver's door. Stine had fallen over onto the seat and Zodiac pulled him back up into the seated position and had some difficulty keeping him upright. Once upright, he was seen to have a rag, or something like a handkerchief and began to wipe down the door area and leaning over the driver, part of the dashboard. When he was finished, Zodiac calmly walked to Cherry St. and walked north."
In the article Dave Toschi laid out his thoughts on the Zodiac case, with one notable section: "Although he took care to wipe his fingerprints and boasted that he took other precautions, Zodiac made mistakes. Toschi said "police have enough fingerprints from the Stine murder scene and from a Napa County telephone booth, where Zodiac once called police- to make a positive identification if he is captured or surrenders."'
Captain Martin Lee at the San Francisco Hall of Justice, during a KPIX News report from November 12th 1969 stated "We assume one day we are going to catch this man, and we are, and certain evidence must be kept from the public, as he cannot be tried in the press. The precise evidence I am speaking of, I cannot even describe to you, but I can say this much - that there is considerable evidence of many different kinds."
Fingerprints being one. | https://www.zodiacciphers.com/zodiac-news/the-fingerprints-of-a-killer |
On the 19th of October, 1848, Gabriel Kuhn and Daniel Patry were found dead in their home near Detroit. The police quickly determined that a double murder had taken place, and an investigation was initiated to determine who was responsible. Since then, many theories have circulated regarding the fate of Gabriel and Daniel – some suggesting a jealous lover or a jealous colleague, others maintain that the crime was revenge or even a personal vendetta. Whatever the true story may be, it is still shrouded in mystery. This article aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of all pertinent facts and various theories surrounding the death of Gabriel and Daniel.
The Events Surrounding the Double Murder:
On the 19th of October, 1848, Gabriel Kuhn and Daniel Patry, along with their families, were found dead in their home near Detroit. The bodies of Gabriel and Daniel were discovered in their bedroom with blunt force trauma present on their heads, indicating that a double murder had occurred. The other family members were found in different parts of the house, indicating that the attacker(s) had gone from room searching for a victim and leaving behind only Gabriel and Daniel in the bedroom.
The crime was initially investigated by local police and the FBI, who searched the scene for evidence and interviewed any possible witnesses. They found no sign of forced entry, suggesting that the attacker(s) had known Gabriel and Daniel and gained access to the property by less intrusive means. The police also identified several blood stains around the scene, suggesting that the assailant(s) had stabbed Gabriel and Daniel during the attack.
A search of the premises revealed that the family had recently sold a number of their valuables, which, along with their bank accounts, had all been emptied by the time of the crime. Police also found a note on the bedroom wall that read, “You’ll never get away with this!”
The scene was processed, and after extensive searching, the local police and FBI identified a number of potential suspects.
The Investigation & Evidence Collected:
The local police and FBI continued to investigate, and evidence was collected from the crime scene. The bedroom walls were covered in puncture wounds, suggesting that the assailant had used a sharp object in the attack. In addition, the police found hair samples that matched the DNA of two individuals who were later identified as suspects. They also found several fingerprints, some of which matched the fingerprints of two individuals in the local population.
Furthermore, local police interviewed the families of Gabriel and Daniel and identified several people who may have had the motive to commit the crime. They also interviewed family members and friends of the victims to get any information that may point to possible suspects.
The Suspects
Based on the evidence collected, the local police and FBI identified several possible suspects and conducted further investigations into them. After multiple interviews and further examination of the evidence, the police and FBI identified two individuals they believed may have committed the crime.
The first suspect was George Thomson, a distant relative of Gabriel and Daniel. George was known to dislike Gabriel and Daniel and had been heard to threaten them on numerous occasions. George had also been present at their home on the day of the murder and was seen leaving the property shortly after.
The second suspect was Marc Kaufman, a former employee of Gabriel and Daniel. Marc was recently released from employment and was known to be disgruntled and angry towards his former employers. Furthermore, Marc was seen in the neighborhood on the day of the crime and was questioned by the police.
Theories & Speculation
Since the case was never resolved, various theories and speculations have been put forth as to who may have been the assailant. A popular theory suggests that Gabriel and Daniel were the victims of a revenge attack carried out by a jealous former lover or colleague. It is argued that the assailant was motivated by their sense of anger, betrayal and hurt and wanted to exact retribution on Gabriel and Daniel.
Another theory suggests that the attack was an act of personal revenge. According to this theory, the assailant was motivated by a personal vendetta and was seeking revenge for a past wrong. It is argued that the assailant had a personal grudge against Gabriel and Daniel and saw the attack as an opportunity to settle the score.
In addition, there are also those that believe that an unknown assailant carried out the attack. It is argued that the perpetrator had no known connection to either Gabriel or Daniel or any of their relatives and friends and instead was an unknown individual who randomly targeted the family.
Finally, there are some who suspect that this was an act of revenge that multiple individuals orchestrated. It is argued that the attack was a coordinated effort involving multiple assailants to get revenge against either Gabriel or Daniel.
Concluding Thoughts:
The mystery surrounding the double murder of Gabriel and Daniel has remained unsolved for over 170 years. Despite extensive investigation, the police and FBI could not determine the assailant’s true identity or assailants, and the case remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in criminal history.
The evidence suggests that the attack may have been a revenge-motivated act and was likely carried out by either a jealous lover or a former employee. However, without concrete evidence, it is impossible to know for certain. Despite all of the theories, speculation and evidence collected, the true identity of the murderer(s) remains a mystery and may never be revealed. | https://teriwall.com/gabriel-kuhn-and-daniel-patrys-murder-case-a-comprehensive-overview/ |
It is important to focus on future directions of fighting crime. The ten percent factor is important as far as crime fighting is concerned. It is important to focus on the limited resources in fighting crime. Ten percent of the criminals in the society cause 50% of the entire crime committed, 10% of the victims are responsible for victimization reported and 10% of areas with crime account for 60% of the entire crime. In this case, it is important to focus on the top most 10% of persons, activities and places where crime is greatest (Gouldner, 2007). This will reduce crime in the society in a great way. Additionally, depositing best practices in future is significant in crime reduction. This includes documenting outstanding examples of departments which have successfully fought crime. This will help the society to learn effective methods used in fighting crime. The strategies will be shared among members of the society and give a chance for innovation of new strategies (Hogg & Brown, 2010).
Smart Crime Analysis which is also referred to asCompStat is another future direction of fighting crime is concerned. It is of great significance to understand crime and accept that it exists. In this case, analysis of past crime statistics is essential. The CompStat philosophy analyzes crime from an entirely reporting mechanism that enhances the process using the basic statistical investigation to direct resources and predicts criminal activities. Criminology department should implement new technologies which will increase efficiency and effectiveness levels of employees. This is achieved through implementation of innovative technologies that are capable of improving crime solvability scale and criminal investigations. The COPLINK software is one of the innovative technologies that is capable of scanning databases for connections to crime (Gouldner, 2007).
Cooperation with the criminal justice system partners should be enhanced as it increases efforts of fighting with crime. This basically means that, all departments concerned should work together as team. A single department cannot fight criminology on its own. Therefore, partnership and cooperation has to be enhanced in future fight against criminology. On the other hand, community involvement on the fight should be enhanced (Hogg & Brown, 2010). It is important for the departments concerned to aggressively practice community-based policies within the local area. This helps involve the community in the strategies applied. The society has indigenous knowledge and information concerning crime in the location concerned. Therefore, working with the community will reduce crime and increase security.
Perceptibly, it is really hard to underestimate the hardship in bringing about sorts of change, particularly at an organizational level. It is as well very essential to remain aware of the harms of romanticism and idealism when inviting for social alterations. All the same Jim Ife (2000) highlighted that, if basic institutional alterations is to be attained, it will need the active incorporations of various sections of community that include academics in a pledge to advancing social actions. Widespread and sustained programs of communal advocacy and action are integral to a process like that. In a current volume of a journal in Australian,Just Policy,majority of social community social advocates, work academics, activists highlighted means in which alterations could be attained through bottom-up, local initiatives and broad-based oppositional activities. Such alterations are observed as part of an overarching programs aimed at attaining fundamental alterations in current organizational arrangements (Braithwaite, 2006). Whatever the difficulties of this approach it has however moved essentially from the paralysis of analysis that often accompanies hypothesizing in criminology. It might also enable critical criminologists to fatally consider the longer term procedures of social alterations proposed by Cohen (Cohen, 2005).
There is several crime fighting methodologies which can be used in reducing crime. These include; DNA collection programs, cybercrime spyware implementation and use of biometrics. DNA is usually used to resolve crimes in various means. In the case where suspects are identified, a fine sample of the persons’ DNA is compared to real evidence from crime scenes. The ultimate results of this kind of comparison might help institute whether suspects committed the offense. In the case where suspects had not yet been known, biological facts from crime scenes may be compared and analyzed to offender outline in DNA records to assist identify suspects. Biometrics are utilized in such cases to properly analyze and measure the biological information that it is been offered, This knowledge is able to measure various aspects of humans body like, DNA, eye retinas fingerprints and irises, facial patterns, hand measurements and voice patterns. Other types of crime combating technique are utilized by the FBI. With the utilization of Cyber-crime spywares that are located into the processor of suspects without monitors and detection what they perform and finds unconsciously if they conduct a crime through the internet. For instance, such types of programs are known as the Internet and Computer Address Verifier. They have has been utilized by the FBI from the year 2004. An ingenious means of catching law breakers who carry out cybercrimes, these programs has halted hundreds of thousands of criminals that were lurking on the World Wide Web. It is well known that, various crime scene facts can also be associated to other crimes scenarios via the usage of DNA database (Braithwaite, 2006).
In conclusion, reorientations in the way of social advocacy and action would have important insinuation at the stages of theory, practice and policy. While there is enough space to explore such implications, the main point is that, if grave criminology is to eliminate several of the political inertia and theoretical errors of the precedent, then an important basic rethinking of its direction political is necessary. This does not guarantee creating other spheres of criminological investigations outside the common concern of the authority, rather than acknowledging that, the most appropriate means of creating about change including alterations to the culture of crime controls may be through big active involvement with social actions through scholarship, research teaching, advocacy and social activism. | https://supreme-thesis.net/essays/informative/criminology-in-the-future.html |
What is the importance of search pattern in crime investigation?
No matter which specific search pattern is used, the goal remains the same: to remain systematic, organized and thorough. “The successful search will locate, identify and preserve all evidence present at a crime scene.
Why is a search pattern important?
Patterns in user behavior help us understand how they interact with search, what results they expect to find, and what their next steps are. Patterns are especially important when redesigning an existing interface. They help find flaws in interactions and help you to understand what works best for your users.
Why is crime scene search important?
The purpose of crime scene investigation is to help establish what happened (crime scene reconstruction) and to identify the responsible person. … The ability to recognize and properly collect physical evidence is oftentimes critical to both solving and prosecuting violent crimes.
Why do investigators look at patterns?
Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is the interpretation of bloodstains at a crime scene in order to recreate the actions that caused the bloodshed. Analysts examine the size, shape, distribution and location of the bloodstains to form opinions about what did or did not happen.
What is the most effective crime scene search method?
The grid method is best used in large crime scenes such as fields or woods. Several searchers, or a line of them, move alongside each other from one end of the area to be searched to the other.
What is the most important part of a crime scene?
Note taking is one of the most important parts of processing the crime scene. It forces investigators to be more observant; when writing things down, people frequently remember details that may otherwise be overlooked. Notes should be complete and thorough, written clearly and legibly.
What should be considered when choosing a search pattern for a crime scene?
It is a good method for large indoors and outdoors crime scenes.
…
- Are the doors and windows locked or unlocked? …
- Are there signs of forced entry, such as tool marks or broken locks?
- Is the house or the crime scene is in good order? …
- Is there mail/post/suicidal note/threatening note/ etc. …
- Is the kitchen in good order?
What are the crime scene search patterns?
The six patterns are link, line or strip, grid, zone, wheel or ray, and spiral. Each has advantages and disadvantages and some are better suited for outside or indoor crime scenes.
Which pattern evidence can relate a suspect with a crime scene?
The logic behind this principle allows investigators to link suspects to victims, to physical objects, and to scenes. Any evidence that can link a person to the scene is referred to as associative evidence. This may include items such as fingerprints, blood and bodily fluids, weapons, hair, fibers and the like.
Why are crime scenes always searched in a grid?
crime scenes are always searched in a grid to ensure that all potential evidence is found . the crime scene officer will analyze the evidence that is collected at a crime scene.
What is the importance of identifying suspects victims of a crime?
Importance of early and accurate victim identification
As noted by the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, “A failure to identify a trafficked person correctly is likely to result in a further denial of that person’s rights.
Why is sequence of order so important in crime scene processing?
Why is sequence of order so important in crime scene processing? The sequence and order is so important because scene processing is a one-shot operation. You only get one chance to do it right. By being in the scene, the forensic investigator is altering the scene. | https://ocsistersincrime.org/criminal-law/are-crime-scene-search-patterns-important.html |
Bayes’ Rule in Criminal Profiling
The show Criminal Minds has brought a lot of attention to the role of criminal profiling in police investigations. The show highlights the Behavioral Analysis Unit of the FBI and their ability to determine specific characteristics of suspects based on the nature of their crimes. These characteristics are used to narrow down the list of suspects, until eventually the true culprit is detained. This strategy essentially makes use of Bayes’ Rule in an iterative manner. Bayes’ Rule allows the calculation of a probability of an event given prior knowledge of a variable that the event is conditionally dependent on. As new information regarding a crime is obtained, the probabilities of certain characteristics of the “unsub” (unidentified subject) are updated with Bayes’ Rule. In the show, these “calculations” are done empirically by specialized agents and are based solely on the agents’ past experience in the field. In their paper, Baumgartner et al. present an automated database approach to criminal profiling.
The strategy highlighted in the paper utilizes a Bayesian network. A Bayesian network can be visualized with a node map where nodes represent variables and edges depict conditional dependencies between those variables. This type of networks stems from Bayesian probability, which is the interpretation of probability in the sector of statistical theory known as – you guessed it – Bayesian statistics. Bayesian probability is based on the assumption that probabilities are dependent on prior events (read: Bayes’ Rule). It then follows that in a Bayesian network, the strengths of conditional dependencies (edges) would be calculated with the help of the Bayes’ Rule equation.
The variables that Baumgartner et el. use as nodes include “evidence” variables and “offender” variables. The evidence variables are characteristics of the crime scene, such as whether the victim was stabbed, whether arson was involved, etc. Offender variables are characteristics of the offender, including things like sex crime history, military history, etc. The strengths of edges between nodes were calculated using a combination of expert experience from actual criminal profilers and a database of crime and offender data. The more data, the more iterations of Bayes’ rule can be applied, and the more accurate the relationships between evidence variables and offender variables. Once the preliminary conditional probabilities have been calculated, the network can be immediate used to narrow down criminal profiles in unsolved cases in an automated structure – simply enter evidence/crime scene data and then observe which characteristics are most strongly correlated to those variables. Once in use, the database engine will continue to recalculate conditional probabilities based on new data. This criminal profiling approach is a great example of just how helpful statistics, and specifically Bayes’ Rule, can be in the real world.
Source: | https://blogs.cornell.edu/info2040/2014/11/13/bayes-rule-in-criminal-profiling/ |
When law enforcement receives a call that a crime was allegedly committed, they will begin an investigation to determine what happened and who was involved. In some cases, a suspect might still be at the scene, resulting in an arrest on the spot. However, in other situations, the alleged perpetrator might have left, and investigators must identify a suspect. When this happens, an investigation must ensue to establish probable cause before taking a person into custody.
What Is Probable Cause?
Probable cause is a requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It states that police cannot arrest an individual for a crime unless they have a reasonable belief that the person actually committed or was about to commit the offense. This constitutional obligation is in place to protect people from being arrested and charged with an offense that they weren’t involved in.
To establish probable cause, law enforcement must gather evidence that links an individual to a crime. Once they have enough to make a compelling argument, they present that information to a judge who decides whether or not it is enough to issue a warrant for that person’s arrest.
Collecting evidence requires that law enforcement officers go through an investigation process. The amount of time it takes to complete and the steps involved depend on the specifics of the circumstances.
Examining the Crime Scene
One of the first steps in a criminal investigation is an examination of the crime scene, which involves collecting physical evidence. Detectives and investigators are trained to take detailed records of the scene. They may take photographs, measurements, and notes on where certain pieces of evidence are found and what it looked like.
During the evidence collection process, investigators must take precautions to ensure the items collected do not become contaminated. If things such as blood samples, hair follicles, or suspected weapons are mishandled, the analysis results could come back inconclusive.
If evidence was not collected and preserved correctly, it may be suppressed at court, which could weaken the prosecution’s case against the accused.
Interviewing Witnesses & Suspects
Another method used by investigators to determine whether or not a crime occurred and who committed it is interviews. This part of the process involves asking questions of witnesses and suspects to piece together what occurred.
If more than 1 person saw the incident unfold, investigators might interview each witness separately. They do this to make sure each person tells their own version of events without being influenced by the stories of others.
When investigators are interviewing suspects, they might use various tactics, including deception, to attempt to get a confession. However, their interrogation cannot be done in a way that violates the person’s constitutional rights. For instance, the Fifth Amendment protects people from providing self-incriminating evidence, which means they can refuse to answer an investigator’s questions.
Obtaining an Arrest Warrant
Typically, after the investigation, the prosecuting attorney will determine whether and what charges to file. They will then present the information to a judge who will decide if it is enough to justify an arrest. If it is, they will issue a warrant that allows law enforcement to take the suspect into custody.
Schedule a Free Consultation with Tidwell Law Group, LLC
If you’re being investigated for an offense in Birmingham, it’s crucial to secure skilled legal defense from an experienced attorney. Our lawyer has 15 years of experience and has handled various criminal matters from drug crimes to sex crimes. We have the knowledge to provide sound legal guidance from the beginning of your case to its conclusion.
Get started on your case by calling us at (205) 800-8596 or contacting us online. | https://www.tidwellduiattorney.com/blog/2019/november/how-does-law-enforcement-investigate-crime-suspe/ |
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An investigation is, in its most basic definition, a thorough, precise, and systematic attempt to uncover the truth about something or someone by gathering facts. In reality, investigations are more nuanced. There are many types of investigations, from fraud investigation and detection to insurance investigations and even general business investigations, but despite their many differences, investigations share one key similarity — they require a variety of skills and tools. If it were easy to get to the truth about everything, there would be no need for the process of investigation. That being said, some investigations are more involved than others, and the type of investigations that tends to be the most complex across the board are also one of the most important — criminal investigations.
To avoid punishment, criminals often try to hide the truth from investigators, which means criminal investigators need a number of powerful tools to get to the bottom of the crime. Fortunately, detective tools used by law enforcement and investigators for criminal investigations have improved dramatically over history due to innovations in science and technology. Though there are hundreds of different tools that are constantly evolving, here’s 3 tools of criminal investigation you need to know.
Layered Voice Analysis for criminal investigation
Layered Voice Analysis (LVA) is a more controversial tool used in criminal investigations, though it is a powerful and fascinating tool nonetheless. Invented in 1997 by Amir Liberman, LVA technology uses mathematical processes to detect different patterns of speech reflected in voice and classify these patterns in terms of human emotion like stress or excitement. According to Nemesyco, the company who invented LVA technology, the technology “enables better understanding of your subject’s mental state and emotional reaction at a given moment.”
LVA can be used in criminal investigations to help determine whether a subject who may be involved with a crime is lying or not during questioning, or just to uncover someone’s emotional reaction for insight into whether a subject has a personal connection to the crime.
Today, LVA technology can analyze a voice sample and provide results in minutes, which experts can then analyze to uncover anything of interest. However, it is a controversial tool, particularly when used as a form of lie detection. One study of LVA technology found that, on average, it was only accurate 42% of the time.
Though the jury is still out on the accuracy of LVA as a form of lie detection, it is still an incredibly powerful tool for criminal investigators to assess the emotions of persons of interest and determine whether they may have information about a crime.
- Layered Voice Analysis (LVA) is a tool that identifies an individual’s emotional patterns by analyzing that person’s voice and speech patterns.
- Voice analysis may help investigators determine whether someone is lying or whether they know more about a crime than they are letting on.
- Though it is not entirely clear how well LVA can actually detect lies, it is still a useful way to gain more insight into a suspect’s emotional reaction to a crime.
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
Fingerprinting has been used in forensic science since 1892 to identify criminals. However, up until the 1980s, fingerprint records had to be compared manually, which was cumbersome and inefficient. In the 1980s, the Japanese National Police Agency developed a computer system called the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), which automatically cross-checked millions of prints all at once. In 1991, the FBI developed the Integrated AFIS, which could automatically compare fingerprints from everywhere in the US in under 30 minutes.
Today, the Integrated AFIS houses the fingerprints and criminal history of 70 million subjects. The database contains electronic images of fingerprints made from scans. When used in a criminal investigation, law enforcement agents submit fingerprints into the database, and the system will compare the images to other images in the database and provide the user with any matches, along with additional information about the matching individual, all within one day.
This fast turnaround allows law enforcement agents to quickly identify individuals whose fingerprints were at the scene of a crime and learn about their criminal history, giving them greater insight into whether or not the individual actually perpetrated the crime.
Though fingerprinting has been around for decades, this fingerprinting tool is one of the most useful and powerful tools law enforcement agents and the government can use to identify criminals.
- The Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a computer tool used by law that identifies criminals whose fingerprints were found at the scene of a crime
- The Integrated AFIS, an extension of the AFIS, contains the fingerprints of over 70 million individuals and can compare fingerprints across the US in less than 30 seconds.
- When used in criminal investigations, the integrated AFIS helps law enforcement agents uncover the criminal history of the individuals whose fingerprints are a match.
Public and private records database tools for criminal investigation
Though it may not be as fancy or high-tech as the other tools used on this list, a public and private records database is in many ways one of the best investigator and law enforcement tools for criminal investigations. People have been gathering records for decades to perform a full background investigation on people of interest and map out connections.
However, gathering records for a criminal investigation in the past traditionally required going to courthouses or libraries, requesting physical copies of records, sorting through them, and manually compiling the records together to create a report. Today, public and private records databases like Tracers instantly provide you with all the information you need to build profiles on individuals for criminal investigations.
Tracers is a cloud-based crime analytics software that allows users to access over 42 billion public and private records from any device at any time. Searches like utility history by address and people search by address provide you with the best way to trace persons of interest and potential witnesses to their address. You can also find names of relatives to build webs of connections and search social media to discover social media evidence and uncover potential locations of suspects.
Another Tracers tool that is helpful for criminal investigations is a criminal record finder,which can be used to find information like arrest records, department of corrections records, court conviction records, sex offender records, and more. This tool allows you to determine whether someone has a history of criminal behavior and may be more likely to commit a crime. You can even perform an asset investigation and use the best property records search to uncover trails of evidence and find out if suspects are hiding anything.
- A public and private records database provides investigators with comprehensive information about a variety of individuals.
- Investigators can search a public and private records database and uncover criminal histories, addresses, social media activity, assets, and more.
- With the information in a public and private records database, investigators can map out connections and build profiles on individuals to help solve their investigations.
Tracers also provides information sharing law enforcement so investigators and law enforcement agencies can share data and collaborate on investigations to solve crimes quicker. With Tracers public and private records database, you search records in seconds and view the data in easy-to-read reports, allowing you to find the key pieces of information you need to solve crimes more efficiently and with less effort.
If you’re ready to see how Tracers public and private records database can help your criminal investigation, get started today. | https://www.tracers.com/blog/three-tools-of-criminal-investigation/ |
Gun May Be Linked to Murder
Homicide investigators have discovered three key pieces of evidence linked to the murder of Leonard Pinnock on April 21.
The 33-year-old Hamilton resident, dressed in red at the time, was in the Bowie Ave. and Dufferin St. area to drop off a friend in the early evening when he was murdered.
At a news conference at police headquarters on June 14,, Detective Sergeant Joyce Schertzer said a loaded semi-automatic gun, along with a Black Nike hoodie and a Gucci side pouch, have been recovered nearby the scene of the crime.
On May 25, a video capturing the two suspects was released to the public in an effort to identify them.
One of the offenders could clearly be seen wearing a hooded article of clothing and a side pouch.
While cleaning his backyard on June 13, a Bowie Ave. resident located the hoodie, pouch and a loaded semi-automatic pistol that appeared to be in poor condition. It was, however, fully functional and a round was accidently discharged.
“I want to thank members of this community for their overwhelming cooperation with this investigation,” said Schertzer. “Secondly, and more importantly, on a public safety note, I would like to remind those who may find weapons on their property to not touch the items, no matter how inoperable they appear due to the poor condition they might be in. They pose a great threat to the safety of those handling them.”
Schertzer is appealing for those close to the two suspects to contact police.
“There is no doubt in my mind that those who are familiar with those two individuals know who they are,” she said. “I am asking those friends, family, associates or whomever, to come forward and identify them.”
Anyone with information is asked to contact police at 416-808-7400, Crime Stoppers anonymously at 416-222-TIPS (8477), online at 222tips.com, text TOR and your message to CRIMES (274637). Download the free Crime Stoppers Mobile App on iTunes, Google Play or Blackberry App World. | https://tpsnews.ca/stories/2017/06/gun-may-be-linked-murder/ |
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