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The Vedas are the more ancient of the sacred texts recognised within the Vedic / Hindu tradition of faith dating from almost three and a half thousand years ago. Another series of Holy writings, the Upanishads, a name which suggests "sitting at the feet of the Teacher" are often more philosophically and mystically sophisticated than the Vedas. The earliest of the Upanishads date from some three thousand years ago. The term Vedanta refers to teachings based primarily upon the Upanishads. The Bhagavad Gita - the Song of God - is a celebrated and more recent addition to Hindu Spirituality dating from the second century A.D.
This Vedic - Hindu Spirituality & Mysticism quotations page is one of a series of seven pages on our site that consider the extensive! range of deep! agreement about important aspects of spirituality and spiritual mysticism between several major World Religions.
Sets of quotations and quotes that seem to recognise a pronounced emphasis on such aspects of Spirituality and Mysticism as a Disdain for Materialism, a Distrust of the Intellect, a Preference for Divine Inspiration, Charity, Purity of Heart, Humility and Meekness from each of these major World Religions ( Buddhist, Christian, Islamic, Jewish, Sikh, Taoist and Vedic or Hindu ) can be accessed through our series of "Central" Spiritual Insights pages.
Please be prepared for some "soul-force" that might be held to reside within many of these quotations!!!
Disdain for Material Things
Which is as poison in the beginning, but is like nectar in the end; that is declared to be "good" pleasure, born from the serenity of one's own mind. That which is like nectar in the beginning from the connection of the sense-object with the senses, but is as poison in the end, is held to be of "passion".
Bhagavad Gita 18:37-38
Distrust of Intellect
"The wise who knows the Self as bodiless within the bodies, as unchanging among changing things, as great and omnipresent, does never grieve". "That self cannot be gained by the Veda, nor by understanding, nor by much learning. He whom the Self chooses, by him the Self can be gained. The Self chooses him (his body) as his own". But he who has not first turned away from his wickedness, who is not tranquil, and subdued, or whose mind is not at rest, he can never obtain the Self (even) by knowledge.
Katha Upanishad 1.2.22-24
Spiritual Insights are possible!
Perseverance in (seeking to gain) the knowledge of the Supreme Spirit, and perception of the gain that comes from knowledge of the truth: This is called knowledge : all that is contrary to this is ignorance.
Bhagavad Gita 13:11
Charity
He that does everything for Me, whose supreme object I am, who worships Me, being free from attachment and without hatred to any creature, this man, Arjuna!, comes to Me.
Bhagavad Gita 11:55
Purity of Heart
And whenever the mind unsteady and restless strays away from the Spirit, let him ever and forever lead it again to the Spirit.
Thus joy supreme comes to the Yogi whose heart is still, whose passions are peace, who is pure from sin, who is one with Brahman, with God.
The Yogi who pure from sin ever prays in this harmony of soul soon feels the joy of Eternity, the infinite joy of union with God.
Bhagavad Gita 6:26-28
Humility
He who hates no single being, is friendly and compassionate, free from self-regard and vanity, the same in good and evil, patient; Contented, ever devout, subdued in soul, firm in purpose, fixed on Me in heart and mind, and who worships Me, is dear to Me.
Bhagavad Gita 12:13-14
Meekness
He whom the world troubles not, and who troubles not the world, who is free from the emotions of joy, wrath, and fear, is dear to Me. The man who is guileless, pure, upright, unconcerned, free from distress of mind, who renounces every enterprise and worships Me, is dear to Me. He who has neither delight nor aversion, who neither mourns nor desires, who renounces good and evil fortune, and worships Me, is dear to Me. He who is the same to friend and foe, and also in honour and dishonour, who is the same in cold and heat, pleasure and pain, who is wholly free from attatchment; To whom praise and blame are equal, who is silent, content with every fortune, home-renouncing, steadfast in mind, and worships Me, that man is dear to Me.
Bhagavad Gita 12:15-19
Communion with God
Devout men (Yogins) who are intent (thereon) see this (spirit) seated in themselves; but the senseless, whose minds are unformed, see it not.
Bhagavad Gita15:11?
Hinduism or Vedanta is another of the World Faiths which imputes a multi-faceted character to human "existential being".
In the Bhagavad Gita we read ~
Arjuna spoke.
But by what is a man impelled, O Varshneya! when he commits sin even against his will, as if compelled by force?
The Holy One spoke.
It is lust: it is wrath, born from the "passion" mode: know that this, all-devouring, all-defiling, is here our foe.
Bhagavad Gita 3: 36-37
and again ~
... the pleasures that come from the world bear in them sorrows to come. They come and they go, they are transient: not in them do the wise find joy.
But he who on this earth, before his departure, can endure the storms of desire and wrath, this man is a Yogi, this man has joy.
He has inner joy, he has inner gladness, and he has found inner Light. This Yogi attains the Nirvana of Brahman: he is one with God and goes unto God.
Holy men reach the Nirvana of Brahman: their sins are no more, their doubts are gone, their soul is in harmony, their joy is in the good of all.
Because the peace of God is with them whose mind and soul are in harmony, who are free from desire and wrath, who know their own soul.
Bhagavad Gita 5: 22-26
The following linked pages are intended to fully demonstrate a degree of Common Ground between the Inner-most Spiritual Teachings of several major World Religions on
Charity, Purity of Heart, Humility, Meekness, A Disdain for Materialism
(compared to the Spiritual),
A Distrust of the Intellect
(compared to Divine Inspiration) and
A Yearning for Divine Edification
(or A Thirst for Spiritual Enlightenment).
These quotations are presented on a series of
very
brief pages where each faith is considered individually.
We have seen it as worthwhile to add another category of quotation ~
where recognition has been given to the possibility of Mystical Communion with God
~ as this addition may rather directly tend the range of agreement about "Core Spiritual Truths" already demonstrated towards actually becoming
something of a proof of the Existence of the one God or Spirit which is the focus of Mystical Faith.
World Religions Spirituality Quotations
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Hindu theology is based on the Vedas and Hindu philosophy has been clarified in the Prasthantrayi. The Vedas are revered as the oldest scriptures and contain spiritual and philosophical knowledge. The four Vedas - Rig Veda, Sam Veda, Yajur Veda, Atharva Veda - are supplemented by the Upanishads, the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita and the Brahma Sutras as pillars of Hindu philosophy. Hindu philosophies are derived from the Prasthantrayi, which is the collective name for the Upanishads, the Bhagwad Gita and the Brahma Sutras. These have been accepted as treasures of wisdom for centuries in India. Bhagwan Swaminarayan placed emphasis on studying the Vedas and the historic Hindu scriptures of the Prasthanatrayi.
The Vedas
The foundational scriptures for Hindus are the Vedas. A practising Hindu is generally defined as one who believes in the authority and sanctity of the Vedas. Hindus consider the Vedas not man-made, but to be revealed by God. Before being written down, the Vedas were taught for a long time from generation to generation in oral tradition.
The Rig Veda is considered the most important Veda, containing Sanskrit 'mantras' or prayers to the nature gods to grant riches, progeny, long life, peace and eternal happiness. Many Hindu philosophical ideas have their basis in the Rig Veda, including that of one Supreme Reality, monotheistic worship and bhakti. The Yajur Veda mantras deal with the rituals of worship or the ceremonial aspect of Hindu worship and belief. The Sama Veda contains Rig Vedic mantras set to music, with all its mantras being set to the seven basic notes. The Atharva Veda has mantras that deal with health, friendship, trade and commerce, and many other aspects of life in Vedic times.
The Upanishads
The Upanishads refers to that divine knowledge which loosens the bonds of attachment, removes ignorance, and helps one understand one's true self and the true form of Bhagwan. The dialogues in the Upanishads are conversations between the enlightened guru and their disciples in the gurukuls - ancient forest academies - of India.
The Upanishads are also referred to as Vedanta, the conclusion of the Vedas, both chronologically and philosophically, as they teach the highest spiritual knowledge. There are over 200 Upanishads, each with a unique identity and a theme. Out of the 200, only 10 to 12 are considered to be the older works; they are the basic sources of ancient Hindu philosophy. The Upanishads contain the enlightened teachings that are the essence of Hindu philosophy dealing with the nature and relation of God, jiva, moksha, and the material world.
The ten main Upanishads are the Isha, Katha, Kena, Prashna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya and Brihadaranyaka. Each of these ten Upanishads has been interpreted and discussed by the different Acharyas: Shanka, Ramanuj, Madhva, Nimbark, Vallabh, and Chaitanya. All Hindu schools of thought must establish their philosophy based on the mantras of these 10 scriptural masterpieces.
The ancient Katha Upanishad’s story of child Nachiketa’s encounter with Yamaraj, the God of Death, and the explanation of what happens after death is presented everyday at Swaminarayan Akshardham-Gandhinagar’s Sat-Chit-Anand Water Show with live actors and special effects. Moreover, BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha’s sadhus study many of the Upanishads as part of their training and have authored detailed essays on the Upanishads, which can be found in the
Enlightening Essays
section.
The Brahma Sutras
The Brahma Sutras are the second scripture considered a pillar of Hindu philosophy. The Brahma Sutras are known as tarka scriptures, or scriptures based on logic. Badarayan Rishi or Veda Vyas wrote the Brahma Sutras to share the knowledge of the Upanishads in short mantras using logic. However, towards the end of the text Veda Vyas says, “tarko apratishtitaha,” which means, “logic is not the basis of spirituality.” Logic can be argued and debated. Faith in God and spiritual progress is only attained by faith.
According to Sankara, the earliest commentator of the Brahma Sutras, there are 191 adhikarans and 555 sutras arranged in 4 chapters (adhyãyas). Each chapter is further divided into 4 sections called pãds.
The first chapter, Samanvaya (harmony), explains that all the Vedantic texts speak of Bhagwan, the Ultimate Reality, and to reach Him is the goal of life. The second chapter, Avirodha (non-conflict), discusses and refutes the possible objections against Vedanta philosophy. The third chapter, Sadhana (the means), describes the process by which the jiva can achieve moksha. The fourth chapter, Phala (the fruit), talks about the state that is achieved when one has attained moksha.
The sutras are brief, containing mostly two to four Sanksrit words. Almost all renowned acharyas have authored a commentary based on the Brahma Sutras, and thus, the Brahma Sutras have influenced all schools of Hindu philosophy.
The Shrimad Bhagwad Gita
The Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, also known as the Gita, is the third and final scripture forming the foundation of Hindu philosophy. Hindus have great reverence for this divine manuscript. The text is composed of 700 verses spread across 18 chapters, or adhyayas. It is part of a much larger work, the Mahabharata, the great Indian epic poem written by Veda Vyas.
The Gita speaks of performing one’s own swadharma, or duty, without the expectations of merit or its fruit. This is the only way to please God and realize His true form. This learning is delivered in the Gita as a dialog between Shri Krishna and Arjun, on the battlefield of the Mahabharata war. The warrior Arjun loses heart and the strength to face his enemies in battle, which includes his gurus, elders, and relatives. The loss of this strength symbolizes a greater loss; it symbolizes Arjun unable to perform his duty.
The questions raised by Arjun about right and wrong, duty and responsibility - and the answers given by Shri Krishna - are still relevant and valid today, nearly 5,000 years later. The knowledge of the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita is eternal. Shri Krishna elaborates on various Vedantic philosophies with examples and analogies. He describes the knowledge of self-realization and the process by which a human being can establish an eternal rapport with God. Some of the most famous verses discuss the concept of stability of the body, mind, and soul. A famous shloka from the Gita’s introduction gives the beautiful anology of Arjun being a calf drinking the nectar-like milk of the Gita from the Upanishadic cow offered by Shri Krishna, the cowherd.
After much discussion, Arjun is still unconvinced. Lord Krishna then utters the conclusive shloka, “Sarva dharmaan parityajya…,” which means, “Oh Arjun, leave all your ideas about right and wrong, and surrender to my will. I shall free you from any consequences of your actions and deliver moksha to you.” Thus, the Bhagavad Gita is a call to action, a dialogue between God and man in which God is exhorting man to perform his duties as per the wish of God and thus fulfilling his spiritual as well as worldly duties.
The Shrimad Bhagavad Gita’s simplicity and universal messages can be imbibed by all, thus making the Gita an important philosophical and religious classic of our world. | https://www.baps.org/Spiritual-Living/Scriptures/Central-Hindu-Scriptures.aspx |
This 4 week course, which offers a profound personal experience, will allow you to transmit the knowledge of yoga to others. The spiritual essence of yoga is learned through a combination of repeated practice and inspirational lessons. Among the many benefits that students report are greater spiritual awareness, a sense of connection with the divine, a new-found sense of self-discipline, enhanced self-esteem, improved power of concentration and increased strength and flexibility.
A teaching certificate from the International SYVC is awarded upon successful completion of this immersion course. The International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Center (SYVC) has trained over 32,000 yoga teachers to date since 1969. The curriculum includes asanas, pranayama, meditation, Vedanta philosophy, anatomy/physiology, Bhagavad Gita, mantra and kriyas. Please inquire for a brochure and application form.
Daily Schedule
5:30 am Wake Up
6:00 - 7:30 am Satsang: meditation, chanting and lecture
8:00 - 10:00 am Yoga Asana and Pranayama Class
10:00 - 10:45 am Vegetarian Brunch
10:45 - 11:45 am Karma Yoga (Selfless Service)
12:00 - 1:00 pm Kirtan or Bhagavad Gita Class
2:00 - 4:00 pm Main Philosphy Lecture
4:00 - 6:00 pm How to Teach Yoga Class
6:00 - 6:45 pm Vegetarian Dinner
6:45 - 7:45 pm Free time for Homework completion
8:00 - 9:45 pm Satsang: meditation, chanting and lecture
One day a week will be free, but satsang still must be attended.
Certification
Upon successful completion of the course, students receive the Certificate of the International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centers, entitled Yoga Siromani.
This training is registered by and fulfils the requirements for the 200-hour certification, for which graduates of the program are invited to register with the Yoga Alliance.
Curriculum
Hatha Yoga
- Hatha Yoga Theory, The Astral Body
- The nadis (energy channels) and chakras (energy centers).
- Yoga Asanas, The Sun Salutation and the 12 basic yoga postures.
- Advanced Variations
- Effects of asanas on the physical and astral body
- Proper posture alignment
- Deep relaxation, Release of blocked energy
- Pranayama Kapalabhati, Anuloma Viloma (alternate nostril breath)
- Advanced pranayama exercises
Meditation
- Meditation, Twelve Guidelines for Meditation
- Benefits of Meditation
- Mantras and mantra initiation (if requested)
- Yoga Philosophy and Psychology
- Techniques of meditation
- Mechanics of the mind
- Positive thinking techniques
- Obstacles to meditation.
- The Five Points of Yoga according to Swami Vishnu-
devananda
Yoga Philosophy
- Psychology of the Spiritual Aspirant
- Law of karma, Vedanta philosophy
- 4 classical Yoga paths : Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga
- 8 limbs of Yoga and Jnana Yoga (vedanta philosophy and techniques of self enquiry) .
- Teaching the sun salutation and the 12 basic postures
- The Basic Class
- Teaching beginners and intermediate students
- Adapt teaching to special groups
Anatomy and Physiology
- The effects of hatha yoga on major body systems
- Yogic Diet and Nutrition
- Ethical, health and spiritual reasons for vegetarianism
Bhagavad Gita Study
- commentary of the Bhagavad Gita, which is the most read classical scripture. It gives universal teachings on how to do your duty and conduct yourself in the battlefield of life.
Kirtan
- Positive emotional effects of chanting
- Correct pronunciation and mental attitude
- Mantra and sound healing
- Practice of opening of the heart to the divine
Arrival and Departure
Arrival: The course will begin in the Afternoon of Saturday with registration at 11:00 am. Please plan to arrive by Friday.
Departure: The Graduation Ceremony will be in the evening on Saturday. You can plan departure the following day.
Testimonials
The Sivananda TTC has been a wonderful experience – I learned a lot about yoga and particularly appreciate the holistic approach to living well and finding inner peace. The teachings of the Guru’s are inspiring and profound. The support system provided by the wonderful staff members and teachers created a very conducive and encouraging environment for such an intense program. It has been a great please taking this program in the beautiful ashram. I look forward to spreading the experience of peace and joy as handed down by the Guru’s teachings.
Vivian Lee, Singapore, May 2013
This was a truly life altering experience. This ashram is a magical place. I can’t believe how much I have learned and grown in the past month. TTC is amazing!
Kimara Himchak, Lumberton, NJ, May 2013
Somehow this month of TTC has felt like 3 days and 3 years at the same time. I’ve learned so much about Yoga and myself but more importantly I’ve learned that I know nothing at all. This has been an invaluable experience thanks to all the hard working staff and fellow Yogi’s. I’m so excited to practice and teach what I’ve learned here, continuing my growth and spiritual journey. | https://www.yogatrail.com/event/sivananda-yoga-teacher-training-4454775 |
What is Yoga? “Samatvam is the yoga that Lord Krishna talks about at length in the Bhagavad Gita. He defines yoga as: Samatvam Yoga Uchyate (2:48): Samatvam is Yoga; equanimity is yoga... He [Lord Krishna] explains that samatvam is being able to maintain one's balance of mind in success and failure, gain and loss, pleasure and pain, and that is the aptitude of a perfect master who remains equipoised in all circumstances. That is samatvam, the yoga of equanimity ” Swami Sivananda.
I read this book “Samatvam: The Yoga of Equanimity” while I was staying at the Parmarth Niketan Ashram in Rishikesh. I loved it!
It is a very small book, only 120 pages long, yet it contains so much wisdom. I think it is an excellent book for those who are really serious about learning the deepest aspect of yoga and applying this philosophy in ones daily life.
It is based on the teachings of two great yoga masters: Swami Sivananda Saraswati and Swami Satyananda Saraswati.
Content of the book
In Chapter 2, “The Perfectly Balanced Mind,” Swami Sivananda gives a beautiful commentary on the second chapter of the Bhagavad Gita where Arjuna asks Krishna for the characteristics of he who has attained the state of yoga.
In Chapter 3, “The Pathway to Samatvam,” he describes what are the qualifications that one needs to have in order to achieve this state of equanimity and he gives advice to serious sadhakas on how to put these teachings into practice:
“An aspirant who treads the path to Samatvam must make every effort to acquire the following essential qualities: Viveka, discrimination; vairagya, dispassion; shadsampat, the six virtues (shama, mental calmness and control; dama, restraint of the senses; uparati, sense withdrawal or pratyahara; titiksha, endurance; shraddha, faith and samadhana, mental balance); and an intense desire for liberation, mumukshutva. In order to posses the virtue of Samatvam, he will also need to dedicate himself to steadying the mind every moment of his yoga career...”From chapter 4 until chapter 9 Swami Sivananda talks about each one of these qualities.
Swami Satyananda Saraswati teachings start from chapter 10 until chapter 19. He gives plenty of advice on how to put this philosophy in practice to be able to achieve the state of Samatvam.
On Chapter 11, “How to Attain Equanimity,” Swami Satyananda suggests: have a goal and philosophy of life, have patience, respect yourself, be regular in sadhana (spiritual practice).
Best quotes from Samatvam, The Yoga of Equanimity
These are a few of my favorite quotes from the book:
“Try to experience oneness with the divine power by directing the mind to the Lord” Swami Sivananda.But what I really need to learn now is how to practice detachment from books. Once again I have to face the fact that I need to keep traveling but I can't carry more weight. I thought about giving the book away as a gift, but even though it was quite cheap, just 100 Indian rupees, it is quite a tough decision. I feel I still need to read it several times before I can do that :-)
“Samatvam can be found only within. Look within. Search for it within the quietness of your mind through one-pointed concentration and meditation.” Swami Sivananda
“Mental equilibrium is maintained by remaining a witness. One definition of yoga is: an art by which we become a spectator of all the experiences of awareness.” Swami Satyananda.
“You can attain the highest yoga, you can have the darshan of God, if you can make your mind still and peaceful.” Swami Satyananda.
“Be aware of everything that happens. Act like a witness, without identifying yourself with anything. Over-identification with the body, emotions and mind will lead to painful and undesirable physical, emotional and mental experiences. Try to watch all the activities from the center of consciousness.”
If you would like to order this book you can find it on Amazon in this link: Samatvam, The Yoga Of Equanimity.
You might also be interested in Taming the Kundalini and Steps to Yoga and Yoga initiation papers, also from the Bihar Yoga Publications.
And you can also visit my top 10 favorite yoga philosophy books for more yoga books recommendations like this one. | https://www.path2yoga.net/2011/07/samatvam-is-yoga-equanimity-is-yoga.html |
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The Bhagavad Gita is a compilation of several pieces of advice given by the Lord. It comprises of many aspects that include how one should live a perfect life, what is the meaning of God, what is good and evil, why is there good and ad in this world and what will prevail, what is the purpose of birth and how can one reach God. Essays, 1719 ...read more
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Jul 10, 2020 · Gita Essays Ghosh On By Aurobindo. After years of spiritual life revolved around discussions and lectures, in the year 1926, Aurobindo attained Siddhi or enlightenment and spent more than two decades in meditation and spiritual realization.. Includes. In his 'Essays on Gita' Sri Aurobindo Ghosh initially presented the concept of integral education as out bringing all the facets of an the … ...read more
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Essays on the Gita -Sri Aurobindo. First Series : Chapter 16. The Process of Avatarhood. Here there is no question of the Lord and the human Jiva or of the Father and the Son, the divine Man, but only of the Lord and his Prakriti. The Divine descends by his own Prakriti into birth in its human form and type and brings into it the divine ...read more
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Bhagavad-Gita teaches how to obtain control of mind and body. Human beings, according to Bhagavad-Gita, live in an illusionary, dualistic world. The world they perceive as real is illusionary; it is full of material Free research essays on topics related to: krishna, bhagavad, cycle, birth death and rebirth, bhagavad gita; Bhagavad Gita N P ...read more
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Mar 07, 2012 · ADVERTISEMENTS: The Bhagwad Gita is the most widely read and revered religious text of the world. The State of Haryana is proud of the fact that this legendary epic was orated by Lord Krishna at Jyotisar (Kurukshetra), which is located here. Related posts: 209 Words Essay for kids on my Favorite Book 377 Words Essay […] ...read more
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"Bhagavad-Gita" and WQ Judge "Essays on the Gita" | http://loandskabi.cf/essays-on-gita-575914.html |
Socio-Genetics seeks to understand both the genetic and environmental contributions to individual variations in behavior. Behaviors, like all complex traits, involve multiple genes, a reality that complicates the search for genetic contributions. As with much other research in genetics, studies of genes and behavior require analysis of families and populations for comparison of those who have the trait in question with those who do not. The result commonly is a statement of "heritability," a statistical construct that estimates the amount of variation in a population that is attributable to genetic factors. The explanatory power of heritability figures is limited, however, applying only to the population studied and only to the environment in place at the time the study was conducted. If the population or the environment changes, the heritability most likely will change as well. Focused on the genetics of complex traits in a variety of organisms-honeybees, mice, and nematodes-this volume discusses environmental influence on genetic programs and evolutionary genetics. Such research is proving important in furthering our understanding of the genetic basis of such diseases as obesity, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and autism, to name a few.
- Most recent research findings on gene-environment interaction and complex behavior, allows researchers to make predictions about the genetic mechanisms that underlie some basic behaviors-eating, for example-leading to new and novel treatments for some genetically based abnormal behaviors
- Reviews environmental programming of phenotypic diversity in female reproductive strategies, providing important insight into fertility and in developing therapeutic strategies to treat infertility
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Ardiel & Rankin
Molecular social interactions: Drosophilia melanogaster seminal fluid proteins as a case study
Sirot, LaFlamme, Sitnik, Rubinstein, Avila, Chow & Wolfner
Sleeping together: using social interactions to understand the role of sleep in plasticity
Donlea & Shaw
Approaching the Genomics of Risk taking behavior
Bell
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The field of behavioral genetics, or more specifically human behavioral genetics, is concerned with the study of the causes of individual differences in psychological traits, such as intelligence (IQ) and personality.
What does a behavioral geneticist study?
Behaviour genetics, also called psychogenetics, the study of the influence of an organism’s genetic composition on its behaviour and the interaction of heredity and environment insofar as they affect behaviour.
Which type of study is a mainstay of behavioral genetics research?
Twin Studies. Twin studies are the mainstay of behavioral genetics and serve as a crucial tool in establishing the heritability of phenotype.
Which is a type of study included in the area of behavioral genetics?
To summarize, behavioral genetics is a field that attempts to ascertain whether, or the extent to which, traits, including personality traits, are inherited. To help determine this, researchers study families in family studies, twin studies and adoption studies.
What is the goal of the field of behavioral genetics?
The primary goal of behavioural genetics is to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behaviour. A wide variety of different methodological approaches are used in behavioral genetic research, only a few of which are outlined below.
What are examples of behavioral traits?
13 Behavioral Traits of Successful People
- Inspiring others.
- Thinking strategically.
- Leading change.
- Learning from experience.
- Navigating ambiguity.
- Demonstrating courage and grit.
- Displaying interpersonal savvy.
- Being mindful.
What Behaviours can be inherited?
Inherited behaviors are behaviors that are passed down genetically. Our genes control things like our hair type and color, our eye color, and our height—but we don’t usually think of them controlling our behavior. That’s partly because most of our behaviors are learned, rather than inherited.
What is the focus of behavioral genetics?
Behavioral genetics is the study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors. By examining genetic influence, more information can be gleaned about how the environment operates to affect behavior.
Is behavior learned or genetic?
Behavior is determined by a combination of inherited traits, experience, and the environment. Some behavior, called innate, comes from your genes, but other behavior is learned, either from interacting with the world or by being taught.
What methods are used in behavioral genetics studies?
Traditional behavioral genetic methods involve the use primarily of family, twin, and adoption correlations to estimate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences in the etiology of individual differences. These methods and representative results for personality are described.
Can habits be inherited?
It turns out your behavior is heavily influenced by your environment, and your parents’ habits could easily pass down to you during your childhood.” … “In addition to picking up habits from your parents through imitation, science has also proven that some bad habits may be caused by your genetic lottery,” Bruno says.
How do genes influence behavior?
The two most basic influences on social behavior are genes (the chemical instructions that people inherit from their parents’ DNA) and the environment (all other, noninherited factors). Contrary to a common misconception, genes do not cause behavioral or personality traits, they only influence them.
What are behavioral traits?
Behavioral traits describe the characteristics that consistently describe a person’s behavior.
Is bad behavior genetic?
Is bad behavior determined by a child’s genes? A new study has found that a particular gene has some influence on whether or not adolescents show alarming behaviors—but only if their parents aren’t keeping tabs on them. | https://cpack.org/diseases/what-does-the-field-of-behavioral-genetics-study.html |
Boarding out and fostering poor children was a favoured method of poor relief in many rural areas in northern Europe. This article discusses children who were boarded out to foster-parents by public auction in a rural parish in northern nineteenth-century Sweden. Poverty was the main reason why children were boarded out, frequently associated with loss of parents and difficulties in providing for a large household. It is suggested that the Swedish system of boarding out poor children must be understood in the context of a welfare system where cost efficiency was important. The auction method was used in spite of the risks involved because it was considered to be the best way to provide poor children with food, clothes, shelter and care, while keeping the compensation to the foster-parents at a reasonably low level.
Throughout human history, recurrent influenza pandemics have affected individuals and societies all over the world. Yet the social responses have varied with time and space. This article discusses society's response to the Spanish influenza of 1918-1920 in northern rural Sweden, focusing on measures taken by local communities to meet the advancing pandemic. In the five studied rural communities, the official response was sparse and reactive, and the presence of pandemic influenza is almost invisible in the municipal records. Potentially preventive measures, such as school closures and bans on public gatherings, were used inadequately and introduced far too late to be effective. The current struggle with wartime hardship, food crisis and a strained economy, an insufficient public health administration, a national preventive policy primarily aimed at the prevention of cholera, and the continued use of traditional methods to deal with crises in society are suggested as some explanations for local authorities' apparent inertia during the Spanish influenza.
Most complex diseases have well-established genetic and non-genetic risk factors. In some instances, these risk factors are likely to interact, whereby their joint effects convey a level of risk that is either significantly more or less than the sum of these risks. Characterizing these gene-environment interactions may help elucidate the biology of complex diseases, as well as to guide strategies for their targeted prevention. In most cases, the detection of gene-environment interactions will require sample sizes in excess of those needed to detect the marginal effects of the genetic and environmental risk factors. Although many consortia have been formed, comprising multiple diverse cohorts to detect gene-environment interactions, few robust examples of such interactions have been discovered. This may be because combining data across studies, usually through meta-analysis of summary data from the contributing cohorts, is often a statistically inefficient approach for the detection of gene-environment interactions. Ideally, single, very large and well-genotyped prospective cohorts, with validated measures of environmental risk factor and disease outcomes should be used to study interactions. The presence of strong founder effects within those cohorts might further strengthen the capacity to detect novel genetic effects and gene-environment interactions. Access to accurate genealogical data would also aid in studying the diploid nature of the human genome, such as genomic imprinting (parent-of-origin effects). Here we describe two studies from northern Sweden (the GLACIER and VIKING studies) that fulfill these characteristics.
Aims/hypothesis Little is known about the heritable basis of gene-environment interactions in humans. We therefore screened multiple cardiometabolic traits to assess the probability that they are influenced by genotype-environment interactions.
Methods Fourteen established environmental risk exposures and 11 cardiometabolic traits were analysed in the VIKING study, a cohort of 16,430 Swedish adults from 1682 extended pedigrees with available detailed genealogical, phenotypic and demographic information, using a maximum likelihood variance decomposition method in Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines software.
Results All cardiometabolic traits had statistically significant heritability estimates, with narrow-sense heritabilities (h (2)) ranging from 24% to 47%. Genotype-environment interactions were detected for age and sex (for the majority of traits), physical activity (for triacylglycerols, 2 h glucose and diastolic BP), smoking (for weight), alcohol intake (for weight, BMI and 2 h glucose) and diet pattern (for weight, BMI, glycaemic traits and systolic BP). Genotype-age interactions for weight and systolic BP, genotype-sex interactions for BMI and triacylglycerols and genotype-alcohol intake interactions for weight remained significant after multiple test correction.
Conclusion/hypothesis Age, sex and alcohol intake are likely to be major modifiers of genetic effects for a range of cardiometabolic traits. This information may prove valuable for studies that seek to identify specific loci that modify the effects of lifestyle in cardiometabolic disease.
This paper presents the longitudinal database POPLINK, which has been developed at the Demographic Data Base at Umeå University, Sweden. Based on digitized Swedish population registers between c. 1700-1950, the database contains micro-data that covers the agrarian society through industrialization and further on to the Swedish welfare state and contemporary society. It is now possible to study the profound processes of the second demographic transition using individual level data with a proper size population. POPLINK allows for a large array of longitudinal studies, such as social mobility, migration, fertility, mortality, civil status, kinship relations, diseases, disability and causes of death. International standards of occupations (HISCO) and diseases (ICD-10) have been applied, facilitating comparability. POPLINK covers two large regions in Northern Sweden and is built on complete registrations. It is one of the world’s most information-dense historical population databases, covering up to 15 generations and 350,000 individuals described by 300 variables, allowing the ability to monitor populations over time. POPLINK has been built to allow linkage to modern registries, clinical data and medical biobanks, which enables the study of transgenerational effects, heredity and genetic transfers in disease incidence of the population today. DDB serves as an infrastructure for research and is open to researchers of any nationality. | http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22personId%22%3A%22authority-person%3A62853%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&language=en&query= |
The identification and understanding of gene-environment interactions can provide insights into the pathways and mechanisms underlying complex diseases. However, testing for gene-environment interaction remains a challenge since statistical power is often limited, the specification of environmental effects is nontrivial, and such misspecifications can lead to false positive findings. To address the lack of statistical power, recent methods aim to identify interactions on an aggregated level using, for example, polygenic risk scores. While this strategy increases power to detect interactions, identifying contributing key genes and pathways is difficult based on these global results.
Here, we propose RITSS (Robust Interaction Testing using Sample Splitting), a gene-environment interaction testing framework for quantitative traits that is based on sample splitting and robust test statistics. RITSS can incorporate multiple genetic variants and/or multiple environmental factors. Using sample splitting, a screening step enables the selection and combination of potential interactions into scores with improved interpretability, based on the user’s unrestricted choices for statistical/machine learning approaches. In the testing step, the application of robust test statistics minimizes the susceptibility of the results to main effect misspecifications.
Using extensive simulation studies, we demonstrate that RITSS controls the type 1 error rate in a wide range of scenarios. In an application to lung function phenotypes and human height in the UK Biobank, RITSS identified genome-wide significant interactions with subcomponents of genetic risk scores. While the contributing single variant interactions are moderate, our analysis results indicate interesting interaction patterns that result in strong aggregated signals that provide further insights into gene-environment interaction mechanisms.
Competing Interest Statement
EKS received grant support from GlaxoSmithKline and Bayer. MHC has received grant funding from GSK and Bayer and speaking or consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Illumina, and Genentech. | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.469907v1 |
Genetic variations and environmental factors, including lifestyle behaviors and dietary patterns, have clear and distinguishable effects on cardiometabolic disease risk. However, the differential pattern of metabolic disease occurrence within and between populations in terms of genetic and lifestyle factors suggests that metabolic diseases are caused in part by the interaction between adverse environmental factors and the genetic risk profile of an individual. For example, in the case of common obesity, many people who are obese have tried and failed to reduce their weight through diet and exercise. Although often short term weight loss can be achieved through lifestyle modifications, the lost weight is often regained over time, suggesting the involvement of strong biological and physiological mechanisms in weight maintenance.
The past decade has witnessed developments in massively parallel, high-throughput genotyping and sequencing technologies that emerged out of the Human Genome Project which have made it possible to perform comprehensive explorations of human genetic variations and complex traits in large cohort groups. The prevailing method has been genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which have led to the identification of hundreds of common genetic variants in association with complex metabolic traits. The discovered genetic variants in interaction with environmental factors including physical activity, dietary arrtributes and other behaviors might lead us to better quantify the population-attributable risk in subgroups of the population who might later be targeted with tailored therapies. Also, studies of gene-environment interaction might help us in understanding the mechanisms and molecular pathways through which environmental factors cause disease. | https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/5992/the-role-of-genetic-and-lifestyle-factors-in-metabolic-diseases |
Information-rich genomic data have transformed the study of genetic variants but have affected investigations of gene-environment interplay less, partly due to the multiple testing involved in genome-wide interaction studies. This thesis explores alternative uses of genome-wide techniques to investigate gene-environment interplay. Genetic associations with individual differences in response to an environment can be examined by performing genome-wide association studies in individuals with a shared exposure. Cognitive behavioural therapy is a controllable environment that can be studied prospectively. Genetic variants and RNA transcript expression were used to predict therapeutic outcome. No significant predictors were identified, suggesting that effects are likely to be small. Genome-wide association studies remain underpowered to detect small effects, despite increasingly large cohorts. Polygenic risk scores incorporating variants below traditional thresholds of statistical significance can capture true signal. These scores can act as a proxy for the effect of the genome in genome-by-environment interaction studies, and were used in this thesis to dissect the observed increase in body mass index in individuals with depression. Results suggest that this relationship is likely to result primarily from causes other than the additive effects of common genetic variation. Polygenic risk scores were also used to assess the effects of social environmental and genetic influences on body mass index before and during adolescence, using a risk score primarily derived from adult participants. Positive associations between this risk score and adolescent body mass index phenotypes suggest a stable genetic influence on body mass. Social environmental influences on body mass had small effects, with weak evidence for an interaction between socioeconomic status and genetic risk influencing body mass. Statistical limitations on genomic analyses can be reduced by using alternative methods to complement genome-wide interaction studies. These approaches provide insight into the interactive effects of the genome and the environment on behavioural phenotypes. | https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.713128 |
Note the twisted ladder-like structure, referred to as a double helix.
Base pairs form the rungs on the DNA ladder, (here in blue and purple), and their sequence determines the genetic traits that are carried in the DNA of each individual.
Segment of DNA Visualized as Ladder
How Can Such a Simple System
Dictate How Life Unfolds?
• Number of base pairs in
DNA molecule are very large
According to the Human Genome
Project, all humans are 99.9% genetically identical.
• Different species, and even different individuals within the same species, have different numbers of base pairs in their genome
• Order of pairing is important
What Is Protein Synthesis?
Most significant thing genes do is build proteins
Proteins are molecules that control life
Over 200,000 different proteins have been identified in humans
Common Proteins and Their Functions in the Human Body
Genes, Chromosomes, and Cell
Division
When cell divides, DNA assembles into chromosomes
Chromosomes are chains of genes that can be observed directly
All cells except sperm and egg cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
First 22 of those pairs are matching, and are referred to as autosomes
The 23rd pair determines sex selection and is labeled XX in females and XY in males
One
’s chromosomal makeup can be visualized in karyotypes
Human Karyotypes
Cell Division and Reproduction
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
From Genotype to Phenotype
• All of person’s pairs of alleles that form their genetic code
• Dominant allele
• Recessive allele
• Dominant trait expression
• Recessive trait expression
From Genotype to Phenotype
Simple dominance and recessive
• When an allele is dominant, its presence in gene pair has tendency to cause that trait to be expressed characteristic or trait
• Homozygous
• Heterozygous
Combination of genes
• Combinations of many gene pairs determine most traits
• Polygenetic inheritance
Examples of Dominant-Recessive
Gene Combinations
Genetic Inheritance
Polygenic human characteristics
• Determined by more than one gene pair
Sex-linked traits
• Usually passed on by
X chromosome
Hypothetically, the same parents can produce hundreds of trillions of unique children.
Genetic Inheritance
• May occur during mitosis or meiosis when
DNA molecule is altered during cell division
• May be beneficial or detrimental
Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders
Genetic anomalies
• Involve problems with instructional mechanism of genetic process
Sex-linked disorders
• Can occur when gametes do not replicate correctly or when genetic information, even entire chromosomes, are missing or duplicated
Crossing Over of Chromosomes
Sometimes during meiosis parts of chromosomes cross over, which creates new combinations of genes on a chromosome.
Source: Derived from Life (4th ed.), by R. Lewis, D. Gaffin, M.
Hoefnagels, and B. Parker,
2002, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gene-Environment Interactions:
The Study of Epigenetics
Individuals differ not only in their genes, but also in specific ways in which they experience their environments
Environmental forces can change gene expressions
Epigenetic modifications may be transmitted to next generation via genetic inheritance
Gene-environment interactions occur at many levels
Experience in life can have dramatic effect on later developmental outcomes
Some Sex-Linked Disorders
Autosomal Disorders
Genetic Research
Genetic research
• Uses recombinant
DNA technology to reconstruct cells and genes
Gene therapies
• Involve reinserting geneticallyaltered cells into a person
In vivo gene therapy
• Removes some viral genes, inserts cloned normal genes and reintroduces retrovirus to patient
Video Clip
Description of different types of genetic testing: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJuo937gz44
Video Clip
BBC documentary on Designer Babies with commentary by Princeton professor Lee
Silver: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TN9ep4B9Hw0& feature=PlayList&p=C7E239A945F4C4BA&playne xt=1&playnext_from=PL&index=56
Behavior Genetics
Tries to understand the genetic origins of behaviors
Incorporates the view that complex traits are determined by interaction of heredity and environment
Looks at statistical correlation, or concordance, of similar characteristics with genes
What is a concordance rate?
Let’s find out.
Behavior Genetics
Concordance rates
form the basis of estimates of heritability, the proportion of a trait that is thought to result from genetic factors.
How are these estimates determined?
Behavior Genetics Studies
Environmental Influences and Contexts
• Habituation
• Classical
Conditioning
• Operant
Conditioning
• Social
Learning
A Typical Classical Conditioning
Procedure
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcers increase the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Punishments decrease the probability that a behavior will be repeated
Applied Behavior Analysis
Applied behavior analysis
Application of learning principles to change behavior
Sometimes called behavior modification
Family and Culture
Family systems are at heart of human behavior
Families pay critical role in orienting people to society and culture
Siblings share many similar experiences, but nonshared experiences and relationships also exist
Your textbook suggests it is important to avoid ethnocentrism.
Do you agree? Why? Why not?
Sociocultural Influences
Cultural factors affect a cohort, a group of individuals born during the same historical era.
How would you describe YOUR cohort? | https://studylib.net/doc/9863459/heredity-and-environment |
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases are age-related neurodegenerative diseases. ALS is not a single entity but a syndrome with many different causes. In all 3 diseases, gene mutations account for only 10-15% of cases. Many environmental and lifestyle factors have been implicated as risk factors for ALS, though none have been proven to cause the disease. It is generally believed that ALS results from interactions between environmental risk factors and genetic predisposing factors. The advent of next-generation sequencing and recent advances in research into environmental risk factors offer the opportunity to investigate these interactions. Summary: We propose a hypothesis to explain the syndrome of ALS based on the interaction of many individual environmental risk factors with many individual genetic predisposing factors. We hypothesize that there are many such combinations of individual, specific, genetic, and environmental factors, and that each combination can lead to the development of the syndrome of ALS. We also propose a hypothesis that explains the overlap between the age-related neurodegenerations and their genetic underpinnings. Age and duration of exposure are crucial factors in these age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and we consider how these may relate to gene-environment interactions. Key Messages: To date, genetic studies and environmental studies have investigated the causes of ALS separately. We argue that this univariate approach will not lead to discoveries of important gene-environment interactions. We propose new research approaches to investigating gene-environment interactions based on these hypotheses. | https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/gene-environment-time-interactions-in-neurodegenerative-diseases- |
What Is Genetic Composition?
The Genetics compound working cluster (WG) aims to educe vouch and better approaches for assessing and interpreting genetic diversity. The last goal of this exertion is to conserve genetic difference by: … facilitating philosophical synthesis of the numerous existing genetic datasets.
What is the genetic composition of an organism?
Answer and Explanation: The genetic makeup of an organism is named its genotype briefly the ant: immateriality traits of an organism are named its phenotype. Genotype denotes the countless of alleles at_hand for a one gene. Genes are either homozygous or heterozygous.
What is the study of genetic composition?
Population genetics is a ground of biology that studies the genetic compound of biological populations and the changes in genetic compound that ant: fail engage the agency of different factors including intrinsic selection.
Which term refers to the genetic composition of an individual?
genotype. the genetic makeup of an individual. Genotype can choose to an organism’s whole genetic makeup or the alleles at a local locus.
What is genetic in biology?
Genetics is the member of biology careless immediately the application of the DNA of organisms how their DNA manifests as genes and how those genes are inherited by offspring See also why should we defend the rainforests
Is phenotype The genetic composition of an organism?
The commensurate “phenotype” refers to the observable ant: immateriality properties of an organism these include the organism’s advent outgrowth and behavior. An organism’s phenotype is determined by its genotype which is the set of genes the organism carries as stop as by environmental influences impose these genes.
What are chromosomes composed of?
A chromosome is wetting up of proteins and DNA organized inter genes. shore mixture normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
How does genetics explain inherited traits?
Inherited An inherited close is one that is genetically determined. Inherited traits are passed engage obvious to offspring agreeably to the rules of Mendelian genetics. interior traits are not strictly determined by genes but sooner_than are influenced by twain genes and environment.
What do you mean by genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the train of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to substitute the genetic makeup of an organism. … Genetic engineering involves the course manipulation of one or good-natured genes. interior frequently a deteriorate engage another species is added to an organism’s genome to bestow it a desired phenotype.
What is a physical trait called?
Phenotype is defined as an organism’s expressed ant: immateriality traits. Phenotype is determined by an individual’s genotype and expressed genes haphazard genetic deviation and environmental influences. Examples of an organism’s phenotype include traits such as hue altitude greatness form and behavior.
What factors that controls traits?
Trait is a specific distinction of an individual. For sample their hair hue or their slaughter type. Traits are determined by genes and also they are determined by the interaction immediately the environment immediately genes. And recollect that genes are the messages in our DNA that mark_out personal characteristics.
Can AA and SS marry?
AC is expand ant: full AS and AC are abnormal. consistent genotypes for nuptials are: AA marries an AA. … And definitely SS and SS marshal not marry ant: full there’s absolutely no accident of escaping having a weak immediately the sickle mixture disease.
What is a gene What is its chemical composition and function?
A deteriorate is the basic ant: immateriality and functional aggregation of heredity. Genes which are wetting up of DNA act as instructions to exult molecules named proteins.Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic sharp (DNA) excepting in ant: gay viruses which own genes consisting of a closely kindred concert named ribonucleic sharp (RNA).
What is called genetic?
Genetics is the application of genes and tries to expound what they are and how they work. Genes are how living organisms occupy features or traits engage their ancestors for sample children usually [see_~ resembling their parents owing they own inherited their parents’ genes.
What is a gene simple definition?
(jeen) The basic aggregation of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome See also what was the superiority employment in the middle colonies?
Which trait is determined by genes and the environment?
the close which is determined by twain Genetics and the environment is the strong power of a person. Explanation: Genetics show an significant role in the powerful edifice of an individual. However the strong power is also controlled by the environment.
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
An organism’s genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism’s phenotype is all of its observable characteristics — which are influenced twain by its genotype and by the environment.
What are the 3 types of phenotypes?
With one locus and additive effects we own three phenotypic classes: AA Aa and aa.
How is DNA compacted to form a chromosome?
Chromosomal DNA is packaged within microscopic nuclei immediately the aid of histones. These are positively-charged proteins that strongly stick to negatively-charged DNA and agree complexes named nucleosomes. shore nuclesome is composed of DNA rend 1.65 early about altitude histone proteins.
What are the two main components of chromosomes?
The estate components of chromosomes are DNA and proteins.
What is the genetic material at B?
Structure of the Nucleus: The construction at B is chromatin which is what chromosomes are wetting off.
What are 5 examples of inherited traits?
Inherited traits also mysterious as inherited traits or family traits are genetic characteristics that you get engage your parents. All living things get side their genes engage one obvious and side their genes engage the fuse parent. However single one of those genes shows up as an inherited close in an organism.
What do daughters inherit from their fathers?
As we’ve conversant dads conduce one Y or one X chromosome to their offspring. Girls get two X chromosomes one engage Mom and one engage Dad. This resources that your daughter antipathy occupy X-linked genes engage her father as stop as her mother.
What do we inherit genetically from our parents?
Parents area on traits or characteristics such as eye colour and slaughter mark to their children through their genes. ant: gay vigorous conditions and diseases can be passed on genetically too. Sometimes one distinction has numerous particularize forms. For sample slaughter mark can be A B AB or O.
What are the 3 types of genetic engineering?
Genetic Engineering Accessing the Germline of Animals. Germline refers to the descent of cells that can be genetically traced engage obvious to offspring. … Transfection. … Retroviral Vectors. … Transposons. … Knock-In and Knock-Out Technology.
What is genetic engineering by Brainly?
Genetic engineering (GE) also named genetic alteration is a member of applied biology. It is the changing of an organism’s genome using biotechnology. It is course manipulation of DNA to substitute an organism’s characteristics (phenotype) in a local way.
What are the 4 steps of genetic engineering?
What are the 4 steps of genetic engineering? segregation and Identification of Desired DNA/Genes See also what americans ponder almost indians
What is another name for chromosome?
Chromosome Synonyms – WordHippo Thesaurus.…What is another engage for chromosome? RNA DNA deoxyribonucleic sharp nucleic sharp genetic code
Who is known as the father of genetics?
Like numerous big artists the exertion of Gregor Mendel was not appreciated until behind his death. He is now named the “Father of Genetics ” but he was remembered as a courteous man who cared_for flowers and kept extensive records of weather and stars when he died.
What is meant by an allele?
An allele is a variant agree of a gene. ant: gay genes own a difference of particularize forms which are located at the same ant: disarray or genetic locus on a chromosome. … Genotypes are described as homozygous if accordingly are two same alleles at a local locus and as heterozygous if the two alleles differ.
What affects DNA?
Environmental exposure to prove chemicals ultraviolet radiation or fuse outer factors can also owing DNA to change. These outer agents of genetic vary are named mutagens.
Is behavior genetic or environmental?
Behavior is convenience invisible as the ant: fail of evolutionary processes that sometimes form through genetic coding behavioral instructions for animals and at fuse early form pliant mechanisms to concede animals to acquit problems specific to their environment.
What are the most common inherited traits?
This makes ant: gay ant: immateriality characteristics good-natured ordinary in humans as they ant: implicit invariably. This ant: immateriality antipathy bestow you good-natured instruction on such ethnical traits. deteriorate countenance determines our phenotype.…Single deteriorate Traits. Traits prevailing Recessive preparation Astigmatism irregular preparation Webbed fingers nearness Absence
Is CC genotype A Sickler?
Hemoglobin C complaint is not a agree of sickle mixture disease. nation who own hemoglobin C complaint own red slaughter cells that hold mainly hemoglobin C. Too abundant hemoglobin C can lessen the countless and greatness of red slaughter cells in your substance causing moderate anemia. | https://sahmy.com/what-is-genetic-composition |
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The question of how and why almost all children resemble their parents, lingers in the minds of many. Nevertheless, inheritance is the answer to this question. The character of a child is mostly inherited from the parents. Genetics is what makes inheritance possible (Kinder, 2004). A considerable number of traits that children have are genetically influenced; however, the environment influences one or two of them as well. Consequently, this article will talk about the significant influences that heredity and the environment have on the human characteristics.
Controlling the school environment is believed to have a significant impact on the development of a child. There are those children who may be uncomfortable living with others because they are stubborn, domineering or highly independent. Such children are the result of the failed home environment. It is possible to influence the hygiene of children and psychiatry is often employed to influence their mental thinking.Those children who have similar genetic arrangement, brothers, for example, they may live without a doubt in the same environment (Kinder, 2004).
It is evident that intelligence is influenced by both heredity and the environment. The environment influences traits like personality and the nature of an individual. On the other hand, heredity influences the general structure and appearance of a person; for example, few of them are eye and hair color, complexion and sicknesses Kinder (2004) asserts that, in the case of monozygotic twins, the genetic information on psychological and physical state of the kids should be equally similar. However, the dizygotic twins have different characteristics.
In addition, the environment can affect the development of an infant by influencing birth process. For instance, if parents have syphilis or HIV, the child could suffer from congenital birth defects (Kinder, 2004). Furthermore, if the child is raped or sodomized during their critical stages in growth, they might be scared and traumatized for a long time. Therefore, personality is the combination of an individual’s traits and the result of an interaction of both heredity and environmental effects.
Parenting and family environment help train the children appropriately. One or two concepts are often applied to ensure this aspect. Socialization is the first one; this is where children learn ideas in their development stages (McGolerick, 2011). They can be taught on the morals, ethics and their cultures in general. There is natural socialization where the young explore to learn. Additionally, there is planned socialization, where they are taught on the specific issues. Finally, there is positive and negative socialization which means good and bad learning respectively.
Another concept is the authoritarian parenting. Here, the parents have a high expectation for their child. It is characterized by the continuous presence of the parents in the development of the child. On the other hand, there is uninvolved parenting where the parents are nonexistent in the growth of their children (McGolerick, 2011). The child and parent stay detached in this setting.
Blended family at times influences the growth of a kid. This is a family that includes spouses and children from previous and current marriages living together. Similarly, dominant hierarchy is used to develop kids by some families. According to McGolerick (2011), this is where one dominant social group interacts to develop a ranking system. Finally, most of the American families often use the criteria of time out. It is a form of punishment where the child is separated from the rest or the environment where gross conduct has been reported.
In conclusion, heredity and environmental factors might affect child development either in a positive or a negative manner. Heredity is mostly due to genetics and aspects such as eye color and complexion may predominantly be hereditary. The environment consists of both external and internal factors that influence development. Families and parents also largely influence a child’s development. Time-outs, authoritative, blended families and uninvolved parenting are some of the factors that would directly affect development. | https://prime-essay.net/samples/Environment/heredity-and-environmental-factors-essay.html |
Despite being one of the most dynamic industries around the globe, supply chain and logistics can sometimes get a reputation for lagging behind in digital technology. And yet, we’ve heard big talk about blockchain, IoT, and big data being the future of logistics. To an extent, that future is here. But for many companies, actually implementing this type of technology at a large scale seems a long way off. Before we can embrace the technology of tomorrow, we have to understand and utilize the technology of today.
Although it’s been a topic discussed in supply chain and logistics for some decades, many businesses still struggle to capture visibility into their own supply chains. We’ve come a long way, even in the last ten years, with the technology available to us to provide visibility. So, with all the talk of visibility, why can’t we seem to get a handle on it? First, we need to understand what we mean when we say, “visibility,” why we should care about it, and how to achieve it within our organizations.
Simply put, visibility in logistics is electronic information integrated between trading partners. But that’s only the beginning.
Visibility means at any given time, logistics managers can know where their product is, when it should arrive at its destination, and have access to all the related data to help increase efficiency and reduce error—and costs—along the way. That data will not only provide insight into the current state of their product but also help guide decision-making for the future. When we zero in on the transportation aspect of supply chain visibility, supply chain professionals can receive real-time data and know how to respond to potential problems and threats to the supply chain.
The goal of supply chain visibility
Next, we need to identify the goal of supply chain visibility. The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership puts it this way: “The goal of supply chain visibility is to reduce business and supply chain risk, improve lead times and performance, and identify shortage and quality problems along the supply chain.”
So, when we say we want more visibility into our supply chain operations, what do we really want? In transportation and logistics, there are three main types of visibility we focus on:
- visibility into inventory: how much do we have and where is it?
- visibility into performance: how do we measure up against the market and our own benchmarks?
- visibility into future events, also called “risk events”: how quickly can we react to natural disasters or other volatile circumstances?
What value does visibility bring to your supply chain?
There isn’t much point in investing money in technology or time in training employees around something that doesn’t provide value to your company, your customers, or your bottom line. Being a hot topic in headlines isn’t enough— what value does visibility bring to your supply chain and logistics efforts?
Reduce costs
There are a number of ways visibility can reduce costs for your business. A sudden change in demand for your product (or the end product) or supply of material can increase cost to your business. An unexpected natural disaster or economic swing can have a large impact on your operations and your ability to get your product where it needs to be. More insight into operations means there’s more you can learn, understand, and forecast. With this enhanced visibility, you can react to and reduce disruptions and optimize your supply chain.
Increase level of demand filled
Visibility helps revenue by letting you know the present and future state of your product and inventory. Product shortages due to poor forecasting or poorly executed supply chain operations can mean a lot of missed sales. Visibility via analytics means you can react quickly and develop recovery models when shortages occur.
Make informed decisions about your capital
To manage the variables in supply and demand, many companies add a buffer to their inventories. Unfortunately, rules of thumb (rather than numbers) tend to dominate decision-making, which can lead to poor calls on inventory reductions. Visibility into your inventory and working capital allows you to make data-driven decisions over those numbers that “seem about right.”
Communicate with trading partners
At any given point in the supply chain, there are multiple parties involved. Transparency into operations can offer invaluable insight about your product—can you rest easy knowing things are running smoothly or do you need particular data insights to guide your decision-making on how to respond to an unexpected event?
Having visibility into your supply chain is important. The data visibility provides can improve efficiency and productivity, reduce operating costs, help you provide better customer service, and ultimately give you an inside look at to what’s going on so you can plan ahead, respond, understand, predict, and be all-around smarter about your supply chain.
Visibility through technology
Technological tools can provide data and visibility, but what good is data if you don’t know what to do with it? Ultimately, it’s up to your 3PL to keep you in the know, tell the story of your data, provide solutions with what to do with that data, and be transparent throughout the process.
At CAI Logistics, we value visibility and transparency for our customers, and we invest in the best technology to provide that to them. Our transportation management system (TMS) communicates in real-time with our transportation providers. That means that as your logistics partner, we provide you with accurate monitoring and tracking updates throughout the transportation process.
With their own portal access, our customers can obtain customized reports, billing information, historical documents, and other essential documents to help them analyze data and streamline their workflow. Customized shipment boards, including a customized load board for all active loads, provide metrics on history, lane volumes, pickup performance, and delivery performance. We provide our partners with the ability to download a bill of lading or proof of delivery, view and print invoices, see record history, review current loads, and more. Load boards can be configured to contain any key data column, and reports can be tailored to your organization’s specific needs.
Our solutions support visibility that leads to optimization across the supply chain—so our customers can make informed decisions every step of the way. If you’re ready to get that level of visibility into your supply chain with the right technology and logistics partners, we’re ready to help. Speak with one of our logistics experts today. | http://blog.capps.com/supply-chain-visibility-what-it-is-why-it-matters-and-how-technology-can-help |
The worldwide supply chain challenges that plagued companies in multiple industries throughout 2021 are continuing this year. One potentially effective solution for addressing supply and demand issues is to leverage data analytics.
Professional services and consulting firm KPMG in a recent report notes that several major disruptions are currently affecting supply chains. These include the ongoing global logistics disruptions stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic that continue to impact businesses and consumers — as the flow of goods into key markets is restricted by shutdowns of major global ports and airports.
The major logistics disruptions create a ripple effect across global supply chains that ultimately cause goods to pile up in storage, the firm says. Assuming that these disruptions decrease and access to sea and airfreight reverts back to pre-pandemic levels, it will likely take some time before things return to normal, it says.
Other factors contributing to supply chain problems include production delays, over reliance on a limited number of third parties, and labor market shortages. The report also points out that many companies are investing in technologies to automate key nodes within the supply chain.
This year will see an accelerated level of investment, KPMG says, as businesses look to enhance critical supply chain planning capabilities by adopting more advanced “digital enablers” such as cognitive planning and AI-driven predictive analytics.
“The onset of new technology has fundamentally changed the way supply chains operate globally,” the report says. “The consumers are becoming more demanding, and this is leading the supply chains to change and evolve at a faster rate. Modern operations are focused on technology and innovations, and as a result, supply chains are becoming more complex.”
How can organizations best use data analytics to enhance their supply chain management (SCM) efforts? Here are some best practices, according to experts.
Most companies are awash in large volumes of data, often stored in diverse systems and databases, says John Abel, CIO at networking technology company Extreme Networks. Supply chains have the added complexity of additional data sources being generated from extended partners such as outsourcing, logistics, and distribution operations, he adds.
“As a result, many struggle to use this data to generate meaningful insights beyond top-level metrics and descriptive statistics,” Abel says. “Data analytics tools can deliver deeper, actionable insights as well as improve accuracy of those insights.”
The foundations for a successful supply chain data analytics strategy include ensuring that internal and external data are brought together in a structured format; focusing the outcome of data projects on what actions need to be taken to move the performance needle; and making sure the results are simple to understand, Abel says.
“The last point is one of the most important,” Abel says. “It is often tempting to focus on the model used rather than the output,” as many technology leaders look to include AI in their processes. “But the more important goal is to focus on generating insights that are clear, explainable, and easy to digest by the business users, not just analytics teams.”
Any report or dashboard being shared with cross-functional teams must be able to tell a clear story that is easily understood. “Otherwise, the benefits of data analytics could be overshadowed by the need for lengthy meetings to explain why they are valuable,” Abel says.
This also works the other way around. “While most data analytics experts don’t have a deep functional knowledge of the business processes and systems that produced that data, they often have a broad knowledge of the upstream and downstream processes and systems,” Abel says. “Successful supply chain analytics projects start from a ‘what does the data tell us’ perspective, but then layer in an in-depth understanding of business processes.”
Partnerships between analytics teams and the business users help develop these explainable insights that can be easily communicated across an organization, Abel says.
Supply chain organizations are being inundated with data such as customer orders, item information, equipment utilization, and ever-evolving transportation costs, says Erik Singleton, expert practitioner for global supply chain at consultancy North Highland Worldwide Consulting.
“The key to building a successful, customer-centric supply chain while maximizing operational efficiency is using the right analytics to make data-driven decisions,” Singleton says. He recommends that supply chain organizations focus their analytics on three main areas.
One is demand planning and inventory placement. “Organizations collect millions of rows of transactional data, enabling vigorous analytics on customer buying patterns,” Singleton says. “Leveraging this data to build a robust, analytical algorithm to drive inventory placement throughout the supply chain ensures products are in the right place at the right time.” Businesses should focus analytical resources on forecasting demand patterns between product type, sales channel, and geographical placement.
The second area is efficiency of operations. Customer and order data enables supply chains to maximize asset and workforce utilization by efficiently scheduling resources to accommodate fluctuating demand patterns, Singleton says. “Adjusting labor schedules to ramp up resources during peaks, while scheduling equipment/asset maintenance during valleys, enables businesses to maximize efficiency and reduce operational costs,” he says.
And the third area is order fulfillment path decision-making. “Customers expect supply chains to be more flexible and customer-centric than ever before, with multiple avenues for products to reach the end customer,” Singleton says. Organizations need to balance a multitude of factors, including service expectations, transportation and fulfilment costs, and inventory levels, to determine the best method for order fulfillment.
“Leveraging analytics to weigh costs versus customer experience is critical to maintain competitiveness,” Singleton says.
As both the size and complexity of supply chains grow globally, it is becoming exponentially more difficult to manage and respond to fluctuations across the supply chain, Abel says.
“With data points changing rapidly, analysis and decision-making is often based on outdated information and further exacerbated by the time needed to effectively analyze the data,” Abel says. “To navigate this successfully, supply chain managers need to develop concurrent planning systems that optimize demand and supply by utilizing advanced analytics and real-time visibility across the supply chain.”
Historically, updates were based on a specific time frame and shared perhaps daily or hourly, Abel says. “But today that is not enough,” he says. “Demand and supply fluctuate constantly, so it is best to have system integrations with key suppliers in order to get updates in real time.”
If something changes at a supplier, organizations need to immediately understand the potential impact so they can make alternative plans to maintain commitments to customers. “The use of advanced analytics on real-time data feeds allows those managing the supply chain to quickly model and assess the impacts of potential disruptions, so they can plan and execute on the fluctuations in demand, supply, and inventory,” Abel says.
These insights can also be used to understand the potential impacts of supply chain constraints on revenue forecasts, Abel says. Near real-time visibility of data such as bookings, shipments, inventory levels, supplier commits, discounting, and pipeline sales opportunities — as well as the real-time analysis of that data — has become critical to an organization’s ability to monitor and manage revenue forecasts.
By using advanced analytics and automation, “these variable data inputs can be used to create tracking models that allow the supply chain teams to react to changes in near real-time, develop contingencies, and deliver a more predictable revenue forecast,” Abel says.
The old adage about information, “garbage in, garbage out,” certainly applies to supply chain data, says Mark Korba, vice president of supply chain and business intelligence at Optimas Solutions, a fastener manufacturer and distributor.
“It is important to validate data, especially since it is coming from a variety of sources,” including customer inventory management systems, demand planning applications, supplier software, and others, Korba says. “Often the data isn’t consistent or managed the same across systems, and therefore lacks integrity.”
Creating an active data governance program is especially important to ensure data integrity throughout the supply chain, Korba says. “A governance program ensures the data aligns properly and strengthens collaboration between supply chain partners,” he says. “There is a lot of public information about setting up data governance programs available.”
Benchmarking a company’s supply chain against known data is particularly important, Korba says. “At Optimas Solutions, our supply chain teams compare their performance to competitors,” he says. “They review industry averages and glean information that will help improve the company’s ability to meet demand.”
SCM involves multiple facets of the organization, so analytics capabilities need to be shared liberally.
“Make it easy for everyone involved in the supply chain to get the data and tools that they need,” says Arthur Hu, senior vice president and CIO at computer hardware provider Lenovo. “This first requires breaking down any ‘information silos’ and establishing an integrated end-to-end information system.”
It also means leveraging tools such as machine learning and artificial intelligence to realize the full value of such a data-rich system, Hu says. “When this type of system is in place, managers and operators up and down the supply chain can optimize its performance.”
It’s also important to remember that supply chain analytics use cases don’t know departmental boundaries. “Teams tend to focus on the data that is readily available within their organization,” Hu says. “In doing so, they can miss out on the full data required to truly gain insight into an issue. As a critical platform that touches multiple parts of the business, the supply chain needs to be managed from a holistic perspective.”
For example, in managing product quality, a team should have access not only to the factory “as-produced” configuration and metrics, but also to product development data, component supplier data, and customer feedback data, Hu says. All of this taken together creates a multidimensional picture of what drives quality outcomes, he says.
By ensuring that business leaders at all levels of the organization have access to supply chain data and the ability to interact with it, “companies can set themselves up for success and yield long-term returns that improve their bottom line,” says Stanislav Tatarzuk, vice president of Inventory planning and forecast at ecommerce company CarParts.com.
Data insights “can offer different levels of value to different teams and departments,” Tatarzuk says. “For example, a logistics team may use data to discover bottlenecks and increase efficiencies within their warehouse or distribution center, while a finance department may look at the same data and identify ways to streamline costs and cut back on spending.”
This level of knowledge sharing across an organization not only reduces overall risk, but also enables improved decision-making and performance, Tatarzuk says.
This article was from CIO and was legally licensed through the Industry Dive Content Marketplace. Please direct all licensing questions to [email protected].
The information above is provided as a convenience, without warranties of any kind and MUFG Union Bank, N.A. disclaims all warranties, express and implied, with respect to the information. You are solely responsible for addressing any supply chain issues. | https://www.unionbank.com/commercial/insights/middle-market-businesses/supply-chain-management-5-tips-for-smoother-logistics-using-analytics |
Data science uses computer programming or computer software to perform statistical modeling on large datasets. Data scientists conduct analyses of these models to gain insight and help business leaders make informed decisions.
In tandem with business intelligence (BI), data science is part of an effective decision-support system for businesses that handles high-speed, complex data from widely-distributed sources.
Making data science effective involves the key practice of good data governance. For data to be meaningful, it has to be pre-processed and modeled properly.
Data science can uncover trends and patterns to predict future business outcomes. In a competitive business landscape, data science can deliver insights to help enterprises become more efficient, strategic, and resourceful.
When businesses improve operations, costs are lowered, making it easier to serve customers. Data science can help predict demand to effectively inform hiring and inventory control. It can also deliver more efficiency to the business by automating workflows that streamline repeatable tasks, tighten up business processes, and eliminate redundancies.
Every business needs to make future-based decisions about product or service development, investments, and capacity. Using historical and current company data alongside advanced modeling, data scientists can estimate future events to inform business strategy and optimize business outcomes.
Data science can effectively analyze market movement, customer intent, products, and services to identify opportunities — before competitors — in emerging markets and product development. | https://looker.com/definitions/data-science |
Designing a world-class Supply chain requires synchronized processes, cross-functional exchange and first and foremost a close integration of the Supply chain design into the company’s overall strategy and objectives.
A key factor that is often underestimated as well as underdeveloped is the network management. Company executives across industries fail to realize how operational adjustments of e.g. a supplying company can affect their own operations. To show a practical example: If a supplier replaces a key ingredient to produce the product your company demands, it will affect the end product and with that your business. In a worst-case-scenario, your company cannot adhere to agreements with its own customers and might lose business.
But not only situations like this play a role in an insufficient management of a company’s network. In many client cases we have seen a large, fragmented partner network along the Supply chain.
As a result, nobody in the company manages to sufficiently orchestrate the network, build close relationships, identify synergies and drive cross-functional processes. Moreover, complicated network models lead to increasing complexity along the Supply chain, build boundaries between interdependent functions, slow down decision-making processes and obstruct developments to advance a company’s Supply chain to an agile operating system.
The basis for flowing processes along the Supply chain is an elaborated organizational framework. Key roles in Supply chain need to be broader than in the ‘classical’, outdated organization. A main reason is to give key employees a view on the big picture of the end-to-end process, rather than only focusing on a certain segment in the Supply chain. This organizational structure supports :
An end-to-end view is not only necessary to align internal and external processes and manage the network.
It is also extremely important in order to satisfy ever-growing customer expectations, integrate disruptive technological innovations and tools like the Internet of Things or planning and forecasting based on advanced data analytics. Besides the constant need to adapt the Supply chain to emerging technologies, digitization of the overall Supply chain model is a key element to boost operational effectiveness.
A hands-on example is a digitally interconnected forecasting and planning system between a company’s Procurement department and the supplier. In a best-in-class set-up, the supplier would be provided with a precise forecast of which products are needed in which volumes, when and where. An effective method to improve forecast accuracy is demand sensing. Applied in a forecasting system, a retail company e.g. gathers point of sales data to improve its demand planning. Real-time information like product sold, quantity, date and time, region enables the company to source the required raw materials, ingredients etc. more efficiently. In addition to this demand sensing technique, which concers the tail of the Supply chain, the analysis of historical data is evenly improving the forecasting. Especially for upstream manufacturers analyzing data like sales history, open order history and current open orders is a proven demand sensing method to achieve forecast accuracy. As a result, operational efficiency, hence cost reduction increases on company’s side and supplier side.
We encourage our clients to widen their view beyond the economic success of the own business.
In order to stay ahead of the game and advance the own business to a sustainable operating system, it is key to include a lean, strategically assembled network of suppliers, logistics providers and cross-functional ways of working in the own operations into the Supply chain design.
We know how important it is to build a fully connected end-to-end-Supply chain model and provide all involved stakeholders with the necessary 360-degree-view. With our expertise in designing tailored Supply chain solutions, we strive to support our clients in forging and implementing hands-on, agile and future-ready Supply chain models – building the foundation to keep our clients’ businesses sustainably competitive. | https://www.iacpartners.com/en/en/expertise/strategic-supply-chain-design |
We all learned about the Industrial Revolution in history class – how steam-powered machines transformed manufacturing starting in the late 1700s. But the consensus view is that there have been multiple industrial revolutions since the Industrial Revolution. The second one (late 1800s–early 1900s) saw the rise of mass production sparked by electrical power and moving assembly lines. The third, which gained traction in the 1960s, has been powered by computing and process automation.
Many analysts believe we’re now living through a fourth industrial revolution, aka Industry 4.0. Some central themes are digitalization and connectivity – capturing, sharing, and applying data across the physical and digital realms. What technologies are driving Industry 4.0? Which will be the most impactful moving forward? According to a survey conducted by Deloitte, here’s what business leaders are thinking.
Industry 4.0 technologies aren't in competition - they work in concert.
Things like IoT devices and sensors capture and share data … which is stored and organized in the cloud … where analytics and A.I. can be applied to improve business decisions. It’s all part of an interconnected, self-optimizing ecosystem.
In manufacturing, everything begins with the supply chain, including the pathway from Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0. Getting started is a collaborative effort. It requires supply chain partners committed to capturing relevant data and sharing it with your business. Not just month-end reports, but real-time data streams that can be integrated into your daily workflows and systems. A.I.-powered predictive and prescriptive analytics will play an increasingly important role. The progression will go from “what is happening now” to “what will happen next” and “what should happen next,” creating autonomous reactions to rapidly adapt toward the desired future state.
What does "Industrial Supply 4.0" look like today?
1. Data capture (IoT connectivity)
Mobile apps: Capturing and facing inventory-related data (product details, locations, activities); providing data-guided inventory replenishment suggestions.
Automated supply: Using various technologies to monitor inventory, control access, and track how products are being used in the business.
2. Data analytics (descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive)
Organizing captured data to visualize activities, patterns, and the current state. Creating simulated scenarios to predict and prescribe future states.
3. Systems integration
EDI integration: automating the P2P cycle; feeding line-item details and usage data into the buyer’s ERP system. Integrating captured point-of-use data with supplier warehouse systems and other upstream systems for a more proactive supply chain. Integrating buyer-supplier demand forecasting systems to avoid gaps and risks.
The next step: Artificial intelligence
In a world of spiraling complexity and risk – as big data grows ever bigger – businesses are using A.I. to accelerate the path to insight and understanding. In the context of supply chain, it means synthesizing vast datasets and thousands of variables to predict demand, synchronize production, and optimize decisions surrounding procurement and logistics.
The vision is that A.I. can be used to produce instant, accurate answers and make autonomous decisions that optimize supply chain performance.
How to build your 4.0 framework
Implementing Industry 4.0 technologies doesn’t have to involve capital investment and IT resources. You can start by “plugging in” to Fastenal’s tech platform to collect, share, and visualize supply chain data.
Collaboration is the path forward
Industry 4.0 is defined by technology, but the end goal is to improve human activities (logistics, engineering, production, etc.) and ultimately to improve the customer experience. It starts with relationships – a commitment from all stakeholders to develop the programs, make sure they work together, and adapt to change. A key step is moving beyond data segmentation (disconnected systems among various suppliers and locations) to embrace data sharing across the supply chain. In this environment, a competitive mindset is a roadblock; collaboration is the path forward.
If you’re committed to Industry 4.0, you have a committed partner in Fastenal. We are heavily invested in technologies to capture and share supply chain data with your business. We are adopting A.I. in our own business, and we’ve established the clean, comprehensive data streams needed to make A.I. effective for our supply chain partners. Just as important, we’re invested in people to deploy, support, and optimize these solutions – a “team behind the machine” to help your business manage change and thrive in the fourth industrial revolution.
In a survey of 400+ global manufacturing companies, 94% said that Industry 4.0 helped them keep their operations running during the pandemic, and 56% said their digital transformation was essential to their pandemic response.
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Want to learn more?
A great place to start is by reaching out to our team at
[email protected]'s talk about how we can work together to make industrial supplies
part of your Industry 4.0 vision.
Have you signed up? Subscribe to the Blue Print for FREE and get the magazine sent right to your address. | https://blueprint.fastenal.com/future-of-supply-chain.html |
Developing the Right Strategy for a Holistic Inventory View with Inventory Modeling
Most organizations have the same goal when talking about inventory: improve service while reducing on-hand inventory. And as most supply chain professionals can tell you, finding that balance is easier said than done. In a recent survey of top supply chain officers, the biggest barriers to effectively manage inventory were cited as “Can’t Optimize Network Holistically” and “Demand Volatility”. However, several leaders are taking new approaches to think about old inventory problems to strike that balance, with the help of supply chain modeling software.
By leveraging supply chain modeling and digital models, organizations can remove the risky and time-consuming element of experimenting with inventory in the real-world supply chain. Via these living models, organizations can get a holistic view of their end-to-end supply chain, including physical infrastructure like DCs and lanes, as well as account for policies, demand and inventory. This empowers modelers to view all the interdependencies and trade-offs to provide a data-supported decision when proposing a new strategy.
Considerations for Inventory Strategy Development
Influencing Factors and Interdependencies
There are a number of questions to take into account as you begin to build an inventory strategy, including:
- What are our optimal service levels?
- Where should we stock our inventory?
- How much stock do we need?
- Where should our stock flow through and with what production and distribution network?
- What do I think to account for when considering product shelf life and product life cycles to right-size inventory?
In addition to safety stock, there are other aspects of stock to consider, each interdependent, and directly related to the supply chain network design decision already implemented. It is essential to have tools that enable you to not only look at these decisions from an inventory perspective but analyze how changes in inventory effect the entire supply chain network and performance.
Understanding Demand Patterns/Variability
How well do you really understand your demand? Most demand has high levels of variability that can vary to due to seasonality or just fluctuate from period-to-period. Demand classification is necessary to make high level segmented supply chain decisions to drive stocking and overall inventory strategies.
Demand Propagation and Analysis
As in nearly every situation, an individual rarely represents the whole. The same applies when making inventory decisions based on demand. By focusing on just one individual customer will provide a false reading of what is the correct aggregate demand. Some customers may have erratic demand outside of the mean, but with an aggregate picture upstream of customers, you may see a much smoother, and easier to analyze, demand pattern. With this information you can work with your manufacturers to better understand how changes in production will effect inventory and service levels at each distribution center.
Building an Inventory Strategy: How to Get Started
Before you dive into launching a new strategy, you must first identify the business problem(s) you want to address and define your strategy around tacking them. Understanding your demand and the root cause of inventory issues should be next, then technology assessment and finally model development and scenario analysis. Creating an inventory strategy needs to be considered a continuous process and a best practice. Supply chains are dynamic so to maximize your opportunity, regularly reassess and refine your strategy. With constant changes, analyzing inventory processes in a company only every three to five years could become a huge competitive disadvantage.
Tips for Choosing Technology Partners to Support Your Inventory Strategy
There are a variety of capabilities to consider as you build your inventory strategy
Look for technologies that:
- Can help you to track and predict demand
- Optimize inventory across all tiers of the supply chain
- Can help make decisions on when to prebuild inventory, where to hold inventory, and whether to build more capacity instead of prebuilding
- Provide service level optimization and stratification to help you decide what the best levels of service are across all product SKUs
- Include simulation technology to test how inventory changes affect the supply chain
By understanding your current demand levels, the root cause of inventory issues and choosing the right modeling technology, you can better position your organization to right-size inventory for continuous improvements in cost, service and risk. | https://www.llamasoft.com/developing-the-right-strategy-for-a-holistic-inventory-view-with-inventory-modeling/ |
Orkestra is looking for a Business Analyst to help in the development and implementation of supply chain solutions for our customers.
Orkestra SCS is a logistics tech company that has developed a cloud-based supply chain management platform that helps businesses improve customer service, save costs, and reduce their environmental footprints. Disruptions in supply chain technology have been long overdue and the COVID-19 crisis has only highlighted the need for innovation in this space.
Responsibilities:
- Analyzing data sets to identify trends and develop insights
- Initial cleansing of customer data sets ensuring the data is in a workable format and seeking clarifications/additional data if necessary
- Crafting concise and persuasive pitch decks to win business from new and existing customers
- Participating and contributing to customer pitch calls/meetings
- Improving existing and developing new supply chain analytics and data visualization tools
- Collaborating with the Orkestra team in due diligence and solution development processes, as well as supporting other functions such as sales from the RFI stage through the presentation, decision, and resolution stages
- Facilitating communication with internal and external stakeholders to ensure full understanding of business requirements and desired outcomes
- Other duties, as assigned. The duties and responsibilities listed in this job description represent the major responsibilities of the position. Other duties and responsibilities may be assigned, as required.
Knowledge and Skills:
- Experience in Freight Forwarding or Logistics Operations - some experience is desired, but not necessary
- Strong organizational and planning skills - organized approach to day-to-day work. Ability to establish clear goals. Result oriented.
- Detail oriented - attention to detail and ability to analyze large volumes of data, identify trends and generate actionable insights. Strong analytical and product management skills required, including a thorough understanding of how to interpret business needs and translate them into application and operational requirements.
- Good communicator – Ability to listen, understand and formulate clear propositions/positions. Excellent oral and written communication skills.
- Interpersonal skills – Strong interpersonal skills to interact with many different groups within the organization and externally to existing and potential customers.
- Presentation skills – Ability to clearly present ideas and solutions to both internal and external audiences
- Technical Applications - Proficient in MS Office Suite (particularly Excel, analytical functions, Pivot Tables, Macros/VBA) and data visualization software (Power BI), as well as have experience in database management/querying and usage of ERP/TMS/WMS. Software development skills would be a definite plus.
- Education – College Diploma or Undergraduate Degree; professional Supply Chain certification (APICS CSCP or equivalent) is preferred. | https://www.orkestrascs.com/career/business-analyst |
Carefully monitoring and analyzing competitors, local, regional and international, and finding ways to optimize resources and achieve maximum productivity with minimum investment. Manufacturers combine innovative plans for growth with optimized, streamlined operations and resource allocation, sustain effective raw material inventory and avoid doing business with undependable suppliers, distributors and partners.
With our BI solutions, your users can gather and analyze information from supply chain systems, enterprise resource planning solutions (ERP), sales and marketing and customer relationship management systems, purchasing, and shipping and distribution systems to gain insight into business processes, understand and resolve issues and forecast and predict demand for resources, supplies, inventory and equipment. | http://rapid-bi.com/manufacturing.php |
We live in one of the most volatile times in the modern supply chain era, and end consumers are experiencing the impact. In addition to labor shortages, the pandemic, geopolitics, and more, businesses are establishing behavior patterns that intensify the effects of these initial tensions – most notably, panic buying—prompting business buyers to “game” the planning process.
During periods of supply chain volatility, organizations usually look for ways to secure supply for their customer base. To avoid stockouts and revenue loss--and “game the system” --organizations will order significantly more products. This action exacerbates weaknesses in the planning process.
So how can you mitigate and reduce the effect of this gaming on the supply chain? My three suggestions are:
- Focus internally first
- Implement the correct practices
- Adjust before you leap
Focus internally first.
First, you must assess what you can control within your four walls. What are your strengths and weaknesses compared to industry standards? Use these answers to uncover gaps across people, processes, and technology.
The most common inadequacies in planning organizations range from outdated, offline, and neglected processes to a lack of automation and technology.
When it comes to policy, ensure that minimum order quantity, minimum and maximum batch sizes, reorder points, safety stock, and other practices are up to date. Standardize procedures, decision trees, and other if/then problem-solving techniques to mitigate disruptions to the planning process. You might also experience unforeseen volatility in demand and capacity constraints due to fragmented or siloed communication among customers, sales, operations, and marketing.
In addition to policy, focus on your data and technology assets. Expand collaboration metrics and data sharing with your customers as part of a more significant expansion of your technological ecosystem. How can you reduce the fragmentation of technology while increasing connectivity across platforms? For this, look to any challenges in your data syncing or legacy systems, including in your audit processes. If you cannot run basic simulations to analyze a given scenario’s impact on sales, production, and deliveries, you are falling behind.
Implement the correct practices.
Consider this myth: “If we just buy this technology or implement machine learning, we can solve all of our problems.” The reality is that companies need to have leading-class practices in place before considering complex and expensive technology solutions.
Before moving forward in your automation and technology journey, you will want to establish proper governance. This will be useful for maintaining and updating inventory policies and routinely running segmentation and other analyses to right-size inventory and optimize inventory policy. Regularly review key collaboration metrics in the sales and operations planning process to promote collaboration with customers. With collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) processes and consensus demand planning, you will be better equipped to develop robust demand forecasting capabilities with root-cause analysis to understand why forecast errors occur, see volatility impacts, and address potential bias. Also compliance and risk management policies can be aligned across supply chain partners and linked to vendor and customer collaboration initiatives. With these practices in place, you can strengthen collaboration among supply chain partners facilitated by a supply chain control tower. This helps facilitate real-time decision-making across the end-to-end supply chain.
A synchronized technological landscape that utilizes external and internal integration points to collect and aggregate information can accelerate an organization’s decision-making, reporting, and analysis.
Adjust before you leap
Companies often want to jump straight to a technology solution without fixing fundamental issues that machine learning or a control tower cannot solve. Addressing these issues first will maximize the benefit of the technology solution. Cleaning up raw data to be complete or enhancing data captured from transactions is key to building a foundation for analytics. Once that foundation is in place, it’s time to explore the power of ML.
For example, anomaly detection engines powered by AI and machine learning have been used for several years with a high degree of accuracy. These help pinpoint outliers for organizations, especially for those establishing their planning process.
Machine learning models also allow a company to pull in signals that predict the “true” demand for a given customer or region. These add a unique layer of analysis compared to historical statistics-based models which focus on moving averages. Traditional models typically are unable to react to unusual shifts in demand.
Once you have calibrated your AI and machine learning processes, you can begin to explore a suite of cutting-edge options to mitigate risk and streamline efficiency in the planning process.
With these steps in place, you can be on your way to more accurate and efficient supply chain planning. If you’d like to discuss these ideas further and learn how KPMG can help you improve your processes, please contact me. | https://advisory.kpmg.us/blog/2022/your-organization-gaming-supply-chain-planning.html |
Attention experienced buyers and supply chain analysts! A major manufacturing company located in the southern Minneapolis metroplex is seeking a talented and motivated individual to join our team as a Buyer/Supply Chain Analyst.
In this role, you will be responsible for purchasing a variety of goods and services necessary for our company's operations, including raw materials, equipment, and supplies. Additionally, you will be responsible for developing and implementing strategies to optimize our supply chain, reduce costs, and improve efficiency.
Key Responsibilities:
- Identifying and evaluating potential suppliers and negotiating contracts
- Managing the purchasing process, from RFQ to PO
- Forecasting and tracking inventory levels
- Developing and implementing supply chain strategies
- Collaborating with other departments to ensure on-time delivery and inventory availability
- Analyzing data and trends to identify cost-saving opportunities
Qualifications:
- Bachelor's degree in supply chain management, business administration, or a related field
- At least 2 years of experience in purchasing and supply chain analysis
- Strong analytical and problem-solving skills
- Excellent negotiation and communication skills
- Proficiency with ERP and supply chain management systems
- Strong attention to detail and ability to multitask
If you are a self-starter with a passion for supply chain and a track record of driving results, we want to hear from you! Apply today to join our dynamic team and help drive the success of our company.
This is an excellent opportunity for someone looking for a challenging role and to grow their career in a large manufacturing company. | https://www.dsjglobal.hk/job/buyer-ii-slash-supply-chain-analyst |
Horizon Recruitment Inc. is actively seeking a Business Operations Analyst with an academic or professional interest in Supply Chain and Operations. The position is for our client based in their Vancouver Office with operations worldwide.
The successful Candidate will collect and analyse a combination or marketing and industry data in support of global supply chain operations. The intelligence and data produced will have a direct influence on a wide scope of operations such as shaping supply chain optimization, planning and scheduling, inventory levels, shipping schedules and commodities buying. You will assist with management of global logistics budget process and prepare and deliver various key reports to the global supply chain team and senior management.
Responsibilities:
- Analyze global markets and demand/supply trends
- Ensure relevant internal stakeholders have up to date and accurate data in well packaged and usable format
- Work with the business to identify trends and market patterns that can translate in to supply chain improvements, cost savings and optimized distribution.
- Tactical planning of shipping moves and scheduling.
- Support the Finance, Marketing and Global Supply Chain Management Team, provide input to opportunities and risks impacting global supply chain and sourcing.
- On-going analysis and validation of Tactical Planning Strategy; recommending changes and amendments as required.
- Coordinate the logistics budget process with the regions and develop cost management reports.
- Prepare complex reports, including KPIs for management and marketing teams.
- Support and augment Supply Chain planning team in other associated tasks as required.
Qualifications:
- 1-3 years’ participation in market data analysis and reporting within a large global enterprise organisation
- Experience working across regionally diverse and cross functional teams
- Financial background and acumen is an asset (CPA, CFA, MBA)
- An understanding and keen interest in international supply chain and logistics operations
- Exposure to bulk commodity logistics and shipping methods an asset.
- Ability to identify and deliver value-added cross-functional strategies and processes that deliver competitive advantage in cost, quality of service, people and environment.
- Understanding of the dynamics of a global commodity markets and the implied impacts on supply/demand and cost.
- Strong Excel and data modelling experience (Pivot tables, VBA, SQL)
Competencies:
- Solid customer focus.
- Able to deal with concepts and complexity comfortably
- Intellectually sharp, capable, and agile.
- A versatile and relentless learner, especially when facing new or complex problems.
- Strong priority setting and time management abilities.
- Highly detail oriented and organized.
- Excellent communication, presentation, and interpersonal skills.
**Only candidates eligible to work in Canada will be considered**
Horizon Recruitment Inc. is a specialized recruitment and search firm with two complimentary practice areas: Finance & Supply Chain. | https://www.horizonrecruit.com/job/business-operations-analyst/ |
Supply Chain Network Optimization: Part 3 – Ongoing Use of the Model
This post is the third and last post in a series of three blogs on supply chain network optimization. The first discussed ways to properly prepare for a network optimization to drive a faster project timeline and more accurate outputs. The second covered concepts to consider and mistakes to avoid as your company develops and runs your model. This piece is about the ongoing use of your model for continuous optimization.
Ongoing Use of the Model
1. Use supply chain network optimization scenarios to shape the business plan: Companies should use the baseline model to identify ways to re-balance how to use the network each year, or sooner, as things change. Use this model to analyze every significant capital and network investment.
2. Make supply chain network optimization part of continuous improvement: Using supply chain network optimization practices to understand the impact of channel transformation, acquisitions, new customers, etc. is an untapped opportunity for many businesses. Most companies understand that their businesses will change, but fail to test the total supply chain cost required to support the changes.
3. Incorporate modeled activity-based costs in operational metrics: An output of the supply chain network optimization is a clean and updated view of the company’s true activity-based costs. The company can use this information to rank different customers for cost-to-serve and products for landed-costs. The optimization tools themselves will point to which are the least profitable products or customers by simply limiting capacity. This is very powerful.
4. Use supply chain network optimization as part of your Sales & Operations Planning: Supply chain network optimization tools can be applied to any constraint-based planning exercise (production, distribution capacity) where the goal is to optimize supply options, including inventory build-ahead, in order to work around constraints. Good tools can simultaneously optimize major resources while showing how to fulfill demand at the least cost.
In summary, supply chain network optimization projects can seem daunting, especially if a company has never undertaken such an exercise before. But, with proper attention to data and techniques, and a holistic application of the findings, companies can lock in the value of the initial project and use the model to drive ongoing value for years to come. Read the whitepaper: Supply Chain Network Optimization - Three Ways To Avoid a Project Mishap. | https://blogs.dcvelocity.com/distribution_center/2015/02/index.html |
The range of possible responsibilities for the position title of Supply Chain Analyst can be very broad and may be found in every part of supply chain and in every industry. This position naturally concentrates on understanding supply chains, but may be applied to purchasing/sourcing, production/operations, or logistics/distribution. This needs to be able to access, interpret and leverage data to help companies make decisions for the sourcing, production, and distribution of products. They ensure that the company’s materials and products keep flowing and that supply meets the internal or customers’ demand, is delivered on time, and keeps the company on budget. They may evaluate supplier pricing, product mixes, or transportation costs, or possibly a blend of all these across the supply chain.
Supply Chain Analyst Position Overview
Supply chain analysts improve the efficiency of supply chain operations through data collection, analysis, and recommendation of alternative solutions. Their end goal is to increase efficiencies by reducing the cost and time required in delivering products to both the factory and the consumer. When issues arise, they’re able to use their expert knowledge of the logistics chain to resolve problems and circumvent costly delays. They are often the primary point of contact for the external purchases that are made in order to complete a project, which requires researching and negotiating fair prices for purchased goods. Data related to cost, productivity, demand, and transportation are scrutinized in detail for analysts to successfully meet their objectives.
Additionally, the supply chain analyst not only analyzes but also supervises the execution of all the supply chain operations in a company from placing orders to transportation through to delivery. They must have a good understanding of how to balance a wide range of metrics in order to determine a mix of decision-making criteria.
You may find supply chain analysts in virtually any industry (e.g., e-commerce, retail, government, nongovernment, manufacturing, and food) but they most commonly work in manufacturing, food, technology, pharmaceuticals, and government. They are typically employed by companies that have large supply chains that need regular assessment of how materials are flowing and how the company is performing on metrics related to capacity use and spending on logistics costs.
They should have excellent attention to detail, an in-depth understanding of stages involved in the total delivery process as well as exceptional analytical and problem-solving skills. Furthermore, a successful analyst uses a mix of data analysis skills plus interpersonal skills to gather information from different departments and areas in order to recommend ways of improving supply chain material flows.
A supply chain analyst is tasked with specific projects like improving a warehouse stocking program, evaluating production methods of material goods, or balancing supply and demand of material flows. In effect, they identify problems and develop solutions. In order to pinpoint the root cause of a problem and then develop an appropriate solution, they may work closely with IT technicians and other people executing supply chain activities across entire supply chains.
Similar Job Titles:
- Supply Chain Specialist
- Logistics Analyst or Manager or Specialist
- Business Analyst
- Material Supply Planner
- Transportation Analyst
- Production or Operations or Manufacturing Analyst
Some core responsibilities of a Supply Chain Analyst include:
- Designing and implementing methods to gather and manage supply chain data
- Reviewing and analyzing data to locate areas in the supply chain process that need improving
- Using the results of analyses in order to improve the overall performance of the supply chain process and reduce costs
- Conducting analysis through the use of analytical models
- Developing methods to improve processes
- Researching and finding the most cost-efficient shipment methods and procedures
- Planning and implementing supply chain optimization projects
- Pursuing improvement in all aspects of the supply chain by reviewing current methodology and processes
- Tracking KPIs and reporting on performance
- Developing inventory management processes and procedures
- Overseeing inventory processes
- Maintain a balanced flow of goods throughout supply chains
- Promoting positive relationships with other businesses
- Assessing vendor operations
Required/Desired Education and Skills
A successful Supply Chain Analyst has certain prerequisite skills and qualifications that provide a foundation required to perform their duties. Most supply chain analysts have a bachelor’s degree in logistics, supply chain management, industrial/systems engineering, or related fields. Some employers may require experience in the supply chain or logistics industry and most provide training on their in-house inventory and logistics management systems.
Supply chain analysts use analytical tools on a daily basis. These are hard skills that are required. Additionally, employers may require professional certifications in logistics, supply chains management and related disciplines.
Hard Technical Skills
- MS Office (particularly Excel)
- ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems
- Relational databases and SQL
- Cost and lifecycle accounting
- Project management
Soft Skills
- Ability to perform in a constantly changing environment
- Attention to data detail
- Interpersonal skills for gathering data and reporting results
- Customer service
- Organizational skills
- Problem-solving
- Analytical skills
A Day in the Life of a Supply Chain Analyst
Most days find a supply chain analyst collecting, reviewing, and analyzing data regarding inventory supply, transport, and delivery. This information includes cost and time analysis. Analytical tools are critical in collecting and synthesizing the data. Based on the data, the analyst will seek areas for improvement and solve problems that are hindering supply chain optimization, plus look for opportunities to find a better way to balance and coordinate the acquisition, use, and movement of goods. The analyst will engage with other departments such as purchasing, inventory control, customer service, and transportation in pinpointing root causes and developing solutions.
Some supply chain analysts may pursue this work on their own if the nature of the job is to just analyze data sets and provide status or recommendations. Otherwise, they may also spend a portion of their day coordinating with others about courses of action after presenting data to the right people who are responsible for making decisions.
O*NET Online has a list of 27 tasks that may be part of a Logistics Analyst duties (note that Logistics Analyst is listed on their site as an alternative term for a Supply Chain Analyst).
Typical Working Conditions
Supply chain analysts tend to work in an office environment with regular business hours, typically 40-hours per week, but there are positions listed that allow remote work. Sometimes they may have to do site visits.
Supply Chain Analyst Salary Range and Benefits
Salaries for a supply chain analyst range depending on the geographic location, size of the company, and required experience. The national average salary estimate is from $66,387 to $72,587. This position can also have bonuses as part of compensation.
Other common benefits for a supply chain analyst paid with a W-2 (i.e., not a 1099 consultant) include: | https://supplychaincareers.com/supply-chain-analyst-job-description/ |
Improved forecasting accuracy, increased planning and resource allocation efficiency by leveraging data, and cross-departmental planning are potential benefits that S&OP solutions bring to manufacturing enterprises in the new era.
In manufacturing, planning and balancing resources for the implementation of the plan are considered the most important factors. However, in reality, most businesses do not have enough information and forecasts for planning, which is mainly based on historical data and empirical forecast estimates. At the same time, the link between the overall business plan and the implementation plan of the departments is not high.
These factors lead to the risk of imbalance, difficulty in flexibility and adjustment between supply capacity and market demand. From there, businesses easily face the risk of lack of goods for delivery, untimely delivery, the risk of losing customers as well as unoptimized production resources, the risk of backlog of inventory and raw materials, etc. These difficulties are common in many manufacturing companies, especially large enterprises with a complex operating structure consisting of many departments.
S&OP solution is considered the key to overcoming the above difficulties thanks to the synthesis and unification of data throughout the enterprise.
What is S&OP, why is S&OP important?
Integrated Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) is a process of gathering and connecting the individual plans of business chain departments such as sales, marketing, manufacturing, and finance. supply, … into a unified integrated plan throughout the enterprise.
This important management process determines the quantity of products to be produced, when to produce, the resources to be prepared, etc., based on the forecast of market demand, internal resources and strategic objectives of the enterprise.
Contrary to the individuality of traditional planning, the S&OP solution offers a new way of doing things based on coordination among departments in the business. Instead of a prediction process that only uses data of a certain type of product, S&OP is based on a big comprehensive picture with data from many sources: Manufacturing, market, customers, etc. closer to reality, closely integrating aspects of supply chain planning such as inventory planning, demand planning and supply planning.
At the same time, it provides an overview to help management easily see the problem and make business decisions. Thus, it can be said that S&OP is a powerful lever to help businesses improve customer service quality and optimize resources. Thereby achieving strategic goals and maintaining competitive advantage.
How does the S&OP model work?
S&OP planning in a manufacturing enterprise typically consists of five steps, chaired by senior management and conducted every month to ensure timely adjustments to market conditions. While the specific process may vary from business to business, it still includes key steps to follow.
Five Steps of Planning developed by Thomas Wallace and Robert Stahl – these two researchers are co-authors of the Sales & Operations Planning Handbook, a popular handbook on integrated operations and sales planning:
1. Data collection and management
Collect information about sales, sales volume, and historical inventory, … analyze trends to make forecasts, analyze Pareto to allocate forecast parameters. This is also the period to update the actual information compared to the previous forecast, to determine whether the plan made earlier is on the right track or not.
2. Demand planning
The phase of creating and adjusting long-term sales forecasts is at the beginning of each month. These forecasts are based on statistics that take into consideration historical demand or factors such as new product launches, promotional plans, customer tastes, market conditions, etc.
During this stage, new product development should be given a lot of consideration as they have an impact on the forecast results due to the lack of historical information. This phase should involve Management Board for early detection of threats, as well as Product Development, Sales, Supply Chain, Finance and Customer Service managers to ensure the multidimensional view of needs.
3. Supply planning
Assess the ability to meet demand, identify expected imbalances in supply and demand, thereby creating a supply chain plan that considers factors such as production capacity, inventory, suppliers’ capacity, financial ability, etc. Doing all of these requires the participation of accounting managers, supply departments, manufacturing department before moving to the next stage.
4. Agree on S&OP plan (Pre-issuing)
Unify supply and demand plans with financial plans. This is the stage where all stakeholders must participate, discuss the factors causing the imbalance, come up with solutions and agree on the overall operating plan of the organization.
5. Finalize and issue the S&OP plan
Complete the plan and issue it for implementation, this stage handles the remaining issues, the departments ensure resources so that the plan can be implemented well.
Factors affecting successful S&OP implementation
With the values it brings, S&OP is the top choice to improve the productivity and performance of a manufacturing business. According to the consulting experience of FPT Digital, manufacturing enterprises need a model of coordination and consensus among all departments, especially require strong participation from the top leaders as a factor to ensure the level of consistency between the company’s strategic plan and each department’ plans.
In addition, the IT platform and application system to connect activities throughout the chain, support transparency, collect and analyze data on operations, sales, production, warehouse, marketing, etc. are also important factors which will act as a basis for making highly accurate forecasts and supporting management information for the Board of Directors.
Case Study
S&OP models have been around since the 1980s and have proven their value over the years. One of the successful cases can be mentioned Sunsweet Growers – the world’s largest producer of dried fruit.
More than a decade ago, Sunsweet Growers noticed a growing supply chain spending problem affecting overall business results. The main reason was identified as ineffective planning leading to wasted resources and increased operating costs.
Sunsweet Growers has implemented a technology capacity building program as the foundation, and applied integrated planning (S&OP) methodology, resulting in many great successes such as increased forecasting accuracy by 15 – 20%, decreased 30% in finished product damage, the number of warehouses in the United States is reduced from 28 to only 8 warehouses (*).
Through the analysis of S&OP and proven results by data, it can be seen that the planning and application of S&OP can be considered as the key to unlocking breakthrough growth potential for manufacturing enterprises.
To prepare the most effective S&OP conditions and applications, businesses need to clearly prioritize strategic business goals, assess the current situation to adjust the planning coordination model among departments in the value chain, and at the same time, develop a strategy to apply digital technology and collect data as the foundation for the S&OP planning solution.
Besides, it is indispensable for the human factor to be communicated to change awareness and improve the level of consensus and coordination among employees in the enterprise. The work of assessing the current situation and developing a strategy for the application of S&OP requires multi-dimensional analysis, so businesses should consult a team of experienced experts to ensure proper planning and successful application implementation.
Reference
(*) Logistics Bureau. 2019 – 7 Mini Case Studies: Successful Supply Chain Cost Reduction and Management. | https://digital.fpt.com.vn/en/industries/create-momentum-with-sop-application-to-optimize-production-activities.html |
Health care costs are rising—and the desire to pay, among both insurers and government, is diminishing. Reducing costs without sacrificing quality of care is a challenge all providers face. The good news? Hospital workflows produce lots of data, which, when analyzed using business intelligence (BI) and analytics tools, can reveal ways to reduce costs and boost efficiency.
Deciding where to get started is no easy matter, however. Indeed, unlike in an industry such as finance, where advanced data analytics practices are well-established, health care is still in an era of discovery.
Southard Jones, VP of product strategy at cloud BI vendor Birst, describes the sector as extremely “heterogenous—[providers] all seem to have their own way of wanting to handle data.”
With so many possible data-handling practices, it’s all the more important to share information. To learn more, we asked three experts:
What are some practical ways providers can apply health care analytics to the data they collect to help save money and work more efficiently?
1. Optimize Block Scheduling
Using BI tools, health care analytics teams can drill into patterns of room usage and staff availability to identify inefficiencies and avert revenue loss.
Use Case:
Health care providers have so many moving parts that optimizing resources is a challenging task. Isolating and analyzing discrete aspects of the workflow is therefore a key strategy, in order to avoid going down a million analytical rabbit holes.
For instance, operating room scheduling is one area where hospitals suffer inefficiencies. But problems in this area can be remedied through analytics, says Jamie Oswald, associate principal data analyst at Mercy Health in St. Louis.
An empty operating room is a source of waste, says Oswald: “We want [doctors] to be in there and going through as many patients and procedures as they safely and appropriately can.”
Traditionally, a surgeon might request an operating room for a given block of time; for example, between 8 a.m. and 1 p.m. on Tuesday. While this seems simple enough, the room may not actually be in use that entire time—and that translates to lost revenue.
At Mercy, Oswald’s team conducted a detailed analysis of usage patterns. It was not, Oswald stresses, a hugely complex big-data project; rather, it involved the application of BI tools to internal data. In other words: The analysts collected all available data on how the physicians were using their time, and plugged it into their BI system.
“For instance, maybe [the physician has the operating] room from 8 a.m. until 1 p.m., but they’re actually [only] using it from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m., and then 11 a.m. to 12 p.m.,” Oswald explains.
Analytics tools gather and collate this information, which can then be used to make scheduling more efficient. In Oswald’s example, if this information is brought to the physician and their operating room schedule is changed to 8 a.m. to 11 a.m., the extra two hours can now be used by a different surgeon.
The Result:
Consolidating the operating room scheduling information and then providing the hospital with automated access to usage patterns made a “huge difference,” Oswald says. “Those rooms are working 12 percent more than they used to.”
By using BI tools in this way, waste is eliminated and revenue boosted: a win-win.
2: Scrutinize the Supply Chain
Using BI and analytics tools, health care providers can drill into procurement and invoicing billing data to identify off-contract spending and supplier performance, and therefore keep costs as low as possible. This can also help optimize service and patient care and safety, while maximizing patient and employee satisfaction.
Use Case:
With profit margins growing ever tighter, today’s hospitals have to be very lean operationally. With so little room for slack, identifying unnecessary or wasteful spending is more important than ever. Providers can thus analyze the supply chain and evaluate supplier performance based on:
- Timeliness
- Quantity
- Quality
- Pricing
According to Jon Arck, director of health care industry business solutions for SAP and specialist in clinical supply chain management, one way to improve supplier performance and reduce costs is to evaluate suppliers’ compliance with contract terms—from both performance and cost perspectives.
In health care, unlike in many other industries, price is not necessarily the most important consideration. Obtaining the right supplies, drugs and equipment of the right quality at the right location at the right time—and in the right quantity for the right patient—is critical to optimizing patient care and safety. One way to reduce costs is to consolidate orders and buy necessary supplies in bulk, as well as to rationalize the supplier base to leverage volume and negotiate more favorable contracts.
The alternative, says Dr. David Delaney, chief medical officer of analytics giant SAP, is “all those onesy-twosy orders from different suppliers.” This fragmentation of supply can lead to a much higher spend.
The complexity and size of the health care supply chain, however, makes it extremely difficult to keep an eye on that spending. Staff may not be sticking to the contracts, while vendors may accidentally invoice at the incorrect rate, rather than the one agreed upon.
“Unless you have automation and analysis capabilities, it’s pretty easy for people to fall into something that’s just a little off,” says Delaney.
By using BI and analytics tools, operations staff can monitor all spend and procurement closely, and make informed decisions when sourcing and contracting. These tools enable them to identify and consolidate small orders from multiple, redundant suppliers, and automatically see that both suppliers and buyers are honoring the pricing and terms agreed upon in the contract. To have better suppliers, you also have to be a better customer—compliance works both ways.
The Result:
Patient care and safety are optimized, and wasteful and unnecessary spending is eliminated, thus lowering costs and keeping operations lean and efficient.
3: Maximize the Machines
Using BI and analytics tools, health care analytics teams can monitor essential hardware to predict and prevent breakdowns.
Use Case:
Patient care and safety depend on the availability and accurate performance of medical equipment—and that reliability depends on the proper maintenance of the equipment.
Being able to predict equipment failures in advance, based on maintenance standards as well as past performance and maintenance, ensures that equipment will be available when needed and perform reliably. This can be accomplished by:
- Remotely sensing operational data from equipment
- Analyzing and monitoring equipment data
- Correlating equipment data with business information to predict future malfunctions
- Optimizing maintenance and service operations by ensuring that work is performed at the right time
BI tools, such as SAP Predictive Maintenance and Service, enable health care organizations to aggregate and analyze this data, and so to monitor the performance of essential devices closely, says Arck.
Meanwhile, Jonathan Kucharski, enterprise sales manager of BI firm iDashboards, points out that BI and analytics dashboards can provide IT teams with insight into essential non-medical hardware—including servers, computers, mobile devices, printers and beyond. The dashboard aggregates the data and consolidates it in a central panel, enabling teams to monitor performance and providing real-time visibility into hardware wear and tear.
For instance, a dashboard can show when a server is reaching capacity: Armed with this information, the health care IT team can carry out an upgrade in advance, rather than waiting for machine failure to alert them of the problem after the fact.
Crucially, the dashboard provides real-time visualizations of performance, enabling IT teams to predict breakdowns and seek solutions, or even to replace technology proactively.
The Result:
Arck cites some illuminating statistics from SAP benchmarking services. These show that, when comparison to organizations that don’t, health care organizations practicing reactive maintenance and service and adopting preventive and predictive maintenance and service achieve:
- 44 percent lower unplanned downtime
- 17 percent lower annual service and maintenance costs
- 28 percent higher return on assets
Meanwhile, patient safety is boosted, repair and maintenance costs are reduced and the likelihood of losing revenue due to downtime or equipment failure is reduced.
What Can You Do Next?
Data analytics represents a brave new world of possibilities for health care providers. If you’ve decided to purchase BI and analytics software, what can you, as a buyer, do next?
Finding a trusted resource for choosing software can help. Our team of Software Advisors has expert knowledge of over 40 BI platforms, and has assisted more than 1,000 buyers in finding solutions that are right for them.
Here are three things you can do right now:
- Read reviews of BI tools from real users, and learn what your peers think of specific platforms.
- Chat with a Software Advice BI expert for a free consultation and pricing information to help you decide which is the best BI software for your business.
- Take a BI solution for a test drive with a free demo.
- Download our free e-book, “How Big Data and Health Care Analytics Reduce Costs and Improve Care: 5 Use Cases.”
Follow these steps, and you, too can tap into the powerful insights that BI and analytics platforms offer health care organizations. | https://www.softwareadvice.com/resources/bi-how-data-analytics-solutions-reduce-costs/ |
The world is in a different place today. Global supply chains have been under an unprecedented strain since the start of the pandemic in early 2020, and delays, interruptions and escalated costs continue to be the norm. This means companies are continuously navigating an unpredictable environment as they go through shortages while grappling with continuous and cascading bottlenecks. In 2022, the wider geopolitical implications of Russia-Ukraine war and renewed COVID-19 lockdowns in China contributed in compounding an already bleak global supply chain situation. Existing restrictions imposed on Russia coupled with the potential for further restrictions continue to impact the wider crisis. Organizations have had to adapt their operations and all the stakeholders in the entire chain are learning ways and means to modify business practices. Despite the mammoth impact on the supply chain, surprisingly, litigation has not erupted and companies have adopted a pragmatic business approach. Of course, it goes without saying that such an approach is best even while contracts are renegotiated so that relationships don’t go south and are preserved. It would be safe to state that the available legal remedies remain pretty much the same and contracting parties in the supply chain need to collaborate even more closely to find solutions.
This newsletter focuses on issues arising out of supply chain disruptions and steps businesses can undertake to minimize the consequential impact.
2. Contracting Considerations
The contract is the key driver of a supply chain, be it the process of selling, buying, manufacturing or movement of the goods. Supply chain contracts are quite varied and complex, given the network of entities involved who bring a product from its conception all the way through its design, manufacture, sale and delivery to the end user. The primary parties are manufacturers, distributors and raw material providers. The kind of contracts include sale of goods, distribution and manufacturing agreements. While all are crafted to fit the circumstances, industry and parties’ requirements but certain key provisions are common to all. If the ripple effect of interruptions continues for an undefined period, it will be essential to reassess contracts, loopholes, rights and possible defenses while preparing for a potential litigation. Apart from carefully examining express terms, parties should consider the historical course of performance and respective conduct while evaluating actions. While an entire contract review will be essential, but certain crucial provisions are outlined below and they are not in any particular sequential order of significance.
Firstly, potentially, disruptions may lead to an outcome where some are unable to perform their contractual obligations. Before legal action becomes imperative, a party repudiating the contract must ensure it has made its inability to perform clear through words or actions, amounting to anticipatory repudiation. By declaring an anticipatory breach of contract, the non-repudiating party can initiate legal action as soon as the repudiating party demonstrates its intention to break rather than waiting for the actual breach to occur. Prior to declaring an anticipatory breach, a party should carefully re-examine its existing contract(s) to see if it contains relevant force majeure provisions and determine its terms. Those wishing to invoke it must necessarily ensure compliance with notice, timelines or other specific requirements (if any) and record all relevant evidence as the situation evolves. Of course, reliance on such a clause to excuse performance is always going to be based on specific facts and the actual language. Where force majeure does not apply, the evaluation should be based on the doctrine of frustration of contract which could aid in termination.
Secondly, usually contracts require delivery of goods by a certain time. Where time is of essence in the contract, strict compliance is required and failure to do so constitutes a breach. But where partial or delayed shipments are permitted in the course of performance then a breach of contract action may not be viable.
Thirdly, in view of the current ability to predict delays or interruptions the notice provisions have assumed greater importance. The non-performing party needs to carefully evaluate the right time to give notice. The turmoil is on how soon one has to give that in order to avoid disruptions and ensuing potential claims. Hopefully, contracts will contain defined periods for when notice is imperative and must be given. If not, a reasonable period has to be considered else conflicts will only increase.
Fourthly, mitigation cannot be over-emphasized. In common law jurisdictions contract law imposes a duty to act in good faith and attempt to mitigate losses. A party that claims breach should make every effort to mitigate damages which will include possibly finding third parties to perform the repudiating party’s contractual obligations. Effectively, a claim for damages will require a party to clearly demonstrate documented efforts to secure replacements, which will also aid in determination of actual damages. But buyers may confront situations where they are unable to find an additional supply line and, in that case too their efforts to look for alternatives will go a long way to showcase mitigation in a dispute.
Fifthly, pay heed to fine print to see the risk allocation. This must be clearly allocated in an equitable manner. These provisions include indemnification, limitation of liability, warranties, termination clauses and post-termination obligations. It is also important to establish when ownership of products passes hands, determining who carries the risk at what point in the transfer of goods.
Generally, differences can be resolved with consensual give and take. It goes without saying contracting parties should work together to find reasonable commercial solutions to address disruptions leading to contractual breaches. Often this principle is reflected in the contract. However, sometimes, despite intent and business reasons to avoid litigation, it is possible parties may inevitably confront irreconcilable conflict, more so when past concessions by one do not help. In such instances, litigation is used mainly to seek monetary compensation for breach or to compel specific performance or to prevent particular action of one that may harm the other. In today’s environment both claims and defenses are likely to be viewed through the application of business efficacy principle and whether a party’s actions and conduct were commercially reasonable in view of the circumstances.
3. Business Matters
Businesses have several ways to attempt to mitigate interruptions to their distribution and logistics arrangements. A starting point will be the ability and flexibility to renegotiate or terminate and avoid disputes. This means
- Conduct a contract review to determine where such flexibility exists and, in the process, identify breaking points including, amongst others, material adverse change clauses
- Assess the payment and pricing provisions and not simply the amount of payment method and timing. Many conflicts arising from supply chain contracts involve payment, so these provisions require a careful review
- Evaluate the available options related to termination or suspension of contracts including price adjustments and need to refinance. At the same time, understand the extent of parties’ obligations and liabilities and, at the cost of repetition, do a deep dive of indemnities or performance bonds, limitation of liability plus exclusions, if any, to determine who bears the risk
- Where disputes arise, parties should check mandatory dispute resolution provisions. It is common to see clauses which require the parties to follow a pre-agreed route to resolution, with an aim to find a resolve and, in the process, ensure litigation is the last resort.
A key imperative would be to manage and address business continuity and resilience for the future. This means implementing some or all of the following
- Commercially, it would be essential to spread the sourcing and eliminate over-reliance on any one source or country and taking concrete steps for near-shoring supply chain components, to the extent feasible
- Warehouse space is limited to keep up with the demand and long-term solutions to manage higher volumes will require infrastructural changes. Consider collaborating also with those who provide on demand warehousing, if and when necessary
- Review insurance fine print regularly
- Optimize and employ current technologies. Explore or augment use of technologies that will enhance supply chain visibility (through programs to track fulfilment of contracted obligations) and automate through increased use of artificial intelligence. For example, AI can be used to automate processes by using algorithms based on data from previous processes, identify patterns which can be leveraged to forecast demand and manage inventory
- Increased supply chain visibility will aid in identifying problems or concerns that may be corrected ahead of an actual disruption. Enter blockchain technology where all components of the supply chain can be integrated into a single platform which can be used to notify customers of the product. The same system can be used for invoicing and payments which should streamline the hiccups and enable organizations to identify issues before they occur.
Companies that maintain global supply chains tapped into the world’s best resources and talent. But, now, the struggle is real all around the globe. Perhaps now more than any other time, global conglomerates are compelled to navigate a wide variety of challenges that threaten either the continuous operation or viability of their supply chains. In an endeavor to be transparent, it is all the more important to engage in concise communication with relevant stakeholders to minimize disruption. Keeping in touch is always a great idea, especially during troubled times when somebody going silent usually means bad news. The planning, coordination, and related challenges of complex supply chains that depend on inputs from around the world, and often operate under just-in-time principles, occupy top executives now in a way like never before.
4. Summation
Supply chains are the lifeblood of most, if not all, businesses today. Keeping their components running as smoothly as possible ensures that a business can provide on-time delivery of products and services, especially with changing consumer demands and disruptions brought about by the pandemic and the events of 2022. Owners are beginning to demand strict adherence to existing contracts. Going forward, all parties must be more mindful when executing new contracts given the full understanding of what pandemic and other global events have meant and will mean for supply chain management. In other words, the world we live in has changed radically and there is a dire need for contracting parties to determine the contours of their agreements, work together to find innovative solutions to problems effecting both parties, unchain the problems and employ technologies to insulate themselves from future disruptions. We would do well to remember that many of the best opportunities are born out of necessity. | https://www.psalegal.com/unchaining-supply-chain-issues/ |
Ashland, MA, January 31, 2017 – OnProcess Technology, a global pioneer in service supply chain management and optimization, today revealed that using Internet of Things (IoT) data to predict machine failures could reduce costly spare parts inventory stock by up to 10%, according to joint research with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) Center for Transportation & Logistics (CTL). The research also points to a shift from static to more dynamic inventory planning and the favorable impact that systematic machine data collection and monitoring could have on a company’s post-sale profitability.
“Inventory planning has long been a static, ‘review-and-stock’ endeavor. It hasn’t accounted for variabilities resulting from failures of parts in the field. As a result, it’s often inaccurate and leads to overstocking, which is expensive for business, and under-stocking, which hurts customers,” said Dan Gettens, Chief Analytics Officer, OnProcess Technology. “The new dynamic, IoT-based inventory model developed as part of the MIT research is incredibly promising, as it provides a way for companies to anticipate and accommodate for failures. We believe it will also require a seismic shift in the way supply chain practitioners view service parts inventory planning.”
Many companies have started taking steps to leverage IoT data. However, data collection, which has primarily been designed to respond to signal failures, is often haphazard and subject to the willingness of buyers to participate. More systematic collection of machine data provides a sound baseline for analyzing machine performance and predicting failures, and ultimately improves quality of service and profitability. By improving data collection, businesses can reduce average inventory requirements and increase service levels. Simulations showed a reduction of 4% to 10%, which could translate into tens of millions of dollars in cost savings.
“We found that even relatively weak signals that are not strong predictors of individual machine failure could provide useful and significant information when aggregated,” added Dr. Chris Caplice, Executive Director of MIT CTL. “These insights could be used to improve the inventory levels and positioning for service and repair networks.”
To learn more about the OnProcess/MIT research and how it can affect IoT data collection and inventory planning, attend the complimentary webinar “How New IoT-Based Models Could Reduce Service Parts Inventory” on February 22, 2017 at 11:00AM ET. Click here to register.
About MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics
Launched in 1973, MIT CTL is one of the world’s leading centers for supply chain education and research. Part of the MIT School of Engineering, MIT CTL coordinates more than 100 supply chain research efforts across the MIT campus and around the globe. The center also educates students and corporate leaders in the essential principles of supply chain management, and helps organizations to increase productivity and improve their environmental performance. For more information, please visit: http://ctl.mit.edu, and visit the MIT CTL blog: Supply Chain @ MIT
About OnProcess Technology
OnProcess Technology is a managed services provider specializing in complex, global service supply chain operations – the flow of people, parts and services following the sale of a product. The company’s deep expertise, purpose-built technology delivery and embedded, analytics-based process improvement, enable clients to quickly optimize and scale operations, grow revenue and profitability, and deliver superior customer experiences. OnProcess provides services in 23 languages and operates in six global facilities, including its Massachusetts headquarters and facilities in Maine, Costa Rica, India and Bulgaria. www.onprocess.com
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Press contact: | https://www.onprocess.com/news/iot-failure-analysis-research-onprocess-technology-mit |
The vascular system is made up of three types of vessels: arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries are the largest of the vessels and carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and then onto the organs and tissues. Capillaries are the smallest vessels and transport oxygenated blood through the organs and tissues. Veins return the blood that has been transported by the arteries and capillaries back to the heart.
Your vascular system also plays a crucial role in other body systems including the respiratory, digestive, nervous and urinary systems, together with temperature control.
Our vessels are often referred to as the body’s version of a highway. There are three types of vessels that make up the highways of your body.
Arteries carry oxygenated, or oxygen-rich, blood away from the heart to vital organs and muscles, with the exception of the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. The walls of arteries are thick, muscular and elastic due to the high pressure of the blood flowing through them.
Veins collect deoxygenated blood from organs and muscles and return it to the heart. The walls in veins are thinner, and the blood is transported at a much lower pressure.
Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels in the body and run through almost every tissue through a complex network. As they carry blood so close to tissue cells, their walls are extremely thin.
It is important to understand that if you have been diagnosed with one vascular disease, you are likely to be at a higher risk of having another. That is why you should monitor your vascular health and ask your doctor if you are doing all that you can to protect your vascular health. | http://www.my-vascularhealth.com/about/your-vascular-system/ |
Let’s know about various circulatory system parts and functions in this section.
As learnt from above, it can be said that the circulatory system is the system that circulates blood and lymph (hemolymph in insects) throughout the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, lymph, blood, and the lymphatic vessels and glands.
Let’s know about various circulatory system parts and functions in this section. The circulatory system comprises three independent parts working together that includes the heart, lungs and arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels. These can be referred to as cardiovascular and pulmonary systems for heart and lungs, respectively and systemic for the rest. The circulatory system is responsible for the flow of blood, oxygen, nutrients and other gases, and as well as hormones to and from cells.
The heart is a major organ responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body. Therefore the heart and circulatory system, together termed cardiovascular system is a network for delivering blood, oxygen, hormones and nutrients to the body’s tissues. With each heartbeat, the function is performed where all the cells are enriched with oxygen, blood and nutrients. Normally, it beats between 60 to 100 times per minute. Blood takes entry to the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, and there it empties oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. When the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through a valve called pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it gets oxygenated. This process carries on in the body. (Image to be added soon)
A pair of spongy and elastic organs that help us in breathing are called lungs. The human chest cavity is occupied mainly with the lungs as they are located just behind to either side of the heart. They can be seen extending down from the collarbone to the diaphragm which is the muscular wall between the abdominal cavity and the chest cavity). In adults, the human lung’s length is 25 to 30 cm.or 10-12 inch. These are roughly cone shaped and the right lung is slightly larger than the left lung as it has three lobes and on the other hand, the left lung has only two. Lungs function in inhalation and exhalation or breathing, external respiration (exchange of gases between the lungs and bloodstream) and internal respiration (exchange of gases between the bloodstream and body tissues). The circulatory system of the lungs is also the portion of the cardiovascular system where oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery. It is taken to the lungs and then returned to the heart in the oxygenated form via the pulmonary vein.
The systemic circulation is responsible for the functional blood supply to all body tissues. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and helps in removal of carbon dioxide and waste products. Systemic circulation carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle to the capillaries in the tissues of the body, through the arteries. It moves blood between the heart and the other parts of the body whereas pulmonary circulation is known to move blood between the heart and the lungs. Systemic circulation sends oxygenated blood to the cells as discussed above and also should be noted that it returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is highly important in the circulatory system. It is responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. Blood is also helpful in regulating the temperature and acidic balance of the body.
The two types of blood circulation in humans are:
Here, a complex system of arteries and capillaries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Also, this system is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the organs back to the heart via veins.
When the heart receives the oxygen poor blood from different parts of the body, it pumps those to the lungs for removing the carbon dioxide and other impurities and collects oxygen. Then, the blood is oxygenated, i.e. oxygen-rich and it is now sent back to the heart for systemic circulation.
The different three types of blood vessels in the human circulatory system are:
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1. Carry blood away from heart.
2. Outer coat is thin middle coat is thick.
3. Pure oxygenated blood is passed except pulmonary artery.
4. Semilunar valves are absent.
5.Press of blood is high.
1.Link-artery to Vein.
2. Outer and middle coats are absent.
3. Lumen is small in capillary.
4. First part of the capillary contains oxygenated blood and last part contains deoxygenated blood.
5.Semilunar valves are absent.
6. Pressure is falling.
7. Blood flow is slow through capillary.read less
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; the main artery is the aorta. ... Capillaries carry blood away from the body and exchange nutrients, waste, and oxygen with tissues at the cellular level. Veins are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart and drain blood from organs and limbs.
read less
Arteries transport blood from heart to tissues as well as nutrients. small arteries are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres so offer maximum resistance to blood flow therefore these vessels mainly control blood
pressure.
Capillaries are exchange vessels and least innervated by sympathetic fibres so exchange by the capillaries occurs through diffusion capillary filtration and other like vesiscular transport
read less
The function of capillaries is to allow food and oxygen to diffuse from the blood to cells, and at the same time, allow waste to diffused from cells into the blood. Also capillaries are very small blood vessels. Arteries in the body carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body . Also they are thick so blood pressure is high in arteriesread less
The three basic types of blood vessels in the human body include,
1)Arteries- #Carry blood away from the heart.
#Carry oxygenated blood (exceptions the pulmonary artery and umbilical artery in the fetus)
#are thick-walled and have a muscular property.
#Tunica external (outermost) tunica media(middle muscular layer) and tunica intima(innermost endothelial layer) is it's three wall layers.
2)Capillaries-These are single-cell lined vessels which are so thin-walled that their primary function is the exchange of gases, nutrients and metabolic waste products between the tissues and blood.
3)Veins- multiple capillaries join up to form a vein. The veins carry deoxygenated blood(exceptions again the pulmonary vein and umbilical vein) towards the heart. It is relatively thought walled and does not have a muscular coat in its walls.
Blood vessels are of majorly three types:
1.) Vein - remember "towards heart"
2.) Artery- remember "away from heart"
3.) Capillaries- remember "distribution"
Now, if someone ask what veins does say they carry blood from body towards heart. Similarly, if someone asks about pulmonary vein(pulmonary is related to lungs) , then it carries blood from lungs towards heart. I guess it's easy figure out about other blood vessels! ! Enjoy 😉read less
Blood vessels comprises arteries, arterioles, veins, veinioles, and capillaries. Wall of arteries and Veins are made up of three layers: 1. tunica externa of fibrous connective tissue i.e. tunica adventitia, 2. tunica media of smooth muscle fibres and elastic connective tissue and 3. tunica intima of squamous epithelial cells called endothelium and elastic tissue.
In capillaries only tunica intima i.e. endothelium is present for exchange of material between the blood and tissue fluidsread less
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Do You Know About Your Vascular System?
The vascular system is the body’s network of vessels, responsible for carrying blood, oxygen and nutrients around the body.
Over 100,000 kilometres long, your vascular system could wrap itself around the world 2.5 times.
The vascular system is made up of three types of vessels: arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries are the largest of the vessels and carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and then onto the organs and tissues. Capillaries are the smallest vessels and transport oxygenated blood through the organs and tissues. Veins return the blood that has been transported by the arteries and capillaries back to the heart.
Your vascular system also plays a crucial role in other body systems including the respiratory, digestive, nervous and urinary systems, together with temperature control.
Our vessels are often referred to as the body’s version of a highway. There are three types of vessels that make up the highways of your body.
Arteries carry oxygenated, or oxygen-rich, blood away from the heart to vital organs and muscles, with the exception of the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. The walls of arteries are thick, muscular and elastic due to the high pressure of the blood flowing through them.
Veins collect deoxygenated blood from organs and muscles and return it to the heart. The walls in veins are thinner, and the blood is transported at a much lower pressure.
Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels in the body and run through almost every tissue through a complex network. As they carry blood so close to tissue cells, their walls are extremely thin.
It is important to understand that if you have been diagnosed with one vascular disease, you are likely to be at a higher risk of having another. That is why you should monitor your vascular health and ask your doctor if you are doing all that you can to protect your vascular health. | http://www.my-vascularhealth.com/about/your-vascular-system/ |
Anatomy of the Heart
The human heart comprises 4 “chambers”: two upper chambers known as the “atria” and two lower chambers known as the “ventricles”. The right side of the heart comprises the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV). The left side comprises the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV). The two sides are separated by a wall of muscles called the “septum”.
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to other parts of the body via the circulatory system. The circulatory system comprises a system of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart. The major blood vessels connected to the heart include the aorta, the Superior Vena Cava (SVC), the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC), the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein. Deoxygenated (oxygen-deficient) blood enters the RA via the SVC (from the upper part of the body) and IVC (from the lower part of the body). As the atria contracts, blood exits the RA and enters the RV via the tricuspid valve (the valve between the RA and RV). Once the RV contracts, blood leaves the heart via the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery and finally into the lungs, wherein it gets oxygenated. The pulmonary vein supplies oxygen-rich blood to the LA. Upon contraction of the LA, the blood flows from the LA to the LV via the mitral valve (the valve between the LA and LV). Oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood is pumped from the LV via an aortic valve to the aorta (the main artery). These valves ensure that blood flows in the right direction and prevent backflow. The oxygenated blood then travels from the aorta via smaller arteries and into the body organs through the capillaries. In the capillaries, the blood delivers oxygen and nutrients into the organs, tissues, and cells and collects carbon dioxide and waste products. The now deoxygenated blood is collected into the veins and travels back to the RA where this cycle starts again. | https://occlutech.com/anatomy-of-the-heart/ |
The vascular system, also called the circulatory system, is made up of vessels that carry blood and lymph through the body. The arteries and veins carry blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and taking away tissue waste matter. The lymph vessels carry lymphatic fluid (a clear, colorless fluid containing water and blood cells). The lymphatic system helps protect and maintain the fluid environment of the body by filtering and draining lymph away from each region of the body.
Arteries; blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
Veins; blood vessels that carry blood from the body back into the heart.
Capillaries; tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins that distribute oxygen-rich blood to the body.
Blood moves through the circulatory system as a result of being pumped out by the heart. Blood leaving the heart through the arteries is saturated with oxygen. The arteries break down into smaller and smaller branches to bring oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of the body’s tissues and organs. As blood moves through the capillaries, the oxygen and other nutrients move out into the cells, and waste matter from the cells moves into the capillaries. As the blood leaves the capillaries, it moves through the veins, which become larger and larger to carry the blood back to the heart.
In addition to circulating blood and lymph throughout the body, the vascular system functions as an important component of other body systems.
As blood flows through the capillaries in the lungs, carbon dioxide is given up and oxygen is picked up. The carbon dioxide is expelled from the body through the lungs, and the oxygen is taken to the body tissues by the blood.
As food is digested, blood flows through the intestinal capillaries and picks up nutrients, such as glucose (sugar), vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients are delivered to the body tissues by the blood.
Waste materials from the body tissues are filtered out from the blood as it flows through the kidneys. The waste material then leaves the body in the form of urine.
Regulation of the body’s temperature is assisted by the flow of blood among the different parts of the body. Heat is produced by the body’s tissues as they go through the processes of breaking down nutrients for energy, making new tissue, and giving up waste matter. | https://www.recover-me.eu/vascular-system-products/?v=796834e7a283 |
The following Topics and Sub-Topics are covered in this chapter and are available on MSVgo:
Introduction
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients, which the body then uses for cell development and repair. The human digestive system and nutrition are concerned with an organism’s food consumption and energy use. This is an important mechanism that allows living organisms to acquire energy from a variety of sources. Before the nutrients in the food we consume are used to produce energy, many refinements go through. Digestion is the term for this operation. For this operation, humans and other species have specific organs and structures.
Below are the main components of the digestive system:
- Mouth
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Small and large intestines
- Rectum
The biochemical method of inhaling and exhaling gases between the cells and the air is known as breathing. Breathing entails respiratory organs, including the windpipe, lungs, and nose.
In contrast, respiration is a chemical reaction that occurs within the organism. The air we breathe carries oxygen to our lungs and then to our cells, where it aids in the breakdown of glucose, resulting in the production of electricity. The cells use this energy to carry out their various tasks.
The intensity of the air we breathe in and out of our lungs differs. But, as the air pressure drops, the alveolar spaces expand, and air reaches the lungs (inhalation), and when the pressure of the alveoli inside the lungs exceeds the ambient pressure, the air is blown out of the lungs (exhalation). The amplitude of the pressure differential determines the airflow volume.
The heart pumps blood into the circulatory system, made up of a network of lungs, nerves, and capillaries. The primary function is to provide the body with vital foods, minerals, and hormones. On the other hand, the circulatory system is in charge of gathering metabolic waste and chemicals from the cells and tissues, either filtered or removed from the body.
The human circulatory system comprises four major organs, each with its purpose and function. The organs of the circulatory system that are important include:
- Heart
- Blood (technically, blood is considered a tissue and not an organ)
- Blood Vessels
- Lymphatic system
The ABO mechanism distinguishes four major blood groups:
- Blood group A – has A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
- Blood group B – has B antigens and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
- Blood group O – has no antigens, yet all anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma blood
- Blood group AB – has both A and B antigens but no antibodies
Below are the essential characteristics of the human circulatory system:
- Blood, heart, blood vessels, and lymph make up the human circulatory system.
- Blood is circulated in the human circulatory system in two chains (double circulation): one for oxygenated blood and the other for deoxygenated blood.
- There are four chambers in the human heart: two ventricles and two auricles.
- A body-wide network of blood vessels makes up the human circulatory system. Atherosclerosis affects arteries, nerves, and capillaries.
- Blood arteries’ primary role is to distribute oxygenated blood and nutrients across the body. It’s also in charge of gathering metabolic wastes for expulsion from the body.
- The duration of the circulatory system is not physically shown in most diagrams. If a human’s lungs, muscles, and capillaries were spread out end to end, they would cover a complete distance of 1,00,000 kilometres (or roughly eight times the diameter of the Earth).
The human body’s blood flow is unusual, and it’s also powerful. Double circulation refers to the fact that blood circulates twice across the heart. Some species, such as fish, have single circulation, in which blood just makes one circle across the whole body.
The greatest benefit of double circulation is that oxygenated blood is supplied to all tissues of the body at all times and is not combined with deoxygenated blood.
In this chapter, we learned about the different systems of the human body. We learned about the Function Of Each Organ, the process of every system and the blood groups.
- What are the different components of the human body?
A bony skeleton and muscles make up the human body. The brain, trunk, and limbs are the three primary components of the body.
- What are the human body’s five main organs?
Humans have five vital organs that function to survive. The brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs are among these organs.
- What is the body’s tiniest organ?
The gland of the pineal.
- What is the body’s hardest-working organ?
The heart. This muscle, the body’s hardest-working organ, is essential to any cell in the body.
- Is blood considered an organ?
Blood is a tissue as well as a solvent. It’s called tissue because it’s made up of identical specialised cells that perform specific functions. The blood is fluid, and these cells are trapped in a liquid matrix (plasma). | https://stage-web.msvgo.com/icse/icse-class-6-biology-human-body |
SECTION 2: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. The vein wall consists of three layers: The tunica intima, the tunica media and the tunica adventitia. The innermost layer of the vein is the tunica intima.
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
Aside from capillaries, blood vessels are all made of three layers:
- The adventitia or outer layer which provides structural support and shape to the vessel.
- The tunica media or a middle layer composed of elastic and muscular tissue which regulates the internal diameter of the vessel.
12.02.2021
What are the 3 basic layers of arteries and veins?
As in the arteries, the walls of veins have three layers, or coats: an inner layer, or tunica intima; a middle layer, or tunica media; and an outer layer, or tunica adventitia.
What are the 3 tunics layers that form a typical blood vessel wall?
Arteries, arterioles, venules, and veins are composed of three tunics known as the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
What are the layers of blood vessels from outside to inside?
All arteries and veins contain three layers. The innermost layer is called the tunica intima. The muscular middle layer is called the tunica media, and the outermost layer is called the tunica adventitia.
What are the 4 main blood vessels?
The major blood vessels connected to your heart are the aorta, the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery (which takes oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs where it is oxygenated), the pulmonary veins (which bring oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart), and the coronary …
What is the smallest blood vessel?
Arterioles carry blood and oxygen into the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries. Capillaries are so small they can only be seen under a microscope.
Which blood vessel is the strongest?
Blood vessels carry blood around the body. The 3 main types of blood vessels are: arteries that carry blood pumped from the heart — these are the largest and strongest.
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta Anatomy
The aorta is the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to other parts of the body.
What makes a vessel a vein?
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood low in oxygen from the body back to the heart for reoxygenation.
Which is the innermost layer of blood vessels?
The innermost layer, the tunica intima (also called tunica interna), is simple squamous epithelium surrounded by a connective tissue basement membrane with elastic fibers.
Which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?
All arteries have relatively thick walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the heart. However, those close to the heart have the thickest walls, containing a high percentage of elastic fibers in all three of their tunics. This type of artery is known as an elastic artery (see Figure 3).
Which artery is the largest and why?
The largest artery is the aorta, the main high-pressure pipeline connected to the heart’s left ventricle. The aorta branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body. The arteries’ smaller branches are called arterioles and capillaries.
What are the 5 types of blood vessels?
There are five classes of blood vessels: arteries and arterioles (the arterial system), veins and venules (the venous system), and capillaries (the smallest bloods vessels, linking arterioles and venules through networks within organs and tissues) (Fig 1).
Where are vessels located?
There are five types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the arterioles; the capillaries, where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues occurs; the venules; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart.
What is the structure of a vein?
Structure of a vein, which consists of three main layers. The outer layer is connective tissue, called tunica adventitia or tunica externa; a middle layer of smooth muscle called the tunica media, and the inner layer lined with endothelial cells called the tunica intima. | https://livingdonorsarepeopletoo.com/blood-and-veins/what-are-the-3-layers-of-blood-vessels.html |
After studying this section you should understand
The Circulatory system has 3 functions:
- Transport - Moving things around the body in the bloodstream, such as O2, nutrients, water and waste
- Controls Body Temperature - More blood near the skin cools the body quicker
- Protection - Moving antibodies around the body to fight disease.
Humans have a double circulation. Each time blood goes around your body it goes through the heart twice (double circulation). This happens because there are 2 circuits:
1. The systemic circuit – this is the main circuit which carries oxygenated blood around the body in the arteries, and deoxygenated blood back to the heart along the veins
2. The pulmonary circuit – this includes the heart and lungs, and carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Oxygenated blood – has more O2, and found in all arteries (except pulmonary artery)
Deoxygenated blood – has less O2, and is found in all veins (except pulmonary vein)
Blood pressure gives us two readings:
1. Systolic pressure – pressure of the blood in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts
2. Diastolic pressure – pressure of the blood in the arteries when the left ventricle relaxes
It can be affected by many things:
- Age – increases with age
- Gender – generally higher in men
- Exercise – reduces in long term increases in short term
- Stress – increases
High Blood Pressure
If your blood pressure remains high, you could be at risk from the following:
- Angina – sharp pains in the chest, caused by the heart not getting enough oxygen
- Heart attacks – the heart stopping because it is starved of oxygen
- Strokes – damage to the brain due to no Oxygen
Aerobic training can help in the following ways:
- Your body makes more red blood cells, so it can transport more O2
- Your arteries get bigger so your blood pressure falls
- More capillaries form in the muscles, so O2 is delivered better
- Your heart gets bigger, and the walls get thicker
- After exercising, your heart rate falls back to normal quicker
The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump which pumps blood round the circulatory system.
The right side of the heart pumps de-oxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
The left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood from the lungs around the rest of the body.
1. Deoxygenated blood enters through the vena cava into the right atrium
2. It’s then pumped through a valve into the right ventricle chamber
3. And then up through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery towards the lungs
4. Oxygenated blood enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
5. It’s then pumped through a valve into the left ventricle
6. And then through the aortic valve and out of the aorta to the rest of the body
This video explains how the heart works
This video explains about blood circulation
There are 3 types of blood vessel:
- Arteries - Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Have thick, strong, elastic walls to cope with the pressure. Small arteries are called arterioles.
- Veins - Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Have thinner walls, because the blood is a lower pressure. Have valves to keep the blood going on the right direction. Small veins are called venules
- Capillaries - Carry food and oxygen directly to the tissues, and take the waste away from them. Very small, with very thin walls. | https://revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/pe-physical-education/anatomy-and-physiology/circulatory-system-heart |
The main work of the circulatory system is to take nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is able to do so with the help of the blood and the heart, which pumps the blood. Blood is circulated via the blood vessels, which are made up of arteries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood, and veins carry deoxygenated blood.
Also, it is a closed system. That means the blood is circulated in a continuous flow to and from the heart.
There are two types of circulation -- the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation.
In the systemic circulation, arteries take the oxygenated blood from the heart to the various tissues in the body. Then the blood takes the waste products, namely carbon dioxide, from the tissues.
The pulmonary circulation is where the blood is circulated from the heart to the lungs and back again to the heart. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the two pulmonary arteries, which take it to the lungs. In the lungs, the deoxygenated blood gives its carbon dioxide to the alveoli and takes oxygen from them. It is now oxygenated, and is taken back to the heart. The right atrium now receives this blood from the pulmonary veins.
Now, it is the work of the systemic circulation to distribute this oxygen to the rest of the body.
Also, the heart works in two phases -- the systole and the diastole. One systole and one diastole will complete one heart beat. When the ventricles contract, they are in the systole phase. In this phase, the blood is pumped for systemic circulation. The heart is said to be in the diastole phase when the ventricles relax. When the ventricles relax, blood fills the atria.
This is how the circulatory system works.
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About Circulation of the Blood. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.
Herein, which artery carries deoxygenated blood?
The Arteries will thus carry OXYGENATED BLOOD relative to veins with deoxygenated blood. Unless they are the PULMONARY arteries/veins. The Pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to pick up oxygen in the lungs.
Which vessels contain deoxygenated blood?
The inferior vena cava carries Veins carry the deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body to the heart. Among the veins, only pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood (from lungs to left atrium). Among the 5 main vessels of our body, veins carry deoxygenated blood.
Which chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood?
The right and left atria are the top chambers of the heart and receive blood into the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation. | https://answersdrive.com/what-carries-oxygenated-and-deoxygenated-blood-5391758 |
How does blood circulation occur distinguishing between small and large circulation?
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Even the small circulation divides into increasingly smaller and thinner arteries that finally reach the pulmonary alveoli where they release carbon dioxide and receive oxygen introduced with breathing. From the left atrium the blood is pushed into the left ventricle and from there into the large circulation.
How does blood flow in the heart?
In the pulmonary capillaries the blood discharges carbon dioxide, which is exhaled, and becomes charged with oxygen. It then makes its way to the left atrium of the heart, where it enters through the pulmonary vein. From the atrium it goes down to the ventricle and from here begins the tour in the great circle.
What is the path of the blood in the small circulation?
The small circulation begins where the large ends: the venous blood from the right atrium descends into the right ventricle, and here, via the pulmonary artery, carries the blood to each of the two lungs.
Where does the great circulation begin?
The great circle starts from the aorta and ends at the capillaries.
What is the route of the great circulation?
From the left atrium of the heart the blood, already rich in oxygen, as mentioned above, is pushed into the underlying left ventricle and from it through a strong contraction, called systole, into the aorta and then into all the body districts.
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In which part of the heart does the great circulation end?
The blood ends the path of the great circulation in the right atrium of the heart, where it flows.
What is the main function of the veins in the great circulation?
Following the branches of the arteries, the oxygenated blood reaches the dense network of capillaries where the O2 to the cells and is charged with CO2 produced by these. From here, through the veins, it returns to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs to recharge with O2.
How to tell if the blood is not circulating well?
Symptoms of common circulatory problems include:
- numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.
- cold hands and feet.
- swelling of the feet, ankles and legs.
- memory loss and difficulty concentrating.
- digestive problems.
- tiredness.
- joint and muscle cramps.
- changes in skin color.
Where are the blood vessels located?
The vessels that carry blood from the heart to the periphery are called arteries, while the return to the heart muscle is entrusted to the veins; finally, the capillaries act as a bridge between the two types of vessels, and are responsible for the exchange of substances between blood and perfused tissues.
How does the summarized blood circulate?
Here the blood has an arterial character or rather carries oxygen thanks to hemoglobin and, through the plasma, nutrients from the digestive system; after having crossed the ramifications of the aorta, the blood reaches the capillaries where it releases oxygen and nutrients to the various organs and tissues.
What is the part of the heart where the blood flows to be purified?
The right atrium is one of the four chambers into which the heart is divided and is located on the right. It receives the venous blood to be oxygenated from the two hollow veins, the upper and the lower one.
Why why is our circulation system called closed?
The set of organs and vessels in which the blood of a human being flows constitutes a closed circulatory system. A closed circulatory system is a system in which the circulating fluid (in this case the blood) never leaves the organs and vessels that make up the system in question.
What does the pulmonary circulation do?
The function of the pulmonary veins is to transport the cleansed and oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart, from where it is later pumped to the rest of the body.
What drives the blood?
The heart is a hollow muscle which by contracting and relaxing rhythmically works as a pump and pushes the blood from the center to the periphery of the body.
Who controls the blood circulation?
The Angiologist is the medical specialist in Angiology who, after an anamnesis through specialized examinations, is able to control the pathologies of the circulatory system through specific therapies.
How is circulation activated?
The large circulation starts from the left ventricle which, by contracting, pushes the oxygen-rich blood into the aorta and from there into all the arteries of the body, which carry the oxygenated blood to the different tissues and systems.
Why are blood vessels important?
Blood vessels or blood vessels are the blood ducts of the circulatory system used to transport blood through the body. The most important types are the arteries, veins, and capillaries that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body and vice versa, respectively.
How to clean up the blood vessels?
Leafy greens, including lettuce, kale, arugula, chard, and spinach, offer plenty of nutrients that protect the arteries. They are a good source of dietary nitrates, which can help improve blood vessel function and reduce inflammation.
What kind of blood vessels are present in the first layer of the skin?
It has no blood vessels and therefore receives nourishment by diffusion from the underlying dermis. It contains four main types of cells: keratinocytes (which account for 95%), melanocytes, Langherans cells, Merkel cells.
When does blood not circulate well in the legs?
Symptoms generally are: a sense of heaviness in the lower limbs; moderate swelling, especially after having remained upright for a long time; appearance of venous ectasias, such as dilations of the superficial veins up to a real varicose pathology.
How to improve blood circulation naturally?
Blood circulation disorders: natural remedies
- avoid clothes that are too tight, heels that are too high or too low.
- avoid standing for a long time.
- do not take very hot baths and expose yourself to the sun for a long time.
- do not drink alcohol or smoke.
- drink a lot of water.
What to do to reactivate the circulation of the legs?
To promote circulation, it is advisable to raise the legs by leaning them against the wall or by placing a pillow under the entire leg, but not just below the ankles. On the other hand, it is not recommended to stand still for a long time but also to sit with your legs crossed or crossed.
Where does the blood go when it leaves the vena cava?
The superior cava drains the upper territory: upper limbs, neck and head and directs the blood forward and down and medially, into the right atrium. The inferior cava drains the chest, abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. It also carries enteric absorbed nutrients.
What is the function of the veins?
Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood from the peripheral areas of the body to the heart, according to what is called the “centripetal direction”. The blood carried by the veins is poor in oxygen and loaded with carbon dioxide and waste products.
What are the parameters that measure cardiac activity?
- • Heart rate.
- • The systolic range.
- • The cardiac output (or output).
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Combined with the cardiovascular system, the circulatory system helps to fight off disease, helps the body maintain a normal body temperature, and provides the right chemical balance to provide the body’s homeostasis, or state of balance among all its systems.
The circulatory system consists of four major components:
The Heart: About the size of two adult hands held together, the heart rests near the center of the chest. Thanks to consistent pumping, the heart keeps the circulatory system working at all times.
Arteries: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and where it needs to go.
Veins: Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs where they receive oxygen.
Blood: Blood is the transport media of nearly everything within the body. It transports hormones, nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, and other important things needed to keep the body healthy.
How does it work?
The blood circulatory system (cardiovascular system) delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body. It consists of the heart and the blood vessels running through the entire body. The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart. The system of blood vessels resembles a tree: The “trunk” – the main artery (aorta) – branches into large arteries, which lead to smaller and smaller vessels. The smallest arteries end in a network of tiny vessels known as the capillary network.
There isn’t only one blood circulatory system in the human body, but two, which are connected: The systemic circulation provides organs, tissues and cells with blood so that they get oxygen and other vital substances. The pulmonary circulation is where the fresh oxygen we breathe in enters the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide is released from the blood.
An average adult has 5 to 6 quarts (4.7 to 5.6 liters) of blood, which is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers. Located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone, it pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovas- cular system.
The systemic circulation is a major portion of the circulatory system. The network of veins, arteries and blood vessels transports oxygenated blood from the heart, delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and then returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Blood circulation starts when the heart relaxes between two heartbeats: The blood flows from both atria (the upper two chambers of the heart) into the ventricles (the lower two chambers), which then expand. The following phase is called the ejection period, which is when both ventricles pump the blood into the large arteries.
In the systemic circulation, the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood into the main artery (aorta). The blood travels from the main artery to larger and smaller arteries and into the capillary network. There the blood drops off oxygen, nutrients and other important substances and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products. The blood, which is now low in oxygen, is collected in veins and travels to the right atrium and into the right ventricle.
This is where pulmonary circulation begins: The right ventricle pumps low-oxygen blood into the pulmonary artery, which branches off into smaller and smaller arteries and capillaries. The capillaries form a fine network around the pulmonary vesicles (grape-like air sacs at the end of the airways). This is where carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the air inside the pulmonary vesicles, and fresh oxygen enters the bloodstream. When we breathe out, carbon dioxide leaves our body. Oxygen-rich blood travels through the pulmonary veins and the left atrium into the left ventricle. The next heartbeat starts a new cycle of systemic circulation. | https://www.azestudy.com/human-circulatory-system-diagram-how-it-works-aze-study/ |
What Are the Three Main Parts of the Circulatory System?
The three main parts of the circulatory system are the heart, the blood and the blood vessels. The purpose of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen throughout the body.
In humans, the heart is a fist-sized muscle located slightly to the left of center in the chest. It acts as an engine for the circulatory system, pumping blood through the blood vessels. It will beat approximately three billion times in an average human lifespan.
The blood vessels are hollow tubes that conduct blood from the heart to the body’s tissues and back again. There are three types: arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues. The one exception to this is the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. They are thick-walled, elastic vessels that contain no valves. Veins carry blood back to the heart after the body tissues have used the blood’s oxygen. They have thinner walls than arteries and contain valves to keep the blood from flowing backward. Capillaries are tiny vessels that connect arteries to veins. Because their walls are so thin, they allow oxygen and other nutrients to pass from the vessels to the surrounding tissue.
Blood is made of two parts: plasma and blood corpuscles (or cells). Plasma is the liquid portion of blood and is made mostly of water. There are three types of corpuscles: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells attack germs and foreign bodies and platelets help to clot the flow of blood in cuts or injuries.
What Is the Structure of the Circulatory System? | https://www.reference.com/science/three-main-parts-circulatory-system-7abe59f6e1cca60e |
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Artery: Artery (from Greek ἀρτηρία (artēria), meaning 'windpipe, artery') is a blood vessel that takes blood away from the human heart to all parts of the body (tissues, lungs, Brain etc.). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood; the two exceptions are the pulmonary and the umbilical arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the organs that oxygenate it (lungs and placenta, respectively).
Artery of Adamkiewicz: In human anatomy, the artery of Adamkiewicz is the largest anterior segmental medullary artery. It typically arises from a left posterior intercostal artery at the level of the 9th to 12th intercostal artery, which branches from the aorta, and supplies the lower two-thirds of the spinal cord via the anterior spinal artery.The artery is named after Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (August 11, 1850 – October 31, 1921), a Polish pathologist born in Żerków.
Artery of the pterygoid canal: The artery of the pterygoid canal is an artery in the pterygoid canal, in the head. It usually arises from the external carotid artery, but can arise from either the internal or external carotid artery or serve as an anastomosis between the two.The eponym, Vidian artery, is derived from the Italian surgeon and anatomist Vidus Vidius.
Artery (band): Artery are a British post-punk band from Sheffield, that was founded in 1978. They were originally known confusingly as just The.
Artery of bulb of penis: The artery of bulb of penis is a short artery of large caliber which arises from the internal pudendal artery between the two layers of fascia (the superior and inferior) of the urogenital diaphragm. It passes medialward, pierces the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm and gives off branches which ramify in the bulb of the urethra and in the posterior part of the corpus spongiosum. | http://www.englishvs.com/ingilizce-sozluk/kelimeler/ingilizce-kelimeler/a-ile-baslayan-ingilizce-kelimeler/artery |
The human body requires a steady supply of oxygenated blood to properly function. While arteries transport the oxygenated blood away from the heart and into parts of the body, another system of blood vessels exists to move deoxygenated blood. These are called veins. Today, we’re going to look at the structure and function of veins while we also identify and explore the largest vein in the body.
By the time we’re finished, you’ll have a good idea of how veins work in our body.
What is a Vein?
Generally speaking, a vein is a type of blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. Some exceptions to this rule exist, such as umbilical veins and pulmonary veins. These types of veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart. Veins are found in humans and many other animals alike.
Unlike arteries that are muscular and tend to run deep in the human body, veins are comparatively superficial and thinner than arteries. Let’s look a little closer at veins by identifying the anatomy and function of veins.
The Anatomy of a Vein
At first glance, the anatomy of a vein is very similar to that of an artery. The vein walls have three layers just like arteries, and they are the same ones including:
- Tunica externa: the outermost layer of the vein walls, composed of connective tissue but less than that of arteries. This is the thickest layer of the vein and also contains vasa vasorum.
- Tunica media: the middle layer of the vein that is made of smooth muscle tissue.
- Tunica intima: the portion of the vein that comes into contact with the blood flowing through it, made of endothelial cells.
- Lumen: the hollow portion of veins and arteries through which blood flows.
A major difference between veins and arteries is that veins are generally thinner, but they have a wider lumen than arteries.
Other differences include that veins generally flow away from the heart, are not rounded like arteries, transport blood at low pressure, and have valves that maintain a single direction of flow. Arteries do not possess such valves at all.
The presence of valves is incredibly important in the extremities of the body where blood flow is slower and more susceptible to the forces of gravity. The valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood.
The unique qualities of veins make it easy to distinguish them from arteries. However, it’s important to note that there are several types of veins.
Types of Veins
Several types of veins exist in the body. They have unique functions or locations that set them apart from the others. Let’s take a quick look at how some of these veins are classified.
Generally speaking, we can break down four types of veins into two dichotomies. These are not the only types of veins that exist, and we are only going to give a basic overview of their functions.
Superficial Veins vs Deep Veins
Superficial veins are the veins closest to the surface of the body, and those are easily seen in humans’ hands. Deep veins are those that are located deep in the body and interact with arteries.
Pulmonary Veins vs Systemic Veins
The pulmonary veins are those that bring oxygenated blood from the lungs and into the heart. Systemic veins are those that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues throughout the body back to the heart. There, it enters the pulmonary circuit so that it can be oxygenated. The majority of the veins in a human’s body are systemic.
Other types of veins, like perforator veins or communicating veins, exist. However, the brief overview that we’ve provided should give you enough
What is the Largest Vein in the Body?
The largest vein in the human body is the inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava measures upwards of 3 cm in diameter depending on the individual and about 22 cm in length. As you might imagine, the inferior vena cava is located close to the heart where many of the other largest blood vessels are located.
The inferior vena cava is one of two very large veins that return blood to the heart. The other one is called the superior vena cava. Despite their names seemingly hinting at their size, the names are actually derived from their anatomical positions in the body. Superior is located above and the inferior is located below relative to the heart.
Meanwhile, the superior vena cava, the superior portion of the venae cavae, has a diameter of 2.4 cm and measures just about 7 cm long. That makes it slightly smaller in diameter than the inferior vena cava and much shorter.
The job of the largest vein in the body is to return deoxygenated blood to the heart. The veins accomplish this by emptying the deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart.
The fact that these two veins are this large is interesting because veins tend to be smaller than arteries on the whole. Also, the size of the venae cavae all but ensures that no other veins could match them for size. That means few other veins have the diameter of these two.
What is an Artery?
Arteries are thicker, more muscular blood vessels with a smaller lumen relative to veins. These blood vessels are tasked with carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body.
Arteries carry blood under pressure, and they lack the valves that we see in veins. These vessels are very important to the body, and they can get quite large. For example, the aorta is the largest artery in the body, and it measures about one inch in diameter and measures over one foot long. This is much longer than any of the veins present in the human body.
Arteries and veins work in conjunction to deliver oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body. Although they have numerous similarities at first glance, the two types of blood vessels are very distinct from one another when you take a closer look.
Thank you for reading! Have some feedback for us? Contact the AZ Animals editorial team. | https://a-z-animals.com/blog/whats-the-largest-vein-in-the-body/ |
The heart and circulation of blood essay
The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart and is composed of specialised muscle tissue called as the cardiac muscle, on which the circulation of blood depends it varies in thickness, being thickest in the left ventricle, thinner in the right ventricle and thinnest in the artrium. Blood pressure reading essay maintaining a healthy blood pressure reading and how smoking does affect your blood pressure (please refer to the appendix to see a diagram of the heart). The heart essay (17 marks - teacher gives an extra 3 marks - why) describe pulmonary circulation (the blood flow between the heart and the lungs) and explain how the heart is suited to perform its function. The flow of blood in a fish is called single circulation because the blood passes through the heart of fish only once in one complete cycle of the body related articles: short essay on carbohydrates molecules of cell.
Learn about the heart and and how it works from webmd blood out of the heart as blood leaves each chamber of the heart, it passes through a valve pulmonary circulation from your . Free review of the human circulatory system learn the difference between open and closed circulatory systems, heart structure, blood vessels and more. Below is a free excerpt of blood and circulation essay from anti essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples blood and circulation the heart requires its own constant blood supply in order to keep beating and this is delivered through the coronary arteries. - the circulatory system the circulatory system in anatomy and physiology is the course taken by the blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins and back to the heart in humans and the higher vertebrates, the heart is made up of four chambers the right and left auricles, or atria, and the right and left ventricles.
The right side of the heart is the pump for pulmonary circulation, the circulation of blood through the lungs the right ventricle ejects blood into the pulmonary trunk, and blood then flows into pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, and pulmonary veins, which carry it, back to the left atrium. The technical role of the heart in the circulation of the blood is as illustrated in the video in figure 2as can be noted from the video, the blood from the left side of the heart does not mix with that on the right side. The human cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, the blood it pumps, and the blood vessels, veins and arteries, through which the blood travels. The heart is the organ that aids the flow of blood through its pumping mechanism it contracts and relaxes at regular intervals to allow blood to flow into an .
Arteries and veins the difference in the composition of blood - peter banda - essay - medicine - general - publish your bachelor's or master's thesis, dissertation, term paper or essay. The circulatory system of scoliodon is well developed and comprises of 4 parts – heart and pericardium, arteries, veins and blood similar to cyclostomes and other fishes, the heart of scoliodon receives venous blood only which it pumps into gills for aeration such a heart is called venous or . Cause and effect essay on smoking causes and effects of smoking the effect of increased level of cholesterol and creation of clots in blood is also heart attack .
Heart: the heart is the organ in the cardiovascular system that pumps blood pulmonary circulation : circulation of blood between the heart and lungs deoxygenated blood goes out the pulmonary aorta and returns, oxygenated, in the pulmonary vein. Let us write or edit the essay on your topic the author states that the circulation of blood in the human body entails three components: the heart, the blood, and . The heart and blood circulation essay system circulatory the blood of circulation and heart the ii: part 1 contents: heart the of location 2 heart the of structure 3 valves the 4. Blood circulation, as technically defined by seilesh (2006), ” is the pumping of oxygen rich blood to various parts of the body and bringing back the impure or deoxygenated blood from the organs to heart. The whole circulatory system is a one-way arrangement, with the heart pumping only deoxygenated blood from the body forward to the gills to be oxygenated and redistributed to the body although six gill slits appear in embryos, few adult fishes retain all six.
The heart and circulation of blood essay
The heart is a four chambered muscular pump around the size of a fist it beats about 100,000 times a day pumping around 2,000 gallons of blood through about 100,000 miles of organic tubing the heart is a big muscle with four valves connected together to make a two-stage pump the heart gets its . The circulatory system is, therefore, normally divided into three key constituents: the heart, the blood and the blood vessels the heart is a most important muscle in the human body it is located in the middle of one’s chest somewhat to the left. What factors contribute to blood flow back to the heart3 what two factors influence cardiac output4 describe how blood pressure decreases as distance from the left ventricle increases5.
- The heart produces a hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide that causes blood volume and blood pressure to decline we will write a custom essay sample on any topic specifically for you for only $1390/page.
- In this research paper, i will be analyzing the process of blood circulation within the human body i will be focusing on the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit, as well as the relationship with the hepatic portal system.
- The heart, blood, and blood vessels are the three main elements that make up the circulatory system the heart is the engine of the circulatory system it is divided into four chambers, the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
And on behalf of the american heart association committee on rheumatic fever, endocarditis, and kawasaki disease of the council on cardiovascular disease in the young, council on clinical cardiology, council on cardiovascular surgery and anesthesia, and stroke council. Free essay: the heart and blood circulation the heart is a four chambered muscular pump around the size of a fist it beats about 100,000 times a day pumping. Circulatory system is the combined function of the heart, blood, and blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues throughout the body and carry away waste products the circulatory system increases the flow of blood to meet increased energy demands during exercise and regulates body temperature. Essay anatomy practical review 1 name the circulatory system that carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart correct: pulmonary circulation 2. | http://hgessayozno.streetgeeks.us/the-heart-and-circulation-of-blood-essay.html |
The circulatory system is an organ system that helps maintain homeostasis in the body. This system helps maintain body pH and stabilize body temperature. It also distributes nutrients, hormones, gases, and blood cells to and from the cells to maintain and sustain life. There are organs in the body that helps carry out the function of the circulatory system. What organs are in the circulatory system?
There are two types of circulatory system that can be seen in the human body. One is the cardiovascular system and the second is the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood and blood vessels while the lymphatic system is composed of the lymph, lymph nodes and the lymph vessels. The cardiovascular system in humans is a close system which means that the blood does not get out of the network while the lymphatic is an open system.
Heart is a muscular organ that is responsible for pumping out blood to the blood vessels by simply contracting. Cardiac muscles are involuntary which means that they could not be controlled by human mind or desire. Whether we are sleeping or not, the heart continually contracts- even if we will think of stopping it. The heart beats 60 to 120 per minute which is about three billion beats for the entire lifetime. The size of the heart is as big as the fist and generally weighs 250-300 grams in females and 300 to 350 in males.
Without the heart, there would be no organ that will pump the blood and maintain its circulation. The cells would not be able to receive their needed nutrients in order to live. With this, it can be said that the heart is a vital organ and should be well pampered. Taking care of the heart includes taking in healthy foods and engaging in active lifestyle so to prevent heart attacks and coronary artery disease.
Blood is a specialized body fluid that delivers important substances to the cells in the body such as oxygen and nutrients and takes in body waste away from the cells. It contain red blood cells (gives color to the body and contains hemoglobin which carries oxygen), white blood cells (which fights off invading microorganisms), and platelet (helps in the formation of clots so to prevent bleeding).
The blood vessels come in three forms: arteries, veins and capillaries. The arteries are the one that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. The arteries are connected to the capillaries where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happens (also with metabolic waste of cells). The capillaries are connected to the veins which carry unoxygenated blood back to the heart.
These are the organs that make up the circulatory system. | https://www.healthforworld.com/what-organs-are-in-the-circulatory-system/ |
Anatomy and function of the circulatory system.
Hello everyone! It’s Matt from Kenhub, and this tutorial will provide a general overview of the function, definition, and anatomy of the circulatory system or the cardiovascular system. The circulatory system is comprised of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood. It consists of 2 circuits that carry blood around. The smaller being the pulmonary circuit which runs between the heart and the lungs, and the larger being the systemic circuit which runs between the heart and the peripheral tissues.
The cardiac circulatory system functions by providing the tissues of the body with oxygen and nutrients which are transported in the blood. The pulmonary circuit carries the deoxygenated blood into the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that the body has produced occurs before the blood returns back to the heart. The heart then pumps the newly oxygenated blood around the systemic circuit of the body and delivers the oxygenated blood to the tissues before collecting the deoxygenated blood and sending it back to the heart with unused nutrients and metabolic waste products. These extra substances within the blood filter into the liver for processing.
The heart is a muscle that acts as a pump. Through electrostimulation, it beats and pushes the blood around the entire body through the circulatory system. The heart is comprised of 4 chambers that consist of 2 pairs on the left and right sides of the heart. The atria collect blood returning to the heart while the ventricles pump blood out of the heart.
The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood into the chambers of the heart. The muscular septum divides up the 2 sections of the heart creating a left and right side each containing one atrium and one ventricle. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood and the left side pumps oxygenated blood.
The amount of blood in liters that is pumped out of the heart per minute is known as the cardiac output, which is around 5.6 liters in males and 4.9 liters in females. It can be calculated by multiplying the heart rate which is the number of beats per minute by the stroke volume which is the amount of blood that collects in the ventricles when they are at full capacity and about to contract. The cardiac output varies depending on whether the person is exercising or resting.
There are 3 major classes of blood vessels namely arteries, veins, and capillaries and they are categorized according to their histological structure. Arteries transport blood between the tissues and away from the heart and have thick muscular walls with small internal lumina or passageways that can withstand blood under high pressure. Veins carry blood away from the tissues and towards the heart and have thin walls. Their internal lumen is larger than that of the arteries due to the fact that they contain blood under low pressure. They also have valves that prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
Lastly, the capillaries, which are found in the muscles and the lungs, are microscopic and have a one-cell layer thick endothelial lining. In other words, the walls of the capillaries have the width of one single epithelial cell. They can only tolerate blood under very low pressure due to the fact that it will move slower and gas exchange has a chance to take place. This is also where the exchange of gases, water, nutrients, and waste products takes place because the capillary walls are thin and fenestrated. After this, the capillaries collect into venules which are the equivalent to arterioles and fenestrated. Capillaries connect arterioles and venules.
The blood is made up of 4 major components. The plasma is the fluid that surrounds the blood cells and helps transport carbon dioxide, hormones, and the metabolic waste products. Red blood cells which are also known as erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and function mainly as oxygen carriers. White blood cells or leukocytes make up the body’s immune system by producing antibodies and helping destroy harmful microorganisms. These cells are also created in the bone marrow. Lastly, platelets are cells that clump together to form blood clots and help protect the body by preventing bleeding.
This video is more fun than reading a textbook, right? If you want more videos, interactive quizzes, articles, and an atlas of human anatomy, click on the “Take me to Kenhub” button. It is time to say goodbye to your old textbooks and say hello to your new anatomy learning partner, Kenhub!
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So our assumed little blood cell is passing through one of the vena cavas, it doesn't matter which one it passes through. This is because both of the vena cavas spill into one of the top chambers of the heart, known as the right atrium. The right atrium is a thin walled chamber, just a little smaller than a golf ball, and slightly larger than a ping pong ball. Interestingly, it is in the cells of the right atrium that the electrical signals are generated which control the heartbeat. When the right atrium contracts, it pushes the blood cells through a valve which leads to another chamber in the heart.
While the SNS directs the movements of the skeletal muscles, the ANS regulates involuntary processes such as the heart beating, breathing, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. When compared to other animals’ brains, the human brain is a more complex central nervous system. The reason for this is due to the proficiency of the human brain to continuously develop both in the structure and function of numerous cells in it as a responsive mechanism towards new incoming information, experiences, and even shock, which is also known as brain plasticity. (Sanders
Main tissues in the body There are four different types of tissue in the body, these are muscle, connective, nervous and epithelial; and for each type of tissue there are several sub-categories. In this essay I am going to describe the function of each type of tissue and the sub-categories. Muscle The muscle tissue has three different sub-categories which are striated, non-striated and cardiac. The muscle tissue is made up of muscle fibres, which can shorten, contracting and then returning to the pervious shape, which is known as relaxing. These movements cause the blood and other materials like urine, faeces and food, soft tissue and skeleton to move.
Compare and contrast the functions of each tissue type. Why do some areas of our body have stratified squamous epithelium and other areas have simple squamous epithelium? Epithelial tissues - It protects us, and it absorbs with the stomach and intestinal lining Connective tissues - Support, surround, connect other tissues, Protect organs, Transport fluids and dissolved materials Muscle tissues - Responsible for body movement, Moves blood, and food waste through body’s organs, Responsible for digestion. There are three types smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Nervous tissues - Conducts impulses organs from neurons.
The brain stem (midbrain pons and medulla oblongata) Controls involuntary reflex actions The cerebellum Maintains posture and co-ordinates movement. It received messages from the cerebrum and muscles and joints The diencephalon (includes the thalamus and hypothalamus Controls homeostatic mechanisms and the autonomic nervous system The cerebrum The largest part of the brain, divided into three areas that control movement, interpret sensory impulses and control of thought, memory, emotions and personality traits Nerves Nerves are compiled of neurons or nerve cells. These cells can vary in structure this depends on two different things: 1. Where they are 2. What they do But all cells have cell body’s containing the nucleus.
Again, it explains that the human muscles move in command from the brain. Single nerve cells in the spinal column called motor neurons form a long very thin extension of the single cell, called an axon. When an impulse travels down the axon to the muscle, a chemical is released at its ending. Muscles are made of long fibres connected to each other lengthways by a ratchet mechanism, that allows the two parts of an extension ladder to slide past each other,overlapping each other more, so that the muscles get shorter and fatter. When the impulses from the nerves stop, the muscle fibres slide back to their original position.
The heart contracts, pushing blood around the body. Blood flows away from the heart along the arteries, through capillaries (which are tiny blood vessels that are close to the body’s cells) at the organs and then back to the heart through the veins. As blood travels round the body through blood vessels it loses pressure, therefore the arteries have the highest pressure and veins have the lowest. Animals with gills e.g. fish have a single circulatory system, meaning one circuit of blood vessels from the heart.
Introduction: The human body has many cells and tissues. In this report, Epithelial Tissue will be examined for what it is, how they functions in a human body, and what role they do in the organs. Description: Epithelial Tissues are one of the four major tissues in a human body. There are many types of Epithelial Tissue; there is the Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, and the Glandular Epithelium. There are two main types of this tissue one is the simple epithelium and the other is the stratified epithelium.
1. Cardiovascular System is a complex network of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Its job is to deliver nutrients to the human body and remove excretory products from the body parts, it’s also protects the human body against infections, distribution of heat. At the centre of the cardiovascular system is the heart, a four chambered pump that dispenses blood to the arteries. The arteries carry nutrients and oxygenated blood to the body’s tissues.
Parts of the nervous and circulatory systems also play major roles in the digestive system. The large, hollow organs of the digestive tract contain a layer of muscle that enables their walls to move. The movement of organ walls can propel food and liquid through the system and also can mix the contents within each organ. Food moves from one organ to the next through muscle action called peristalsis. The first major muscle movement occurs when food or liquid is swallowed. | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Anatomy-Physiology-Muscular-System-20823.html |
To allow a fully informed debate on adaptation, there is a need to consider the economic aspects of adaptation.
Library Search
Critique of UNFCCC (2007) and comment on global adaptation financing needs for 2030 in developing countries. Concludes the costs of adapting to climate change have been significantly under-estimated.
Literature Review, Case Studies and Fiscal Adaptation Costs
Sea-Level Rise: The Impacts and Costs of Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Zones in the EU and the Costs and Benefits of Adaptation
Policy brief which provides an overview of the European-wide assessment of the impacts and economic costs of sea-level rise, and an analysis of the costs and benefits of adaptation.
Water Resources Planning Under Climate Change: A "Real Options" Application to Investment Planning in the Blue Nile
Document develops a “real options” approach for planning new water resources infrastructure investments and their operating strategies in a world of climate change uncertainty.
Programme, drawn up by the government, industry and other non government organisations, contains a mix of policies and actions to help the UK to adapt successfully to future weather conditions, by dealing with the risks and making the most of the opportunities.
Analytical annex for the The National Adaptation Programme. Contains the current evidence base for adaptation decision-making and presents the analysis that informs the National Adaptation Programme’s approach to adaptation to climate change.
Chapter assesses the literature on the economics of climate change adaptation, building on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) and the increasing role that economic considerations are playing in adaptation decisionmaking and policy.
This paper reviews the status of weather and climate services in Europe and Central Asia.
IPCC technical guidelines for assessing climate IPCC technical guidelines for assessing climate change impacts and adaptations
The guideline assesses the impacts of potential climate change and evaluate appropiate adaptations.
The study has two broad objectives: to develop a global estimate of adaptation costs for informing the international community‘s efforts in the climate negotiations, and to help decisionmakers in developing countries assess the risks posed by climate change and design national strategies for adapting to climate change.
This paper offers the first emphirical assessment of the linkages between microfinance supported activities and adaptation to climate change.
This paper proposes a framework that that integrates mitigation, adaptation and climate change residual damages into an optimisation model
This case-study deals with local institutional adaptation to climate change of water-related infrastructures in the Easter Ontario region. Canada.
This report proposes a general economic framework to help stakeholders in the public sector to develop effective adaptation strategies
This study applies an Integrated Assessment Model to gain insight in the interactions between adaptation costs, residual damages and mitigation costs and to analyse the effectiveness of a 2% levy on both the CDM and emissions trading from developing countries.
This paper argues that adaptation and mitigation should be kept largely separate. It also looks at a few exceptions where adaptation and mitigation should be integrated, and warns that the results are even more politically incorrect than seeing adaptation as accepting defeat in mitigation
This paper seeks to move the focus of the debate back towards the substance of adaptation by asking what “good adaptation” in developing countries would look like.
Policy brief which provides an overview of the European-wide assessment of the impacts and economic costs of sea-level rise, and an analysis of the costs and benefits of adaptation.
Describe different impacts and adaptation costs, benefits for sectors in Europe.
Ökonomie des Klimawandels integrierte ökonomische Bewertung der Instrumente zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel.
This study has the overall objective to make proposals for action for the implementation of the National Adaptation Strategy of the German federal government addressing finance and incentive structures. | https://econadapt-library.eu/library-search?f%5B0%5D=field_policy_areas_considered%3A42&f%5B1%5D=field_policy_areas_considered%3A43 |
Updated June 6, 2020 with the latest Federation of Canadian Municipalities’ National Measures Report.
A wave of ideas for climate change adaptation and mitigation has followed the release of the special report, Global Warming of 1.5˚ C by the IPCC. The report, which was released in October 2018, outlines the pathways to and impacts of a global warming increase of 1.5˚C. Although the impacts of a 1.5˚C increase above pre-industrial levels are not as severe as a 2.0˚C increase, there are still risks of extreme changes or damage to ecosystems.
Approaches to avoid, adapt or mitigate to climate change are being discussed around the world. By considering the high-level purpose, use and functioning of entire regions, land use planning is a tool that can help local communities reduce their contributions to and impacts from climate change.
The difference between mitigation and adaptation
Responding to the impacts of climate change require a two-pronged approach:
- Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (mitigation)
- Adapt to the impacts of climate change (adaptation)
The Canadian Institute of Planners published a model standard of practice for climate change planning for Canadian municipalities that calls on planners to start action on climate change mitigation and adaptation today. Both approaches are vital in limiting the harms of climate change on both the local and global community.
|Mitigation||Adaptation|
|Motivation||Self interest
|
Ethical responsibility
|Self interest|
|Actions||From local to global||Local|
|Impacts||Global||Local|
|Challenges||Status quo||Uncertainty
|
Capacity
(From the Model Standard of Practice for Climate Change Planning by the Canadian Institute of Planner)
7 land use planning tools for local adaptation
Municipalities have seven tools they can use to improve their community’s adaptation to climate change. These tools are outlined by a Natural Resources Canada report from 2012, Land use planning tools for local adaptation to climate change. The report was created to outline best practices to manage the risks of climate change, noting that “land use planning is one of the most effective processes to facilitate local adaptation to climate change.”
1. Official planning documents
Comprehensive and mandatory planning documents set out the long-term vision for communities. These plans, such as master or community development plans, guide future decisions and development according to the goals for the region. Incorporate climate change adaptation within the planning documents by:
- Listing the opportunities and risks associated with climate change in the local region
- Listing the adaptation needs and corresponding strategies
- Prioritizing the adaptation needs and creating an adaptation action plan
- Completing a risk assessment for climate change on municipal operations
- Researching economic, social or environmental information relevant to the community’s climate change adaptation
These components can be integrated throughout planning documents or reside in a section dedicated to climate change adaptation.
2. Plans on special topics
Expand on the official planning documents with special plans that focus on a particular topic. These topics can be identified by prioritizing the opportunities and risks of climate change adaptation based on these types of topics:
- Regional (target a specific community or region within a municipality)
- Subject (such as transportation, water management or urban forestry)
- Local issues (such as topics pertaining to community, economic or social priorities)
The special plans can review the impacts of climate change and address any approaches to adaptation. As a supplement to official planning document, special plans can be created in a manner similar to official plans (including comprehensive engagement and approvals) but are not limited to the scope or broadness of official long-range plans.
3. Zoning
Moving from planning to action, zoning is a practical tool to manage potential risks or opportunities from climate change adaptation. A classic example of zoning for climate change adaptation is limiting coastal development to reduce the impacts of sea level rising. In Alberta, preventative zoning could prohibit development in areas subject to higher risk for fires, flooding or other extreme weather events.
4. Project-based development management
On the neighbourhood scale, project-based development tools (such as subdivision control and development permits) address climate change adaptation on a small scale. For example, this approach would request developers to incorporate a setback from a water body to reduce potential damage from flooding. This approach is similar to zoning, but addresses issues on a smaller scale.
5. Easements
Easements are permanent restrictions on the use of land, even if the land is sold to another owner. For climate change adaptation, easements can be used for wildlife conservation, managing the development according to climate change adaptation goals, for the use of public utilities or public access to another piece of land. Easements are both permanent and localized, so they can be effective tools for long-term adaptation.
6. Guidelines for design
Design guidelines can be useful to promote energy efficiency in all types of buildings. Energy management and efficiency is specialized for local regions and technologies, so design guidelines created by local communities best represents effective and realistic strategies for reducing energy consumption. Design guidelines can also be used for transportation or utility infrastructure to unify approaches throughout a municipality.
7. Environmental assessments
Formal reviews of projects or plans according to an environmental assessment framework can identify gaps or opportunities for climate change adaptation.
How to manage, mitigate and adapt to climate change
Creating a dedicated climate change policy or integrating a climate change into master plans is the first step to guide future land use decisions. But what action can actually be a achieved to reduce greenhouse gases and respond to the impacts of climate change?
The Canadian Institute of Planners identified strategies in the following categories for municipalities to mitigate and adapt to climate change:
Growth management
- Increase intensification and density
- Develop compact and mixed-use communities
- Support communities with effective transit systems
Transportation
- Promote sustainable and active modes of transportation (carpooling, transit, walking, cycling)
Energy
- Reduce energy consumption through energy efficiency and conservation
- Increase renewable and district energy sources
- Find opportunities to use waste before final disposal
Water
- Use watershed/sub-watershed planning to protect water resources
- Analyze risk of public infrastructure to water resources before development
Natural hazards
- Improve resilience for potential natural hazards, including impacts to surface water, groundwater, stormwater and flooding
- Develop low-impact and green infrastructure
Natural heritage
- Protect, maintain, restore and enhance natural features
- Improve the diversity and connectivity of natural features
Agriculture
- Improve the economic viability of farming by identifying and protecting land that is most suitable for agriculture
Other province’s approaches
Canadian provinces have compiled their approaches to creating resilient and sustainable communities in guides and strategies for land use planners.
Manitoba
The Manitoba government created Climate Change Adaptation through Land Use Planning as a resource for municipal planning staff to respond to local impacts of climate change. As identified by Manitoba Conservation, the potential and anticipated effects of climate change to the province include:
- Reduced or variable water supply
- Potential for droughts and extreme weather events
- Challenges to polar bears due to thinning ice
- Impacts to the boreal forest from fires and insect outbreaks
- Reduced duration of winter roads
Using land use planning to adapt to climate change requires a comprehensive vulnerability and risk assessment. The process for an assessment is:
- Identify the potential impacts on a local region
- Determine the risks, vulnerabilities or opportunities associated to the impacts
- Incorporate the risks, vulnerabilities or opportunities within all stages of land use planning
All types of plans and planning process can address climate change. Aligning the goals or functions of plans and processes with regional vulnerability and risk assessments contributes to the long-term mitigation and adaptation to climate change at the local level.
Ontario
A 2016 report for the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change outlines the best practices to apply land use planning for achieving climate objectives. The report, Research and Information Gathering on climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, is available from the Ontario Climate Consortium, a group of researchers and professionals that collaborate to address climate change issues.
The land use tools identified range in terms of scale, projected impacts and ease of implenetation.
|Framing||Official plans
|
Local plans on special topics/regions
Collaboration and consultation
|Regulatory and zoning||Subdivisions and development controls
|
Regulation for flooding and hazards
Limit impervious surfaces
Site specific development permits
Water management and energy efficiency
Impact assessments
Bylaws requiring green infrastructure
Tree protection
|Taxes and charges||Development cost charges/exemptions
|
Stormwater user fees
|Voluntary||Density bonuses
|
Covenants and easements
|Information||Landscaping and runoff water controls
|
Design guidelines
|Liability||Environmental review of projects|
|Compulsory Acquisition||Purchase, designation or acquisition of properties|
To complement the proposed strategies, the report outlines barriers to implementation.
Lack of information: A baseline of information is required to identify the natural assets within a region and the effective strategies that could contribute to mitigating or adapting to climate change.
Public opinion: Changes to communities can be opposed by the residents that live, work or travel through.
Uncertainty on the best tools/strategies: Even if the impacts are identified, the next steps are not always clear.
Fragmented decision making: A comprehensive strategy requires the commitment from various government departments extending through the three levels of government.
2019 Canadian City Climate Update
The Federation of Canadian Municipalities released a report on the top actions taken by Canadian municipalities on climate action. This report, National Measures Report 2019, includes highlights and case studies on the policies, programs and investments that Canadian municipalities made into climate action
Download the 2019 National Measures Report.
Ongoing learning and research
These resources are among the first that address climate change mitigation and adaption through land use planning. As more Canadian municipalities apply climate change plans, policies and approaches into their ongoing decision making, more research and tools will be explored. | https://landusehub.ca/how-canadian-municipalities-can-use-land-use-planning-to-adapt-to-climate-change/ |
climate change adaptation in pacific countriesDownload Book Climate Change Adaptation In Pacific Countries in PDF format. You can Read Online Climate Change Adaptation In Pacific Countries here in PDF, EPUB, Mobi or Docx formats.
Climate Change Adaptation In Pacific CountriesAuthor : Walter Leal Filho
ISBN : 9783319500942
Genre : Science
File Size : 65. 90 MB
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This book showcases vital lessons learned from research, field projects and best practice examples with regard to climate change adaptation in countries throughout the Pacific region, a part of the planet that is particularly vulnerable to and affected by climate change.The book's primary goals are to document the wealth of experiences in the region available today, to encourage cross-sector interactions among the various stakeholders in the region, and to help transfer results to other countries and regions. Accordingly, it gathers a set of papers presented at a symposium on climate change adaptation held in Fiji in July 2016, focusing on "Fostering Resilience and Improving the Quality of Life". In these contributions, local and international experts present a variety of initiatives showing how Pacific countries are coping with the many problems associated with climate change, including initiatives in education and awareness work taking place across the region, operational aspects and their implications for policy-making, and challenges in urban and rural areas.
Status Of Climate Change Adaptation In Asia And The PacificAuthor : Mozaharul Alam
ISBN : 9783319993478
Genre : Science
File Size : 44. 46 MB
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This volume provides an overview of the climate change adaptation objectives set, actions taken, and challenges faced by several countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The majority of the populations in this region struggle to make a living from subsistence agriculture, and livelihoods are highly dependent on natural ecosystem services which are likely to be severely affected by climate change. Cases discussed in this book highlight successes made by governments towards achieving adaptation objectives, and efforts required to overcome challenges. While significant economic advances have been made, the pace of growth has been slow to impact the lives of a majority of the people who live below the poverty line. The chapters highlight adaptation actions for protecting people and their livelihoods in priority sectors, maintaining food and water security, supporting socio-economic stability including poverty reduction, and climate risk management. This book also maximizes readers' insights into the knowledge gaps and limitations of stated adaptation goals, and the bottlenecks that hinder implementation in different regions.
Climate Change And Small Island StatesAuthor : Jon Barnett
ISBN : 9781849774895
Genre : Law
File Size : 88. 51 MB
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Small Island Developing States are often depicted as being among the most vulnerable of all places to the effects of climate change, and they are a cause c?l?bre of many involved in climate science, politics and the media. Yet while small island developing states are much talked about, the production of both scientific knowledge and policies to protect the rights of these nations and their people has been remarkably slow.This book is the first to apply a critical approach to climate change science and policy processes in the South Pacific region. It shows how groups within politically and scientifically powerful countries appropriate the issue of island vulnerability in ways that do not do justice to the lives of island people. It argues that the ways in which islands and their inhabitants are represented in climate science and politics seldom leads to meaningful responses to assist them to adapt to climate change. Throughout, the authors focus on the hitherto largely ignored social impacts of climate change, and demonstrate that adaptation and mitigation policies cannot be effective without understanding the social systems and values of island societies.
Climate Change In Asia And The PacificAuthor : Venkatachalam Anbumozhi
ISBN : 9788132116769
Genre : History
File Size : 80. 33 MB
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Climate change is one of the most significant challenges to global economic development. Left unchecked, continued global warming could cause worldwide social and environmental disruption. The Asia and Pacific region is more vulnerable to climate change risks than other regions due to its dependence on the natural resources and agriculture sectors. Densely populated coastal areas, weak institutions, and the poverty of a considerable proportion of its population add to the susceptibility of this region. Adaptation—making adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climate stimuli— becomes a key strategy for sustaining economic growth. This volume examines the framework conditions for integrating climate change adaptation measures into agriculture, water, and natural resources management activities for the Asia and Pacific region. Based on the review of country experiences, the book describes key dimensions, suggests interventions for further exploration, and serves as a basis for planning and mainstreaming climate change adaptation into sectoral planning
Climate Change In The Asia Pacific RegionAuthor : Walter Leal Filho
ISBN : 9783319149387
Genre : Business & Economics
File Size : 38. 95 MB
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This book investigates the socio-economic impacts of Climate Change in the Asia-Pacific region. The authors put forward a strategy and action plans that can enhance the capacity of government agencies and non-governmental organizations to reduce the negative impacts of climate change. The needs and interests of critical and neglected groups are highlighted throughout the book, alongside the need for improving knowledge management on climate change. The case studies presented offer regional analyses for countries such as Australia, Bangladesh, China, Fiji, India, Mongolia, Nepal and the Philippines and cover issues such as livelihood vulnerability and displacement, climate migration, macroeconomic impacts, urban environmental governance and disaster management.
Indigenous Pacific Approaches To Climate ChangeAuthor : Jenny Bryant-Tokalau
ISBN : 9783319783994
Genre : Social Science
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This book explores how Pacific Island communities are responding to the challenges wrought by climate change—most notably fresh water accessibility, the growing threat of disease, and crop failure. The Pacific Island nations are not alone in facing these challenges, but their responses are unique in that they arise from traditional and community-based understandings of climate and disaster. Knowledge sharing, community education, and widespread participation in decision-making have promoted social resilience to such challenges across the Pacific. In this exploration of the Pacific Island countries, Bryant-Tokalau demonstrates that by understanding the inter-relatedness of local expertise, customary resource management, traditional knowledge and practice, as well as the roles of leaders and institutions, local “knowledge-practice-belief systems” can be used to inform adaptation to disasters wherever they occur.
Climate Change And AdaptationAuthor : James Adejuwon
ISBN : 9781849770750
Genre : Political Science
File Size : 65. 57 MB
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This book provides valuable lessons that will improve public policy and the quality of decisions that will affect generations to come. Richard Moss, Senior Director Climate and Energy, United Nations Foundation An excellent addition to the body of knowledge on adaptation to climate change from the developing world, which has been largely missing until now. Saleemul Huq, Director, Climate Change Programme, International Institute for Environment and Development This important volume is a valuable effort on adaptation to climate change that needs to be on the desks of those seeking coping strategies for longer term responses to evolving climate changes. Roger Kasperson, Emeritus, Clark University, USA The IPCC, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 2007, makes clear that while climate change mitigation is vital, the world must also begin to adapt. But how best can this be achieved? This authoritative volume (along with its companion on vulnerability), resulting from the work of the Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC) project launched with the IPCC in 2002, is the first to provide an in-depth investigation of the stakes in developing countries. It covers current practices for managing climate risks, deficits between current practices and needs, the changing nature of the risks due to human caused climate change, strategies for adapting to changing risks, and the need to integrate these strategies into development planning and resource management. The book also identifies obstacles to effective adaptation and explores measures needed to create conditions that are favourable to climate change adaptation. Published with TWAS and START
Climate Change Adaptation In Small Island Developing StatesAuthor : Martin J. Bush
ISBN : 9781119132844
Genre : Science
File Size : 46. 49 MB
Format : PDF, Mobi
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A groundbreaking synthesis of climate change adaptation strategies for small island states, globally A wide ranging, comprehensive, and multi-disciplinary study, this is the first book that focuses on the challenges posed by climate change impacts on the Small Island Developing States (SIDS). While most of the current literature on the subject deals with specific regions, this book analyses the impacts of climate change across the Caribbean, the Pacific Ocean, and the African and Indian Ocean regions in order to identify and tackle the real issues faced by all the small island States. As the global effects of climate change become increasingly evident and urgent, it is clear that the impact on small islands is going to be particularly severe. These island countries are especially vulnerable to rising sea levels, hurricanes and cyclones, frequent droughts, and the disruption of agriculture, fisheries and vital ecosystems. On many small islands, the migration of vulnerable communities to higher ground has already begun. Food security is an increasingly pressing issue. Hundreds of thousands of islanders are at risk. Marine ecosystems are threatened by acidification and higher seawater temperatures leading to increased pressure on fisheries—still an important source of food for many island communities. The small island developing States emit only small amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Yet many SIDS governments are allocating scarce financial and human resources in an effort to further reduce their emissions. This is a mistake. Rather than focus on mitigation (i.e., the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) Climate Change Adaptation in Small Island Developing States concentrates on adaptation. The author assesses the immediate and future impacts of climate change on small islands, and identifies a range of proven, cost-effective adaptation strategies. The book: Focuses on the challenges of climate change faced by all of the world’s small island developing States; Provides comprehensive coverage of the latest research into the most likely environment impacts; Uses numerous case studies to describe proven, practical, and cost-effective policies, including disaster management strategies—which can be developed and implemented by the SIDS; Takes a unique, multidisciplinary approach, making it of particular interest to specialists in a variety of disciplines, including both earth sciences and life sciences. This book is a valuable resource for all professionals and students studying climate change and its impacts. It is also essential reading for government officials and the ministries of the 51 small island developing States, as well as the signatories to the 2015 Paris climate agreement.
Climate Change Impacts And Adaptation Strategies For Coastal CommunitiesAuthor : Walter Leal Filho
ISBN : 9783319707037
Genre : Science
File Size : 78. 34 MB
Format : PDF, Kindle
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This book presents a comprehensive overview of research and projects regarding climate change adaptation in coastal areas, providing government and nongovernment bodies with a sound basis to promote climate change adaptation efforts.According to the 5th Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), coastal zones are highly vulnerable to climate change, and climate-driven impacts may be further exacerbated by other human-induced pressures. Apart from sea-level rise, which poses a threat to both human well-being and property, extreme events such as cyclones and storm surges lead not only to significant damage to property and infrastructure, but also to salt water intrusion, groundwater salinisation, and intensified soil erosion, among many other problems. There are also numerous negative impacts on the natural environment and biodiversity, including damage to important wetlands and habitats that safeguard the overall ecological balance, and consequently the provision of ecosystem services and goods on which the livelihoods of millions of people depend. As such, there is a need for a better understanding of how climate change affects coastal areas and communities, and for the identification of processes, methods and tools that can help the countries and communities in coastal areas to adapt and become more resilient. It is against this background that this book has been produced. It includes papers written by scholars, social movements, practitioners and members of governmental agencies, pursuing research and/or executing climate change projects in coastal areas and working with coastal communities. Focusing on “managing climate change in coastal regions”, it showcases valuable lessons learned from research and field projects and presents best practices to foster climate change adaptation in coastal areas and communities, which can be implemented elsewhere.
Climate Change Adaptation And Disaster Risk ReductionAuthor : Rajib Shaw
ISBN : 9780857244864
Genre : Political Science
File Size : 69. 94 MB
Format : PDF, ePub
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Arguably among the regions of the world most vulnerable to climate change, Asia has different mechanisms for Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities. This title provides 19 case studies, from 13 countries and regions in Asia, that highlight different aspects of CCA-DRR entry points. | http://journalistesdebout.com/pdf/climate-change-adaptation-in-pacific-countries |
Climate change presents serious risk for civil society, business, and ecosystems. The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, and human activity is the primary cause. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are increasing at a rate never observed before, primarily due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Extreme weather and related events, such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, heatwaves, and wildfires, are already increasing in frequency and intensity, threatening ecosystems and humanity’s physical, social, and economic well-being. Continued uncontrolled GHG emissions will compound the effects and risks of our altered climate state well into the future. The world will experience more extreme weather events which, coupled with sea level rise, will continue to cause coastal property damage and population displacement. Extreme weather and flooding events will further impact infrastructure (such as energy supply and transportation systems) leading to disruption of supply chains, business and industry productivity, and military operations. Ecosystems and natural resources will continue to be stressed, affecting food and water availability, burdening economies, and societies. Climate change threatens human health, leading to increased illness and mortality, increased incidence and distribution of vector-borne diseases, and decreased work force efficiency.
The American Chemical Society (ACS) acknowledges the chemistry enterprise has a critical role to play in helping to mitigate climate change by developing green technologies to meet GHG reduction targets.
Scientific facts and observations must inform climate policy and drive science-based targets at all levels. International cooperation is crucial to addressing the impact of human activities on the global climate system, and U.S. leadership in efforts such as the Paris Agreement is essential. Comprehensive federal climate legislation is urgently needed. Strategies to reduce GHG and pollutant emissions are known and must be implemented through policy changes, partnerships, education, and capital investment. Mitigation policies (e.g. GHG emission reduction targets, use of renewable clean energy technologies, and market-based approaches) must be augmented by improved approaches for anticipating and adapting to adverse and unavoidable impacts of climate change.
There is no single solution to stabilize our rapidly changing climate; aggressive and consistent policy action on all fronts is needed now at increased scales to mitigate and minimize unavoidable global environmental changes.
Recommendations
The United States should lead efforts to combat climate change. The U.S. Government should:
- Work internationally, providing leadership for developing global agreements and their execution.
- Enable support for state and local governments to coordinate and plan mitigation and response strategies.
- Encourage interagency cooperation supporting a multi-pronged approach towards limiting GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of our already altered climate.
- Recognize short-term climate intervention strategies, such as some forms of geoengineering, are not acceptable substitutes for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, or for responding to climate change through long-term mitigation and adaptation.
- Promote climate science literacy and education for citizens and policymakers about human impacts on climate, and the consequences of climate change.
- Advance policies to drive innovation in green chemistry and sustainable energy technology in partnership with industry and academia.
The United States must take meaningful steps to reduce GHG emissions and deploy advanced and sustainable energy technologies. The U.S. Government should:
- Utilize carbon pricing policies and other regulatory strategies to help mitigate CO2 and other high global warming potential GHG emissions, to better reflect the true value and external costs of carbon-based fuels, their extraction and use.
- Promote the development and use of safe and sustainable carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration.
- Incentivize and enable partnerships with industry and academia to adopt zero- and low-carbon energy technologies and avoid over-reliance on currently lower-cost GHG-generating fuels as a long-term strategy.
- Stimulate advances in energy storage and grid technology, which will be critical for broader adoption of renewable energy.
- Lead innovation in safe and reliable storage and disposal of nuclear waste and plant safety, to be able to encourage further development and use of civilian nuclear power.
- Support programs aimed at reducing methane (and other GHG) emissions from sectors such as oil and gas, agriculture, and municipal waste facilities.
- Support implementation and updating of energy efficiency standards to help reduce emissions associated with electricity generation and transportation fuel use.
- Provide technological leadership on the global stage for green chemistry and sustainable energy technology, which includes investment in alternative energy strategies, training, and partnerships. This includes domestic and international efforts to sustainably source and recycle critical materials for renewable energy.
The United States should prioritize and provide robust and uninterrupted federal funding for scientific research on climate change, its consequences, and mitigation strategies. In particular, the U.S. Government should:
- Fund comprehensive Earth systems research programs on climate and climate extremes, including wildfires, drought, and extreme weather. A goal of this research is to better quantify the dynamic feedback between air, land, and ocean temperature changes with a focus on reducing uncertainties related to anthropogenic aerosol impacts on cloud formation and the Earth’s energy balance.
- Fund research on the human health and ecosystem impacts of climate change, including the likelihood, frequency and distribution of climate-related disease and the public health impacts of wildfires and extreme weather.
- Fund research to evaluate the effectiveness and implications of climate change response strategies to inform planning, coordination, and decision making.
- Fund federally regulated research into environmentally high-risk climate mitigation approaches, such as geoengineering and carbon sequestration, to ensure their environmental and societal impacts are understood. Federal oversight of field-based research and implementation projects is needed where such activities may pose risks.
The United States should address the inevitable impacts of climate change through planning and action to minimize societal upheaval, loss of life, and destruction of property.
- Government, industry, and society should work to protect disadvantaged groups who might be disproportionately impacted by climate change and lack the means or resources to prepare, adapt, or respond. Environmental equity considerations and guidance from local communities and underrepresented groups who are most impacted by climate change should be incorporated when planning and implementing new projects and infrastructure.
- Federal or local funding for natural disaster response should help communities develop stronger and more resilient infrastructure.
- Develop national strategies for preparedness and adaptation for the short- and long-term risks of climate change, including evacuation, resettlement, supply chain disruption, property insurance, and land use planning.
References
1. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR6) (http://www.ipcc.ch/)
a. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
b. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability
c. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change
d. Climate Change 2022: Synthesis Report. | https://www.acs.org/policy/publicpolicies/sustainability/globalclimatechange.html |
Excellencies, ladies and gentleman
I am greatly privileged to participate in this event and thank the organisers for offering this chance to our country.
Frequent, prolonged, intense disasters and extreme events are becoming a common phenomenon in Maldives as well as elsewhere, and we all suffer at an unprecedented scale debilitating already challenged economies. Given our ecological fragility and structural vulnerabilities, Maldives and other SIDS stand to bear the greatest impacts of climate change and these challenges ultimately translate into social and economic and human rights hurdles for which we do not have the resources to adequately address. Maldives plays a crucial and continuing role in strengthening the multilateral, rule based climate architecture in addressing the issue of climate change and would like to see concrete progress, not merely in the negotiations but also in tackling climate change in practice.
Maldives has made many pledges: such as becoming carbon neutral, making the country a biosphere reserve, phasing out ozone depleting elements and religiously abiding by international convention requirements as best as it could. Along with us, other developing countries have also shown substantial flexibility and good faith in abiding by all rules, in the negotiations and have agreed to new obligations that are not required by the Convention. This needs to be met by the developed world to ensure that the issue of climate change be addressed in a collective, equitable and holistic manner. Our tiny country along with all other SIDS have been urging for aggressive mitigation actions by major historic emitters, while not forgetting critical climate adaptation requirements and at the same time calling upon emerging economies to adapt more sustainable growth strategies.
Our vulnerability to climate change and its inherent link to our survival demands mitigation and adaptation, to be adequately integrated within the global climate governance regime and infrastructure adaptation requirements. However, the funds allocated for adaptation is rarely available although adaptation should constitute as being of equal importance as that of mitigation and should proceed in tandem with each other. For a country like Maldives it makes no sense to spend only on mitigation, when all efforts of conservation in that regard is eroding away.
A simple example is an integrated waste management facility built from multilateral funds, to serve as a pilot and training grounds which as we speak is literally eroding away, while consultants sitting at a desk somewhere with no concept of what we are talking about insist on extending the facility rather than using the balance money to offer coastal protection to preserve the facility. Sadly our suggestions of the importance of coastal protection for our islands are being viewed as infrastructure development and funds towards that is being refused. For us SIDS, coastal protection measures is not infrastructure development excellencies. It is a matter of survival. As we stand on the side and do our best to survive, it is sad to see that the collective will to address the issues of climate change is still missing. Often people in decision making positions have no clue of our reality and as such, our needs are often misunderstood and opportunities bypass us and that is reflected very well in the decisions taken by international bodies. Furthermore, even if funds are allocated, it is extremely challenging to access these funds in a timely and responsive manner and what is left through the bureaucratic process is neither at the scale required, nor at the magnitude needed to address the numerous and pressing issues.
As we look towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the post 2015 development agenda, it is important to consider the lessons learnt as we move forward. It is our obligation to make sure that Sustainable development and climate change are jointly addressed and not viewed in isolation of each other but rather as a continuation of a global development project. We know that sustainable development for us is only possible if climate change adaptation is effectively integrated into broader national sustainable development plans, policies, projects, and programs. In particular, it should build upon and consolidate the gains made through MDGs whilst also refining the entire process. Urgent and timely attention should be given to linkages with the MDGs, which are central to reducing poverty and enhancing economic and social development by 2015.
We also must remember that there are conceptual and practical flaws associated with the design and implementation of the MDGs, and how international communities gauge the development levels, particularly as it relates to SIDS. The utilisation of aggregated global data in the MDG formulation, and use of indices such as GDP per capita towards graduation from LDC status for example, fail to adequately reflect the complex interactions between the geographical challenges, environmental resources and social issues. Such flawed and geographically disassociated measures miss the subtle nuances of the situation and the ground reality of SIDS and thus stand as a danger to our development and progress made on MDG’s.
How can a country like Maldives stay safe from natural disasters? How can we, address the challenges of constant climate change battles, our smallness and remoteness and yet build strong resilient communities, if development assistance is wrenched away from us based on distortive measures? How could assistance stop when our islands, 80% of which lie not more than 1 meter above sea level, are fast eroding due to lack of proper coastal protection; when our rain water is polluted due to trans-boundary pollution; when our ground water is contaminated due to salinity and contaminants from sewerage; when we do not have water and sanitation facilities available to even a third of our remote islands; when we spend 36% of GDP on importing fossil fuel; over 30 million on emergency relief for water; when our trade debts stand at 24% and external debt at 43%; when our national deficit is over 20% of GDP? If concessionary financing stop to vulnerable countries like us, we will slide back on the progress we have made and will fall into developmental regression. You will leave us behind as the world move on. What is at stake here excellencies is not just small countries or small land masses, but a way of life, rich cultures and proud histories.
Climate change is a global problem excellencies, and addressing global challenges require global efforts and as such, such fragmentations run the danger of pushing our planet into deeper problems. Now is the time to redouble our efforts and renew our commitments and obligations. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be the basis in this regard. The Kyoto Protocol should be maintained as the central pillar of the climate regime, and should ensure that all developed countries meet their existing commitments and take on new ones commensurate with the science. It is disappointing to note that commitments of funding such as The Copenhagen and Cancun texts promise of ‘new and additional’ funding, above the conventional Official Development Assistance and ‘predictable funds’ have fallen short of expectations. How the developed world meet these commitments and targets should then inform and form the benchmark against which other major economies should increase their efforts.
While the argument continues with no convincing results we struggle to divert our fiscal resources for national adaptation needs which then drains the national budget and directly affects our sustainable development goals. As a result national actions remain largely fragmented and disparate. There is then a need to increase the predictability of funds to developing states, particularly SIDS, to ensure that an integrated and holistic approach can be utilized to address the issue of climate change adaptation within the context of sustainable development.
Sadly, in general, the human solemnity of the problem is heightened by the fact that climate change and its consequential effect is dramatically and unduly affecting the already vulnerable, poor and marginalized people, highlighting predominant susceptibilities and spreading more inequalities, intensifying existing social inequity at both the local and international level. It is imperative a pool of trained human resources are developed but this is a task that is largely beyond the financial capacity of small island states. Conflicts are arising over our inability to meet the increasing variety of climate change related demands and these consequences are translating not only to economic, political and societal costs and implications, but to probable cost of lives and it is fast emerging as a key challenge to Fundamental Human Rights of our people in all fronts.
Through the active engagement and participation and the political will of all actors concerned we must continue to make progress toward setting a global goal to abide by all conventions set to protect our environment and combat climate change. The urgency to address climate change forces Maldives to urge international community to device a system where one or two countries cannot stop the rest of the world take the morally right decision especially if we are to prevent major environmental, economic and social disruptions. We call on the international community to prioritize on what is dividing us, come to a compromise, exercise flexibility and establish a common understanding before it is too late. In the end when nature unleashes its power we are all helpless. So let us do something while we still have a chance. Let us not go into history as a generation whose indecisive and skeptical actions destroyed a future which otherwise could have been better. | http://maldivesmission.com/statements/climate_change_round_table_statement_by_he_dr_shakeela_acting_foreign_minister |
One of BirdLife’s ‘5 Asks’ at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen is for the recognition of the vital importance of safeguarding biodiversity, ecosystems and the essential services they provide in climate change adaptation.
Climate change impacts including drought, crop failure, sea-level rise and extreme weather events are already being felt across the world, with the poorest people and most vulnerable communities hit hardest. The effects of climate change will almost certainly persist for centuries, and depending on the level of mitigation achieved, will be of increasing severity. Adaptation is necessary to cope with present and future impacts.
Healthy, bio-diverse environments play a vital role in maintaining and increasing resilience to climate change, and reducing risk and vulnerability. This is particularly critical to the world’s 2.7 billion poor people, many of whom depend on natural resources directly for their livelihood and survival.
To coincide with the Copenhagen conference, BirdLife has published a new report Partners with nature: How healthy ecosystems are helping the world’s most vulnerable adapt to climate change.
BirdLife International’s experience shows that supporting the application of local knowledge and community engagement can build the resilience of natural and societal systems, delivering locally appropriate solutions to help communities, countries and economies adapt to climate change.
The role of ecosystems in climate change adaptation can usefully be applied at all scales: local, landscape, national, transboundary and international. The BirdLife Partnership’s unique local-to-global structure has enabled structures and processes to be established that contribute to long-term and flexible approaches to climate change adaptation.
“Of BirdLife’s 100-plus national Partners, more than 60 are in low income countries”, said Melanie Heath, BirdLife’s Senior Advisor on Climate Change. “BirdLife Partners are working in many areas already impacted by climate change and in others where it will add to current vulnerabilities.”
Partners with Nature, includes 14 examples of BirdLife Partners’ work with vulnerable communities
The case studies, drawn from different geographic regions, include:
• conserving and restoring forests to stabilise slopes and regulate water flows, preventing flooding and landslides as rainfall levels and intensity increase
• establishing diverse agroforestry systems to cope better with the changing temperatures, water shortages and pest infestations associated with climate change
• sustainable management of wetlands and floodplains for maintenance of water flow and quality, acting as floodwater reservoirs and as important stores of water in times of drought
• coastal defence through the maintenance and/or restoration of mangroves and other coastal wetlands, which act as coastal buffers, helping to reduce flooding and erosion and protect against cyclone damage
• integrating ‘nature-based’ infrastructure and technology into hard engineering approaches, to avoid damage to ecosystems
The case studies demonstrate that including the role of ecosystems in different approaches to adaptation can provide many benefits. They are accessible to rural and poor communities, and are often more cost-effective and enduring, because they provide local benefits, and can be locally managed and maintained. They balance immediate needs with preparation for long-term impacts, providing alternative livelihood options in the face of climate change uncertainty. They combine indigenous and local knowledge with external expertise. They contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and to climate change mitigation by maintaining carbon storage.
“BirdLife is calling for the importance of healthy ecosystems to be effectively written into national, regional and international climate change and development policy”, said Joanna Phillips, Head of International Sustainable Development Policy at the RSPB (BirdLife in the UK) and co-author of Partners with Nature.
BirdLife believes that to create a climate-resilient society, adaptation priorities need to be agreed in-country, through nationally-led, inclusive and participatory processes. Therefore, BirdLife urges governments to base policy on sound science, recognise ecosystems as cross-cutting and underpinning for adaptation, and to address them within national adaptation frameworks, strategies and plans. They should significantly step up efforts to protect nature and biodiversity, as a prime strategy to ensure ecosystem resilience, recognising this as vital to addressing climate change.
Local communities and resource users should be fully involved in adaptation planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation – and support and information should be readily available to enable this.
Sectors such as agriculture, energy and transport should apply an ecosystem approach to business planning and delivery, and ensure that ecosystem resilience is strengthened rather than weakened by their activities. They should work with other sectors in assessing risks posed by climate change and finding adaptation solutions.
BirdLife believes that the international community (including governments, international and regional institutions, and multinational corporations) has a vital role to play. They should ensure adequate funding for developing countries to adapt to the impacts of climate change, recognising the urgent and immediate needs of the most vulnerable countries. This will mean both meeting their current commitments, and providing new funding.
“Above all, the international community must work with genuine commitment and urgency to secure a legally binding agreement that cuts global emissions by the amount needed to limit global average temperature rises to less than 2° Celsius above pre-industrial levels”, concluded Melanie Heath. | http://pr.euractiv.com/pr/birdlife-s-case-role-ecosystems-climate-change-adaptation-89481 |
Even as the world looks to step up efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions, the need to adapt to the impacts of climate change already locked in are just as important. The sixth edition of the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report: The Gathering Storm looks at how the world is doing in adapting to these intensifying impacts.
IWA Search Theme: Climate Resilience
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
The Working Group II contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report assesses the impacts of climate change, looking at ecosystems, biodiversity, and human communities at global and regional levels. It also reviews vulnerabilities and the capacities and limits of the natural world and human societies to adapt to climate change.
ENABLING PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN CLIMATE ADAPTATION & RESILIENCE
This report identifies ways to overcome key barriers to private sector investment in adaptation and resilience, laying out a coordinated and data-driven Blueprint for Action to help governments and their development partners to close the adaptation finance gap. Although climate adaptation finance flows have increased by 35% in recent years, they still fall short of what is needed to avoid severe economic and human impacts from climate change. The urgent need for boosting investment in climate adaptation and resilience cannot be overstated. The blueprint provides five entry points to enable private investment. The Blueprint for action we propose in the report represents a novel coordinated framework for action for governments to develop, finance, and implement priority adaptation and resilience investments – driven by countries’ goals and national investment plans that can help accelerate and scale up investment to address the climate resilience needs of the world’s most climate-vulnerable communities and economies.
Anticipated maximum scale precipitation for calculating the worst-case floods
Building the Resilience of WSS Utilities to Climate Change and Other Threats : A Road Map
Water supply and sanitation (WSS) utilities are expected to become increasingly susceptible to the expected impacts of climate change. WSS utility planners and engineers have dealt with natural climate variances and disaster planning as part of the design process for many years. However, the traditional methods for these plans have not considered the deep uncertainty surrounding many future conditions, which are further exacerbated by climate change. To help utilities incorporate resilience and robustness in their choices, this road map proposes a process in three phases that can inform the design of strategies necessary to WSS services provision. The road map builds on the understanding that climate change is most often an amplifier of existing uncertainties (many of which are threats), and, as such, should not be evaluated as a stand-alone impact. The approach reveals the strengths and vulnerabilities of investment plans concisely and helps utilities invest robustly by identifying near-term, no-regret projects that can be undertaken now, while maintaining flexibility in pursuing additional actions adaptively as future conditions evolve. These results can be achieved both with a qualitative exploration and a quantitative assessment, depending on the context and the resources available.
Resilient Water Infrastructure Design Brief
The purpose of the Resilient Water Infrastructure Design Brief is to guide users on how resilience can be built into the engineering design of their project. With a focus on the three natural hazards most likely to affect water and sanitation infrastructure (droughts, floods, and high winds from storms), the document provides a six-step process to help users address weather and climate related challenges that are most likely to affect an infrastructure component at some point in its operational lifetime. In order to achieve both systems level resilience and infrastructure level resilience, this design brief should be used in tandem with other World Bank publications, such as the 2018 guidance document “Building the Resilience of WSS Utilities to Climate Change and Other Threats: A Road Map,” which emphasizes systems level resilience and analysis. The design brief highlights the relationship between these two documents and the unique function that each serves in improving overall resilience in the water sector. It also includes guidance for users to incorporate resilience design principles into projects’ appraisal documents and a sample module/task description for applying the two documents to an engineering design or feasibility study terms of reference.
Climate Change Adaptation in Europe and Central Asia: Disaster Risk Management
The following paper serves as a sectoral background note for the regional report ‘managing Uncertainty: Adapting to Climate Change in Europe and Central Asia Countries’. It focuses on what is known about the implications of climate change for extreme weather and the ability of Europe and Central Asia (ECA) to mitigate and manage the impact of extreme events. It also explains how climate change will increase weather-induced disasters in ECA, highlighting the sensitivity of ECA’s population to these hazards, and recommending various measures in the area of financial and fiscal policy, disaster risk mitigation, and emergency preparedness and management, to reduce current and future vulnerabilities. The goals of this paper are to: (i) present forecasts on how climate change will affect weather-related hazards and secondary effects, and what impact the extreme hydro-meteorological phenomena will have on the countries of Europe and Central Asia; and (ii) provide an overview of measures to mitigate and manage these risks.
Achieving Low Carbon Growth For The World
The problem of climate change involves a fundamental failure of markets, namely that those who cause damage by emitting greenhouse gases generally do not pay. This global problem requires a collaborative, global response. Leadership, acceptance of differentiated responsibilities, emission targets and trading must be at the heart of any future global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Developed countries must lead the way in taking action by: adopting ambitious emission reduction targets of their own; promoting rapid
technological progress to mitigate the effects of climate change; supporting programs to combat deforestation; encouraging effective market
mechanisms; and honoring their aid commitments to the developing countries
Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Officer Handbook
Climate-related shocks and stresses are increasing in frequency and magnitude, causing damages to infrastructure systems and disruptions in the provision of services. Yet there is not sufficient investment needed to infrastructure systems’ climate resilience. The global urban infrastructure investment gap alone is estimated to be over US$4.5 trillion per year, with a premium of 9-27% is required to make infrastructure low carbon and climate- resilient Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are a key entry-point to mobilise private sector finance to bridge this gap and must be resilient to climate change and work to build the resilience of the communities they serve. The Climate-Resilient
Infrastructure Officer (CRIO) Handbook provides tools and guidance on how PPP practitioners can best integrate and advocate for climate-resilient infrastructure.
Adaptation & Resilience – Report following Water Climate Discussion Series Discussion (13 May 2021)
The Water Climate Discussion series is creating a space to come together and help the water sector build its leading role in addressing the climate crisis. The series is the result of close collaboration between water institutions who have come together recognizing climate change as an existential threat and wish to have a voice promoting a key message: water is climate.
This report has been produced based on the discussion lead by Lucien Damiba from WaterAid, Trevor Bishop of WRSE, and the participants’ interaction during the first discussion of the series: Adaptation and Resilience, on Thursday, 13 May 2021. Chapter numbers refer to chapter markers in the video recording of the discussion. | https://climatesmartwater.org/iwa-search-theme/climate-resilience/ |
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and ICLEI, the largest worldwide association of local governments, released a study last week showing how climate change has become a priority for cities across the globe. Entitled the “Urban Climate Change Governance Survey,” the study was based on a survey of 69 questions conducted in 350 cities to get a sense of the key priorities and implementation strategies at play to reduce emissions and increase overall resilience. The survey found that 75% of cities now see climate change as an essential element in their overall urban planning strategies. This is crucial, given that cities accounted for over 70% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as recently as 2008. Read on to learn more about what cities are doing to tackle climate change, and where they’re falling short.
The importance of data and the necessity of collaboration
The recent survey shows that actionable data is a pivotal component in fully assessing the impacts of climate change. Cities realize this, and now 85% of cities have a local inventory of GHG emissions. Still, only 15% of cities invest in controlling emissions resulting from the consumption of goods and services in the city, even if they have data showing that they need to act. This means that although collecting data is a pivotal component in pushing forward climate change policies, it is not enough.
There is also an important difference in whether cities decide to pursue mainly mitigation – curbing their contributions to global climate change – or adaptation – planning for the impacts of climate change – strategies. In the United States, mitigation policies account for 41% of the climate change planning agenda, whereas Australian cities are pursuing largely adaptation-oriented goals. These regional differences show that climate change is likely to impact cities differently, but such wide disparity in tactics also hints that cities are not sharing best practices well enough to effectively pursue mitigation and adaptation strategies simultaneously.
Almost all 350 cities surveyed shared the realization that climate change cannot be combatted by government alone, but requires partnerships with businesses and community organizations. The survey found that industry is highly engaged in responding to climate change, with 25% of cities believing that local businesses have been crucial to the creation and implementation of their plans for climate mitigation, while 48% of the cities said that civil society organizations, nonprofits, and other organizations are involved in the climate planning process. However, although partnerships have been important to implementing climate change strategies, only 63% of cities have staff dedicated towards pursuing climate change partnerships.
Economy and environment must grow together
Another of the key findings of the survey was that cities feel as if the economy and the environment are a part of a zero-sum contest. Managers and city leaders understand that climate change is a priority – but many cities are facing what they view as conflicting priorities. Of cities that do include climate change in their planning, only 21% see tangible connections between the response to climate change and other local development objectives. But, as projects like the New Climate Economy have shown, combatting climate change and economic growth are not at odds. For example, Portland, Oregon, USA has invested in a pilot program called Clean Energy Works, which has simultaneously generated 400 jobs while reducing carbon emissions by 1,400 tons per year.
The survey went into depth to measure precisely how cities have sought to reduce their emissions throughout sectors. Cities generally focus first on buildings (89%), public fleet of motor vehicles (72%), and waste reduction waste (55%). Next the focus falls to residential energy (48%), policies and programs for sustainable residential buildings (36%) and increased use of public transport (36%). Reducing the use of private motor vehicles – a goal for only 22% of cities, and creating local services and businesses – a goal for only 18% of cities, were low on the list, identifying an area of key action as city leaders look to put their cities on the path to sustainable growth.
Moving towards implementation
Along with highlighting where cities’ efforts lie – and perhaps more importantly where they are not acting – the study also provides insight into four key components cities should begin with to facilitate a larger role for climate change in urban planning. These are the leadership of mayors and senior managers; collaboration with a wide variety of groups, from local governments to think-tanks; good data to work with; and finally, the allocation of funding and staff for specific climate-change programs. Although a tall order, taking the often hard steps towards incorporating climate change into urban plans now will have deep and enduring consequences on the fate of future cities.
This article was originally published in Portuguese at TheCityFix Brasil. | https://thecityfix.com/blog/planning-climate-change-urban-future-luisa-zottis/ |
YAOUNDE, Cameroon (24 May, 2011)_Bringing together researchers, policymakers, civil society and practitioners on development issues is quite challenging. Particularly more challenging is policy response towards climate change adaptation and mitigation in Congo Basin forests.
One thing that is apparent in all six Congo Basin countries is their profound interest in the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) mechanism. This is evident in their preparation of the readiness-plain idea note (R-PIN) for funding opportunities from the World Bank, national and regional dialogues on REDD+. As members of the Least Developed Countries under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, a number of these countries are required to produce national adaptation plan of actions (NAPAs) due to the vulnerability of the region to climate impacts.
However, it seems that adaptation remains a priority for the region while climate change mitigation through the REDD+ mechanism is only an opportunity. There is a policy dilemma for stakeholders of the Congo Basin forests over how to balance a priority for adaptation while still focusing time and resources on the opportunities mitigation offers to curb climate change.
If policy chooses to focus on adaptation alone due to the vulnerability of the people and economies to climate impacts, then countries could miss out on the opportunity to be financially compensated for carbon conservation as well as the opportunity to contribute to the global mitigation effort. In the same vein, if regions prefer to support mitigatation alone, then it does not address the vulnerability (or even adaptive capacity) of about 70 million resource-dependent rural populations to climate impacts.
The seemingly viable option is to engage in both adaptation and mitigation strategies or the future of the Congo Basin’s climate-sensitive sectors of economic importance under climate change may become bleak. But that itself presents another dilemma: whether adaptation and mitigation in the forest sector should be separated or integrated in a synergetic relationship.
Whatever direction the actors and stakeholders take on how to respond to climate change in the Congo Basin, there are implications for policy design such as how the management of the forest resources for poverty reduction may change, economic development and biodiversity conservation goals of West African countries, including policy debate for local access and sustainable use of the forests.
Olufunso Somorin works within CIFOR’s Forest and Governance Programme as an associate professional officer in the Central African Regional Office based in Yaoundé, Cameroon. His research includes policy discourses, institutions, agency and governance of climate change adaptation and mitigation in the forest sector. | http://forestindustries.eu/content/adapt-mitigate-or-both-alike-congo-basin-forests-policy-dilemma |
The World Bank plays a pivotal role in enabling sustainable, low-carbon development and climate action. Its next president should be a leader on the issue.
Blog Posts: world bank
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The World Bank's new Environmental and Social Framework, four years in the making, is designed to ensure that the approximately $30 billion the bank invests each year goes to projects that are safe for people and the environment. This framework is likely to have an impact on the policies of other development banks and governments around the globe.
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The World Bank consistently makes the link between poverty elimination and the need to curb climate change. Yet a WRI analysis shows that of the investments the World Bank financed between 2012 and 2013, only one-quarter addressed climate change risks.
Dr. Karin Kemper, director of climate policy and finance in the World Bank Group’s (WBG) Climate Group, shares the Bank's current and future plans to more fully incorporate climate change mitigation and adaptation into its international development agenda.
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Although the World Bank has successfully addressed a number of important economic and social risks in its projects, it is falling short in recognizing climate risks. As the World Bank refreshes its long-term strategies, this is a key moment to bring climate change—and more broadly, sustainability—to the forefront of its investment agenda.
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The world will need to spend an estimated US$5.7 trillion annually in green infrastructure by 2020 in order to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees C. This week, it took a step toward creating an institution – the Green Climate Fund – that will be pivotal in achieving this goal.
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One of the biggest successes from 2009’s COP 15 conference was securing funding for climate change adaptation and mitigation in developing countries. Donor nations agreed to “provide new and additional resources […] approaching $30 billion for the period 2010–2012, with balanced allocation between adaptation and mitigation.” They also committed to mobilize $100 billion a year by 2020.
But the agreement left a key question unresolved: how should funding be “balanced” between adaptation and mitigation? Should the funding balance be 50/50 between adaptation and mitigation or should it based on each country’s needs? Should funding include both private and public sector investment? These are some of the questions that negotiators will need to address during COP 19 in Warsaw.
But whatever they decide as being a “balanced commitment,” one thing is clear: finance for adaptation needs to increase in the coming years.
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U.S. public financing for overseas coal-fired power is likely coming to an end.
That’s the clear signal from the U.S. Department of Treasury’s announcement earlier this week. At institutions like the World Bank, where the United States is the largest shareholder, this decision holds real significance.
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Under the new leadership of Dr. Jim Yong Kim, the World Bank Group continues to reinvent itself to meet the challenges of global development. That reinvention will continue this Saturday, when the Board of Governors is expected to endorse a new strategy for the institution. If properly implemented across the Group, the strategy could help boost the institution’s contribution to equitable and sustainable development. Two areas of focus will be especially important, including how the Group handles its work on climate change and selects its investments.
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Ensuring that development projects benefit both people and the planet is becoming more and more of a priority.
Environmental and social impact assessments (ESIA) have been in use for decades to consider the effects of projects such as dams, highways, and oil and gas development. Over the years, ESIAs have evolved to cover both environmental and social impacts, including health and human rights.
However, the assessments often study social or environmental factors separately from one another, missing the many ways in which they interact.
In 2012, important financial institutions--the International Finance Corporation and the Equator Principles Financial Institutions--took a welcome step towards promoting a more holistic approach to impact assessment, requiring their clients to address ecosystem services as part of their due diligence.
Incorporating the concept of ecosystem services into ESIA can ensure that affected stakeholders, project developers, financial, and governmental institutions understand the full scope of a proposed project’s impacts on people and the environment. But as I recently learned at the annual conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) two weeks ago, there’s a lot of uncertainty about what the concept of “ecosystem services” really means and how it can be applied to conducting impact assessments. It’s a good time to clear up confusion on this critically important yet complex issue.
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Within our lifetimes, the world could be free of widespread, extreme poverty, replaced instead with shared prosperity and environmental and fiscal balance. That was the vision World Bank President Jim Yong Kim outlined at his first Spring Meetings in Washington, D.C. last week.
In a period of economic uncertainty, social exclusion, and climate and environmental crises, these goals hold immense promise. At the same time, for an institution already grappling with its redefined role in the coming decades, the Bank’s current capacity to support this vision will be tested.
The Common Vision for the World Bank Group that was approved by the World Bank’s Development Committee on April 20th includes two goals the Bank will work towards:
alleviating extreme poverty by dropping the percentage of people living on less than U.S.$ 1.25 a day to 3 percent by 2030, and
promoting shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population in every country
These two core goals are supplemented by the Bank’s understanding that they cannot be achieved without credible action to ensure environmental sustainability, especially on climate change. | https://www.wri.org/blog-tags/8579 |
2019 Climate Change Conference Concludes with Little Progress
The 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25) concluded on December 15th in low spirits following a two-day extension due to limited progress. The 25th Climate Change Conference was held in Madrid, Spain, and began on December 2nd. The objective of COP25 was to create more severe commitments to address climate change and lower greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The goal to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels established in the 2015 Paris Agreement will not likely be met; the world is on course to experience a 3- to 4-degree Celsius rise.
Delegates were not able to come to an agreement as it related to future pledges and the global carbon market – key decisions that will impact the capacity of the world to prevent a temperature increase above 1.5 degrees Celsius. Representatives from the nearly 200 countries left the conference in the hopes that COP26 would bring more significant resolutions.
Regardless of the perceived failures of the conference, important conversations were had in the department of adaptation. Adaptation projects tend to receive far less funding than mitigation projects. Countries have already agreed to contribute 2 percent of credits in the carbon market for the Adaptation Fund. Delegates were not able to agree on terms that would potentially increase the percentage of proceeds that go towards the fund and the implementation of measures that would eliminate loopholes around contributing to this fund.
Addressing the changing climate requires both mitigation efforts to limit the catastrophic progress of climate change and adaptation efforts to prevent the damaging impacts of climate change. As more research is conducted and countries are provided with further evidence of the severity of climate change and the tremendous economic and social benefits of taking immediate action, we can hope that COP26 brings about more stringent mitigation and adaptation commitments.
To learn about PSD's work with the Univeristy of Oxford to support community efforts to adapt to climate change, click here. | https://publicsectordigest.com/2019-climate-change-conference-concludes-little-progress |
As a serious issue that is gripping the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asia Nations) region, climate change has unwittingly been overlooked by the association. By failing to give the same attention to the issue of climate change in the region as it has provided free trade agreements and economic integration, the association has set the region on an undesirable path, which could severely affect its future growth, reversing the gains it has derived out of economic developments and potentially degrade the quality of life of over 630 million people.
Considering that the Southeast Asian region is situated in an important maritime route that connects the East and the West, while most of the countries here have coastlines that cover vast areas of land such as Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines, severe climate change and extreme weather conditions could spell trouble for many nations within the region. Most of the major cities within the region are also built close to important ports of their respective countries. The damages to these countries’ marine and forest ecosystems, economies as well as local communities are almost unimaginable if climate change and global warming is unresolved in the near future. Rising temperatures lead to intense heat which exposes the region to natural disasters such as floods, drought and torrential rain. Superficially, the effects of climate change can be dismissed as erratic weather disturbances, but these extreme weather conditions will also affect water sources that play a pivotal role in maintaining food supplies, health, industries and businesses, transportations, tourism, infrastructures (power and water supplies), homes as well as the economy of the ASEAN region in a sequence of events. The impact on the region’s GDP (gross domestic product) is more than what meets the eye.
The dangers of climate change
The impacts of escalating climate change can already be observed across ASEAN’s diverse geographical region – especially in the recent years – where several ASEAN countries have suffered from natural disasters such as drought, rise of sea level, heat wave, tsunami and typhoon. Indonesia and Thailand were hit by tsunami in 2004, the Philippines and Vietnam suffered from Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 while floods ravaged homes in northern Thailand in 2017. According to a study conducted by the ADB (Asian Development Bank) titled “Southeast Asia and the Economies of Global Climate Stabilisation,” the region is more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change based on three contributing factors: growing urban population, long coastlines, as well as high concentration of people and economical activities along coastal areas.
Climate change scenario in Southeast Asia
Climate change in Southeast Asia
ASEAN’s forest that supports countless wildlife species and forest ecosystems is among the many examples of natural habitats that are at risk of being damaged by climate change. According to the ASEAN Biodiversity Outlook report (published by ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, Philippines), the biological diversity in the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia will be greatly eroded by 2100 if the destruction of the environment persists – where “the region is poised to lose 70 to 90 percent of habitats and 13 to 42 percent of species in another 83 years”. This report has been endorsed by the ASEAN Working Group on Nature Conservation and Biodiversity.
Climate change could also affect the health of many ASEAN citizens through diseases, smog and the shortages of freshwater. These pose an incalculable economic risk to ASEAN in the long run. According to the ADB, economic losses due to climate change can reach up to 11 percent of the regional GDP by 2100.
To prevent dangerous levels of global warming, which is a major contributing factor to climate change, governments should act by taking concerted action to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) and CO2 (carbon dioxide) gas emissions.
Climate change adaptation readiness in ASEAN
A study titled "Climate Change Adaptation Readiness in the ASEAN Countries" prepared by the SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute) and commissioned by the ASEAN German Programme on Response to Climate Change in Agriculture and Forestry, reported that level of readiness in ASEAN varies across countries and much remains to be done in terms of mitigation and adaptation. The report has divided eight ASEAN countries into three categories: the pioneers, the emerging champions and the wait-and-see approach.
Climate change adaptation readiness categories in eight ASEAN countries.
The pioneers, Vietnam and the Philippines, see “adaptation as an urgent need and have implemented new institutional arrangements to address it – as natural disasters have acted as “focusing events” that stimulate climate change mitigation policy engagements”. In the Philippines, its geographical location is “highly susceptible to hydro-meteorological hazards and its vulnerability is exacerbated by poverty, making adaptation measures very important.” In Vietnam, “higher adaptation measures are driven by a recognition that the impacts of climate change in the country is severe and addressing them timely has potential co-benefits to its economy.” On the other hand, the emerging champions, Cambodia, Indonesia and Myanmar, are “taking new approaches to adaptation – as they have significant climate related sensitivities.”
Conversely, Lao, Malaysia and Thailand are adopting a “wait-and-see approach” in terms of adaptation. This shows that countries with “less exposure to disasters have tended to be complacent about adaptation, such that policies and programs in place are disjointed, weak or limited in impact.” The ASEAN member states have different experiences with adaptation, but collectively offer valuable lessons, insights and examples on how to prepare for and respond to the impacts of climate change.
Collective and on-going mitigation efforts
ASEAN has already addressed the issue of climate change in the ASCC (ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community) Blueprint. It is stipulated under Section D which is “Ensuring Environmental Sustainability” along with key of actions to be taken to address the impacts of climate change. Moreover, ASEAN established the AWGCC (ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change) in 2009 to implement the ACCI (ASEAN Climate Change Initiative) which is a consultative platform to enhance the region’s capability in implementing mitigation and adaptation measures. In fact, ASEAN has already made many instrumental progress, in terms of policies and institutions, to combat the climate change impact. The only thing missing is for ASEAN to take bold and clear actions on the matter. Establishment of related institutions alone are not enough to overcome the climate change impacts. ASEAN leaders should take up concrete, coherent, and unified actions to reduce the impacts of climate change, otherwise it could impede the goal of achieving a developed ASEAN Community by 2025.
“If governments implement measures and policies to reduce GHG and CO2 emissions, then ASEAN’s involvement in the Paris Agreement 2016 and ASEAN 2025 will be effective to help combat climate change. Governments in ASEAN must continue to work together and cooperate in terms of technology and information sharing,” wrote Senior Fellow of ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute, Lee Poh Onn, in an email reply to The ASEAN Post.
The Paris Agreement is a global deal aimed at limiting the negative impact of climate change, which will include reducing GHG emission, that focuses on “eradicating poverty in order to keep a global average temperature rise to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.” GHG emissions are likely to be 60 percent higher in Southeast Asia in 2050 compared to 2010.
Climate change mitigation initiatives. | https://theaseanpost.com/article/weathering-storm-southeast-asia |
Need for a state policy
Pakistan is one of the top ten most vulnerable countries to the impacts of Climate Change. Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) is one of the most fragile and sensitive territories within Pakistan to the impacts of climate change because its geographical location, its water resources, glaciers, forests, fisheries and associated biodiversity are vulnerable to impacts of Climate Change, its communication, physical infrastructure and power sectors are at risk which is alarming for the economy. Climate change is also the main cause of many disturbances and disasters like floods, landslides, and storms. There is a need to get adapt to these rapid changes taking place along with putting up our share of mitigation efforts, thereby halting and reversing progressively worsening impacts. Addressing climate change is therefore a top priority of the Azad Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Foreseeing the AJ&K’s peculiar vulnerabilities to ensuing catastrophes of climate change striking with inconceivable occurrence and ferocity, the development of an effective AJ&K Climate Change Policy commences the process of mainstreaming Climate Change response initiatives in development efforts by different departments and agencies in AJ&K. The policy prepared in consultation with relevant stakeholders is in full conformity with the National Climate Change Policy with addition of new initiatives like sustainable development goals and new sectors like communication and power infrastructure, tourism, mining and finance. Furthermore, some of the measures have been elaborated in more detail.
The AJ&K Climate Change Policy reiterates the State’s commitment to address climate change with sustained participation of relevant stakeholders, including Government, NGOs and other private sector. It also provides the State an opportunity to address climate change adaptation and participate in the global and national efforts to reduce Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the context of sustainable development. The policy comprehensively, addresses possible challenges of climate change by taking Climate Change adaptation and mitigation measures, in foreseeable future. The Government of AJK is committed to gender issues and these issues have been mainstreamed in the policy. Furthermore, it ensures to provide solid foundation for Climate Change strategies, action plans, programs and projects for resource mobilization.
The policy will be useful in providing more insight to enable the AJ&K to effectively adapt to climate change and participate in state, national and global level efforts to mitigate climate change with a view to achieve sustainable development goals. I, therefore, request everyone to participate in implementing the AJ&K Climate Change Policy. The Government is committed to effectively meet the objectives of the Policy and engage to the national and international processes in order to support the implementation of same.
Dr. Syed Asif Hussain
Additional Chief Secretary (Dev.)/
Secretary, Environment and Climate Change, | https://ccc.gok.pk/about-us/need-for-a-state-policy/ |
The 26th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, better known as COP26, comes at a time when the world has just experienced one of the warmest years on record . The year 2020 reached temperatures about 1.02 ° C warmer than average. These kinds of extremes, driven by climate change, are felt intensely across Africa.
Greenhouse gases - such as carbon dioxide and methane - are largely responsible for climate change. Some of the sun's energy is reflected back into space and is trapped by these gases, causing the earth to warm up. The increase in the concentrations of these gases in our atmosphere leads to global warming and, consequently, to climate change.
Africa bears the heaviest burden of the effects of climate change, although it contributes less than 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Industrialized countries; namely China, the United States, India, Russia and Japan - top the list of emitters of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide.
Africa is the continent most vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to its low adaptive capacity, due to financial and technological limitations, and excessive dependence on rainwater to fuel its agriculture. The continent is also experiencing a warming rate higher than the global average of 0.15 ° C per decade between 1951 and 2020. Given the observed global warming, the continent is predicted to experience an increase in extreme heat as well as record highs. rainfall. All these climatic hazards will occur more frequently and more intensely.
Predicted climate changes are likely to have devastating effects across the continent. The current case of food insecurity resulting from drought in East Africa is a good example.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that sub-Saharan Africa has lost more than $ 520 million in direct economic damage per year due to climate change since the start of this century. The cost of implementing the continent's response to the challenges posed by climate change is estimated at between $ 7 billion and $ 15 billion per year. This figure is expected to reach $ 35 billion per year by 2050.
Consider this, by 2050 climate change is expected to cost Africa 4.7% of its GDP while North America will lose 1.1% of its GDP.
African countries cannot be ignored, or simply listened to. Their needs should shape the agenda. There must be measures that immediately respond to the challenges facing the continent.
How can the world come to recognize the magnitude of it all? COP26 is the perfect occasion.
Revisiting the Paris Agreement
The COP26 summit will bring together all the stakeholders in order to accelerate the actions necessary to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The Paris Agreement, created in 2015, aims to limit global warming to well below 2 ° C, preferably 1.5 ° C, compared to pre-industrial levels. Essentially, the deal brought all countries together in a common effort to tackle climate change and adapt to its effects.
The agreement provides a framework for financial and technical support to countries in need. It also obliges developed countries to support developing countries in their mitigation and adaptation efforts - as they are largely responsible for the losses and costs associated with climate change.
Developed countries have pledged to raise $ 100 billion per year to support climate change adaptation and mitigation in vulnerable countries. However, reports show that this commitment has been below at least $ 20 billion since 2018. Unfortunately, there are no clear plans provided by “rich” countries on how this deficit will be closed. Now is the time to hold them accountable.
COP26 platform
At COP26, countries will launch an adaptation goal and adopt strategies to achieve this goal. This gives African countries the opportunity to shape the agenda, once again.
Leaders of African countries should approach the convention with a strong and unified voice, presenting their concerns and needs on climate change.
The results of the COP26 negotiations must emerge from Africa and other developing countries by:
- Making finance more accessible and faster to African countries and other developing countries.
- Developed countries must commit to scaling up non-financial climate change adaptation efforts, such as education.
- A new commitment to finance the fight against climate change in accordance with revised Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
In addition, African countries should continue to remind developed countries of the need to complement local adaptation efforts with global emission reductions. The concentration of carbon dioxide is on the rise again despite a drop in 2020 due to the economic slowdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
G20 countries account for 80% of greenhouse gas emissions, with China alone emitting nearly 25% of global emissions, followed closely by the United States and India.
Although they emit the least greenhouse gases, African countries have sought to mitigate the effects of climate change. On average, in 2019, African countries were already spending around 5% of their annual GDP to support adaptation and mitigation initiatives, exceeding their contributions to climate change. In addition, regional organizations such as the African Adaptation Initiative are doing their best to build Africa's resilience in the agricultural sector.
Most African countries are developing renewable energy resources that can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There have also been many eco-responsible carbon capture initiatives across the continent in the form, among other things, of heavy investments in sustainable development projects.
For example, Morocco has taken the lead in global solar energy production, providing the world with a reduction of over 760,000 tonnes of carbon emissions per year. The harnessing of geothermal energy in Kenya is another notable initiative aimed at reducing the country's emissions by 32% by 2030.
African countries are playing their part. But the commitment made in the Paris Agreement to respond to climate change with fair, equitable and ambitious responses rests on the shoulders of all nations. | https://www.dv8worldnews.com/lafrique-et-la-cop-26/article/2021/10/19/cop-26-point-de-succes-sans-lafrique |
Good morning.
I am very pleased to join you at today’s conference. I would like to thank the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), the Energy Studies Institute (ESI) and the EU Centre for organising this event. This is a timely platform for dialogue and exchanging information on climate change.
Climate Change: A Global Issue
2 Climate change is one of the most important and pressing challenges facing the international community. As is known, the UN Climate Conference in Copenhagen last December did not result in a global legally binding agreement to address climate change.
3 However, it is not easy to reach an agreement to address climate change as the issues are complex and the politics inherently divisive. Many governments are reluctant to sacrifice current economic growth as the most severe consequences of climate change will only be evident over the long term, spanning many election cycles and changes of leadership, while the economic costs of preventive actions are huge and must be paid upfront.
4 For Singapore, climate change and its associated impacts are of concern. As a small and low-lying island state, we are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. A rise in sea-level and temperatures can have significant consequences for us.
5 Now, if Singapore were to stop emitting carbon tomorrow, it would do little to alleviate climate change. After all, our contribution to global emissions is miniscule, at less than 0.2 percent of the global total. So for us, we have a stake in seeing the issue effectively addressed. It is important to have an agreed global regime that commits everyone to take action.
6 We must not lose sight of the end goal of reaching a global legally-binding agreement on climate change with comprehensive targets for all countries. Without such a global regime, every country would act for itself, promoting undesirable unilateral actions. Carbon tariffs would offer an inevitable backstop against those countries that fail to take adequate action to curb their emissions. This will provoke retaliations that will severely undermine global economic trade and growth. It is only with open trade and economic growth that countries muster the resources to deal with the challenge of climate change effectively.
7 Against this backdrop, the EU’s efforts to address climate change, despite the effects of the economic crisis, are commendable. Europe is not letting up its efforts to contribute to climate change actions, and is contributing towards climate change action in Southeast Asia.
Singapore’s Role
8 Singapore has been very active at the UN negotiations to arrive at a new global framework for long-term cooperation to address climate change, participating in both the Ministerial and official tracks.
9 As a member of the Group of 77 (G77/China) as well as the Alliance of Small Islands States (AOSIS), and also given our unique position as a small but successful developing country, Singapore has tried to play a constructive and moderating role in the negotiations.
10 Even now, in the aftermath of Copenhagen, we have actively participated in discussions at the High-Level Advisory Panel by the UN Secretary-General on climate finance and different Partnerships on REDD, MRV to move the process forward. ASEAN countries are vulnerable to climate change. Singapore will do its part in promoting greater awareness of the issues involved, as well as to encourage closer cooperation and common understanding on the issue of climate change and its impact. In 2009, the ASEAN Working Goup on Climate Change was launched during the ASEAN Environment Ministers meeting in Singapore. This Working Group will seek to build a common understanding of climate change issues, and enhance regional sharing of information on vulnerability risks and adaptation measures to climate change.
Singapore is Serious About Climate Change
11 The Singapore Government is serious about our domestic efforts to address climate change. Before Copenhagen, Singapore had announced that we would undertake actions to reduce our emissions by 16 percent below Business-as-Usual (BAU) in 2020, contingent on a legally-binding global agreement and all countries implementing their commitments in good faith. This is a significant contribution, given our constraints in switching to non-fossil alternatives to reduce emissions from the power sector. Our early actions in the past, such as our policy to limit car population growth and our switch from oil to natural gas for electricity generation have also limited our ability to further reduce emissions.
12 To ensure that Singapore is prepared and ready for climate change threats and opportunities, we have set up a dedicated National Climate Change Secretariat, which I head, under the Prime Minister’s Office with effect from 1 July 2010. The NCCS will coordinate climate change policies across government agencies and ensure that plans are prepared and progress tracked and monitored. The NCCS is set up not only to support the international negotiations but also to coordinate our domestic mitigation and adaptation responses to climate change.
Domestic Mitigation and Adaptation Measures
13 While Singapore is working on the international front to secure a global agreement, we have also started to look at what can be done now, especially on the mitigation and adaptation fronts. As the conference organisers have identified, the responses post-Copenhagen will need to focus on what are the actions we can take now, even as intense and difficult negotiations are on-going to achieve a global legally-binding agreement.
Mitigation
14 On mitigation, we have already started to undertake various initiatives domestically. With limited access to alternative energies, we have fewer options to reduce emissions compared to better endowed countries. Our approach to reduce emissions is primarily to improve energy efficiency in all sectors. At the same time, we have put in resources to testbed alternative energy sources so that Singapore will be better-positioned to adopt these technologies when they improve and their costs come down.
15 The Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (SSB) launched in April 2009 represents a major national effort to reduce our energy intensity. It lays out measures to reduce emissions up to 2030 and sets targets of reducing our energy intensity and emissions in four key sectors of our economy - industry, transport, households and buildings. The National Environment Agency (NEA) also recently set up the Energy Efficiency National Partnership (EENP) in April 2010. The intent is to help engage the industry and allow for specific industry groups to interact with energy efficiency experts and learn about best practices to reduce emissions. The Government has announced plans for an Energy Conservation Act to come into effect in 2013 to facilitate a coordinated approach to standards for energy efficiency and energy management for companies that consume significant amounts of energy. Effective processes for energy management in turn will enable companies to better manage costs and profits. These measures under the SSB will contribute towards our international target of 16 percent reduction from BAU by 2020.
16 I am pleased to note that businesses have already started taking steps to run energy-efficient operations and facilities. That is not to say that it is all smooth sailing. For energy efficiency, there are low-hanging fruits, but there are also barriers to higher efficiency which could be due to a multitude of factors. For example, lack of cost analysis on a life-cycle basis where the upfront cost may be high but the pay-off over the operation of the equipment may only be apparent over a longer period, lack of management attention and focus on energy efficiency practices, split incentives where developers may not be incentivised to put in more efficient equipment due to costs or lack of expertise, and tenants bear the higher energy cost.
17 We have been actively investing in the R&D and testbedding of alternative clean energy. With limited scope for wind, geothermal and tidal energies, solar energy is the alternative energy source that presents more opportunities. The Clean Energy Programme Office under the Economic Development Board (EDB) has launched a Clean Energy Research and Testbedding Programme to support the testbedding of clean energy applications in government buildings. As part of its solar capability building programme, the Housing & Development Board (HDB) recently announced an initiative to install solar panels at six public housing precincts across Singapore. By far the single largest solar panel procurement in Singapore to date, this green initiative will power common service areas such as lifts and will benefit 3,000 households.
Adaptation
18 Apart from mitigation, we must also start thinking about adaptation. We have undertaken vulnerability studies to better understand our long-term physical impacts such as sea level rise, temperature profile and wind. Preliminary results indicate that our existing infrastructure is sufficient to address the risks in the short- to medium-term. Studies on secondary impacts such as biodiversity, energy demand and public health implications are also on-going.
19 However, uncertainties remain on the extent of climate change and the timing in which it will unfold. Making sense of these uncertainties will require risk assessments and regular reviews and updates of our design parameters as global models and the understanding of climate science improves.
New Opportunities
20 We should also seize new opportunities arising from addressing climate change. While Singapore is a small player, we have sought continually to stay relevant. We have been successful in turning challenges and potential adversities into opportunities. For instance, with the development of NEWater, we have stayed at the forefront of water technology.
21 Singapore is also a living laboratory to test new technologies and new business models to accelerate the deployment of exportable low-emission technologies. The Electric Vehicle (EV) Taskforce co-chaired by the Energy Market Authority (EMA) and the Land Transport Authority (LTA), and the Intelligent Energy Systems Taskforce chaired by EMA are looking into possible urban solutions for the deployment of electric vehicles and smart grids respectively.
22 With advances in technology, Singapore will be well-placed to turn our alternative energy-disadvantaged situation into a competitive advantage in the long-run. We can be a reference site for emerging ideas to be tested before larger cities adapt and adopt similar practices. Although alternative energies are unlikely to form a significant part of our fuel mix in the near term, test-beds are ongoing in HDB estates and key installations so that we can better understand the technologies and be better prepared to adopt them on a larger scale when technology improves. I am happy to note that this conference will be covering both energy efficiency and alternative energies.
Closing Remarks: Working Together
23 Prime Minister has articulated Singapore’s commitment to climate change through his active involvement since the negotiations in Bali in 2007. Singapore has declared an emissions target, which can only be met with concerted and sustained efforts from all sectors and stakeholders, and which will be meaningful when other countries who have pledged targets join in to implement their targets and actions under a global legally-binding agreement.
24 Climate change affects us all. Government actions alone will not be sufficient. The Government working in collaboration with our partners in the public, private and people sectors can together come up with efficient solutions and share best practices as part of the global effort to address climate change. For example, businesses can ensure they run energy-efficient operations and facilities. Academia can highlight solutions to barriers. NGOs and grassroots organisations can drive action by spreading the message on energy efficiency at the local level. For the general public, simple energy-saving gestures help to save costs and reduce environmental impact.
25 The Prime Minister has placed the National Climate Change Secretariat under his Office and appointed our Senior Minister S Jayakumar to advise on climate change policies. SM chairs the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change whose members are the Minsters for Finance, Trade and Industry, Foreign Affairs, Transport, National Development, and the Environment and Water Resources. I am privileged to be part of this Secretariat, and at the same time, humbled as climate change is one of the most difficult challenges facing Singapore and indeed, the global community.
26 We will need ideas, innovation and to make some trade-offs. I believe we can, and must, succeed in balancing our fight against climate change and in ensuring a high standard of living with good jobs for all. Singapore has always taken a balanced approach to growth and sustainability and we have been reaping the fruits of our on-going efforts as a reference site for other countries and cities. Only by us working together, can we have a chance of success. The NCCS and agencies will engage the general public, companies, NGOs and academia to drive actions in Singapore.
27 I look forward to working with many of you. In closing, I wish all of you fruitful and engaging discussions.
Thank you. | https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/speeches/keynote-speech-by-national-climate-change-permanent-secretary-tan-yong-soon-at-the-conference-on-eu-and-asian-policy-responses-to-climate-change-and-energy-26-july-2010 |
The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of a broad range of human activities. The American Chemical Society (ACS) acknowledges that climate change is real, presents serious risk for civil society and business, and that human activity is the primary cause. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are increasing at a rate never observed before, primarily due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Extreme weather and related events, such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, heatwaves and wildfires, are increasing in frequency and intensity threatening Americans’ physical, social, and economic well-being. Continued uncontrolled GHG emissions will compound the effects and risks of climate change well into the future. The world population will experience more extreme weather events which, coupled with sea level rise, will continue to cause coastal property damage and population displacement. Extreme weather and flooding events will further impact infrastructure (such as energy supply and transportation systems) leading to disruption of supply chains, business and industry productivity and military operations. Ecosystems and natural resources will continue to be stressed, affecting food and water availability burdening economies and societies. The effects of climate change on human health are a serious threat leading to increased illness and mortality rates, the spread of vector-borne diseases and epidemics and decreased efficiency of labor work forces among other impacts.
There is no single solution to stabilize our rapidly changing climate; aggressive policy action on all fronts is needed now at increased scales to mitigate and minimize unavoidable global environmental changes. Scientific facts and observations must inform climate policy and drive science-based targets at the federal, state and local levels. Comprehensive federal legislation to address climate change is urgently needed. The ACS acknowledges that the chemistry enterprise has an important role to play in helping to mitigate climate change by developing green technologies that meet GHG reduction targets. International cooperation is crucial to addressing the impact of human activities on the global climate system, and U.S. leadership in efforts such as the Paris Agreement is essential. Strategies to reduce GHG and pollutant emissions are known and must be implemented through policy changes, partnerships, and education. Mitigation policies (e.g. GHG emission reduction targets, use of renewable clean energy technologies and market-based approaches) must be augmented by improved approaches for anticipating and adapting to adverse and unavoidable impacts of climate change.
Recommendations
The United States should lead efforts to combat climate change. The U.S. Government should:
- Work internationally, providing leadership for promoting global treaties including ratifying the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
- Enable support for state, city and local governments to coordinate and plan mitigation and response strategies.
- Recognize that climate intervention strategies where the potential environmental repercussions are unclear, such as some forms of geoengineering, are not acceptable substitutes for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for responding to climate change through adaptation.
- Promote climate science literacy and education for citizens and policymakers about human impacts on climate, and the consequences of climate change.
- Advance policies that drive innovation in green chemistry in partnership with industry and academia.
The United States must take meaningful steps to reduce GHG emissions and deploy advanced and sustainable energy technologies. The US Government should:
- Utilize carbon pricing policies to help mitigate carbon and other high global warming potential GHG emissions to better reflect the true value of carbon-based fuels and promote use of carbon capture and sequestration on existing CO2 -producing technologies.
- Incentivize and enable partnerships with industry and academia to adopt zero- and low-carbon energy technologies and avoid over-reliance on currently lower-cost GHG-generating fuels as a long-term strategy.
- Encourage development and use of civilian nuclear power while providing necessary oversight for storage and disposal of nuclear waste.
- Support programs aimed at reducing methane (and other GHG) emissions from sectors such as oil and gas, agriculture and municipal waste facilities.
- Support implementation and updating of energy efficiency standards that help reduce emissions associated with electricity generation and transportation fuel use.
- Provide technological leadership on the global stage for green chemistry and sustainable energy technology, which includes domestic and foreign investment in the application of alternative energy strategies, training and partnership for sustainability efforts in emerging countries.
The United States should prioritize scientific research on climate change and its consequences. In particular, the U.S. Government should:
- Provide robust and uninterrupted federal funding for comprehensive Earth systems research programs to better quantify the dynamic feedback between air, land and ocean temperature changes with a focus on reducing uncertainties related to anthropogenic aerosol impacts on cloud formation and the Earth’s energy balance.
- Fund research on the human health impacts of climate change, including the likelihood, frequency and distribution of climate-related disease.
- Fund research to evaluate the effectiveness and implications of climate change response strategies to inform climate change response planning, coordination, and decision making on local, national, and global levels.
Address the inevitable impacts of climate change by planning and action to minimize societal upheaval, loss of life and destruction of property.
- The costs of repairing or delaying the repair of the damages caused by climate change must be weighed against the long-term viability of the proposed solutions. Federal or local funding for natural disaster response should help communities develop a stronger and more resilient infrastructure.
- The government should work to protect disadvantaged groups who might be disproportionately impacted by climate change and lack the means or resources to prepare, adapt, or respond.
- Develop national strategies for preparedness and adaptation for the short- and long-term risks of climate change, including evacuation, resettlement, supply chain disruption, property insurance and land use planning.
References
1. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) (http://www.ipcc.ch/)
a. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
b. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability
c. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change
d. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report.
2. U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)
a. Fourth National Climate Assessment Report – 2018. (http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/reports)
b. Climate Literacy: The Essential Principles of Climate Science. (http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/educators)
c. Health Impacts of Climate Change
d. (https://health2016.globalchange.gov)
3. National Academies/National Research Council (NA/NRC)
e. -NA Climate Change. (http://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/)
f. -Valuing Climate Damages: Updating Estimation of the Social Cost of Carbon Dioxide (2017). (https://www.nap.edu/collection/34)
g. -Climate Intervention - Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth (2015). (https://www.nap.edu/catalog/18988/)
h. -Valuing Climate Damages Updating Estimation of the Social Cost of Carbon Dioxide (2017). (https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24651)
i. -Climate Intervention, Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration (2015). (https://www.nap.edu/catalog/18805)
j. -Climate Intervention, Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth (2015). (https://www.nap.edu/catalog/18988)
4. What We Know: The Reality, Risks and Response to Climate Change. (http://whatweknow.aaas.org)
5. ACS Climate Science Toolkit. | https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/policy/publicpolicies/sustainability/globalclimatechange.html |
Legendary director Alfred Hitchcock passed away 40 years ago on April 29, 1980. Hitch has always been my favorite director. Some film critics have said that he might be the greatest director of our time.
There are so many different elements that makes each of his films iconic. First, there are the actors: both leading men and women. With every film, the casting always seems perfect. You will never see a Hitchcock film with mediocre talent. Hitch always seemed to know what actors and actresses would work best for his films.
I get the feeling that Hitchcock is a very detail-oriented director. What makes him such a great director, though, is that he gets the right person for every facet of his films. He even cared for something as small as the film title designer. Hitchcock found one of the best film title designers in Saul Bass, whose most iconic opening is in Vertigo. You start with a close up of a woman’s eye, which over time swirls into a blotch of blood on the screen.
Another aspect that always stands out in his films are the costume designs of Edith Head. I don’t think I’ve ever watched one of his films without noticing what the actors were wearing. There is always a clean and stylish look that makes the actors stand out.
One of my favorite facets to any of Hitch’s films are the soundtracks. In nine of his films, Hitchcock had hired Bernard Herrmann, one of the best composers in all of Hollywood, to score them. Probably his most well known are his scores for Hitch’s films are from Psycho and Vertigo.
Hitchcock is, and always will be my favorite director of all time. Read below and find out if your favorite Hitchcock film made my list!
5. Psycho (1960)
While I don’t think Psycho is Hitchcock’s best film, it’s definitely his most iconic. Psycho is permanently etched onto our brains. Even people who are not Hitchcock fans are familiar with the shower scene that will always be a part of pop culture. Some horror fans even suggest that Psycho is the very first proto-slasher. I would argue that there are plenty of proto-slashers before 1960, such as 1932’s Thirteen Women and 1928’s The Terror. Both films have a lurking homicidal killer and a list of people who get murdered.
While Psycho is not my favorite Hitchcock film, it definitely deserves to make it on the list by reputation alone.
4. I Confess (1953)
I Confess is a departure from a lot of other Hitchcock films. It follows a Catholic priest, a good man who spends his life absolving the guilt of others. Suspicion falls on the priest when he is accused of murder. The problem the priest faces is that the seal of the confessional prevents him from vindicating himself by identifying the killer whose confession he had heard. The priest symbolizes Jesus Christ, a silent victim, and takes on the guilt of another without defending himself. Alfred’s Catholic upbringing is clearly inspirational to this film.
While you have probably never hear a Hitchcock disciple even mention I Confess, I still believe that all the filmmaker’s tropes are evident. A must-see movie if you’ve never dug into some of his lesser known films from the ’40s and ’50s.
3. Shadow Of A Doubt (1943)
Shadow Of A Doubt is a masterclass on suspense. Students of film should watch and re-watch this film if they want to know how to build suspense in filmmaking. Shadow Of A Doubt follows Charlie who begins to discover that the Uncle she admires may, in fact, be a serial killer.
The suspense begins from the very beginning when we come to realize that Charlie’s uncle is evil. There is something very unsettling when we are introduced to the place where Charlie’s family lives. It really captures small town America well. Then the viewer sees Charlie’s uncle entering the nice, peaceful small town. He’s on the run from the police, and you know nothing good is going to happen.
Joseph Cotton’s performance as Charlie’s Uncle is Oscar worthy. Shadow Of A Doubt is Hitchcock at his best.
2. Rear Window (1954)
Rear Window is Hitchcock at his most creative. Another suspenseful masterpiece that follows a photographer (Jimmie Stewart) and his girlfriend (Grace Kelly) who become obsessed with watching his neighbors through binoculars, and discover that one of them is a murderer.
While you watch Rear Window, you start to feel like you live in that apartment complex. Your having fun with Jimmie Stewart and Grace Kelly’s characters. Then suddenly, everything changes when they discover their neighbor has killed his wife. From there, the suspense keeps building until it finally explodes in the last scene.
Rear Window is one of my go-to Hitchcock films, a movie I constantly watch over and over. One of Hitchcock’s best.
1. Rope (1948)
My all time favorite Hitchcock film is Rope. Once again, Jimmie Stewart stars as a college professor who is invited to a party hosted by three of his former students. The professor slowly begins to discover that his two former students have murdered their classmate. Hitch has always been known for the Macguffin, a term that is used to describe an object or device that drives the plot, most of the time in the beginning of the story.
In the case of Rope, the Macguffin is the classmate’s dead body which is placed inside an old chest. Throughout the film, guests keep arriving at the party and the viewer can see the chest in the living room where everyone is gathered.
In my opinion, Rope is the king of suspense among Hitchcock’s lifetime work. You’re on the edge of your seat through the entire film, which is largely just characters at a party with dialogue. Hitch can make a film where people just talk for an hour and twenty minutes, yet your eyes are glued to the chest, and not once are you bored. You’re stressed out and in suspense the entire time. Rope wins it every time for me.
Alfred Hitchcock was, and is one of the best directors Hollywood has ever seen. He has a whole library of suspenseful films that need to be watched and studied. Did your favorite Hitchcock film make my list? If not let us know your favorite Hitchcock film in the comments below! | https://pophorror.com/remembering-the-life-of-alfred-hitchcock-my-top-5-favorite-films-from-the-master-of-suspense/ |
Bernard Herrmann born Max Herman (June 29, 1911 – December 24, 1975) was an American composer noted for his work in motion pictures.
An Academy Award-winner (for The Devil and Daniel Webster, 1941), Herrmann is particularly known for his collaborations with director Alfred Hitchcock, most famously Psycho, North by Northwest, The Man Who Knew Too Much, and Vertigo. He also composed notable scores for many other movies, including Citizen Kane, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Cape Fear, and Taxi Driver. He worked extensively in radio drama (most notably for Orson Welles), composed the scores for several fantasy films by Ray Harryhausen, and many TV programs including most notably Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone and Have Gun–Will Travel.
Read more about Bernard Herrmann: Early Life and Career, Collaboration With Orson Welles, Collaboration With Alfred Hitchcock, Other Works, Use of Electronic Instruments, Compositional Style and Philosophy, Legacy and Recording, AFI, In Popular Culture, Film Scores, Stage Works, Concert Works
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Famous quotes containing the word bernard: | http://www.primidi.com/bernard_herrmann |
Iconic, groundbreaking interviews of Alfred Hitchcock by film critic François Truffaut—providing insight into the cinematic method, the history of film, and one of the greatest directors of all time. In Hitchcock, film critic François Truffaut presents fifty hours of interviews with Alfred Hitchcock about the whole of his vast directorial career, from his silent movies in Great Britain to his color films in Hollywood. The result is a portrait of one of the greatest directors the world has ever known, an all-round specialist who masterminded everything, from the screenplay and the photography to the editing and the soundtrack. Hitchcock discusses the inspiration behind his films and the art of creating fear and suspense, as well as giving strikingly honest assessments of his achievements and failures, his doubts and hopes. This peek into the brain of one of cinema’s greats is a must-read for all film aficionados.
Hitchcock
Past and Future
by Richard Allen,S. Ishii-Gonzalès
- Publisher : Psychology Press
- Release : 2004
- Pages : 284
- ISBN : 9780415275255
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Alfred Hitchcock's films have had an impact on scholars of all critical persuasions to the extent that the study of his works is synonymous with the study of 20th century cinema itself. These essays reflect the length and breadth of this scholarship.
Hitchcock
The Making of a Reputation
by Robert E. Kapsis
- Publisher : University of Chicago Press
- Release : 1992
- Pages : 313
- ISBN : 9780226424897
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
From the beginning of his career, Alfred Hitchcock wanted to be considered an artist. Although his thrillers were immensely popular, and Hitchcock himself courted reviewers, he was, for many years, regarded as no more than a master craftsman. By the 1960s, though, critics began calling him an artist of unique vision and gifts. What happened to make Hitchcock's reputation as a true innovator and singular talent? Through a close examination of Hitchcock's personal papers, scripts, production notes, publicity files, correspondence, and hundreds of British and American reviews, Robert Kapsis here traces Hitchcock's changing critical fortunes. Vertigo, for instance, was considered a flawed film when first released; today it is viewed by many as the signal achievement of a great director. According to Kapsis, this dramatic change occurred because the making of the Hitchcock legend was not solely dependent on the quality of his films. Rather, his elevation to artist was caused by a successful blending of self-promotion, sponsorship by prominent members of the film community, and, most important, changes in critical theory which for the first time allowed for the idea of director as auteur. Kapsis also examines the careers of several other filmmakers who, like Hitchcock, have managed to cross the line that separates craftsman from artist, and shows how Hitchcock's legacy and reputation shed light on the way contemporary reputations are made. In a chapter about Brian De Palma, the most reknowned thriller director since Hitchcock, Kapsis explores how Hitchcock's legacy has affected contemporary work in—and criticism of—the thriller genre. Filled with fascinating anecdotes and intriguing excerpts, and augmented by interviews with Hitchcock's associates, this thoroughly documented and engagingly written book will appeal to scholars and film enthusiasts alike. "Required reading for Hitchcock scholars...scrupulously researched, invaluable material for those who continue to ask: what made the master tick?"—Anthony Perkins
Alfred Hitchcock
by Paul Duncan
- Publisher : Oldcastle Books
- Release : 2011-10-19
- Pages : 160
- ISBN : 1842435418
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Who was Hitchcock? A fat man who played practical jokes on people? A control freak who humiliated others to make himself look better? A little boy afraid of the dark? One of the greatest storytellers of the century? He was all of these and more - twenty years after his death, he is still a household name; most people in the Western world have seen his film, and he popularised the action movie format we see every week on the cinema screen.
Hitchcock's Films Revisited
by Robin Wood
- Publisher : Columbia University Press
- Release : 2002
- Pages : 413
- ISBN : 9780231126953
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
When Hitchcock's Films was first published, it quickly became known as a new kind of book on film and as a necessary text in the growing body of Hitchcock criticism. This revised edition of Hitchcock's Films Revisited includes a substantial new preface in which Wood reveals his personal history as a critic -- including his coming out as a gay man, his views on his previous critical work, and how his writings, his love of film, and his personal life and have remained deeply intertwined through the years. This revised edition also includes a new chapter on Marnie.
A Companion to Alfred Hitchcock
by Thomas Leitch,Leland Poague
- Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
- Release : 2011-03-01
- Pages : 624
- ISBN : 1444397311
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
The most comprehensive volume ever published on Alfred Hitchcock, covering his career and legacy as well as the broader cultural and intellectual contexts of his work. Contains thirty chapters by the leading Hitchcock scholars Covers his long career, from his earliest contributions to other directors’ silent films to his last uncompleted last film Details the enduring legacy he left to filmmakers and audiences alike
An Eye for Hitchcock
by Murray Pomerance
- Publisher : Rutgers University Press
- Release : 2004
- Pages : 306
- ISBN : 9780813533957
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Film scholar Murray Pomerance presents a series of fascinating meditations on six films directed by the legendary Alfred Hitchcock, a master of the cinema. Two of the films are extraordinarily famous and have been seen--and misunderstood--countless times: North by Northwest and Vertigo. Two others, Marnie and Torn Curtain, have been mostly disregarded by viewers and critics or considered to be colossal mistakes, while two others, Spellbound and I Confess, have received almost no critical attention at all. In An Eye for Hitchcock, these movies are seen in a striking new way. Pomerance takes us deep into the structure of Hitchcock's vision and his screen architecture, revealing key elements that have never been written about before. Pomerance also clearly reveals the link between Hitchcock's work and a wide range of thinkers and artists in other fields, thereby offering viewers of Hitchcock's films the rare opportunity to see them in an entirely new light.
Hitchcock
Suspense, Humour and Tone
by Susan Smith
- Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
- Release : 2019-07-25
- Pages : 224
- ISBN : 1838716130
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Susan Smith's treatment of the works of the most subtle of all film-makers analyses the key elements of suspense, humour and tone across the whole of the director's career. Arguing that all three are central to our viewing experience, the book demonstrates how Hitchcock's masterly integration of those elements is the key to his success as a film-maker. Examining in detail such films as Sabotage, Notorious, Rear Window, Psycho, Shadow of a Doubt, Rope and The Birds, amongst many others, the book discusses the idea of the director as saboteur and the importance of 'the avoidance of cliché' in Hitchcock's narrative.
The Films of Alfred Hitchcock
by Patrick Humphries
- Publisher : Crescent Books
- Release : 1994-09
- Pages : 194
- ISBN : 9780517102923
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Examines Hitchcock's career, shows how his films reflect his own anxieties and neuroses, and reveals a master storyteller and technical wizard
Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho
A Casebook
by Robert Phillip Kolker
- Publisher : Oxford University Press on Demand
- Release : 2004
- Pages : 261
- ISBN : 9780195169195
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho: A Casebook collects some of the finest essays on this groundbreaking film--a film that is ideal for teaching the language of cinema and the ways in which strong filmmakers can break Hollywood conventions. Psycho is a film that can be used to present the structures of composition and cutting, narrative and genre building, and point of view. The film is also a highpoint of the horror genre and an instigator of all the slasher films to come in its wake. The essays in the casebook cover all of these elements and more. They also serve another purpose: presented chronologically, they represent the changes in the methodologies of film criticism, from the first journalist reviews and early auteurist approaches, through current psychoanalytic and gender criticism. Other selections include an analysis of Bernard Hermann's score and its close relationship to Hitchcock's visual construction; the famous Hitchcock interview by François Truffaut; and an essay by Robert Kolker that, through the use of stills taken directly from the film, closely reads its extraordinary cinematic structure. Contributors include Robert Kolker, Stephen Rebello, Bosley Crowther, Jean Douchet, Robin Wood, Raymond Durgnat, Royal S. Brown, George Toles, Robert Samuels, and Linda Williams.
Alfred Hitchcock
by Gene D. Phillips
- Publisher : Boston : Twayne Publishers
- Release : 1984
- Pages : 211
- ISBN :
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Focuses on the career and achievements of the director who envisioned a new kind of thriller.
A Hitchcock Reader
by Marshall Deutelbaum,Leland Poague
- Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
- Release : 2009-02-24
- Pages : 394
- ISBN : 1405155566
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
This new edition of A Hitchcock Reader aims to preserve what has been so satisfying and successful in the first edition: a comprehensive anthology that may be used as a critical text in introductory or advanced film courses, while also satisfying Hitchcock scholars by representing the rich variety of critical responses to the director's films over the years. a total of 20 of Hitchcock?s films are discussed in depth - many others are considered in passing section introductions by the editors that contextualize the essays and the films they discuss well-researched bibliographic references, which will allow readers to broaden the scope of their study of Alfred Hitchcock
Alfred Hitchcock
The Legacy of Victorianism
by Paula Marantz Cohen
- Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
- Release : 2015-01-13
- Pages : 208
- ISBN : 081315779X
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
This provocative study traces Alfred Hitchcock's long directorial career from Victorianism to postmodernism. Paula Cohen considers a sampling of Hitchcock's best films -- Shadow of a Doubt, Rear Window, Vertigo, Psycho -- as well as some of his more uneven ones -- Rope, The Wrong Man, Topaz -- and makes connections between his evolution as a filmmaker and trends in the larger society. Drawing on a number of methodologies including feminism, psychoanalysis, and family systems, the author provides an insightful look at the paradox of a Victorian-style gentleman who evolved into one of the leading masters of the modern medium of film. Cohen sees Hitchcock's films as developing, in part, as a masculine response to the domestic, psychological novels that had appealed primarily to women during the Victorian era. His career, she argues, can be seen as an attempt to balance "the two faces of Victorianism": the masculine legacy of law and hierarchy and the feminine legacy of feeling and imagination. Also central to her thesis is the Victorian model of the nuclear family and its permutations, especially the father-daughter dyad. She postulates a fundamental dynamic in Hitchcock's films, what she calls a "daughter's effect," and relates it to the social role of the family as an institution and to Hitchcock's own relationship with his daughter, Patricia, who appeared in three of his films. Cohen argues that Hitchcock's films reflect his Victorian legacy and serve as a map for ideological trends. She charts his development from his British period through his classic Hollywood years into his later phase, tracing a conceptual evolution that corresponds to an evolution in cultural identity -- one that builds on a Victorian inheritance and ultimately discards it.
Scripted Words of Alfred Hitchcock
Concepts from the Master of Suspense
by Sreechinth C
- Publisher : UB Tech
- Release :
- Pages : 44
- ISBN :
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
‘The Master of Suspense’, Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was one of the greatest directors in the in the history of film industry. In a career that crossed six decades, there are more than fifty films in his accord making him the most influential film maker ever. This skilled artist is famous for making suspense and thriller films. He revolutionized the film industry with taut, twist-filled classics like “Psycho”, “Rear Window” and “Vertigo”. Check out the best collection of quotations from Alfred Hitchcock, one of Hollywood’s most beloved behind the camera celebrities.
Framing Hitchcock
Selected Essays from the Hitchcock Annual
by Christopher Brookhouse,Richard Allen,John A. Bertolini,Sabrina Barton,Christopher Morris,Lesley Brill,Joseph Garncarz,Joan Hawkins,Frank M. Meola,Charles L. P. Silet,Thomas Hemmeter,David Sterritt,Thomas Leitch,Leland Poague,James Naremore,James M. Vest,Sarah Street
- Publisher : Wayne State University Press
- Release : 2002
- Pages : 418
- ISBN : 9780814330616
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
An engaging look at Alfred Hitchcock's work from all angles, culled from an authoritative source of Hitchcock film commentary.
Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie
by Tony Lee Moral
- Publisher : Manchester University Press
- Release : 2002
- Pages : 215
- ISBN : 9780719064821
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
After a decade of successful films that included Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Northwest, and Psycho, Alfred Hitchcock produced Marnie, an apparent artistic failure and an unquestionable commercial disappointment. Over the decades, however, the film s reputation has undergone a reevaluation, and both critics and fans alike have come to appreciate Marnie s many qualities. In Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie, Tony Lee Moral investigates the cultural and political factors governing the 1964 film s production, the causes of its critical and commercial failure, and Marnie s relevance for today s artists and filmmakers. Hitchcock s style, motivation, and fears regarding the film are well-documented in this examination of one of his most undervalued efforts. Moral uses extensive research, including personal interviews with Tippi Hedren and Psycho screenwriter Joseph Stefano as well as unpublished excerpts from interviews with Hitchcock himself to delve into the issues surrounding the film s production and release. This revised edition features four new chapters that provide even more fascinating insights into the film s production and Hitchcock s working methods. Biographies of Winston Graham the author of the novel on which the film is based and screenwriter Jay Presson Allen provide clues into how they brought a feminist viewpoint to Marnie. Additional material addresses Hitchcock s unrealized project Mary Rose and his efforts to bring it to the screen, the director s visual style and subjective approach to Marnie, and an exploration of the real Alfred Hitchcock. The book also addresses criticisms of the director following the HBO television movie The Girl, which depicted the filming of Marnie. With newly obtained access to the Hitchcock Collection Production Archives at the Margaret Herrick Library, the files of Jay and Lewis Allen, and the memoirs of Winston Graham as well as interviews in 2012 with the Hitchcock crew this new edition of Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie provides an invaluable look behind the scenes of a film that has finally been recognized for its influence and vision. It contains more than thirty photos, including a storyboard sequence for the film."
Hitchcock and Twentieth-century Cinema
by John Orr
- Publisher : Wallflower Press
- Release : 2005
- Pages : 207
- ISBN : 9781904764557
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
John Orr looks at the work, influences, legacy and style of perhaps cinema's most famous director, Alfred Hitchcock.
The Wrong House
The Architecture of Alfred Hitchcock
by Steven Jacobs
- Publisher : 010 Publishers
- Release : 2007
- Pages : 342
- ISBN : 906450637X
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Hitchcock's America
by Jonathan Freedman,Richard Millington
- Publisher : Oxford University Press
- Release : 1999-02-25
- Pages : 208
- ISBN : 9780195353310
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Alfred Hitchcock's American films are not only among the most admired works in world cinema, they also offer some of our most acute responses to the changing shape of American society in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s. The authors of this anthology show how famous films such as Strangers on a Train, Vertigo, North by Northwest, and Rear Window, along with more obscure ones such as Rope, The Wrong Man, and Family Plot, register the ideologies and insurgencies, the normative assumptions and the cultural alternatives, that shaped these tumultuous decades. They argue that, just as these films occupy a visual landscape defined by the grand monuments of American civic life--Mt. Rushmore, the Statue of Liberty, the United Nations--they are also marked by their preoccupation with the social mores and private practices of mid-century America. Not only are big-city and suburban life the explicit subjects of films like Rear Window and Shadow of a Doubt, so are the forms of experience that emerge within these social spaces, whether the urban voyeurism examined by the former or the intertwining of banality and violence depicted in the latter. Indeed, just about every form of American life that was achieving social power at this time--the national security state; the science and art of psychoanalysis; the privileging of the free-wheeling, improvisatory self; the postwar codification and fissuring of gender roles; road-culture and its ancillary creation, the motel--is given detailed, critical, and mordant examination in Hitchcocks films. The Hitchcock who emerges is not merely the inspired technician and psychological excavator that critics of the past two generations have justly hailed; he is also a cultural critic of remarkable insight and undeniable prescience.
Hitchcock's Rear Window
The Well-Made Film
by John Fawell
- Publisher : SIU Press
- Release : 2004-11-22
- Pages : 200
- ISBN : 9780809389704
- Language : En, Es, Fr & De
In the process of providing the most extensive analysis of Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window to date, John Fawell also dismantles many myths and clichés about Hitchcock, particularly in regard to his attitude toward women. Although Rear Window masquerades quite successfully as a piece of light entertainment, Fawell demonstrates just how complex the film really is. It is a film in which Hitchcock, the consummate virtuoso, was in full command of his technique. One of Hitchcock’s favorite films, Rear Window offered the ideal venue for the great director to fully use the tricks and ideas he acquired over his previous three decades of filmmaking. Yet technique alone did not make this classic film great; one of Hitchcock’s most personal films, Rear Window is characterized by great depth of feeling. It offers glimpses of a sensibility at odds with the image Hitchcock created for himself—that of the grand ghoul of cinema who mocks his audience with a slick and sadistic style. Though Hitchcock is often labeled a misanthrope and misogynist, Fawell finds evidence in Rear Window of a sympathy for the loneliness that leads to voyeurism and crime, as well as an empathy for the film’s women. Fawell emphasizesa more feeling, humane spirit than either Hitchcock’s critics have granted him or Hitchcock himself admitted to, and does so in a manner of interest to film scholars and general readers alike. | https://www.seecoalharbour.com/hitchcock/ |
The Man Who Knew Too Much
Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1934. NR. 84 minutes.
Sun., November 7, 2010
Before legendary filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock came to America and began making a fabled series of hit films, often in the suspense mode (Rebecca, Notorious, Rear Window, Vertigo, Psycho, etc.) he had achieved well-deserved renown in his native country. Starting off this month’s series of films from those earlier years, we have one of Hitchcock’s first major endeavors. (In fact, it is the only work that he elected to re-film – with James Stewart and Doris Day in 1956.) For this film, he had the excellent sense to import Peter Lorre (in his first English-language role) as a most effective and eerie villain. The story, of parents seeking to find a daughter who has been kidnapped to prevent them from revealing what they know about an assassination plot, builds to one of Hitchcock’s most suspenseful climaxes, during a concert at London’s famed Albert Hall. If you love suspense, and have never seen any of Alfred Hitchcock’s early work, this is an excellent place to start. (Bill Roth)
Print preserved by the Library of Congress. | https://thecolonialtheatre.com/programs/the-man-who-knew-too-much/ |
The most famous film-maker of all time, Alfred Hitchcock's career spanned the history of the film industry, from the early silent movies through the birth of the British talkies, surviving trends like cinemascope, 3D and (gasp) colour. He developed many of the techniques film-makers use today (that zoom-in / pull back trick that Steven Spielberg used in Jaws? That was originally Hitchcock's) and the brutality of Psycho kickstarted the whole slasher film genre.
Hitchcock was exceptionally prolific for a time when cameras were big, equipment heavy and cumbersome, and productions were measured in months rather than hours. Considering the size of the crews needed and the often lengthy pre-production necessary to produce films during Hitchcock's era, this is something of a feat in itself.
In the Beginning
Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born in Leytonstone, East London, on 13 August, 1899. Leytonstone itself always had a certain gothic charm (somewhat spoilt these days by the M11 bypass), and many like to think that the general ambience of the area inspired him a little. Leytonstone is quite proud nowadays of their most famous son. Recently the council put an interactive light show in one of the parks, with a pavement that has apparently random coloured tiles in it - until you look at the pavement from a certain angle, and there's Hitch looking back at you..! There's also the Alfred Hitchcock pub on Whipps Cross Road, a suitably gothic pile. There are also some great mosaics of his films in the entrance to the Leytonstone tube station. The Suspicion and Psycho mosaics are particularly terrifying.
Hitchcock was the son of Emma Whelan Hitchcock and East End grocer William Hitchcock. He was raised as a strict Catholic at the Jesuit-run college of Saint Ignatius. As an adult, Hitchcock liked to tell the tale of when his father sent him to the police station with a note that informed the desk sergeant to lock the young Alfred up for a short while, as punishment for a minor misdemeanour. He later claimed it caused his deep mistrust of establishment figures.
When he was 16 years old he began studying engineering and navigation at the University of London and a few years later was hired as an estimator at the Henley Telegraph and Cable Company. It was during these teenage working years that Hitchcock became interested in movies, regularly visiting the cinema and reading US trade journals. In 1920 he secured a job at the Players-Lasky Corporation studio in London (formerly inaugurated as the Famous Players Film Company and latterly known as Paramount Pictures Inc) as a title designer where he created the title and caption cards for many of the movies made by the studios over the next two years.
The 1920s - The Silent Years
Hitchcock progressed through the departments of the Lasky studio, beginning as a writer of captions for the silent films. It was while serving as an apprentice that Hitchcock was given the chance to direct the film Always Tell Your Wife (1922) when the original director Hugh Croise fell ill. Impressed with his work, the studio offered Hitchcock a feature project, but the company closed down its British operations before it could be completed, condemning Hitchcock's first directorial attempt, a comedy entitled Number 13 (aka 'Mrs Peabody'), to the back-burner, never to be completed. Hitchcock was to gain other credits on films produced by the Lasky studio before they closed, including assistant director and writer on the Graham Cutts film Woman to Woman (1923).
After his initiation at Lasky, Hitchcock was hired by Gainsborough Pictures in Islington, London, honing his trade and craft under the auspices of founder and legendary producer Michael Balcon. Balcon, heavily influenced by German film practices, encouraged the young Hitchcock to study their methods and techniques; this education in German cinema proved invaluable to him as he progressed in his career. It was during this tenure that he took on a variety of production roles, acting as designer, script collaborator and assistant director on The White Shadow (1923), The Prude's Fall (1923), The Passionate Adventure (1924) and The Blackguard (1925), broadening and refining his film-making talents.
Eventually, Hitchcock was given the chance to make his full directorial debut with The Pleasure Garden and in the same year directed The Mountain Eagle in Berlin. It was due to Hitchcock's apprenticeship at the Players-Lasky Corporation and the tutelage of Balcon that this 'first' film was so universally accepted as an 'American' movie, even though it was shot entirely in Munich for 50,000 US Dollars. It contained many of what were to become Hitchcock trademarks: in particular his technical appreciation of lighting (especially dramatic lighting, which he learned at Players-Lasky) and his naturally brilliant storytelling and direction.
However, director Graham Cutts managed to convince the studio heads that Hitchcock's works were flops. The Lodger was re-edited without Hitchcock's approval and the other films shelved. It was only down to a shortage of completed films that Hitchcock's films eventually received limited screenings. Suddenly, he became a critical success; Graham Cutts' career meanwhile began to diminish.
Hitchcock's first 15 films were silent films: The Lodger (1926), The Ring (1927) and The Farmer's Wife (1928) were well received by film critics at a time when the film industry in Britain was developing and expanding. But with the arrival of sound technology, the race was on for Britain to produce its own 'talkie' movies...
The 1930s
To many, the 1930s were Hitchcock's finest years, in which he proved the advent of sound in film could complement the image without losing any of the style. When Hitchcock filmed Blackmail (1929) – now acknowledged as Britain's first full-length 'talkie' - Hitchcock was considered the country's favourite film director. The film began as a silent picture, but slowly some scenes were reshot to incorporate sound. One particular scene stands out, in which a girl who has just knifed to death a man who was attempting to rape her is sitting in her family kitchen. The news of the murder has already spread through the neighbourhood and one local gossip, discussing the incident, keeps using the word 'knife'. As the camera locks on the girl's face, the gossip's voice becomes indistinct - except for the word 'knife', which seems to be shouted and sets the girl on edge.
Successful though this early use of sound was, the film still worked well enough without the dialogue - Hitch's experience with silent movies had already taught him how to use images and montage to tell a story.
Hitch's next film, Murder! overcame another sound problem in an inventive if cumbersome way. For a scene where the would-be detective discusses the case, the accompanying music was actually played live by an orchestra just out of shot. A subtle comedy, Murder! is now a film that many would consider horrifically racist but back then merely reflected the opinions of the time.
During this time, Hitchcock directed such outstanding films as The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), Sabotage (1936), and The Lady Vanishes (1938), all of which were suspense films that placed ordinary people in life-or-death situations, often being chased by the authorities as well as the villains. It was in these movies where Hitchcock began to impress not just the film-making community, but more importantly, his audience. Hitchcock was fast becoming critically acclaimed and, as an ambassador of British film-making, was viewed by many as more imaginative and proficient than any Hollywood or European contemporary.
By the time Hitchcock shot The 39 Steps (1935) he was an admired and prominent figure in British film culture, so much so that a newspaper report on the premiere of The 39 Steps affectionately referred to him as 'the Buddha of British films'. He went on to film other less well received films with Young and Innocent (1937) effectively a remake of The 39 Steps, and Jamaica Inn (1939) propping up the end of the 1930s Hitchcock career, and the end of his film-making career in Britain.
The 1940s and '50s - Hollywood
Although fertile creatively, Hitchcock was becoming more and more disillusioned with the financial failures of filming in Britain. Films were produced inefficiently, and many studios were forced to shut down, and it was at this point Hitchcock turned his attentions to the more lucrative shores of tinseltown, Hollywood. Initially facing endless closed doors, Hitchcock eventually came across the producer David O. Selznick, with whom he signed a four picture deal on 14 July, 1938. So began his Hollywood career, a move that coincidentally removed Hitchcock from Britain for the duration of World War II.
His first American picture, Rebecca (1940), was his only film to receive an Oscar for Best Picture. However, Hitchcock didn't get the accolade - according to the rules of the Academy, the Best Picture award goes to the Producer (in this case, Selznick), so Hitchcock missed out on what could have been his first and only Academy Award. That wasn't the only thing that caused problems between Hitchcock and Selznick however. Selznick was really only interested in completing Gone With The Wind (1939) at the time, and so spent almost no time on the production of Rebecca.
He did, however, impose a strict 'no rewrite' rule on Hitchcock - Hitchcock's first script had included many passages that were not in Daphne Du Maurier's novel, whereas Selznick had wanted a slavish adaptation. Having been effectively his own boss for almost two decades, Hitchcock suddenly became the employee. Unlike in Britain where the director was king, the power of the studios in Hollywood put the producers in charge, and Selznick was one of the most domineering and controlling, brought up in an industry where screenwriters and directors were interchangeable technicians. Unable to effectively stamp his authority on the script, he filmed it shot for shot as Selznick wanted, leaving little room to manoeuvre in the edit and immediately creating friction in his relationship with Selznick.
Hitchcock's Bag of Tricks
Hitchcock often said that he planned and storyboarded his films so thoroughly that by the time it came for him to shoot the thing he'd grown bored with it; all he'd be doing is remaking the film he already had in his head. As a consequence, many of his films centred around a gimmick or trick.
Location, Location, Location
Lifeboat (1943) is set entirely within the confines of a lifeboat from a torpedoed ship, adrift in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Such a small location increases the tension in an already fraught situation, which is then made even worse when it's discovered that one of the survivors has come from the German U-boat that sank their ship...
Rope – Hitchcock's first colour movie – was an experiment in shooting a film that looked like it was one long, continuous shot, just like a filmed stage drama. He used techniques such as moving the camera behind someone's back or behind an object before the reel ran out, getting everyone to hold their positions, reloading the camera and moving the camera out from behind the actor or object. Edited together it appears as if the camera had simply moved behind someone or something and passed out the other side. Rope, in essence, is a series of eight ten-minute takes tied together at the ends to look like one continuous take.
Dial M for Murder (1954) tapped into the fad for 3D on its first release, with one particularly memorable shot involving Grace Kelly's hand reaching out into the audience as she fends off her would-be strangler. Spellbound played with psychotherapy and featured a dream sequence utilising designs by Salvadore Dali. Hitchcock even predicted a future trend by remaking one of his own movies before anyone else could - The Man Who Knew Too Much - which in 1956 was remade in colour starring James Stewart and Doris Day (the film also included a near-shot-for-shot remount of the climactic scene in the Albert Hall from the original).
Hitchcock has been described as having a 'bottomless bag of tricks' he used to dip into when he felt a film needed more than just plot and story suspense. In many of Hitchcock's first films, the idea that a camera could move was still a concept. Much of the equipment easily available in contemporary film-making wasn't as readily available then, and in many cases not at all. What were available were often bulky, heavy and cumbersome, requiring many hands to enable successful use; hence a lot of Hitchcock's early films had little camera movement.
However, as Hitchcock progressed, so did technology and his keen eye for the manipulation of it. Hitchcock, wise to the use of a moving camera to heighten the fear he affected in his audience, increasingly utilised movement until eventually the camera was almost permanently on the go. Movement became the staple for Hitchcock's heightened suspense, used to great effect in Vertigo . In this film he pioneered the use of the 'zoom in, track out' camera trick more commonly known today as the 'Trombone' shot, or the 'Contra Zoom'1.
There's also Hitchcock's masterful use of camera positioning, and he would often move it to a location offering unorthodox (for his time) views, such as Point Of View (POV) shots, where the camera takes the place a character, and overhead shots – often for heightened perspective, such as above a spiral staircase looking straight down (a Hitchcock favourite) or over the side of a building. Hitchcock often made use of the tracking shot and POV shot combined, allowing an audience to experience a personal view of the character's world. This is something Hitchcock has been quoted describing as 'pure cinema'.
An example of this is in The Birds (1963), when Melanie Daniels delivers the Love Birds. As the rowing boat approaches the house, Hitchcock shows her point of view as the camera tracks and cuts to her looking across to it. Hitchcock doesn't use any music in The Birds either, instead playing with natural sounds, (eg birds, water and ambience), allowing the audience to experience their personal view of the story. As an audience we become more involved with her story and also Hitch's victims, identifying with the character, her desire and excitement.
Playing with light and light effects was another trademark of Hitchcock. One notable moment was when he illuminated a glass of milk carried upstairs by Cary Grant's character Johnnie in Suspicion (1941) to make the glass appear more sinister. In Psycho, Hitchcock used chocolate syrup as a substitute for blood in the infamous shower scene with Janet Leigh.
The 'McGuffin'
One of the storytelling tricks Hitchcock introduced was the concept of 'The McGuffin'. Popular legend has it that a 'McGuffin' was originally the point of an old shaggy dog story. For Hitchcock, it meant an excuse to get the plot moving. There was often a box, a bag, a secret formula, an unrevealed secret of an undefined nature, or, in a couple of instances, just a rumour that was chased, carried or hidden by the characters until such time as the film had gathered enough momentum that the 'red herring' could be dropped from the storyline and the action continued without the audience caring that the 'snipe' or 'wild goose' had withered into thin air. In the case of Psycho, there are perhaps three McGuffins present in the film: the embezzled funds; the search for the missing sister; and the mother.
However, Hitchcock didn't use the McGuffin in every film. Hitchcock often constrained himself to 'one location' films - Lifeboat (1944), Rope (1948), Rear Window (1954) - to challenge himself, making use of his camera trickery, photographic effects and clever editing to keep the film moving and the audience trembling in their seats. Today the idea of a 'one location' shoot has more to do with budget constraints than creative wizardry, but this pioneering Hitchcockian restraint on production is a quick way to learn the ropes for any aspiring young director and film-maker.
Hitchcock and the Censors
Hitchcock also constantly walked a wire with the ever present censors, most notably in Psycho (1960) with the 'almost' full nude of Janet Leigh (playing the character Marion Crane) in a long take in the shower. This was made more graphic simply by the violent nature of her death, stabbed repeatedly by 'Mrs Bates'. In Notorious (1946), Hitchcock circumvented the restrictive Hayes Code of Conduct regulating taste and decency in film productions by getting Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman to repeat a series of short kisses instead of one long one. This overcame the 'two-second rule' for on-screen kissing, but was an obvious attempt to break the rules without the scene being cut. According to Hitchcock, both the actors found the scene awkward to film, which needed several long takes and complicated blocking to produce. Frenzy (1972) was the first Hitchcock film to contain 'proper' nude scenes; however, both actresses (Barbara Leigh-Hunt and Anna Massey) had stand-ins for their nude scenes.
Hitchcock's Work Ethic
Hitchcock was very much the perfectionist. He didn't make or shoot films, but spent agonising hours creating them, writing down everything on paper frame by frame, working out every shot, every camera movement, every technical issue and actor's repositioning. Once Hitchcock was certain he had it all down on paper and worked out, it was only then he stepped onto the set, the physical aspect of filming a mere matter of going through the motions. This has prevailed today, though very few aspiring directors understand the need for this extensive pre-production period. It didn't always mean painting by numbers though; with the production process being a highly organic practice, even the best-laid plans can come unstuck.
There is a story of Hitchcock saying that he didn't want a musical score for Lifeboat, arguing 'The audience will be wondering where the orchestra are hiding, on this tiny lifeboat'. Apparently, the less-than-patient reply was 'In that case, where's the camera, dummy?'
Hitchcock was also a very shrewd businessman and knew the power of advertising. The fact that he gave himself a cameo (which functioned as a stamp or signature as well as hint at his dry sense of humour) in nearly all his films, and the complete control he had over their advertising was incredible. A good example is the poster for The Birds (1963) as he stands in the left side margin bigger than the picture of the actress2. In Psycho, he also ordered all the cinemas not to allow people into the theatre if the film had already started3. By ensuring everything was prepared well in advance, Hitchcock not only streamlined the production process and sped up the filming of a project, he also saved the studios money, which, lets face it, is what studios like – film is a business like any other, after all.
The Final Curtain
His last film The Short Night was never produced, and was really just an excuse for Hitchcock to pretend he was still working, even though his failing health and his wife Alma's bedridden state due to a stroke suggested to the contrary. He was too ill to travel, let alone work on location, and Hitchcock's fixation on including a highly graphic rape scene in the script sealed its fate; his friend and regular scriptwriter Ernest Lehman lost interest in the project, realising he could no longer pretend it would ever see the silver screen.
Reluctantly, Hitchcock closed his office and retired. It was then the American Film Institute decided to award Hitchcock the Lifetime Achievement Award . He saw the occasion as a preliminary to his obituary, and delayed involvement in the arrangements. When Alma saw a newspaper article stating she was not expected to be present at the ceremony she defied the critics and attended, sitting at her husband's side alongside the likes of Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman, who acted as the mistress of ceremonies for the evening.
Though wheelchair-bound and looking very ill, Hitchcock stood to give a witty and charming speech to the assembled crowd, all of whom he had worked with in one form or other. He dedicated his award to 'four people: a film editor, a script writer, the mother of my daughter and a talented cook. And their names are...' he revealed, 'Alma Reville', his wife of over 50 years. He further explained 'without whom I probably would have ended up at this banquet as one of the slower moving waiters'.
In 1980 Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was knighted; on the morning of 29 April the same year, he died peacefully in his sleep.
Regular Collaborators
Alma Reville/Hitchcock
The 1920s were also a defining decade in Hitchcock's personal life. While working at the Lasky studios he met the red-headed young editor and continuity supervisor Alma Reville. He was shy with her at first, but when he was given the role of assistant director on Woman to Woman Hitchcock asked her to edit the film, and so began a romance that was to become a lifetime affair. Alma eventually became Alfred's wife4,long-time collaborator, and mother of their only child Patricia Hitchcock (who appeared in three of Hitchcock's movies - Stage Fright, Strangers on a Train and Psycho).
She was Alfred Hitchcock's closest collaborator. She contributed to all of her husband's films, often uncredited. She would be shown stories, scripts, storyboards and all elements through the final edit. Other collaborators have stated that the greatest compliment that Hitchcock would give was to say 'Alma loved it'.
Cary Grant
The embodiment of Hollywood's old-style charm, Grant's acting was subtle, stylish and easygoing. With Hitchcock, he became known for playing characters with something to hide - appearing in Suspicion, Notorious, To Catch A Thief and North by Northwest. He died in 1986, after 20 years of retirement.
Ingrid Bergman
A star in Sweden, Bergman was tempted to Hollywood in 1938. She starred in three of Hitchcock's movies between 1945 and 1949 (Spellbound, Notorious and Under Capricorn), and died on her 67th birthday in 1982.
James Stewart
A star of World War II as well as the movies, Stewart had been decorated with four medals and seven battle stars and appeared in four of Hitchcock's greatest movies: Rope, Rear Window, The Man Who Knew Too Much and Vertigo. Due to his enthusiasm for the script of Rear Window, he took a percentage of the gross instead of a fee. He died in 1997.
Grace Kelly
A former model and stage actress, Kelly starred in three consecutive hits for Hitchcock (Dial M For Murder, Rear Window and To Catch A Thief), who exploited her smouldering charm to best effect. In 1956 she became better known as Princess Grace of Monaco when she married Prince Rainier. She died in a car accident in 1982.
Bernard Herrmann
Bernard Herrmann, Hitchcock's most prolific composer, producing nine scores, including Psycho and Vertigo. Many people have tried to explain in words the sound created by Hermann for the infamous stabbing scene in Psycho, with varying amounts of success and failure, but to this day it is still a very disturbing sound. Juxtaposed with the grim visuals, it's pretty obvious why this is one of the most famous and parodied scenes in cinema history.
Herrmann was producing scores well before hooking up with the Master of Suspense, including writing scores for some of Orson Welles's radio shows, most notably on the notorious 1938 War of the Worlds, a Halloween prank broadcast that sent people across the USA into a state of panic convinced they were being invaded by Martians. The Hitchcock-Herrmann partnership came to an end when Hitchcock rejected his score for Torn Curtain. Herrmann's version can still be heard on the DVD.
Robert Burks
Robert Burks was a cinematographer credited with most of Hitchcock's films in the 50s and 60s, including North By Northwest and The Birds. Burks began his life as a special effects expert for Warner Bros until becoming a Director of Photography there, later moving to Paramount. He won an Oscar for his work on To Catch a Thief, and was nominated for four others, two of which were Hitchcock films; Strangers on a Train and Rear Window.
Edith Head
Edith Head, a Costume Designer attributed to many of Hitchcock's films is the most honoured, prolific costume designer and woman in Academy Award history, with 34 Oscar nominations and eight awards. Edith has over 450 film credits to her name, and the Costume Dept building on the Paramount lot is named after her. | https://fordprefect.h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2984051 |
Alfred Hitchcock started his career in the silent era. An important part of the director’s visual artistry was learning, film after film, how to tell a story with nuance without using dialogue. One of the great strengths of his career when the industry transitioned into “talkies” was just that. Though he often had great scripts to work with, Hitchcock is the master of suspense because of his keen ability to reveal plot, character, and motifs through images alone. His storytelling heightened when Technicolor came about because his use of color direction was superb. Relaying the interior motives and psychology of his characters using specific color schemes. What is needless to say is that Hitchcock left an invaluable mark on the history of cinema. With all-time classics like Rear Window, Psycho and Vertigo, Hitchcock will always be remembered as one of the greats. The master of suspense left behind a filmography that acts as a “how-to” for any director who wants to make a thriller.
10 Frenzy
A freewheeling dervish into the streets of London, Frenzy has the bleakest sense of humor of Hitchcock’s latest films. Well into the backend of his career, Hitchcock abandoned the tight craftsmanship he became known for having. Following a “wrong man, wrong place” plot familiar with the auteur’s filmography, a serial killer that uses a necktie is running rampant. The murders are brutal, while the attempts to get rid of the body by the killer have a sick sense of humor, while the police procedural scenes have a sense of biting satire. With actor Jon Finch in the center, delivering a deliriously impassioned performance as the man who must clear his name.
9 Marnie
A taut psychological thriller with an incredibly menacing atmosphere that lingers throughout. Starring Sean Connery as a wealthy man who uses his power and devious charm to lure a kleptomaniac played by Tippi Hedren into his grasp. The film doesn’t have much of a plot but is instead shrouded in the mystery of Hedren’s character, her origins, and how Connery attempts to use his sick sense of love to confront her demons. Filled with a dread that culminates into one of Hitchcock’s most brutal finales, Marnie is as twisted as it gets for the master of suspense.
8 The Birds
At times hilariously goofy, romantic, and most of all, terrifying. The Birds will stand the test of time despite the clunk of its special effects because of how convincingly terrifying the attacks become. Hitchcock is a director who was known for his bluntness and brutality but no director of his stature was willing to put every character in danger, including school children, like Hitchcock was. The Birds is a testament to horror films and the iconic performance from the legend, Tippi Hedren.
7 To Catch A Thief
A beautiful travelogue through the French Riviera in gorgeous Technicolor that Hitchcock continued to shoot in, To Catch A Thief is a film that coasts by on the strength of its directors’ visual style while finding a balance with the charisma of its stars. Cary Grant plays a retired master who must catch a new copycat cat burglar to clear his name. The night scenes, shot in a menacing green-tinged hue, provoke a sense of mystery throughout, never knowing who Grant’s thief can trust. To Catch A Thief is a masterclass of visual splendor and immaculate design.
6 Strangers On A Train
It’s not always the mystery that makes a thriller memorable, often it’s the ingenuity and brilliant mind of a twisted individual at the center of the film’s conflict that gives the audience a great villain to hate. Such is the case for Strangers On a Train. Robert Walker plays the psycho in question who lures a professional tennis star played by Farley Granger into a sophisticated set-up about how they can get away with murder. However, it starts to dawn on Granger’s tennis star that Walker is scheming to implement the plan to murder. The plot leads up to one of the great climaxes in Hitchcock’s oeuvre. Strangers is a showcase of Hitchcock’s talents because he takes a bare-bones set-up and elevates it.
5 Rope
Hitchcock was always refining his visual style, finding new ways to establish key motifs, themes, and character insights to be revealed later as plot details. In his 1948 feature, Rope Alfred Hitchcock wondered if he could do the same, but with one shot—and he could! Crafting a murder mystery to look like one running shot before it was fashionable, Hitchcock did what, at the time, seemed impossible. With the charming and cunning wit of his reliable leading man Jimmy Stewart at the center, Rope is the culmination of innovative style and tangible boiling pot tension.
4 Psycho
Another set-piece from the master of suspense that will remain in the memory of film lovers forever is the infamous shower scene. But, not only was that scene groundbreaking for its depiction of murder, the number of scene cuts in a short period but for the killing off of whom we thought the main character would be in the first 20 minutes. Hitchcock was at his most innovative with Psycho, and he gave us the ultimate evil momma’s boy in “Norman Bates.” Played with a subtle naivety that transformed into psychopathy by Norman Bates. Psycho is one of the great slashers of all time.
3 Vertigo
A director whose color palette and direction were unparalleled, flexed an even richer tapestry in his psychological mystery Vertigo. With his Everyman muse James Stewart traversing the streets of San Francisco, Hitchcock took his work to dizzying and newfound depths. As Stewart attempts to solve the case of the mystery woman, played with an intimate delicacy by Kim Novak, the two go on an unforgettable, ghost-like journey of identity, fear, and love.
2 North by Northwest
The most absurdly fun and entreating picture Alfred Hitchcock ever made, North by Northwest, is a non-stop ride of close-calls, whodunits, and expertly designed set-pieces. With two of the most famous scenes in the history of cinema happening a near 30 minutes apart. The crop-duster close call and then the chase atop Mount Rushmore, one of the ultimate bad guy hangouts. Hitchcock relied on the always reliable and cool Cary Grant to face off against the suave villainy of James Mason as Grant has to get himself out of false murder accusations. A path that leads him down a dangerous road but done in the style that only the master himself could direct.
1 Rear Window
The sense of mystery Hitchcock can create on a controlled set is an ode to his power as a visual storyteller. A film full of misleads, false epiphanies, and gestures that suggest the violence happening in this small block all create one of the great thrillers ever made. All told from the vantage point of James Stewart as the injured reporter through his camera. Rear Window became the ultimate text of voyeurism. Using the camera to peek into a world we don’t fully understand, projecting our meaning onto the cuts and objects Hitchcock shows us. It’s the pinnacle of Hitchcock’s camera prowess and the power of suggestion.
The new Captain American wants to take on another popular franchise by appearing as Panthro in a future Thundercats movie. | https://apjatinews.com/blog/959/10-best-alfred-hitchcock-films-ranked/ |
Today would have been Alfred Hitchcock’s 114th birthday, and it’s only right that we honor the Master of Suspense with a quick look at some of his lesser known films. The director is obviously famous for classics like Psycho, Vertigo (recently overtaking Citizen Kane as the best film of all time in Sight & Sound’s 2012 poll), North By Northwest, and The Birds, but he’s also responsible for popularizing some of cinema’s greatest storytelling devices, most notably the MacGuffin. Are you familiar with the dolly zoom? Yep, that was Hitch’s handiwork as well, used for iconic shots in Vertigo.
But while you’ve likely seen most of his classics (and if you haven’t, definitely do yourself a favor and check them out), I wanted to take a look at what I consider to be three underrated Hitchcock movies in his filmography.
Rope (1948)
Discussed in film classes and not many other places these days, Rope is best known for Hitchcock’s stylistic choice of shooting as much of it as possible in long continuous shots. In doing this, the director created the effect of seeing the action play out in real time, even though he had to cut on a few occasions because technology wasn’t advanced enough to shoot the entire film in one take. James Stewart gives a solid performance as a professor who discovers some of his former students have tried to commit the perfect murder, and the film is a great example of Hitch’s talents, especially his patience and knowledge of the perfect times to dole out just the right amount of information.
Rebecca (1940)
This is Hitchcock’s first American film, and counts as one of the five times he was nominated for Best Director at the Academy Awards. (If the fact that he never won doesn’t make you think twice about the relevance of the Oscars, I don’t know what will.) Based on Daphne du Maurier’s gothic novel about a young woman swept away in a romance with a wealthy widower. But things don’t go quite as she hopes, and the specter of her husband’s dead wife hangs over their lives and corrupts every aspect of her existence. In typical Hitchcock fashion, there’s also a murder mystery element at play here, and even though this film actually won the Oscar for Best Picture (which should mean it’s not underrated at all), I almost never hear people talk about this film when they mention the director’s work. It’s worth checking out if you’re in the mood for a dark, brooding, character study. Watch out for Mrs. Danvers, though…
Shadow of a Doubt (1943)
If you saw and enjoyed this year’s Stoker from director Park Chan-wook, then you absolutely need to seek out Hitchcock’s Shadow of a Doubt. Stoker drew heavily from the niece/uncle relationship that plays out in this film, and the setup of whether or not young Charlie’s uncle is actually a serial killer (and what happens when that information is revealed) is the primary source of suspense in this Hitch joint. Like many of the director’s films, it’s a great psychological examination of stretching the limits of humanity. How far would you go to protect a member of your own family? Hitch can’t know the answer to that question for all of us, but he can (and did) provide a captivating situation for us to watch here so we could try to answer it for ourselves.
What are some of your favorite underrated Alfred Hitchcock movies? Let us know in the comments below. | http://geeknation.com/happy-birthday-hitch-3-underrated-alfred-hitchcock-films/ |
This is a film, which received favorable reviews at the time that it was produced in 1959 by Alfred Hitchcock using VistaVision , starring Cary Grant, Eva Marie Saint and James Mason. It’s a suspenseful, spy thriller that has an innocent man is wrongfully accused of crimes who then becomes an everyday hero, and that has many elements commonly seen in Hitchcock films. This paper will address some of these themes, character usage and filming techniques which enhance the film to make North by Northwest the masterpiece that it is. Some of the common elements we see are the usage of phobias, the usage of clothing to shape our perception of characters, an untrustworthy female, and a dysfunctional mother-son relationship. All of these elements can be seen in other Hitchcock films such as Psycho or Vertigo, so that will also be addressed in this paper. In addition to this, it will look at the way certain aspects of the film were shot, including a specific scene (the famous crop-dusting plane scene) and the scenes where famous American sites are filmed. The paper will talk about all these elements that come together to make the film so excellent.
Author Archives: Alex
The Bridge (1984)
Victor Burgin’s The Bridge was made in 1984 it is a painting featuring the Golden Gate Bridge and a dead/dying girl. It references Sir John Everett Millais’ Ophelia but more importantly for this course, Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo. The Bridge is a painting that resembles the scene where Madeleine tries to kill herself by the Golden Gate Bridge. We also see the resemblance of Madeleine in the water to the girl in the painting.
Vertigo
Alfred Hitchcock’s film Vertigo is ranked number one on the list of the “50 Greatest Films of All Time,” as I believe it deserves to be. Hitchcock planned the entire film out, making very intentional decisions about how to put the movie together. Overall, from the opening credits to the closing, the film was affective. The camera shots are well put together, especially the ones that portray Scottie’s acrophobia to the audience. Just as we are made to feel and understand Scottie’s fear of heights, we also feel uncomfortable like Judy when Scottie is changing her. In addition to the good camera technique and making the audience connect to the characters, the storyline, while somewhat slow at times, I found to be very intriguing. I didn’t expect many of the events that took place throughout the movie, which kept me alert and eager to find out how the movie was going to conclude. Lastly, the film is still enjoyable after a second viewing, because you can pick up on cinematographic and plot details that you originally missed, making you understand even more why Vertigo has received so much praise.
Shadow of a Doubt
In Shadow of Doubt, there is evidence of the Electra Complex, which is basically the female version of Freud’s Oedipus Complex, between Charlie and Uncle Charlie. At the very beginning of the film, Charlie and Uncle Charlie are introduced together lying in there beds in Santa Rosa and Philadelphia respectively, which can be read that they are lying in bed together. It is also implied that they are thinking of each other (Charlie is thinking of her Uncle and decides to send him a telegram and the uncle decides to go visit the family in Santa Rosa), suggesting an incestuous relationship.
Charlie always talks about how similar they are and says that her and her uncle are like twins, indicating that their closeness is odd which adds to the audience’s discomfort viewing this relationship. In addition to this, Uncle Charlie gives Charlie a ring and places it on her hand in a way that the audience can’t help but think of as a wedding or engagement ring. As said in A Hitchcock Reader, in James McLaughlin’s “All in the Family,” Charlie emphasizes that her Uncle “heard” her and that there was a type of mental telepathy between the two (147). Lastly, throughout the film the two characters always seem to be touching, again adding to the sense of an incestuous relationship.
McLaughlin, James. “All in the Family: Alfred Hitchcock’s Shadow of a Doubt.” A Hitchcock Reader, 145-155. 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing, 2009. | http://hitchcock.umwblogs.org/author/apiercy/ |
He captured love, loss, and all the things that go bump in the night. But who is the man behind the music of America’s favorite classic films?
Bernard Herrmann was born in New York City in 1911 to immigrant parents. He began playing the violin and later studied composition at Juilliard with colleagues such as Aaron Copland. He began conducting for CBS Symphony and the London Symphony and composing, and much of his work was featured on the radio and in major concert halls. Herrmann was particularly well known for his unusual programming and strange orchestration in his film and radio scores as he had a penchant for new compositional technique.
Bernard Herrmann is best known for his film scores, especially in his collaboration with Alfred Hitchcock. Most of his cues fall into the categories of love and suspense cues, highlighted in his work with Hitchcock. Herrmann’s love cues are beautiful, soaring melodies characterized by subtle, slow harmonic changes building tension to an explosion of passion in the resolution. An example of this tension and release model is found in his cue “Scene d’Amour” of the film Vertigo. This piece is filled with progressions ascending by half step, keeping the viewer enraptured in the turmoil of unrequited love.
This unrequited love is further foreshadowed by unrequited cadence, never entirely giving the listener or the lovers a sense of closure. Herrmann demonstrates the obsessive nature of John “Scottie” Ferguson in his usage of repeated melodic figures. His “Scene d’Amour” is also reminiscent of the famous “Liebestod” from Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde, a tale of star-crossed lovers. This allusion captures Scottie’s unrequited love and loss of Madeleine and his eventual (spoiler alert!) loss of Judy to the same fate.
On a more thrilling note, Bernard Herrmann composed brilliant suspense cues, keeping audience members and performers on the edge of their seats for decades. The most famous suspense cue of his is the shower scene from Hitchcock’s well known film Psycho. Originally in pre-production, this scene was not slated to have music but after the film’s premiere, Hitchcock admitted that the much of the suspense of film was enhanced by the music. The shower cue begins in the high-pitched stratosphere of the first violins and progresses through the rest of the members of the string orchestra. As the screechy, dissonant harmony grows, so does the audience’s horror as the screams of the violins are echoed by Marion, meeting her watery demise.
In his life, Bernard Herrmann composed over 50 scores for major films, radio dramas, and concert works. He died in 1976, three hours after completing his final cue for Martin Scorsese’s Taxi Driver. To hear excerpts of Vertigo, Psycho, Taxi Driver and more, please join Empire Film Music Ensemble on Monday, January 29, at 8 PM in Kilbourn Hall at the Eastman School of Music for The Music of Bernard Herrmann.
Claire Caverly is a member of the Empire Film Music Ensemble (EFME). In addition to their Bernard Herrmann program, they will appear on WXXI Classical 91.5's Backstage Pass this week and perform at The Little Theatre Cafe on February 3rd before the screening of the film music documentary SCORE. | http://classical915.org/post/bernard-herrmann-man-who-wrote-so-much |
Throughout his career, Alfred Hitchcock directed 55 feature films, along with numerous shorts and documentaries. That’s not a bad haul, nor a bad legacy to leave behind to the world. Having said that, even the most ardent film fan couldn’t possibly name you half of his films in total. In fact, if you look at his filmography starting from the beginning, it would take you seventeen films before arriving at 1935’s THE 39 STEPS, really the first film, chronologically, that still enjoys discussion to this day. I’m not picking on Hitchcock, though – this is more just a reminder of the reality. Not a single director has a flawless track record when it comes to output (and if the names Christopher Nolan or Quentin Tarantino just flashed in your mind as a challenge to that, I’m laughing at you). But by now, Hitchcock has reached legendary status, and not just from the strong crop of films he left behind: there’s his larger than life persona as a morbid spokesman for his work; there’s his reputation for being a hard-nosed director unwilling to compromise his vision; and there’s also his penchant for victimizing his cast for reasons both professional and personal. Because of his infamy, he’s achieved mythic status, and as such, we assume everything he touched shocked audiences, changed cinema, and left an indelible mark. Not quite.
It makes sense then, when it came time to debut some of Hitchcock’s films in the 4K UHD format, that Universal would choose four of the director’s most infamous fright and suspense flicks: REAR WINDOW, VERTIGO, PSYCHO, and THE BIRDS. If you asked that same film fan from before to name ten Hitchcock films, undoubtedly these four titles would be among them. They are sacrosanct, legendary, backbones of their respective genres, and sterling examples of a director fully in control of his talents and resources. And they are the perfect titles to introduce on the newest home video format.
REAR WINDOW (1954)
Photographer L.B. “Jeff” Jefferies (James Stewart) is in the midst of recuperating from a broken ankle and is confined to a wheelchair in his apartment. Sheer boredom leads him to watching his neighbors across his apartment complex’s shared courtyard, keeping up to date on the various comings, goings, and personal dramas unfolding in everyone’s tiny homes. It’s through this passive observing that L.B. begins to suspect that one particular neighbor across the way may have murdered his wife. With the assistance of his “girlfriend” Lisa (Grace Kelly), who L.B. uses as a mobile quasi-avatar, they investigate to see if L.B. really does live across the courtyard from a murderer.
Like the other films in this set, REAR WINDOW would inadvertently create an oft visited trope in genre cinema going forward, either through presentation or in conception – in this case, the idea of the voyeur, and of large open windows serving as movie screens that depict the actions of those inside their own bubble, generally unaware of their being watched…or sometimes being complicit in their “performances.” John Carpenter would riff on this concept with a clever reversal in his 1980 television movie SOMEONE’S WATCHING ME! with Lauren Hutton and soon to be wife/ex-wife Adrienne Barbeau. Australian filmmaker Richard Franklin, who would eventually helm the extremely undervalued PSYCHO II, would make a road-set homage with ROAD GAMES , with Stacy Keach alongside a post-HALLOWEEN Jamie Lee Curtis (daughter of PSYCHO’s Janet Leigh). Finally, following his accident that left him paralyzed and wheelchair-bound, Christopher Reeve would produce and star in a REAR WINDOW remake in the late ‘90s for ABC, with Daryl Hannah taking on the Grace Kelly role of the adventurous troublemaker. It was…fine. Also like the other films in this set, REAR WINDOW is one of many Hitchcock films that sees a pretty blonde girl (Hitch’s fave) really going above and beyond to make an impotent or uninterested man commit to her beyond mere petty flirtations and casual trysts. With L.B. prone and imprisoned in his wheelchair, he’s powerless to stop Lisa as she decides to take full control of the situation and break into the suspected murderer’s apartment in order to validate L.B.’s beliefs – and this after the film opens with Lisa basically nagging L.B. to marry her, which he declines with reasoning that makes the very concept sound entirely objectionable despite the fact that he’s twenty years older, has the physique of a snapped rubber band, and he’d be incredibly lucky to have her.
VERTIGO (1958)
A near-death experience leaves former police detective John Ferguson (a returning Stewart) with acrophobia, a debilitating fear of heights, and very retired. An old acquittance, Gavin Elster (Tom Helmore), hires him out of the blue to follow his wife, Madeleine (Kim Novak), who believes that she’s the reincarnation of another deceased woman named Carlotta. Being we’re in Hitchcock territory, after Ferguson begins his reconnaissance, it doesn’t take long for him to discover, whether or not Elster’s beliefs have any merit, that he’s definitely not on a routine job. And he couldn’t possibly have anticipated how obsessed with Madeleine he would become.
At 130 minutes, VERTIGO is one of Hitchcock’s longer features, and most of that running time is filled with heavy exposition and twisting/turning developments that, at times, feel almost more appropriate for a James Bond caper mixed with brooding noir. Hitchcock once again reigns over his use of cinematography to deeply unsettle his audience, using camera tricks and extreme points of view to take away our balance and feeling of stability. The opening scene has Stewart’s Ferguson hanging for dear life from the top of a very tall building as the gutter he’s grasping slowly tears off the wall, and as a nearby officer reaches down to help him, the poor schlub slips and plummets to his death – in just one sequence, both Ferguson and the audience confront the ultimate fear: not just impending death, but our front-row view of our only salvation being whisked away. (On UHD, VERTIGO’s very first shot and opening credits sequence alone will assure the most persnickety of cinephiles that Universal’s new presentations of these titles are in extremely capable hands.)
PSYCHO (1960)
Poor Marion Crane (Janet Leigh) steals a bunch of cash in hopes of buying the domestic freedom of her secret beau, Sam (John Gavin), and blows town. After stopping at a desolate roadside motel, she leaves the worst Yelp review in Bates Motel history, causing perfectionist Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins) to respond in…let’s call it an exaggerated manner.
Look, no one needs the plot breakdown of PSYCHO; considering it’s widely considered Hitchcock’s crowning achievement as a director (these things are subject to opinion, of course, but… it is), PSYCHO is a masterclass in filmmaking in just about every way – from expert casting (Martin Balsam!) to maximizing low budget filmmaking (the crew was almost entirely comprised of ALFRED HITCHCOCK PRESENTS personnel) to wrenching tension out of every scene through the use of slow-moving cinematography and off-putting angles. PSYCHO should be taught in film classes exclusively for its use of the camera. There’s the slow opening push into Marion and Sam’s hotel room window (which, while possibly borrowed from 1955’s DEMENTIA aka DAUGHTER OF HORROR, is still expertly crafted), and obviously there’s also that whole shower-scene thing, but my favorite shot comes as the camera slowly pushes in on Norman standing by the side of the swamp and listening in the dark as Sam calls out for him back at the motel. It’s chilling and perfectly engineered. Honestly, I could go on and on about the 1960 classic that inspired four sequels, a (failed) television show, a remake, another successful television show, the next generation of filmmakers (Brian De Palma, John Carpenter, Richard Franklin, Brad Anderson), and a perpetual mark on the genre, not to mention the permanent ruination of the sense of security one feels while taking a shower in a motel room…but we all know this already. Adapted from the novel of the same name by Robert Bloch, Hitchcock and screenwriter Joseph Stefano improve the well written source material in every way. Stefano’s screenplay changes Norman Bates from a monstrous killer to a sympathetic figure, and Hitchcock had the forward-thinking idea of casting someone with charming, boy-next-door features instead of someone who more closely matched the unsightly, stocky, balding, and frustrated virgin present in the novel. Even the shower scene is a complete rebuilding, in which Marion Crane’s demise is limited to a few sentences: “Mary started to scream, and then the curtains parted further and a hand appeared, holding a butcher’s knife. It was the knife that, a moment later, cut off her scream. And her head.”
THE BIRDS (1963)
Loosely based on the 1952 short story by Daphne Du Maurier, Hitchcock’s adaption depicts a world being overtaken by angry hordes of birds, atypically flocking together in every species to wage an unexplained revenge against mankind – presumably for being the earth-raping assholes we always are. One of many folks caught in the swarm are Melanie (Tippi Hedren), who’s attempting to charm her way into the life of Mitch (Rod Taylor), who lives in an isolated coastal home. The attacks from the bloodthirsty birds increasingly mount until they find themselves trapped in Rod’s house and fending off the birds that manage to find their way in. Who will survive, and what will be pecked from them?
Truth be told, and in spite of its (deserved) reputation, THE BIRDS is a mixed bag. As a youngin’ obsessed with JAWS and all the animals-run-amok films that it introduced me to, I used to consider THE BIRDS my favorite Hitchcock film, but later viewings re-introduced me to a kind of silly film that’s actually at its best when the birds aren’t on screen (school playground scene notwithstanding, because that’s the kind of thing Hitchcock did so well). However, once the opticals of marauding flocks are overlain into the sky and birds both real and dummy are being thrown into Tippi Hedren’s face, it all seems pretty nonsensical. It’s also hard to mentally dismiss how much Hitchcock mistreated Hedren on set, which was the stuff of Hollywood legend for years before HBO’s THE GIRL made it mainstream knowledge in the earliest beginnings of the #MeToo movement.
Alfred Hitchcock is part of cinema history, taught in universities and film schools, still the subject of modern documentaries like the PSYCHO-deconstructing 78/52, and conjured in the modern descriptor “Hitchcockian.” The four films included in this collection are the top reasons why. Even if Hitchcock had directed over a hundred films throughout his life, the merits alone of REAR WINDOW, VERTIGO, PSYCHO, and THE BIRDS would’ve been more than enough to secure his legacy. Luckily for us, this is just a taste of things to come as more and more titles from Hitchcock’s filmography across other studios (Warners, for instance, has DIAL M FOR MURDER and STRANGERS ON A TRAIN) make their 4K UHD debut.
The complete list of special features is as follows (and in a rare move, most but not all special features are available on the UHD discs):
- Rear Window Ethics: An Original Documentary
- A Conversation with Screenwriter John Michael Hayes
- Pure Cinema: Through the Eyes of The Master
- Breaking Barriers: The Sound of Hitchcock
- Hitchcock/Truffaut – In 1962, filmmaker François Truffaut, aided by his translator and associate, Helen G. Scott, spent numerous hours interviewing Alfred Hitchcock for his book, Hitchcock. The audio recording of those interviews provides the soundtrack to this montage of film clips and stills, giving audiences a deeper insight into one of Alfred Hitchcock’s masterpieces.
- Masters of Cinema
- Production Photographs
- Theatrical Trailer
- Re-release Trailer Narrated by James Stewart
- Feature Commentary with John Fawell, Author of “Hitchcock’s Rear Window: The Well-Made Film”
- Obsessed with Vertigo: New Life for Hitchcock’s Masterpiece
- Partners In Crime: Hitchcock’s Collaborators
- Saul Bass: Title Champ
- Edith Head: Dressing the Master’s Movies
- Bernard Herrmann: Hitchcock’s Maestro
- Alma: The Master’s Muse
- Foreign Censorship Ending
- Hitchcock/Truffaut – In 1962, filmmaker François Truffaut, aided by his translator and associate, Helen G. Scott, spent numerous hours interviewing Alfred Hitchcock for his book, “Hitchcock.” The audio recording of those interviews provides the soundtrack to this montage of film clips and stills, giving audiences a deeper insight into one of Alfred Hitchcock’s masterpieces.
- Feature Commentary with Film Director William Friedkin
- Theatrical Trailer
- Restoration Theatrical Trailer
- 100 Years of Universal: The Lew Wasserman Era
PSYCHO
- The Making of Psycho
- Psycho Sound
- In The Master’s Shadow: Hitchcock’s Legacy
- Hitchcock/Truffaut – “In 1962, filmmaker François Truffaut, aided by his translator and associate, Helen G. Scott, spent numerous hours interviewing Alfred Hitchcock for his book, “Hitchcock”. The audio recording of those interviews provides the soundtrack to this montage of film clips and stills, giving audiences a deeper insight into one of Alfred Hitchcock’s masterpieces.
- Newsreel Footage: The Release of Psycho
- The Shower Scene: with and without Music
- The Shower Sequence: Storyboards by Saul Bass
- The Psycho Archives
- Posters and Psycho Ads
- Lobby Cards
- Behind-the-Scenes Photographs
- Production Photographs
- Psycho Theatrical Trailers
- Psycho Re-release Trailer
- Feature Commentary with Stephen Rebello, author of “Alfred Hitchcock and The Making of Psycho”
THE BIRDS
- The Birds: Hitchcock’s Monster Movie
- All About The Birds
- Tippi Hedren’s Screen Test
- Deleted Scene
- The Original Ending
- Hitchcock/Truffaut – In 1962, filmmaker François Truffaut, aided by his translator and associate, Helen G. Scott, spent numerous hours interviewing Alfred Hitchcock for his book, “Hitchcock.” Viewers can listen to excerpts from their discussion of The Birds. | http://dailygrindhouse.com/thewire/now-on-4k-uhd-the-alfred-hitchcock-classics-collection/ |
Psycho is a 1960 American psychological horror movie directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, and written by Joseph Stefano, starring Anthony Perkins, Janet Leigh, John Gavin, Vera Miles and Martin Balsam. Take a look below for 30 more interesting and fascinating facts about Psycho.
1. Psycho was based on the 1959 novel of the same name by Robert Bloch.
2. Psycho centers on the encounter between a secretary who ends up at a secluded motel after stealing money from her employer, and the motel’s disturbed owner-manager.
3. Psycho was seen as a departure from Hitchcock’s previous movie “North by Northwest,” having been filmed on a low budget, with a television crew and in black and white.
4. The movie initially received mixed reviews, but outstanding box office returns prompted reconsideration which led to overwhelming critical acclaim and four Academy Award nominations, including Best Supporting Actress for Leigh and Best Director for Hitchcock.
5. Psycho is considered as one of Hitchcock’s best movies and is praised as a major work of cinematic art by international film critics and scholars.
6. Psycho is ranked among the greatest films of all time as it set a new level of acceptability for violence, deviant behavior and sexuality in American movies.
7. Psycho is widely considered to be the earliest example of the slasher film genre.
8. Alfred Hitchcock was so happy with the score written by Bernard Herrmann that he doubled the composer’s salary to $34,501. Hitchcock later said, “33% of the effect of Psycho was due to the music.”
9. On set, Alfred Hitchcock would always refer to Anthony Perkins as “Master Bates.”
10. When the cast and crew began work on the first day, they had to raise their right hands and promise not to divulge one word of the story. Alfred Hitchcock also withheld the ending part of the script from his cast until he needed to shoot it.
11. Alfred Hitchcock bought the rights to the Psycho novel anonymously from Robert Bloch for only $9,000. He then bought up as many copies of the novel as he could to keep the ending a secret.
12. Walt Disney refused to allow Alfred Hitchcock to film at Disneyland in the early 1960s because Hitchcock had made, “that disgusting movie, Psycho.”
13. Paramount gave Hitchcock a very small budget to work with on Psycho, because of their distaste with the source material. They also gave him most of the net profits, thinking the movie would fail. When it became a sleeper hit, Hitchcock made a fortune.
14. The Bates house, though moved from its original location, still resides on Universal’s lot.
15. Psycho is the first American movie ever to show a toilet flushing on screen.
16. The score, composed by Bernard Herrmann, is played entirely by stringed instruments.
17. For a shot right at the water stream, Alfred Hitchcock had a six-foot diameter shower head made up so that the water sprayed past the camera lens.
18. To ensure that the people were in the theaters at the start of the movie, rather than walking in part way through, the studio provided a record to play in the foyer of the theaters.
19. The official trailer for the movie back in 1960 ran on for over 6 minutes and 30 seconds, a feat unheard of in today’s trailers.
20. Psycho was Alfred Hitchcock’s last movie for Paramount. By the time principal photography started, Hitchcock had moved his offices to Universal and the movie was actually shot on Universal’s back lot.
21. After Psycho was released, for years Anthony Perkins refused to talk about the part of Norman Bates, because everyone associated Perkins with the character.
22. Alfred Hitchcock used Hershey’s syrup instead of blood because it showed up better on camera.
23. Psycho was Alfred Hitchcock’s first horror movie.
24. Psycho only cost $800,000 to make and has earned more than $40 million.
25. Psycho was the highest grossing movie of Alfred Hitchcock’s career.
26. While writing the screenplay, Joseph Stefano was in therapy dealing with his relationship with his own mother.
27. A shot of Marion removing her black bra before her showed was removed by the U.S. censors while the scene remained in the U.K. version.
28. Anthony Perkins was paid $40,000 for his role, which is exactly the same amount of money that Marion Crane embezzles in the movie.
29. In 1992, Psycho was selected for preservation by the Library of Congress at The National Film Registry.
30. Psycho was Alfred Hitchcock’s last feature film in black and white. | http://tonsoffacts.com/30-interesting-and-fascinating-facts-about-the-psycho-movie/ |
The Auteur Theory And Alfred Hitchcock Film Studies Essay
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This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
This paper will attempt to explain the Auteur Theory, in relations to esteemed Hollywood film director Alfred Hitchcock. I will discuss works such as The 39 Steps, Vertigo, Psycho, The Birds and Rear Window and outline the ideas held by the theory. I will also discuss recent developments (using modern film examples) and the controversy around the Auteur Theory.
François Truffaut claimed that film was a medium where directors could express their ideas. This would therefore lead to the assumption that the director, in film, could be regarded as the auteur (author) or the film (as cited in Nichols, 1976). The theory suggests that the director could use the film-making machines available to him as a writer would use his pen and paper.
The theory suggests that most good works in film will bear the directors' 'mark'. His or her own personality will be manifested in his work. In this way the director has overall artistic influence of a picture, therefore takes credit for the work and is responsible for attracting a n audience.
There has been a lot of controversy around the idea of an auteur so there is no concise answer to my question. The 1950s were the golden age of the auteur - a time when people went to see a film because of its director.
Hitchcock's has been used as an example in favour of the Auteur Theory numerous times. That being said one needs to note the paradox posed by such action since he was not given the title of auteur since intellectuals in film during the 50s and 60s noted a number of negative reactions towards La politique des auteurs.
The definition of the Auteur Theory has changed a lot over the years, as has the overall way in which the audience perceives film. Its basic tenants, according to Truffaut include the following:
'cinema has…an equivalence to literature, or any other art form of profundity and meaning'Â
A film, even though collectively produced, has most value when the director dominates.
The consistency of themes, images and styles over the whole body of work is what grants a director's auteurist status.
the truly artistic director, through the creative power of their individual personality, is able to surpass the limitations of the commercial context within which the film is produced;
It is through the cinema's distinctive language that real auteurs display their understanding of cinematography.
In relation to Hitchcock, there is no doubt that his movies are distinctive. There seems to be uniformity in theme and subject matter as well as techniques used. One might argue the point that a film is the combined effort of a team and not just the influence of one person. In fact, "One of the reasons of Hitchcock's decline was the dispersion of his movie production team." (Schatz, 1988). It is a known fact that Hitchcock was meticulous when it came to his productions. He was involved in every facet of the production; writing, casting, costume choices; he guided the development of his production from beginning to end. According to Spoto, he planned every detail of his work in advance which led to the overall feel of every film he directed. Truffaut notes that Hitchcock "exercises such complete control over all the elements of his films and imprints his personal concepts at each step of the way".
The Master of Mystery and Suspense, Hitchcock downplays the importance of surprise. His films play with the audience wits and nerves. There is a persistent element of black comedy. They most often brought to light taboo issues of those times such as the Oedipus Complex in Psycho and homosexuality in Strangers on a Train. German expressionism was an obvious influence. According to Spotto, Hitchcock was amazed at how they could express so much meaning visually (with no sound).
His technical mastery is evident in his pictures. Camera work, editing as well as music and sound were all his tools to build suspense. The dolly zoom used in Vertigo has become common place in modern cinema. Used in films such as Scorsese's Goodfellas during the diner scene with Ray Liotta and Robert DeNiro, as well as the Nazgûl appearance in Jackson's first installment of Lord Of The Rings. In Psycho there's the cut from the blood going down the drain to Marion Crane's eye. The importance given to inanimate objects is also evident in Hitchcock's films; the knife in Psycho and Blackmail.
His distorted vision of the world is brought to light through the themes presented in his films. According to Semiology (the study of signs) binary oppositions give meaning to the world. That is, the word 'good' gets its meaning due to its opposite 'bad'. Hitchcock used binary oppositions such as appearance vs. reality in Vertigo to keep his audience at the edge of their seat. Furthermore there was guilt vs. innocence in The 39 Steps and The Man Who Knew too Much.
His themes were predominant. We see a fascination with wrongful accusation and imprisonment. It is a significant part of Hitchcock's mark. One of the basic themes: the mistaken identity, the police accuse the wrong man who must find the real person responsible for the crime in order to prove his innocence. This is seen in The Lodger, The 39 Steps and North By Northwest.
Hitchcock's touch was evident: Â `in the structure and content of the screenplay . . .in the development of plot and theme and images; in the selection of cast and setting; in the style of lighting and placement and movement of the camera; in the moods created, sustained, and shifted; in the subtle manipulation of an audience's fears and desires; in the economy and wit of the narrative; in the pacing; and in the rhythms of the film's final cutting" (Spoto, 1983). Therefore in Hitchcock's case, his work could be linked directly to him and not to the particular studio where it was produced as was the norm during the times. They were more personal and had his approved seal on them.
Caughie states that for a director to be an auteur s/he would need eccentricity and obsessiveness. If he is right than Hitchcock has a good argument in his favour. He had what Leitch called a 'genius for self-advertising,'. This trait, many times found a way into the films themselves. His cameo appearances in his films were an excellent example of this. | https://www.ukessays.com/essays/film-studies/the-auteur-theory-and-alfred-hitchcock-film-studies-essay.php |
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Psycho is a 1960 suspense/horror film by film director Alfred Hitchcock from the screenplay by Joseph Stefano about a psychotic killer. It is based on the novel of the same name by Robert Bloch, which was in turn inspired by the crimes of American serial killer Ed Gein. The film depicts the encounter between a secretary, Marion Crane (Janet Leigh), who is in hiding after embezzling from her employer, at a motel run by the lonely Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins). "The Shower Scene" has been studied, discussed, and referenced countless times in print and in film courses with debate focusing on why it is so terrifying and how it was produced, including how it passed the censors and who directed it.
The soundtrack of harsh screeching violins, violas, and cellos was an original all-strings piece by composer Bernard Herrmann entitled The Murder. Hitchcock originally wanted the sequence (and all motel scenes) to play without music, but Herrmann begged him to try it with the cue he had composed.
Contents
Controversy
Psycho is a prime example of the type of film that appeared in the United States during the 1960s after the erosion of the Production Code. It was unprecedented in its depiction of sexuality and violence, right from the opening scene in which Sam and Marion are shown as lovers sharing the same bed, with Marion in a bra. In the Production Code standards of that time, unmarried couples shown in the same bed would be taboo.
According to the book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho, the censors in charge of enforcing the Production Code wrangled with Hitchcock because some of them insisted they could see one of Leigh's breasts. Hitchcock held onto the print for several days, left it untouched, and resubmitted it for approval. Each of the censors reversed their positions: those who had previously seen the breast now did not, and those who had not, now did. They passed the film after the director removed one shot that showed the buttocks of Leigh's stand-in. The board was also upset by the racy opening, so Hitchcock said that if they let him keep the shower scene he would re-shoot the opening with them on the set. Since they did not show up for the re-shoot, the opening stayed.
Another cause of concern for the censors was that Marion was shown flushing a toilet, with its contents (torn-up note paper) fully visible. No flushing toilet had appeared in mainstream film and television in the U.S. at that time.
Internationally, Hitchcock was forced to make minor changes to the film, mostly to the shower scene. In Britain and New Zealand the shot of Norman washing blood from his hands was objected to and in Singapore, though the shower scene was left untouched, the murder of Arbogast and a shot of Mother's corpse were removed.
The most controversial move was Hitchcock's "no late admission" policy for the film, which was unusual for the time. It was not entirely original as Clouzot had done the same in France for Les Diaboliques. Hitchcock thought that if people entered the theater late and never saw the star actress Janet Leigh, they would feel cheated. At first theater owners opposed the idea, claiming that they would lose business. However, after the first day, the owners enjoyed long lines of people waiting to see the film.
Psychoanalytic interpretation
Psycho has been called "the first psychoanalytical thriller." The sex and violence in the film were unlike anything previously seen in a mainstream film. "[T]he shower scene is both feared and desired," wrote French film critic Serge Kaganski. "Hitchcock may be scaring his female viewers out of their wits, but he is turning his male viewers into potential rapists, since Janet Leigh has been turning men on ever since she appeared in her brassiere in the first scene."
In his documentary The Pervert's Guide to Cinema, Slavoj Žižek remarks that Norman Bates' mansion has three floors, paralleling the three levels of the human mind that are postulated by Freudian psychoanalysis: the top floor would be the superego, where Bates' mother lives; the ground floor is then Bates' ego, where he functions as an apparently normal human being; and finally, the basement would be Bates' id. Žižek interprets Bates' moving his mother's corpse from top floor to basement as a symbol for the deep connection that psychoanalysis posits between superego and id.
Pre-production
The film is based on the novel by Robert Bloch, which was in turn based (although very loosely) on the crimes of Wisconsin serial killer Ed Gein. Hitchcock acquired the film rights anonymously through an agent for $9,000.
Hitchcock embraced Psycho as a means to regain success and individuality in an increasingly competitive genre. He had seen many B movies churned out by William Castle such as House on Haunted Hill (1958), and by Roger Corman such as A Bucket of Blood (1959) that cleaned up at box offices despite being panned by critics. There were also a series of competing directors who had tried their hand at typical Hitchcock fare in such films as When Strangers Marry (1944), The Spiral Staircase (1946), Gaslight (1944), and so forth.
Furthermore, both Hitchcock and Henri-Georges Clouzot had adapted two books by the same authors with very different results. Clouzot's Les Diaboliques (1955), based on a Boileau-Narcejac novel, was critically acclaimed and financially successful, earning him the title of the "French Hitchcock", while Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958), based on the Boileau-Narcejac novel D'entre les morts, had failed both critically and financially. Hitchcock was also constantly reinventing himself (he once said "Style is self-plagiarism"), so, when Peggy Robertson, a trusted production assistant, brought Psycho to his attention, he seized on it not only for its originality but also as a way to retake his mantle as an acclaimed director of suspense.
Ned Brown, Hitchcock's longtime agent, explains that Hitchcock liked the story because the focus began with Marion's dilemma then completely turned after the murder. Hitchcock himself said in an interview with François Truffaut that "I think the thing that appealed to me was the suddenness of the murder in the shower, coming, as it were, out of the blue. That was about all."
James Cavanaugh wrote the original screenplay, but Hitchcock turned it down, saying that the story dragged and read like a TV short horror story. Hitchcock reluctantly agreed to meet with Stefano, who had worked on only one film before. Despite his newness to the industry, the meeting went well, and Stefano was hired.
The screenplay is relatively faithful to the novel, with a few notable adaptations by Hitchcock and Stefano. The book features Mary Crane, from Dallas, Texas as its heroine and protagonist. Since, at the time, a real Mary Crane existed in Phoenix, Hitchcock renamed the character Marion Crane. Stefano also changed Marion's telltale earring found in the bathroom after her death to a scrap of paper in the toilet. When developing the characters for film, Hitchcock asked Stefano why he did not like the Norman Bates character, to which Stefano replied that Norman was unsympathetic, unattractive, and a drinker. Hitchcock suggested Perkins as a sympathetic man, and Stefano agreed. Other changes Stefano made for the screenplay include the location of Arbogast's death from the foyer to the stairwell. He also changed the novel's budding romance between Sam and Lila to just a friendly relationship, and instead of using the two to explain Norman's mental condition he replaced them with a professional psychiatrist.
Paramount, whose contract guaranteed another film by Hitchcock, did not want Hitchcock to make Psycho. Paramount was expecting No Bail for the Judge starring Audrey Hepburn who became pregnant and had to bow out, leading Hitchcock to scrap the production. Their official stance was that the book was "too repulsive" and "impossible for films", and nothing but another of his star-studded mystery thrillers. They did not like "anything about it at all" and denied him his usual budget. So, Hitchcock financed the film's creation through his own Shamley Productions, shooting at Universal Studios under the Revue television unit. Hitchcock's original Bates Motel and Psycho House movie set buildings, which were constructed on the same stage as Lon Chaney Sr.'s The Phantom of the Opera, are still standing at Universal Studios in Universal City near Hollywood and are a regular attraction on the studio's tour. As a further result of cost cutting, Hitchcock chose to film Psycho in black and white, keeping the budget under $1,000,000. Other reasons for shooting in black and white were to prevent the shower scene from being too gory and that he was a fan of Les Diaboliques's use of black and white.
To keep costs down and because he was most comfortable around them, Hitchcock took most of his crew from his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents, including the cinematographer, set designer, script supervisor, and first assistant director. He hired regular collaborators Bernard Herrmann as music composer, George Tomasini as editor, and Saul Bass for the title design and storyboarding of the shower scene. In all, his crew cost $62,000.
Through the strength of his reputation, Hitchcock cast Leigh for a quarter of her usual fee, paying only $25,000 (in the 1967 book Hitchcock/Truffaut, Hitchcock said that Leigh owed Paramount one final film on her seven-year contract which she had signed in 1953). His first choice, Leigh agreed after having only read the novel and making no inquiry into her salary. Her co-star, Anthony Perkins, agreed to $40,000. Both stars were experienced and proven box-office draws.
Paramount did distribute the film, but four years later Hitchcock sold his stock in Shamley to Universal's parent company and his next six films were made at and distributed by Universal. After another four years, Paramount sold all rights to Universal. When the film became a major hit, the Hitchcocks received a much larger share of the profit than they would have otherwise.
The shower scene
The murder of Janet Leigh's character in the shower is the film's pivotal scene and one of the best-known in all of cinema. As such, it spawned numerous myths and legends. It was shot from December 17 to December 23, 1959, and features 77 different camera angles. The scene runs 3 minutes and includes 50 cuts. Most of the shots are extreme close-ups, except for medium shots in the shower directly before and directly after the murder. The combination of the close shots with their short duration makes the sequence feel more subjective than it would have been if the images were presented alone or in a wider angle, an example of the technique Hitchcock described as "transferring the menace from the screen into the mind of the audience".
In order to capture the straight-on shot of the shower head, the camera had to be equipped with a long lens. The inner holes on the shower head were blocked and the camera placed a sufficient distance away so that the water, while appearing to be aimed directly at the lens, actually went around and past it.
The soundtrack of screeching violins, violas, and cellos was an original all-strings piece by composer Bernard Herrmann titled "The Murder". Hitchcock originally intended to have no music for the sequence (and all motel scenes), but Herrmann insisted he try his composition. Afterward, Hitchcock agreed it vastly intensified the scene, and nearly doubled Herrmann's salary.
The blood in the scene is reputed to have been Bosco chocolate syrup, which shows up better on black-and-white film, and has more realistic density than stage blood. The sound of the knife entering flesh was created by plunging a knife into a casaba melon.
There are varying accounts whether Leigh was in the shower the entire time or a body double was used for some parts of the murder sequence and its aftermath. In an interview with Roger Ebert and in the book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho, Leigh stated she was in the scene the entire time and Hitchcock only used a stand-in for the sequence in which Norman wraps Marion's body in a shower curtain and places it in the trunk of her car. The 2010 book The Girl in Alfred Hitchcock's Shower by Robert Graysmith contradicts this, identifying Marli Renfro as Leigh's body double for some of the shower scene's shots.
A popular myth emerged that in order for Leigh's scream in the shower to sound realistic ice-cold water was used. Leigh denied this on numerous occasions, saying the crew was very accommodating supplying hot water throughout the week-long shoot. All of the screams are Leigh's.
Another myth holds Hitchcock only told Leigh to stand in the shower and she had no idea her character was going to be murdered, causing an authentic reaction.
Another concerns Saul Bass, the graphic designer who created many of the title sequences of Hitchcock's films and storyboarded some of Psycho's scenes, claiming he had directed the shower scene. This was refuted by several figures associated with the film, including Leigh, who stated: "absolutely not! I have emphatically said this in any interview I've ever given. I've said it to his face in front of other people... I was in that shower for seven days, and, believe me, Alfred Hitchcock was right next to his camera for every one of those seventy-odd shots." Hilton Green, the assistant director, also refutes Bass' claim: "There is not a shot in that movie that I didn't roll the camera for. And I can tell you I never rolled the camera for Mr. Bass." Roger Ebert, a longtime admirer of Hitchcock's work, summarily dismissed the rumor, stating, "It seems unlikely that a perfectionist with an ego like Hitchcock's would let someone else direct such a scene."
However, commentators such as Stephen Rebello and Bill Krohn have argued in favor of Bass' contribution to the scene in his capacity as visual consultant and storyboard artist. Along with designing the opening credits, Bass is termed "Pictorial Consultant" in the credits. When interviewing Hitchcock in 1967, François Truffaut asked about the extent of Bass' contribution, to which Hitchcock replied that in addition to the titles Bass had provided storyboards for the Arbogast murder (which he claimed to have rejected), but made no mention of Bass providing storyboards for the shower scene. According to Bill Krohn's Hitchcock At Work, Bass' first claim to have directed the scene was in 1970, when he provided a magazine with 48 drawings used as storyboards as proof of his contribution.
Krohn's analysis of the production of Psycho in his book Hitchcock at Work, while refuting Bass' claims for directing the scene, notes that these storyboards did introduce key aspects of the final scene—most notably, the fact that the killer appears as a silhouette, and details such as the close-ups of the slashing knife, Leigh's desperate outstretched arm, the shower curtain being torn down, and the transition from the hole of the drainage pipe to Marion Crane's dead eyes. Krohn notes that this final transition is highly reminiscent of the iris titles that Bass created for Vertigo.
Krohn's research also notes that Hitchcock shot the scene with two cameras: one a BNC Mitchell, the other a handheld camera called an Éclair which Orson Welles had used in Touch of Evil (1958). In order to create an ideal montage for the greatest emotional impact on the audience, Hitchcock shot a lot of footage of this scene which he trimmed down in the editing room. He even brought a Moviola on the set to gauge the footage required. The final sequence, which his editor George Tomasini worked on with Hitchcock's advice, however did not go far beyond the basic structural elements set up by Bass' storyboards.
According to Donald Spoto in The Dark Side of Genius, Hitchcock's wife, Alma Reville, spotted a blooper in one of the last screenings of Psycho before its official release: after Marion was supposedly dead, one could see her blink. According to Patricia Hitchcock, talking in Laurent Bouzereau's "making of" documentary, Alma spotted that Leigh's character appeared to take a breath. In either case, the postmortem activity was edited out and was never seen by audiences. Although Marion's eyes should be dilated after her death, the contact lenses necessary for this effect would have required six weeks of acclimatization to wear them, so Hitchcock decided to forgo them.
It is often claimed that, despite its graphic nature, the "shower scene" never once shows a knife puncturing flesh. However, a frame by frame analysis of the sequence shows one shot in which the knife appears to penetrate Leigh's abdomen, but the effect may have been created by lighting and reverse motion. Leigh herself was so affected by this scene when she saw it, that she no longer took showers unless she absolutely had to; she would lock all the doors and windows and would leave the bathroom and shower door open. She never realized until she first watched the film "how vulnerable and defenseless one is".
Leigh and Hitchcock fully discussed what the scene meant:
- "Marion had decided to go back to Phoenix, come clean, and take the consequence, so when she stepped into the bathtub it was as if she were stepping into the baptismal waters. The spray beating down on her was purifying the corruption from her mind, purging the evil from her soul. She was like a virgin again, tranquil, at peace".
Film theorist Robin Wood also discusses how the shower washes "away her guilt". He comments upon the "alienation effect" of killing off the "apparent center of the film" with which spectators had identified.
In April 2013, the scene was voted the best bathroom scene of any film in history, with scenes from Trainspotting and There's Something About Mary coming second and third.
In popular culture
Psycho has become one of the most recognizable films in cinema history, and is arguably Hitchcock's most well-known film. The iconic shower scene is frequently spoofed, given homage to and referenced in popular culture, complete with the violin screeching sound effects. The Simpsons in particular has spoofed the film on numerous occasions, while Principal Skinner's relationship with his mother is reminiscent of Norman Bates's.
- The 1978 horror classic Halloween, starring Janet Leigh's daughter Jamie Lee Curtis, also features a character named Sam Loomis and a knife-wielding criminal. The 1998 sequel Halloween H20: 20 Years Later features more references to Psycho and even a cameo appearance by Janet Leigh herself.
- The 1977 Mel Brooks movie High Anxiety features a shot-for-shot parody of the shower scene, with a bellhop delivering a newspaper rather than brandishing a knife, and newspaper ink instead of blood in the drain.
- Director Brian De Palma has also referenced Psycho in his early films, borrowing Bernard Herrmann's famous shrieking violins for scenes in Carrie and (more briefly) in Dressed to Kill, a movie whose plot is heavily inspired by Psycho.
- In the Direct-to-video animated film Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation, the characters Fowlmouth and Shirley the Loon go to a movie called "Skunknophobia" which features the main theme of Psycho by Bernard Herman.
- That '70s Show's Halloween special "Too Old to Trick or Treat, Too Young To Die" parodies a number of films from Hitchcock's oeuvre, including a scene in which Kelso and Laurie mimic the shower scene from Psycho using red raspberry shampoo.
- From 1995, Dargaud has published a series of Franco-Belgian graphic novels entitled Pin-Up, aimed mainly at adults, written by Yann Le Pennetier and drawn by Philippe Berthet. The series describes the adventures of Dottie Partington, who gets involved with a variety of people, and events both factual and fictional. An adventure set in 1960 has her staying over at the Bates Motel. Dottie, who at this stage looks a little like Marion Crane, takes a shower and is spied on by Norman. Fortunately Mrs Bates is still alive, catches him in the act and orders him to stop peeping and get back to his taxidermy. "Are you trying to drive me crazy?" she bellows. When Norman later attempts to stuff the pet skunk of Dottie's troubled step-son, the young boy punches him on the nose, leaving him bleeding and calling for his mother.
- In the 2003 Pixar film Finding Nemo, Bernard Hermann's famous murder scene score is used when Darla, the dentist's niece, makes an entrance.
- During the 72nd Academy Awards, one of the opening spoofs features Billy Crystal showering. A figure sneaks up behind him and rips the curtain open... revealing Lester Burnham (Kevin Spacey's character from American Beauty), asking why Crystal is using his bathroom. Crystal nervously asks if this is the beginning of the movie (where Lester masturbates in the shower) to which Lester happily responds, "You bet", as he raises an industrial size bottle of lotion into the air like a knife. The shower music cues up as Crystal screams and they cut to the next spoof.
- In the Rockewell song "Somebody's Watching Me" the lyrics state that he's afraid of showers because they remind him of "Psycho too much". | http://www.artandpopularculture.com/Psycho_%281960_film%29 |
Welcome to another edition of THE HORROR JAR, that column where we feature lists of odds and ends about horror movies.
Bernard Herrmann, the prolific film composer who composed music for some of Hollywood’s biggest movies during the 1940s-1970s, especially for director Alfred Hitchcock, wrote some of my favorite genre film scores. He scored nine of Alfred Hitchcock’s movies, including his most famous for PSYCHO (1960), and interestingly enough none of his Hitchcock scores were ever nominated for Oscars.
Herrmann started in radio, scoring Orson Welles’ radio shows in the 1930s, including his infamous “The War of the Worlds” broadcast in 1938.
Herrmann’s final film score was for Martin Scorsese’s TAXI DRIVER (1976). He was supposed to score Brian De Palma’s CARRIE (1976) but died of a heart attack just before he was start work on the film. He was 64.
Here’s a partial look at the movies Herrmann provided music for, focusing mostly on genre films:
CITIZEN KANE (1941)
Directed by Orson Welles
Screenplay by Herman J. Mankiewicz & Orson Welles
Kane: Orson Welles
Jedediah Leland: Joseph Cotten
Susan Alexander Kane: Dorothy Comingore
Emily Kane: Ruth Warrick
Mary Kane: Agnes Moorehead
Running Time: 119 minutes
Bernard Herrmann’s first movie score. Not a bad way to start one’s career, scoring music for arguably the greatest movie ever made.
THE DEVIL AND DANIEL WEBSTER (1941)
Directed by William Dieterle
Screenplay by Dan Totheroh and Stephen Vincent Benet
Daniel Webster: Edward Arnold
Mr. Scratch: Walter Huston
Running Time: 107 minutes
Herrmann’s second movie score earned him his first and only Academy Award for Best Music Score.
THE MAGNIFICENT AMBERSONS (1942)
Directed by Orson Welles
Screenplay by Orson Welles and Booth Tarkington
Eugene Morgan: Joseph Cotten
Running Time: 88 minutes
Working with Orson Welles’ again in this troubled production which suffered from major studio meddling and last minute edits and changes.
THE GHOST AND MRS. MUIR (1947)
Directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Screenplay by Philip Dunne, based on the novel by R.A. Dick
Lucy Muir: Gene Tierney
Captain Daniel Gregg: Rex Harrison
Miles Farley: George Sanders
Running Time: 104 minutes
Herrmann’s personal favorite music score.
THE DAY THE EARTH STOOD STILL (1951)
Directed by Robert Wise
Screenplay by Edmund H. North, based on a story by Harry Bates
Klaatu: Michael Rennie
Helen Benson: Patricia Neal
One of my favorite Bernard Herrmann scores. His music completely captures the otherworldly mood of this classic science fiction masterpiece about an alien, Klaatu (Michael Rennie) who travels to Earth to warn humankind that unless they give up their warring ways, they will face destruction by a superior race, and to give credence to his words Klaatu brings along his all-powerful robot Gort. This thought-provoking drama is science fiction at its best.
Herrmann’s score here was later used in several episodes of the TV series LOST IN SPACE.
THE 7TH VOYAGE OF SINBAD (1958)
Directed by Nathan Juran
Screenplay by Kenneth Kolb
Sinbad: Kerwin Mathews
Princess Parisa: Kathryn Grant
Sokurah the Magician: Torin Thatcher
Special Visual Effects by Ray Harryhausen
Running Time: 88 minutes
This just might be my all-time favorite Bernard Herrmann music score. Rousing and adventurous from start to finish, it’s the type of score that’ll stick with you long after you’ve seen the movie. Some of Herrmann’s best work is in movies featuring the special animation effects of Ray Harryhausen.
VERTIGO (1958)
Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Screenplay by Alec Coppel and Samuel A. Taylor
John Ferguson: James Stewart
Madeleine Elster/Judy Barton: Kim Novak
Midge Wood: Barbara Bel Geddes
Running Time: 128 minutes
Provides the music for one of Hitchcock’s best films, the tale of a retired San Francisco police detective (James Stewart) suffering from acrophobia (fear of heights) who becomes entangled in a bizarre murder plot.
NORTH BY NORTHWEST (1959)
Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Screenplay by Ernest Lehman
Roger Thornhill: Cary Grant
Eve Kendall: Eva Marie Saint
Phillip Vandamm: James Mason
Running Time: 136 minutes
With apologies to his work on PSYCHO, this just might be my favorite Bernard Herrmann score for an Alfred Hitchcock movie. His rousing music in this film also ranks among his best work, period.
JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH (1959)
Directed by Henry Levin
Screenplay by Walter Reisch and Charles Brackett, based on the novel by Jules Verne
Sir Oliver Lindenbrook: James Mason
Alec McKuen: Pat Boone
Carla Goetabaug: Arlene Dahl
Count Saknussemm: Thayer David
Running Time: 132 minutes
Another of my favorite Bernard Herrmann scores, but seriously, I can say that about nearly every score he wrote. This fantasy film adventure based on the work of Jules Verne is 1950s filmmaking at its best: colorful, elaborate, and entertaining throughout.
PSYCHO (1960)
Screenplay by Joseph Stefano, based on the novel by Robert Bloch
Norman Bates: Anthony Perkins
Marion Crane: Janet Leigh
Lila Crane: Vera Miles
Sam Loomis: John Gavin
Detective Arbogast: Martin Balsam
Running Time: 109 minutes
Alfred Hitchcock’s most famous shocker, and arguably Bernard Herrmann’s most famous music score as well. Likewise, it contains Hitchcock’s most famous and most studied scene, the shower scene, which also contains Herrmann’s most famous piece of music, the loud shrill of violins as the shadowy murderer strikes down poor Janet Leigh in the shower. Hitchcock originally wanted no music in this scene, which actually makes a lot of sense and would have worked, making the scene raw and brutal, but Herrmann argued that it needed music, and how can anyone argue with the end result? A rare example of one brief scene capturing the finest instances of artistry of two separate artists at the same time, as both Hitchcock and Herrmann produce their signature moments in this scene.
Arguably the most famous and recognizable horror movie score of all time.
THE 3 WORLDS OF GULLIVER (1960)
Directed by Jack Sher
Screenplay by Jack Sher and Arthur A. Ross, based on “Gulliver’s Travels” by Jonathan Swift
Gulliver: Kerwin Mathews
Gwendolyn: Jo Morrow
Elizabeth: June Thorburn
Running Time: 100 minutes
Once again providing music for a film with special animation effects by Ray Harryhausen.
MYSTERIOUS ISLAND (1961)
Directed by Cy Endfield
Screenplay by John Prebble, Daniel B. Ullman, and Crane Wilbur, based on the novel by Jules Verne
Captain Cyrus Harding: Michael Craig
Lady Mary Fairchild: Joan Greenwood
Herbert Brown: Michael Callan
Gideon Spilitt: Gary Merrill
Captain Nemo: Herbert Lom
Running Time: 101 minutes
Once again reunited with Ray Harryhausen, and once again one of Herrmann’s most memorable scores. This entertaining adventure about Civil War soldiers stranded on an island with oversized creatures is must-see viewing. The first twenty minutes, involving a daring escape from a Confederate prison, is riveting and suspenseful, complimented in full by Herrmann’s rousing music, and this is all before they even land on the island!
CAPE FEAR (1962)
Directed by J. Lee Thompson
Screenplay by James R. Webb, based on the novel by John D. Macdonald
Sam Bowden: Gregory Peck
Max Cady: Robert Mitchum
Peggy Bowden: Polly Bergen
Running Time: 105 minutes
Classic thriller about murder and revenge was a financial flop upon its initial release.
JASON AND THE ARGONAUTS (1963)
Directed by Don Chaffey
Screenplay by Jan Read and Beverley Cross
Jason: Todd Armstrong
Argos: Laurence Naismith
Running Time: 104 minutes
Reunited once again— and for the last time— with Ray Harryhausen, and yes, once more, another exceedingly memorable film score. This one contains the classic sword fight between Jason and his men and Harryhausen’s animated skeletons. The scene also includes some of Hermann’s best music.
THE BIRDS (1963)
Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Screenplay by Evan Hunter, based on the story by Daphne Du Maurier
Melanie Daniels: Tippi Hedrin
Mitch Brenner: Rod Taylor
Annie Hayworth: Suzanne Pleshette
Running Time: 119 minutes.
But, there’s no music in THE BIRDS. True. Herrmann served as a sound consultant for this movie. Supposedly it was his idea not to have music in THE BIRDS.
MARNIE (1964)
Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Screenplay by Jay Presson Allen, based on the novel by Winston Graham
Marnie: Tippi Hedren
Mark Rutland: Sean Connery
Running Time: 130 minutes
This Hitchcock drama was considered a misfire on its initial release, but its reputation has grown steadily over the decades.
FAHRENHEIT 451 (1966)
Directed by Francois Truffaut
Screenplay by Francois Truffaut and Jean-Louis Richard, based on the novel by Ray Bradbury
Clarisse/Linda Montag: Julie Christie
Guy Montag: Oskar Werner
Running Time: 112 minutes.
Classic novel; not so classic movie.
SISTERS (1973)
Directed by Brian De Palma
Screenplay by Brian De Palma and Louisa Rose
Danielle Breton/Dominique Blanchion: Margot Kidder
Joseph Larch: Charles Durning
Running Time: 93 minutes
Early Brian De Palma thriller.
IT’S ALIVE (1974)
Directed by Larry Cohen
Screenplay by Larry Cohen
Frank Davies: John P. Ryan
Running Time: 91 minutes
Campy horror movie about a killer baby was a hit in the summer of 1974.
OBSESSION (1976)
Directed by Brian De Palma
Screenplay by Paul Schrader
Michael Courtland: Cliff Robertson
Elizabeth Courtland/Sandra Portinari
Robert Lasalle: John Lithgow
Running Time: 98 minutes
De Palma thriller with shades of Hitchcock’s VERTIGO. Herrmann’s score was nominated for an Oscar.
TAXI DRIVER (1976)
Directed by Martin Scorsese
Screenplay by Paul Schrader
Travis Bickle: Robert De Niro
Iris: Jodie Foster
Running Time: 113 minutes
Classic Scorsese film earned Oscar nominations for stars De Niro and Foster, as well as Bernard Herrmann who was nominated twice in the same year. Herrmann lost out to Jerry Goldsmith for his score for THE OMEN. Herrmann’s final movie score.
Herrmann died of a heart attack on December 24, 1975, just hours after he had finished the score for TAXI DRIVER. He was 64.
Bernard Herrmann enjoyed a long and prolific career. For me, I will always associate his music with the fantasy films of Ray Harryhausen and the thrillers of Alfred Hitchcock, and if I had to pick my three favorite Herrmann scores, they would be NORTH BY NORTHWEST, PSYCHO, and THE 7TH VOYAGE OF SINBAD.
Bernard Herrmann
June 29, 1911 – December 24, 1975
Thanks for reading! | https://marruda3.com/2015/08/16/the-horror-jar-music-by-bernard-herrmann/ |
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was an English film director and producer. A few of his best known films include North By Northwest, Psycho, Vertigo, Rear Window, and The Birds.
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Some of the best movies ever made include Alfred Hitchcock’s “Vertigo,” Ingmar Bergman’s “Persona” and Federico Fellini’s “8 ½.” All three films rank highly in a 2012 Sight and Sound magazine poll of film scholars, directors and critics.Continue Reading
Alfred Hitchcock’s classic 1958 psychological thriller “Vertigo” stars James Stewart as a former police detective suffering from a fear of heights and sensations of vertigo. Hired as a private investigator by an acquaintance, he is drawn into a hallucinatory, dreamlike mystery. Although it was poorly received upon its initial release, the film has since been recognized as one of Hitchcock’s masterpieces.
Swedish director Ingmar Bergman boasts many critically acclaimed films, but 1966’s “Persona” is often recognized as his finest work. The film focuses on a famous stage actress who suddenly becomes mute during a performance and the young nurse assigned to look after her. A complex portrait of two women’s increasingly tangled mental states, “Persona” is a stark drama that ranks among the most respected works of international cinema. | https://www.reference.com/art-literature/movies-ever-made-ee5704d0d65b40f8 |
The British Industrial Revolution was the era where a series of technological discoveries increased the production rate of manufacturing, thus increasing the demand for products. This left the leading companies at the time looking for a way to quicken their production rate. The solution came in very small packages… children. They were a fundamental part of the human workforce that powered the Industrial Revolution. However, they were often treated in the most brutal ways possible.
The industrial revolution completely changed America as we know it. It brought many changes to our nation- some good and some bad. The Industrial Revolution changed how we produce and consume goods. It was so groundbreaking that we still feel the effects today. Prominent inventions of the time are pictured in document 3.
The women’s rights movement being an extensive movement helped women to occupy better jobs and higher positions “Increased access to leadership positions is an important achievement because – in terms of gender – the field is more level now: some women will be allies, some are not, but no one is excluded only for being a woman”. Today, women can choose to occupy the jobs that were once titled only for men and they have an equal employment opportunity “Because of workplace rights, women enjoy freedom to work in almost any position they choose. They join the armed forces, work as cab drivers, own businesses and become executives in large corporations” Women can now become ministers, juries, senates, and even the president “1975 — In Taylor v. Louisiana, the court denies states the right to exclude women from juries….1981 — Sandra Day O’Connor is appointed as the first female U.S. Supreme Court Justice… 1997 — Madeleine Albright is sworn in as U.S. Secretary of State. She is the first woman in this position.”
Why did the industrial revolution start in England ? Many things that contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution in Britain , but their geographic luck,the enlightenment period, and the population growth where the most significant. The growth of the population was one of the things that sparked the industrial revolution in Britain. Many people began working “for wages in the new city, and eventually increased demand for products such as clothing”. One of the reasons why the industrial revolution started in Britain was because they had more of an advantage geographically.
Professor Atkins Mid-term Exam What was the Progressive movement? Explain some Progressive policies and ideals while also discussing some of the leaders of the Progressive movement and their role in American society. With in the last quarter of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century industrial growth spurred both positive and negatives with in American society.
Women had new expectations from the society. They were the primary caretakers of the children, which was also known as the upcoming generation. If a society wanted to succeed, the women must be educated in behavior showing right from wrong so that they can teach their children ("Republican Motherhood"). Women also became educated in the newly established principles of what American society should be ("History of Republican Motherhood"). This was all then passed down to the future generations and so that the importance of America being free would spread ("History of Republican Motherhood").
As the play progresses, characters such as Nils Krogstad, Mrs. Christine Linde & Dr. Rank comes into the picture. Marriage in the 19th century portrays strong gender roles for both men and women. It seems that there is a strong preconceive notion of what a family should be like and diverging from the norm would lead to undesirable consequences. The play itself reflects the wishes of both the males and their counterparts from the ones who diverged from the norms and those who followed the preferred path. Although marriage is a significant occasion for each and every individual and holds a very sacred value towards the people in Victoria Era, the play reveals that marriage in the 1800s does not mean a perfect ending just like what people imagine and diverging from the norm does not necessarily lead to a live full of hardship, grief and misery.
The United States recognizes that educational equality for both the sexes is important for the societal development. It adheres to the goals of United Nations and has made significant efforts to ensure educational equality. According to Pew Research Centre, currently far more women obtain a bachelor’s degree than men: 36% compared to 28% for men. Since the 19th century, the percentage of women gaining education has increased. This has led to women’s participation in the workforce to increase.
Industrial child labor was first developed when different forms of government were being created to help run the countries more efficient and make the most money. These new types of government made it so factories were booming and more and more worker were needed, until the factories soon turned to child labor, which was a con of this new way of running things but might have been the best way to do things in this time of desperate need. Germany’s child workers in the industrial revolution were very similar to Britain 's in the way of how they treated their workers and the harsh/abusive working conditions. They were also very different in the way that Germany had not as packed factories and were paid more for their work, even though the pay wasnt much more than England 's (Approximately 1 shilling more), they still paid them more contrary to Britain 's system of pay. This source is reliable because the information found was similar to other sources written by authors who have published this information before.
The Industrial Revolution, which occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, transformed America from a rural society based around agriculture to an urban and industrial one. Innovations such as the Bessemer process for the mass production of steel, inventions such as the telegraph and telephone, and the development of transportation systems all contributed to this significant shift. The Industrial Revolution marked a turning point in American social attitudes to a significant extent in that nativism and animosity against immigrants markedly increased, and by the end of the Gilded Age, women had emerged into larger societal roles. Firstly, as a result of the American Industrial Revolution, women were given more significant roles in
Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger, a feminist social reformer, argued that “women cannot be on equal footing with men until they have complete control over their reproductive functions”. Her argument improved our everyday life by providing more information on contraceptives, giving women the power to control their bodies, and changing the role of women and men. Margaret Sanger was determined and dedicated to provide women with information about contraceptives which eventually improved the lives of many women. During the Progressive Era, women had gained a lot more interest in becoming independent by working and improving their education.
The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of a new world for all of society. The Industrial Revolution first took place in England and then spread rapidly having a tremendous impact culturally and socially, the impacts were influenced by the use of machines, new sources of power, and new organizational methods to mass produce goods. Before the Revolution, most people used hand tools and relied upon human and animal muscle for power. Pre- industrial artisans workshops were not always separated from their home which meant their was not always separation between home and work. The working chain to become a master pre- industrial was a long and hard process, first you were an apprentice, which meant you worked for free and gained experience, | https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Industrial-Revolution-Technological-Advancements-In-The-F3DYYCQ74SCPR |
Local governments and organizations from across the region, including the County of Grande Prairie, are urging the Provincial Government to move forward with constructing the Highway 40X Connector.
Highway 40X will be a vital addition to the region’s existing transportation network, connecting Highways 40 and 43.
This project supports significant economic development opportunities for the region and entire province. It provides critical access through increased transportation network efficiency and major improvements to traffic safety.
The Grande Prairie Region plays an important role in the provincial economy by serving as a trade area for more than 280,000 people. Construction of the Highway 40X Connector will help propel the region forward to achieve its full potential.
Prioritizing this project maximizes its benefits – including job creation – as we all work to build a more sustainable and resilient Alberta.
The Benefits:
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Critical Transportation Link - Highways 40 and 43 support significant existing industrial and commercial activity in the region while providing critical transportation links to other areas of Alberta and into British Columbia. Highway 43 is part of the CANAMEX/North-South Trade Corridor, linking Canada to Mexico through the United States.
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Economic Development - More than $16 billion in new private investment is expected in the region, serviced by the Highway 43 and Highway 40 network. Two unconnected major highways is a rarity in our province, and a potential barrier to investment attraction in the region. Connecting these highways will foster even greater economic development opportunities for our Province by creating improved, more efficient transportation infrastructure.
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Public safety - Increased high volumes of heavy truck traffic and congestion raise the probability of accidents and serious incidents. Every day, about 28,000 vehicles move through Grande Prairie, including 3,000 heavy trucks navigating residential areas, parks, school zones and pedestrian trails. The negative impact of industrial traffic on local populations will only escalate with increased industrial activity.
The Ask:
Functional planning was completed in 2010, meaning the highway corridor is defined and the next steps of acquiring land and engineering design work could move forward immediately.
We are asking the Province to fund the project and prioritize it in their capital plan to be completed as soon as possible. | https://www.countygp.ab.ca/en/county-government/highway-40x-connector.aspx |
What was the industrial revolution?
The industrial revolution is a period that saw the transition from an artisanal economy to an economy dominated by machines and technological innovations. The industrial revolution began in Britain and gradually spread to Europe and took place from the mid-1770s to the mid-1880s. The revolution affected the main sectors of the economy, including textiles, agriculture, metal production, transport and social policies. and economic in Europe.
Origins, diffusion and development
The industrial revolution began in Britain in the early 1770s. Before the revolution, most people lived in small communities in rural Britain. Their daily lives revolved around agriculture. Most people engaged in subsistence production and produced clothes, food and tools. Britain was the cradle of the industrial revolution because it had large deposits of coal mines, iron ore and was politically stable. Furthermore, Britain was a colonial power and its overseas colonies, particularly in Africa, served as sources of raw materials. Aware of their advantage, Britain has banned the export of all forms of machinery and production and processing techniques and skilled labor. However, as Britain has adopted the use of machines in their industries, British businessmen need more profits to take them to other European markets. Belgium benefited in particular from British merchants and became the second county to experience the industrial revolution after Britain. While Britain and Belgium were passing, France was ending the French Revolution and was slowly adopting the revolution.
Technological innovations and inventions
Agriculture and textile industries have experienced the first breakthrough in innovative technologies. Before mechanization, merchants supplied raw materials and exchange instruments and eventually collected the finished products from one house to another; this chain has resulted in loss of time and inefficiency. The rotating jenny developed by James Hargreaves became a significant role in the transformation of the textile industry. Samuel Compton later modified the Spinning Jenny into a more efficient whirlpool. Methods for cast iron were also introduced using coke and not coal. In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer developed an economical and efficient method to produce steel in series. The invention of the steam engine proved to be of great importance; the engine was used to pump the
Changes in work structures and living and urbanization standards
The period of industrialization was characterized by an increase in companies and raw materials. The demand for labor increased with the expansion of companies. Initially, the owners who were the managers of these companies considered the employees as nothing more than a source of cheap labor. As the period progressed, employees began forming unions that demanded better working conditions and payments. Strikes and slowdowns became frequent as employees took over thanks to collective bargaining and the fact that skilled work was difficult to replace. As employers paid more, the cost of living changed and cities began to develop. People moved into urban environments in search of better jobs and social services. Child labor has become rampant as they were cheaper than adults and parents considered employment a better option than education.
Efficiency and productivity, and the effects of the revolution on the environment
The use of machines and skilled labor has introduced efficiency into production systems. The machines proved more productive than human labor; they were effective and more efficient. Specialization and division of labor meant that employees were assigned specific parts of the production chain where they were most productive. However, the revolution has had negative effects on the environment. Coal mining has led to large pirogues that have been left uncovered; there has been massive pollution from coal engines and companies. Deforestation has increased and water sources have become polluted by factory waste.
Aftermath And Legacy
The industrial revolution is considered the cradle of modern industrialization, it marked a significant transition of the world economies, in particular of the European economies. Technological innovations have spread throughout the world and there has been a mass sharing of knowledge and technology. The revolution paved the way for the second revolution in the 19th century, which was marked by the use of robots, aircraft and advanced technologies. | https://notesread.com/what-was-the-industrial-revolution/ |
Imperial revolution?
what was important events on the industrial revolution?
1 Answer
- Anonymous1 decade agoFavorite Answer
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In the later part of the 1700s the manual labour-based economy of some parts of Great Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by the manufacture by machinery. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous.
The First Industrial Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. | https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080605140037AAkQPZF |
The following six industries will be examined separately to identify the main influencing factors and time trends of GHG emissions from the different industries. The specific decomposition data can be found in Table 5.2.
Factors influencing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
From the perspective of agricultural fossil energy-related GHG emissions (see Figure 5.10), the expansion of agricultural production scale is the main factor driving CO, emissions, while industrial structure and energy intensity are the two most important emission reduction channels. Among them, the emission reductions caused by the continuous decline in the proportion of agriculture in the national economy have been increasing year by year, while the intensity of energy consumption has fluctuated greatly. During the period of heavy chemical industry in 2002-2005, the energy efficiency has declined, but it has been boosted. After the GHG emissions, the energy intensity effect has gradually exerted a large effect due to the implementation of the energy
conservation and emission reduction strategy, and has surpassed the industrial structure effect and become the most important way to reduce emissions. The energy structure effect has also manifested differently in different periods. Before 2002, the optimization of agricultural energy structure slowed down some CO, emissions, but the impact was small. In 2007 and 2008, there was even a positive effect on CO, emissions.
It is worth noting that CO, caused by fossil energy consumption is only a part of agricultural GHG emissions, and a larger part of the source of emissions comes from methane and nitrous oxide from agricultural production, according to China’s submission to the United Nations. According to the data of the initial national climate change report, methane and nitrous oxide produced by agricultural activities account for 50.15% and 92.47% of the national methane and nitrous oxide emissions, respectively, and agricultural GHG emissions account for 17% of the total national GHG emissions. Therefore, the analysis of agricultural GHG emissions should not be limited to the consumption of fossil fuels, but also should include the production of agricultural products and livestock products.
Factors influencing industrial greenhouse gas emissions
The factors affecting industrial GHG emissions mainly include output scale effect, energy intensity effect and industrial structure effect. Figure 5.11 describes the absolute contribution of each influencing factor. Among them,
Figure 5.11 Decomposition of factors affecting GHG emission in industry (1996— 2009, unit: million ton)
Quantitative assessment 131 the continuous expansion of the industrial economy has led to a large number of GHG emissions, which is the main reason for the increase of industrial GHGs. At the same time, the proportion of the industrial economy in the national economy has further increased the CO2 emissions from the internal energy efficiency of the industrial sector. The continuous improvement has played a positive role in slowing down GHG emissions. However, in 2003-2005, due to the large investment in heavy chemical industry, the intensity of energy consumption did not fall. In addition, due to the special application of industrial technology, it is not possible for short-term internal conversion of fossil energy types, so the impact of energy structure effects is small, but the improvement of energy quality has contributed to the positive effects of carbon emission coefficient effects in some periods, such as the use of lower carbon content energy products in 2007. The effect of the carbon emission coefficient is greatly reduced to reduce CO, emissions.
On the whole, in order to control industrial GHG emissions, the main approaches rely on the control of current industrial production scale, adjustment of the proportion of industrial GDP and further improvement in energy efficiency. In addition, low carbonization of energy consumption in industrial production should be improved.
Factors influencing construction greenhouse gases emissions
As shown in Figure 5.12, among the factors affecting the GHG emissions of the construction industry, the scale effect is also one of the main drivers of
the increase in CO2 emissions, while the industrial structure effect fluctuates, showing a positive effect after 2005. It shows that due to the booming development of the real estate industry, the proportion of the construction industry has increased and the CO, emissions have been promoted. In addition to some years, the energy intensity effect mainly shows strong GHG mitigation effects, energy structure effects and carbon emissions. The coefficient effect also helps to control CO, emissions, but the impact is small.
It should be noted that in the consumption of residents, part of the GHG emissions are also related to the construction industry, such as building heating, etc. Buildings using energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies cannot only effectively reduce GHG emissions during the construction process, but also in the building itself, so the construction industry needs to be analyzed globally from the perspective of product life cycle. From the perspective of the direction and size of the sector’s own GHG emissions, it is necessary to control the scale and proportion of the industry on the one hand, and actively exert energy intensity efficiency and improve energy efficiency on the other hand.
5.4.4 Factors influencing greenhouse emissions in transportation
Figure 5.13 depicts the distribution of major influencing factors for GHG emissions from the transport sector during 1997-2009. It can be seen that the expansion of the scale of the transportation industry is the most
important cause of the increase of GHG emissions. Among the factors controlling CO, emissions, the energy intensity effect and the industrial structure effect have played a positive role. In particular, energy consumption intensity rebounded between 2002 and 2004, which boosted GHG emissions, illustrating a relatively significant negative effect in other periods. In comparison, the industrial structure effect fluctuated, and the proportion of transportation in GDP increased before 2002, after which 2004 and 2005 were excluded. Decline in the proportion of the transportation industry has effectively reduced carbon emissions. In addition, improvements in fossil fuels have had negative effects at all times, but they have less impact than other factors.
It should be noted that in China’s existing energy statistics, there is a certain difference between the statistics of the transportation sector and the definition of the IPCC. The transportation industry in China’s energy balance table only examines the consumption of transportation enterprises and does not include private transportation or the transportation tools of various departments, while the IPCC includes the consumption of the transportation sector including the whole society transport vehicles, and separates the aviation, road, railway, water transport and pipeline transportation industries to carry out mobile source GHG emissions. It is estimated that there may be some errors in the factor decomposition, but in general, the main ways to control the GHG emissions of the transportation industry should include: controlling the scale and proportion of the industry, improving fuel efficiency and clean energy.
Factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions in business
The breakdown of the factors affecting commercial GHG emissions is shown in Figure 5.14. It can be seen that the scale effect is also the main factor driving the increase of GHG emissions. In addition, in most periods, the corresponding proportion of CO, emissions is also caused by the increase in the proportion of economy scale, but its effect is lower than the size effect; from the perspective of mitigating CO,, the energy intensity effect is the main factor controlling GHGs, except for 2004 and 2009, all of which have negative effects and their effects. It is very strong. In some years, such as 2008, it even surpassed the sum of scale effect and industrial structure effect, and caused the total amount of emissions in that year to decline. As most of the business uses secondary energy or natural gas, its energy structure changes and effects are not significant.
In general, in the future, China’s industrial structure will gradually become excessive to the tertiary industry. Therefore, the scale of business development and the proportion of industry will continue to rise. These two effects will promote the further increase of greenhouse gases, thus reducing GHG emissions depends primarily on the improvement of energy efficiency and further optimization of energy structure.
Figure 5.14 Decomposition of factors affecting business GHG emission (1996-2009, unit: million ton)
Factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector
The pattern of GHG emissions in the energy sector is quite different from that of other industries. It can be seen from the decomposition of Figure 5.15 that the expansion of energy production and conversion industry scale is one of the reasons for promoting CO, emissions. Another major factor is the energy intensity effect, which is equivalent in size and scale effect, even in some years. The size effect of the scale shows that in the energy sector, energy efficiency has not only improved, but also tends to deteriorate, and further accelerates CO, emissions. Among the factors affecting the control of GHGs, industrial restructuring has played an active and more significant effect, due to the decline in the proportion of GDP in the energy sector, has greatly slowed down CO, emissions due to scale expansion and efficiency degradation. In addition, energy structure effects and carbon emission coefficient effects have been presented in most years as positive effects, which indicates that in the energy sector the proportion of high-carbon traditional fossil energy is increasing, which has intensified GHG emissions to some extent.
As the energy sector, especially the power production sector, is the main source of GHG emissions in China, it is necessary to pay close attention to the industry, focusing on controlling the production scale of China’s electricity,
Figure 5.15 Decomposition of factors affecting GHG emissions in the energy sector (1996-2009, unit: millions of tons)
and working to improve the utilization efficiency of primary energy to secondary energy conversion, reducing losses during grid transmission and distribution, and optimizing the proportion of clean, low-carbon energy in the power generation structure.
Conclusion
Based on the extended Kaya equation, this chapter decomposes CO, changes into economies of scale, industrial structure effects, sectoral energy intensity effects, energy consumption structure effects, and energy carbon emission coefficient effects. The six major industrial sectors of agriculture, industry, construction, transportation, commerce and energy sectors in China were selected for research purposes in 1996-2009, and the corresponding CO, panel data series related to economic output, energy consumption and fossil energy were constructed. On this basis, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) is used to decompose the total CO, emissions. The main research conclusions include the following.
- 1. In 2009, the six major economic sectors collectively emitted 6,410 million tons of CO,, of which the energy sector accounted for the largest emissions, accounting for 51% of all emissions, and the energy sector, industry and transportation sectors accounted for 97% of all emissions.
- 2. In addition, 3,596 million tons of CO, emissions were added between 1996 and 2006. Among them, the increase in economic output is the main reason for the increase in CO, emissions, with a contribution rate of 140%; industrial restructuring and improvement of departmental energy efficiency. To a certain extent, CO, emissions are suppressed, and their relative contribution rates are -31% and -7.6%, respectively, but not enough to offset the scale effect of output; energy structure and energy carbon emission effects also slow down GHG emissions, but the impact is slight, and the contribution rate is only-0.31% and-1.4%, respectively.
- 3. In the future, in order to reduce GHG emissions, it is necessary not only to understand the influencing factors, but also to grasp the relative influence of various industries. It is necessary to focus on the speed of economic expansion of the industrial, energy and transportation industries, adjust the proportion of the industrial economy to the national economy, optimize the proportion of other industries, and further promote the energy sector and industrial energy efficiency, and improve the use of clean energy.
Note
1 This chapter is the revision of Wei, C. & Yu. D. J. (2013) Effect study of the industrial structure of GHG emissions in production industries, Industrial Economy Research, 1. | https://ebrary.net/205282/environment/investigation_different_industries |
Learn about the american industrial revolution and how it transformed the nation in the 1800s, setting the stage for us dominance in the 20th century lines linked the most important midwestern cities with the atlantic coast, fueling the midwest's industrial growth would have consequences not just for the civil war, but the nation. The rise of industrialization during the 1900s brought many changes to the american economy and society urbanization (mainly due to immigration), new technologies, the rise of big business through industrial trusts, and the rise of laissez-faire capitalism are among the most significant of these changes. Although industry had existed prior to the war, agriculture had represented the most significant portion of the american economy after the war, beginning with the railroads, small businesses grew larger and larger.
The industrial revolution was the period of time during the 18 th and 19 th centuries when the face of industry changed dramatically these changes had a tremendous and long lasting impact on the economies of the world and the lives of the average person there were hundreds of inventions during this time period. The most important inventions of the industrial revolution african american history african history ancient history & culture asian history the effects of the american revolutionary war on britain such consequences were inevitably going to have impacts,. What were the three most significant consequences of the industrialization of the american economy after the civil war explain your choices revolution-industrialization indee other sets by this creator 14 terms apush ch 40 questions 55 terms apush ch 40 19 terms. Slaves, the literal and figurative backbone of the southern cotton economy, served as the highest and most important expense for any successful cotton grower prices for slaves varied drastically, depending on skin color, sex, age, and location, both of purchase and birth.
The industrial revolution was the most important thing to happen in human history since the time when animals and plants were domesticated 8 before the industrial revolution happened, each generation of people produced a roughly similar amount of products to their predecessors and overall economic wealth was fairly stagnant. The american economy was caught in transition on the eve of the civil war what had been an almost purely agricultural economy in 1800 was in the first stages of an industrial revolution which would result in the united states becoming one of the world's leading industrial powers by 1900. You will learn about the effects of the industrial revolution on living and working conditions, urbanization (the growth of cities), child labor, public health, working class family life, the role of women, the emerging middle class, and economic growth and income. The modern american economy traces its roots to the quest of european settlers for economic gain in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries the new world then progressed from a marginally successful colonial economy to a small, independent farming economy and, eventually, to a highly complex industrial economy. The american people were eager spectators at circuses, vaudeville shows, and sporting events baseball became so popular after 1900 that it was called the national pastime also after 1900, a new kind of entertainment, the cinema, began attracting public interest.
Of course, the negatives were very brutal, but luckily we were able to straighten things out for the most part the industrial revolution opened up the door for manufacturing and industrialization everywhere and is the reason our economy is the way it is today. The industrial revolution, which reached the united states in the 19th century, profoundly reshaped american culture and had a significant impact on subsequent global history if the american revolution spurred the birth of a nation, the industrial revolution marked that nation’s growth into. The american revolution instigated much change within the newly independent nation, particularly political and social, and to a lesser extent, economically after breaking away from what appeared. The industrial revolution was a time in the 18th century when many important inventions were made many of these inventions made work easier and cheaper as these inventions created new manufacturing and industry, many people also moved away from farms into cities it was a time of very rapid change in the world. After emperor kōmei's death on january 30, 1867, emperor meiji ascended the throne on february 3 this period also saw japan change from being a feudal society to having a market economy and left the japanese with a lingering influence of modernity.
Industrialization after the civil war was a period where industrial city were being built, there were jobs for people and the political aspect was having corruption in this paper the main points in this paper discussed the major aspects of the industrialization revolution, such as groups that were. During most of the later industrial revolution, washington dc politicians were hopelessly corrupt, and the people and democracy lost in the bargain list cite link link. Despite its many positive effects, industrialization had a negative impact on europe too urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size which led to over crowding in cities sometimes a large population is a good thing, but in this case the population was too big and caused many health problems. The steam engine was the most significant invention in the industrial revolution industry “newcomen’s invention enabled mines to be drained to greater depths than had previously been economically possible and so helped provide the coal, iron and other metals that were vital to the expansion of industry.
Entrepreneurship in the united states, 1865-1920 naomi r lamoreaux, ucla and nber most important was the expansion and improvement of the nation‟s transportation and advanced in directions that were so novel as to constitute a second industrial revolution. Most fundamentally, it produced deep social divides between the rich white and poor black communities, the consequences of which still haunt american societies now, many years after emancipation the divide was re-enforced by the determination to segregate black and white communities and discourage inter-marriage, and by the reluctance to. In considering the history of globalization, some authors focus on events since 1492, but most scholars and theorists concentrate on the much more recent past but long before 1492, people began to link together disparate locations on the globe into extensive systems of communication, migration, and interconnections.
2018. | http://ephomeworkzmkv.paperfolder.info/what-were-the-3-most-significant-consequences-of-the-industrialization-of-the-american-economy-after.html |
Industrialisation In Europe Essay
[…]. This is the reason why both Japan and Russia have similar industrialization approaches The Industrial Revolution was a major event in world history and had a profound effect on societies around the world. Many new ideas and opportunities quickly foll. The Industrial Revolution is known as a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textiles and metal manufacture. Although Industrial revolution brought about significant economic development throughout Europe, there were also considerable social and cultural changes seen as well (Snooks, 2002). ADVERTISEMENTS: Essay on industrialization industrialisation in europe essay and it’s impact on politics, education, religion and family. The population of London grew from 750,000 to 9 million in just two years (11/9). Similarities. Many things occurred gradually during the years 1760 and 1850. World War I began in 1914. Authors: C. It further increased the strength of the Western economies The new industrial powers in Western Europe, the United States, Russia, Japan took advantage of China is weak government by forcing open exclusive trade regions – spheres of influence – in China. This period destroyed the old manner of doing things. People used to plant crops,. Better Benefits…Better Ideas Simple • Beneficial • Compliant. Many new ideas and opportunities quickly foll. Home Page; How Did Industrialisation Affect Europe; How Did Industrialisation Affect Europe. Outline how industrialisation has caused changes in the family (24marks). Nevertheless in some respects the term is misleading Descriptive Essay: How Did Industrialization Differ Globally In this essay, I will explore how industrialization has differed and why it’s differed so much. History of Europe - History of Europe - Revolution and the growth of industrial society, 1789–1914: Developments in 19th-century Europe are bounded by two great events. Example of an essay on industrialization invitation theory Arthur Lewis Industrializagtion by invitation To what extent can it be argued that Sir Arthur Lewis policy of ‘Industrialisation by Invitation’ aided in the development of the B. The industrial revolution in Europe didn't happen overnight but only spread over the continent very gradually. The Enlightenment was a study conducted by the philosopher Immanuel Kant in 1784. Dedicated to brokering benefits and business solutions. Lots of areas of society and the economy improved during this time for example banking, transportation and communication all changed for the better Industrialization Essay essaysIndustrialization began its mighty impact in the later part of the 18th century when Europe's economy was introduced to the concept of industrialization. PreserveArticles.com is an online article publishing site that helps you to submit your knowledge so that it may be preserved for eternity The Industrial Revolution. Industrialisation (or industrialization) is a process that happens in countries when they start to use machines to do work that was once done by people. It affected many people and countries. Industrial Revolution: Industrial Revolution in England and Europe! The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades.
Drug testing schools essay, in industrialisation essay europe
Colonialism that existed in the 18 th century affected various emperors that include Japan and Russia. This ‘industrial revolution’ was a self-sustaining process. British and European Industrialization Feb 2013 | 111. in 1871 accelerated the process of industrialisation and by 1900 Germany had the largest industrial economy in Europe. In 1700 the economy of Europe was largely pre-industrial and such industry as existed was located in the countryside. An Analysis of the Phenomenon of Industrialization in Europe in the Between 1700 and 1900s. This concept impacted not only Europe but the world as a whole. On the one hand, industrialization made it more possible for European countries to conqu. Sign in. Over all, the effects of the revolution changed the way materials are transported, how products are made, on a global basis.The Industrial Revolution was a critical turning point in European history because the changes made industrialisation in europe essay are. Learn by example and become a better writer with Kibin’s suite of essay help services. Industrialization Essay essaysIndustrialization began its mighty impact in the later part of the 18th century when Europe's economy was introduced to the concept of industrialization. The result of this was the Second Industrial Revolution towards the end of the 19th century. The Consequences of Industrialization in European Countries during the 18th and 19th Century. 836 Words 4 Pages. The Industrial Revolution was a time of new inventions, products, and methods of work.. ADVERTISEMENTS: There are many causes responsible for that which […]. The impact people felt from the Industrial revolution had a. Britain was the first nation in the world to go through the process of becoming industrialised. The country largely adopted the British model and like the British industry, the Belgian industry based on coal, iron and textiles Industrialisation And Economic Development History Essay Before the industrialisation, Europe generally was an agricultural based economy, most household lived in rural areas and urban cities were not developed. Dramatic changes in the social and economic structure took place as inventions and technological innovations created the factory system of large-scale…. It is the first chapter of the author's essay collection, The Frontier in American History (New York: H. Its consequences have shaped society in every European nation through the 19 th and 20 th centuries, and its global implications are determining our future. This concept impacted not only Europe but the world as a whole. 2 pages. In particular, the Industrial Revolution impacted the lives of working class people and the children of industrial societies. Problems of Underdeveloped Country: Industrialisation creates its own problems and that perhaps is the reason that in many countries it is opposed. people of Europe came to be city-dwellers. It has brought about changes in property system and in division of labour, and has given rise to […]. However, continental Europe affected by the unique British model without duplicate it and then industrialisation spread all over Europe The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of Europe was involved. 994 words. The increase in the amount of factories and working class workers lead to the rise of socialism Industrialisation was a slow transformation that took place in Europe during the first half of the nineteenth century. 1 page. 1,752 words Essays Essays FlashCards Browse Essays. Industrialization In Europe Essay Examples. | https://fairfieldcommunity.ca/industrialisation-in-europe-essay |
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The Comprehensive Data of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (Strategy for Development and Employment up to 2025) was released in the third week of May 2018 showing comprehensive data, development trends, stages of change, interesting infographs, related to industrial revolution 4.0 (development strategy and employment up to 2025). Equipped with comparative industrial developments in developed countries, this comprehensive data can be used as a strategic reference in order to determine the direction of future business strategy.
Comprehensive Data of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (Development Strategy and Employment up to 2025) begins with exposure to Indonesia’s macroeconomic data, inflation, and rupiah exchange rate (pages 2-7). The Indonesian economy is still growing positively, despite the slowdown. The public prefers to shop as necessary, despite an upward trend in leisure activities (page 2).
Efforts to improve the distribution of infrastructure become government priorities with various projects (page 3). This has an impact on the increase of Indonesia’s manufacturing index which is estimated to increase to rank 15 by 2020 (page 4). In 2018, economic growth is targeted to reach 5.4% and continue to increase in 2019 to a range of 5.4% -5.8% (page 5). The growth targets per sector are presented on pages 6 and 7 for the full 2018 and 2019 periods.
Furthermore, the discussion goes into detail related to industrial revolution 4.0 and the direction of national industrial development (page 8). A number of strategic issues related to the development of national industry are among others growth trends and decreasing industrial GDP contribution, with varying levels of supply chain vulnerability influenced by upstream downstream structures, stagnant industrial labor productivity, and exports of manufactured products dominated by low-tech products and low competitiveness (page 9 ).
The composition of Indonesia’s export products is still homogeneous dominated by natural products (coal, CPO, rubber) so as not to diversify optimally, Indonesia lags behind its competitors in developing new products in manufacturing (page 10). Indonesian export products have limited variety and have low backward & forward linkage (page 11).
Local manufacturing capacity needs to be developed to produce export products with high added value / complexity (page 12). The development of the 4.0 industry concept becomes a significant opportunity for Indonesia to improve product competitiveness in global market.
Indonesia’s manufacturing industry has the largest automation potential of 60%. Along with that, Indonesia’s digital innovation will facilitate increased economic productivity and open new opportunities (page 13). Indonesia is predicted to have a 52% share of Southeast Asia’s e-commerce market by 2025 driven by the growth of the middle class and the improvement of access to digital infrastructure. The industry concept 4.0 is in line with this trend.
Technological developments are so fast with enormous scales, fundamentally changing the business world, for example electric car technology (page 14). The role of the government must prepare the acceleration of physical infrastructure, human resources and policy support (page 15). The concepts and direction of national industry policy 2019 are described on pages 16 to 18. Followed by a competitive incentive scheme for national industry on page 19.
Continuing to a more specific discussion, on pages 21 to page 44 is included in a review of industry 4.0 concepts related to automation, algorithmic optimization, process stages, supply chains, and human resource support (vocations). In principle, the change brought by the industrial revolution 4.0 concept is the highest efficiency improvement in every stage of the industrial process value chain. So each stage must produce significant added value. If not, then the process stages must be removed.
The logical impact of the application of the 4.0 industry concept is the demand for labor that has significantly increased in the research and development segment as well as software up to 96%. In addition, there will be demand for new compatible types of work such as industrial data scientist.
The efficiency and integration of connected automation and production processes will be in line with the projected future of Indonesia enjoying the demographic “golden” bonus within the next 15 years. The 4.0 industrial revolution will be a game changer for Indonesia’s economic growth in the future. Three immediate impacts include accelerated GDP growth, job creation, and increasing GDP contribution from manufacturing. The five leading manufacturing sectors are food and beverages, textiles and clothing, automotive, electronics, and chemicals. It became the main comment on pages 21 to 37.
Steps and strategic efforts to make this happen are shown on pages 38 to 44. On the other hand, the development of the 4.0 industry concept needs the support of qualified human resources (HR). On pages 45 to 61, a review and analysis of the employment structure in Indonesia, ranging from open unemployment, core human resources support, transformation of the labor market in Indonesia, grand vocational training design schemes, the comparative supply of supply and demand, projected labor requirements of each national development priority. | http://duniaindustri.com/downloads/data-komprehensif-revolusi-industri-4-0-strategi-pengembangan-dan-ketenagakerjaan-hingga-2025/ |
Get your head around all the important events and inventions that took place during the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution is often said to have begun around 1750 but the first half of the 18th century saw various technological developments that facilitated the later shift from agrarian to industrial production. Abraham Darby played a key role in this by devising a way to fuel iron production with coal, rather than charcoal (made from wood). Iron was a crucial material in industrial production, used by pioneers like Benjamin Huntsman as he improved steel production, and coal was a more readily available commodity that was three times more efficient than wood. An improvement in agricultural efficiency was also vital before the industrial revolution could occur and this continued in the early eighteenth century as rotation crops such as turnips and clover avoided the need to leave land fallow and high yielding crops such as wheat increased the intensity of production. Although Tull’s claim to have invented it is disputed, mechanisms like the seed drill also played an important role as labour-saving devices that added to the surplus of agricultural workers.
The latter half of the eighteenth century was the most crucial fifty years in the industrialisation of Britain because the most significant inventions and technological innovations were developed during this era. At first, entrepreneurs focused on the textile industry, since wool and its related products were the most valuable British export. Until this point, textiles had been a cottage industry, with production occurring on individual spinning wheels in agricultural smallholdings. Hargreaves’ spinning jenny, Arkwright’s water frame, Whitney’s cotton gin and Crompton’s spinning mule all mechanised the process of turning raw cotton into yarn so it could be completed more quickly and efficiently, with less need for expertise. This meant production could occur on a much larger scale and urban areas began to flourish as the surplus of workers created by the agrarian revolution moved to larger-scale industrial projects where the entire family could be employed, including the children. Newcomen’s steam engine finally found commercial use after James Watt improved on the design and begin selling engines to raise production in coal mines, mills and ironworks. The internal trade of manufactured goods also became more financially viable as the government encouraged the building of narrow canals to allow swift transportation.
The Emergence of the Working Class through the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1914, in Europe, UK and USA.
The Causes of the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.
The early nineteenth century continued to see technological innovations, most of which improved on the key inventions of the previous hundred years. For example, George Stephenson revolutionised the transport industry (and therefore the potential of internal trade and distribution) by using steam engine technology to power locomotives that improved the speed and power of the fledgling railway network. By this point, Britain had become ‘the workshop of the world’ as most manufactured goods were produced more cheaply and efficiently there than anywhere else. There were some large industrial complexes employing hundreds of people, although smaller factories of approximately fifty employees were much more common. Yet, not everyone was happy with the new developments; the Luddites were political protest groups based in Northern England who deliberately destroyed the industrial machinery that they believed had taken people’s jobs and left their skills redundant. Although their actions caused significant damage and resulted in executions and deportations, the movement gradually petered out within a few years and industrial production continued to flourish.
Why did Britain Have an Industrial Revolution Between 1750 and 1850?
What factors made rapid industrialisation possible in England 1750-1850?
By 1850, only 22% of the British population was employed in agriculture and the landscape had changed dramatically, with the majority of the population living in densely populated urban areas. In response to this, various pieces of legislation were passed to address the new social problems that had resulted from urbanisation and industrialisation. In particular, there was pressure to protect children and in 1833, the lower age limit for industrial workers was set at nine years old, with other restrictions on the hours that 9-13 year olds could work and mandatory schooling alongside employment. The Coal Mines Act reflected the particular dangers of this industry, essentially banning women and children from working underground. There was also increasing political recognition of industrial workers and the newly emerging urban middle classes, many of whom gained the suffrage in the Great Reform Act. The repeal of the Corn Laws placed the needs of the urban population over that of the rural; by allowing the importing of corn, food prices reduced and this improved the standard of living in urban areas. However, these legal changes could not prevent the high poverty and disease rates in most city slums.
How far was Britain changed by the industrial revolution 1750-1830?
By the later nineteenth century, the British Empire covered around 25% of the world’s surface and British manufacturing and trade continued to dominate the world economy. Prince Albert’s Great Exhibition, held at the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, was a way of celebrating this success and exposing it to foreign competition. It was Britain’s largest ever display of manufactured goods. Six million people visited the arena and the displays demonstrating new technology and moving machinery were the most popular exhibits. British inventors continued to play a significant role in technological development as the century progressed, with both Bell and Edison improving on existing designs to make crucial modern devices such as the telephone and light bulb commercially viable. However, the negative consequences of rapid industrial growth also continued to be felt, with widespread poverty in urban areas and the waste products of industry leading to environmental problems. In 1858, the government was forced to improve the state of the River Thames through a proper sewage system and embankments. This also had a significant impact on the spreading of waterborne diseases.
During the 1800s the Industrial Revolution spread throughout Britain. | http://www.markedbyteachers.com/study-guides/industrial-revolution/chronology/ |
It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use. Invented by James Hargreaves inthe spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution. Then in the s Robert Whitehead developed the modern torpedo.
Changing Conditions in England The new methods increased the amount of goods produced and decreased the cost. David The first industrial revolution Hughes and Heinrich Hertz both demonstrated and confirmed the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves that had been predicted by Maxwell.
A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers. Kerosene lighting was much more efficient and less expensive than vegetable oils, tallow and whale oil.
They made travel much faster. Far-reaching changes were gradually brought about in the life of the industrial workers. In there were 50, spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years. It was adopted by the British army in The children received training in the trade instead of wages.
The raw material for this was blister steel, made by the cementation process. At the end of the 19th century some houses for skilled workers were built with the latest luxury - an indoor toilet.
Advances in communications and transportation helped decision makers to maintain control.
A man using a cotton gin could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would previously, working at the rate of one pound of cotton per day, have taken a woman two months to process.
Slater designed the machine from memory and built a mill which started operation in Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century.
Invention of machine tools — The first machine tools were invented. March Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone. The men who controlled these enterprises formed a powerful new class in England--the industrial capitalists.
Until then men had to beat red hot iron with hammers to remove impurities. Instead, the Industrial Revolution grew more powerful each year as new inventions and manufacturing processes added to the efficiency of machines and increased productivity.
The merchants would then collect the cloth and give it out again to finishers and dyers. Bridge wall UK iron production statistics Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods such as nails, wire, hinges, horse shoes, wagon tires, chains, etc. In the s there was a huge boom in building railways and most towns in Britain were connected.
The "acid" Bessemer process had a serious limitation in that it required relatively scarce hematite ore which is low in phosphorus. January Louis Pasteur develops vaccines for diseases. They became interchangeable, enabling unskilled workers to assemble products from boxes of parts quickly.
Other processes were developed for purifying various elements such as chromiummolybdenumtitaniumvanadium and nickel which could be used for making alloys with special properties, especially with steel. Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal. The electric street railway became a major infrastructure before Looking for online biographies of important people of the Industrial Revolution?
Check out our companion page: Biographies of the Industrial Revolution to find lots of more resources.
Easier - An industrial revolution occurs when people move from living and working on farms to working in factories and living in cities. The Industrial Revolution was a period when new sources of energy, such as coal and steam, were used to power new machines designed to reduce human labor and increase production.
*The Industrial Revolution started in England around with the first cotton mill. *The Industrial Revolution began in America after Samuel Slater, known as the "Father of the Industrial Revolution", brought the textile factory reconstructed a cotton-spinning machine which brought the textile factory.
*The Industrial Revolution began the modernization of America as Items that were once. This book identifies the strategic changes in economic organisation, industrial structure and technological progress associated with the industrial revolution in Britain from This is a successful textbook for sixth form and undergraduate students in economics, history, geography and social science generally/5(3).
The Industrial Revolution made our lives easier, but did it make them better? The first Industrial Revolution.
In the period to the Industrial Revolution was largely confined to kitaharayukio-arioso.com of their head start, the British forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers, and manufacturing techniques. The Industrial Revolution (–). | https://nemuxag.kitaharayukio-arioso.com/the-first-industrial-revolution-48946gz.html |
Which explains a human price of industrialization?
Explanation: with industrialization, the dedicated worker was hardly ever needed and the salaries came to be lower and also lower everyday. With that, workers might not assistance their households anymore and also all the household had to begin working. Eventually, also the children had to work in order for the family members to have money come survive.
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What were several of the human costs of the industrial revolution?
The poorer locations of the urban were characterised by overcrowded, bad built, unsanitary life accommodation, and also filthy streets. Cholera, brought by dirty water, eliminated 16,000 Londoners in 1849 alone, and also smallpox, scarlet fever, typhus, scurvy and also rickets to be rife.
What influence did the industrial revolution have?
The Industrial change brought around sweeping alters in economic and social organization. These changes included a more comprehensive distribution that wealth and increased international trade. Managerial hierarchies additionally developed come oversee the department of labor.
What to be the results of the second industrial revolution?
The second Industrial revolution transformed society in significant ways. Amongst the social effects that caused this revolution can include: Urbanization raised rapidly. The population moved right into hastily constructed housing in urban to it is in nearer come the factories.
What to be the causes and effects the the 2nd Industrial change in Europe?
What were the causes and effects the the second Industrial revolution in west Europe? The 2nd industrial transformation made west Europe be separated from north Europe. North Europe produced every one of the goods, made more money, and also the workers living problems were higher.
How go the 4th industrial change impact our day-to-day lives?
One of the main impacts of the 4th Industrial transformation is increased human productivity. Through technologies like AI and also automation augmenting our professional lives, we’re may be to make smart choices, faster than ever before before. However it’s no all rosy, and we’re not trying come sugarcoat things for you.
How and why walk the Industrial change happen?
The Industrial revolution began in the 18th century, when farming societies became much more industrialized and urban. The transcontinental railroad, the cotton gin, electricity and other inventions permanently changed society.
What space some reasons of industrialization?
Factors sustaining IndustrializationWestern Mining.Immigration.Government subsidies and tax division to railroads.Laissez faire mindset of the government.New resources of power.High Tariffs.Horizontal and also Vertical integration.National Markets.
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What was the impact of industrialization on family work and responsibilities?
After industrialization, many can no longer work at their own pace or depend on methods such as weaving for your income. Children were expected to walk to work in factories in addition to their parents and also lost the time they formerly had to spend with your families. | https://stclairdrake.net/which-is-an-example-of-the-human-cost-of-industrialization/ |
In fact, Watt was not the first man to build a smoke engine. Such forts were also made by the heroes of Alexandria in the first century AD. In 1698, Thomas Sewer reserved all rights to a smoke engine used to pump water.
In 1712, an Englishman, Thomas Newcomen, invented a slightly better engine. But the engine’s efficiency was also so great that it was used to draw water from coal mines.
In 1764, interest in the Watt’s smoky engine began to grow while he was repairing the Newcoman engine. Although he had only one year of training as a toolmaker, there was something extraordinary about his invention.
The additions he made to the Newcomman’s engine were so significant that Watt can undoubtedly be considered the inventor of the first smoke engine.
Watt’s first engine, the rights to which he obtained in 1769, was a total additive to a separate condensing device.
With a few small additions, these inventions led to an increase in the efficiency of the smoke engine.
In practice, this increase in capacity distinguished it from a fast-paced but less efficient tool and a tool with immense industrial utility.
In 1781, Watt invented toothed parts to convert the two-way motion of an engine into a circular motion. This device greatly increased the use of the smoky engine.
In 1790, he invented a scale of pressure. Then he added a quantity of steam and a number of other additions.
Watt was not a good businessman, so in 1775 he partnered with Matthew Bolton, an engineer and business gunman. Over the next 25 years, Watt and Bolton’s company developed a large number of smoke engines.
The two became partners.
It is difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of the smoke engine. It is true that many inventions played an important role in the Industrial Revolution. Progress has been made in mining, the metallurgical industry has improved and mining industries have been developed. A few inventions also took precedence over Tovat’s work. But the majority of other inventions showed short progress individually, and none of them individually became central to the Industrial Revolution.
The issue of the smoke engine was very different, the role of which was very important, and without which the form of the Industrial Revolution would have been completely different. The role of windmills and water wheels is no less important, but the real source of power is still the human organs. This would not allow industrial capacity to grow beyond a certain point, with the invention of the smoke engine. It was set.
Which gradually increased exponentially. The ban on oil exports in 1973 made us realize how energy evaluation can keep the whole industrial system afloat.
In addition to being a source of energy in factories, steam engines have many other uses.
By 1783, Marquis de Jaffrey had used the Abenzan engine to propel the ship. In 1804, Richard Trivethick developed the first moving engine. None of these early models were commercially viable. And revolutionized water transportation.
The Industrial Revolution took place in history at the same time as the American and French revolutions.
However, in those days it was not as clear as it is today that the Industrial Revolution had far more profound effects on human life than these important political revolutions. | https://class10notes.perfect24u.com/james-watt/ |
A theme that took centre stage at a panel discussion during the recent World Economic Forum on Africa in Rwanda is development beyond simple infrastructure like roads, dams, power plants is the continent’s embrace of technology, and digital infusion in all sectors.
When questions such as “how can we diversify our economies”, “how can we improve efficiency” or “how do we prepare our young generations to have jobs” were asked, the answer from politicians, think tanks, investment organisations and the private sector was the same — embrace the “third industrial revolution” or the digital transformation revolution.
With Africa’s middle- and upper-class expected to jump to 430-million people by 2020 (in a continent with 1.3-billion residents also forecast by 2020) the private and public sectors strongly concurred that technology will have a significant impact in modernizing African governments. This will, in effect, create what I call the next-generation governments.
It’s encouraging that this revolution is already stirring in small offices and houses across Africa that have wholly embraced mobile communications. Thanks in part to Kenya’s pioneering M-Pesa, Africa is leading the mobile money revolution, and this has already had a noticeable impact on the continent in expanding financial inclusivity.
But mobile technology alone is not enough.
The next logical step should be to harness technology for industrialisation, agriculture and social transformation. We’re entering an exciting era of technology. Everyday objects are becoming part of an integrated system of smart devices that are changing the way we live. Opportunities are endless in smart energy power grids, smart cities, smart agriculture, building secure government services and developing a vibrant globally competitive technology industry.
Beyond getting more people connected to the internet, IoT in Africa will allow governments to create opportunities that enhance productivity, improve service delivery, support real-time decision-making, solve critical societal problems, and deliver innovative user experiences. These opportunities have the ability to fuel GDP, create new jobs, and boost economies.
I was encouraged to see that the political spheres will to use ICT for economic and social growth abounds in Africa.
For instance, over the last decade, Kenya has experienced substantial growth in the ICT sector that is now worth Sh138-billion in GDP. In addition, the country’s public service outlets, Huduma Centres, anchored on e-government, have increased efficiency and won Kenya a United Nations award.
The Rwandan government on the other hand saw a 20% increase in VAT collections from 2014 to 2015 after introducing e-fiscal devices, while the Nigerian government saved more than US$1-billion through the introduction of digital IDs for public servants.
As governments continue to use ICT, they take part in the big data revolution and in the modern world, data is the new oil. The next big thing after the big thing will be for governments to analyse this data, which will then help in detecting trends, increasing efficiency, reducing costing and, as it were, opening new business opportunities in transportation, power supply, agriculture, social welfare or even security provision.
The private sector is ready to help governments digitise operations. Indeed, there are already efforts towards this. Smart Africa, African Development Bank and Intel Corporation, for instance, are finalising a Digital Government Blueprint. This is a framework that will provide guidance and systematic steps for governments to tap the power of ICT and build digital infrastructure that will help transform how they operate and delivers service to their citizens.
With such a blueprint, there is no room for guess work. It will enable governments to develop a National ICT policy aligned to the national priorities of the country and provide a measurable plan to enable everyone to participate in the digital economy and reap its benefits.
The best starting point is automating internal government, whether external services or internal operations. Second is developing an electronic ID system at the national level, which provides the foundation for securing identities, protecting privacy, and enabling trusted e-services.
The other critical area thing is having an interactive government portal with open application programme interface (API). Here, a government can partner with private sector to develop additional secure services through an open API. The government should then create cashless societies through digital payments to reduce the cost of doing business and increase revenues by having visibility of all transactions.
The Nairobi County Government in Kenya has successfully digitised payments for parking and licences. This has not only increased collections, but also reduced physical interactions that encourage corruption.
Last but not least are e-government services like e-tax, licenses and registrations, e-parking, smart city services, digital signatures, and more. The e-government portal will provide high quality, timely and accurate data and services in a secure yet transparent and accountable manner.
It was not surprising that the recent AfDB annual general meeting in Lusaka would also amplify ICT. In fact, Africa Development Bank and World Bank Africa have changed their priorities into transformation through ICT, as a catalyst of economic growth, sustainability and equality and created special funds to invest in the digital transformation of Africa.
AfDB announced a US$5-billion fund focused on opening opportunities for 50-million young people in Africa through skills development and job creation in Agriculture, Industry and ICT sectors. With the current political goodwill, I believe a smart Africa can be achieved by harnessing the ICT revolution. | https://memeburn.com/2016/06/africa-real-chance-leading-next-digital-revolution/ |
N.p.. Web. 12 Nov 2013. .
In the late eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution made its debut in Great Britain and subsequently spread across Europe, North America and the rest of the world. These changes stimulated a major transformation in the way of life, and created a modern society that was no longer rooted in agricultural production but in industrial manufacture. Great Britain was able to emerge as the world’s first industrial nation through a combination of numerous factors such as natural resources, inventions, transport systems, and the population surge. It changed the way people worked and lived, and a revolution was started. As stated by Steven Kreis in Lecture 17, “England proudly proclaimed itself to be the "Workshop of the World," a position that country held until the end of the 19th century when Germany, Japan and United States overtook it.” A major cause for the Industrial Revolution was the enormous spurt of population growth in England.
The rising of the market economy occurred between the end of the War of 1812 and the Civil War. It was a time of uprising for Americans of the United States. There were changes in the vast improvement in transportation, the growth of factories, and there were important developments of new technology that increased agricultural production. Americans advanced into new areas and produced an agricultural surplus that went to market farming. In the nineteenth century, manufacturing was the most important factor because it brought about industrialization.
From the late 17th century to the early 19th century, industrialization was occurring in the United States and around Europe. The abundance of raw materials and the ambition of business men caused the industrialization before and after the Civil War. The First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, known as the Technological Revolution, caused the United States to thrive throughout those years because of population increase and all the new products or ideas there was. In the 1900s, the United States became the leading industrial power in the world because of both revolutions; the first revolution led into the second revolution because of the technology and economic changes occurring. The First Industrial Revolution changed agriculture customs and the Second Industrial Revolution caused changes in production techniques, but both helped the United States industrialize and become the most successful country in the world.
The GDP’s newfound growth was both a cause and effect of the Industrial Revolution. Economic changes allowed people to buy more and growing populations led to heightened demand for goods. Inventions accelerated trade phenomenally by producing new products for the masses, and making old luxuries available to the public. Yet, the Industrial Revolution was only the beginning of a long and challenging path to civilized life for most Americans. “In the first decades of the Industrial Revolution, the standard of living of the factory workers was shockin... ... middle of paper ... .... Watt, James.
The Industrial Revolution was a drawn-out process that transformed Britain’s economy from the production of goods by hand to the production of goods by machine (Thackerary 1). During this time the number of people employed in industrial manufacturing, making many different goods, and especially making textiles, iron goods, metal waves, and pottery increased dramatically (McCloskey Int.). At the end of the 17th Century, Britain owed more to revenue demands than protectionism. After the Bubble Act of 1720, company flotation was prohibited and publically raised the capital in manufacturing (Mathias 33,34). The increase of social cost of transition to the increasingly industrial urbanized economy was due to the lack of public control over growing towns and the lags of development of essential public services, from small denomination currency to an effective police force and local government.
The Market Revolution transformed various aspects of American society because of the development of new inventions, ideologies, and lifestyles. From 1790 to 1840, the improvement of national transportation methods, the commercialization of the American market system, and the beginning of industrialization fostered the Market Revolution and affected the country economically, socially, and even religiously. The Industrial Revolution occurred in Western European countries such as France, England and Germany beginning in 1760 and completely altered the European market, workplace, and society by the time the inventions and technological ideas diffused into the United States. In 1791, Alexander Hamilton expressed “the necessity of enlarging the sphere of our domestic commerce”1 and therefore supported and funded American industries. With the help of the government, the Market Revolution initiated the expansion of the marketplace due to the connection of distant communities, such as western cities with seaboard cities, for the first time due to the advances in infrastructure.
The Industrial Revolution “transformed the daily lives of Americans as much as—and arguably more than—any single event in U.S. history”. It was marked by significant advances in technology and industry that had broad and enduring impacts. Even though the start of the industrial revolution is said to have begun in the first half of the 19th century, the real industrialization of America did not begin until after the Civil War. The American economy accelerated its growth after the Civil War as it entered “The Second Industrial Revolution,” generally recognized as the period between 1870 and 1914. This secondary movement created long lasting effects in many areas for America.
Web. 12 Nov 2013. .
N.p.. Web. 12 Dec 2013. . | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/American-History-1800s-and-Up-254669 |
Please note! This essay has been submitted by a student.
Years ago, one single invention was able to transform whole society and economy, that invention was the steam engine which led to the industrial revolution. Today we are entering the new era in which digital technologies have the same impact on the world we live as the steam engine once did. Production processes are changing too, physical objects are being seamlessly integrated into the information network.
When the industrial revolution began, it was something that increased a lot of productivity in society through factory labor. So, when we think about the industrial revolution we have a lot of different inventions that came from it, one of it is the machinery that was built to ease factory processes and reduce the manual labors. Listing few of the changes that transformed society during the Industrial Revolution:
During the Industrial revolution time, people had to face an inadequacy of information and time delay to access the information. Presently, the internet has evolved so much that all the information is available at fingertips. Also, it became a medium for the distribution of goods, for services, for managerial and professional jobs.
Below are few of the changes that transformed the society:
The crux behind the thought is that the industrial revolution brought to scale in productivity to make per unit cheaper, which in turn boosted the economy. This economic growth brought the need for better efficiency in communication and automation. Internet and other information media were their solutions to growth, where it was no longer about being able to make things and getting marginal increases or decreases in the cost of the specific good but it’s about how we use the goods we have more efficiently. Instant access to information is accelerating the speed of our society. It is reshaping established customs and ending old world boundaries. Thus, I believe the dawn of the Industrial revolution impacted more in our societies, which later added efficient tools like the Internet to support its consistent growth.
We can help you get a better grade and deliver your task on time! | https://eduzaurus.com/free-essay-samples/the-effects-of-industrial-revolution-and-information-revolution/ |
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